Sample records for ganges river india
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Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India
1994-11-14
The Ganges River Delta is the largest inter-tidal delta in the world. With its extensive mangrove mud flats, swamp vegetation and sand dunes, it is characteristic of many tropical and subtropical coasts. As seen in this photograph, the tributaries and distributaries of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers deposit huge amounts of silt and clay that create a shifting maze of waterways and islands in the Bay of Bengal.
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Occurrence of Organic Contaminants in Lower Reaches of River Ganges, India
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dutta Gupta, S.; Bhattacharya, A.; Mukherjee, A.; Bhattacharya, J.
2016-12-01
The Gangetic plain of eastern India has been long known as the "bread basket" of the Indian subcontinent. However, indiscriminate use of pesticides in the agricultural fields is to increase crop production. These resulted to increased vulnerability of pesticide pollution of the hydrological systems of the area, potentially exposing to significant human health consequences. Our present study delineate pesticides occurrence in lower Ganges in West Bengal. The major organic contaminants regularly detected in the studied reaches of the Ganges belong to wide range of herbicides and insecticides, which especially include organochlorides and organophosphates such as Aldrin, Alachlor, Lindane, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos and Methyl parathion. Results show Alachlor and Malathion were the most abundant organic contaminant in the river. Among the other pesticides, one of the most venomous substances, Malathion has been noticed from the last year insecticide screening study. The mean concentration of river water Malathion was found to be 5 times higher than the maximum concentration limit (MCL). Presence of Malathion or its derivative Malaoxon in river water is suspected to be caused by agricultural run-off and it showed a good correlation with river water chlorine concentrations.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Senthilkumar, K.; Kannan, K.; Sinha, R.K.
1999-07-01
Isomer-specific concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including non-, mono-, and di-ortho-substituted congeners, DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, chlordane compounds, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in river dolphin blubber and prey fishes collected during 1993 through 1996 from the River Ganges in India. Concentrations of organochlorines were also measured in the milk and liver of dolphins, benthic invertebrates, and sediments. The DDTs and PCBs were the predominant compounds found in dolphin tissues and fish that comprise the diet of dolphins. Concentrations of DDTs and PCBs in the blubber of dolphins were in the range of 30 to 120 andmore » 1.5 to 25 {micro}g/g, lipid weight, respectively. Penta- and hexachlorobiphenyls collectively accounted for 68 to 80% of the total PCB concentrations in river dolphins. Hexachlorobiphenyl congener 138 (2.2{prime}, 3,4,4{prime},5{prime}-) was the most abundant in dolphin blubber and prey fishes. The isomer/congener pattern of PCBs and organchlorine pesticides suggested that there is less metabolism due to cytochrome P450 enzymes in Ganges river dolphins than in marine or terrestrial mammals. The mean 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) estimated in river dolphin blubber was greater than those that can cause adverse effects in mink. Comparison of organochlorine concentrations in river dolphins with those of the values reported for samples analyzed during 1988 through 1992 suggested that the contamination by these compounds has increased in the River Ganges.« less
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
2002-01-01
The Ganges River forms an extensive delta where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The delta is largely covered with a swamp forest known as the Sunderbans, which is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger. It is also home to most of Bangladesh, one of the world's most densely populated countries. Roughly 120 million people live on the Ganges Delta under threat of repeated catastrophic floods due to heavy runoff of meltwater from the Himalayas, and due to the intense rainfall during the monsoon season. This image was acquired by Landsat 7's Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) sensor on February 28, 2000. This is a false-color composite image made using green, infrared, and blue wavelengths. Image provided by the USGS EROS Data Center Satellite Systems Branch
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Subramanian, V; Madhavan, N; Saxena, Rajinder; Lundin, Lars-Christer
2003-06-01
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), surface (bed sediments) and short length cores of sediments collected from the largest tributary of the river Ganges, namely the river Yamuna, were analysed for total mercury as well as its fractionation in various size and chemical sites in the sediments following standard procedures. Also, attempts were made to determine the vertical distribution in sediments in relation to the recent timescale of a few decades. Our observations indicate that the SPM in general showed higher levels of total mercury compared to the surface sediments while at places the enhancement could be by a factor of 10, say around 25 microg g(-1) in the downstream region that integrates the industrial midstream and agricultural downstream terrain near its confluence with the Ganges. Surface sediments in the upstream direction near the Himalayan foothills and SPM in the lower reaches showed significant high Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) as defined by Müller. Size fractionation studies indicate that the finer fraction preferentially showed higher levels of mercury while in the lower reaches of the river, the total mercury is equitably distributed among all size fractions. The proportion of the residual fraction of mercury in relation to mobile fractions, in general decreases downstream towards its confluence with the Ganges river. In sediment cores, the vertical distribution show systematic peaks of mercury indicating that addition of this toxic metal to the aquatic system is in direct proportion to the increase in various types of human activities such as thermal power plants, land use changes (urbanisation) in the midstream region and intensive fertiliser application in lower reaches of this vast river basin.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bonnema, Matthew G.; Sikder, Safat; Hossain, Faisal; Durand, Michael; Gleason, Colin J.; Bjerklie, David M.
2016-04-01
The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of three algorithms that estimate discharge from remotely sensed observables (river width, water surface height, and water surface slope) in anticipation of the forthcoming NASA/CNES Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. SWOT promises to provide these measurements simultaneously, and the river discharge algorithms included here are designed to work with these data. Two algorithms were built around Manning's equation, the Metropolis Manning (MetroMan) method, and the Mean Flow and Geomorphology (MFG) method, and one approach uses hydraulic geometry to estimate discharge, the at-many-stations hydraulic geometry (AMHG) method. A well-calibrated and ground-truthed hydrodynamic model of the Ganges river system (HEC-RAS) was used as reference for three rivers from the Ganges River Delta: the main stem of Ganges, the Arial-Khan, and the Mohananda Rivers. The high seasonal variability of these rivers due to the Monsoon presented a unique opportunity to thoroughly assess the discharge algorithms in light of typical monsoon regime rivers. It was found that the MFG method provides the most accurate discharge estimations in most cases, with an average relative root-mean-squared error (RRMSE) across all three reaches of 35.5%. It is followed closely by the Metropolis Manning algorithm, with an average RRMSE of 51.5%. However, the MFG method's reliance on knowledge of prior river discharge limits its application on ungauged rivers. In terms of input data requirement at ungauged regions with no prior records, the Metropolis Manning algorithm provides a more practical alternative over a region that is lacking in historical observations as the algorithm requires less ancillary data. The AMHG algorithm, while requiring the least prior river data, provided the least accurate discharge measurements with an average wet and dry season RRMSE of 79.8% and 119.1%, respectively, across all rivers studied. This poor
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, D.; Shiau, J.
2013-12-01
ABSTRACT BODY: Abstract Surface water quality is an essential issue in water-supply for human uses and sustaining healthy ecosystem of rivers. However, water quality of rivers is easily influenced by anthropogenic activities such as urban development and wastewater disposal. Long-term monitoring of water quality can assess whether water quality of rivers deteriorates or not. Taiwan is a population-dense area and heavily depends on surface water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Dong-gang River is one of major resources in southern Taiwan for agricultural requirements. The water-quality data of four monitoring stations of the Dong-gang River for the period of 2000-2012 are selected for trend analysis. The parameters used to characterize water quality of rivers include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids (SS), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). These four water-quality parameters are integrated into an index called river pollution index (RPI) to indicate the pollution level of rivers. Although widely used non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and linear regression exhibit computational efficiency to identify trends of water-quality indices, limitations of such approaches include sensitive to outliers and estimations of conditional mean only. Quantile regression, capable of identifying changes over time of any percentile values, is employed in this study to detect long-term trend of water-quality indices for the Dong-gang River located in southern Taiwan. The results show that Dong-gang River 4 stations from 2000 to 2012 monthly long-term trends in water quality.To analyze s Dong-gang River long-term water quality trends and pollution characteristics. The results showed that the bridge measuring ammonia Long-dong, BOD5 measure in that station on a downward trend, DO, and SS is on the rise, River Pollution Index (RPI) on a downward trend. The results form Chau-Jhou station also ahowed simialar trends .more and more near the
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2001-10-22
The western-most part of the Ganges Delta is seen in this 54.5 by 60 km ASTER sub-scene acquired on January 6, 2005. The Hugli River branches off from the Ganges River 300 km to the north, and flows by the city of Calcutta before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. High sediment load is evident by the light tan colors in the water, particularly downstream from off-shore islands. The deep green colors of some of these islands are mangrove swamps. The image is centered at 21.9 degrees north latitude, 88 degrees east longitude. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA11158
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Jensen, Frants H; Rocco, Alice; Mansur, Rubaiyat M; Smith, Brian D; Janik, Vincent M; Madsen, Peter T
2013-01-01
Toothed whales (Cetacea, odontoceti) use biosonar to navigate their environment and to find and catch prey. All studied toothed whale species have evolved highly directional, high-amplitude ultrasonic clicks suited for long-range echolocation of prey in open water. Little is known about the biosonar signals of toothed whale species inhabiting freshwater habitats such as endangered river dolphins. To address the evolutionary pressures shaping the echolocation signal parameters of non-marine toothed whales, we investigated the biosonar source parameters of Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) within the river systems of the Sundarban mangrove forest. Both Ganges and Irrawaddy dolphins produced echolocation clicks with a high repetition rate and low source level compared to marine species. Irrawaddy dolphins, inhabiting coastal and riverine habitats, produced a mean source level of 195 dB (max 203 dB) re 1 µPapp whereas Ganges river dolphins, living exclusively upriver, produced a mean source level of 184 dB (max 191) re 1 µPapp. These source levels are 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of similar sized marine delphinids and may reflect an adaptation to a shallow, acoustically complex freshwater habitat with high reverberation and acoustic clutter. The centroid frequency of Ganges river dolphin clicks are an octave lower than predicted from scaling, but with an estimated beamwidth comparable to that of porpoises. The unique bony maxillary crests found in the Platanista forehead may help achieve a higher directionality than expected using clicks nearly an octave lower than similar sized odontocetes.
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Jensen, Frants H.; Rocco, Alice; Mansur, Rubaiyat M.; Smith, Brian D.; Janik, Vincent M.; Madsen, Peter T.
2013-01-01
Toothed whales (Cetacea, odontoceti) use biosonar to navigate their environment and to find and catch prey. All studied toothed whale species have evolved highly directional, high-amplitude ultrasonic clicks suited for long-range echolocation of prey in open water. Little is known about the biosonar signals of toothed whale species inhabiting freshwater habitats such as endangered river dolphins. To address the evolutionary pressures shaping the echolocation signal parameters of non-marine toothed whales, we investigated the biosonar source parameters of Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) within the river systems of the Sundarban mangrove forest. Both Ganges and Irrawaddy dolphins produced echolocation clicks with a high repetition rate and low source level compared to marine species. Irrawaddy dolphins, inhabiting coastal and riverine habitats, produced a mean source level of 195 dB (max 203 dB) re 1 µPapp whereas Ganges river dolphins, living exclusively upriver, produced a mean source level of 184 dB (max 191) re 1 µPapp. These source levels are 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those of similar sized marine delphinids and may reflect an adaptation to a shallow, acoustically complex freshwater habitat with high reverberation and acoustic clutter. The centroid frequency of Ganges river dolphin clicks are an octave lower than predicted from scaling, but with an estimated beamwidth comparable to that of porpoises. The unique bony maxillary crests found in the Platanista forehead may help achieve a higher directionality than expected using clicks nearly an octave lower than similar sized odontocetes. PMID:23573197
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Drought Characteristics Based on the Retrieved Paleoprecipitation in Indus and Ganges River Basins
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Davtalabsabet, R.; Wang, D.; Zhu, T.; Ringler, C.
2014-12-01
Indus and Ganges River basins (IGRB), which cover the major parts of India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, are considered as the most important socio-economic regions in South Asia. IGRB support the food security of hundreds of millions people in South Asia. The food production in IGRB strictly relies on the magnitude and spatiotemporal pattern of monsoon precipitation. Due to severe drought during the last decades and food production failure in IGRB, several studies have focused on understanding the main drivers for south Asia monsoon failures and drought characteristics based on the historical data. However, the period of available historical data is not enough to address the full characteristic of drought under a changing climate. In this study, an inverse Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) model is developed to retrieve the paleoprecipitation back to 700 years in the region, taking the inputs of available soil water capacity, temperature, and previous reconstructed PDSI based on tree-ring analysis at 2.5 degree resolution. Based on the retrieved paleoprecipitation, drought frequency and intensity are quantified for two periods of 1300-1899 (the reconstruction period) and 1900-2010 (the instrumental period). Previous studies have shown that in IGRB, a severe drought occurs when the annual precipitation deficit, compared with the long-term average precipitation, is greater than 10%. Climatic drought frequency is calculated as the percentage of years with predefined severe droughts. Drought intensity is defined as the average precipitation deficit during all of the years identified as severe droughts. Results show that the drought frequency, as well as the spatial extent, has significantly increased from the reconstruction period to the instrumental period. The drought frequency in the Indus River basin is higher than that in the Ganges River basin. Several mega-droughts are identified during the reconstruction period.
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Reviving the Ganges Water Machine: potential
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Amarasinghe, Upali Ananda; Muthuwatta, Lal; Surinaidu, Lagudu; Anand, Sumit; Jain, Sharad Kumar
2016-03-01
The Ganges River basin faces severe water challenges related to a mismatch between supply and demand. Although the basin has abundant surface water and groundwater resources, the seasonal monsoon causes a mismatch between supply and demand as well as flooding. Water availability and flood potential is high during the 3-4 months (June-September) of the monsoon season. Yet, the highest demands occur during the 8-9 months (October-May) of the non-monsoon period. Addressing this mismatch, which is likely to increase with increasing demand, requires substantial additional storage for both flood reduction and improvements in water supply. Due to hydrogeological, environmental, and social constraints, expansion of surface storage in the Ganges River basin is problematic. A range of interventions that focus more on the use of subsurface storage (SSS), and on the acceleration of surface-subsurface water exchange, has long been known as the Ganges Water Machine (GWM). The approach of the GWM for providing such SSS is through additional pumping and depleting of the groundwater resources prior to the onset of the monsoon season and recharging the SSS through monsoon surface runoff. An important condition for creating such SSS is the degree of unmet water demand. The paper shows that the potential unmet water demand ranging from 59 to 124 Bm3 year-1 exists under two different irrigation water use scenarios: (i) to increase irrigation in the Rabi (November-March) and hot weather (April-May) seasons in India, and the Aman (July-November) and Boro (December-May) seasons in Bangladesh, to the entire irrigable area, and (ii) to provide irrigation to Rabi and the hot weather season in India and the Aman and Boro seasons in Bangladesh to the entire cropped area. However, the potential for realizing the unmet irrigation demand is high only in 7 sub-basins in the northern and eastern parts, is moderate to low in 11 sub-basins in the middle, and has little or no potential in 4 sub
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bhadra, T.; Hazra, S.; Ghosh, S.; Barman, B. C.
2016-12-01
The Indian Sundarban, situated on the western tide-dominated part of the Ganges delta was formed by the sedimentation of the Ganges and its tributaries. Freshwater is a scarce resource in the Sundarban though it is traversed by rivers. Most of the rivers of Western Ganges Delta, which used to nourish the Sundarban, have become defunct with the passage of time. To ensure sustainable flow and to enhance the flow-dependent ecosystem services in this region, assessment of environmental flows within the system is required. A pilot assessment of environment flows, supported by IUCN has been carried out in some specific river reaches of Western Ganges Delta under the present study. The holistic Building Block Methodology (BBM) has been modified and used for the assessment of environmental flows. In the modified BBM, three distinctive blocks namely Hydro-Morphology, Ecology and Socio-Economy have been selected and indicators like Ganges Dolphin (Platanista gangetica), Sundari tree (Heritiera fomes) and Hilsa fish (Tenualosa ilisha) etc. have been determined to assess the environmental flows. As the discharge data of the selected rivers are restricted in the public domain, the SWAT model has been run to generate the discharge data of the classified rivers. The Hydraulic model, HEC-RAS has been calibrated in the selected River reaches to assess the habitat availability and its changes for indicator species under different flow condition. The study reveals that River Bhagirathi-Hugli requires 150-427 cumec additional water in monsoon and 850-1127 cumec additional water in post-monsoon months for Hilsa migration, whereas 327-486 cumec additional water in pre-monsoon and dry season and 227-386 cumec additional water in post-monsoon months are required for Dolphin movement. Flow requirement of river Ichhamati has also been estimated under the present study. The total required flow for the Sundarban ecosystem to reduce the salinity level from 30ppt to 14ppt during the dry and pre
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Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Seomjin-gang (River).
Sohn, Woon-Mok; Na, Byoung-Kuk; Cho, Shin-Hyeong; Park, Mi-Yeoun; Kim, Cheon-Hyeon; Hwang, Min-Ah; No, Kyeong-Woo; Yoon, Ki-Bok; Lim, Hyun-Cheol
2017-06-01
The prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae ( Cs Mc) was examined in freshwater fish from the water systems of Seomjin-gang (River), the Republic of Korea. Total 1,604 fish from 7 local sites of Seomjin-gang were examined by artificial digestion methods. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were detected in 102 (39.8%) out of 256 fish (14 species) from the upper reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Osucheon (22.3% in 6 fish species) in Imsil-gun, and Seomjin-gang (63.9% in 9 fish species) in Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Their average density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were also found in 132 (48.0%) out of 275 fish (12 spp.) from the middle reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Songdaecheon (58.9% in 4 fish species) in Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, and Seomjin-gang (45.2% in 10 fish species) in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do. Their average density was 21.0 per infected fish. Cs Mc were detected in 77 (56.6%) out of 136 fish (11 species) from the lower reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Seomjin-gang (73.3% in 11 fish species) in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do, and Namsancheon (8.6% in 1 fish species) in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Their average density was 64.9 per infected fish. The metacercariae of Metorchis orientalis were also detected in 6 fish species from 4 sites of Seomjin-gang. Conclusively, it has been confirmed that Cs Mc are more or less prevalent in fish from some water systems of Seomjin-gang in Korea.
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Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Seomjin-gang (River)
Sohn, Woon-Mok; Na, Byoung-Kuk; Cho, Shin-Hyeong; Park, Mi-Yeoun; Kim, Cheon-Hyeon; Hwang, Min-Ah; No, Kyeong-Woo; Yoon, Ki-Bok; Lim, Hyun-Cheol
2017-01-01
The prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) was examined in freshwater fish from the water systems of Seomjin-gang (River), the Republic of Korea. Total 1,604 fish from 7 local sites of Seomjin-gang were examined by artificial digestion methods. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were detected in 102 (39.8%) out of 256 fish (14 species) from the upper reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Osucheon (22.3% in 6 fish species) in Imsil-gun, and Seomjin-gang (63.9% in 9 fish species) in Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Their average density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were also found in 132 (48.0%) out of 275 fish (12 spp.) from the middle reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Songdaecheon (58.9% in 4 fish species) in Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, and Seomjin-gang (45.2% in 10 fish species) in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do. Their average density was 21.0 per infected fish. CsMc were detected in 77 (56.6%) out of 136 fish (11 species) from the lower reaches of Seomjin-gang, i.e., Seomjin-gang (73.3% in 11 fish species) in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do, and Namsancheon (8.6% in 1 fish species) in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Their average density was 64.9 per infected fish. The metacercariae of Metorchis orientalis were also detected in 6 fish species from 4 sites of Seomjin-gang. Conclusively, it has been confirmed that CsMc are more or less prevalent in fish from some water systems of Seomjin-gang in Korea. PMID:28719955
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2014-01-01
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is often rooted in inappropriate antibiotic use, but poor water quality and inadequate sanitation exacerbate the problem, especially in emerging countries. An example is increasing multi-AR due to mobile carbapenemases, such as NDM-1 protein (coded by blaNDM-1 genes), which can produce extreme drug-resistant phenotypes. In 2010, NDM-1 positive isolates and blaNDM-1 genes were detected in surface waters across Delhi and have since been detected across the urban world. However, little is known about blaNDM-1 levels in more pristine locations, such as the headwaters of the Upper Ganges River. This area is of particular interest because it receives massive numbers of visitors during seasonal pilgrimages in May/June, including visitors from urban India. Here we quantified blaNDM-1 abundances, other AR genes (ARG), and coliform bacteria in sediments and water column samples from seven sites in the Rishikesh-Haridwar region of the Upper Ganges and five sites on the Yamuna River in Delhi to contrast blaNDM-1 levels and water quality conditions between season and region. Water quality in the Yamuna was very poor (e.g., anoxia at all sites), and blaNDM-1 abundances were high across sites in water (5.4 ± 0.4 log(blaNDM-1·mL–1); 95% confidence interval) and sediment (6.3 ± 0.7 log(blaNDM-1·mg–1)) samples from both seasons. In contrast, water column blaNDM-1 abundances were very low across all sites in the Upper Ganges in February (2.1 ± 0.6 log(blaNDM-1·mL–1)), and water quality was good (e.g., near saturation oxygen). However, per capita blaNDM-1 levels were 20 times greater in June in the Ganges water column relative to February, and blaNDM-1 levels significantly correlated with fecal coliform levels (r = 0.61; p = 0.007). Given that waste management infrastructure is limited in Rishikesh-Haridwar, data imply blaNDM-1 levels are higher in visitor’s wastes than local residents, which results in seasonally higher blaNDM-1 levels in the
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Khandu; Awange, Joseph L.; Anyah, Richard; Kuhn, Michael; Fukuda, Yoichi
2017-10-01
The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River Basin presents a spatially diverse hydrological regime due to it's complex topography and escalating demand for freshwater resources. This presents a big challenge in applying the current state-of-the-art regional climate models (RCMs) for climate change impact studies in the GBM River Basin. In this study, several RCM simulations generated by RegCM4.4 and PRECIS are assessed for their seasonal and interannual variations, onset/withdrawal of the Indian monsoon, and long-term trends in precipitation and temperature from 1982 to 2012. The results indicate that in general, RegCM4.4 and PRECIS simulations appear to reasonably reproduce the mean seasonal distribution of precipitation and temperature across the GBM River Basin, although the two RCMs are integrated over a different domain size. On average, the RegCM4.4 simulations overestimate monsoon precipitation by {˜ }26 and {˜ }5% in the Ganges and Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin, respectively, while PRECIS simulations underestimate (overestimate) the same by {˜ }7% ({˜ }16%). Both RegCM4.4 and PRECIS simulations indicate an intense cold bias (up to 10° C) in the Himalayas, and are generally stronger in the RegCM4.4 simulations. Additionally, they tend to produce high precipitation between April and May in the Ganges (RegCM4.4 simulations) and Brahmaputra-Meghna (PRECIS simulations) River Basins, resulting in early onset of the Indian monsoon in the Ganges River Basin. PRECIS simulations exhibit a delayed monsoon withdrawal in the Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin. Despite large spatial variations in onset and withdrawal periods across the GBM River Basin, the basin-averaged results agree reasonably well with the observed periods. Although global climate model (GCM) driven simulations are generally poor in representing the interannual variability of precipitation and winter temperature variations, they tend to agree well with observed precipitation anomalies when driven by
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Sharma, Brij Mohan; Bharat, Girija K; Tayal, Shresth; Larssen, Thorjørn; Bečanová, Jitka; Karásková, Pavlína; Whitehead, Paul G; Futter, Martyn N; Butterfield, Dan; Nizzetto, Luca
2016-01-01
Many perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been widely used in production processes and daily-use products or may result from degradation of precursor compounds in products or the environment. India, with its developing industrialization and population moving from traditional to contemporary lifestyles, represents an interesting case study to investigate PFAS emission and exposure along steep environmental and socioeconomic gradients. This study assesses PFAS concentrations in river and groundwater (used in this region as drinking water) from several locations along the Ganges River and estimates direct emissions, specifically for PFOS and PFOA. 15 PFAS were frequently detected in the river with the highest concentrations observed for PFHxA (0.4-4.7 ng L(-1)) and PFBS (
India. The spatial pattern of C5-C7 PFCAs co-varied with that of PFOS suggesting similar emission drivers. PFDA and PFNA had much lower concentrations and covaried with PFOA especially in two hotspots downstream of Kanpur and Patna. PFOS and PFOA emissions to the river varied dramatically along the transect (0.20-190 and 0.03-150 g d(-1), respectively). PFOS emission pattern could be explained by the number of urban residents in the subcatchment (rather than total population). Per-capita emissions were lower than in many developed countries. In groundwater, PFBA ( river water. Daily PFAS exposure intakes through drinking water were below safety thresholds for oral non-cancer risk in all age -
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jian, Jun
2007-12-01
Determining river discharge is of critical importance to many societies as they struggle with fresh water supply and risk of flooding. In Bangladesh, floods occur almost every year but with sufficient irregularity to have adverse social and economical consequences. Important goals are to predict the discharge to be used for the optimization of agricultural practices, disaster mitigation and water resource management. The aim of this study is to determine the predictability of river discharge in a number of major rivers on time scale varying from weeks to a century. We investigated predictability considering relationship between SST and discharge. Next, we consider IPCC model projections of river discharge while the models are statistically adjusted against observed discharges. In this study, we consider five rivers, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yangtze, the Blue Nile, and the Murray-Darling Rivers. On seasonal time scales, statistically significant correlations are found between mean monthly equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) and the summer Ganges discharge with lead times of 2-3 months due to oscillations of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena. In addition, there are strong correlations in the southwest and northeast Pacific. These, too, appear to be tied to the ENSO cycle. The Brahmaputra discharge, on the other hand, shows somewhat weaker relationships with tropical SST. Strong lagged correlations relationships are found with SST in the Bay of Bengal but these are the result of very warm SSTs and exceptional Brahmaputra discharge during the summer of 1998. When this year is removed from the time series, relationships weaken everywhere except in the northwestern Pacific for the June discharge and in areas of the central Pacific straddling the equator for the July discharge. The relationships are relative strong, but they are persistent from month to month and suggest that two different and sequential factors influence Brahmaputra
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Natural Selection in a Bangladeshi Population from the Cholera-Endemic Ganges River Delta
Karlsson, Elinor K.; Harris, Jason B.; Tabrizi, Shervin; Rahman, Atiqur; Shlyakhter, Ilya; Patterson, Nick; O'Dushlaine, Colm; Schaffner, Stephen F.; Gupta, Sameer; Chowdhury, Fahima; Sheikh, Alaullah; Shin, Ok Sarah; Ellis, Crystal; Becker, Christine E.; Stuart, Lynda M.; Calderwood, Stephen B.; Ryan, Edward T.; Qadri, Firdausi; Sabeti, Pardis C.; LaRocque, Regina C.
2015-01-01
As an ancient disease with high fatality, cholera has likely exerted strong selective pressure on affected human populations. We performed a genome-wide study of natural selection in a population from the Ganges River Delta, the historic geographic epicenter of cholera. We identified 305 candidate selected regions using the Composite of Multiple Signals (CMS) method. The regions were enriched for potassium channel genes involved in cyclic AMP-mediated chloride secretion and for components of the innate immune system involved in NF-κB signaling. We demonstrate that a number of these strongly selected genes are associated with cholera susceptibility in two separate cohorts. We further identify repeated examples of selection and association in an NF-kB / inflammasome-dependent pathway that is activated in vitro by Vibrio cholerae. Our findings shed light on the genetic basis of cholera resistance in a population from the Ganges River Delta and present a promising approach for identifying genetic factors influencing susceptibility to infectious diseases. PMID:23825302
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fournier, S.; Vialard, J.; Lengaigne, M.; Lee, T.; Gierach, M. M.; Chaitanya, A. V. S.
2017-12-01
The Bay of Bengal receives large amounts of freshwater from the Ganga-Brahmaputra (GB) river during the summer monsoon. The resulting upper-ocean freshening influences seasonal rainfall, cyclones, and biological productivity. Sparse in situ observations and previous modeling studies suggest that the East India Coastal Current (EICC) transports these freshwaters southward after the monsoon as an approximately 200 km wide, 2,000 km long "river in the sea" along the East Indian coast. Sea surface salinity (SSS) from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite provides unprecedented views of this peculiar feature from intraseasonal to interannual timescales. SMAP SSS has a 0.83 correlation and 0.49 rms-difference to 0-5 m in situ measurements. SMAP and in stu data both indicate a SSS standard deviation of ˜0.7 to 1 away from the coast, that rises to 2 pss within 100 km of the coast, providing a very favorable signal-to-noise ratio in coastal areas. SMAP also captures the strong northern BoB, postmonsoon cross-shore SSS contrasts (˜10 pss) measured along ship transects. SMAP data are also consistent with previous modeling results that suggested a modulation of the EICC/GB plume southward extent by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Remote forcing associated with the negative Indian Ocean Dipole in the fall of 2016 indeed caused a stronger EICC and "river in the sea" that extended by approximately 800 km further south than that in 2015 (positive IOD year). The combination of SMAP and altimeter data shows eddies stirring the freshwater plume away from the coast.
Plain Language SummaryThe Bay of Bengal receives large quantity of freshwater from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> during the monsoon. The resulting low-salinity sea surface has strong implications for the regional climate and living marine resources. In situ observations are too sparse to provide salinity maps in this basin, even every 3 months. In contrast, the SMAP</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC44C..06H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC44C..06H"><span>Impacts of the Indian <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Inter-link Project on Sediment Transport to <span class="hlt">River</span> Deltas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Higgins, S.; Overeem, I.; Syvitski, J. P.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The Indian <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Inter-link project is a proposal by the Indian government to link several of <span class="hlt">India</span>'s major <span class="hlt">rivers</span> via a network of reservoirs and canals. Variations of the IRI have been discussed since 1980, but the current plan has recently received increased support from the Indian government. Construction on three canals has controversially begun. If the Inter-link project moves forward, fourteen canals will divert water from tributaries of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">rivers</span> to areas in the west, where fresh water is needed for irrigation. Additional canals would transport Himalayan sediments 500 km south to the Mahanadi delta and more than 1000 km south to the Godavari and Krishna deltas. We investigate the impacts of the proposed diversions on sediment transport to the Mahanadi/Brahmani, Godavari, and Krishna deltas in <span class="hlt">India</span> and the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh. We map the entire <span class="hlt">river</span> network and the proposed new nodes and connections. Changing watersheds are delineated using the Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM) Suite. Climate data comes from interpolation between observed precipitation stations located in China, Nepal, <span class="hlt">India</span>, Bhutan and Bangladesh. Changes in water discharge due to the proposed canals are simulated using HydroTrend, a climate-driven hydrological water balance and transport model that incorporates drainage area, discharge, relief, temperature, basin-average lithology, and anthropogenic influences. Simulated <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge is validated against observations from gauging stations archived by the Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC). HydroTrend is then used to investigate sediment transport changes that may result from the proposed canals. We also quantify changes in contributing areas for the outlets of nine major Indian <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, showing that more than 50% of the land in <span class="hlt">India</span> will contribute a portion of its runoff to a new outlet should the entire canal system be constructed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70177987','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70177987"><span>Differential heating in the Indian Ocean differentially modulates precipitation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pervez, Md Shahriar; Henebry, Geoffrey M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature dynamics play a prominent role in Asian summer monsoon variability. Two interactive climate modes of the Indo-Pacific—the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole mode—modulate the amount of precipitation over <span class="hlt">India</span>, in addition to precipitation over Africa, Indonesia, and Australia. However, this modulation is not spatially uniform. The precipitation in southern <span class="hlt">India</span> is strongly forced by the Indian Ocean dipole mode and ENSO. In contrast, across northern <span class="hlt">India</span>, encompassing the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins, the climate mode influence on precipitation is much less. Understanding the forcing of precipitation in these <span class="hlt">river</span> basins is vital for food security and ecosystem services for over half a billion people. Using 28 years of remote sensing observations, we demonstrate that (i) the tropical west-east differential heating in the Indian Ocean influences the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> precipitation and (ii) the north-south differential heating in the Indian Ocean influences the Brahmaputra precipitation. The El Niño phase induces warming in the warm pool of the Indian Ocean and exerts more influence on <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> precipitation than Brahmaputra precipitation. The analyses indicate that both the magnitude and position of the sea surface temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean are important drivers for precipitation dynamics that can be effectively summarized using two new indices, one tuned for each basin. These new indices have the potential to aid forecasting of drought and flooding, to contextualize land cover and land use change, and to assess the regional impacts of climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934433','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934433"><span>Influence of <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge on abundance and dissemination of heterotrophic, indicator and pathogenic bacteria along the East Coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Prasad, V R; Srinivas, T N R; Sarma, V V S S</p> <p>2015-06-15</p> <p>In order to examine the influence of discharge from different <span class="hlt">rivers</span> from peninsular <span class="hlt">India</span> and urban sewage on intensity and dissemination of heterotrophic, indicator and pathogenic bacteria, a study was carried out during peak discharge period along coastal Bay of Bengal. The coastal Bay received freshwater inputs from the <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> while Godavari and Krishna contributed to the south. Contrasting difference in salinity, temperature, nutrients and organic matter was observed between north and south east coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>. The highest heterotrophic, indicator and pathogenic bacterial abundance was observed in the central coastal Bay that received urban sewage from the major city. Intensity and dissemination of heterotrophic, indicator and pathogenic bacteria displayed linear relation with magnitude of discharge. The coliform load was observed up to 100km from the coast suggesting that marine waters were polluted during the monsoon season and its impact on the ecosystem needs further studies. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.198...17P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.198...17P"><span>Lithium isotope behaviour during weathering in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Alluvial Plain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pogge von Strandmann, Philip A. E.; Frings, Patrick J.; Murphy, Melissa J.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">river</span> system is responsible for the transportation of a large flux of dissolved materials derived from Himalayan weathering to the oceans. Silicate weathering-driven cooling resulting from uplift of the Himalayas has been proposed to be a key player in Cenozoic climate variation. This study has analysed Li isotope (δ7Li) ratios from over 50 <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">river</span> waters and sediments, in order to trace silicate weathering processes. Sediments have δ7Li of ∼0‰, identical to bulk continental crust, however suspended sediment depth profiles do not display variations associated with grain size that have been observed in other large <span class="hlt">river</span> systems. Dissolved δ7Li are low (∼11‰) in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> headwaters, but reach a constant value of 21 ± 1.6‰ within a relatively short distance downstream, which is then maintained for almost 2000 km to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> mouth. Given that Li isotopes are controlled by the ratio of primary mineral dissolution to secondary mineral formation, this suggests that the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> floodplain is at steady-state in terms of these processes for most of its length. Low δ7Li in the mountainous regions suggest silicate weathering is therefore at its most congruent where uplift and fresh silicate exposure rates are high. However, there is no correlation between δ7Li and the silicate weathering rate in these <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, suggesting that Li isotopes cannot be used as a weathering-rate tracer, although they do inform on weathering congruency and intensity. The close-to-constant δ7Li values for the final 2000 km of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> flow also suggest that once the size of the alluvial plain reached more than ∼500 km (the flow distance after which riverine δ7Li stops varying), the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> exerted little influence on the changing Cenozoic seawater δ7Li, because riverine δ7Li attained a near steady-state composition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H11F0885B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H11F0885B"><span>Application of current and future satellite missions to hydrologic prediction in transboundary <span class="hlt">rivers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Biancamaria, S.; Clark, E.; Lettenmaier, D. P.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>More than 256 major global <span class="hlt">river</span> basins, which cover about 45% of the continental land surface, are shared among two or more countries. The flow of such a large part of the global runoff across international boundaries has led to tension in many cases between upstream and downstream riparian countries. Among many examples, this is the case of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>, which cross the boundary between <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh. Hydrological data (<span class="hlt">river</span> discharge, reservoir storage) are viewed as sensitive by <span class="hlt">India</span> (the upstream country) and are therefore not shared with Bangladesh, which can only monitor <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge and water depth at the international border crossing. These measurements only allow forecasting of floods in the interior and southern portions of the country two to three days in advance. These forecasts are not long enough either for agricultural water management purposes (for which knowledge of upstream reservoir storage is essential) or for disaster preparedness purposes. Satellite observations of <span class="hlt">river</span> spatial extent, surface slope, reservoir area and surface elevation have the potential to make tremendous changes in management of water within the basins. In this study, we examine the use of currently available satellite measurements (in <span class="hlt">India</span>) and in-situ measurements in Bangladesh to increase forecast lead time in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>. Using nadir altimeters, we find that it is possible to forecast the discharge of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> at the Bangladesh border with lead time 3 days and mean absolute error of around 25%. On the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span>, 2-day forecasts are possible with a mean absolute error of around 20%. When combined with optical/infra-red MODIS images, it is possible to map water elevations along the <span class="hlt">river</span> and its floodplain upstream of the boundary, and to compute water storage. However, the high frequency of clouds in this region results in relatively large errors in the water mask. Due to the nadir altimeter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1815852K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1815852K"><span>Silicon biogeochemical processes in a large <span class="hlt">river</span> (Cauvery, <span class="hlt">India</span>)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kameswari Rajasekaran, Mangalaa; Arnaud, Dapoigny; Jean, Riotte; Sarma Vedula, V. S. S.; Nittala, S. Sarma; Sankaran, Subramanian; Gundiga Puttojirao, Gurumurthy; Keshava, Balakrishna; Cardinal, Damien</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Silicon (Si), one of the key nutrients for diatom growth in ocean, is principally released during silicate weathering on continents and then exported by <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. Phytoplankton composition is determined by the availability of Si relative to other nutrients, mainly N and P, which fluxes in estuarine and coastal systems are affected by eutrophication due to land use and industrialization. In order to understand the biogeochemical cycle of Si and its supply to the coastal ocean, we studied a tropical monsoonal <span class="hlt">river</span> from Southern <span class="hlt">India</span> (Cauvery) and compare it with other large and small <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. Cauvery is the 7th largest <span class="hlt">river</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span> with a basin covering 85626 sq.km. The major part of the basin (˜66%) is covered by agriculture and inhabited by more than 30 million inhabitants. There are 96 dams built across the basin. As a consequence, 80% of the historical discharge is diverted, mainly for irrigation (Meunier et al. 2015). This makes the Cauvery <span class="hlt">River</span> a good example of current anthropogenic pressure on silicon biogeochemical cycle. We measured amorphous silica contents (ASi) and isotopic composition of dissolved silicon (δ30Si-DSi) in the Cauvery estuary, including freshwater end-member and groundwater as well as along a 670 km transect along the <span class="hlt">river</span> course. Other Indian <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and estuaries have also been measured, including some less impacted by anthropogenic pressure. The average Cauvery δ30Si signature just upstream the estuary is 2.21±0.15 ‰ (n=3) which is almost 1‰ heavier than the groundwater isotopic composition (1.38±0.03). The δ30Si-DSi of Cauvery water is also almost 1‰ heavier than the world <span class="hlt">river</span> supply to the ocean estimated so far and 0.4‰ heavier than other large Indian <span class="hlt">rivers</span> like <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> (Frings et al 2015) and Krishna. On the other hand, the smaller watersheds (Ponnaiyar, Vellar, and Penna) adjacent to Cauvery also display heavy δ30Si-DSi. Unlike the effect of silicate weathering, the heavy isotopic compositions in the <span class="hlt">river</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23A1534Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23A1534Z"><span>The Mighty <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and its Journey Through the Silk City: A Case Study of Water Quality and its Impact on Health in Bhagalpur, Bihar, <span class="hlt">India</span>, using Machine Learning, GIS & Remote Sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaman, B.; Kumar, N.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">River</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> with an approximate stretch of 2525 km serves about 40% of <span class="hlt">India</span>'s population across 11 states, one of which is Bihar. The district Bhagalpur is located in the eastern part of Bihar and extends between the north latitudes of 25°03'40" and 25°30'00" and east longitudes of 86°30'00" and 87°29'45" encompassing approximately 66 km stretch of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>. It forms a part of the mid- Gangetic alluvium plain covering an area of 2570 km2. The total population of the district stands at 3.03 million with a population density of 743 per km2. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is a life line of millions of people with utmost religious significance but its banks have become a dumping ground for untreated urban sewage, industrial waste, disposal of solid corpses etc. which has led to severe environmental issues and as reported by the Central Ground water Board, the southern part of the city is affected by arsenic contamination in ground water (> 50 mg/L as per WHO norm). The municipal corporation is trying to cope up. This study aims at a comprehensive analysis of water quality along the entire 66 km stretch of the <span class="hlt">river</span>. The methodology would involve dividing the stretch into 1 km sub-study areas and collection of 10 water samples from each stretch. Samples will also be collected at disposal points from industries especially the silk manufacturing units, sewage disposal points, cremation grounds, pesticide disposal points. A high resolution remotely sensed imagery of the city would be used and the multi-class relevance vector machine (MCRVM) would be used to broadly classify the landuse/landcover and this synoptic view of the city would facilitate the understanding of the urban environment. In conjunction, a standard questionnaire on health along with GPS locations would be collected from sample population inhabiting the demarcated stretches. Analysis would include physical, chemical and bacteriological tests on water samples. The results would bring forth the water quality and check for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeCoA..65.3201C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeCoA..65.3201C"><span>Isotopic tracing of the dissolved U fluxes of Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span>: implications for present and past U budgets of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chabaux, François; Riotte, Jean; Clauer, Norbert; France-Lanord, Christian</p> <p>2001-10-01</p> <p>U activity ratios have been measured in the dissolved loads of selected <span class="hlt">rivers</span> from the Himalayan range, in Central Nepal, and from the Bangladesh, as well as in some rain waters. A few European and Asian <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have also been analyzed for their U activity ratios. The data confirm the negligible effect of rainwater on the budget of dissolved U in <span class="hlt">river</span> waters. The results also indicate that <span class="hlt">rivers</span> on each Himalayan structural unit have homogeneous and specific U isotope compositions: i) (234U/238U) activity ratios slightly lower than unity in the dissolved load of the streams draining the Tethyan Sedimentary Series (TSS); ii) values slightly higher than unity for waters from the High Himalaya Crystalline (HHC) and the Lesser Himalaya (LH); iii) systematically higher (234U/238U) activity ratios for waters from the Siwaliks. Thus, U activity ratios, in association with Sr isotopic ratios, can be used to trace the sources of dissolved fluxes carried by these <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. Coupling of U with Sr isotope data shows (1) that the U carried by the dissolved load of the Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> mainly originates from U-rich lithologies of the TSS in the northern formations of the Tibetan plateau; and (2) that the elemental U and Sr fluxes carried by the Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> at the outflow of the highlands are fairly homogeneous at the scale of the Himalayan chain. <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> flowing on the Indian plain define a different trend from that of the Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the U-Sr isotopic diagram, indicating the contribution of a specific floodplain component to the U and Sr budgets of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and the Brahmaputra. The influence of this component remains limited to 10 to 15 percent for the U flux, but can contribute 35 to 55% of the Sr flux. The variations of the Sr and U fluxes of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> system in response to climatic variations have been estimated by assuming a temporary cut off of the chemical fluxes from high-altitude terrains during glacial episodes. This scenario would</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41C..06W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41C..06W"><span>Remote Sensing and <span class="hlt">River</span> Discharge Forecasting for Major <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> in South Asia (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Webster, P. J.; Hopson, T. M.; Hirpa, F. A.; Brakenridge, G. R.; De-Groeve, T.; Shrestha, K.; Gebremichael, M.; Restrepo, P. J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The South Asia is a flashpoint for natural disasters particularly flooding of the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra has profound societal impacts for the region and globally. The 2007 Brahmaputra floods affecting <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh, the 2008 avulsion of the Kosi <span class="hlt">River</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span>, the 2010 flooding of the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> in Pakistan and the 2013 Uttarakhand exemplify disasters on scales almost inconceivable elsewhere. Their frequent occurrence of floods combined with large and rapidly growing populations, high levels of poverty and low resilience, exacerbate the impact of the hazards. Mitigation of these devastating hazards are compounded by limited flood forecast capability, lack of rain/gauge measuring stations and forecast use within and outside the country, and transboundary data sharing on natural hazards. Here, we demonstrate the utility of remotely-derived hydrologic and weather products in producing skillful flood forecasting information without reliance on vulnerable in situ data sources. Over the last decade a forecast system has been providing operational probabilistic forecasts of severe flooding of the Brahmaputra and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> in Bangldesh was developed (Hopson and Webster 2010). The system utilizes ECMWF weather forecast uncertainty information and ensemble weather forecasts, rain gauge and satellite-derived precipitation estimates, together with the limited near-real-time <span class="hlt">river</span> stage observations from Bangladesh. This system has been expanded to Pakistan and has successfully forecast the 2010-2012 flooding (Shrestha and Webster 2013). To overcome the in situ hydrological data problem, recent efforts in parallel with the numerical modeling have utilized microwave satellite remote sensing of <span class="hlt">river</span> widths to generate operational discharge advective-based forecasts for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra. More than twenty remotely locations upstream of Bangldesh were used to produce stand-alone <span class="hlt">river</span> flow nowcasts and forecasts at 1-15 days lead time. showing that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H41G1419T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H41G1419T"><span>Paradigm for Distributive & Procedural Justice in Equitable Apportionment of Transboundary <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Waters Under Changing Climate & Landuse</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tyagi, H.; Gosain, A. K.; Khosa, R.; Anand, J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Rivers</span> have no regard for human demarcated boundaries. Besides, ever increasing demand-supply gap & vested riparian interests, fuel transboundary water conflicts. For resolving such disputes, appropriation doctrines advocating equity & fairness have received endorsement in the Helsinki Rules-1966 & UN Convention-1997. Thus, current study proposes the principle of equitable apportionment for sharing <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> waters as it balances the interests & deservedness of all stakeholders, namely, <span class="hlt">India</span> & its 11 states, Bangladesh, Nepal, & China. The study endeavors to derive a reasonable share of each co-basin state by operationalizing the vague concepts of fairness & equity through an objective & quantitative framework encompassing proportionality & egalitarianism for distributive & procedural justice. Equal weightage factors reflecting hydrology, geography & water use potential are chosen for fair share computation, wherein each contender ranks these factors to maximize his entitlement. If cumulative claims exceed the water availability, each claimant puts forth next ranked factor & this process continues till the claims match availability. Due to inter-annual variability in few factors, scenarios for Rabi & Kharif seasons are considered apart from cases for maximum, upper quartile, median, lower quartile & minimum. Possibility of spatial homogeneity & heterogeneity in factors is also recognized. Sometimes lack of technical information hinders transboundary dispute resolution via legal mechanisms. Hence, the study also attempts to bridge this gap between law & technology through GIS-based SWAT hydrologic model by estimating the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> water yield, & consequent share of each riparian for range of flows incorporating e-flows as well, under present & future climate & landuse scenarios. 82% of <span class="hlt">India</span>'s territory lies within interstate <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, & therefore this research is very pertinent as it can facilitate the decision makers in effective interstate water conflict resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909912','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909912"><span>Bullying and <span class="hlt">gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>White, Rob; Mason, Ron</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Although bullying is associated with <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, questions arise as to whether bullying, as such, takes place within <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. To provide a critical analysis of bullying as this pertains to youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and especially to violence within <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and as applied to the behaviour of individual <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Young men between 12 and 25 years of age. Review of relevant literature with a view to theorising the nature of the relationship between bullying and violence within a youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> context. Bullying is associated with the reasons why individuals join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and with <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related behaviour, but the violence within a <span class="hlt">gang</span> is of a different character than that usually described by the term bullying. Bullying has implications for related and/or subsequent types of street violence, but is less relevant for descriptions of violence within a youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> context as such.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED434969.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED434969.pdf"><span>Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: An Overview. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Series.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>This bulletin provides an overview of the problems that youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> pose. It pinpoints the differences between youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and adult criminal organizations and examines the risk factors that lead to youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Some promising strategies being used to curb youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement are reviewed. The proliferation of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> since 1980…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-002291&hterms=water+villages&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bvillages','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-002291&hterms=water+villages&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bvillages"><span>Floods in Bangladesh and Northeast <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>For the past month heavy monsoon rains have led to massive flooding in eastern <span class="hlt">India</span>, Nepal, and Bangladesh, which have killed over 500 people and left millions homeless. This false-color image acquired on August 5, 2002, by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA's Terra spacecraft shows the extent of this flooding. In the upper right-hand corner of the image, the swollen Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> runs east to west through the Indian state of Assam. Normally, the <span class="hlt">river</span> and its tributaries would resemble a tangle of thin lines. Moving to the upper left-hand corner, flooding can be seen along the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> in the state of Bihar, <span class="hlt">India</span>. Both of these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> flow into Bangladesh along with many others from <span class="hlt">India</span> and Nepal. Heavy monsoon rains from all across the region have inundated the small country with water this year. Floodwaters have all but covered northeastern Bangladesh, which is usually dry. The Jamuna <span class="hlt">River</span>, which runs down the center of the country off of the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span>, now resembles a narrow lake. Millions of dollars in crops have been destroyed and thousands have been left stranded in their villages or on rafts. Forecasters are warning that flooding could get worse. In the false-color image, land is green, and water is black and dark brown. Clouds appear pink, red and white. Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H33F0903R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H33F0903R"><span>Streamflow model of the six-country transboundary <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Bhramaputra and Meghna <span class="hlt">river</span> basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rahman, K.; Lehmann, A.; Dennedy-Frank, P. J.; Gorelick, S.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Extremely large-scale <span class="hlt">river</span> basin modelling remains a challenge for water resources planning in the developing world. Such planning is particularly difficult in the developing world because of the lack of data on both natural (climatological, hydrological) processes and complex anthropological influences. We simulate three enormous <span class="hlt">river</span> basins located in south Asia. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Bhramaputra and Meghna (GBM) <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins cover an area of 1.75 million km2 associated with 6 different countries, including the Bengal delta, which is the most densely populated delta in the world with ~600 million people. We target this developing region to better understand the hydrological system and improve water management planning in these transboundary watersheds. This effort uses the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate streamflow in the GBM <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins and assess the use of global climatological datasets for such large scale <span class="hlt">river</span> modeling. We evaluate the utility of three global rainfall datasets to reproduce measured <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) from NASA, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, and the World Metrological Organization (WMO) reanalysis. We use global datasets for spatial information as well: 90m DEM from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission, 300m GlobCover land use maps, and 1000 km FAO soil map. We find that SWAT discharge estimates match the observed streamflow well (NSE=0.40-0.66, R2=0.60-0.70) when using meteorological estimates from the NCEP reanalysis. However, SWAT estimates diverge from observed discharge when using meteorological estimates from TRMM and the WMO reanalysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhyA..390.3894H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhyA..390.3894H"><span>Geographical influences of an emerging network of <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hegemann, Rachel A.; Smith, Laura M.; Barbaro, Alethea B. T.; Bertozzi, Andrea L.; Reid, Shannon E.; Tita, George E.</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>We propose an agent-based model to simulate the creation of street <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries. The movement dynamics of agents are coupled to an evolving network of <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries, which is determined by previous interactions among agents in the system. Basic <span class="hlt">gang</span> data, geographic information, and behavioral dynamics suggested by the criminology literature are integrated into the model. The major highways, <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, and the locations of gangs’ centers of activity influence the agents’ motion. We use a policing division of the Los Angeles Police Department as a case study to test our model. We apply common metrics from graph theory to analyze our model, comparing networks produced by our simulations and an instance of a Geographical Threshold Graph to the existing network from the criminology literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21D1869L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21D1869L"><span>Major and Trace Element Fluxes to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span>: Significance of Small Flood Plain Tributary as Non-Point Pollution Source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lakshmi, V.; Sen, I. S.; Mishra, G.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>There has been much discussion amongst biologists, ecologists, chemists, geologists, environmental firms, and science policy makers about the impact of human activities on <span class="hlt">river</span> health. As a result, multiple <span class="hlt">river</span> restoration projects are on going on many large <span class="hlt">river</span> basins around the world. In the Indian subcontinent, the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> is the focal point of all restoration actions as it provides food and water security to half a billion people. Serious concerns have been raised about the quality of Ganga water as toxic chemicals and many more enters the <span class="hlt">river</span> system through point-sources such as direct wastewater discharge to <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, or non-point-sources. Point source pollution can be easily identified and remedial actions can be taken; however, non-point pollution sources are harder to quantify and mitigate. A large non-point pollution source in the Indo-Gangetic floodplain is the network of small floodplain <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. However, these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are rarely studied since they are small in catchment area ( 1000-10,000 km2) and discharge (<100 m3/s). As a result, the impact of these small floodplain <span class="hlt">rivers</span> on the dissolved chemical load of large <span class="hlt">river</span> systems is not constrained. To fill this knowledge gap we have monitored the Pandu <span class="hlt">River</span> for one year between February 2015 and April 2016. Pandu <span class="hlt">river</span> is 242 km long and is a right bank tributary of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> with a total catchment area of 1495 km2. Water samples were collected every month for dissolved major and trace elements. Here we show that the concentration of heavy metals in <span class="hlt">river</span> Pandu is in higher range as compared to the world <span class="hlt">river</span> average, and all the dissolved elements shows a large spatial-temporal variation. We show that the Pandu <span class="hlt">river</span> exports 192170, 168517, 57802, 32769, 29663, 1043, 279, 241, 225, 162, 97, 28, 25, 22, 20, 8, 4 Kg/yr of Ca, Na, Mg, K, Si, Sr, Zn, B, Ba, Mn, Al, Li, Rb, Mo, U, Cu, and Sb, respectively, to the Ganga <span class="hlt">river</span>, and the exported chemical flux effects the water chemistry of the Ganga</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PIAHS.374..117H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PIAHS.374..117H"><span>Development of seasonal flow outlook model for <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Basins in Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hossain, Sazzad; Haque Khan, Raihanul; Gautum, Dilip Kumar; Karmaker, Ripon; Hossain, Amirul</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Bangladesh is crisscrossed by the branches and tributaries of three main <span class="hlt">river</span> systems, the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Bramaputra and Meghna (GBM). The temporal variation of water availability of those <span class="hlt">rivers</span> has an impact on the different water usages such as irrigation, urban water supply, hydropower generation, navigation etc. Thus, seasonal flow outlook can play important role in various aspects of water management. The Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (FFWC) in Bangladesh provides short term and medium term flood forecast, and there is a wide demand from end-users about seasonal flow outlook for agricultural purposes. The objective of this study is to develop a seasonal flow outlook model in Bangladesh based on rainfall forecast. It uses European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) seasonal precipitation, temperature forecast to simulate HYDROMAD hydrological model. Present study is limited for <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins. ARIMA correction is applied to correct the model error. The performance of the model is evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The model result shows good performance with R2 value of 0.78 and NSE of 0.61 for the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, and R2 value of 0.72 and NSE of 0.59 for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin for the period of May to July 2015. The result of the study indicates strong potential to make seasonal outlook to be operationalized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736595','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736595"><span>Impacts of climate change and socio-economic scenarios on flow and water quality of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM) <span class="hlt">river</span> systems: low flow and flood statistics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Whitehead, P G; Barbour, E; Futter, M N; Sarkar, S; Rodda, H; Caesar, J; Butterfield, D; Jin, L; Sinha, R; Nicholls, R; Salehin, M</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The potential impacts of climate change and socio-economic change on flow and water quality in <span class="hlt">rivers</span> worldwide is a key area of interest. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) is one of the largest <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in the world serving a population of over 650 million, and is of vital concern to <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh as it provides fresh water for people, agriculture, industry, conservation and for the delta system downstream. This paper seeks to assess future changes in flow and water quality utilising a modelling approach as a means of assessment in a very complex system. The INCA-N model has been applied to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Meghna <span class="hlt">river</span> systems to simulate flow and water quality along the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> under a range of future climate conditions. Three model realisations of the Met Office Hadley Centre global and regional climate models were selected from 17 perturbed model runs to evaluate a range of potential futures in climate. In addition, the models have also been evaluated using socio-economic scenarios, comprising (1) a business as usual future, (2) a more sustainable future, and (3) a less sustainable future. Model results for the 2050s and the 2090s indicate a significant increase in monsoon flows under the future climates, with enhanced flood potential. Low flows are predicted to fall with extended drought periods, which could have impacts on water and sediment supply, irrigated agriculture and saline intrusion. In contrast, the socio-economic changes had relatively little impact on flows, except under the low flow regimes where increased irrigation could further reduce water availability. However, should large scale water transfers upstream of Bangladesh be constructed, these have the potential to reduce flows and divert water away from the delta region depending on the volume and timing of the transfers. This could have significant implications for the delta in terms of saline intrusion, water supply, agriculture and maintaining crucial ecosystems such</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH51D..02H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH51D..02H"><span>Flood Risk Assessment and Forecasting for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hopson, T. M.; Priya, S.; Young, W.; Avasthi, A.; Clayton, T. D.; Brakenridge, G. R.; Birkett, C. M.; Riddle, E. E.; Broman, D.; Boehnert, J.; Sampson, K. M.; Kettner, A.; Singh, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>During the 2017 South Asia monsoon, torrential rains and catastrophic floods affected more than 45 million people, including 16 million children, across the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basins. The basin is recognized as one of the world's most disaster-prone regions, with severe floods occurring almost annually causing extreme loss of life and property. In light of this vulnerability, the World Bank and collaborators have contributed toward reducing future flood impacts through recent developments to improve operational preparedness for such events, as well as efforts in more general preparedness and resilience building through planning based on detailed risk assessments. With respect to improved event-specific flood preparedness through operational warnings, we discuss a new forecasting system that provides probability-based flood forecasts developed for more than 85 GBM locations. Forecasts are available online, along with near-real-time data maps of rainfall (predicted and actual) and <span class="hlt">river</span> levels. The new system uses multiple data sets and multiple models to enhance forecasting skill, and provides improved forecasts up to 16 days in advance of the arrival of high waters. These longer lead times provide the opportunity to save both lives and livelihoods. With sufficient advance notice, for example, farmers can harvest a threatened rice crop or move vulnerable livestock to higher ground. Importantly, the forecasts not only predict future water levels but indicate the level of confidence in each forecast. Knowing whether the probability of a danger-level flood is 10 percent or 90 percent helps people to decide what, if any, action to take. With respect to efforts in general preparedness and resilience building, we also present a recent flood risk assessment, and how it provides, for the first time, a numbers-based view of the impacts of different size floods across the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin. The findings help identify priority areas for tackling flood risks (for</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29616893','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29616893"><span>Acidovorax kalamii sp. nov., isolated from a water sample of the <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pal, Deepika; Kaur, Navjot; Sudan, Sarabjeet Kour; Bisht, Bhawana; Krishnamurthi, Srinivasan; Mayilraj, Shanmugam</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, straw yellow, motile strain, designated KNDSW-TSA6 T , belonging to the genus Acidovorax, was isolated from a water sample of the <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, downstream of the city of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, <span class="hlt">India</span>. Cells were aerobic, non-endospore-forming and motile with single polar flagella. It differed from its phylogenetically related strains by phenotypic characteristics such as hydrolysis of urea, gelatin, casein and DNA, and the catalase reaction. The major fatty acids were C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes (gyrb, recA and rpoB gene sequences), confirmed its placement within the genus Acidovorax as a novel species. Strain KNDSW-TSA6 T showed highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Acidovorax soli BL21 T (98.9 %), Acidovorax delafieldii ATCC 17505 T (98.8 %), Acidovorax temperans CCUG 11779 T (98.2 %), Acidovorax caeni R-24608 T (97.9 %) and Acidovorax radicis N35 T (97.6 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values calculated from whole genome sequences between strain KNDSW-TSA6 T and the two most closely related strains A. soli BL21 T and A. delafieldii ATCC 17505 T were below the threshold values of 70 and 95 % respectively. Thus, the data from the polyphasic taxonomic analysis clearly indicates that strain KNDSW-TSA6 T represents a novel species, for which the name Acidovorax kalamii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Acidovorax kalamii (=MTCC 12652 T =KCTC 52819 T =VTCC-B-910010 T ).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED537424.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED537424.pdf"><span>Becoming a <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Member: Youth Life and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Morch, Sven; Andersen, Helle</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for understanding the growth in youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> behaviour. The paper builds on a youth theory perspective and describes how the social conditions work with or are against the young individual in such a way that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> seem to be an option or an answer for some young people when faced with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29087253','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29087253"><span>Differentiating <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members, <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Affiliates, and Violent Men on Their Psychiatric Morbidity and Traumatic Experiences.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wood, Jane L; Kallis, Constantinos; Coid, Jeremy W</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Little is known about the differences between <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates-or those individuals who associate with <span class="hlt">gangs</span> but are not <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Even less is known about how these groups compare with other violent populations. This study examined how <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates, and violent men compare on mental health symptoms and traumatic experiences. Data included a sample of 1,539 adult males, aged 19 to 34 years, taken from an earlier survey conducted in the United Kingdom. Participants provided informed consent before completing questionnaires and were paid £5 for participation. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare participants' symptoms of psychiatric morbidity and traumatic event exposure. Findings showed that, compared to violent men and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members had experienced more severe violence, sexual assaults, and suffered more serious/life-threatening injuries. Compared to violent men, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates had made more suicide attempts; had self-harmed more frequently; and had experienced more domestic violence, violence at work, homelessness, stalking, and bankruptcy. Findings further showed a decreasing gradient from <span class="hlt">gang</span> members to <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates to violent men in symptom levels of anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, pathological gambling, stalking others, and drug and/or alcohol dependence. Depression symptoms were similar across groups. The identified relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, affiliation, and adverse mental health indicates that mental health in <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership deserves more research attention. Findings also indicate that criminal justice strategies need to consider <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' mental health more fully, if <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is to be appropriately addressed and reduced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=failed+AND+states+AND+concept&pg=7&id=ED372155','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=failed+AND+states+AND+concept&pg=7&id=ED372155"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in America.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Huff, C. Ronald, Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This book comprised of theories and findings from researchers concerning youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in the United States, is organized into the following five parts: (1) Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives on the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> and the Community; (2) Defining and Measuring <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence; (3) Diffusion, Diversity, and Drugs; (4) Assessing the Changing Knowledge…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2705161','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2705161"><span>DIFFERENT STROKES FOR DIFFERENT <span class="hlt">GANGS</span>? AN ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL AMONG LATINO AND ASIAN <span class="hlt">GANG</span> MEMBERS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>PIH, KAY KEI-HO; DE LA ROSA, MARIO; RUGH, DOUGLAS; MAO, KUORAY</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> activity and membership were noted to be significantly related to financial rewards. As such, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity should also be understood from an economic perspective. In this article, Pierre Bourdieu's framework of capital is used to analyze two separate samples of Latino and Asian <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Stark contrasts in socioeconomic backgrounds are recorded among the two samples of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and activities are also noticeably dissimilar. Accessibility to economic, cultural, and social capital is argued to affect <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and activities. The results suggest that the availability of legitimate and illegitimate capital greatly affects the trajectory and the length of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Also, <span class="hlt">gangs</span> provide significant material and social capital for the respondents of the study. PMID:19578563</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA08798.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA08798.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Quagmire</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-09-27</p> <p>This MOC image shows dark-toned, windblown sands and ripples, surrounding a light-toned hill, interpreted to be sedimentary rock, in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma is part of the giant Valles Marineris trough system on Mars</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=empowering+AND+india&pg=2&id=EJ476518','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=empowering+AND+india&pg=2&id=EJ476518"><span>From Washington's Yakima <span class="hlt">River</span> to <span class="hlt">India</span>'s <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>: Project GREEN Is Connecting.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kuechle, Jeff</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Project GREEN (Global <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Environmental Education Network) is an international environmental education program empowering students to use science to improve and protect the quality of watersheds. As an integral part of the Yakima School District Environmental Awareness Program, Project GREEN provides educational benefits for both American…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+social+AND+climate+AND+social+AND+skills+AND+high+AND+school+AND+students&id=ED358204','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+social+AND+climate+AND+social+AND+skills+AND+high+AND+school+AND+students&id=ED358204"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Arthur, Richard; Erickson, Edsel</p> <p></p> <p>This book explores the U.S. <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem, based on the author's 35 years of experience as a high school and junior high school teacher, principal, and community organizer in Oakland and Los Angeles (California). Chapters discuss the subculture of <span class="hlt">gang</span> worlds, reasons why youth are attracted to <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, how educators can reach out to students, the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA471229','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA471229"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Central America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2007-08-02</p> <p>Societal stigmas against <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span>- deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving a <span class="hlt">gang</span> extremely difficult. A recent...often unwilling to hire them. Tattooed former <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, especially returning deportees from the United States who are often native English...recipients of deportees on a per capita basis. For all Central American countries, with the exception of Panama, those deported on criminal grounds</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488679','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488679"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Central America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-10-17</p> <p>livelihood, and protection. Societal Stigmas. Societal stigmas against <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span>- deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving...Ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members report that employers are often unwilling to hire them. Tattooed former <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, especially returning deportees from the United...American countries, with the exception of Panama, have a lower percentage of criminal deportees than the regional average. For example, criminal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC43G..02W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC43G..02W"><span>Climate Variability over <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh from the Perturbed UK Met Office Hadley Model: Impacts on Flow and Nutrient Fluxes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Whitehead, P. G.; Caesar, J.; Crossman, J.; Barbour, E.; Ledesma, J.; Futter, M. N.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A semi-distributed flow and water quality model (INCA- Integrated Catchments Model) has been set up for the whole of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>- Brahmaputra- Meghna (GBM) <span class="hlt">River</span> system in <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh. These massive <span class="hlt">rivers</span> transport large fluxes of water and nutrients into the Bay of Bengal via the GBM Delta system in Bangladesh. Future climate change will impact these fluxes with changing rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration and soil moisture deficits being altered in the catchment systems. In this study the INCA model has been used to assess potential impacts of climate change using the UK Met Office Hadley Centre GCM model linked to a regionally coupled model of South East Asia, covering <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh. The Hadley Centre model has been pururbed by varying the parameters in the model to generate 17 realisations of future climates. Some of these reflect expected change but others capture the more extreme potential behaviour of future climate conditions. The 17 realisations have been used to drive the INCA Flow and Nitrogen model inorder to generate downstream times series of hydrology and nitrate- nitrogen. The variability of the climates on these fluxes are investigated and and their likley impact on the Bay of Begal Delta considered. Results indicate a slight shift in the monsoon season with increased wet season flows and increased temperatures which alter nutrient fluxes. Societal Importance to Stakeholders The GBM Delta supports one of the most densely populated regions of people living in poverty, who rely on ecosystem services provided by the Delta for survival. These ecosystem services are dependent upon fluxes of water and nutrients. Freshwater for urban, agriculture, and aquaculture requirements are essential to livelihoods. Nutrient loads stimulate estuarine ecosystems, supporting fishing stocks, which contribute significantly the economy of Bangladesh. Thus the societal importance of upstream climate driven change change in Bangladesh are very</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8998S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8998S"><span>The Planform Mobility of Large <span class="hlt">River</span> Channel Confluences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sambrook Smith, Greg; Dixon, Simon; Nicholas, Andrew; Bull, Jon; Vardy, Mark; Best, James; Goodbred, Steven; Sarker, Maminul</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences are widely acknowledged as exerting a controlling influence upon both upstream and downstream morphology and thus channel planform evolution. Despite their importance, little is known concerning their longer-term evolution and planform morphodynamics, with much of the literature focusing on confluences as representing fixed, nodal points in the fluvial network. In contrast, some studies of large sand bed <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh have shown large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences can be highly mobile, although the extent to which this is representative of large confluences around the world is unknown. Confluences have also been shown to generate substantial bed scours, and if the confluence location is mobile these scours could 'comb' across wide areas. This paper presents field data of large confluences morphologies in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, illustrating the spatial extent of large <span class="hlt">river</span> bed scours and showing scour depth can extend below base level, enhancing long term preservation potential. Based on a global review of the planform of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences using Landsat imagery from 1972 to 2014 this study demonstrates such scour features can be highly mobile and there is an array of confluence morphodynamic types: from freely migrating confluences, through confluences migrating on decadal timescales to fixed confluences. Based on this analysis, a conceptual model of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluence types is proposed, which shows large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences can be sites of extensive bank erosion and avulsion, creating substantial management challenges. We quantify the abundance of mobile confluence types by classifying all large confluences in both the Amazon and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins, showing these two large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have contrasting confluence morphodynamics. We show large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences have multiple scales of planform adjustment with important implications for <span class="hlt">river</span> management, infrastructure and interpretation of the rock</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+AND+psychology+AND+goldstein&id=ED374185','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+AND+psychology+AND+goldstein&id=ED374185"><span>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Intervention Handbook.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Goldstein, Arnold P., Ed.; Huff, C. Ronald, Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This book provides overviews and evaluations of current juvenile-<span class="hlt">gang</span>-intervention programs and recommends approaches that have been effective in both prevention and rehabilitation. Its three parts, composed of individual essays, examine patterns of <span class="hlt">ganging</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> intervention, explore the value of psychology-based interventions, and discuss the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427146.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427146.pdf"><span>Urban Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Enforcement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Institute for Law and Justice, Inc., Alexandria, VA.</p> <p></p> <p>Strategies to enhance prosecution of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related crimes are presented, with a focus on enforcement and prosecution targeting urban street <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The model programs introduced offer strategies largely based on the practical experiences of agencies that participated in a demonstration program, the Urban Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Drug Trafficking Enforcement…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drug+AND+trafficking&pg=5&id=ED372157','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drug+AND+trafficking&pg=5&id=ED372157"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: The Origins and Impact of Contemporary Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in the United States.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cummings, Scott, Ed.; Monti, Daniel J., Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This book presents papers from some leading social scientists and scholars who examine the contemporary contours of America's <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem. New material is provided on wilding (i.e., running amok for no specific reason) <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, migration and drug trafficking, and public education disruption. Other topics involve organization of <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, their social…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP33D..01S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP33D..01S"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta: Balance of Subsidence, Sea level and Sedimentation in a Tectonically-Active Delta (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Steckler, M. S.; Goodbred, S. L.; Akhter, S. H.; Seeber, L.; Reitz, M. D.; Paola, C.; Nooner, S. L.; DeWolf, S.; Ferguson, E. K.; Gale, J.; Hossain, S.; Howe, M.; Kim, W.; McHugh, C. M.; Mondal, D. R.; Petter, A. L.; Pickering, J.; Sincavage, R.; Williams, L. A.; Wilson, C.; Zumberge, M. A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Bangladesh is vulnerable to a host of short and long-term natural hazards - widespread seasonal flooding, <span class="hlt">river</span> erosion and channel avulsions, permanent land loss from sea level rise, natural groundwater arsenic, recurrent cyclones, landslides and huge earthquakes. These hazards derive from active fluvial processes related to the growth of the delta and the tectonics at the <span class="hlt">India</span>-Burma-Tibet plate junctions. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">rivers</span> drain 3/4 of the Himalayas and carry ~1 GT/y of sediment, 6-8% of the total world flux. In Bangladesh, these two great <span class="hlt">rivers</span> combine with the Meghna <span class="hlt">River</span> to form the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta (GBMD). The seasonality of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span>' water and sediment discharge is a major influence causing widespread flooding during the summer monsoon. The mass of the water is so great that it causes 5-6 cm of seasonal elastic deformation of the delta discerned by our GPS data. Over the longer-term, the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are also dynamic. Two centuries ago, the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> avulsed westward up to 100 km and has since captured other <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. The primary mouth of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> has shifted 100s of km eastward from the Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> over the last 400y, finally joining the Brahmaputra in the 19th century. These avulsions are influenced by the tectonics of the delta. On the east side of Bangladesh, the >16 km thick GBMD is being overridden by the Burma Arc where the attempted subduction of such a thick sediment pile has created a huge accretionary prism. The foldbelt is up to 250-km wide and its front is buried beneath the delta. The main Himalayan thrust front is <100 km north, but adjacent to the GBMD is the Shillong Massif, a 300-km long, 2-km high block of uplifted Indian basement that is overthrusting and depressing GBMD sediments to the south. The overthrusting Shillong Massif may represent a forward jump of the Himalayan front to a new plate boundary. This area ruptured in a ~M8 1897 earthquake. Subsidence from the tectonics and differential</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED473891.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED473891.pdf"><span>Modern-Day Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>. OJJDP, Juvenile Justice Bulletin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.; Egley, Arlen, Jr.; Gleason, Debra K.</p> <p></p> <p>This report draws on data from the 1996 and 1998 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Surveys to compare the characteristics of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in jurisdictions with later onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> problems with those of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> members with earlier onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> problems. The survey asked respondents from law enforcement agencies to describe when <span class="hlt">gangs</span> began to…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488181','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488181"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Central America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-03-27</p> <p>deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving a <span class="hlt">gang</span> extremely difficult. A recent State Department report on youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in El...<span class="hlt">gang</span> members, especially returning deportees from the United States who are often native English speakers, have had the most difficulty finding...with the exception of Panama, have a much lower percentage of criminal deportees than the regional average of 39%. For example, criminal deportees</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED356281.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED356281.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> a Suburban Problem Too! "Taking the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Threat Seriously."</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Stabile, Michael J.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> are no longer the exclusive problem of large metropolitan areas. Suburban schools and communities are now vulnerable, and the problem is spreading. To combat the problem, it is essential to overcome denial in the school and community. The case study of Chris, a junior high school student, exemplifies suburban youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> members.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475282.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475282.pdf"><span>Responding to <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Evaluation and Research.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Reed, Winifred L., Ed.; Decker, Scott H., Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This collection of papers presents a representative selection of the National Institute of Justice's portfolio of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related research. The 10 papers are: (1) "A Decade of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Research: Findings of the National Institute of Justice <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Portfolio" (Scott H. Decker); (2) "The Evolution of Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: An Examination of Form and…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002IJCli..22..993A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002IJCli..22..993A"><span>Man-made climatic changes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adel, Miah M.</p> <p>2002-06-01</p> <p>Climate data pertaining to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin in Bangladesh were analysed to find any climatic changes in the wake of the upstream water diversion by the Farakka Barrage. Whereas the diversions have been continuing from at least 30 international <span class="hlt">rivers</span> upstream of Bangladesh, the diversion from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is the best known and has a wider coverage than all other diversions. The diversion reduced the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>' discharge through the delta by about 60% from a pre-diversion average value of 1932 m3 s-1, decreased water availability in flood plains, ponds, canals, and ditches by about 50%, dropped the groundwater table, and caused changes in surface features. It took about 5 years of diversions beyond the test run year of 1975 for the environment to react to set 1981 as the baseline year. During the post-baseline era: (1) heating degree days and cooling degree days were respectively 1.33 and 1.44 times more than their counterparts during the pre-baseline era; (2) the summertime and wintertime average temperatures were respectively 1 °C more and 0.5 °C less than the corresponding values during the pre-baseline era; (3) the mode 32 °C of summertime maximum temperatures was 1 °C higher and occurred 414 times more, and the mode 25 °C of wintertime temperature was 1 °C less and occurred 17 times less than the corresponding quantities during the pre-baseline era; (4) the average value of maximum relative humidity has increased by more than 2% and that of minimum relative humidity has dropped by the same amount; (5) the mode 95% and 70% of maximum and minimum relative humidity values have occurred 1322 times and 84 times more respectively than their pre-baseline counterparts; and (6) the frequency for 100 mm or more rainfall and the monthly average rainfalls have dropped by about 50% and 30% respectively. The solution to the climatic changes lies in the restoration of the virgin <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> flow, dredging of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and its distributaries to remove shoals and siltation, and re</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Satanism&pg=2&id=EJ480811','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Satanism&pg=2&id=EJ480811"><span>Cults as <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cantrell, Mary Lynn</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Considers cults as <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, but also distinguishes cults from <span class="hlt">gangs</span> by the cult's reference to and insistence on allegiance to single higher authority, usually spirit figure or spiritual leader. Examines Satanism, identifies Satanic holidays and symbols, and describes characteristics of cult-influenced youth. Includes list of organizations and books…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463004','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463004"><span>Confronting youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in the intensive care unit.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Akiyama, Cliff</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence has continued its upward trend nationwide. It was once thought that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> convened only in selected areas, which left churches, schools, and hospitals as "neutral" territory. Unfortunately, this is a fallacy. The results of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence pour into hospitals and into intensive care units regularly. The media portrays California as having a <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence problem; however, throughout the United States, <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence has risen more than 35% in the past year. Youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence continues to rise dramatically with more and more of our youth deciding to join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> each day. Sadly, every state has <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and the problem is getting much worse in areas that would never have thought about <span class="hlt">gangs</span> a year ago. These "new generation" of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members is younger, much more violent, and staying in the <span class="hlt">gang</span> longer. <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> are not just an urban problem. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> activity is a suburban and rural problem too. There are more than 25 500 <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in the United States, with a total <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership of 850 000. Ninety-four percent of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are male and 6% are female. The ethnic composition nationwide includes 47% Latino, 31% African American, 13% White, 7% Asian, and 2% "mixed," according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention of the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result of the ongoing proliferation of youth street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in our communities, it is imperative that critical care nurses and others involved with the direct care become educated about how to identify <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, their activities, and understand their motivations. Such education and knowledge will help provide solutions to families and the youth themselves, help eradicate the problem of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and keep health care professionals safe.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26PSL.478...89H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26PSL.478...89H"><span>Post-glacial climate forcing of surface processes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basin and implications for carbon sequestration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hein, Christopher J.; Galy, Valier; Galy, Albert; France-Lanord, Christian; Kudrass, Hermann; Schwenk, Tilmann</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Climate has been proposed to control both the rate of terrestrial silicate weathering and the export rate of associated sediments and terrestrial organic carbon to <span class="hlt">river</span>-dominated margins - and thus the rate of sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in the coastal ocean - over glacial-interglacial timescales. Focused on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, this study presents records of post-glacial changes in basin-scale Indian summer monsoon intensity and vegetation composition based on stable hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic compositions of terrestrial plant wax compounds preserved in the channel-levee system of the Bengal Fan. It then explores the role of these changes in controlling the provenance and degree of chemical weathering of sediments exported by these <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, and the potential climate feedbacks through organic-carbon burial in the Bengal Fan. An observed 40‰ shift in δD and a 3-4‰ shift in both bulk organic-carbon and plant-wax δ13C values between the late glacial and mid-Holocene, followed by a return to more intermediate values during the late Holocene, correlates well with regional post-glacial paleoclimate records. Sediment provenance proxies (Sr, Nd isotopic compositions) reveal that these changes likely coincided with a subtle focusing of erosion on the southern flank of the Himalayan range during periods of greater monsoon strength and enhanced sediment discharge. However, grain-size-normalized organic-carbon concentrations in the Bengal Fan remained constant through time, despite order-of-magnitude level changes in catchment-scale monsoon precipitation and enhanced chemical weathering (recorded as a gradual increase in K/Si* and detrital carbonate content, and decrease in H2O+/Si*, proxies) throughout the study period. These findings demonstrate a partial decoupling of climate change and silicate weathering during the Holocene and that marine organic-carbon sequestration rates primary reflect rates of physical erosion and sediment export</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3682862','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3682862"><span>Drug use and treatment success among <span class="hlt">gang</span> and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members in El Salvador: a prospective cohort study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background This article focuses on examining drug abuse treatment (DAT) in El Salvador highlighting <span class="hlt">gang</span> vs. non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> membership differences in drug use and treatment outcomes. Methods Cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs were employed to examine the study aims. The 19 centers that met the study’s inclusion criteria of one year or less in planned treatment offered varying treatment services: individual, group, family, and vocational therapy, dual diagnosis treatment, psychological testing, 12-step program, and outreach and re-entry aftercare. Most directors describe their treatment approach as “spiritual.” Data were collected from 625 patients, directors, and staff from the 19 centers at baseline, of which 34 patients were former <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Seventy-two percent (72%) of the former patients (448) were re-interviewed six-months after leaving treatment and 48% were randomly tested for drug use. Results Eighty-nine percent (89%) of the DAT patients at baseline were classified as heavy alcohol users and 40% were using illegal drugs, i.e., crack, marijuana, cocaine, tranquilizers, opiates, and amphetamines. There were large decreases after treatment in heavy alcohol and illegal drug use, crime, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> related risk activities. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members reported illegal drug use, crime, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> related risk activity more than non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members, yet only 5% of the study participants were <span class="hlt">gang</span> members; further, positive change in treatment outcomes among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members were the same or larger as compared to non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Conclusions Alcohol use is the drug of choice among DAT patients in El Salvador with <span class="hlt">gang</span> member patients having used illegal drugs more than non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. The study shows that DAT centers successfully reduced the use of illegal drugs and alcohol among <span class="hlt">gang</span> and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Although our study could not include a control group, we believe that the DAT treatment centers in El Salvador contributed to producing this treatment success among</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4036077','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4036077"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Pathways to Maladaptive Parenting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Augustyn, Megan Bears; Thornberry, Terence P.; Krohn, Marvin D.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A limited amount of research examines the short-term consequences of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Rarer, though, is the examination of more distal consequences of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. This is unfortunate because it understates the true detrimental effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership across the life course, as well as the effects it may have on children of former <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, this work investigates the impact of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in adolescence (ages 12-18) on a particularly problematic style of parenting, child maltreatment. Using discrete time survival analysis, this study finds that <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership increases the likelihood of child maltreatment and this relationship is mediated by the more proximal outcomes of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership during adolescence, precocious transitions to adulthood. PMID:24883000</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4013050','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4013050"><span>To See or Not to See: Investigating Detectability of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> Dolphins Using a Combined Visual-Acoustic Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Richman, Nadia I.; Gibbons, James M.; Turvey, Samuel T.; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Ahmed, Benazir; Mahabub, Emile; Smith, Brian D.; Jones, Julia P. G.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Detection of animals during visual surveys is rarely perfect or constant, and failure to account for imperfect detectability affects the accuracy of abundance estimates. Freshwater cetaceans are among the most threatened group of mammals, and visual surveys are a commonly employed method for estimating population size despite concerns over imperfect and unquantified detectability. We used a combined visual-acoustic survey to estimate detectability of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in four waterways of southern Bangladesh. The combined visual-acoustic survey resulted in consistently higher detectability than a single observer-team visual survey, thereby improving power to detect trends. Visual detectability was particularly low for dolphins close to meanders where these habitat features temporarily block the view of the preceding <span class="hlt">river</span> surface. This systematic bias in detectability during visual-only surveys may lead researchers to underestimate the importance of heavily meandering <span class="hlt">river</span> reaches. Although the benefits of acoustic surveys are increasingly recognised for marine cetaceans, they have not been widely used for monitoring abundance of freshwater cetaceans due to perceived costs and technical skill requirements. We show that acoustic surveys are in fact a relatively cost-effective approach for surveying freshwater cetaceans, once it is acknowledged that methods that do not account for imperfect detectability are of limited value for monitoring. PMID:24805782</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805782','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805782"><span>To see or not to see: investigating detectability of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> dolphins using a combined visual-acoustic survey.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Richman, Nadia I; Gibbons, James M; Turvey, Samuel T; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Ahmed, Benazir; Mahabub, Emile; Smith, Brian D; Jones, Julia P G</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Detection of animals during visual surveys is rarely perfect or constant, and failure to account for imperfect detectability affects the accuracy of abundance estimates. Freshwater cetaceans are among the most threatened group of mammals, and visual surveys are a commonly employed method for estimating population size despite concerns over imperfect and unquantified detectability. We used a combined visual-acoustic survey to estimate detectability of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in four waterways of southern Bangladesh. The combined visual-acoustic survey resulted in consistently higher detectability than a single observer-team visual survey, thereby improving power to detect trends. Visual detectability was particularly low for dolphins close to meanders where these habitat features temporarily block the view of the preceding <span class="hlt">river</span> surface. This systematic bias in detectability during visual-only surveys may lead researchers to underestimate the importance of heavily meandering <span class="hlt">river</span> reaches. Although the benefits of acoustic surveys are increasingly recognised for marine cetaceans, they have not been widely used for monitoring abundance of freshwater cetaceans due to perceived costs and technical skill requirements. We show that acoustic surveys are in fact a relatively cost-effective approach for surveying freshwater cetaceans, once it is acknowledged that methods that do not account for imperfect detectability are of limited value for monitoring.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.H11E0825B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.H11E0825B"><span>Managing <span class="hlt">River</span> Resources: A Case Study Of The Damodar <span class="hlt">River</span>, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhattacharyya, K.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p> used in this study to track flow regime and sedimentation characteristics. Data from topographical maps, cadastral or mouza maps, and satellite images has been consolidated. Significant stress has been given on extensive and intensive field survey in order to assess human perception, adaptability and resource management in the sandbars or char lands. The Damodar <span class="hlt">River</span> is located in West Bengal, <span class="hlt">India</span> but the findings on the controlled Lower Damodar are not exclusive to this <span class="hlt">river</span>. These findings may help in managing water resources in other regulated <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span> or outside <span class="hlt">India</span>. The primary objectives of this paper have been to trace the impact of control measures on discharge, sedimentation characteristics and consequent changes in the perception and adjustment of the riverbed occupiers to life with floods and dams. In this age of heightened environmental awareness, we all know that the survival of our civilization depends on rational and constructive maintenance and use of our <span class="hlt">river</span> resources. The major challenge in the coming decade is to develop a holistic and sustainable <span class="hlt">river</span> management system that will be environmentally accountable, socially acceptable and economically feasible. The primary issue to be addressed, therefore, is not whether dams are needed but how a <span class="hlt">river</span> system is cared for in the presence of floods, dams and islanders. <span class="hlt">River</span> resources should be treated as economic assets since ongoing economic development depends on a riverine regime that is ecologically sound. These worthwhile goals, however, will remain out of reach unless we have effective government policy and the legal structure to support it.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28713880','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28713880"><span>Finding Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members on Twitter.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Balasuriya, Lakshika; Wijeratne, Sanjaya; Doran, Derek; Sheth, Amit</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Most street <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use Twitter to intimidate others, to present outrageous images and statements to the world, and to share recent illegal activities. Their tweets may thus be useful to law enforcement agencies to discover clues about recent crimes or to anticipate ones that may occur. Finding these posts, however, requires a method to discover <span class="hlt">gang</span> member Twitter profiles. This is a challenging task since <span class="hlt">gang</span> members represent a very small population of the 320 million Twitter users. This paper studies the problem of automatically finding <span class="hlt">gang</span> members on Twitter. It outlines a process to curate one of the largest sets of verifiable <span class="hlt">gang</span> member profiles that have ever been studied. A review of these profiles establishes differences in the language, images, YouTube links, and emojis <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use compared to the rest of the Twitter population. Features from this review are used to train a series of supervised classifiers. Our classifier achieves a promising F 1 score with a low false positive rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED505592.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED505592.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2007 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Egley, Jr., Arlen; O'Donnell, Christina E.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This report presents findings from the 2007 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey. Data on the number of <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, and <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related homicides in larger cities, suburban counties, smaller cities, and rural counties are provided to accurately reflect youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in the United States. Based on survey results, it is estimated that nearly 3,550…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312740','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26312740"><span>Melting Himalayan glaciers contaminated by legacy atmospheric depositions are important sources of PCBs and high-molecular-weight PAHs for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> floodplain during dry periods.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sharma, Brij Mohan; Nizzetto, Luca; Bharat, Girija K; Tayal, Shresth; Melymuk, Lisa; Sáňka, Ondřej; Přibylová, Petra; Audy, Ondřej; Larssen, Thorjørn</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Melting glaciers are natural redistributors of legacy airborne pollutants, affecting exposure of pristine proglacial environments. Our data shows that melting Himalayan glaciers can be major contributors of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for surface water in the Gangetic Plain during the dry season. Glacial emissions can exceed in some cases inputs from diffuse sources within the catchment. We analyzed air, deposition and <span class="hlt">river</span> water in several sections along the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> and its major headwaters. The predominant glacial origin of these contaminants in the Himalayan reach was demonstrated using air-water fugacity ratios and mass balance analysis. The proportion of meltwater emissions compared to pollutant discharge at downstream sections in the central part of the Gangetic Plain was between 2 and 200%. By remobilizing legacy pollutants from melting glaciers, climate change can enhance exposure levels over large and already heavily impacted regions of Northern <span class="hlt">India</span>. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=runaway&pg=6&id=EJ678528','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=runaway&pg=6&id=EJ678528"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement and Membership among Homeless and Runaway Youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Yoder, Kevin A.; Whitbeck, Les B.; Hoyt, Dan R.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Assessed the extent of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among homeless and runaway youth, comparing <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved youth (not members), and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> youth on several dimensions. Interview data indicated that 15.4 percent of the youth were <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and 32.2 percent were involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. These youth reported more family problems and school…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278158','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278158"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> homicides - five U.S. cities, 2003-2008.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-27</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> homicides account for a substantial proportion of homicides among youths in some U.S. cities; however, few surveillance systems collect data with the level of detail necessary to <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide prevention strategies. To compare characteristics of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides with nongang homicides, CDC analyzed 2003-2008 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) for five cities with high levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, consistent with similar previous research, a higher proportion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides than other homicides involved young adults and adolescents, racial and ethnic minorities, and males. Additionally, the proportion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides resulting from drug trade/use or with other crimes in progress was consistently low in the five cities, ranging from zero to 25%. Furthermore, this report found that <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides were more likely to occur with firearms and in public places, which suggests that <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides are quick, retaliatory reactions to ongoing <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related conflict. These findings provide evidence for the need to prevent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement early in adolescence and to increase youths' capacity to resolve conflict nonviolently.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5508795','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5508795"><span>Finding Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members on Twitter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Balasuriya, Lakshika; Wijeratne, Sanjaya; Doran, Derek; Sheth, Amit</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Most street <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use Twitter to intimidate others, to present outrageous images and statements to the world, and to share recent illegal activities. Their tweets may thus be useful to law enforcement agencies to discover clues about recent crimes or to anticipate ones that may occur. Finding these posts, however, requires a method to discover <span class="hlt">gang</span> member Twitter profiles. This is a challenging task since <span class="hlt">gang</span> members represent a very small population of the 320 million Twitter users. This paper studies the problem of automatically finding <span class="hlt">gang</span> members on Twitter. It outlines a process to curate one of the largest sets of verifiable <span class="hlt">gang</span> member profiles that have ever been studied. A review of these profiles establishes differences in the language, images, YouTube links, and emojis <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use compared to the rest of the Twitter population. Features from this review are used to train a series of supervised classifiers. Our classifier achieves a promising F1 score with a low false positive rate. PMID:28713880</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JEI....26e1409P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JEI....26e1409P"><span>Automatic <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti recognition and interpretation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parra, Albert; Boutin, Mireille; Delp, Edward J.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>One of the roles of emergency first responders (e.g., police and fire departments) is to prevent and protect against events that can jeopardize the safety and well-being of a community. In the case of criminal <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity, tools are needed for finding, documenting, and taking the necessary actions to mitigate the problem or issue. We describe an integrated mobile-based system capable of using location-based services, combined with image analysis, to track and analyze <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity through the acquisition, indexing, and recognition of <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti images. This approach uses image analysis methods for color recognition, image segmentation, and image retrieval and classification. A database of <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti images is described that includes not only the images but also metadata related to the images, such as date and time, geoposition, <span class="hlt">gang</span>, <span class="hlt">gang</span> member, colors, and symbols. The user can then query the data in a useful manner. We have implemented these features both as applications for Android and iOS hand-held devices and as a web-based interface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4241772','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4241772"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Drug Selling, and Violence in Neighborhood Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bellair, Paul E.; McNulty, Thomas L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A prominent perspective in the <span class="hlt">gang</span> literature suggests that <span class="hlt">gang</span> member involvement in drug selling does not necessarily increase violent behavior. In addition it is unclear from previous research whether neighborhood disadvantage strengthens that relationship. We address those issues by testing hypotheses regarding the confluence of neighborhood disadvantage, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, drug selling, and violent behavior. A three-level hierarchical model is estimated from the first five waves of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, matched with block-group characteristics from the 2000 U.S. Census. Results indicate that (1) <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who sell drugs are significantly more violent than <span class="hlt">gang</span> members that don’t sell drugs and drug sellers that don’t belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span>; (2) drug sellers that don’t belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who don’t sell drugs engage in comparable levels of violence; and (3) an increase in neighborhood disadvantaged intensifies the effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on violence, especially among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members that sell drugs. PMID:25429188</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016850','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016850"><span>Homicidal Events Among Mexican American Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo; Cepeda, Alice; Kaplan, Charles</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the complexity of street <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides and focuses on situational factors that lead to <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ susceptibility to this violent behavior within the context of a disadvantaged minority community. This study is based on an analysis of 28 homicides involving Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. The absence of immigrant youth involvement in these types of violent crimes is discussed. Findings demonstrate how locally embedded social processes associated with specific <span class="hlt">gang</span> types, ecology, drugs, circumstances, and motives unfold into homicidal events. These findings may contribute to the development of street-based social programs focused on <span class="hlt">gang</span> mediation, dispute resolution, and crisis intervention. PMID:21218188</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27243575','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27243575"><span>The process of desistance among core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berger, Rony; Abu-Raiya, Hisham; Heineberg, Yotam; Zimbardo, Philip</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Research has established robust links between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, delinquency, violence and victimization. Yet studies examining the process of <span class="hlt">gang</span> desistance in general and that of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in particular, are quite rare. The current study aims to identify factors associated with desistance of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members as well as describe the nature of the process that these "formers" have undergone. Thirty-nine core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members (80% males and 20% females) from the San Francisco Bay area and Los Angeles, with an average length of 11.6-years <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, were interviewed regarding their involvement in the <span class="hlt">gang</span> and the desistance process. A systematic qualitative analysis based on grounded theory methodology was mainly utilized. We found that the decision to leave the <span class="hlt">gang</span> is a result of a combination of push (e.g., personal and vicarious victimization, burnout of <span class="hlt">gang</span> lifestyle, disillusionment by the <span class="hlt">gang</span>) and pull (e.g., parenthood, family responsibilities, religious and cultural awakening) factors that evolved over time. Push factors were more dominant in this domain. We also found that while male core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members tended to leave the <span class="hlt">gang</span> more frequently because of push factors, female ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members were more inclined to desist due to pull factors. Our analysis also showed that core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members shared a general pattern of the desistance process comprising of the following 5 stages: triggering, contemplation, exploration, exiting and maintenance. Based on these results, we outlined stage-specific recommendations for agents of societal change to help in facilitating the desistance of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED312171.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED312171.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Schools. Breaking Up Is Hard To Do.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>National School Safety Center, Malibu, CA.</p> <p></p> <p>This handbook offers the latest information on <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and practical advice on preventing or reducing <span class="hlt">gang</span> encroachment in schools. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> experts believe that establishing codes of conduct, diligent awareness of <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries, prevention courses, and community and parental involvement can make an impact in keeping <span class="hlt">gangs</span> away from campus. Chapter 1,…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04262.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04262.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-03-13</p> <p>This false-color infrared image was taken by the camera system on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft over part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma in Valles Marineris (approximately 13 degrees S, 318 degrees E). The infrared image has been draped over topography data obtained by Mars Global Surveyor. The color differences in this image show compositional variations in the rocks exposed in the wall and floor of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> (blue and purple) and in the dust and sand on the rim of the canyon (red and orange). The floor of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is covered by rocks and sand composed of basaltic lava that are shown in blue. A layer that is rich in the mineral olivine can be seen as a band of purple in the walls on both sides of the canyon, and is exposed as an eroded layer surrounding a knob on the floor. Olivine is easily destroyed by liquid water, so its presence in these ancient rocks suggests that this region of Mars has been very dry for a very long time. The mosaic was constructed using infrared bands 5, 7, and 8, and covers an area approximately 150 kilometers (90 miles) on each side. This simulated view is toward the north. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04262</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.6379S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.6379S"><span>The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sorí, Rogert; Nieto, Raquel; Drumond, Anita; Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.; Gimeno, Luis</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basins (IRB, GRB, and BRB respectively) in the South Asian region was investigated. The 3-dimensional model FLEXPART v9.0 was utilized. An important advantage of this model is that it permits the computation of the freshwater budget on air parcel trajectories both backward and forward in time from 0.1 to 1000 hPa in the atmospheric vertical column. The analysis was conducted for the westerly precipitation regime (WPR) (November-April) and the monsoonal precipitation regime (MPR) (May-October) in the period from 1981 to 2015. The main terrestrial and oceanic climatological moisture sources for the IRB, GRB, and BRB and their contribution to precipitation over the basins were identified. For the three basins, the most important moisture sources for precipitation are (i) in the continental regions, the land masses to the west of the basins (in this case called western Asia), the Indian region (IR), and the basin itself, and (ii) from the ocean, the utmost sources being the Indian Ocean (IO) and the Bay of Bengal (BB), and it is remarkable that despite the amount of moisture reaching the Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basins from land sources, the moisture supply from the IO seems to be first associated with the rapid increase or decrease in precipitation over the sources in the MPR. The technique of the composites was used to analyse how the moisture uptake values spatially vary from the sources (the budget of evaporation minus precipitation (E - P) was computed in a backward experiment from the basins) but during the pre-onset and pre-demise dates of the monsoonal rainfall over each basin; this confirmed that over the last days of the monsoon at the basins, the moisture uptake areas decrease in the IO. The Indian region, the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the basins themselves are the main sources of moisture responsible for negative (positive) anomalies of moisture contribution to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160842','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160842"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> youth, substance use, and drug normalization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sanders, Bill</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership is an indicator of chronic substance use.1 Evidence from North America and Europe indicates that <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth, in comparison to their non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> peers, are more likely to report alcohol and illicit drug use (Bendixen, Endresen, & Olweus, 2006; Gatti, Tremblay, Vitaro, & McDuff, 2005; Gordon, et al., 2004; Hall, Thornberry, & Lizotte, 2006; Sharp, Aldridge, & Medina, 2006). Qualitative studies focusing specifically on <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have also noted high frequencies of lifetime rates of use for a variety of illegal substances (De La Rosa, Rugh, & Rice, 2006; Hagedorn, Torres, & Giglio, 1998; Hunt, Jo-Laidler, & Evans, 2002; Mata et al., 2002; Valdez, Kaplan, & Cepeda, 2006). <span class="hlt">Gang</span> youth, however, have differential attitudes towards the use of various illegal drugs. Marijuana, for instance, has remained a staple within <span class="hlt">gang</span> culture, but the use of other drugs has been heavily stigmatized, especially heroin, methamphetamine, and crack cocaine (MacKenzie, Hunt, & Joe-Laidler, 2005; Moore, 1978; Taylor, 1990; Waldorf, 1993). Perspectives with good explanatory power should be flexible enough to elucidate these distinctions regarding illicit substance use patterns and preferences. PMID:25221432</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emergency+AND+preparedness&pg=2&id=EJ1081014','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emergency+AND+preparedness&pg=2&id=EJ1081014"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Activity on Campus: A Crisis Response Case Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shaw, Mahauganee; Meaney, Sarah</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This case study challenges readers to consider a contemporary issue for campus threat assessment and emergency preparedness: <span class="hlt">gang</span> presence on college campuses. A body of research examining the presence of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity on college campuses has developed, revealing that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> pose a viable threat for institutions of higher education. The…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA451328','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA451328"><span>Insurgency in the Hood: Understanding Insurgencies Through Urban <span class="hlt">Gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>bond between the members of the social network . 50 Wiktorowitz, 10. 51 <span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership, Delinquent Peers and...38 3. Control and Selective Incentives .............39 a. Social Network Theory ...................41 b. Physical...the <span class="hlt">gang</span> makes them feel like they are part of a family.”26 The <span class="hlt">gang</span> also provides peers for socialization . The <span class="hlt">gang</span> can provide identity</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24296050','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24296050"><span>Climatic variation and runoff from partially-glacierised Himalayan tributary basins of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Collins, David N; Davenport, Joshua L; Stoffel, Markus</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Climate records for locations across the southern slope of the Himalaya between 77°E and 91°E were selected together with discharge measurements from gauging stations on <span class="hlt">rivers</span> draining partially-glacierised basins tributary to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, with a view to assessing impacts of climatic fluctuations on year-to-year variations of runoff during a sustained period of glacier decline. The aims were to describe temporal patterns of variation of glaciologically- and hydrologically-relevant climatic variables and of <span class="hlt">river</span> flows from basins with differing percentages of ice-cover. Monthly precipitation and air temperature records, starting in the mid-nineteenth century at high elevation sites and minimising data gaps, were selected from stations in the Global Historical Climatology Network and CRUTEM3. Discharge data availability was limited to post 1960 for stations in Nepal and at Khab in the adjacent Sutlej basin. Strengths of climate-runoff relationships were assessed by correlation between overlapping portions of annual data records. Summer monsoon precipitation dominates runoff across the central Himalaya. Flow in tributaries of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> in Nepal fluctuated from year to year but the general background level of flow was usually maintained from the 1960s to 2000s. Flow in the Sutlej, however, declined by 32% between the 1970s and 1990s, reflecting substantially reduced summer precipitation. Over the north-west <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-upper Sutlej area, monsoon precipitation declined by 30-40% from the 1960s to 2000s. Mean May-September air temperatures along the southern slope of the central Himalayas dipped from the 1960s, after a long period of slow warming or sustained temperatures, before rising rapidly from the mid-1970s so that in the 2000s summer air temperatures reached those achieved in earlier warmer periods. There are few measurements of runoff from highly-glacierised Himalayan headwater basins; runoff from one of which, Langtang Khola, was less than that of the monsoon</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29333569','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29333569"><span>An integrated fuzzy-based advanced eutrophication simulation model to develop the best management scenarios for a <span class="hlt">river</span> basin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Srinivas, Rallapalli; Singh, Ajit Pratap</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Assessment of water quality status of a <span class="hlt">river</span> with respect to its discharge has become prerequisite to sustainable <span class="hlt">river</span> basin management. The present paper develops an integrated model for simulating and evaluating strategies for water quality management in a <span class="hlt">river</span> basin management by controlling point source pollutant loadings and operations of multi-purpose projects. Water Quality Analysis and Simulation Program (WASP version 8.0) has been used for modeling the transport of pollutant loadings and their impact on water quality in the <span class="hlt">river</span>. The study presents a novel approach of integrating fuzzy set theory with an "advanced eutrophication" model to simulate the transmission and distribution of several interrelated water quality variables and their bio-physiochemical processes in an effective manner in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, <span class="hlt">India</span>. After calibration, simulated values are compared with the observed values to validate the model's robustness. Fuzzy technique of order preference by similarity to ideal solution (F-TOPSIS) has been used to incorporate the uncertainty associated with the water quality simulation results. The model also simulates five different scenarios for pollution reduction, to determine the maximum pollutant loadings during monsoon and dry periods. The final results clearly indicate how modeled reduction in the rate of wastewater discharge has reduced impacts of pollutants in the downstream. Scenarios suggesting a <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge rate of 1500 m 3 /s during the lean period, in addition to 25 and 50% reduction in the load rate, are found to be the most effective option to restore quality of <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>. Thus, the model serves as an important hydrologic tool to the policy makers by suggesting appropriate remediation action plans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdWR..108..332N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AdWR..108..332N"><span>Hydroclimatic sustainability assessment of changing climate on cholera in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nasr-Azadani, Fariborz; Khan, Rakibul; Rahimikollu, Javad; Unnikrishnan, Avinash; Akanda, Ali; Alam, Munirul; Huq, Anwar; Jutla, Antarpreet; Colwell, Rita</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The association of cholera and climate has been extensively documented. However, determining the effects of changing climate on the occurrence of disease remains a challenge. Bimodal peaks of cholera in Bengal Delta are hypothesized to be linked to asymmetric flow of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. Spring cholera is related to intrusion of bacteria-laden coastal seawater during low flow seasons, while autumn cholera results from cross-contamination of water resources when high flows in the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> cause massive inundation. Coarse resolution of General Circulation Model (GCM) output (usually at 100 - 300 km)cannot be used to evaluate variability at the local scale(10-20 km),hence the goal of this study was to develop a framework that could be used to understand impacts of climate change on occurrence of cholera. Instead of a traditional approach of downscaling precipitation, streamflow of the two <span class="hlt">rivers</span> was directly linked to GCM outputs, achieving reasonable accuracy (R2 = 0.89 for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and R2 = 0.91 for the Brahmaputra)using machine learning algorithms (Support Vector Regression-Particle Swarm Optimization). Copula methods were used to determine probabilistic risks of cholera under several discharge conditions. Key results, using model outputs from ECHAM5, GFDL, andHadCM3for A1B and A2 scenarios, suggest that the combined low flow of the two <span class="hlt">rivers</span> may increase in the future, with high flows increasing for first half of this century, decreasing thereafter. Spring and autumn cholera, assuming societal conditions remain constant e.g., at the current rate, may decrease. However significant shifts were noted in the magnitude of <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge suggesting that cholera dynamics of the delta may well demonstrate an uncertain predictable pattern of occurrence over the next century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5813880','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5813880"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and a global sociological imagination</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fraser, Alistair; Hagedorn, John M</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Across the globe, the phenomenon of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has become an important and sensitive public issue. In this context, an increasing level of research attention has focused on the development of universalized definitions of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in a global context. In this article, we argue that this search for similarity has resulted in a failure to recognize and understand difference. Drawing on an alternative methodology we call a ‘global exchange’, this article suggests three concepts—homologies of habitus, vectors of difference and transnational reflexivity—that seek to re-engage the sociological imagination in the study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and globalization. PMID:29503595</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29503595','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29503595"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and a global sociological imagination.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fraser, Alistair; Hagedorn, John M</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Across the globe, the phenomenon of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has become an important and sensitive public issue. In this context, an increasing level of research attention has focused on the development of universalized definitions of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in a global context. In this article, we argue that this search for similarity has resulted in a failure to recognize and understand difference. Drawing on an alternative methodology we call a 'global exchange', this article suggests three concepts-homologies of habitus, vectors of difference and transnational reflexivity-that seek to re-engage the sociological imagination in the study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and globalization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApWS....6..107B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApWS....6..107B"><span>Assessment of Ganga <span class="hlt">river</span> ecosystem at Haridwar, Uttarakhand, <span class="hlt">India</span> with reference to water quality indices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhutiani, R.; Khanna, D. R.; Kulkarni, Dipali Bhaskar; Ruhela, Mukesh</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is regarded as one of the most holy and sacred <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of the world from time immemorial. The evaluation of <span class="hlt">river</span> water quality is a critical element in the assessment of water resources. The quality/potability of water that is consumed defines the base line of protection against many diseases and infections. The present study aimed to calculate Water Quality Index (WQI) by the analysis of sixteen physico-chemical parameters on the basis of <span class="hlt">River</span> Ganga index of Ved Prakash, weighted arithmetic index and WQI by National sanitation foundation (NSF) to assess the suitability of water for drinking, irrigation purposes and other human uses. These three water quality indices have been used to assess variation in the quality of the <span class="hlt">River</span> Ganga at monitored locations over an 11-year period. Application of three different indexes to assess the water quality over a period of 11 years shows minor variations in water quality. Index values as per <span class="hlt">River</span> Ganga Index by Ved Prakash et al. from 2000 to 2010 ranged between medium to good, Index values as per NSF Index for years 2000-2010 indicate good water quality, while Index values as per the weighted arithmetic index method for the study period indicate poor water quality.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=4&id=EJ804507','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=4&id=EJ804507"><span>The Impact of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Formation on Local Patterns of Crime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tita, George; Ridgeway, Greg</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Research has demonstrated that even after controlling for individual level attributes, individuals who join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> commit more crimes than do nongang members. Furthermore, the offending level of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members is higher when they report being active members of the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Therefore, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership clearly facilitates offending above and beyond…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518416.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518416.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This bulletin presents research on why youth join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and how a community can build <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention and intervention services. The author summarizes recent literature on <span class="hlt">gang</span> formation and identifies promising and effective programs for <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention. The following are some key findings: (1) Youth join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> for protection, enjoyment, respect,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677281','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677281"><span>Predicting early adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement from middle school adaptation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dishion, Thomas J; Nelson, Sarah E; Yasui, Miwa</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>This study examined the role of adaptation in the first year of middle school (Grade 6, age 11) to affiliation with <span class="hlt">gangs</span> by the last year of middle school (Grade 8, age 13). The sample consisted of 714 European American (EA) and African American (AA) boys and girls. Specifically, academic grades, reports of antisocial behavior, and peer relations in 6th grade were used to predict multiple measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement by 8th grade. The multiple measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement included self-, peer, teacher, and counselor reports. Unexpectedly, self-report measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement did not correlate highly with peer and school staff reports. The results, however, were similar for other and self-report measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Mean level analyses revealed statistically reliable differences in 8th-grade <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement as a function of the youth gender and ethnicity. Structural equation prediction models revealed that peer nominations of rejection, acceptance, academic failure, and antisocial behavior were predictive of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement for most youth. These findings suggest that the youth level of problem behavior and the school ecology (e.g., peer rejection, school failure) require attention in the design of interventions to prevent the formation of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> among high-risk young adolescents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED398500.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED398500.pdf"><span>Working Together To Erase <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Our Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>National Consortium on Alternatives for Youth at Risk, Inc., Sarasota, FL.</p> <p></p> <p>A common misconception about <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is that they resemble past images of motorcycle riders. Society is now faced with what are called "hybrid" <span class="hlt">gangs</span> whose members are usually 14 to 16 years of age, who dress conservatively, who display subtle <span class="hlt">gang</span> identifiers, and who are motivated by a combination of profit and poor family life. This…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H14E..02H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H14E..02H"><span>Satellite Altimetry based <span class="hlt">River</span> Forecasting of Transboundary Flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hossain, F.; Siddique-E-Akbor, A.; Lee, H.; Shum, C.; Biancamaria, S.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Forecasting of this transboundary flow in downstream nations however remains notoriously difficult due to the lack of basin-wide in-situ hydrologic measurements or its real-time sharing among nations. In addition, human regulation of upstream flow through diversion projects and dams, make hydrologic models less effective for forecasting on their own. Using the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra (GB) basin as an example, this study assesses the feasibility of using JASON-2 satellite altimetry for forecasting such transboundary flow at locations further inside the downstream nation of Bangladesh by propagating forecasts derived from upstream (Indian) locations through a hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">river</span> model. The 5-day forecast of <span class="hlt">river</span> levels at upstream boundary points inside Bangladesh are used to initialize daily simulation of the hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">river</span> model and yield the 5-day forecast <span class="hlt">river</span> level further downstream inside Bangladesh. The forecast <span class="hlt">river</span> levels are then compared with the 5-day-later "now cast" simulation by the <span class="hlt">river</span> model based on in-situ <span class="hlt">river</span> level at the upstream boundary points in Bangladesh. Future directions for satellite-based forecasting of flow are also briefly overviewed.round tracks or virtual stations of JASON-2 (J2) altimeter over the GB basin shown in yellow lines. The locations where the track crosses a <span class="hlt">river</span> and used for deriving forecasting rating curves is shown with a circle and station number (magenta- Brahmaputra basin; blue - <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin). Circles without a station number represent the broader view of sampling by JASON-2 if all the ground tracks on main stem <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and neighboring tributaries of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra are considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Norman+AND+Green&pg=2&id=ED393955','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Norman+AND+Green&pg=2&id=ED393955"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, My Town and the Nation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Randolph, Norman; Erickson, Edsel</p> <p></p> <p>The nature of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is explored, with suggestions for <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention and intervention. The emphasis is on organizing citizens, especially at the neighborhood level, to affect all community institutions. Suggestions are offered for citizens' groups to look at critical areas in schooling, incarceration, law enforcement, community programs,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29552912','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29552912"><span>Extending Social Learning Theory to Explain Victimization Among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> and Ex-<span class="hlt">Gang</span> Offenders.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gagnon, Analisa</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This study is among the first to extend and test social learning theory's ability to understand property and violent victimization. It specifically tests whether aspects of definitions, differential reinforcement, and differential association/modeling can explain the three types of victimization of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members: actual experience, perception of likelihood, and fear. The sample consists of over 300 male and female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members incarcerated in jails throughout Florida. The results show that all three types of victimization can be explained by the three aspects of social learning theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QuInt.479...48B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QuInt.479...48B"><span>Strong sea forcing and warmer winter during solar minima ˜2765 yr B.P. recorded in the growth bands of Crassostrea sp . from the confluence of <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Eastern <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Banerjee, Yogaraj; Ghosh, Prosenjit; Bhushan, Ravi; Rahul, P.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Long term variation of solar activity plays a key role in controlling climatic oscillations during glacial-interglacial cycles. The records of such climatic shifts can be retrieved from sedimentary archives in overbank deposits found in the estuary regions of major <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the tropics which are fed by glaciers. In this study we have shown the effect of solar variability on regional climate by altering the <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge and incursion of warm water pool into the region adjoining Bay of Bengal during seasonal dry period. The incremental growth bands present in the modern day Meretrix sp and Late Holocene Crassostrea sp. were examined for reconstruction of temperature and water composition at the head bay region of the <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>. The conventional C14 techniques on fossil oyster yielded age of 2765 ± 130 yr B.P., which coincides with a solar minima. Analysis of clumped isotope thermometry on the growth bands provided temperature estimates for the growth of shells. The temperature estimates for the modern shell, suggesting range of values showed a range between 13° and 42°C, close to the observed temperatures recorded in the climatological data while the fossil shell had a range of values between 22° and 38°C. The δ18O measured in the aragonite together with the estimated temperature were used to deduce the water composition during growth at equilibrium condition. The water δ18O varied between -4.78‰ and 1.2‰ for the modern sample, close to the observed values of water measured near this locality, while the range in water composition inferred for the paleo samples was from -2.37‰ to 0.82‰, suggesting a stronger influence of sea water throughout the year. The results are consistent with the argument of infiltration of water from neighbouring warm water pool into the estuary. A similar approach can be extended to evaluate the effects of climate variability due to differential action of <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge into the sea at seasonal time scales based on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED438354.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED438354.pdf"><span>The Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Drugs, and Violence Connection. Juvenile Justice Bulletin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.; Decker, Scott H.</p> <p></p> <p>This bulletin addresses questions about the interrelatedness of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, drugs, and violent crime, discussing whether drug trafficking is a main cause of violence in youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or only a correlate, and noting whether there are other important sources of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Section 1 presents a historical overview of <span class="hlt">gang</span> drug use and trafficking,…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=prosocial+AND+behavior+AND+develop&pg=3&id=EJ1012133','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=prosocial+AND+behavior+AND+develop&pg=3&id=EJ1012133"><span>Teaching Responsibility to <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Affiliated Youths</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Buckle, Michael E.; Walsh, David S.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Teaching youths who affiliate with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> can be a daunting task. Risk factors for <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership often compound across life domains and affect pro-social connectedness, cause feelings of marginalization, and hinder life-skill development. Sports and physical activities that are structured within a positive youth-development framework provide an…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22mesa%22&pg=2&id=EJ921705','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22mesa%22&pg=2&id=EJ921705"><span>Neighborhood Variation in <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Member Concentrations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Katz, Charles M.; Schnebly, Stephen M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study examines the relationship between neighborhood structure, violent crime, and concentrations of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members at the neighborhood level. We rely on official police <span class="hlt">gang</span> list data, police crime data, and two waves of decennial census data characterizing the socioeconomic and demographic conditions of 93 neighborhoods in Mesa, Arizona.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.S31E0818G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.S31E0818G"><span>Seismic Structure of <span class="hlt">India</span> from Regional Waveform Matching</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gaur, V.; Maggi, A.; Priestley, K.; Rai, S.</p> <p>2003-12-01</p> <p>We use a neighborhood adaptive grid search procedure and reflectivity synthetics to model regional distance range (500-2000~km) seismograms recorded in <span class="hlt">India</span> and to determine the variation in the crust and uppermost mantle structure across the subcontinent. The portions of the regional waveform which are most influenced by the crust and uppermost mantle structure are the 10-100~s period Pnl and fundamental mode surface waves. We use the adaptive grid search algorithm to match both portions of the seismogram simultaneously. This procedure results in a family of 1-D path average crust and upper mantle velocity and attenuation models whose propagation characteristics closely match those of the real Earth. Our data set currently consist of ˜20 seismograms whose propagation paths are primarily confined to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin in north <span class="hlt">India</span> and the East Dharwar Craton of south <span class="hlt">India</span>. The East Dharwar Craton has a simple and uniform structure consisting of a 36+/-2 km thick two layer crust, and an uppermost mantle with a sub-Moho velocity of 4.5~km/s. The structure of northern <span class="hlt">India</span> is more complicated, with pronounced low velocities in the upper crustal layer due to the large sediment thicknesses in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+violence+AND+profile+AND+victim&pg=2&id=EJ530433','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+violence+AND+profile+AND+victim&pg=2&id=EJ530433"><span>Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: A Profile of Aggression and Victimization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Molidor, Christian E.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Most <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership research studies males; few examine the etiology of female <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Presents themes of female <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership gathered from interviews with 15 young women. Examines demographic material, family structure, initiation rites, and criminal behaviors. Explores implications for social work practice and research. (FC)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-sts054-80-024.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-sts054-80-024.html"><span>Godavari <span class="hlt">River</span> Delta Panorama, Bay of Bengal, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1993-01-19</p> <p>STS054-80-024 (13-19 Jan 1993) --- As the Shuttle was passing southeast over the coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>, approaching the Bay of Bengal, Endeavour's crew took this picture of the Godavari <span class="hlt">River</span> Delta. The sun glint pattern was centered directly over the delta and highlighted well the intricate drainage pattern. Offshore, water features associated with current boundaries and <span class="hlt">river</span> plumes are readily visible. The line of clouds along the coast south of the delta suggest that surface winds are blowing onshore from the Bay of Bengal. As the air passes over the warmer coastal water and land, it is warmed and begins to rise. The moisture in the air condenses, forming a line of low-level clouds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926187','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926187"><span>Hidden behind the gunfire: young women's experiences of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Medina, Juanjo; Ralphs, Robert; Aldridge, Judith</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>This article uses data from a 3-year multisite ethnographic research study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> within an English city, to explore the different ways that "<span class="hlt">gang</span> culture" shapes the victimization experiences and everyday lives of (young) women. Victims of lethal <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in Research City are almost exclusively young men, rendering invisible the ways in which <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have an impact on the lives of women living in neighborhoods with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> presence. The article also discusses how the adoption of a transdisciplinary approach could be useful in developing a holistic picture of the impact of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence on the lives of women.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614085','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614085"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> warfare: the medical repercussions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Song, D H; Naude, G P; Gilmore, D A; Bongard, F</p> <p>1996-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> related violence in Los Angeles County has increased, with homicides increasing from 205 in 1982 to 803 in 1992. This study examines the medical and financial consequences of such violence on a level I trauma center. Of 856 gunshot injuries over a 29-month period, 272 were <span class="hlt">gang</span> related. There were 55 pediatric and 217 adult patients. Eighty-nine percent were male and 11% were female. Trauma Score averaged 14.7 +/- 3.1, Glasgow Coma Scale average score was 13.7 +/- 3.4, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 10.8 +/- 14. Twenty-two percent of the gunshots were to the head and neck, 20% to the chest, 20% to the abdomen, 6% had a peripheral vascular injury, and 33% sustained an extremity musculoskeletal injury. Emergency surgery was performed on 43%, including laparotomy 58 (49%), craniotomy 16 (13%), laparoscopy 14 (12%), vascular procedures 10 (8%), orthopedic procedures 6 (5%), head and neck endoscopies 4 (3%), thoracotomies 2 (2%), and 10 (8%) unspecified. There were 25 deaths (9%), primarily caused by head injuries and exsanguinating hemorrhage. Eighty-six percent entered the hospital during the hours of minimal staffing that preempted the use of facilities for other emergent patients. Charges totaled $4,828,828 (emergency room, surgical procedures, intensive care, and surgical ward stay) which equated to $5,550 per patient per day. Fifty-eight percent had no third party reimbursement, 22% had Medi-Cal, and 20% had medical insurance. Because of dismal reimbursement rates, the costs of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence are passed on to the tax payer. The cost of <span class="hlt">gang</span> related violence cannot be derived from hospital charges only, because death, disability, and pain are not entered into the calculation. Education, increased social programs, and strict criminal justice laws and enforcement may decrease <span class="hlt">gang</span> related violence and the drain it has on financial and medical resources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475035.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475035.pdf"><span>2000 Survey of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Indian Country. NYGC Fact Sheet.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Major, Aline K.; Egley, Arlen, Jr.</p> <p></p> <p>In 2001, the National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Center conducted a survey of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Indian country. Three hundred of the 577 federally recognized tribal communities responded to the survey. Twenty-three percent of Indian communities reported active youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> during 2000. The extent of the <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem varied considerably among communities, with many…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Poisson&pg=6&id=EJ947941','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Poisson&pg=6&id=EJ947941"><span>U.S. Juvenile Arrests: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Social Class, and Labeling Effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tapia, Mike</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study addresses the link between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and arrest frequency, exploring the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> x Socioeconomic status interaction on those arrests. Notoriously poor, delinquent, and often well-known to police, America's <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth should have very high odds of arrest. Yet it is unclear whether mere membership in a <span class="hlt">gang</span> increases the risk of arrest…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029218','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029218"><span>Integrating seepage heterogeneity with the use of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> seepage meters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rosenberry, D.O.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The usefulness of standard half-barrel seepage meters for measurement of fluxes between groundwater, and surface water is limited by the small bed area that each measurement represents and the relatively large associated labor costs. Standard half-barrel cylinders were <span class="hlt">ganged</span> together to allow one measurement of the summed seepage through all of the meters, reducing labor cost and increasing the representative area of measurement. Comparisons of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> versus individual-meter measurements at two lakes, under both inseepage and outseepage conditions, indicate little loss of efficiency resulting from routing seepage water through the <span class="hlt">ganging</span> system. Differences between summed and <span class="hlt">ganged</span> seepage rates were not significant for all but the fastest rates of seepage. At flow rates greater than about 250 mL min-1, <span class="hlt">ganged</span> values were as low as 80% of summed values. <span class="hlt">Ganged</span>-meter head losses also were calculated to determine their significance relative to hydraulic-head gradients measured at the field sites. The calculated reduction in hydraulic gradient beneath the seepage meters was significant only for the largest measured seepage rates. A calibration tank was used to determine single-meter and <span class="hlt">ganged</span>-meter efficiencies compared to known seepage rates. Single-cylinder seepage meters required an average correction factor of 1.05 to convert measured to actual values, whereas the <span class="hlt">ganged</span> measurements made in the tank required a larger correction factor of 1.14. Although manual measurements were used in these tests, the concept of <span class="hlt">ganging</span> seepage cylinders also would be useful when used in conjunction with automated flowmeters. ?? 2005, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.5273B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.5273B"><span><span class="hlt">River</span> salinity on a mega-delta, an unstructured grid model approach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bricheno, Lucy; Saiful Islam, Akm; Wolf, Judith</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>With an average freshwater discharge of around 40,000 m3/s the BGM (Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Meghna) <span class="hlt">river</span> system has the third largest discharge worldwide. The BGM <span class="hlt">river</span> delta is a low-lying fertile area covering over 100,000 km2 mainly in <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh. Approximately two-thirds of the Bangladesh people work in agriculture and these local livelihoods depend on freshwater sources directly linked to <span class="hlt">river</span> salinity. The finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) has been applied to the BGM delta in order to simulate <span class="hlt">river</span> salinity under present and future climate conditions. Forced by a combination of regional climate model predictions, and a basin-wide <span class="hlt">river</span> catchment model, the 3D baroclinic delta model can determine <span class="hlt">river</span> salinity under the current climate, and make predictions for future wet and dry years. The <span class="hlt">river</span> salinity demonstrates a strong seasonal and tidal cycle, making it important for the model to be able to capture a wide range of timescales. The unstructured mesh approach used in FVCOM is required to properly represent the delta's structure; a complex network of interconnected <span class="hlt">river</span> channels. The model extends 250 km inland in order to capture the full extent of the tidal influence and grid resolutions of 10s of metres are required to represent narrow inland <span class="hlt">river</span> channels. The use of FVCOM to simulate flows so far inland is a novel challenge, which also requires knowledge of the shape and cross-section of the <span class="hlt">river</span> channels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/242884.pdf','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/242884.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2011 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... Administrator Highlights of the 2011 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey Arlen Egley, Jr., and James C. Howell This ... 2010 to 1,824 in 2011. About the Survey Since 1996, the National <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Center, through the ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03759.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03759.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma Landslide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-05-21</p> <p>This image from NASA Mars Odyssey spacecraft shows a spectacular landslide along a portion of the southern wall of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma within Valles Marineris. Landslides have very characteristic morphologies on Earth, which they also display on Mars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5495019','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5495019"><span>Convention versus deviance: moral agency in adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ decision making</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dickson-Gomez, Julia; Pacella, Maria; Broaddus, Michelle; Quinn, Katherine; Galletly, Carol; Rivas, Justin</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are a source of concern due to their involvement in criminal activity, violence, substance use and high-risk sexual behaviors. Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> theories hypothesize that social institutions, including the family and school, fail to meet the needs of adolescents who therefore feel less attachment to these institutions and find an unconventional institution (i.e. the <span class="hlt">gang</span>) to meet these needs through the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Objectives In this paper we will examine the extent to which social disorganization and social control theories, in particular the rejection of conventional norms and aspirations, match adolescents subjective reasons for their decisions and their future aspirations. Methods Between 2012 and 2013, we conducted in-depth interviews with 58 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members between the ages of 14 to 19. Interviews were coded for key themes using the constant comparison method. Results Social disorganization and social control theories have both value and limitations in explaining reasons why adolescents join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and engage in criminal behaviors. Participants saw many of their aspirations blocked by negative school experiences and limited economic opportunities. <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> provided a social organization in which to sell drugs. However, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members did not reject conventional norms and aspirations. Rather, they view themselves as making decisions to survive in the present while recognizing that these strategies will not continue to work in the future. Conclusions: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members value education and aspire to obtain legal employment. Thus, interventions to help adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members with the immediate financial pressures that lead them to sell drugs may be particularly effective. PMID:28010161</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.5394D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.5394D"><span>Megascours: the morphodynamics of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dixon, Simon; Sambrook Smith, Greg; Nicholas, Andrew; Best, Jim; Bull, Jon; Vardy, Mark; Goodbred, Steve; Haque Sarker, Maminul</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">River</span> confluences are wildly acknowledged as crucial controlling influences upon upstream and downstream morphology and thus landscape evolution. Despite their importance very little is known about their evolution and morphodynamics, and there is a consensus in the literature that confluences represent fixed, nodal points in the fluvial network. Confluences have been shown to generate substantial bed scours around five times greater than mean depth. Previous research on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Jamuna junction has shown large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences can be highly mobile, potentially 'combing' bed scours across a large area, although the extent to which this is representative of large confluences in general is unknown. Understanding the migration of confluences and associated scours is important for multiple applications including: designing civil engineering infrastructure (e.g. bridges, laying cable, pipelines, etc.), sequence stratigraphic interpretation for reconstruction of past environmental and sea level change, and in the hydrocarbon industry where it is crucial to discriminate autocyclic confluence scours from widespread allocyclic surfaces. Here we present a wide-ranging global review of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluence planforms based on analysis of Landsat imagery from 1972 through to 2014. This demonstrates there is an array of confluence morphodynamic types: from freely migrating confluences such as the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Jamuna, through confluences migrating on decadal timescales and fixed confluences. Along with data from recent geophysical field studies in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin we propose a conceptual model of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluence types and hypothesise how these influence morphodynamics and preservation of 'megascours' in the rock record. This conceptual model has implications for sequence stratigraphic models and the correct identification of surfaces related to past sea level change. We quantify the abundance of mobile confluence types by classifying all large confluences</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3100189','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3100189"><span>MEXICAN AMERICAN YOUTH AND ADULT PRISON <span class="hlt">GANGS</span> IN A CHANGING HEROIN MARKET</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article focuses on the interaction between the larger community’s drug markets and youth and adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and the process that leads to specific adverse consequences both to the youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> as organizations, and to individual members. Described is the emergence of a restructured heroin market dominated by an adult prison <span class="hlt">gang</span>. A major consequence of this was the increasing use of heroin among Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and their transformation from autonomous youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> to extensions of the adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or their demise. Data was collected from 160 members of 26 Mexican American youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and key informants in San Antonio. Findings focus on organizational rules, drug market transformations, consequences on members, and the impact of heroin on the gang’s organization. Discussed is how the dominance of prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is related to the increased incarceration and recidivism rates of Mexican Americans and declining economic opportunities for urban minorities. PMID:21614143</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Geomo.302....1L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Geomo.302....1L"><span>Preface to the volume Large <span class="hlt">Rivers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Latrubesse, Edgardo M.; Abad, Jorge D.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The study and knowledge of the geomorphology of large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> increased significantly during the last years and the factors that triggered these advances are multiple. On one hand, modern technologies became more accessible and their disseminated usage allowed the collection of data from large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> as never seen before. The generalized use of high tech data collection with geophysics equipment such as acoustic Doppler current profilers-ADCPs, multibeam echosounders, plus the availability of geospatial and computational tools for morphodynamics, hydrological and hydrosedimentological modeling, have accelerated the scientific production on the geomorphology of large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> at a global scale. Despite the advances, there is yet a lot of work ahead. Good parts of the large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are in the tropics and many are still unexplored. The tropics also hold crucial fluvial basins that concentrate good part of the gross domestic product of large countries like the Parana <span class="hlt">River</span> in Argentina and Brazil, the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra in <span class="hlt">India</span>, the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> in Pakistan, and the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span> in several countries of South East Asia. The environmental importance of tropical <span class="hlt">rivers</span> is also outstanding. They hold the highest biodiversity of fluvial fauna and alluvial vegetation and many of them, particularly those in Southeast Asia, are among the most hazardous systems for floods in the entire world. Tropical <span class="hlt">rivers</span> draining mountain chains such as the Himalaya, the Andes and insular Southeast Asia are also among the most heavily sediment loaded <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and play a key role in both the storage of sediment at continental scale and the transference of sediments from the continent to the Ocean at planetary scale (Andermann et al., 2012; Latrubesse and Restrepo, 2014; Milliman and Syvitski, 1992; Milliman and Farsnworth, 2011; Sinha and Friend, 1994).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625155','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625155"><span>Long-term consequences of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership for adult functioning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gilman, Amanda B; Hill, Karl G; Hawkins, J David</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>We examined the possible public health consequences of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership for adult functioning. Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study focusing on the development of positive and problem outcomes. Using propensity score matching and logistic regression analyses, we assessed the effects of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal behavior, educational and occupational attainment, and physical and mental health at the ages of 27, 30, and 33 years. In comparison with their nongang peers, who had been matched on 23 confounding risk variables known to be related to selection into <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, those who had joined a <span class="hlt">gang</span> in adolescence had poorer outcomes in multiple areas of adult functioning, including higher rates of self-reported crime, receipt of illegal income, incarceration, drug abuse or dependence, poor general health, and welfare receipt and lower rates of high school graduation. The finding that adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership has significant consequences in adulthood beyond criminal behavior indicates the public health importance of the development of effective <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention programs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRB..119.6650C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRB..119.6650C"><span>Active faulting in apparently stable peninsular <span class="hlt">India</span>: Rift inversion and a Holocene-age great earthquake on the Tapti Fault</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Copley, Alex; Mitra, Supriyo; Sloan, R. Alastair; Gaonkar, Sharad; Reynolds, Kirsty</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>We present observations of active faulting within peninsular <span class="hlt">India</span>, far from the surrounding plate boundaries. Offset alluvial fan surfaces indicate one or more magnitude 7.6-8.4 thrust-faulting earthquakes on the Tapti Fault (Maharashtra, western <span class="hlt">India</span>) during the Holocene. The high ratio of fault displacement to length on the alluvial fan offsets implies high stress-drop faulting, as has been observed elsewhere in the peninsula. The along-strike extent of the fan offsets is similar to the thickness of the seismogenic layer, suggesting a roughly equidimensional fault rupture. The subsiding footwall of the fault is likely to have been responsible for altering the continental-scale drainage pattern in central <span class="hlt">India</span> and creating the large west flowing catchment of the Tapti <span class="hlt">river</span>. A preexisting sedimentary basin in the uplifting hanging wall implies that the Tapti Fault was active as a normal fault during the Mesozoic and has been reactivated as a thrust, highlighting the role of preexisting structures in determining the rheology and deformation of the lithosphere. The slip sense of faults and earthquakes in <span class="hlt">India</span> suggests that deformation south of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> foreland basin is driven by the compressive force transmitted between <span class="hlt">India</span> and the Tibetan Plateau. The along-strike continuation of faulting to the east of the Holocene ruptures we have studied represents a significant seismic hazard in central <span class="hlt">India</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19496010','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19496010"><span>Water quality in select regions of Cauvery Delta <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, southern <span class="hlt">India</span>, with emphasis on monsoonal variation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Solaraj, Govindaraj; Dhanakumar, Selvaraj; Murthy, Kuppuraj Rutharvel; Mohanraj, Rangaswamy</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>Delta regions of the Cauvery <span class="hlt">River</span> basin are one of the significant areas of rice production in <span class="hlt">India</span>. In spite of large-scale utilization of the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin for irrigation and drinking purposes, the lack of appropriate water management has seemingly deteriorated the water quality due to increasing anthropogenic activities. To assess the extent of deterioration, physicochemical characteristics of surface water were analyzed monthly in select regions of Cauvery Delta <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, <span class="hlt">India</span>, during July 2007 to December 2007. Total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and phosphate recorded maximum levels of 1,638, 96, and 0.43 mg/l, respectively, exceeding the permissible levels at certain sampling stations. Monsoonal rains in Cauvery <span class="hlt">River</span> basin and the subsequent increase in <span class="hlt">river</span> flow rate influences certain parameters like dissolved solids, phosphate, and dissolved oxygen. Agricultural runoff from watershed, sewage, and industrial effluents are suspected as probable factors of water pollution.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20152292','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20152292"><span>Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and weapon use.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beaver, Kevin M; DeLisi, Matt; Vaughn, Michael G; Barnes, J C</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been found to be associated with a broad range of antisocial phenotypes, including physical violence. At the same time, it is well known that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members represent some of the most serious violent offenders. Even so, no research has ever examined the association between MAOA and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. The aim of this study is to examine the association between MAOA and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and between MAOA and weapon use. We examined the effects of MAOA by using a molecular genetic association research design. A nonclinical sample was used in this study. Participants were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1155 females, 1041 males). The outcome measures of this study are <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and weapon use. The low MAOA activity alleles conferred an increased risk of joining a <span class="hlt">gang</span> and using a weapon in a fight for males but not for females. Moreover, among male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, those who used weapons in a fight were more likely to have a low MAOA activity allele when compared with male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who do not use weapons in a fight. Male carriers of low MAOA activity alleles are at risk for becoming a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member and, once a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member, are at risk for using weapons in a fight. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509367.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509367.pdf"><span>Combating <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Federal Agencies Have Implemented a Central American <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Strategy, but Could Strengthen Oversight and Measurement of Efforts. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-10-395</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Larence, Eileen R.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Thousands of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the United States belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> such as MS-13 and 18th Street that are also active in Central American countries. Federal entities with responsibilities for addressing Central American <span class="hlt">gangs</span> include the National Security Council (NSC); the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS), Justice (DOJ), and State; and the U.S.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24991801','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24991801"><span>DNA barcodes for the fishes of the Narmada, one of <span class="hlt">India</span>'s longest <span class="hlt">rivers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khedkar, Gulab Dattarao; Jamdade, Rahul; Naik, Suresh; David, Lior; Haymer, David</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>This study describes the species diversity of fishes of the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span>. A total of 820 fish specimens were collected from 17 sampling locations across the whole <span class="hlt">river</span> basin. Fish were taxonomically classified into one of 90 possible species based on morphological characters, and then DNA barcoding was employed using COI gene sequences as a supplemental identification method. A total of 314 different COI sequences were generated, and specimens were confirmed to belong to 85 species representing 63 genera, 34 families and 10 orders. Findings of this study include the identification of five putative cryptic or sibling species and 43 species not previously known from the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span> basin. Five species are endemic to <span class="hlt">India</span> and three are introduced species that had not been previously reported to occur in the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span>. Conversely, 43 species previously reported to occur in the Narmada were not found. Genetic diversity and distance values were generated for all of the species within genera, families and orders using Kimura's 2 parameter distance model followed by the construction of a Neighbor Joining tree. High resolution clusters generated in NJ trees aided the groupings of species corresponding to their genera and families which are in confirmation to the values generated by Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery bioinformatics platform. This aided to decide a threshold value for the discrimination of species boundary from the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span>. This study provides an important validation of the use of DNA barcode sequences for monitoring species diversity and changes within complex ecosystems such as the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED417240.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED417240.pdf"><span>Moving beyond Labels: Approaching <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement through Behavior.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Crowley, Carolyn L.; Lavery, Barbara; Siegel, Alexander W.; Cousins, Jennifer H.</p> <p></p> <p>This study examined the specific nature of the relationship between involvement in various risk-taking behaviors and levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Forty-nine high school students, 24 girls and 25 boys, ages 14 to 18, from a rural Texas community, completed a <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement questionnaire and the Risk Inventory and Perception Scale during individual…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED381330.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED381330.pdf"><span>Awareness of Deaf Sign Language and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Cynthia; Morgan, Robert L.</p> <p></p> <p>There have been increasing incidents of innocent people who use American Sign Language (ASL) or another form of sign language being victimized by <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence due to misinterpretation of ASL hand formations. ASL is familiar to learners with a variety of disabilities, particularly those in the deaf community. The problem is that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marijuana&pg=3&id=EJ983880','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marijuana&pg=3&id=EJ983880"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth, Substance Use Patterns, and Drug Normalization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sanders, Bill</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership is an indicator of chronic illicit substance use and such patterns of use may have a normalized character. Using epidemiological and qualitative data collected between 2006 and 2007, this manuscript examines the drug normalization thesis among a small sample (n=60) of <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth aged 16-25 years from Los Angeles. Overall, while…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897432','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897432"><span>Sexual risk, substance use, mental health, and trauma experiences of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved homeless youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Petering, Robin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>This study examined the associations of sexual risk behaviors, substance use, mental health, and trauma with varying levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement in a sample of Los Angeles-based homeless youths. Data were collected from 505 homeless youths who self-reported various health information and whether they have ever identified as or been closely affiliated with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations of lifetime <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement with risk taking behaviors and negative health outcomes. Results revealed seventeen percent of youths have ever identified as a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member and 46% as <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliated. Both <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and affiliates were at greater risk of many negative behaviors than non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved youths. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members and affiliates were more likely to report recent methamphetamine use, cocaine use, chronic marijuana use, having sex while intoxicated, and symptoms of depression, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. They were also more likely to have experienced childhood sexual abuse and witnessing family violence. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members were more likely to ever attempt suicide, experience recent partner violence, and report physical abuse during childhood. Results suggest that lifetime <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement is related to a trajectory of negative outcomes and amplified risk for youths experiencing homelessness. Additionally, being closely connected to a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member appears to have just as much as an impact on risk as personally identifying as a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member. Given the lack of knowledge regarding the intersection between youth homelessness and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement, future research is needed to inform policies and programs that can address the specific needs of this population. Copyright © 2016 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=HOW+AND+TO+AND+DEVELOP+AND+PROSOCIAL+AND+BEHAVIOR&pg=5&id=EJ592669','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=HOW+AND+TO+AND+DEVELOP+AND+PROSOCIAL+AND+BEHAVIOR&pg=5&id=EJ592669"><span>In <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> We Trust: A Close-Up of the New Induction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Blankstein, Alan Meredith; Sandoval, Gilbert "Sandy"</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Explains how the needs children are trying to meet through <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement are the same ones that societies meet with rites of passage. Although <span class="hlt">gang</span> rituals are antisocial, the needs they meet for youth are healthy. Offers several strategies that can be used when working with youth involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Urges educators to help youth develop…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5373929','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5373929"><span>Childhood adversity and the continued exposure to trauma and violence among adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Quinn, Katherine; Pacella, Maria L.; Dickson-Gomez, Julia; Nydegger, Liesl A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This study examines experiences of childhood adversity, trauma, and violence among adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members prior to and during adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement to better understand the effects of violence and trauma on <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. We conducted 58 qualitative semi-structured interviews with members of six adolescent <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis and the constant comparative method in MAXQDA. Findings revealed that frequent and ongoing exposure to neighborhood violence and personal and familial trauma led many youth to normalize experiences of violence. Furthermore, although they believed <span class="hlt">gangs</span> would offer protection and social support, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership led to additional exposure to violence and trauma and bleak future expectations. Interventions for adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should address the complex childhoods and cumulative traumatic experiences of these adolescents. PMID:28262961</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21318267','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21318267"><span>Identification of erosional and inundation hazard zones in Ken-Betwa <span class="hlt">river</span> linking area, <span class="hlt">India</span>, using remote sensing and GIS.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Avtar, Ram; Singh, Chander Kumar; Shashtri, Satayanarayan; Mukherjee, Saumitra</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>Ken-Betwa <span class="hlt">river</span> link is one of the pilot projects of the Inter Linking of <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> program of Government of <span class="hlt">India</span> in Bundelkhand Region. It will connect the Ken and Betwa <span class="hlt">rivers</span> through a system of dams, reservoirs, and canals to provide storage for excess rainfall during the monsoon season and avoid floods. The main objective of this study is to identify erosional and inundation prone zones of Ken-Betwa <span class="hlt">river</span> linking site in <span class="hlt">India</span> using remote sensing and geographic information system tools. In this study, Landsat Thematic Mapper data of year 2005, digital elevation model from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission, and other ancillary data were analyzed to create various thematic maps viz. geomorphology, land use/land cover, NDVI, geology, soil, drainage density, elevation, slope, and rainfall. The integrated thematic maps were used for hazard zonation. This is based on categorizing the different hydrological and geomorphological processes influencing the inundation and erosion intensity. Result shows that the southern part of the study area which lies in Panna district of Madhya Pradesh, <span class="hlt">India</span>, is more vulnerable than the other areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07377&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dlandslide','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07377&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dlandslide"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><p/> This Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Orbiter Camera (MOC) image shows a high resolution view of portions of the lobes of several landslide deposits in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. Dark material near the bottom (south) end of the image is windblown sand. <p/> <i>Location near</i>: 8.2oS, 44.3oW <i>Image width</i>: 3.0 km (1.9 mi) <i>Illumination from</i>: upper left <i>Season</i>: Southern Winter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194666','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194666"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, clubs, and alcohol: The effect of organizational membership on adolescent drinking behavior.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Suh, Chan S; Brashears, Matthew E; Genkin, Michael</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>How does adolescent organizational membership in general, and simultaneous membership in distinct types of organizations in particular, impact drinking behavior? While past studies have focused either on the learning effect of involvement with <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or on the constraining influence of conventional organizations on adolescent problem behavior, we explore the possibility that conventional school clubs can serve as socializing opportunities for existing <span class="hlt">gang</span> members to engage in drinking behavior with non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> club members. Using the Add Health data, we show that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members drink more often, and engage in more binge drinking, than non-members. More importantly, individuals who are members of both <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and school clubs drink alcohol at greater levels than those who are solely involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. In addition, non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> adolescents who are co-members with <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the same school club are more likely to drink alcohol than non-members. This result has important implications for understanding the role of organizations in adolescent behavior and suggests that the study of delinquent behaviors would benefit from devoting more attention to individuals who bridge distinct types of organizations. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.2545M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.2545M"><span>Reviving the "<span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Water Machine": where and how much?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muthuwatta, Lal; Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Sood, Aditya; Surinaidu, Lagudu</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Runoff generated in the monsoon months in the upstream parts of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> basin (GRB) contributes substantially to downstream floods, while water shortages in the dry months affect agricultural production in the basin. This paper examines the potential for subsurface storage (SSS) in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin to mitigate floods in the downstream areas and increase the availability of water during drier months. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to estimate <q>sub-basin</q> water availability. The water availability estimated is then compared with the sub-basin-wise unmet water demand for agriculture. Hydrological analysis reveals that some of the unmet water demand in the sub-basin can be met provided it is possible to capture the runoff in sub-surface storage during the monsoon season (June to September). Some of the groundwater recharge is returned to the stream as baseflow and has the potential to increase dry season <span class="hlt">river</span> flows. To examine the impacts of groundwater recharge on flood inundation and flows in the dry season (October to May), two groundwater recharge scenarios are tested in the Ramganga sub-basin. Increasing groundwater recharge by 35 and 65 % of the current level would increase the baseflow during the dry season by 1.46 billion m3 (34.5 % of the baseline) and 3.01 billion m3 (71.3 % of the baseline), respectively. Analysis of pumping scenarios indicates that 80 000 to 112 000 ha of additional wheat area can be irrigated in the Ramganga sub-basin by additional SSS without reducing the current baseflow volumes. Augmenting SSS reduces the peak flow and flood inundated areas in Ramganga (by up to 13.0 % for the 65 % scenario compared to the baseline), indicating the effectiveness of SSS in reducing areas inundated under floods in the sub-basin. However, this may not be sufficient to effectively control the flood in the downstream areas of the GRB, such as in the state of Bihar (prone to floods), which receives a total flow of 277 billion</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28893131','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28893131"><span>Delinquency Among Members of Hong Kong Youth Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: The Role of the Organizational Structures of <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Triad Affiliations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chui, Wing Hong; Khiatani, Paul Vinod</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>This study explores the importance of organizational structures and formal affiliations with the Hong Kong triads to delinquency among youth street <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in Hong Kong. More specifically, this study examines the relative importance of the number of organizational structures and triad affiliation to patterns of delinquency in a sample of active members of youth street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> ( N = 201). With the aid of outreach social workers, a convenience sampling method was used to recruit a gender-balanced sample of at-risk youths. Logistic regression analysis of the survey data that was gathered indicated that formal affiliation to Hong Kong triads and the presence of organizational structures significantly increased the odds of delinquency (independently of each other). Suggestions for future research on <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and delinquency, with particular reference to the Asian context, are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11763026','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11763026"><span>Performance of stochastic approaches for forecasting <span class="hlt">river</span> water quality.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ahmad, S; Khan, I H; Parida, B P</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>This study analysed water quality data collected from the <span class="hlt">river</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span> from 1981 to 1990 for forecasting using stochastic models. Initially the box and whisker plots and Kendall's tau test were used to identify the trends during the study period. For detecting the possible intervention in the data the time series plots and cusum charts were used. The three approaches of stochastic modelling which account for the effect of seasonality in different ways. i.e. multiplicative autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. deseasonalised model and Thomas-Fiering model were used to model the observed pattern in water quality. The multiplicative ARIMA model having both nonseasonal and seasonal components were, in general, identified as appropriate models. In the deseasonalised modelling approach, the lower order ARIMA models were found appropriate for the stochastic component. The set of Thomas-Fiering models were formed for each month for all water quality parameters. These models were then used to forecast the future values. The error estimates of forecasts from the three approaches were compared to identify the most suitable approach for the reliable forecast. The deseasonalised modelling approach was recommended for forecasting of water quality parameters of a <span class="hlt">river</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.2867G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.2867G"><span>Daily GRACE gravity field solutions track major flood events in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gouweleeuw, Ben T.; Kvas, Andreas; Gruber, Christian; Gain, Animesh K.; Mayer-Gürr, Thorsten; Flechtner, Frank; Güntner, Andreas</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Two daily gravity field solutions based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission are evaluated against daily <span class="hlt">river</span> runoff data for major flood events in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) in 2004 and 2007. The trends over periods of a few days of the daily GRACE data reflect temporal variations in daily <span class="hlt">river</span> runoff during major flood events. This is especially true for the larger flood in 2007, which featured two distinct periods of critical flood level exceedance in the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span>. This first hydrological evaluation of daily GRACE gravity field solutions based on a Kalman filter approach confirms their potential for gravity-based large-scale flood monitoring. This particularly applies to short-lived, high-volume floods, as they occur in the GBD with a 4-5-year return period. The release of daily GRACE gravity field solutions in near-real time may enable flood monitoring for large events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA19031.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA19031.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma - False Color</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-01-27</p> <p>The THEMIS VIS camera contains 5 filters. The data from different filters can be combined in multiple ways to create a false color image. This false color image from NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft shows part of the interior of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5747487','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5747487"><span>Future changes in hydro-climatic extremes in the Upper Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lutz, Arthur F.; Nepal, Santosh; Khanal, Sonu; Pradhananga, Saurav; Shrestha, Arun B.; Immerzeel, Walter W.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Future hydrological extremes, such as floods and droughts, may pose serious threats for the livelihoods in the upstream domains of the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra. For this reason, the impacts of climate change on future hydrological extremes is investigated in these <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. We use a fully-distributed cryospheric-hydrological model to simulate current and future hydrological fluxes and force the model with an ensemble of 8 downscaled General Circulation Models (GCMs) that are selected from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model is calibrated on observed daily discharge and geodetic mass balances. The climate forcing and the outputs of the hydrological model are used to evaluate future changes in climatic extremes, and hydrological extremes by focusing on high and low flows. The outcomes show an increase in the magnitude of climatic means and extremes towards the end of the 21st century where climatic extremes tend to increase stronger than climatic means. Future mean discharge and high flow conditions will very likely increase. These increases might mainly be the result of increasing precipitation extremes. To some extent temperature extremes might also contribute to increasing discharge extremes, although this is highly dependent on magnitude of change in temperature extremes. Low flow conditions may occur less frequently, although the uncertainties in low flow projections can be high. The results of this study may contribute to improved understanding on the implications of climate change for the occurrence of future hydrological extremes in the Hindu Kush–Himalayan region. PMID:29287098</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA570118','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA570118"><span>Can the Jamaican Security Forces Successfully Reduce the Violent Impact of <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-12-14</p> <p>movements in the form of local <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and juvenile delinquents . In between these two extremes are other <span class="hlt">gangs</span> of varied forms, composition and......others that are based on youth delinquency . Certainly, an operational unit by itself would not have the time during an ongoing operation to begin the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13S..06M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13S..06M"><span>Scarcity of Fresh Water Resources in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta of Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Murshed, S. B.; Kaluarachchi, J. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta in Bangladesh is a classical example of water insecurity in a transboundary <span class="hlt">river</span> basin where limitations in quantity, quality and timing of available water is producing disastrous conditions. Two opposite extreme water conditions, i.e., fresh water scarcity and floods are common in this region during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The purpose of this study is to manage fresh water requirement of people and environment considering the seasonal availability of surface water (SW) and ground water (GW). SW availability was analyzed by incoming stream flow including the effects of upstream water diversion, rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration (ET). Flow duration curves (FDC), and rainfall and temperature elasticity are used to assess the change of incoming upstream flow. Groundwater data were collected from 285 piezometers and monitoring wells established by Bangladesh water development board. Variation of groundwater depth shows major withdrawals of GW are mostly concentrated in the north part of the study area. Irrigation is the largest sector of off-stream (irrigation, industrial and domestic) water use which occupies 82% SW and 17% GW of total water consumption. Although domestic water use is entirely depend on GW but arsenic pollution is limiting the GW use. FDC depicts a substantial difference between high flow threshold (20%) and low flow threshold (70%) in the Bangladesh part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span>. A large variation of around 83% is observed for instream water volume between wet and dry seasons. The reduction of upstream fresh water flow increased the extent and intensity of salinity intrusion. Presently GW is also contaminated by saline water. This fresh water scarcity is reducing the livelihood options considerably and indirectly forcing population migration from the delta region. This study provides insight to the changes in hydrology and limitations to freshwater availability enabling better formulation of water resources management in</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sales+AND+lead&id=EJ866175','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sales+AND+lead&id=EJ866175"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Drug Involvement: Untangling the Complex Relationship</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bjerregaard, Beth</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Previous research has consistently demonstrated a relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and involvement in illegal substances. In addition, researchers have noted that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are frequently more heavily involved in drug sales, which often lead to increases in violent behaviors. Most of this research, however, is either cross-sectional or…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27047132','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27047132"><span>Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in fodder and milk samples along Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> belt, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kotinagu, Korrapati; Krishnaiah, Nelapati</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The present study was conducted to find the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) and organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) residues in fodder and milk samples along Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> belt, <span class="hlt">India</span>. Fodder and milk samples collected from the six zones of Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> belt, Hyderabad <span class="hlt">India</span> were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector for OCP residues and pulsated flame photometric detector for the presence of OPP residues. The gas chromatographic analysis of fodder samples of Zone 5 of Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> showed the residues of dicofol at concentration of 0.07±0.0007 (0.071-0.077). Among organophosphorus compounds, dimetheoate was present in milk samples collected from Zone 6 at a level of 0.13±0.006 (0.111-0.167). The residues of OCPs, OPPs and cyclodies were below the detection limit in the remaining fodder and milk samples collected from Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> belt in the present study. The results indicate that the pesticide residues in fodder and milk samples were well below the maximum residue level (MRL) values, whereas dicofol in fodder and dimethoate in milk were slightly above the MRL values specified by EU and CODEX.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4774809','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4774809"><span>Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in fodder and milk samples along Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> belt, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kotinagu, Korrapati; Krishnaiah, Nelapati</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Aim: The present study was conducted to find the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) and organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) residues in fodder and milk samples along Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> belt, <span class="hlt">India</span>. Materials and Methods: Fodder and milk samples collected from the six zones of Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> belt, Hyderabad <span class="hlt">India</span> were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector for OCP residues and pulsated flame photometric detector for the presence of OPP residues. Results: The gas chromatographic analysis of fodder samples of Zone 5 of Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> showed the residues of dicofol at concentration of 0.07±0.0007 (0.071-0.077). Among organophosphorus compounds, dimetheoate was present in milk samples collected from Zone 6 at a level of 0.13±0.006 (0.111-0.167). The residues of OCPs, OPPs and cyclodies were below the detection limit in the remaining fodder and milk samples collected from Musi <span class="hlt">river</span> belt in the present study. Conclusion: The results indicate that the pesticide residues in fodder and milk samples were well below the maximum residue level (MRL) values, whereas dicofol in fodder and dimethoate in milk were slightly above the MRL values specified by EU and CODEX. PMID:27047132</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B21K..01T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B21K..01T"><span>Suspended sediment chemistry from large Himalayan <span class="hlt">Rivers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tipper, E.; Bickle, M.; Bohlin, M.; Andermann, C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recent work has demonstrated that weathering in areas with the highest physical erosion rates are the most sensitive to climatic feedback parameters (both rainfall and temperature) because they are not limited by a supply of material. The Himalayan region is central to this work because of 1) the high erosion rates, 2) high monsoonal rainfall, and 3) high temperatures in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> plain in front of the main range, where much of the weathering takes place. The material that is weathered in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> plain is delivered as sediment from the mountain front. Therefore, detailed understanding of the chemistry of the sediment leaving the high mountains is essential. Interest has been renewed not least because of the magnitude 7.8 (25/4/15) and 7.3 (12/5/2015) earthquakes in Nepal in 2015 which triggered thousands of landslides, likely causing major perturbations to sediment and chemical loads carried by the local Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. We collected both sediment and water samples in 2015 and 2016 in a transect across Nepal, including depth profiles of suspended sediment in the Narayani, Kosi and Karnali <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>. The Narayani and Kosi <span class="hlt">rivers</span> which drain the earthquake-hit area carry > 40% of the total bicarbonate flux input to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> from the Himalayan mountains. Here we present our initial findings on the chemistry of the sediment from the 2015 and 2016 field seasons and compare it to published data sets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03285&hterms=2e&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3D2e','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03285&hterms=2e&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3D2e"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Features</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><p/> [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Context image for PIA03285 <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Features <p/> This image shows part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. Several landslides occur at the top of the image, while dunes and canyon floor deposits are visible at the bottom of the image. <p/> Image information: VIS instrument. Latitude -6.8N, Longitude 312.2E. 17 meter/pixel resolution. <p/> Note: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time. <p/> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03681&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dlandslide','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03681&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dlandslide"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p><p/> [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Context image for PIA03681 <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslide <p/> Two large landslides dominate this image of part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. The eroded surface of an old landslide covers the north half of the image, while a more recent landslide occurs to the south. <p/> Image information: VIS instrument. Latitude -6.7N, Longitude 310.4E. 17 meter/pixel resolution. <p/> Note: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time. <p/> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-002182&hterms=water+pollution&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bpollution','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-002182&hterms=water+pollution&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bpollution"><span>Aerosol pollution over Northern <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The skies over Northern <span class="hlt">India</span> are filled with a thick soup of aerosol particles all along the southern edge of the Himalayan Mountains, and streaming southward over Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal. Notice that the air over the Tibetan Plateau to the north of the Himalayas is very clear, whereas the view of the land surface south of the mountains is obstructed by the brownish haze. Most of this air pollution comes from human activities. The aerosol over this region is notoriously rich in sulfates, nitrates, organic and black carbon, and fly ash. These particles not only represent a health hazard to those people living in the region, but scientists have also recently found that they can have a significant impact on the region's hydrological cycle and climate (click to read the relevant NASA press release). This true-color image was acquired on December 4, 2001, by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), flying aboard NASA's Terra satellite. It is interesting to compare the image above with this earlier MODIS image over the region, acquired on October 23, 2001. Notice the difference in the clarity of the air over the region in the earlier image. Under the thick plume of aerosol, the Brahmaputra (upper right) and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> are still visible. The many mouths of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> have turned the northern waters of the Bay of Bengal a murky brown as they empty their sediment-laden waters into the bay. Toward the upper lefthand corner of the image, there appears to be a fresh swath of snow on the ground just south of the Himalayas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21759','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21759"><span>Comparison of glue-line quality between <span class="hlt">gang</span> edging and straight-line ripping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; James R. Olson; James R. Olson</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> edging with a dip-chain fed <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaw produces gluing surfaces equal to those from a straight-line ripsaw in yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red oak (Quercus rubra). Special care in gluing red oak was needed to get shear strengths equal to solid wood values. However, the strength comparisons between sawing methods showed no differences between <span class="hlt">gang</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70129229','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70129229"><span>Water resources management in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin: a comparison of three strategies for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Khan, Mahfuzur R.; Voss, Clifford I.; Yu, Winston; Michael, Holly A.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The most difficult water resources management challenge in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin is the imbalance between water demand and seasonal availability. More than 80 % of the annual flow in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> occurs during the 4-month monsoon, resulting in widespread flooding. During the rest of the year, irrigation, navigation, and ecosystems suffer because of water scarcity. Storage of monsoonal flow for utilization during the dry season is one approach to mitigating these problems. Three conjunctive use management strategies involving subsurface water storage are evaluated in this study: <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Water Machine (GWM), Pumping Along Canals (PAC), and Distributed Pumping and Recharge (DPR). Numerical models are used to determine the efficacy of these strategies. Results for the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh (UP) indicate that these strategies create seasonal subsurface storage from 6 to 37 % of the yearly average monsoonal flow in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> exiting UP over the considered range of conditions. This has clear implications for flood reduction, and each strategy has the potential to provide irrigation water and to reduce soil waterlogging. However, GWM and PAC require significant public investment in infrastructure and management, as well as major shifts in existing water use practices; these also involve spatially-concentrated pumping, which may induce land subsidence. DPR also requires investment and management, but the distributed pumping is less costly and can be more easily implemented via adaptation of existing water use practices in the basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=risk+AND+factors+AND+burns&pg=2&id=EJ660340','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=risk+AND+factors+AND+burns&pg=2&id=EJ660340"><span>Risk and Protective Factors Associated with <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Urban African American Adolescents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Li, Xiaoming; Stanton, Bonita; Pack, Robert; Harris, Carole; Cottrell, Lesley; Burns, James</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Analyzed data about urban African American youth to explore whether differences in exposure to violence, resilience, and distress symptoms between <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and nonmembers resulted from risk behaviors in which youths participated or from <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership itself. Results indicated that <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership itself related to increased risk and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.1411T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.1411T"><span>Land-use change may exacerbate climate change impacts on water resources in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsarouchi, Gina; Buytaert, Wouter</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Quantifying how land-use change and climate change affect water resources is a challenge in hydrological science. This work aims to quantify how future projections of land-use and climate change might affect the hydrological response of the Upper <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">river</span> basin in northern <span class="hlt">India</span>, which experiences monsoon flooding almost every year. Three different sets of modelling experiments were run using the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model (LSM) and covering the period 2000-2035: in the first set, only climate change is taken into account, and JULES was driven by the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) outputs of 21 models, under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), whilst land use was held fixed at the year 2010. In the second set, only land-use change is taken into account, and JULES was driven by a time series of 15 future land-use pathways, based on Landsat satellite imagery and the Markov chain simulation, whilst the meteorological boundary conditions were held fixed at years 2000-2005. In the third set, both climate change and land-use change were taken into consideration, as the CMIP5 model outputs were used in conjunction with the 15 future land-use pathways to force JULES. Variations in hydrological variables (stream flow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture) are calculated during the simulation period. Significant changes in the near-future (years 2030-2035) hydrologic fluxes arise under future land-cover and climate change scenarios pointing towards a severe increase in high extremes of flow: the multi-model mean of the 95th percentile of streamflow (Q5) is projected to increase by 63 % under the combined land-use and climate change high emissions scenario (RCP8.5). The changes in all examined hydrological components are greater in the combined land-use and climate change experiment. Results are further presented in a water resources context, aiming to address potential implications of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED553642.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED553642.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2012 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey. Juvenile Justice Fact Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Egley, Arlen, Jr.; Howell, James C.; Harris, Meena</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>This fact sheet provides an overview of the nation's <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem and summarizes findings from the 2012 survey. Of the 2,538 survey recipients, 2,199 (87 percent) responded to the survey. In 2012, there were an estimated 30,700 <span class="hlt">gangs</span> (an increase from 29,900 in 2011) and 850,000 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (an increase from 782,500 in 2011) throughout 3,100…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22998539','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22998539"><span>Adolescents, <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and perceptions of safety, parental engagement, and peer pressure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kelly, Sarah E; Anderson, Debra G</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Adolescents are exposed to various forms of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and such exposure has led them to feel unsafe in their neighborhood and have differing interactions with their parents and peers. This qualitative study explored adolescents', parents', and community center employees' perceptions of adolescents' interaction with their neighborhood, family, and peers. Three themes emerged from the data: Most adolescents reported that the community center provided a safe environment for them; parental engagement influenced adolescents' experiences with <span class="hlt">gangs</span>; and adolescents were subjected to peer pressure in order to belong. Exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence can leave an impression on adolescents and affect their mental health, but neighborhood safety and relationships with parents and peers can influence adolescents' exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Recommendations regarding the use of health care professionals at community centers are proposed. Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-sts087-707-092.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-sts087-707-092.html"><span>Earth observations taken from shuttle orbiter Columbia during STS-87 mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1997-11-22</p> <p>STS087-707-092 (19 November 5 December 1997) --- Featured in this view is the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> delta. A glacier at about 22,100 feet in the Himalayas is the source of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span>. Hundreds of miles later and joined by other tributaries the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta enters the Bay of Bengal. The delta, at 200 miles wide (320 kilometers) is one of the most fertile and densely populated regions of the world. The eastern side of the delta changes rapidly and forms new land because of rapid sedimentation. The southern part of the delta has a darker appearance because of tidal forests, swampland, and mangroves. The Sundarbans is the name of this forested area and it is the site of a tiger preservation project for the governments of <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh. This picture is one of the 70mm Earth observations visuals used by the crew at its post flight presentation events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acculturation&pg=5&id=EJ921707','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acculturation&pg=5&id=EJ921707"><span>Reconsidering Hispanic <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Acculturation in a Multivariate Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Miller, Holly Ventura; Barnes, J. C.; Hartley, Richard D.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Previous qualitative research has suggested that Hispanic <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is linked to the process of acculturation. Specifically, studies have indicated that those who are less assimilated into mainstream American or "Anglo" society are at greater risk for joining <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Building on these observations, this study examines the relationship between…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23972324','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23972324"><span>Climate change and waterborne diarrhoea in northern <span class="hlt">India</span>: impacts and adaptation strategies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moors, Eddy; Singh, Tanya; Siderius, Christian; Balakrishnan, Sneha; Mishra, Arabinda</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Although several studies show the vulnerability of human health to climate change, a clear comprehensive quantification of the increased health risks attributable to climate change is lacking. Even more complicated are assessments of adaptation measures for this sector. We discuss the impact of climate change on diarrhoea as a representative of a waterborne infectious disease affecting human health in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin of northern <span class="hlt">India</span>. A conceptual framework is presented for climate exposure response relationships based on studies from different countries, as empirical studies and appropriate epidemiological data sets for <span class="hlt">India</span> are lacking. Four climate variables are included: temperature, increased/extreme precipitation, decreased precipitation/droughts and relative humidity. Applying the conceptual framework to the latest regional climate projections for northern <span class="hlt">India</span> shows increases between present and future (2040s), varying spatially from no change to an increase of 21% in diarrhoea incidences, with 13.1% increase on average for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin. We discuss three types of measures against diarrhoeal disease: reactive actions, preventive actions and national policy options. Preventive actions have the potential to counterbalance this expected increase. However, given the limited progress in reducing incidences over the past decade consorted actions and effective implementation and integration of existing policies are needed. © 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GPC...144...51B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GPC...144...51B"><span>Spatio-temporal variation of water flow and sediment discharge in the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span>, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bastia, Fakira; Equeenuddin, Sk. Md.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The transport of sediments by <span class="hlt">rivers</span> to the oceans represents an important link between the terrestrial and marine ecosystem. Therefore, this work aims to study spatio-temporal variation of the sediment discharge and erosion rate in the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">river</span>, one of the biggest <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span>, over past three decades vis-à-vis their controlling factors. To understand the sediment load variation, the trend analysis in the time series data of rainfall, water and sediment discharge of the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">river</span> were also attempted. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's methods were used to determine whether there was a positive or negative trend in the time series data with their statistical significance. The occurrence of abrupt changes was detected using Pettitt test. The trend test result represents that sediment load delivered from the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">river</span> to the global ocean has decreased sharply at the rate of 0.515 × 106 tons/year between 1980 and 2010. Water discharge and rainfall in the basin showed no significant decreasing trend except at only one tributary. The decline in sediment discharge from the basin to the Bay of Bengal is mainly due to the increase in the number of dams, which has recorded the increase from 70 to 253 during the period of 1980 to 2010. Over the past 30 years the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">river</span> has discharged about 49.0 ± 20.5 km3 of water and 17.4 ± 12.7 × 106 tons of sediment annually to the Bay of Bengal whereas the mean erosional rate is 265 ± 125 tons/km2/year over the period of 30 years in the basin. Based on the current data (2000-2001 to 2009-2010), sediment flux and water discharge to the ocean are 12 ± 5 × 106 tons/year and 49 ± 16 km3/year respectively; and ranking Mahanadi <span class="hlt">river</span> second in terms of water discharge and sediment flux to the ocean among the peninsular <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA02065.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA02065.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma in 3-D</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-06-25</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma is part of the Valles Marineris trough system that stretches nearly 5,000 kilometers 3,000 miles across the western equatorial region of Mars. This stereo anaglyph is from NASA Mars Global Surveyor. 3D glasses are necessary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13I1501M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13I1501M"><span>Comparison of Precipitation from Gauge and Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) for <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins of <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mondal, A.; Chandniha, S. K.; Lakshmi, V.; Kundu, S.; Hashemi, H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This study compares the monthly precipitation from the gridded rain gauge data collected by <span class="hlt">India</span> Meteorological Department (IMD) and the retrievals from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) for the <span class="hlt">river</span> basins of <span class="hlt">India</span> using the TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) version 7 (V7). The IMD and TMPA datasets have the same spatial resolution (0.25°×0.25°) and extend from 1998 to 2013. The TRMM data accuracy for the <span class="hlt">river</span> basins is assessed by comparison with IMD using root mean square error (RMSE), normalized mean square error (NMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NASH) and correlation coefficient (CC) methods. The Mann-Kendall (MK) and modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) tests have been applied for analyzing the data trend, and the change has been detected by Sen's Slope using both data sets for annual and seasonal time periods. The change in intensity of precipitation is estimated by percentage for comparing actual differences in various <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. Variation in precipitation is high (>100 mm represents >15% of average annual precipitation) in Brahmaputra, <span class="hlt">rivers</span> draining into Myanmar (RDM), <span class="hlt">rivers</span> draining into Bangladesh (RDB), east flowing <span class="hlt">rivers</span> between Mahanadi and Godavari (EMG), east flowing <span class="hlt">rivers</span> between Pennar and Cauvery (EPC), Cauvery and Tapi. The NASH and CC values vary between 0.80 to 0.98 and 0.87 to 0.99 in all <span class="hlt">river</span> basins except area of north Ladakh not draining into Indus (NLI) and east flowing <span class="hlt">rivers</span> south of Cauvery (ESC), while RMSE and NMSE vary from 15.95 to 101.68 mm and 2.66 to 58.38 mm, respectively. The trends for TMPA and IMD datasets from 1998 to 2013 are quite similar in MK (except 4 <span class="hlt">river</span> basins) and MMK (except 3 <span class="hlt">river</span> basins). The estimated results imply that the TMPA precipitation show good agreement and can be used in climate studies and hydrological simulations in locations/<span class="hlt">river</span> basins where the number of rain gauge stations is not adequate to quantify the spatial variability of precipitation. Keywords</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718001','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718001"><span>Estimating the effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on nonviolent and violent delinquency: a counterfactual analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Barnes, J C; Beaver, Kevin M; Miller, J Mitchell</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study reconsiders the well-known link between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and criminal involvement. Recently developed analytical techniques enabled the approximation of an experimental design to determine whether <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, after being matched with similarly situated nongang members, exhibited greater involvement in nonviolent and violent delinquency. Findings indicated that while <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is a function of self-selection, selection effects alone do not account for the greater involvement in delinquency exhibited by <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. After propensity score matching was employed, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members maintained a greater involvement in both nonviolent and violent delinquency when measured cross-sectionally, but only violent delinquency when measured longitudinally. Additional analyses using inverse probability of treatment weights reaffirmed these conclusions. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+time+AND+kids&pg=2&id=EJ762235','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+time+AND+kids&pg=2&id=EJ762235"><span>Victory Junction <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Camp</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shell, Ryan</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This article describes the Victory Junction <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Camp, a not-for-profit, NASCAR-themed camp for children with chronic medical conditions that serves 24 different disease groups. The mission of the camp is to give children life-changing camping experiences that are exciting, fun, and empowering in a safe and medically sound environment. While doing…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PIAHS.379...61K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PIAHS.379...61K"><span>Understanding the potential sources and environmental impacts of dissolved and suspended organic carbon in the diversified Ramganga <span class="hlt">River</span>, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khan, Mohd Yawar Ali; Tian, Fuqiang</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">river</span> network is one of the important transporters of nutrients from the environment and land masses to the oceans and regularly provides storage for several compounds. The variations in suspended and dissolved discharge of the <span class="hlt">river</span> are more substantial than the changes in water discharge. (Suspended and dissolved) organic carbons (SOC and DOC) are imperative segments in the carbon cycle and fill in as essential food sources for amphibian sustenance networks. In the present study, 26 samples of water were collected from different locations over the 642 km stretch of the Ramganga <span class="hlt">River</span> and its adjoining tributaries to observe the spatial variation of DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), SOC and suspended inorganic carbon (SIC) in <span class="hlt">river</span> water. The DOC and DIC values of Ramganga <span class="hlt">River</span> goes between 1.49 to 4.65 and 9.61 to 36.6 mg L-1 with an average convergence of 2.5 and 20 mg L-1, individually, while in case of tributaries, these values extends between 0.09 to 4.52 and 4.61 to 42.36 mg L-1 with an average convergence of 2.13 and 21.1 mg L-1, separately. The estimations of SOC and SIC in the Ramganga <span class="hlt">River</span> extend between 1.31 to 22.15 and 1.27 to 10.14 g kg-1 with an average convergence of 6.29 and 4.24 g kg-1, individually, though in tributaries, these values run between 0.80 to 47.23 and 0.31 to 22.94 g kg-1 with an average convergence of 9.25 and 5.14 g kg-1, separately. The results also show the higher values of DOC as compared with SOC and these values shows an increasing pattern with a decrease in elevation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=logistics+AND+area&pg=2&id=EJ1115965','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=logistics+AND+area&pg=2&id=EJ1115965"><span>A Statewide Study of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership in California Secondary Schools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez, Jr.; Gilreath, Tamika D.; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>To date, there is a paucity of empirical evidence that examines <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in schools. Using statewide data of 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade students from California, this study focuses on the prevalence of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership by county, region, ethnicity, and grade level. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=place+AND+strategy&pg=5&id=ED580591','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=place+AND+strategy&pg=5&id=ED580591"><span>Educators' Perspectives Regarding Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Activity and Prevention Efforts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fussy, Brooklyne</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Decreasing <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in inner city neighborhoods is an essential component to reducing violence and improving our society as a whole. This study was conducted to help generate awareness and a better understanding as to how schools can be best utilized as a protective factor against youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity. The participants consisted of 6 educators…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4060635','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4060635"><span>Serious Delinquency and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Participation: Combining and Specializing in Drug Selling, Theft and Violence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gordon, Rachel A.; Rowe, Hillary L.; Pardini, Dustin; Loeber, Rolf; White, Helene Raskin; Farrington, David P.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Using Pittsburgh Youth Study data, we examined the extent to which over 600 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved young men specialized in drug selling, serious theft, or serious violence or engaged simultaneously in these serious delinquent behaviors, throughout the 1990s. We found that the increase in delinquency associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership was concentrated in two combinations: serious violence and drug selling; serious violence, drug selling, and serious theft. Several covariates were similarly associated with multi-type serious delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership (age, historical time, Black race, and residential mobility), suggesting that these behaviors may share common developmental, familial, and contextual risks. We encourage future research to further examine the association of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership with engagement in particular configurations of serious delinquency. PMID:24954999</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954999','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954999"><span>Serious Delinquency and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Participation: Combining and Specializing in Drug Selling, Theft and Violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gordon, Rachel A; Rowe, Hillary L; Pardini, Dustin; Loeber, Rolf; White, Helene Raskin; Farrington, David P</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Using Pittsburgh Youth Study data, we examined the extent to which over 600 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved young men specialized in drug selling, serious theft, or serious violence or engaged simultaneously in these serious delinquent behaviors, throughout the 1990s. We found that the increase in delinquency associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership was concentrated in two combinations: serious violence and drug selling; serious violence, drug selling, and serious theft. Several covariates were similarly associated with multi-type serious delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership (age, historical time, Black race, and residential mobility), suggesting that these behaviors may share common developmental, familial, and contextual risks. We encourage future research to further examine the association of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership with engagement in particular configurations of serious delinquency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27414056','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27414056"><span>Associations between school violence, military connection, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in California secondary schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez; Gilreath, Tamika D; Sanchez, Cathia Y; Astor, Ron Avi</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Recent studies have found that military-connected students confront many challenges-such as secondary traumatization-that may stem from a parent's deployment and frequent relocations. It is possible that multiple moves and deployments of family service members are associated with military-connected students' <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and involvement with school violence behaviors. In this study, a total of 13,484 students completed the core and military modules of the California Healthy Kids Survey. Logistic regressions examined the odds of a student being a member of a <span class="hlt">gang</span> given their grade, gender, race/ethnicity, school violence behaviors, military-connectedness, changes in schools, and familial deployments. Results indicated that of the nearly 8% of students sampled who reported being in a <span class="hlt">gang</span>, those with a parent or sibling currently serving in the military reported a higher prevalence rate of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership than students with no military connection. Students who reported being in fights or carrying weapons to school were at least twice more likely to be a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member than students who reported not having been in fights or carrying weapons. Changing schools 4 or more times in a 5-year period and experiencing at least 1 familial deployment were also associated with an increased likelihood of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. The findings of this study offer incentive to further explicate the <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence experiences of military-connected students. This study supports schools in understanding the characteristics of the military-connected students and families they serve so they can implement appropriate interventions to curb <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19852186','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19852186"><span>Murder by structure: dominance relations and the social structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Papachristos, Andrew V</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>Most sociological theories consider murder an outcome of the differential distribution of individual, neighborhood, or social characteristics. And while such studies explain variation in aggregate homicide rates, they do not explain the social order of murder, that is, who kills whom, when, where, and for what reason. This article argues that <span class="hlt">gang</span> murder is best understood not by searching for its individual determinants but by examining the social networks of action and reaction that create it. In short, the social structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> murder is defined by the manner in which social networks are constructed and by people's placement in them. The author uses a network approach and incident-level homicide records to recreate and analyze the structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> murders in Chicago. Findings demonstrate that individual murders between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> create an institutionalized network of group conflict, net of any individual's participation or motive. Within this network, murders spread through an epidemic-like process of social contagion as <span class="hlt">gangs</span> evaluate the highly visible actions of others in their local networks and negotiate dominance considerations that arise during violent incidents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Self+AND+esteem+AND+communication+AND+skills&pg=3&id=EJ396511','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Self+AND+esteem+AND+communication+AND+skills&pg=3&id=EJ396511"><span>LA's <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Busters--Lessons Learned.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Harper, Suzanne</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Regarded as the nation's <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence capital, Los Angeles' politicians and law enforcement and school administrators are using knowledge from lost battles to win the war. Solutions include targeting younger children, teaching self-esteem and communication skills, as well as organizing group graffiti cleanups. (SI)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016854','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016854"><span>“GETTING HIGH AND GETTING BY”: DIMENSIONS OF DRUG SELLING BEHAVIORS AMONG AMERICAN MEXICAN <span class="hlt">GANG</span> MEMBERS IN SOUTH TEXAS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo; Sifaneck, Stephen J.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article discerns the role that Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members play in drug markets, and the relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’drug use and drug selling in South Texas. A four-part typology based on the two dimensions of <span class="hlt">gang</span> type and <span class="hlt">gang</span> member emerged from this qualitative analysis of 160 male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members: Homeboys, Hustlers, Slangers, and Ballers. Major findings include the following: (1) many <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are user/sellers and are not profit-oriented dealers, (2) <span class="hlt">gangs</span> commonly do extend “protection” to drug-selling members, and (3) proximity to Mexican drug markets, adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and criminal family members may play important roles in whether these <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have access and the profit potential to actually deal drugs. This research contributes to our complex intersections between <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, drug using, and drug selling. PMID:21218191</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5796535','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5796535"><span>Developmental Pathways of Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership: A Structural Test of the Social Development Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hill, Karl G.; Gilman, Amanda B.; Howell, James C.; Catalano, Richard F.; Hawkins, J. David</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>As a result of nearly 40 years of research using a risk and protective factor approach, much is known about the predictors of <span class="hlt">gang</span> onset. Little theoretical work, however, has been done to situate this approach to studying <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership within a more comprehensive developmental model. Using structural equation modeling techniques, the current study is the first to test the capacity of the social development model (SDM) to predict the developmental pathways that increase and decrease the likelihood of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Results suggest that the SDM provides a good accounting of the social developmental processes at age 13 that are predictive of later <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. These findings support the promotion of a theoretical understanding of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership that specifies both pro- and antisocial developmental pathways. Additionally, as the SDM is intended as a model that can guide preventive intervention, results also hold practical utility for designing strategies that can be implemented in early adolescence to address the likelihood of later <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Three key preventive intervention points to address <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership are discussed, including promoting efforts to enhance social skills, increasing the availability of prosocial opportunities and rewarding engagement in these opportunities, and reducing antisocial socialization experiences throughout the middle- and high school years. PMID:29403146</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26661985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26661985"><span>Water circulation and governing factors in humid tropical <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in the central Western Ghats, Karnataka, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tripti, M; Lambs, L; Gurumurthy, G P; Moussa, I; Balakrishna, K; Chadaga, M D</p> <p>2016-01-15</p> <p>The small <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in the narrow stretch of the Arabian Sea coast of southwest <span class="hlt">India</span> experience high annual rainfall (800-8000 mm), with a higher proportion (85 %) during the summer monsoon period between June and September. This is due to a unique orographic barrier provided by the Western Ghats mountain belt (600-2600 m) for the summer monsoon brought by the southwesterly winds. This study is the first of a kind focusing on the water cycle with an intensive stable isotopes approach (samples of <span class="hlt">river</span> water, groundwater, rainwater; seasonal and spatial sampling) in this part of the Western Ghats in Karnataka and also in the highest rainfall-receiving region (with places like Agumbe receiving 7000-8000 mm annual rainfall) in South <span class="hlt">India</span>. In addition, the region lacks sustainable water budgeting due to high demographic pressure and a dry pre-monsoon season as the monsoon is mainly unimodal in this part of <span class="hlt">India</span>, particularly close to the coast. The stable isotopic compositions of groundwater, <span class="hlt">river</span> water and rainwater in two tropical <span class="hlt">river</span> basins situated approximately 60 km apart, namely the Swarna near Udupi and the Nethravati near Mangalore, were studied from 2010 to 2013. The δ(18)O and δ(2)H values of the water samples were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and the d-excess values calculated to better understand the dominant source of the water and the influence of evaporation/recycling processes. The water in the smaller area basin (Swarna basin) does not show seasonal variability in the δ(18)O values for groundwater and <span class="hlt">river</span> water, having a similar mean value of -3.1 ‰. The d-excess value remains higher in both wet and dry seasons suggesting strong water vapor recycling along the foothills of the Western Ghats. In contrast, the larger tropical basin (Nethravati basin) displays specific seasonal isotopic variability. The observation of higher d-excess values in winter with lower δ(18)O values suggests an influence of northeast winter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=crisis+AND+management+AND+pre+AND+crisi&pg=3&id=ED414402','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=crisis+AND+management+AND+pre+AND+crisi&pg=3&id=ED414402"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Straight Talk, Straight Up. A Practical Guide for Teachers, Parents, and the Community.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jensen, Mary M.; Yerington, Philip C.</p> <p></p> <p>This book is written about youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> with the aim of educating teachers and administrators, parents, and others who work with youth. The main emphasis is on <span class="hlt">gang</span> identifiers and positive behavior management strategies and crisis intervention techniques that can be used in schools and the home. Section 1, "Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> Past and Present," provides…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25880890','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25880890"><span>The role of delinquency, proactive aggression, psychopathy and behavioral school engagement in reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ang, Rebecca P; Huan, Vivien S; Chan, Wei Teng; Cheong, Siew Ann; Leaw, Jia Ning</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Given the robust positive association between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and crime, a better understanding of factors related to reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is critical and especially since youth in <span class="hlt">gangs</span> are a universal concern. The present study investigated the role of delinquency, proactive aggression, psychopathy and behavioral school engagement in reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership using a large sample of 1027 Singapore adolescents. Results from logistic regression showed that delinquency, proactive aggression, and behavioral school engagement were statistically significant risk factors for reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and that psychopathy was not related to reported <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Implications for prevention and intervention work with respect to youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership were discussed. In particular, strengthening students' engagement with school and meaningful school-related activities and developing supportive teacher-student relationships are particularly important in working with young people with respect to prevention work. Additionally, the present study's theoretical and empirical contributions were also discussed. Copyright © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED366706.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED366706.pdf"><span>Youth Violence: <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> on Main Street, USA. Issues in Brief.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hamner, Carole J.</p> <p></p> <p>This report profiles the issue of youth violence: the history of its appearance in U.S. culture, the recent escalation of <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in U.S. communities, and the strategies put forth in smaller cities to meet this challenge. The report notes that there has been an explosion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in the United States that has been fostered by a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=TC&pg=7&id=EJ939442','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=TC&pg=7&id=EJ939442"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Subsequent Engagement into a Drug Free Therapeutic Community</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Widlitz, Michelle; Dermatis, Helen; Galanter, Marc; Bunt, Gregory</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship of history of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement to engagement in Therapeutic Community (TC) treatment. Residents (N = 222) at two Daytop facilities completed a survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, prior <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement and multiple aspects of TC functioning. Residents with prior gang…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4715443','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4715443"><span>Characterization of the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal and potential implications for the conservation and management of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Levesque, Juan C.; Saavedra, Camilo; Pita, Cristina; Pal, Prabhat</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) (GRD) is classified as one of the most endangered of all cetaceans in the world and the second scarcest freshwater cetacean. The population is estimated to be less than 2,000 individuals. In Nepal’s Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali <span class="hlt">river</span> systems, survival of GRD continues to be threatened by various anthropogenic activities, such as dam construction and interactions with artisanal fisheries. A basic description of the geographic scope, economics, and types of gear used in these fisheries would help managers understand the fishery-dolphin interaction conflict and assist with developing potential solutions. The main goal was to provide new information on the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal. The specific objectives were to identify, compile, and investigate the demographics, economics, fishing characteristics, and perception of fishermen about GRD conservation in the Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali <span class="hlt">rivers</span> so conservation managers can develop and implement a potential solution to the GRD-fishery interaction problem in Nepal. Based on 169 interviews, 79% of Nepalese fishermen indicated fishing was their primary form of income. Fishermen reported fishing effort was greater in summer than winter; greatest in the afternoon (14:30 hrs ± 0:27) and during low water level conditions; and gear was set 4.8 ± 0.2 days/week. Fishermen reported using eight different types of monofilament nets (gillnets and cast nets). Sixty percent used gillnets less than 10 m long, and nearly 30% preferred gillnets between 10 and 100 m long; a few used gillnets longer than 100 m. Most fishermen reported they believed education, awareness, and changing occupations were important for GRD conservation, but they indicated that alternative occupational options were currently limited in Nepal. Nepalese fishermen acknowledged that fisheries posed a risk to GRD, but they believed water pollution, and dam/irrigation developments were</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26788434','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26788434"><span>Characterization of the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal and potential implications for the conservation and management of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Paudel, Shambhu; Levesque, Juan C; Saavedra, Camilo; Pita, Cristina; Pal, Prabhat</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) (GRD) is classified as one of the most endangered of all cetaceans in the world and the second scarcest freshwater cetacean. The population is estimated to be less than 2,000 individuals. In Nepal's Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali <span class="hlt">river</span> systems, survival of GRD continues to be threatened by various anthropogenic activities, such as dam construction and interactions with artisanal fisheries. A basic description of the geographic scope, economics, and types of gear used in these fisheries would help managers understand the fishery-dolphin interaction conflict and assist with developing potential solutions. The main goal was to provide new information on the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal. The specific objectives were to identify, compile, and investigate the demographics, economics, fishing characteristics, and perception of fishermen about GRD conservation in the Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali <span class="hlt">rivers</span> so conservation managers can develop and implement a potential solution to the GRD-fishery interaction problem in Nepal. Based on 169 interviews, 79% of Nepalese fishermen indicated fishing was their primary form of income. Fishermen reported fishing effort was greater in summer than winter; greatest in the afternoon (14:30 hrs ± 0:27) and during low water level conditions; and gear was set 4.8 ± 0.2 days/week. Fishermen reported using eight different types of monofilament nets (gillnets and cast nets). Sixty percent used gillnets less than 10 m long, and nearly 30% preferred gillnets between 10 and 100 m long; a few used gillnets longer than 100 m. Most fishermen reported they believed education, awareness, and changing occupations were important for GRD conservation, but they indicated that alternative occupational options were currently limited in Nepal. Nepalese fishermen acknowledged that fisheries posed a risk to GRD, but they believed water pollution, and dam/irrigation developments were</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=positive+AND+interventions+AND+kids&pg=5&id=EJ432683','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=positive+AND+interventions+AND+kids&pg=5&id=EJ432683"><span>Teenagers, Clothes, and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Burke, Jim</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>A California English teacher explores the school safety issue for both innercity and suburban high schools students. Wearing certain sports team jackets can place kids in danger; girls degrade themselves by keeping <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' drugs and guns in their lockers. Schools can help reclaim the "Great Disconnected" by developing…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4503338','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4503338"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership and substance use: guilt as a gendered causal pathway</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Coffman, Donna L.; Melde, Chris; Esbensen, Finn-Aage</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Objectives We examine whether anticipated guilt for substance use is a gendered mechanism underlying the noted enhancement effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal drug use. We also demonstrate a method for making stronger causal inferences when assessing mediation in the presence of moderation and time-varying confounding. Methods We estimate a series of inverse propensity weighted models to obtain unbiased estimates of mediation in the presence of confounding of the exposure (i.e., <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership) and mediator (i.e., anticipated guilt) using three waves of data from a multi-site panel study of a law-related education program for youth (N=1,113). Results The onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership significantly decreased anticipated substance use guilt among both male and female respondents. This reduction was significantly associated with increased frequency of substance use only for female respondents, however, suggesting that gender moderates the mechanism through which <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership influences substance use. Conclusions Criminologists are often concerned with identifying causal pathways for antisocial and/or delinquent behavior, but confounders of the exposure, mediator, and outcome often interfere with efforts to assess mediation. Many new approaches have been proposed for strengthening causal inference for mediation effects. After controlling for confounding using inverse propensity weighting, our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing substance use by current and former female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should focus on the normative aspects of these behaviors. PMID:26190954</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190954','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190954"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership and substance use: guilt as a gendered causal pathway.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Coffman, Donna L; Melde, Chris; Esbensen, Finn-Aage</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>We examine whether anticipated guilt for substance use is a gendered mechanism underlying the noted enhancement effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal drug use. We also demonstrate a method for making stronger causal inferences when assessing mediation in the presence of moderation and time-varying confounding. We estimate a series of inverse propensity weighted models to obtain unbiased estimates of mediation in the presence of confounding of the exposure (i.e., <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership) and mediator (i.e., anticipated guilt) using three waves of data from a multi-site panel study of a law-related education program for youth ( N =1,113). The onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership significantly decreased anticipated substance use guilt among both male and female respondents. This reduction was significantly associated with increased frequency of substance use only for female respondents, however, suggesting that gender moderates the mechanism through which <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership influences substance use. Criminologists are often concerned with identifying causal pathways for antisocial and/or delinquent behavior, but confounders of the exposure, mediator, and outcome often interfere with efforts to assess mediation. Many new approaches have been proposed for strengthening causal inference for mediation effects. After controlling for confounding using inverse propensity weighting, our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing substance use by current and former female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should focus on the normative aspects of these behaviors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053466','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053466"><span>The Cauvery <span class="hlt">river</span> basin in southern <span class="hlt">India</span>: major challenges and possible solutions in the 21st century.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vanham, D; Weingartner, R; Rauch, W</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">India</span> is facing major challenges in its water resources management (WRM) sector. Water shortages are attributed to issues such as an explosion in population, rapid urbanization and industrialization, environmental degradation and inefficient water use, all aggravated by changing climate and its impacts on demand, supply and water quality. This paper focuses on the contemporary and future situation in the Cauvery <span class="hlt">river</span> basin in Southern <span class="hlt">India</span>, shared by different states, predominantly Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. As water issues largely fall under the authority of the states, inter-state water disputes have a long tradition in the Cauvery <span class="hlt">river</span> basin. Future changes in precipitation during the two monsoon seasons will only increase these tensions. Both states depend on the arrival of these monsoon rains to water their crops and to replenish the groundwater. The paper identifies the major challenges and general possible solutions for sustainable WRM within the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin. It synthesises the relevant literature, describes practices that should be addressed in the scope of integrated WRM--including water availability increase and demand management--and stresses the need for further quantitative analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA10621.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA10621.html"><span>Delhi, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-01-17</p> <p>Delhi is the second largest metropolis in <span class="hlt">India</span>, with a population of 16 million and is located in northern <span class="hlt">India</span> along the banks of the Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span>. This image was acquired by NASA Terra satellite on September 22, 2003.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Crime&pg=4&id=EJ1015341','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Crime&pg=4&id=EJ1015341"><span>Understanding <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Crime Victimization among Jail Inmates: Testing the Effects of Self-Control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fox, Kathleen A.; Lane, Jodi; Akers, Ronald L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Although previous research has examined factors related to <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and offending, research on the relationship between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and victimization is limited. The present study builds on previous research and examines <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, victimization, and self-control among 2,414 jail inmates. Results from self-report surveys indicate that gang…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E3SWC..3402046G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E3SWC..3402046G"><span>Role of UASBs in <span class="hlt">River</span> Water Quality Conservation in <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gali, Veeresh; Thakur, Manisha; Gupta, Ashok Kumar; Ganguly, Rajiv</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Appropriate low-cost treatment technologies are a prerequisite for sound management of natural water resources against pollution in developing countries. Among the existing technologies available, UASB is found to be economically viable for <span class="hlt">India</span> when considering all factors including operation and maintenance cost and treatment efficiency. However, this technology suffers setbacks in meeting the effluent guidelines prescribed by the government of <span class="hlt">India</span>. Post treatment is supplemental to this process to meet the effluent standards in terms of removal of organic matter, suspended solids, pathogens and nutrients. Recent stringent effluent guidelines notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of <span class="hlt">India</span> has further reduced the limits of BOD by 3 times, COD and TSS by 5 times, NH4-N and total Nitrogen by 10 times as compared to the previous guidelines. Fecal Coliforms has been specified as <100MPN/100mL. In this paper, the present scenario of UASB based STPs and their role in <span class="hlt">river</span> conservation is reviewed against the backdrop of stringent effluent guidelines. The minimum removal rates of BOD, COD and TSS in these plants are around 42 - 44% and the average removal rates are reported to be 66%, 61% and 65% respectively. The enhanced removal of BOD (97%), COD (98%) and TSS has been reported in STPs in conjunction with post treatment facilities such as facultative aerated lagoons, aeration tanks and polishing ponds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23525778','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23525778"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership of California middle school students: behaviors and attitudes as mediators of school violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez; Gilreath, Tamika D; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Empirical evidence examining how risk and protective behaviors may possibly mediate the association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence is limited. This study utilizes a statewide representative sample of 152 023 Latino, Black and White seventh graders from California to examine a theoretical model of how school risk (e.g. truancy, school substance use and risky peer approval) and protective (e.g. connectedness, support and safety) behaviors and attitudes mediate the effects of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on school violence behaviors. The dataset was collected in the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 academic school years using the ongoing large-scale California Healthy Kids Survey conducted by WestEd for the State of California. Approximately 9.5% of the sample considered themselves to be a member of a <span class="hlt">gang</span>. The findings indicate that school risk behaviors and attitudes mediate the association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence behaviors. Although the direct negative association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence perpetration is weak, the positive indirect effect mediated by school risks behaviors and attitudes is strong. This indicates that when <span class="hlt">gang</span> members engage in school risk behaviors, they are much more likely to be school violence perpetrators. Implications for further research, theory and practice for both <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence researchers are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HESS...17.2131P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HESS...17.2131P"><span>Predictability of Western Himalayan <span class="hlt">river</span> flow: melt seasonal inflow into Bhakra Reservoir in northern <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pal, I.; Lall, U.; Robertson, A. W.; Cane, M. A.; Bansal, R.</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>Snowmelt-dominated streamflow of the Western Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> is an important water resource during the dry pre-monsoon spring months to meet the irrigation and hydropower needs in northern <span class="hlt">India</span>. Here we study the seasonal prediction of melt-dominated total inflow into the Bhakra Dam in northern <span class="hlt">India</span> based on statistical relationships with meteorological variables during the preceding winter. Total inflow into the Bhakra Dam includes the Satluj <span class="hlt">River</span> flow together with a flow diversion from its tributary, the Beas <span class="hlt">River</span>. Both are tributaries of the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> that originate from the Western Himalayas, which is an under-studied region. Average measured winter snow volume at the upper-elevation stations and corresponding lower-elevation rainfall and temperature of the Satluj <span class="hlt">River</span> basin were considered as empirical predictors. Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC) were used to select the best subset of inputs from all the possible combinations of predictors for a multiple linear regression framework. To test for potential issues arising due to multicollinearity of the predictor variables, cross-validated prediction skills of the best subset were also compared with the prediction skills of principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) techniques, which yielded broadly similar results. As a whole, the forecasts of the melt season at the end of winter and as the melt season commences were shown to have potential skill for guiding the development of stochastic optimization models to manage the trade-off between irrigation and hydropower releases versus flood control during the annual fill cycle of the Bhakra Reservoir, a major energy and irrigation source in the region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMED21A0714V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMED21A0714V"><span>Exploring Water Resources as a Study Abroad Experience in Northern <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vulava, V. M.; Callahan, T. J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Water and environmental resources are of high interest for students at the College of Charleston. These issues are covered in varying levels of detail in the Geology Department in introductory to advanced courses, some of which include field and laboratory components. While courses stress the importance of understanding global water resource issues, students are rarely given hands-on exposure beyond local problems. To address this, we designed a course that explored water resource issues along the entire length of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> from headwaters to the mouth, a region in which water is seen as a critical economic, environmental, and cultural resource. The 2500-km long <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> in northern <span class="hlt">India</span> is stressed due to large demand and cyclical, yet unpredictable, supply. This region has a population of over 700 million who speak different languages, have diverse cultures, and varied states of development, economic access, and planning, and diverse geologic and ecological settings. Poor <span class="hlt">river</span> management, inconsistent precipitation during monsoons likely affected by climate change and pollution from insufficient waste management practices and a burgeoning population has resulted in additional stress on the <span class="hlt">river</span> and its ecosystems. A three-week travel-intensive study abroad course covered three important reaches of the <span class="hlt">river</span> in the headwaters (Himalayan glaciers, steep mountain landscapes, and large hydroelectric dams in Uttarakhand state), the plains (industrial heartland and large population centers in Uttar Pradesh state), and the mouth (coastal development, Sunderbans mangrove forest, and coastal hazards near Bay of Bengal in West Bengal state). The course was timed to coincide with the pre-monsoon summer season to show students the importance of the monsoon season to this region. The course had two modules: (1) water resource and hydrology principles that delve into specific issues, including impacts of <span class="hlt">river</span> management for economic development and associated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016046','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016046"><span>Risk Behaviors Among Young Mexican American <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Associated Females: Sexual Relations, Partying, Substance Use, and Crime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cepeda, Alice; Valdez, Avelardo</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This research focuses on young Mexican American girls who are not formal <span class="hlt">gang</span> members yet participate in street-based activities of male <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and engage in risk behaviors. These females comprise a larger proportion associated with male <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in inner-city neighborhoods than actual female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Using a qualitative design, the article presents a typology of Mexican American females that reveals a hierarchy based on exposure to four risk-related activities: sexual relations, partying, substance use, and crime. Findings illustrate how outcomes associated with these activities vary according to the girl’s relationship to the male <span class="hlt">gang</span> and status within the community. Also, regardless of their relationship to the <span class="hlt">gang</span>, participation in these activities resulted in different degrees of negative outcomes. The study concludes that problems associated with these females must go beyond being viewed as individual problems but rather seen within the social, cultural, and economic conditions of their environment. PMID:21218177</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=young+AND+adults+AND+parenting+AND+style&pg=5&id=EJ1144262','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=young+AND+adults+AND+parenting+AND+style&pg=5&id=EJ1144262"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Immigrant and Refugee Youth: A Developmental Ecological Systems Approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Goodrum, Nada M.; Chan, Wing Yi; Latzman, Robert D.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Immigrant and refugee youth are at elevated risk for joining <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, which, in turn, is associated with a host of maladaptive outcomes. Previous literature on risk and protective factors for immigrant and refugee youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement has been inconclusive. Applying a developmental ecological systems approach, this study investigated contextual…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESSD..11.5747M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESSD..11.5747M"><span>Model study of the impacts of future climate change on the hydrology of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Masood, M.; Yeh, P. J.-F.; Hanasaki, N.; Takeuchi, K.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>The intensity, duration, and geographic extent of floods in Bangladesh mostly depend on the combined influences of three <span class="hlt">river</span> systems, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM). In addition, climate change is likely to have significant effects on the hydrology and water resources of the GBM basins and might ultimately lead to more serious floods in Bangladesh. However, the assessment of climate change impacts on basin-scale hydrology by using well-constrained hydrologic modelling has rarely been conducted for GBM basins due to the lack of data for model calibration and validation. In this study, a macro-scale hydrologic model H08 has been applied regionally over the basin at a relatively fine grid resolution (10 km) by integrating the fine-resolution (~0.5 km) DEM data for accurate <span class="hlt">river</span> networks delineation. The model has been calibrated via analyzing model parameter sensitivity and validated based on a long-term observed daily streamflow data. The impact of climate change on not only the runoff, but also the basin-scale hydrology including evapotranspiration, soil moisture and net radiation have been assessed in this study through three time-slice experiments; present-day (1979-2003), near-future (2015-2039) and far-future (2075-2099) periods. Results shows that, by the end of 21st century (a) the entire GBM basin is projected to be warmed by ~3°C (b) the changes of mean precipitation are projected to be +14.0, +10.4, and +15.2%, and the changes of mean runoff to be +14, +15, and +18% in the Brahmaputra, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Meghna basin respectively (c) evapotranspiration is predicted to increase significantly for the entire GBM basins (Brahmaputra: +14.4%, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>: +9.4%, Meghna: +8.8%) due to increased net radiation (Brahmaputra: +6%, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>: +5.9%, Meghna: +3.3%) as well as warmer air temperature. Changes of hydrologic variables will be larger in dry season (November-April) than that in wet season (May-October). Amongst three basins, Meghna shows the largest hydrological</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27324','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27324"><span>Surrounding the consequences of watershed disasters in the periphery of the Indian triangle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Rohan Ekanayake</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The watershed of the 'Indian Triangle' is formed by the flow of two mighty <span class="hlt">rivers</span> which emanate from the Himalaya. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and teh Brahmaputra embrace the lands and the peoples of Nepal*, <span class="hlt">India</span>* and Bangladesh* before emptying in the Bay of Bengal. A recent monsoon submerged two thirds of the low-lying Bangladesh rendering 23 million people homeless. can...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27541602','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27541602"><span>Any of them will do: In-group identification, out-group entitativity, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership as predictors of group-based retribution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vasquez, Eduardo A; Wenborne, Lisa; Peers, Madeline; Alleyne, Emma; Ellis, Kirsty</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>In non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> populations, the degree of identification with an in-group and perceptions of out-group entitativity, the perception of an out-group as bonded or unified, are important contributors to group-based aggression or vicarious retribution. The link between these factors and group-based aggression, however, has not been examined in the context of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The current study assessed the relationship among in-group identification, perceptions of out-group entitativity, and the willingness to retaliate against members of rival groups who did not themselves attack the in-group among juvenile <span class="hlt">gang</span> and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members in London. Our results showed the predicted membership (<span class="hlt">gang/non-gang</span>) × in-group identification × entitativity interaction. Decomposition of the three-way interaction by membership revealed a significant identification × entitativity interaction for <span class="hlt">gang</span>, but not for non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. More specifically, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who identify more strongly with their <span class="hlt">gang</span> and perceived a rival group as high on entitativity were more willing to retaliate against any of them. In addition, entitativity was a significant predictor of group-based aggression after controlling for gender, in-group identification, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Our results are consistent with socio-psychological theories of group-based aggression and support the proposal that such theories are applicable for understanding <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence. Aggr. Behav. 41:242-252, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Canadian+AND+law&pg=7&id=EJ949470','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Canadian+AND+law&pg=7&id=EJ949470"><span>Canadian Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Inmates: Risk, Needs, and the Potential for Prison Rehabilitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Scott, Terri-Lynne; Ruddell, Rick</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A comparison of the characteristics of 337 Canadian adult female <span class="hlt">gang</span> offenders with a matched sample of women offenders showed that they were more likely to have been sentenced for violent offenses, had a greater number of prior youth and criminal convictions, and served prior terms of incarceration. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members were also assessed as having…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED223388.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED223388.pdf"><span>The Impact of Location Alteration on School Attendance of Chicano <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hunsaker, Alan C.</p> <p></p> <p>The study examined whether a change in school site affected the school attendance of 13 male Chicano <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, 13 to 18 years of age, admitted to a community-based delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence prevention project. Since an active Alternative Studies Program, designed for students with special learning problems or for working students, already…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70131491','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70131491"><span>Spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basins to ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and drought</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pervez, Md Shahriar; Henebry, Geoffry M.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We evaluated the spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins as modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) modes using Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) full data reanalysis of monthly global land-surface precipitation data from 1901 to 2010 with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. The GPCC monthly total precipitation climatology targeting the period 1951–2000 was used to compute gridded monthly anomalies for the entire time period. The gridded monthly anomalies were averaged for the years influenced by combinations of climate modes. Occurrences of El Niño alone significantly reduce (88% of the long-term average (LTA)) precipitation during the monsoon months in the western and southeastern <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin. In contrast, occurrences of La Niña and co-occurrences of La Niña and negative IOD events significantly enhance (110 and 109% of LTA in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra Basin, respectively) precipitation across both basins. When El Niño co-occurs with positive IOD events, the impacts of El Niño on the basins' precipitation diminishes. When there is no active ENSO or IOD events (occurring in 41 out of 110 years), precipitation remains below average (95% of LTA) in the agriculturally intensive areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Western Nepal in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin, whereas precipitation remains average to above average (104% of LTA) across the Brahmaputra Basin. This pattern implies that a regular water deficit is likely, especially in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin, with implications for the agriculture sector due to its reliance on consistent rainfall for successful production. Historically, major droughts occurred during El Niño and co-occurrences of El Niño and positive IOD events, while major flooding occurred during La Niña and co-occurrences of La Niña and negative IOD events in the basins. This observational analysis will facilitate well</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814892','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814892"><span>[Violent youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Madrid: socialization and culturalization].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martín, María Jesús; Martínez, José Manuel; Rosa, Alberto</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>This study explores the subject of youth involved in violent groups or <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, with the goal of further understanding the indoctrination, socialization, and culturalization processes undergone by youth involved in group violence or <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Furthermore, to examine the dynamics between peer pressure and other social factors (dating relationships, work, family, etc.) within the theoretical framework of the theories of primary socialization and differential socialization. A qualitative analysis of 40 interviews of youth belonging to violent <span class="hlt">gangs</span>/groups. According to the theories of primary socialization and differential socialization, over socialization by the violent group and under socialization by all other social entities can be assumed. Regarding parental supervision and support, three family types were clearly associated with the problem of youth violence. The distinct or unified social identity of the violent youth, as well as their individual self esteem and self image, formed a combination of processes whose relevance was highly predictive. Lastly, an accurate indicator of how these youth mature is their support network-perceived, absolute, and relative (distributed among the various influencing forces). The study clearly outlines the need for re-imposing fundamental philosophical epistemology and methodologies on social forces of this kind, incorporating elements key to the postmodern, constructionist, and opposing perspectives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=inner+AND+space&pg=5&id=EJ865804','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=inner+AND+space&pg=5&id=EJ865804"><span>Who Needs Enemies with Friends like These? The Importance of Place for Young People Living in Known <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ralphs, Robert; Medina, Juanjo; Aldridge, Judith</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Despite a growing concern about <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Britain, academic research that focuses on <span class="hlt">gangs</span> remains scarce. Drawing on data from the ESRC-funded ethnographic research YOGEC (Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in an English City) project, this paper explores the negotiation of space and place by young people living in inner-city areas affected by <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Using a combination…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Honda&pg=3&id=EJ555216','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Honda&pg=3&id=EJ555216"><span>A Phenomenological Study with Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: Results and Implications for School Counselors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Omizo, Michael M.; Omizo, Sharon A.; Honda, Marianne R.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Using a phenomenological model, examines eight male adolescents' perceptions of their <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Interviews revealed such themes as self-esteem, a sense of belonging, and protection. Outlines implications for school counselors when working with <span class="hlt">gang</span> members individually, in groups, with families, or during school interventions. (RJM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Geomo.227...60B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Geomo.227...60B"><span>Controls on morphological variability and role of stream power distribution pattern, Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span>, western <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bawa, Nupur; Jain, Vikrant; Shekhar, Shashank; Kumar, Niraj; Jyani, Vikas</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Understanding the controls on the morphological variability of <span class="hlt">river</span> systems constitutes one of the fundamental questions in geomorphic investigation. Channel morphology is an important indicator of <span class="hlt">river</span> processes and is of significance for mapping the hydrology-ecologic connectivity in a <span class="hlt">river</span> system and for predicting the future trajectory of <span class="hlt">river</span> health in response to external forcings. This paper documents the spatial morphological variability and its natural and anthropogenic controls for the Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span>, a major tributary of the Ganga <span class="hlt">River</span>, <span class="hlt">India</span>. The Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span> runs through a major urban centre i.e. Delhi National Capital Region. The Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span> was divided into eight geomorphically distinct reaches on the basis of the assemblages of geomorphic units and the association of landscape, valley and floodplain settings. The morphological variability was analysed through stream power distribution and sediment load data at various stations. Stream power distribution of the Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span> basin is characterised by a non-linear pattern that was used to distinguish (a) high energy ‘natural' upstream reaches, (b) ‘anthropogenically altered', low energy middle stream reaches, and (c) ‘rejuvenated' downstream reaches again with higher stream power. The relationship between stream power and channel morphology in these reaches was integrated with sediment load data to define the maximum flow efficiency (MFE) as the threshold for geomorphic transition. This analysis supports the continuity of <span class="hlt">river</span> processes and the significance of a holistic, basin-scale approach rather than isolated local scale analysis in <span class="hlt">river</span> studies.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2992318','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2992318"><span>Young Mother (in the) Hood: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Girls’ Negotiation of New Identities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; Joe-Laidler, Karen; McKenzie, Kathleen</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the experiences of young women in street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> who become mothers. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 65 young women in the San Francisco, CA, Bay Area, we examine their narratives about the transition to motherhood. In particular, we focus on the ways these young women negotiate femininities and attempt to reconcile their identities as young mothers and <span class="hlt">gang</span> girls—both stigmatized identities. For many of the young women, motherhood entails a retreat from the street and a renewed emphasis on time spent in the home. While many receive (financial and childcare) support from their families, this also often means a diminution of the autonomy they experienced while more heavily involved in the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Issues of respect and respectability remain important for the young women, but the dimensions on which these are based change. PMID:21116461</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+self-esteem+AND+relationship&pg=3&id=EJ672690','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+self-esteem+AND+relationship&pg=3&id=EJ672690"><span>Individual and Familial Characteristics of Youths Involved in Street Corner <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Singapore.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kee, C.; Sim, K.; Teoh, J.; Tian, C. S.; Ng, K. H.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Study compares 36 youths involved in street corner <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Singapore with 91 age-matched controls on measures of self-esteem, aggression, dysfunctional parenting and parent-adolescent communication. Results revealed that <span class="hlt">gang</span> youths had lower self-esteem and higher levels of aggression than controls. Findings diverge from anticipated familial…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WRR....52..135P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WRR....52..135P"><span>Spatiotemporal evolution of water storage changes in <span class="hlt">India</span> from the updated GRACE-derived gravity records</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Panda, Dileep K.; Wahr, John</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Investigating changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) is important for understanding response of the hydrological cycle to recent climate variability worldwide. This is particularly critical in <span class="hlt">India</span> where the current economic development and food security greatly depend on its water resources. We use 129 monthly gravity solutions from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites for the period of January 2003 to May 2014 to characterize spatiotemporal variations of TWS and groundwater storage (GWS). The spatiotemporal evolution of GRACE data reflects consistent patterns with that of several hydroclimatic variables and also shows that most of the water loss has occurred in the northern parts of <span class="hlt">India</span>. Substantial GWS depletion at the rate of 1.25 and 2.1 cm yr-1 has taken place, respectively in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin and Punjab state, which are known as the <span class="hlt">India</span>'s grain bowl. Of particular concern is the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin's storage loss in drought years, primarily due to anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals that sustain rice and wheat cultivation. We estimate these losses to be approximately 41, 44, and 42 km3 in 2004, 2009, and 2012, respectively. The GWS depletions that constitute about 90% of the observed TWS loss are also influenced by a marked rise in temperatures since 2008. A high degree of correspondence between GRACE-derived GWS and in situ groundwater levels from observation well validates the results. This validation increases confidence level in the application of GRACE observations in monitoring large-scale storage changes in intensely irrigated areas in <span class="hlt">India</span> and other regions around the world.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED362603.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED362603.pdf"><span>Reasons and Remedies for <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Delinquency among School Age Children. Literature Review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sloan, David L.</p> <p></p> <p>Some of the common characteristics associated with juveniles who become involved in <span class="hlt">gang</span> activities are identified. Programs that attempt to alleviate the situations that lead to <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement and programs that deal with juvenile delinquents are discussed. The history of the juvenile justice system is also traced. Characteristics that can…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=attachment+AND+city&pg=3&id=EJ778442','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=attachment+AND+city&pg=3&id=EJ778442"><span>Cognitive and Social Influences on <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Delinquents in Three Chinese Cities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ngai, Ngan-pun; Cheung, Chau-kiu; Ngai, Steven Sek-Yum</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Inasmuch as research has held the increase in youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activities responsible for the escalating level of crime and delinquency in Chinese societies, ascertaining risk or protective factors of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among Chinese youths is crucial. The factors include those associated with social control, social learning, and cognitive development. To…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESD...2.1671P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NHESD...2.1671P"><span>Spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basins to ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and drought</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pervez, M. S.; Henebry, G. M.</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>We evaluated the spatial and temporal responses of precipitation in the basins as modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean (IO) dipole modes using observed precipitation records at 43 stations across the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins from 1982 to 2010. Daily observed precipitation records were extracted from Global Surface Summary of the Day dataset and spatial and monthly anomalies were computed. The anomalies were averaged for the years influenced by climate modes combinations. Occurrences of El Niño alone significantly reduced (60% and 88% of baseline in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra basins, respectively) precipitation during the monsoon months in the northwestern and central <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin and across the Brahmaputra basin. In contrast, co-occurrence of La Niña and a positive IO dipole mode significantly enhanced (135% and 160% of baseline, respectively) precipitation across both basins. During the co-occurrence of neutral phases in both climate modes (occurring 13 out of 28 yr), precipitation remained below average to average in the agriculturally extensive areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, eastern Nepal, and the Rajshahi district in Bangladesh in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin and northern Bangladesh, Meghalaya, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh in the Brahmaputra basin. This pattern implies that a regular water deficit is likely in these areas with implications for the agriculture sector due to its reliance on consistent rainfall for successful production. Major flooding and drought occurred as a consequence of the interactive effects of the ENSO and IO dipole modes, with the sole exception of extreme precipitation and flooding during El Niño events. This observational analysis will facilitate well informed decision making in minimizing natural hazard risks and climate impacts on agriculture, and supports development of strategies ensuring optimized use of water resources in best management practice under changing climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6003615','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6003615"><span>“Get Off Me”: Perceptions of Disrespectful Police Behavior among Ethnic Minority Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Novich, Madeleine; Hunt, Geoffrey</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Recent media accounts have highlighted issues of use and abuse of police force and policing practices targeted at ethnic minorities within inner city areas. To date, little research has focused specifically on the experiences and perceptions of youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in dealing with police. Using data from 253 in-depth interviews with ethnic minority San Francisco-based youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, we examine perceptions of respectful and disrespectful police behavior. Premised on a procedural justice model (Tyler, 2006), we explore how frequently disrespectful police behavior is reported and how these negative experiences shape <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ attitudes towards the police more generally. We refine our investigation by comparing adverse encounters to examples in which <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are treated respectfully. Using a data-driven inductive and qualitative theory testing deductive approach, our data revealed that male and female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members regularly experience disrespectful police behavior in terms of physical and verbal abuse. Our findings indicate that these exchanges contribute to negative attitudes, fear, and distrust of police, while respectful interactions are meaningful and can contribute to positive attitudes towards officers. PMID:29910539</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency+AND+history&pg=4&id=EJ906640','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency+AND+history&pg=4&id=EJ906640"><span>Gangkill: An Exploratory Empirical Assessment of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Homicide Offending, and Prison Misconduct</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Drury, Alan J.; DeLisi, Matt</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Extant research indicates that inmates with street <span class="hlt">gang</span> history are prone for prison misconduct but that inmates convicted of homicide offenses are less likely to be noncompliant. No research has explored the interaction between street <span class="hlt">gang</span> history and homicide offending. Based on official infraction data from 1,005 inmates selected from the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=statistic+AND+stress&pg=6&id=EJ1027406','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=statistic+AND+stress&pg=6&id=EJ1027406"><span>Acculturative Stress and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Latinos: U.S.-Born versus Immigrant Youth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Barrett, Alice N.; Kuperminc, Gabriel P.; Lewis, Kelly M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> involvement is an increasing issue among Latino youth, yet nuanced research on its potential causes is scarce. Quantitative and qualitative data were used to explore links between acculturative stress and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among immigrant and U.S.-born Latino middle school students (N = 199). Regression analyses showed that U.S.-born youths…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ910053.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ910053.pdf"><span>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span>'s All Here: Grammar Goes Global for Purdue, Unisa and Adelaide University</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Duff, Andrea; Spangenberg, Brady; Carter, Susanna; Miller, Julia</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The University of South Australia and Purdue University (Indiana) launched the "Grammar <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Blog" in June 2008, as a collaborative forum for talking about language. The blog reaches a far-flung community of learners from Australia to the United States, Brisbane to Bangalore and Ghana to Germany. The Grammar <span class="hlt">Gang</span>--where Owls meet…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=influence+AND+sale&pg=3&id=EJ793516','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=influence+AND+sale&pg=3&id=EJ793516"><span>Understanding the Black Box of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Organization: Implications for Involvement in Violent Crime, Drug Sales, and Violent Victimization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Decker, Scott H.; Katz, Charles M.; Webb, Vincent J.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the influence of <span class="hlt">gang</span> organization on several behavioral measures. Using interview data from juvenile detention facilities in three Arizona sites, this article examines the relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> organizational structure and involvement in violent crime, drug sales, victimization, and arrest. The <span class="hlt">gang</span> literature suggests…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=city+AND+logistics&pg=6&id=EJ887628','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=city+AND+logistics&pg=6&id=EJ887628"><span>Alcohol and Drug Use among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: Experiences of Adolescents Who Attend School</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Swahn, Monica H.; Bossarte, Robert M.; West, Bethany; Topalli, Volkan</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background: Problems related to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have been noted in large cities and in many schools across the United States. This study examined the patterns of alcohol, drug use, and related exposures among male and female high school students who were <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Methods: Analyses were based on the Youth Violence Survey, conducted in 2004, and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.3767P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.3767P"><span>Morphotectonics of the Jamini <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, Bundelkhand Craton, Central <span class="hlt">India</span>; using remote sensing and GIS technique</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prakash, K.; Mohanty, T.; Pati, J. K.; Singh, S.; Chaubey, K.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Morphological and morphotectonic analyses have been used to obtain information that influence hydrographic basins, predominantly these are modifications of tectonic elements and the quantitative description of landforms. Discrimination of morphotectonic indices of active tectonics of the Jamini <span class="hlt">river</span> basin consists the analyses of asymmetry factor, ruggedness number, basin relief, gradient, basin elongation ratio, drainage density analysis, and drainage pattern analysis, which have been completed for each drainage basin using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The Jamini <span class="hlt">river</span> is one of the major tributaries of the Betwa <span class="hlt">river</span> in central <span class="hlt">India</span>. The Jamini <span class="hlt">river</span> basin is divided into five subwatersheds viz. Jamrar, Onri, Sainam, Shahzad and Baragl subwatershed. The quantitative approach of watershed development of the Jamini <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, and its four sixth (SW1-SW4) and one fifth (SW5) order subwatersheds, was carried out using Survey of <span class="hlt">India</span> toposheets (parts of 54I, 54K, 54L, 54O, and 54P), Landsat 7 ETM+, ASTER (GDEM) data, and field data. The Jamini <span class="hlt">river</span> has low bifurcation index which is a positive marker of tectonic imprint on the hydrographic network. The analyses show that the geomorphological progression of the study area was robustly influenced by tectonics. The analysis demonstrates to extensional tectonics system with the following alignments: NE-SW, NW-SE, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW, E-W, and N-S. Three major trends are followed by lower order streams viz. NE-SW, NW-SE, and E-W directions which advocate that these tectonic trends were active at least up to the Late Pleistocene. The assessment of morphotectonic indices may be used to evaluate the control of active faults on the hydrographic system. The analysis points out westward tilting of the drainage basins with strong asymmetry in some reaches, marked elongation ratio of subwatersheds, and lower order streams having close alignment with lineaments (active faults). The study facilitated to considerate the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1262E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1262E"><span>Sediment Compaction Estimates in The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta Using Changes in Ground Water Velocity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eisenrich, R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The combination of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, and Meghna <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> has created the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD), which comprises most of Bangladesh. These <span class="hlt">rivers</span> drain into the Bay of Bengal and carry two thousand tons of alluvial sediment each year, which are responsible for the accumulation of land in Bangladesh. As new layers of sediment are deposited the underlying layers begin to compress under the overlaying weight resulting in land subsidence, which can cause salt-water intrusion, structural destabilization, and an increased vulnerability to flooding. Subsidence is an important concern for much of Bangladesh because 6,000 km² of the GBD is positioned 2 m above sea level and 2,000 km² of the delta is located completely below sea level. During the monsoon season much of the countries ground water is within one meter of the surface. Therefore in this study we use changes in ground water velocity as a proxy for sediment compaction. We utilize a 10-year record of ground and surface water levels from >1200 gages and wells in Bangladesh to calculate the change in ground water velocities in Khulna and the Sylhet basin. Changes in ground water velocity are related to the relative sediment compaction of the study areas using the equation for ground water velocity, v=k/n (dh/dl) where v is velocity, k is hydraulic conductivity, n is porosity and dh/dl is the change in hydraulic head. We use the difference in hydraulic conductivity, which has a large variation with grain size and pore space of the rock/sediment, to calculate changes in sediment compaction over the ten-year period. We validate this approach using laboratory measurements of hydraulic conductivity in a Darcy tube in which compaction of the subject material is varied. Results from this experiment are also compared to in situ measurements of sediment compaction from optical fiber strain meters emplaced in the study areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860000278&hterms=pump+control+pump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dpump%2Bcontrol%2Bpump','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860000278&hterms=pump+control+pump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dpump%2Bcontrol%2Bpump"><span>Hydraulic Actuator for <span class="hlt">Ganged</span> Control Rods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, D. C.; Robey, R. M.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Hydraulic actuator moves several nuclear-reactor control rods in unison. Electromagnetic pump pushes liquid lithium against ends of control rods, forcing them out of or into nuclear reactor. Color arrows show lithium flow for reactor startup and operation. Flow reversed for shutdown. Conceived for use aboard spacecraft, actuator principle applied to terrestrial hydraulic machinery involving motion of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> rods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Will+ross&pg=2&id=ED523407','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Will+ross&pg=2&id=ED523407"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Marginalised Youth and Social Capital</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Deuchar, Ross</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Adolescents are routinely demonised by politicians and the media.Ross Deuchar's compelling research into the views of some of the toughest--youths who are growing up in socially deprived urban areas of Glasgow in Scotland--reveals the true facts. They talked to him about their lives, <span class="hlt">gang</span> culture and territorialiity and he passes on their words…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29744717','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29744717"><span>Closer to Guns: the Role of Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Facilitating Access to Illegal Firearms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roberto, Elizabeth; Braga, Anthony A; Papachristos, Andrew V</p> <p>2018-05-09</p> <p>Criminal offenders often turn to social networks to gain access to firearms, yet we know little about how networks facilitate access to firearms. This study conducts a network analysis of a co-offending network for the City of Chicago to determine how close any offender may be to a firearm. We use arrest data to recreate the co-offending network of all individuals who were arrested with at least one other person over an eight-year period. We then use data on guns recovered by the police to measure potential network pathways of any individual to known firearms. We test the hypothesis that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> facilitate access to firearms and the extent to which such access relates to gunshot injury among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Findings reveal that <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership reduces the potential network distance (how close someone is) to known firearms by 20% or more, and regression results indicate that the closer <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are to guns, the greater their risk of gunshot victimization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JIEIB.tmp...37P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JIEIB.tmp...37P"><span>An Application of Data Mining Techniques for Flood Forecasting: Application in <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Daya and Bhargavi, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Panigrahi, Binay Kumar; Das, Soumya; Nath, Tushar Kumar; Senapati, Manas Ranjan</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In the present study, with a view to speculate the water flow of two <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in eastern <span class="hlt">India</span> namely <span class="hlt">river</span> Daya and <span class="hlt">river</span> Bhargavi, the focus was on developing Cascaded Functional Link Artificial Neural Network (C-FLANN) model. Parameters of C-FLANN architecture were updated using Harmony Search (HS) and Differential Evolution (DE). As the numbers of samples are very low, there is a risk of over fitting. To avoid this Map reduce based ANOVA technique is used to select important features. These features were used and provided to the architecture which is used to predict the water flow in both the <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, one day, one week and two weeks ahead. The results of both the techniques were compared with Radial Basis Functional Neural Network (RBFNN) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), two widely used artificial neural network for prediction. From the result it was confirmed that C-FLANN trained through HS gives better prediction result than being trained through DE or RBFNN or MLP and can be used for predicting water flow in different <span class="hlt">rivers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED426175.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED426175.pdf"><span>Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and At-Risk Youths. Research in Brief.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Huff, C. Ronald</p> <p></p> <p>A study was conducted to compare the criminal behavior of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and nongang at-risk youths in four urban and suburban communities, Denver (Colorado), Aurora (Colorado), Broward County (Florida), and Cleveland (Ohio). The first three communities were emergent, rather than chronic, <span class="hlt">gang</span> environments, but in Cleveland, information on gangs…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471717.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471717.pdf"><span>Can Education Play a Role in the Prevention of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Indian Country? One Tribe's Approach. ERIC Digest.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hernandez, Arturo</p> <p></p> <p>Traditionally an urban problem, <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement is growing on Native American reservations. This digest examines common factors in <span class="hlt">gang</span> development and one tribe's response through a Native-centric education and juvenile justice system. The sum of handicaps associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement has been termed "multiple marginality," and…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29062865','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29062865"><span>Dataset on Investigating the role of onsite learning in the optimisation of craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity in the construction industry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ugulu, Rex Asibuodu; Allen, Stephen</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The data presented in this article is an original data on "Investigating the role of onsite learning in the optimisation of craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity in the construction industry". This article describes the constraints influencing craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity and the influence of onsite learning on the blockwork craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity. It also presented the method of data collection, using a semi-structured interview and an observation method to collect data from construction organisations. We provided statistics on the top most important constraints affecting the craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity using 3-D Bar charts. In addition, we computed the correlation coefficients and the regression model on the influence of onsite learning on craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity using the man-hour as the dependent variable. The relationship between blockwork inputs and cycle numbers was determined at 5% significance level. Finally, we presented data information on the application of the learning curve theory using the unit straight-line model equations and computed the learning rate of the observed craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s blockwork repetitive work.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4144281','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4144281"><span>The Incidence of Burns Among Sex-Trafficking Victims in <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rahman, Nadia; Sinha, Indranil; Husain, Fatima; Shah, Ajul; Patel, Anup</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Sex trafficking remains a flagrant violation of human rights, creating many public health concerns. During the initiation period, these victims experience acts of violence including <span class="hlt">gang</span> rapes, subjecting them to traumatic injuries that include burns. Furthermore, lack of access to health care, particularly surgical, keeps them from receiving treatment for these functionally debilitating contractures caused by burns. This piece provides an overview of burns among sex-trafficked victims in <span class="hlt">India</span> and the efforts by Cents of Relief to address the associated surgical burden of disease. PMID:25191142</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=theft&pg=4&id=EJ927612','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=theft&pg=4&id=EJ927612"><span>"Deterrability" among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> and Nongang Juvenile Offenders: Are <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members More (or Less) Deterrable than Other Juvenile Offenders?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Maxson, Cheryl L.; Matsuda, Kristy N.; Hennigan, Karen</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study investigates the effect of the threat of legal sanctions on intentions to commit three types of offenses with a representative sample of 744 officially adjudicated youth with varying histories of offenses and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. In a departure from previous research, the authors find small severity effects for property crimes that are not…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1008921','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1008921"><span>Stemming the Growth: Exploring the Risk Factors in Group Membership in Domestic Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Foreign Terrorist Organizations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>attempt to explain <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and offending and delinquent behavior. New CVE program developers may be able to use these same theories to help...outcome in question—in this case, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> research scholars have discovered a multitude of risk factors that are statistically linked...and offending and delinquent behavior, including cultural diffusion, differential association, social disorganization and strain theory. CVE program</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMED41A3454M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMED41A3454M"><span>Local Economic Development and Hydropower Along the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin in Northeast <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mock, A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Large dams have long been controversial. They offer benefits, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, and local development, yet produce negative social and ecological impact, such as wildlife habitat destruction, human displacement, and the disruption of downstream fishing or agricultural industries. In the past decade, the Indian government has signed Memoranda of Understanding with hydroelectric power companies for the building of over 130 large dams on the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast <span class="hlt">India</span>. These dams can generate 43% of <span class="hlt">India</span>'s assessed hydropower potential to sustain <span class="hlt">India</span>'s growing economy. In addition, the Indian government claims that these dams will bring local development with needed jobs. However, local Arunachali people have protested and temporarily halted hydropower projects because of the impact of dams on their existing livelihoods. Using the North Eastern Electric Power Corporation's (NEEPCO) Ranganadi Hydroelectric Project as a case study, our project examined whether dams in Northeast <span class="hlt">India</span> provide jobs for local people, and whether distance from the dam or work colony to a worker's hometown affects the type of job the worker received. Survey data from residents at NEEPCO's work colony in Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, was analyzed using SPSS (n = 18). Our research found that 100% of workers at the dam originally resided in Northeast <span class="hlt">India</span>, with 33% from Arunachal Pradesh, and 67% from the nearby states of Assam, and Tripura. Further, our analysis revealed no statistically significant relationship between the distance to a worker's hometown and job type (p = .609). Where workers come from did not affect the type of job they received. More research using a larger sample size and additional hydroelectric project case studies is needed to further explore the relationship between worker home location and their job types.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3549003','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3549003"><span>Drug-scene familiarity and exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence among residents in a rural farming community in Baja California, Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Volkmann, Tyson; Fraga, Miguel A.; Brodine, Stephanie K.; Iñiguez-Stevens, Esmeralda; Cepeda, Alice; Elder, John P.; Garfein, Richard S.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We examined drug-scene familiarity and exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence among residents of a migrant farming community in rural Baja California, Mexico. In October 2010, 164 members of a single colonia (community) underwent an interviewer-administered survey to assess ‘exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence’ and ‘drug-scene familiarity’, as well as other health indicators. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Overall, 20% of participants were male, the median age was 27 years, 24% spoke an indigenous language, 42% reported exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and 39% reported drug-scene familiarity. Factors independently associated with exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence included being younger (AOR=0.80 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=0.67–0.96), living in the community longer (AOR=1.47 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=1.11–1.72), higher educational attainment (AOR=1.70 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=1.07–1.12), and drug-scene familiarity (AOR=5.10, 95%CI=2.39–10.89). Exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence was very common in this community and was associated with drug-scene familiarity, suggesting a close relationship between drugs and <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in this rural community. In a region characterised by mass migration from poorer parts of Mexico, where drugs and <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have not been previously reported, emerging social harms may affect these communities unless interventions are implemented. PMID:23072623</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247837','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247837"><span>The effect of urban street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities on small area homicide incidence in a large metropolitan county, 1994-2002.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Robinson, Paul L; Boscardin, W John; George, Sheba M; Teklehaimanot, Senait; Heslin, Kevin C; Bluthenthal, Ricky N</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>The presence of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has been hypothesized as influencing overall levels of violence in urban communities through a process of gun-drug diffusion and cross-type homicide. This effect is said to act independently of other known correlates of violence, i.e., neighborhood poverty. To test this hypothesis, we independently assessed the impact of population exposure to local street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities on 8-year homicide rates in small areas of Los Angeles County, California. Homicide data from the Los Angeles County Coroners Office were analyzed with original field survey data on street <span class="hlt">gang</span> locations, while controlling for the established covariates of community homicide rates. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses explicated strong relationships between homicide rates, <span class="hlt">gang</span> density, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic structure. Street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities alone had cumulative effects on small area homicide rates. Local <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities, along with high school dropout rates, high unemployment rates, racial and ethnic concentration, and higher population densities, together explained 90% of the variation in local 8-year homicide rates. Several other commonly considered covariates were insignificant in the model. Urban environments with higher densities of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> exhibited higher overall homicide rates, independent of other community covariates of homicide. The unique nature of street <span class="hlt">gang</span> killings and their greater potential to influence future local rates of violence suggests that more direct public health interventions are needed alongside traditional criminal justice mechanisms to combat urban violence and homicides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Childbirth&pg=5&id=EJ957858','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Childbirth&pg=5&id=EJ957858"><span>Life-Course Events, Social Networks, and the Emergence of Violence among Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fleisher, Mark S.; Krienert, Jessie L.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Using data gathered from a multi-year field study, this article identifies specific life-course events shared by <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated women. <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> emerge as a cultural adaptation or pro-social community response to poverty and racial isolation. Through the use of a social-network approach, data show that violence dramatically increases in the period…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27703682','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27703682"><span>A modified predator-prey model for the interaction of police and <span class="hlt">gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sooknanan, J; Bhatt, B; Comissiong, D M G</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>A modified predator-prey model with transmissible disease in both the predator and prey species is proposed and analysed, with infected prey being more vulnerable to predation and infected predators hunting at a reduced rate. Here, the predators are the police and the prey the <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. In this system, we examine whether police control of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is possible. The system is analysed with the help of stability analyses and numerical simulations. The system has five steady states-four of which involve no core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and one in which all the populations coexist. Thresholds are identified which determine when the predator and prey populations survive and when the disease remains endemic. For parameter values where the spread of disease among the police officers is greater than the death of the police officers, the diseased predator population survives, when it would otherwise become extinct.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5043299','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5043299"><span>A modified predator–prey model for the interaction of police and <span class="hlt">gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sooknanan, J.; Bhatt, B.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A modified predator–prey model with transmissible disease in both the predator and prey species is proposed and analysed, with infected prey being more vulnerable to predation and infected predators hunting at a reduced rate. Here, the predators are the police and the prey the <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. In this system, we examine whether police control of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is possible. The system is analysed with the help of stability analyses and numerical simulations. The system has five steady states—four of which involve no core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and one in which all the populations coexist. Thresholds are identified which determine when the predator and prey populations survive and when the disease remains endemic. For parameter values where the spread of disease among the police officers is greater than the death of the police officers, the diseased predator population survives, when it would otherwise become extinct. PMID:27703682</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927520','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927520"><span>Environmental impact assessment of sand mining from the small catchment <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the southwestern coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>: a case study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sreebha, Sreedharan; Padmalal, Damodaran</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>In the past few decades, the demand for construction grade sand is increasing in many parts of the world due to rapid economic development and subsequent growth of building activities. This, in many of the occasions, has resulted in indiscriminate mining of sand from in-stream and floodplain areas leading to severe damages to the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin environment. The case is rather alarming in the small catchment <span class="hlt">rivers</span> like those draining the southwestern coast of <span class="hlt">India</span> due to limited sand resources in their alluvial reaches. Moreover, lack of adequate information on the environmental impact of <span class="hlt">river</span> sand mining is a major lacuna challenging regulatory efforts in many developing countries. Therefore, a scientific assessment is a pre-requisite in formulating management strategies in the sand mining-hit areas. In this context, a study has been made as a case to address the environmental impact of sand mining from the in-stream and floodplain areas of three important <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the southwestern coast of <span class="hlt">India</span> namely the Chalakudy, Periyar and Muvattupuzha <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, whose lowlands host one of the fast developing urban-cum-industrial centre, the Kochi city. The study reveals that an amount of 11.527 million ty(-1) of sand (8.764 million ty(-1) of in-stream sand and 2.763 million ty(-1) of floodplain sand) is being mined from the midland and lowland reaches of these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> for construction of buildings and other infrastructural facilities in Kochi city and its satellite townships. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) carried out as a part of this investigation shows that the activities associated with mining and processing of sands have not only affected the health of the <span class="hlt">river</span> ecosystems but also degraded its overbank areas to a large extent. Considering the degree of degradation caused by sand mining from these <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, no mining scenario may be opted in the deeper zones of the <span class="hlt">river</span> channels. Also, a set of suggestions are made for the overall improvement of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and its</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EnMan..47..130S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EnMan..47..130S"><span>Environmental Impact Assessment of Sand Mining from the Small Catchment <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> in the Southwestern Coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>: A Case Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sreebha, Sreedharan; Padmalal, Damodaran</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>In the past few decades, the demand for construction grade sand is increasing in many parts of the world due to rapid economic development and subsequent growth of building activities. This, in many of the occasions, has resulted in indiscriminate mining of sand from instream and floodplain areas leading to severe damages to the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin environment. The case is rather alarming in the small catchment <span class="hlt">rivers</span> like those draining the southwestern coast of <span class="hlt">India</span> due to limited sand resources in their alluvial reaches. Moreover, lack of adequate information on the environmental impact of <span class="hlt">river</span> sand mining is a major lacuna challenging regulatory efforts in many developing countries. Therefore, a scientific assessment is a pre-requisite in formulating management strategies in the sand mining-hit areas. In this context, a study has been made as a case to address the environmental impact of sand mining from the instream and floodplain areas of three important <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the southwestern coast of <span class="hlt">India</span> namely the Chalakudy, Periyar and Muvattupuzha <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, whose lowlands host one of the fast developing urban-cum-industrial centre, the Kochi city. The study reveals that an amount of 11.527 million ty-1 of sand (8.764 million ty-1 of instream sand and 2.763 million ty-1 of floodplain sand) is being mined from the midland and lowland reaches of these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> for construction of buildings and other infrastructural facilities in Kochi city and its satellite townships. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) carried out as a part of this investigation shows that the activities associated with mining and processing of sands have not only affected the health of the <span class="hlt">river</span> ecosystems but also degraded its overbank areas to a large extent. Considering the degree of degradation caused by sand mining from these <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, no mining scenario may be opted in the deeper zones of the <span class="hlt">river</span> channels. Also, a set of suggestions are made for the overall improvement of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and its</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC23C1083J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC23C1083J"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta Connectivity Analysis Using New Tools for the Automatic Extraction of Channel Networks from Remotely Sensed Imagery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jarriel, T. M.; Isikdogan, F.; Passalacqua, P.; Bovik, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">River</span> deltas are one of the environmental ecosystems most threatened by climate change and anthropogenic activity. While their low elevation gradients and fertile soil have made them optimal for human inhabitation and diverse ecologic growth, it also makes them susceptible to adverse effects of sea level rise, flooding, subsidence, and manmade structures such as dams, levees, and dikes. One particularly large and threatened delta that is the focus area of this study, is the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta (GBMD) on the southern coast of Bangladesh/West Bengal <span class="hlt">India</span>. In this study we analyze the GBMD channel network, identify areas of maximum change of the network, and use this information to predict how the network will respond under future scenarios. Landsat images of the delta from 1973 to 2017 are analyzed using new tools for the automatic extraction of channel networks from remotely sensed imagery [Isikdogan et al., 2017a, Isikdogan et al., 2017b]. The tools return channel width and channel centerline location at the resolution of the input imagery (30 m). Channel location variance over time is computed using the combined data from 1973 to 2017 and, based on this information, zones of highest change in the system are identified (Figure 1). Network metrics measuring characteristics of the delta's channels and islands are calculated for each year of the study and compared to the variance results in order to identify what metrics capture this change. These results provide both a method to identify zones of the GBMD that are currently experiencing the most change, as well as a means to predict what areas of the delta will experience network changes in the future. This information will be useful for informing coastal sustainability decisions about what areas of such a large and complex network should be the focus of remediation and mitigation efforts. Isikdogan, F., A. Bovik, P. Passalacqua (2017a), RivaMap: An Automated <span class="hlt">River</span> Analysis and Mapping Engine, Remote</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25077654','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25077654"><span>Statistical, time series, and fractal analysis of full stretch of <span class="hlt">river</span> Yamuna (<span class="hlt">India</span>) for water quality management.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Parmar, Kulwinder Singh; Bhardwaj, Rashmi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">River</span> water is a major resource of drinking water on earth. Management of <span class="hlt">river</span> water is highly needed for surviving. Yamuna is the main <span class="hlt">river</span> of <span class="hlt">India</span>, and monthly variation of water quality of <span class="hlt">river</span> Yamuna, using statistical methods have been compared at different sites for each water parameters. Regression, correlation coefficient, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), box-Jenkins, residual autocorrelation function (ACF), residual partial autocorrelation function (PACF), lag, fractal, Hurst exponent, and predictability index have been estimated to analyze trend and prediction of water quality. Predictive model is useful at 95% confidence limits and all water parameters reveal platykurtic curve. Brownian motion (true random walk) behavior exists at different sites for BOD, AMM, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Quality of Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span> water at Hathnikund is good, declines at Nizamuddin, Mazawali, Agra D/S, and regains good quality again at Juhikha. For all sites, almost all parameters except potential of hydrogen (pH), water temperature (WT) crosses the prescribed limits of World Health Organization (WHO)/United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6509422','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6509422"><span>[Rape by 2 assaillants and <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape in Montreal].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lamontagne, Y; Boyer, R; Lamontagne, C; Giroux, J</p> <p>1984-11-01</p> <p>A survey was conducted in 230 cases of rape and rape attempts heard in the Judicial District of Montreal between January 1975 and May 1978. Data were compiled from the 30 assaults including two or more assaillants. Results show that in cases of rape committed by two men the aggressors are older than <span class="hlt">gang</span> rapists, meet the victim mainly in her flat or in a bar, and rape her in her own home, in a car or a hotel. In these cases, voyeurism seems to be an important factor since, most of the time, rape is committed by only one of the two aggressors. On the other hand, <span class="hlt">gang</span> rapists are younger, meet the victim in public places, on the street or when she is hitch-hiking and attack her in one of the aggressors' house, in public places or on the street. Exhibitionism seems more present in this group of rapists. For both groups the victims are mainly single, younger than the aggressors and have diverse occupations. Finally, regarding the legal outcome half of the subjects were liberated or acquitted in both groups. Rape committed by two men had never been studied or compared with <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape up until now. Results of this survey show dynamic and demographic differences between these two groups of sexual delinquents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285206','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285206"><span>Genotoxicity of the Musi <span class="hlt">River</span> (Hyderabad, <span class="hlt">India</span>) investigated with the VITOTOX test.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vijayashree, B; Ahuja, Y R; Regniers, L; Rao, V; Verschaeve, L</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The bacterial VITOTOX genotoxicity test was used to screen water samples collected from three different stations along the banks of the <span class="hlt">river</span> Musi, in Hyderabad, <span class="hlt">India</span>. Water was collected at three stations that differed from each other in the nature of the surrounding industrial and other activities. A number of different pollutants were also measured in water, soil and air samples. The three stations were found highly polluted and different with regard to the genotoxicity and toxicity of their samples. These results demonstrate the need for further biological studies in this area to generate valuable data on genomic instability, risk assessment of cancer, and to provide avenues for risk management.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=violence+AND+marketing&pg=2&id=EJ411652','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=violence+AND+marketing&pg=2&id=EJ411652"><span>Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> Are Big Business--And Growing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Harrington-Lueker, Donna</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Highlights findings from a study by Irving Spergel of <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in 45 cities. Ronald Stephen, executive director of the National School Safety Center, cites an increase in drug-marketing and violence and advises educators to be aware of what is going on, establish rapport with community groups, and enlist the support of students. (MLF)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED445470.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED445470.pdf"><span>Interagency Collaboration with High-Risk <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Okamoto, Scott K.</p> <p></p> <p>This article describes the results of a study on interagency collaboration required to make major systemic changes in order to address the needs of emotionally and behaviorally disturbed youth. Interviews were conducted with practitioners from a cross-section of agencies that worked with high-risk <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth. The intent was to examine both the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40253','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40253"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> of Chicago: Perceptions of crime and its effect on the recreation behavior of Latino residents in urban communities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Monika Stodolska; Juan Carlos Acevedo; Kimberly J. Shinew</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Perception of safety is an important factor affecting the leisure behavior of Latinos residing in urban neighborhoods. Yet research on how fear of crime and fear of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in particular affect leisure of ethnic and racial minorities is underdeveloped. The objectives of this study are to examine how <span class="hlt">gangs</span> operate in recreation spaces in Latino neighborhoods, how <span class="hlt">gangs</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.U21A..05S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.U21A..05S"><span>Between Sunda subduction and Himalayan collision: fertility, people and earthquakes on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seeber, L.; Steckler, M. S.; Akhter, S. H.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Gale, J.; McHugh, C. M.; Ferguson, E. K.; Mondal, D. R.; Paola, C.; Reitz, M. D.; Wilson, C.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A foreland (<span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) and a suture (Brahmaputra) <span class="hlt">river</span>, which both drain the Himalaya, have coalesced to form <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD), the world's largest. The GBD progrades along the continental margin, coupled with an advancing subduction to collision transition, deforming the delta as it grows. A better understanding of this time-transgressive system is urgent now that humans are increasing their forcing of the system and exposure to environmental hazards. Among these, earthquake risk is rapidly growing as people move from rural settings into expanding cities, creating unprecedented exposure. The megathrust 1950 M8.7 earthquake in Assam occurred during the monsoon and released 10x the annual sediment load, causing progradation at the coast and a pulse of <span class="hlt">river</span> widening that propagated downstream. The 1762 M8.8(?) along the Arakan coast extended into the shelf of the delta where coastal tsunami deposits have been identified recently. These events bracket a segment with no credible historic megathrust earthquakes, but could affect far more people. Geodetic and geologic data along this 300 km boundary facing the GBD show oblique contraction. The subaerial accretionary prism (Burma Ranges) is up to 250 km wide with a blind thrust front that reaches ½ way across the delta. The GPS convergence rate of 14 mm/y is consistent with large displacements and long interseismic times, which can account for lack of historic ruptures, but also the potential for catastrophic events. Active folds and shallow thrust earthquakes point to an additional threat from upper-plate seismicity. Much of the current seismicity is in the lower-plate and reaches as far west as Dhaka; it may pose an immediate threat. The folds, and the uplift and subsidence patterns also influence the courses of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. North of the delta, the Shillong plateau is a huge basement cored anticline bounded by the north-dipping Dauki thrust fault. 7 mm/y of N-S shortening and 5 km of structural relief here</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED319149.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED319149.pdf"><span>Substance Abuse among Juvenile Delinquents and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members. Prevention Research Update Number Six, Spring 1990.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Pollard, John A.; Austin, Gregory A.</p> <p></p> <p>There is a strong statistical correlation between delinquency activity level and the level of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in adolescents. A strong association between drug use, drug trafficking, and youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has also emerged. However, several important questions concerning the relationship of delinquency, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and AOD use…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2683018','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2683018"><span>THE PATH AND PROMISE OF FATHERHOOD FOR <span class="hlt">GANG</span> MEMBERS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; MacKenzie, Kathleen; Hunt, Geoffrey; Joe-Laidler, Karen</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>While an increase in research on criminal desistance has occurred in recent years, little research has been applied to the <span class="hlt">gang</span> field. Using qualitative interview data, this article examines fatherhood as a potential turning point in the lives of 91 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the San Francisco Bay Area. Fatherhood initiated important subjective and affective transformations that led to changes in outlook, priorities and future orientation. However, these subjective changes were not sufficient unless accompanied by two additional features: first, changes in the amount of time spent on the streets and, second, an ability to support oneself or one’s family with legal income. Though fatherhood is no panacea, becoming a father did act as an important turning point toward desistance and motivator for change for some. PMID:20046970</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21600.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21600.html"><span>Windblown Sand in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-04-25</p> <p>Dark, windblown sand covers intricate sedimentary rock layers in this image captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) from <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma, a canyon in the Valles Marineris system. These features are at once familiar and unusual to those familiar with Earth's beaches and deserts. Most sand dunes on Earth are made of silica-rich sand, giving them a light color; these Martian dunes owe their dark color to the iron and magnesium-rich sand found in the region. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21600</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23761165','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23761165"><span>Spatio-temporal variation in the hydrochemistry of Tawa <span class="hlt">River</span>, Central <span class="hlt">India</span>: effect of natural and anthropogenic factors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mehto, Ashwini; Chakrapani, G J</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Tawa <span class="hlt">River</span> is the biggest left bank tributary of the Narmada, the largest west-flowing <span class="hlt">river</span> of the Indian peninsula. Central <span class="hlt">India</span> enjoys a tropical climate, is highly urbanized, and the <span class="hlt">river</span> flow is mostly controlled by monsoon; a large part of the population depend on <span class="hlt">rivers</span> for their livelihood. Spatial and temporal variations in the hydrochemistry of the Tawa <span class="hlt">River</span> were studied based on seasonal sampling along the course of the <span class="hlt">river</span> and its tributaries. The study is important because not much data exist on small size <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and the <span class="hlt">river</span> processes spell out correctly in smaller basins. The monsoon season accounts for more than 70% of <span class="hlt">river</span> water flow. The basin is characterized by silicate lithology; however, water chemistry is controlled by carbonate-rich soils and other weathering products of the silicate rocks, as indicated by the high (Ca + Mg)/(Na + K) ratios (>3.8). The values of the Na-normalized ratios of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and HCO₃(-) suggest that both the carbonate and silicate lithology contribute to the hydrochemistry. On average, 42% of HCO₃(-) in the Tawa <span class="hlt">River</span> water is contributed by silicate weathering and 58% from carbonate lithology. The water remains undersaturated with respect to calcite during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and supersaturated during the pre-monsoon season. A significant influence of mining in the basin and other industrial units is observed in water chemical composition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25183514','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25183514"><span>Sacred <span class="hlt">rivers</span>: their spiritual significance in Hindu religion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The ancient civilizations in <span class="hlt">India</span>, China, Egypt and Mesopotamia have flourished due to large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> that provided water for agriculture over millennia. Egypt was able to grow well because of the Nile. Similarly, Mesopotamia had two <span class="hlt">rivers</span> namely the Tigris and the Euphrates. Likewise, <span class="hlt">India</span> and China have several great <span class="hlt">rivers</span> that continue to support the agrarian culture. This article discusses the sacred significance of <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the ancient and contemporary Indian culture with examples from popular Hindu scriptures. It also presents the ancient model of an eco-friendly check dam and its modern application with potential to mitigate future water-related problems across the drylands of <span class="hlt">India</span> and elsewhere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1264N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1264N"><span>Food and Nutrition Security Trends, Determinants and Challenges in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nilsen, K.; van Soesbergen, A.; Matthews, Z.; Burgess, N.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In the last 20 years many developing countries have made considerable progress towards improving food security and nutrition. However, progress across countries and dimensions of food security have been uneven. While challenges to food security in the context of environmental and climate changes have been studied widely, limited evidence exists for their implications for food and nutrition security in tropical deltaic regions. Delta areas are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity and malnutrition due the specific environmental, climatic and human development factors affecting agricultural production and fisheries. These include coastal flooding and storm surges, deforestation, changes to <span class="hlt">river</span> flow patterns and water tables, increased soil salinity and water quality degradation. Due to the large number of people living in deltaic regions and their importance in regional food production, there is a pressing need for a better understanding on how environmental factors affect food security and malnutrition. This study explores the potential impacts and challenges posed by environmental and climate change on food and nutrition security in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra delta. This delta is one of the world's largest delta's draining land from Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, <span class="hlt">India</span> and Nepal. The delta makes up around two thirds of the country of Bangladesh, a country facing high levels of child undernutrition, child mortality and a high number of people living under extreme poverty. By combining spatially explicit data from the 2007 and 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Bangladesh with satellite remote sensing data (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) for relevant growing seasons of rice, the strength of association between this climate related environmental variable and indicators of child nutrition (wasting and stunting) in the delta were evaluated. Our results show that NDVI for the growing season of rice can be used to determine trends in rice production</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMEP54B..01S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMEP54B..01S"><span>Global Overview On Delivery Of Sediment To The Coast From Tropical <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Syvitski, J. P.; Kettner, A. J.; Brakenridge, G. R.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Depending on definition, the tropics occupy between 16% and 19% of the earth's land surface, and discharge ~18.5% of the earth's fluvial water runoff. These flow regimes are driven by three types of sub-regional climate: rainforest, monsoon, and savannah. Even though the tropics include extreme precipitation events, particularly for the SE Asian islands, the general rainfall pattern alternates between wet and dry seasons as the ITCZ follows the sun and where annual monsoonal rain occurs. ITCZ convective rainfall is the dominant style of precipitation but this can be influenced by rare intra-tropical cyclone events, and by atmospheric <span class="hlt">river</span> events set up by strong monsoonal conditions. Though a rainy season is normal (for example, portions of <span class="hlt">India</span> discharge in summer may reach 50 times that of winter), the actual rainfall events are in the form of short bursts of precipitation (hours to days) separated by periods of dry (hours to weeks). Some areas of the tropics receive more than 100 thunderstorms per year. <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> respond to this punctuated weather by seasonal flooding. For the smaller island nations and locales (e.g. Indonesia, Philippines, Borneo, Hainan, PNG, Madagascar, Hawaii, Taiwan) flash floods are common. Larger tropical <span class="hlt">river</span> systems (Niger, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, Congo, Amazon, Orinoco, Magdalena) show typical seasonally modulated discharges. The sediment flux from tropical <span class="hlt">rivers</span> is approximately 17% to 19% of the global total - however individual <span class="hlt">river</span> basins offer a wide range in sediment yields reflecting highly variable differences in their hinterland lithology, tectonic activity and volcanism, land-sliding, and relief. Human influences also greatly influence the range for tropical <span class="hlt">river</span> sediment yield. Some SE Asian <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> continue to be greatly affected by deforestation, road construction, and monoculture plantations. Sediment flux is more than twice the pre-Anthropocene flux in many of these SE Asian countries, especially where dams and reservoir</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.193..125S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.193..125S"><span>Evaluation of WRF PBL parameterization schemes against direct observations during a dry event over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> valley</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sathyanadh, Anusha; Prabha, Thara V.; Balaji, B.; Resmi, E. A.; Karipot, Anandakumar</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Accurate representations of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are important in all weather forecast systems, especially in simulations of turbulence, wind and air quality in the lower atmosphere. In the present study, detailed observations from the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment - Integrated Ground based Observational Campaign (CAIPEEX-IGOC) 2014 comprising of the complete surface energy budget and detailed boundary layer observations are used to validate Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations over a diverse terrain over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> valley region, Uttar Pradesh, <span class="hlt">India</span>. A drying event in June 2014 associated with a heat wave is selected for validation.Six local and nonlocal PBL schemes from WRF at 1 km resolution are compared with hourly observations during the diurnal cycle. Near-surface observations of weather parameters, radiation components and eddy covariance fluxes from micrometeorological tower, and profiles of variables from microwave radiometer, and radiosonde observations are used for model evaluations. Models produce a warmer, drier surface layer with higher wind speed, sensible heat flux and temperature than observations. Layered boundary layer dynamics, including the residual layer structure as illustrated in the observations over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> valley are missed in the model, which lead to deeper mixed layers and excessive drying.Although it is difficult to identify any single scheme as the best, the qualitative and quantitative analyses for the entire study period and overall reproducibility of the observations indicate that the MYNN2 simulations describe lower errors and more realistic simulation of spatio-temporal variations in the boundary layer height.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=familia&pg=4&id=ED493792','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=familia&pg=4&id=ED493792"><span>Literacy and Advocacy in Adolescent Family, <span class="hlt">Gang</span>, School, and Juvenile Court Communities: "Crip 4 Life"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Debra; Whitmore, Kathryn F.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The goal of this book is to encourage educators and researchers to understand the complexities of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' lives in order to rethink their assumptions about these students in school. The particular objective is to situate four <span class="hlt">gang</span> members as literate, caring students from loving families whose identities and literacy keep them on…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED368813.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED368813.pdf"><span>Multiculturalism as a Policy for Disarming <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence in Communities at Large and in Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Clark, Christine; Jenkins, Morris</p> <p></p> <p>Those who try to deal with violence in U.S. communities and schools have tended to concentrate on suppression of violence, rather than real prevention, particularly as violence is associated with youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. This discussion focuses on multiculturalism as a policy for reducing <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, rather than strategies that have been used to deal with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21922685','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21922685"><span>Beyond water, beyond boundaries: spaces of water management in the Krishna <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, South <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Venot, Jean-Philippe; Bharati, Luna; Giordano, Mark; Molle, François</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>As demand and competition for water resources increase, the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin has become the primary unit for water management and planning. While appealing in principle, practical implementation of <span class="hlt">river</span> basin management and allocation has often been problematic. This paper examines the case of the Krishna basin in South <span class="hlt">India</span>. It highlights that conflicts over basin water are embedded in a broad reality of planning and development where multiple scales of decisionmaking and non-water issues are at play. While this defines the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin as a disputed "space of dependence", the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin has yet to acquire a social reality. It is not yet a "space of engagement" in and for which multiple actors take actions. This explains the endurance of an interstate dispute over the sharing of the Krishna waters and sets limits to what can be achieved through further basin water allocation and adjudication mechanisms – tribunals – that are too narrowly defined. There is a need to extend the domain of negotiation from that of a single <span class="hlt">river</span> basin to multiple scales and to non-water sectors. Institutional arrangements for basin management need to internalise the political spaces of the Indian polity: the states and the panchayats. This re-scaling process is more likely to shape the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin as a space of engagement in which partial agreements can be iteratively renegotiated, and constitute a promising alternative to the current interstate stalemate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20006268-himalayan-uplift-osmium-isotopes-oceans-rivers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20006268-himalayan-uplift-osmium-isotopes-oceans-rivers"><span>Himalayan uplift and osmium isotopes in oceans and <span class="hlt">rivers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sharma, M.; Wasserburg, G.J.; Hofmann, A.W.</p> <p>1999-12-01</p> <p>Previous studies have shown that {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os in seawater has become increasingly radiogenic over the last 409 Ma in a manner analogous to strontium. This rapid rise in the marine {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os over the last 17 Ma has been attributed to an increase in the bulk silicate weathering rates resulting from the rise of the Himalayas and/or selective weathering and erosion of highly radiogenic organic rich ancient sediments. The key test of this hypothesis is the {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os and the total osmium concentration of the Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. The authors report the concentration and isotopic composition of osmiummore » in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, the Brahmaputra, and the Indus <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. The {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> close to its source (at Kaudiyal) is 2.65 and [Os] = 45 fM/kg. A second sample of the lower reaches of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> at Patna gives {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os = 1.59 and [Os] = 171 fM/kg. The {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of the Brahmaputra at Guwahati is 1.07 and [Os] = 52 fM/kg. A sample of the Indus (Besham) has a {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of 1.2 and [Os] = 59 fM/kg. The authors infer that the Himalayas do not provide either a high flow of osmium of a highly radiogenic osmium component to the oceans. The overall trend for osmium and strontium could be explained by a regularly increasing input of global continental weathering sources but the Himalayas themselves appear not to be the dominant source.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency&pg=5&id=EJ937780','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency&pg=5&id=EJ937780"><span>Brief Report: Do Delinquency and Community Violence Exposure Explain Internalizing Problems in Early Adolescent <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Madan, Anjana; Mrug, Sylvie; Windle, Michael</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are at higher risk for internalizing problems as well as exposure to community violence and delinquency. This study examined whether <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in early adolescence is associated with internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior) and whether these associations are mediated by delinquency and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013InPhT..58...21G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013InPhT..58...21G"><span>Characterization of minerals in natural and manufactured sand in Cauvery <span class="hlt">River</span> belt, Tamilnadu, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gnanasaravanan, S.; Rajkumar, P.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>The present study investigates the characterization of minerals in the <span class="hlt">River</span> Sand (R - Sand) and the Manufactured sand (M-Sand) through FTIR spectroscopic studies. The R - Sand is collected from seven different locations in Cauvery <span class="hlt">River</span> and M - Sand is collected from eight different manufactures around the Cauvery <span class="hlt">River</span> belt in Salem, Erode, Tirupur and Namakkal districts of Tamilnadu, <span class="hlt">India</span>. To extend the effectiveness of the analysis, the samples were subjected to grain size separation to classify the bulk samples into different grain sizes. All the samples were analyzed using FTIR spectrometer. The number of minerals identified with the help of FTIR spectra in overall (bulk) samples of R - Sand is 14 and of M - Sand is 13. The number has been increased while going for grain size separation, i.e., from 14 to 31 for R - Sand and from 13 to 20 for M - Sand. Among all minerals, quartz plays a major role. The relative distribution and the crystallinity nature of quartz have been discussed based on the extinction co-efficient and the crystallinity index values computed. There is no major variation found in M - Sand while going for grain size separation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24027928','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24027928"><span>Fish communities and trophic metrics as measures of ecological degradation: a case study in the tributaries of the <span class="hlt">river</span> Ganga basin, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dubey, Vineet Kumar; Sarkar, Uttam Kumar; Pandey, Ajay; Lakra, Wazir Singh</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>In <span class="hlt">India</span>, freshwater aquatic resources are suffering from increasing human population, urbanization and shortage of all kind of natural resources like water. To mitigate this, all the major <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have been planned for a <span class="hlt">river</span>-interlinking through an interlinking canal system under a huge scheme; yet, the baseline information on ecological conditions of those tropical <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and their fish communities is lacking at present. In view of that, the present study was undertaken to assess the ecological condition by comparing the trophic metrics of the fish community, conservation status and water chemistry of the two tropical <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of the Ganga basin, from October 2007 to November 2009. The analysis of trophic niches of the available fish species indicated dominancy of carnivorous (19 species) in <span class="hlt">river</span> Ken and omnivorous (23 species) in Betwa. The trophic level score of carnivorous species was recorded similar (33.33%) in both <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, whereas omnivorous species were mostly found in Betwa (36.51%) than Ken (28.07%). Relatively undisturbed sites of Betwa (B1, B2 and B3) and Ken (K2, K3 and K5) were characterized by diverse fish fauna and high richness of threatened species. The higher mean trophic level scores were recorded at B4 of Betwa and K4 of Ken. The Bray-Curtis index for trophic level identified the carnivorous species (> 0.32) as an indicator species for pollution. Anthropogenic exposure, reflected in water quality as well as in fish community structure, was found higher especially in the lower stretches of both <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. Our results suggest the importance of trophic metrics on fish community, for ecological conditions evaluation, which enables predictions on the effect of future morphodynamic changes (in the post-interlinking phases), and provide a framework and reference condition to support restoration efforts of relatively altered fish habitats in tropical <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of <span class="hlt">India</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=application+AND+theory+AND+reasoned+AND+action&id=EJ505933','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=application+AND+theory+AND+reasoned+AND+action&id=EJ505933"><span>Understanding Violence in Contemporary and Earlier <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: An Exploratory Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Evans, Judy P.; Taylor, Jerome</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Reviews the theory of reasoned action to demonstrate how it can be applied to understanding <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and illustrates its potential applicability to a pilot sample of 30 contemporary and 18 earlier <span class="hlt">gangs</span> living in a large metropolitan community. Results indicate this theory has been helpful in explaining higher levels of violence in…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC41F1144N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC41F1144N"><span>Comparing and contrasting observed adaptations in three deltas: the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Meghna-Brahmaputra, Mahanadi and Volta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nicholls, R. J.; Suckall, N.; Mensah, A.; Mondal, S.; Dey, S.; Hazra, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In low and middle-income countries, many deltaic communities directly depend on the natural environment for income and well-being. Current environmental concerns that threaten deltaic communities, such as increasing salinity, sedimentation, erosion and subsidence are likely to be exacerbated by climate change and variability, for example sea-level rise, increased storminess and rising temperatures. Such changes, along with other social and environmental stressors, mean that communities must adapt. This paper outlines findings of a systematic review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature that examines observed adaptations in three deltas of differing sizes in various geographical contexts: the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Meghna-Brahmaputra in <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh, the Mahanadi in <span class="hlt">India</span>, and the Volta in Ghana. It compares and contrasts various elements of observed adaptations, including who is driving the adaptation, the beneficiaries, barriers to participation and evidence for maladaptation. The predominant drivers of adaptation vary from government (at state level in <span class="hlt">India</span> and national level in Bangladesh) and NGOs (in Ghana). Autonomous adaptations are not widely reported in the literature from any of the deltas. In all three deltas there is a focus on supporting adaptation in farming rather than fishing; despite the fact that fisheries contribute to local food security as well as national economies. Lack of access to financial, natural, physical and human capital are common barriers to adaptation in all three deltas. Additionally the Indian literature in particular highlights the lack of coordination between different government departments, coupled with an excessively top-down (state-driven) approach to adaptation. Maladaptation is most commonly reported in the literature from Bangladesh, for example, loss of employment of inland fishermen in embanked areas. The paper concludes by highlighting some of the implications of these findings for adaptation policy in deltas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29582263','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29582263"><span>Heavy metal speciation, leaching and toxicity status of a tropical rain-fed <span class="hlt">river</span> Damodar, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pal, Divya; Maiti, Subodh Kumar</p> <p>2018-03-26</p> <p>Speciations of metals were assessed in a tropical rain-fed <span class="hlt">river</span>, flowing through the highly economically important part of the <span class="hlt">India</span>. The pattern of distribution of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were evaluated in water and sediment along with mineralogical characterization, changes with different water quality parameters and their respective health hazard to the local population along the Damodar <span class="hlt">River</span> basin during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The outcome of the speciation analysis using MINTEQ indicated that free metal ions, carbonate, chloride and sulfate ions were predominantly in anionic inorganic fractions, while in cationic inorganic fractions metal loads were negligible. Metals loads were higher in sediment phase than in the aqueous phase. The estimated values of I geo in <span class="hlt">river</span> sediment during both the seasons showed that most of the metals were found in the I geo class 0-1 which represents unpolluted to moderately polluted sediment status. The result of partition coefficient indicated the strong retention capability of Cr, Pb, Co and Mn, while Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni have resilient mobility capacity. The mineralogical analysis of sediment samples indicated that in Damodar <span class="hlt">River</span>, quartz, kaolinite and calcite minerals were dominantly present. The hazard index values of Cd, Co and Cr were > 1 in <span class="hlt">river</span> water, which suggested potential health risk for the children. A combination of pragmatic, computational and statistical relationship between ionic species and fractions of metals represented a strong persuasion for identifying the alikeness among the different sites of the <span class="hlt">river</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=taylor+t+b&id=EJ910284','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=taylor+t+b&id=EJ910284"><span>Evaluation and Evolution of the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Esbensen, Finn-Aage; Peterson, Dana; Taylor, Terrance J.; Freng, Adrienne; Osgood, D. Wayne; Carson, Dena C.; Matsuda, Kristy N.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program is a <span class="hlt">gang</span>- and delinquency-prevention program delivered by law enforcement officers within a school setting. Originally designed in 1991 by Phoenix-area law enforcement agencies to address local needs, the program quickly spread across the United States. In this article, we describe…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.1145G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.1145G"><span>Isotope provenance of Eastern Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> draining to the south into <span class="hlt">India</span>, Nepal and Bhutan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gemignani, Lorenzo; Wijbrans, Jan; Najman, Yani; van der Beek, Peter</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p> Arakan belt and the Shillong plateau, have been collected in the Arunachal Pradesh and Assam regions of the North-east <span class="hlt">India</span>. The sampling work, and subsequent 40Ar/39Ar dating of single-grain micas, are used to determine provenance source area exhumation to obtain an overview of the age and the tectonic processes that have driven the exhumation of the Himalayan syntaxes in the late Neogene exhumation history. At a later stage the focus will be on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> drainage system to obtain a more detailed overview of the processes laid by the late stage of the exhumation of the Eastern Himalaya. In this scenario is it possible to assume a Neogene rapid exhumation of the eastern syntaxis or is simply the effect of dilution which prevents the young ages doing to high erosion rate affecting the Namche Barwa from the last millions of years. How is the distribution of the syntaxis signal's in the main Siang and Brahmaputra drainage system at different position upstream and downstream, and how this aspect is related with influence of the main Himalayan tributaries, are questions to investigate.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816613K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816613K"><span>Contribution of Sediment Compaction/Loading to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Bangladesh Delta Subsidence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karpytchev, Mikhail; Krien, Yann; Ballu, Valerie; Becker, Melanie; Calmant, Stephane; Spada, Giorgio; Guo, Junyi; Khan, Zahirul; Shum, Ck</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>A pronounced spatial variability characterizes the subsidence/uplift rates in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Bangladesh delta estimated from both sediment cores and modern geodetic techniques. The large variability of the subsidence rates suggests an interplay of different natural and anthropogenic processes including tectonics, sediment loading and sediment compaction, groundwater extaction among many others drivers of the delta vertical land movements.In this study, we focus on estimating the subsidence rates due to the sediments transported by the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra since the last 18 000 years. The delta subsidence induced by the sediment loading and the resulting sea level changes are modelled by the TABOO and SELEN software (Spada, 2003; Stocchi and Spada, 2007) in the framework of a gravitationally self-consistent Earth model. The loading history was obtained from available sediment cores and from the isopach map of Goodbread and Kuehl (2000). The results demonstrate that the delta loading enhanced by the Holocene sedimention can be responsable for a regular subsidence across the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra delta with an amplitude of 1-5 mm/yr along the Bengal coast. These estimates demonstrate that the contribution of the Holocene as well as modern sediment loading should be taken into account in climate change mitigation politicy for Bangladesh.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29925273','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29925273"><span>Triclosan - an antibacterial compound in water, sediment and fish of <span class="hlt">River</span> Gomti, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nag, Subir Kumar; Das Sarkar, Soma; Manna, Sanjib Kumar</p> <p>2018-06-20</p> <p>Triclosan (TCS), the antibacterial agent commonly used in personal care products is highly toxic to aquatic lives particularly algae, zooplankton and fish. It is bio-accumulative and has endocrine disruptive properties. In this present study, we monitored the occurrence of TCS in water, sediment and fish samples collected from stretch of about 450 km of <span class="hlt">River</span> Gomti, a major tributary of <span class="hlt">River</span> Ganga, in <span class="hlt">India</span>. An isocratic reversed-phase HPLC method was standardized for determination of TCS in samples. In water, TCS was detected in the range of 1.1-9.65 μg/l while in sediments the level was 5.11-50.36 μg/kg. It was also found in fishes of different species in concentrations ranging from 13 to 1040 μg/kg on wet weight basis. However, estimated daily intake of TCS through contaminated fish was much below the acceptable daily intake (50 μg/kg body wt/day) and thus safe from human health hazard point of view.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27538745','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27538745"><span>Gender Norms and Age-Disparate Sexual Relationships as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Violence, and Risky Sex among Adolescent <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nydegger, Liesl A; DiFranceisco, Wayne; Quinn, Katherine; Dickson-Gomez, Julia</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Unequal gender norms and age-disparate sexual relationships can lead to power imbalances and are also associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual coercion and violence, and sexual risk behaviors. The present study examined these variables from both victim and perpetrator perspectives among adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Age-disparate sexual relationships were defined as sex partners 5 or more years older among female participants and 5 or more years younger among male participants. Participants were recruited from a mid-sized Midwestern city and completed a 60-90-min audio computer-assisted self-interview in a community-based setting. Participants in this study included 107 female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (68 % African-American, 19 % Latina; mean age, 17.6) and 169 male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (62 % African-American, 28 % Latino; mean age, 17.7). As hypothesized, endorsing unequal gender norms toward women was significantly related to IPV victimization among female participants and perpetration among male participants, and engagement in group sex in the past month among both female and male participants (ps < 0.05). Additionally, unequal gender norms were significantly related to male participants' perpetrating rape (p < 0.05). As hypothesized, female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to have experienced more IPV and report being raped and males <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who had age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to perpetrate IPV in the past year and perpetrate rape (ps < 0.05). Age-disparate sexual relationships were also significantly related to being <span class="hlt">gang</span> raped among female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and participating in a <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape among male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, and engaging in group sex among both female and male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (ps < 0.05). Female participants who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were more likely to have been pregnant (ps < 0.05). It is essential for researchers and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25053256','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25053256"><span>Whose problem is it anyway? Crimes against women in <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Himabindu, B L; Arora, Radhika; Prashanth, N S</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The recent public outcry following a brutal <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape of a young woman in <span class="hlt">India</span>'s national capital was a watershed moment in the world's largest democracy. It generated widespread public and political support for strengthening legal provisions to punish sex offenders. Although the legal response is a useful deterrent against such heinous crimes, women continue to suffer due to deeply rooted social prejudices that make them vulnerable to violence and discrimination in society. In this commentary, we aim to analyse the current developments with respect to gender violence in <span class="hlt">India</span> within a background of the social position of women in Indian society. Using secondary data related to sex-selective abortions and crimes against women, and a critical review of the portrayal of women in Indian cinema, we reflect on the role of health workers, researchers and public health professionals in shaping a social response towards improving gender parity in our country.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26210608','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26210608"><span>Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Bharalu <span class="hlt">River</span>, a tributary of the <span class="hlt">River</span> Brahmaputra in Guwahati, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hussain, Karishma; Balachandran, S; Rafiqul Hoque, Raza</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Analysis of riverine sediments offers important information regarding anthropogenic activities in the adjacent watershed. In this study, we provide polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels, their possible sources and potential hazards in the Bharalu tributary of the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> flowing through Guwahati city in <span class="hlt">India</span>. The USEPA's 16 priority PAHs were determined in <span class="hlt">river</span> bank sediments during two distinct seasons viz. pre- and post-monsoon. The ∑PAHs concentrations varied between 338 and 23,100 ng g(-1) during post-monsoon and between 609 and 8620 ng g(-1) during pre-monsoon. Mean benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) levels were between 17.8 ± 12 and 21.9 ± 27 ng g(-1) during post- and pre-monsoon seasons respectively. Spatial variations were observed. Interestingly, bank sediment samples from the sites near the confluence of the Bharalu <span class="hlt">River</span> with the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> were found to have maximum concentrations of PAHs during post-monsoon season. The profile of the PAHs was dominated by 3-, 4- and 6-ring compounds. We estimated hazards of PAHs as RQ∑PAHs, which showed seasonal variation: 3 times higher during post-monsoon than pre-monsoon. 3-and 4-ring PAHs were the major PAHs of concern. The Bharalu <span class="hlt">River</span> sediment was found to pose medium to high hazards to ecosystem. The individual PAHs including Acy, Phen and Pyr were observed with RQ(MPCs) value >1 indicating severe hazards during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season. A very high percentage of coefficient of variation (CV) for PAHs during post-monsoon also revealed great variation in hazards and sources in this season. The diagnostic ratios indicated both petrogenic and pyrogenic origin of the PAHs. The pyrogenic contributions were mainly attributed to emissions from diesel, gasoline and wood combustion which are mainly from anthropogenic sources. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=school+AND+violence&id=EJ1022787','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=school+AND+violence&id=EJ1022787"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, School Violence, and the Mediating Effects of Risk and Protective Behaviors in California High Schools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez, Jr.; Gilreath, Tamika D.; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>There is insufficient empirical evidence exploring associations between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence behaviors. Using a sample of 272,863 high school students, this study employs a structural equation model to examine how school risk and protective behaviors and attitudes mediate effects of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' involvement with school violence…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA541897','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA541897"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Guerrillas: Ideas from Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT In a discussion at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, it became apparent that there were...Lieutenant Commander, US Navy, Masters Student in the Defense Analysis Department, Naval Postgraduate School Hy Rothstein, Senior Lecturer, Defense...NPS-DA-11-001 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA <span class="hlt">GANGS</span> AND GUERRILLAS: Ideas from Counterinsurgency And Counterterrorism Edited</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23B2027S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23B2027S"><span>Sensitivity of the Freshwater Plume to Winds in the Bay of Bengal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sandeep, K. K.; Pant, V.; Rao, A. D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The role of winds in determining the dispersal pattern of freshwater plume in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is investigated by using a high resolution three dimensional Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) with realistic coastline and bathymetry. In the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal (BoB) receives substantial freshwater by excess precipitation over evaporation and <span class="hlt">river</span> runoff. Major <span class="hlt">rivers</span> like <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Irrawaddy discharge freshwater volume in range between 1.5 x 1012 m3 and 1.83 x 1013 m3. About three-fourths of all riverine influx into the BoB occurs during the summer monsoon period from May until September. Multiple experiments are carried out with idealized winds replicating the seasonal wind patterns in the study region. Idealized winds of 8ms-1 with directions as southwesterly, southeasterly, northeasterly, and northerly used to force the model. Monthly climatology of <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge from the seven major <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the domain are included by identifying their geographic locations. Model simulations show distinct behavioural patterns of the dispersal of riverine freshwater plumes in response to the direction of idealized winds. Comparison of different idealized experiments show the largest variability of the transport pathways in the northern BoB, where the largest freshwater volume is discharged through the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra. Freshwater pool remains bounded to the northern-northeastern boundary of the BoB when forced with southwesterly winds, whereas the northeasterly winds produce a remarkable southward transport of freshwater along the east coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>. These signatures of low salinity waters along the east coast of <span class="hlt">India</span> have also been observed in observations during October-November. Further, the southeasterly winds produce strong mixing of low saline waters in the northern BoB. The northerly wind stress, however, limits the channelized flow of riverine freshwater either through the eastern or western</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED440180.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED440180.pdf"><span>Enabling Prosecutors To Address Drug, <span class="hlt">Gang</span>, and Youth Violence. Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) Program Bulletin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gramckow, Heike P.; Tompkins, Elena</p> <p></p> <p>This bulletin offers data on recent trends in juvenile violence, juvenile drug offenses, and <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related juvenile offending, and describes prosecutorial responses to such offenses. Examples of promising prosecutor-led programs combating the illicit use of guns, violence, drugs, and <span class="hlt">gangs</span> are also provided. These examples provide a range of ideas…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230645','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230645"><span>Pollution evaluation of total and acid-leachable trace elements in surface sediments of Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary and Sundarban Mangrove Wetland (<span class="hlt">India</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mondal, Priyanka; Reichelt-Brushett, Amanda J; Jonathan, M P; Sujitha, S B; Sarkar, Santosh Kumar</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The present work investigated the spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of total and mild acid-leachable trace elements in surface sediments (top 0-10 cm; grain size ≤ 63 μm) along the Hooghly (<span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary and Sundarban Mangrove Wetland, <span class="hlt">India</span>. The trace elements, analyzed by ICPMS, showed wide range of variations with the following descending order (mean values expressed in milligrams per kilogram): Fe (25,050 ± 4918) > Al (16,992 ± 4172) > Mn (517 ± 102) > Zn (53 ± 18) > Cu (33 ± 11) > Cr (29 ± 7) > Ni (27 ± 6) > Pb (14 ± 3) > As (5 ± 1) > Se (0.37 ± 0.10) > Cd (0.17 ± 0.13) > Ag (0.16 ± 0.19) > Hg (0.05 ± 0.10). In the acid-leachable fraction, Cd (92%) is dominated followed by Pb (81%), Mn (77%), Cu (70%), and Se (58%) indicating their high mobility, imposing negative impact on the adjacent benthos. The sediment pollution indices (both enrichment factor and contamination factor) suggested severe pollution by Ag at the sampling site Sajnekhali, a wildlife sanctuary in Sundarban. The mean probable effect level quotient indicated that surface sediments in the vicinity of the studied region have 21% probability of toxicity to biota. The result of multivariate analyses affirms lithogenic sources (e.g., weathering parent rocks, dry deposition) for As, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Ni, whereas Cd and Hg originated from anthropogenic activities (such as urban and industrial activities). Both human-induced stresses and natural processes controlled trace element accumulation and distribution in the estuarine system, and remedial measures are required to mitigate the potential impacts of these hazardous trace elements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMED11B3404Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMED11B3404Y"><span>A Microbiological Water Quality Evaluation of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> Deltaic Aquifers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yerby, C. J.; Gragg, S. E.; Page, J.; Leavens, J.; Bhattacharya, P.; Harrington, J.; Datta, S.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Substantial natural contamination from trace elements (like arsenic) and pathogens make <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Deltaic aquifers an area of utmost concern. Following millions of cases of chronic arsenic poisoning from the groundwaters of the region, numerous residents are still knowingly ingesting water from shallow to intermediate accessible depth drinking water wells. Added to the calamity of arsenic is the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in these waters. The increasing frequency of gastroenteritis signifies the need to quantify the magnitude and extensiveness of health degrading agents--bacterial pathogens (i.e. Salmonella) and non-pathogens (i.e. Enterobacteriaceae) --within the water supply in accessible Gangetic aquifers. To assess the dissolved microbiological quality in the region, present study sampling locations are along defined piezometer nests in an area in SE Asia (Bangladesh). Every nest contains samples from wells at varying depths covering shallow to deep aquifers. To date, 17 of the 76 water samples were analyzed for Salmonella, generic Escherichia coli (E. coli) and coliforms. Briefly, samples were plated in duplicate onto E. coli/Coliform petrifilm and incubated at 370C for 48 hours. Next, each sample was enriched in buffered peptone water and incubated at 370C for 18 hours. Bacterial DNA was extracted and amplified using a qPCR machine. Amplification plots were analyzed to determine presence/absence of microorganisms. All water samples (n=~76) are analyzed for Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria spp. and Shigella. Pathogen populations of PCR-positive water samples are enumerated using the agar direct plate method. Non-pathogenic bacterial indicator organisms (i.e. Enterobacteriaceae) will also be enumerated. Over the course of the experiment, we hypothesize that shallower wells will 1)have a higher pathogen prevalence and 2)harbor pathogens and nonpathogens at higher concentrations. While the 17 samples analyzed to date were negative for Salmonella</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5962274','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5962274"><span>Dual Trajectories of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Affiliation and Delinquent Peer Association during Adolescence: An Examination of Long-Term Offending Outcomes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Krohn, Marvin D.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Prior research has demonstrated that both adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation and perceived delinquent peer association are important predictors of individual offending. A crucial question is whether and how youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation contributes to a spectrum of criminal acts above and beyond the influence of associating with delinquent peers. Using 14 waves of data from the Rochester Youth Developmental Study, an ongoing longitudinal panel study aimed at understanding the causes and consequences of delinquency and drug use in an urban sample of adolescents, the current study employs a relatively new modeling technique—dual trajectory analysis—to illustrate the dynamic relationship between these two measures among 666 male youth. The results suggest that the two measures, while overlapping, may constitute distinct concepts that operate in different ways. The most convincing evidence of <span class="hlt">gang</span> effects, above and beyond the influence of perceived peer delinquency, is for violent behavior and by extension police arrest. Our findings contribute to developmental research and provide information that informs future <span class="hlt">gang</span> control efforts. PMID:26748922</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.3125B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.3125B"><span>Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): case study of the Kolong <span class="hlt">River</span>, Assam, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bora, Minakshi; Goswami, Dulal C.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The Kolong <span class="hlt">River</span> of Nagaon district, Assam has been facing serious degradation leading to its current moribund condition due to a drastic human intervention in the form of an embankment put across it near its take-off point from the Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> in the year 1964. The blockage of the <span class="hlt">river</span> flow was adopted as a flood control measure to protect its riparian areas, especially the Nagaon town, from flood hazard. The <span class="hlt">river</span>, once a blooming distributary of the mighty Brahmaputra, had high navigability and rich riparian biodiversity with a well established agriculturally productive watershed. However, the present status of Kolong <span class="hlt">River</span> is highly wretched as a consequence of the post-dam effects thus leaving it as stagnant pools of polluted water with negligible socio-economic and ecological value. The Central Pollution Control Board, in one of its report has placed the Kolong <span class="hlt">River</span> among 275 most polluted <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of <span class="hlt">India</span>. Thus, this study is conducted to analyze the seasonal water quality status of the Kolong <span class="hlt">River</span> in terms of water quality index (WQI). The WQI scores shows very poor to unsuitable quality of water samples in almost all the seven sampling sites along the Kolong <span class="hlt">River</span>. The water quality is found to be most deteriorated during monsoon season with an average WQI value of 122.47 as compared to pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season having average WQI value of 85.73 and 80.75, respectively. Out of the seven sampling sites, Hatimura site (S1) and Nagaon Town site (S4) are observed to be the most polluted sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21544504','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21544504"><span>Water quality and dissolved inorganic fluxes of N, P, SO₄, and K of a small catchment <span class="hlt">river</span> in the Southwestern Coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Padmalal, D; Remya, S I; Jyothi, S Jissy; Baijulal, B; Babu, K N; Baiju, R S</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>The southwestern coast of <span class="hlt">India</span> is drained by many small <span class="hlt">rivers</span> with lengths less than 250 km and catchment areas less than 6,500 km(2). These <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are perennial and are also the major drinking water sources in the region. But, the fast pace of urbanization, industrialization, fertilizer intensive agricultural activities and rise in pilgrim tourism in the past four to five decades have imposed marked changes in water quality and solute fluxes of many of these <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. The problems have aggravated further due to leaching of ionic constituents from the organic-rich (peaty) impervious sub-surface layers that are exposed due to channel incision resulting from indiscriminate instream mining for construction-grade sand and gravel. In this context, an attempt has been made here to evaluate the water quality and the net nutrient flux of one of the important <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the southwestern coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>, the Manimala <span class="hlt">river</span> which has a length of about 90 km and catchment area of 847 km(2). The <span class="hlt">river</span> exhibits seasonal variation in most of the water quality parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, HCO(3), NO(2)-N, NO(3)-N, P[Formula: see text], P[Formula: see text], chloride, SO(4), and SiO(2)). Except for NO(3)-N and SiO(2), all the other parameters are generally enriched in non-monsoon (December-May) samples than that of monsoon (June-November). The flux estimation reveals that the Manimala <span class="hlt">river</span> transports an amount of 2,308 t y(-1) of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 87 t y(-1) dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and 9246 t y(-1) of SO(4), and 1984 t y(-1) K into the receiving coastal waters. These together constitute about 23% of the total dissolved fluxes transported by the Manimala <span class="hlt">river</span>. Based on the study, a set of mitigation measures are also suggested to improve the overall water quality of small catchment <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of the densely populated tropics in general and the south western coast in particular.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24374620','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24374620"><span>Geochemical behaviour of dissolved trace elements in a monsoon-dominated tropical <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, Southwestern <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gurumurthy, G P; Balakrishna, K; Tripti, M; Audry, Stéphane; Riotte, Jean; Braun, J J; Udaya Shankar, H N</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>The study presents a 3-year time series data on dissolved trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in a monsoon-dominated <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, the Nethravati <span class="hlt">River</span> in tropical Southwestern <span class="hlt">India</span>. The <span class="hlt">river</span> basin lies on the metamorphic transition boundary which separates the Peninsular Gneiss and Southern Granulitic province belonging to Archean and Tertiary-Quaternary period (Western Dharwar Craton). The basin lithology is mainly composed of granite gneiss, charnockite and metasediment. This study highlights the importance of time series data for better estimation of metal fluxes and to understand the geochemical behaviour of metals in a <span class="hlt">river</span> basin. The dissolved trace elements show seasonality in the <span class="hlt">river</span> water metal concentrations forming two distinct groups of metals. First group is composed of heavy metals and minor elements that show higher concentrations during dry season and lesser concentrations during the monsoon season. Second group is composed of metals belonging to lanthanides and actinides with higher concentration in the monsoon and lower concentrations during the dry season. Although the metal concentration of both the groups appears to be controlled by the discharge, there are important biogeochemical processes affecting their concentration. This includes redox reactions (for Fe, Mn, As, Mo, Ba and Ce) and pH-mediated adsorption/desorption reactions (for Ni, Co, Cr, Cu and REEs). The abundance of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides as a result of redox processes could be driving the geochemical redistribution of metals in the <span class="hlt">river</span> water. There is a Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*) at different time periods, both negative and positive, in case of dissolved phase, whereas there is positive anomaly in the particulate and bed sediments. The Ce anomaly correlates with the variations in the dissolved oxygen indicating the redistribution of Ce between particulate and dissolved phase under acidic to neutral pH and lower concentrations of dissolved organic carbon. Unlike other</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4107300','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4107300"><span>Whose problem is it anyway? Crimes against women in <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Himabindu, B. L.; Arora, Radhika; Prashanth, N. S.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The recent public outcry following a brutal <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape of a young woman in <span class="hlt">India</span>'s national capital was a watershed moment in the world's largest democracy. It generated widespread public and political support for strengthening legal provisions to punish sex offenders. Although the legal response is a useful deterrent against such heinous crimes, women continue to suffer due to deeply rooted social prejudices that make them vulnerable to violence and discrimination in society. In this commentary, we aim to analyse the current developments with respect to gender violence in <span class="hlt">India</span> within a background of the social position of women in Indian society. Using secondary data related to sex-selective abortions and crimes against women, and a critical review of the portrayal of women in Indian cinema, we reflect on the role of health workers, researchers and public health professionals in shaping a social response towards improving gender parity in our country. PMID:25053256</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29763871','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29763871"><span>Simulating climate change and socio-economic change impacts on flows and water quality in the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> system, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jin, Li; Whitehead, Paul G; Rodda, Harvey; Macadam, Ian; Sarkar, Sananda</p> <p>2018-10-01</p> <p>Delta systems formed by the deposition of sediments at the mouths of large catchments are vulnerable to sea level rise and other climate change impacts. Deltas often have some of the highest population densities in the world and the Mahanadi Delta in <span class="hlt">India</span> is one of these, with a population of 39 million. The Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> is a major <span class="hlt">river</span> in East Central <span class="hlt">India</span> and flows through Chattisgarh and Orissa states before discharging into the Bay of Bengal. This study uses an Integrated Catchment Model (INCA) to simulate flow dynamics and water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus) and to analyze the impacts of climate change and socio-economic drivers in the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> system. Future flows affected by large population growth, effluent discharge increases and changes in irrigation water demand from changing land uses are assessed under shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs). Model results indicate a significant increase in monsoon flows under the future climates at 2050s (2041-2060) and 2090s (2079-2098) which greatly enhances flood potential. The water availability under low flow conditions will be worsened because of increased water demand from population growth and increased irrigation in the future. Decreased concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are expected due to increased flow hence dilution. Socio-economic scenarios have a significant impact on water quality but less impact on the <span class="hlt">river</span> flow. For example, higher population growth, increased sewage treatment discharges, land use change and enhanced atmospheric deposition would result in the deterioration of water quality, while the upgrade of the sewage treatment works lead to improved water quality. In summary, socio-economic scenarios would change future water quality of the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> and alter nutrient fluxes transported into the delta region. This study has serious implications for people's livelihoods in the deltaic area and could impact coastal and Bay of Bengal water ecology. Copyright © 2018</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disintegration+AND+family&id=EJ482167','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disintegration+AND+family&id=EJ482167"><span>Clinical Issues in the Treatment of Chicano Male <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Belitz, Jerald; Valdez, Diana</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Critical factors in the behavior of Chicano <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth are family disintegration, cultural dissolution, abusive family relationships, and histories of interpersonal violence. Specific treatment modalities (individual, family, group) are discussed, and the importance of a multimodal approach is emphasized. Case studies highlight family dynamics and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1611017B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1611017B"><span>Bank Erosion Vulnerability Zonation (BEVZ) -A Proposed Method of Preparing Bank Erosion Zonation and Its Application on the <span class="hlt">River</span> Haora, Tripura, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bandyopadhyay, Shreya; de, Sunil Kumar</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>In the present paper an attempt has been made to propose RS-GIS based method for erosion vulnerability zonation for the entire <span class="hlt">river</span> based on simple techniques that requires very less field investigation. This method consist of 8 parameters, such as, rainfall erosivity, lithological factor, bank slope, meander index, <span class="hlt">river</span> gradient, soil erosivity, vegetation cover and anthropogenic impact. Meteorological data, GSI maps, LISS III (30m resolution), SRTM DEM (56m resolution) and Google Images have been used to determine rainfall erosivity, lithological factor, bank slope, meander index, <span class="hlt">river</span> gradient, vegetation cover and anthropogenic impact; Soil map of the NBSSLP, <span class="hlt">India</span> has been used for assessing Soil Erosivity index. By integrating the individual values of those six parameters (the 1st two parameters are remained constant for this particular study area) a bank erosion vulnerability zonation map of the <span class="hlt">River</span> Haora, Tripura, <span class="hlt">India</span> (23°37' - 23°53'N and 91°15'-91°37'E) has been prepared. The values have been compared with the existing BEHI-NBS method of 60 spots and also with field data of 30 cross sections (covering the 60 spots) taken along 51 km stretch of the <span class="hlt">river</span> in Indian Territory and found that the estimated values are matching with the existing method as well as with field data. The whole stretch has been divided into 5 hazard zones, i.e. Very High, High, Moderate, Low and Very Low Hazard Zones and they are covering 5.66 km, 16.81 km, 40.82km, 29.67 km and 9.04 km respectively. KEY WORDS: Bank erosion, Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), Near Bank Stress (NBS), Erosivity, Bank Erosion Vulnerability Zonation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24203526','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24203526"><span>Commitment language and homework completion in a behavioral employment program for <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Smith, Caitlin; Huey, Stanley J; McDaniel, Dawn D</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Research with substance-abusing samples suggests that eliciting commitment language during treatment may improve motivation to change, increase treatment engagement, and promote positive treatment outcomes. However, the relationship between in-session client language and treatment success is not well-understood for youth offender populations. This study evaluated the relationship between commitment language, treatment engagement (i.e., homework completion), and weekly employment outcomes for six <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated juvenile offenders participating in an employment counseling intervention. Weekly counseling sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded for commitment language strength. Multilevel models were fit to the data to examine the relationship between commitment language and counseling homework or employment outcomes within participants over time. Commitment language strength predicted subsequent homework completion but not weekly employment. These findings imply that <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated delinquent youth who express motivation to change during employment counseling will be more likely to comply with counselor-initiated homework. Further research on counselor techniques for promoting commitment language among juvenile <span class="hlt">gang</span> offenders is needed. © The Author(s) 2013.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7..833V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7..833V"><span>Prevalence of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in a tropical <span class="hlt">river</span> of Western Ghats, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vincy, M. V.; Brilliant, R.; Pradeepkumar, A. P.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The Meenachil, the only <span class="hlt">river</span> that flows through the heart of the Kottayam district of Kerala state, <span class="hlt">India</span> was selected for the study. The present study has been carried out with an objective to systematically examine the prevalence of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms and to compare the microbiological quality of the <span class="hlt">river</span> water during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Water samples from 44 different sites during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were collected for the analysis. During the pre-monsoon period, the faecal coliform count ranged from 230 to 110,000 MPN/100 ml while there was a variation from 200 to 4600 MPN/100 ml during the post-monsoon period. When the faecal streptococci count was analysed, it ranged from 140 to 110,000 MPN/100 ml during the pre-monsoon and 70 to 4600 MPN/100 ml during the post-monsoon seasons, respectively. All the samples collected were found to have total viable count (TVC) higher than those prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (ISI 1991). Total viable counts were found in the range of 1.1 × 102 to 32 × 102 cfu/ml in the pre-monsoon and 1.0 × 102 to 26 × 102 cfu/ml in the post-monsoon. The presence of faecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli and potentially pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella enterica in the Meenachil <span class="hlt">River</span> indicates that the bacteriological quality of the Meenachil <span class="hlt">River</span> is poor. Moreover, it sheds light to the fact that raw sewage is being dumped into the Meenachil <span class="hlt">River</span>. Urban runoffs and effluents of rubber factories appear to be the important sources of faecal contamination in the <span class="hlt">river</span>. From this study, we conclude that these water bodies pose significant public health hazards. Adequate sanitary infrastructure will help in preventing source water contamination. Besides this, public health education aimed at improving personal, household and community hygiene is urgent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55468','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55468"><span>Prioritizing parts from cutting bills when <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping first</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>R. Edward Thomas</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Computer optimization of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-rip-first processing is a difficult problem when working with specific cutting bills. Interactions among board grade and size, arbor setup, and part sizes and quantities greatly complicate the decision making process. Cutting the wrong parts at any moment will mean that more board footage will be required to meet the bill. Using the ROugh...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475421','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475421"><span>Mediating the Maltreatment-Delinquency Relationship: The Role of Triad <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chui, Wing Hong; Khiatani, Paul Vinod</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The primary aim of this article is to examine the role of triad affiliation in mediating the relationship between child maltreatment (neglect, punishment, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse) and delinquency among active young <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in Hong Kong. A sample of 177 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members aged 12 to 24 was recruited to complete a questionnaire with the assistance of a youth outreach social work team. Neglect was identified as the most common form of maltreatment, followed by emotional abuse, punishment, and sexual abuse. Mediation analyses confirmed that triad affiliation acts as a mediating variable in the child maltreatment-delinquency relationship, except in cases of sexual abuse. Only the relationship between punishment and delinquency was found to be fully mediated by triad affiliation; partial mediation effects were found for neglect and emotional abuse. Recommendations for child protection and youth workers are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412538','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412538"><span>Assessment of acid leachable trace metals in sediment cores from <span class="hlt">River</span> Uppanar, Cuddalore, Southeast coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ayyamperumal, T; Jonathan, M P; Srinivasalu, S; Armstrong-Altrin, J S; Ram-Mohan, V</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>An acid leachable technique is employed in core samples (C1, C2 and C3) to develop a baseline data on the sediment quality for trace metals of <span class="hlt">River</span> Uppanar, Cuddalore, southeast coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>. Acid leachable metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn and Cd) indicate peak values at the sulphidic phase and enrichment of metals in the surface layers are due to the anthropogenic activities. Association of trace metals with Fe, Mn indicates their adsorption onto Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides and their correlation with S indicate that they are precipitated as metal sulphides. Factor analysis identified three possible types of geochemical associations and the supremacy of trace metals along with Fe, Mn, S and mud supports their geochemical associations. Factor analysis also signifies that anthropogenic activities have affected both the estuarine and fresh water regions of <span class="hlt">River</span> Uppanar.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22236','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22236"><span>Yield comparisons from floating blade and fixed arbor <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaws when processing boards before and after crook removal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span>-ripping technology that uses a movable (floating) outer blade to eliminate unusable edgings is described, including new tenn1nology for identifying preferred and minimally acceptable strip widths. Because of the large amount of salvage required to achieve total yields, floating blade <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripping is not recommended for boards with crook. With crook removed by...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=adaptation+AND+fox&pg=2&id=EJ314995','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=adaptation+AND+fox&pg=2&id=EJ314995"><span>Mission Impossible? Social Work Practice with Black Urban Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fox, Jerry R.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Describes the adaptation of social work practice skills to serve black urban youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Presents a model for practice which respects youths' right to self-determination and community needs. Model stages discussed include contact, rapport, setting goals, assigning roles, procuring resources, and evaluation. Model applicability is suggested. (NRB)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=born+AND+crime&id=EJ837968','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=born+AND+crime&id=EJ837968"><span>"American" Abjection: "Chicanos," <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, and Mexican/Migrant Transnationality in Chicago</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>De Genova, Nicholas</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Crime and street violence often evoke racialized discourses about urban space. In this ethnographic research in Chicago, however, the disdain that many Mexican migrants articulated about street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> principally concerned issues "internal" to the Mexican/Chicano community, notably a profound ambivalence about U.S.-born Mexicans and a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816519S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816519S"><span>Documenting human transformation and establishing the reference condition of large <span class="hlt">river</span> systems using Corona images: a case study from the Ganga <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sinha, Rajiv; Pipil, Shobhit; Carbonneau, Patrice; Galiatsatos, Nikolaos</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The Ganga basin in northern <span class="hlt">India</span> is one of the most populous <span class="hlt">river</span> basin in the world with nearly half a billion inhabitants. In the post-independence era, population expansion and human interventions have left the ecosystem of the Ganga in a severely damaged state with dwindling water levels, pollution due to human activity and natural sediment transport severely perturbed by dams and barrages. Fortunately, there is a growing recognition by the policy managers in <span class="hlt">India</span> that the restoration of the Ganga to a healthier status, closer to its original unperturbed state, would set a strong foundation to future, greener, economic growth in Northern <span class="hlt">India</span>. However, given the past six decades of fast development, efforts to restore the Ganga to its original condition are faced with a fundamental question: What was the original state of the Ganga? Answering this question will require some knowledge of the former course of the Ganga and of the farming and urban density of the surrounding plains before the impacts of human disturbance could be felt. We have made use of the Corona spy satellite program that collected a large number of earth observation photos in the 1960s. These photos, now declassified, offer us a unique view of the Ganga at the very early stages of intense development and thus before the worst ecological damages occurred. However, actual usage of these images poses significant technical challenges. In the design of the Corona cameras, very high resolution comes at the cost of complex distortions. Furthermore, we have no information on the exact position and orientation of the satellite at the time of image acquisition so an accurate reprojection of the image into conventional map coordinates is not straightforward. We have developed a georectification process based on polynomial transformation to achieve a positional accuracy of ±20m for the area of our interest. Further, We have developed an object-based classification method that uses both texture and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555050','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555050"><span>A Three-Year Follow-Up Study of Antibiotic and Metal Residues, Antibiotic Resistance and Resistance Genes, Focusing on Kshipra-A <span class="hlt">River</span> Associated with Holy Religious Mass-Bathing in <span class="hlt">India</span>: Protocol Paper.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Diwan, Vishal; Purohit, Manju; Chandran, Salesh; Parashar, Vivek; Shah, Harshada; Mahadik, Vijay K; Stålsby Lundborg, Cecilia; Tamhankar, Ashok J</p> <p>2017-05-29</p> <p>Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is one of the major health emergencies for global society. Little is known about the ABR of environmental bacteria and therefore it is important to understand ABR reservoirs in the environment and their potential impact on health. Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected during a 3-year follow-up study of a <span class="hlt">river</span> associated with religious mass-bathing in Central <span class="hlt">India</span>. Surface-water and sediment samples will be collected from seven locations at regular intervals for 3 years during religious mass-bathing and in absence of it to monitor water-quality, antibiotic residues, resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes and metals. Approval has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, <span class="hlt">India</span> (No. 2013/07/17-311). The results will address the issue of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance with a focus on a <span class="hlt">river</span> environment in <span class="hlt">India</span> within a typical socio-behavioural context of religious mass-bathing. It will enhance our understanding about the relationship between antibiotic residue levels, water-quality, heavy metals and antibiotic resistance patterns in Escherichia coli isolated from <span class="hlt">river</span>-water and sediment, and seasonal differences that are associated with religious mass-bathing. We will also document, identify and clarify the genetic differences/similarities relating to phenotypic antibiotic resistance in bacteria in <span class="hlt">rivers</span> during religious mass-bathing or during periods when there is no mass-bathing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PIAHS.379...67N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PIAHS.379...67N"><span>Assessment of freshwater ecosystem services in the Beas <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, Himalayas region, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ncube, Sikhululekile; Beevers, Lindsay; Adeloye, Adebayo J.; Visser, Annie</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">River</span> systems provide a diverse range of ecosystem services, examples include: flood regulation (regulating), fish (provisioning), nutrient cycling (supporting) and recreation (cultural). Developing water resources through the construction of dams (hydropower or irrigation) can enhance the delivery of provisioning ecosystem services. However, these hydrologic alterations result in reductions in less tangible regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services. This study seeks to understand how multiple impoundments, abstractions and transfers within the upper Beas <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, Western Himalayas, <span class="hlt">India</span>, are affecting the delivery of supporting ecosystem services. Whilst approaches for assessing supporting ecosystem services are under development, the immediate aim of this paper is to set out a framework for their quantification, using the macroinvertebrate index Lotic-Invertebrate Index for Flow Evaluation (LIFE). LIFE is a weighted measure of the flow velocity preferences of the macroinvertebrate community. Flow records from multiple gauging stations within the basin were used to investigate flow variability at seasonal, inter-annual and decadal time scales. The findings show that both mean monthly and seasonal cumulative flows have decreased over time in the Beas <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin. A positive hydroecological relationship between LIFE and flow was also identified, indicative of macroinvertebrate response to seasonal changes in the flow regime. For example, high LIFE scores (7.7-9.3) in the winter and summer seasons indicate an abundance of macroinvertebrates with a preference for high flows; this represents a high potential for instream supporting ecosystem services delivery. However, further analysis is required to understand these hydroecological interactions in the study basin and the impact on instream supporting ecosystem services delivery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70124278','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70124278"><span>Projections of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra precipitation: downscaled from GCM predictors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Pervez, Md Shahriar; Henebry, Geoffrey M.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Downscaling Global Climate Model (GCM) projections of future climate is critical for impact studies. Downscaling enables use of GCM experiments for regional scale impact studies by generating regionally specific forecasts connecting global scale predictions and regional scale dynamics. We employed the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) to downscale 21st century precipitation for two data-sparse hydrologically challenging <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in South Asia—the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and the Brahmaputra. We used CGCM3.1 by Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis version 3.1 predictors in downscaling the precipitation. Downscaling was performed on the basis of established relationships between historical Global Summary of Day observed precipitation records from 43 stations and National Center for Environmental Prediction re-analysis large scale atmospheric predictors. Although the selection of predictors was challenging during the set-up of SDSM, they were found to be indicative of important physical forcings in the basins. The precipitation of both basins was largely influenced by geopotential height: the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> precipitation was modulated by the U component of the wind and specific humidity at 500 and 1000 h Pa pressure levels; whereas, the Brahmaputra precipitation was modulated by the V component of the wind at 850 and 1000 h Pa pressure levels. The evaluation of the SDSM performance indicated that model accuracy for reproducing precipitation at the monthly scale was acceptable, but at the daily scale the model inadequately simulated some daily extreme precipitation events. Therefore, while the downscaled precipitation may not be the suitable input to analyze future extreme flooding or drought events, it could be adequate for analysis of future freshwater availability. Analysis of the CGCM3.1 downscaled precipitation projection with respect to observed precipitation reveals that the precipitation regime in each basin may be significantly impacted by climate change</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28165682','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28165682"><span>Leaving <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> Behind to Live Parables of Kinship.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Steiner, Mary Ann</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Fr. Gregory Boyle, SJ, founder and executive director of Homeboy Industries in Los Angeles, can move an audience to tears. He doesn't get that result with the distressing accounts of individuals whose <span class="hlt">gang</span> activities sank them to harrowing depths. He does it with simple descriptions of how some of those men and women manage to climb rungs of unconditional love to return to their rightful place in the eyes of God.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMEP24B..07S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMEP24B..07S"><span>Avulsion threshold in a large Himalayan <span class="hlt">river</span>: the case of the Kosi, <span class="hlt">India</span> and Nepal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sinha, R.; Kommula, S.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Avulsion, the relatively rapid shift of a <span class="hlt">river</span> to a new course on a lower part of a floodplain, is considered as a major fluvial hazard in large population centers such as the north Bihar plains, eastern <span class="hlt">India</span> and the adjoining areas of Nepal. This region witnessed one of the most recent avulsions of the Kosi <span class="hlt">River</span> on 18 August, 2008 when the <span class="hlt">river</span> shifted by ~120 km eastward. This was perhaps one of the greatest avulsions in a large <span class="hlt">river</span> in recent years triggered by the breach of the eastern afflux bund at Kusaha in Nepal at a location 12 km upstream of the Kosi barrage and affecting more than 3 million people in Nepal and north Bihar. The trigger for an avulsion largely depends upon the regional channel-floodplain slope relationships and the lowest elevation available in the region. Most of the available assessments of avulsion threshold have therefore been based on the examination of channel slopes- longitudinal and cross-sectional. However, planform dynamics in a sediment-charged <span class="hlt">river</span> such as the Kosi also plays an important role in pushing the <span class="hlt">river</span> towards threshold for avulsion. The present study has made use of SRTM DEM, temporal satellite images and maps to compute the avulsion threshold for a ~50 km long reach of the Kosi <span class="hlt">river</span> after incorporating planform dynamics in a GIS environment. Flow accumulation paths generated from the SRTM data match closely with the zones of high avulsion threshold. Not just that the Kusaha plots in a high avulsion threshold zone, we also identify several critical points where breach (avulsion) can occur in near future. This study assumes global significance keeping in view the most recent flooding in the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> in Pakistan. Like the Kusaha breach in Kosi in August 2008, the Indus flood trauma started with the breach of the eastern marginal embankment in the upstream of Taunsa barrage and was apparently triggered by rise of bed level due to excessive sediment load. The mega avulsion of the Kosi on 18th August 2008</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AMT.....9.1685K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AMT.....9.1685K"><span>Interannual variability of temperature in the UTLS region over <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna <span class="hlt">river</span> basin based on COSMIC GNSS RO data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khandu; Awange, Joseph L.; Forootan, Ehsan</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Poor reliability of radiosonde records across South Asia imposes serious challenges in understanding the structure of upper-tropospheric and lower-stratospheric (UTLS) region. The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission launched in April 2006 has overcome many observational limitations inherent in conventional atmospheric sounding instruments. This study examines the interannual variability of UTLS temperature over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) <span class="hlt">river</span> basin in South Asia using monthly averaged COSMIC radio occultation (RO) data, together with two global reanalyses. Comparisons between August 2006 and December 2013 indicate that MERRA (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research Application) and ERA-Interim (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis) are warmer than COSMIC RO data by 2 °C between 200 and 50 hPa levels. These warm biases with respect to COSMIC RO data are found to be consistent over time. The UTLS temperature show considerable interannual variability from 2006 to 2013 in addition to warming (cooling) trends in the troposphere (stratosphere). The cold (warm) anomalies in the upper troposphere (tropopause region) are found to be associated with warm ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) phase, while quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is negatively (positively) correlated with temperature anomalies at 70 hPa (50 hPa) level. PCA (principal component analysis) decomposition of tropopause temperatures and heights over the basin indicate that ENSO accounts for 73 % of the interannual (non-seasonal) variability with a correlation of 0.77 with Niño3.4 index whereas the QBO explains about 10 % of the variability. The largest tropopause anomaly associated with ENSO occurs during the winter, when ENSO reaches its peak. The tropopause temperature (height) increased (decreased) by about 1.5 °C (300 m) during the last major El Niño event of 2009/2010. In general, we find decreasing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937227','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24937227"><span>Removal of indigenous coliphages and enteric viruses during riverbank filtration from highly polluted <span class="hlt">river</span> water in Delhi (<span class="hlt">India</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sprenger, C; Lorenzen, G; Grunert, A; Ronghang, M; Dizer, H; Selinka, H-C; Girones, R; Lopez-Pila, J M; Mittal, A K; Szewzyk, R</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Emerging countries frequently afflicted by waterborne diseases require safe and cost-efficient production of drinking water, a task that is becoming more challenging as many <span class="hlt">rivers</span> carry a high degree of pollution. A study was conducted on the banks of the Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span>, Delhi, <span class="hlt">India</span>, to ascertain if riverbank filtration (RBF) can significantly improve the quality of the highly polluted surface water in terms of virus removal (coliphages, enteric viruses). Human adenoviruses and noroviruses, both present in the Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span> in the range of 10(5) genomes/100 mL, were undetectable after 50 m infiltration and approximately 119 days of underground passage. Indigenous somatic coliphages, used as surrogates of human pathogenic viruses, underwent approximately 5 log10 removal after only 3.8 m of RBF. The initial removal after 1 m was 3.3 log10, and the removal between 1 and 2.4 m and between 2.4 and 3.8 m was 0.7 log10 each. RBF is therefore an excellent candidate to improve the water situation in emerging countries with respect to virus removal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=resilience+AND+urban+AND+form&id=EJ941932','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=resilience+AND+urban+AND+form&id=EJ941932"><span>Motivations for <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership in Lagos, Nigeria: Challenge and Resilience</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Salaam, Abeeb Olufemi</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The current study explores the major challenges (in the form of risk factors) that may influence unemployed youths' involvement in <span class="hlt">gang</span> and criminal activity in Lagos, Nigeria. A combination of techniques (e.g., oral, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires) were used for the data collection. The computed outcomes establish some of the major…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940351','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940351"><span>Functions of Aggression and Delinquency: The Moderating Role of Parent Criminality and Friends' <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ang, Rebecca P; Huan, Vivien S; Li, Xiang; Chan, Wei Teng</p> <p>2016-03-02</p> <p>This study examined the relationships between two functions of aggression (i.e., reactive and proactive) and delinquency, including the moderating effects of parent criminality and friends' <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, in a sample of 1,027 Singaporean adolescents from Grade 7 to Grade 9, with age ranging from 12 to 19 years (M = 14.10, SD = 1.15). Findings suggested that both reactive aggression and proactive aggression significantly and positively predicted delinquency (after controlling for proactive aggression and reactive aggression, respectively), with proactive aggression being a stronger predictor. Friends' <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership was found to moderate the relationship between reactive aggression and delinquency, and proactive aggression and delinquency, with stronger moderator effects for the latter. Those who were aggressive proactively and who had friends in a <span class="hlt">gang</span> appear to be impacted most negatively with respect to delinquency. Parent criminality did not moderate these relationships. These findings highlight the need to effectively address the issues of child and adolescent aggression. Also, developing positive peer relations early is crucial for delinquency prevention. © The Author(s) 2016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22961326','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22961326"><span>Computation of groundwater resources and recharge in Chithar <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, South <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Subramani, T; Babu, Savithri; Elango, L</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Groundwater recharge and available groundwater resources in Chithar <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, Tamil Nadu, <span class="hlt">India</span> spread over an area of 1,722 km(2) have been estimated by considering various hydrological, geological, and hydrogeological parameters, such as rainfall infiltration, drainage, geomorphic units, land use, rock types, depth of weathered and fractured zones, nature of soil, water level fluctuation, saturated thickness of aquifer, and groundwater abstraction. The digital ground elevation models indicate that the regional slope of the basin is towards east. The Proterozoic (Post-Archaean) basement of the study area consists of quartzite, calc-granulite, crystalline limestone, charnockite, and biotite gneiss with or without garnet. Three major soil types were identified namely, black cotton, deep red, and red sandy soils. The rainfall intensity gradually decreases from west to east. Groundwater occurs under water table conditions in the weathered zone and fluctuates between 0 and 25 m. The water table gains maximum during January after northeast monsoon and attains low during October. Groundwater abstraction for domestic/stock and irrigational needs in Chithar <span class="hlt">River</span> basin has been estimated as 148.84 MCM (million m(3)). Groundwater recharge due to monsoon rainfall infiltration has been estimated as 170.05 MCM based on the water level rise during monsoon period. It is also estimated as 173.9 MCM using rainfall infiltration factor. An amount of 53.8 MCM of water is contributed to groundwater from surface water bodies. Recharge of groundwater due to return flow from irrigation has been computed as 147.6 MCM. The static groundwater reserve in Chithar <span class="hlt">River</span> basin is estimated as 466.66 MCM and the dynamic reserve is about 187.7 MCM. In the present scenario, the aquifer is under safe condition for extraction of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes. If the existing water bodies are maintained properly, the extraction rate can be increased in future about 10% to 15%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.1535S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.1535S"><span>Water quality modeling for urban reach of Yamuna <span class="hlt">river</span>, <span class="hlt">India</span> (1999-2009), using QUAL2Kw</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharma, Deepshikha; Kansal, Arun; Pelletier, Greg</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The study was to characterize and understand the water quality of the <span class="hlt">river</span> Yamuna in Delhi (<span class="hlt">India</span>) prior to an efficient restoration plan. A combination of collection of monitored data, mathematical modeling, sensitivity, and uncertainty analysis has been done using the QUAL2Kw, a <span class="hlt">river</span> quality model. The model was applied to simulate DO, BOD, total coliform, and total nitrogen at four monitoring stations, namely Palla, Old Delhi Railway Bridge, Nizamuddin, and Okhla for 10 years (October 1999-June 2009) excluding the monsoon seasons (July-September). The study period was divided into two parts: monthly average data from October 1999-June 2004 (45 months) were used to calibrate the model and monthly average data from October 2005-June 2009 (45 months) were used to validate the model. The R2 for CBODf and TN lies within the range of 0.53-0.75 and 0.68-0.83, respectively. This shows that the model has given satisfactory results in terms of R2 for CBODf, TN, and TC. Sensitivity analysis showed that DO, CBODf, TN, and TC predictions are highly sensitive toward headwater flow and point source flow and quality. Uncertainty analysis using Monte Carlo showed that the input data have been simulated in accordance with the prevalent <span class="hlt">river</span> conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22208','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22208"><span>Designing a fixed-blade <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaw arbor with a pencil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a step-by-step procedure for designing the "best" sequence of saw spacings for a fixed-blade <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaw arbor. Using the information contained in a cutting bill and knowledge of the lumber width distributions to be processed, thousands of possible saw spacing sequences can be reduced to a few good ones.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1391878-humidity-bias-effect-simulated-aerosol-optical-properties-during-ganges-valley-experiment','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1391878-humidity-bias-effect-simulated-aerosol-optical-properties-during-ganges-valley-experiment"><span>Humidity Bias and Effect on Simulated Aerosol Optical Properties during the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Valley Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Feng, Yan; Cadeddu, M.; Kotamarthi, V. R.</p> <p>2016-07-10</p> <p>The radiosonde humidity profiles available during the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Valley Experiment were compared to those simulated from the regional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a chemistry module (WRF -Chern) and the global reanalysis datasets. Large biases were revealed. On a monthly mean basis at Nainital, located in northern <span class="hlt">India</span>, the WRFChern model simulates a large moist bias in the free troposphere (up to +20%) as well as a large dry bias in the boundary layer (up to -30%). While the overall pattern of the biases is similar, the magnitude of the biases varies from time to time andmore » from one location to another. At Thiruvananthapuram, the magnitude of the dry bias is smaller, and in contrast to Nainital, the higher-resolution regional WRF -Chern model generates larger moist biases in the upper troposphere than the global reanalysis data. Furthermore, the humidity biases in the upper troposphere, while significant, have little impact on the model estimation of column aerosol optical depth (AOD). The frequent occurrences of the dry boundary-layer bias simulated by the large-scale models tend to lead to the underestimation of AOD. It is thus important to quantify the humidity vertical profiles for aerosol simulations over South Asia.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5486260','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5486260"><span>A Three-Year Follow-Up Study of Antibiotic and Metal Residues, Antibiotic Resistance and Resistance Genes, Focusing on Kshipra—A <span class="hlt">River</span> Associated with Holy Religious Mass-Bathing in <span class="hlt">India</span>: Protocol Paper</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Diwan, Vishal; Purohit, Manju; Chandran, Salesh; Parashar, Vivek; Shah, Harshada; Mahadik, Vijay K.; Stålsby Lundborg, Cecilia; Tamhankar, Ashok J.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is one of the major health emergencies for global society. Little is known about the ABR of environmental bacteria and therefore it is important to understand ABR reservoirs in the environment and their potential impact on health. Method/Design: Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected during a 3-year follow-up study of a <span class="hlt">river</span> associated with religious mass-bathing in Central <span class="hlt">India</span>. Surface-water and sediment samples will be collected from seven locations at regular intervals for 3 years during religious mass-bathing and in absence of it to monitor water-quality, antibiotic residues, resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes and metals. Approval has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, <span class="hlt">India</span> (No. 2013/07/17-311). Results: The results will address the issue of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance with a focus on a <span class="hlt">river</span> environment in <span class="hlt">India</span> within a typical socio-behavioural context of religious mass-bathing. It will enhance our understanding about the relationship between antibiotic residue levels, water-quality, heavy metals and antibiotic resistance patterns in Escherichia coli isolated from <span class="hlt">river</span>-water and sediment, and seasonal differences that are associated with religious mass-bathing. We will also document, identify and clarify the genetic differences/similarities relating to phenotypic antibiotic resistance in bacteria in <span class="hlt">rivers</span> during religious mass-bathing or during periods when there is no mass-bathing. PMID:28555050</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC31E1044J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC31E1044J"><span>Optimizing Land and Water Resources for Agriculture in the Krishna <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jain Figueroa, A.; McLaughlin, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Many estimates suggest that the world needs a 50% increase in food production to meet the demands of the 2050 global population. Cropland expansion and yield improvements are unlikely to be sufficient and could have adverse environmental impacts. This work focuses on reallocating limited land and water resources to improve efficiency and increase benefits. We accomplish this by combining optimization methods, global data sources, and hydrologic modeling to identify opportunities for increasing crop production of subsistence and/or cash crops, subject to sustainability contraints. Our approach identifies the tradeoffs between the population that can be fed with local resources, revenue from crop exports, and environmental benefit from riparian flows. We focus our case study on <span class="hlt">India</span>'s Krishna <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, a semi-arid region with a high proportion of subsistence farmers, a diverse crop mix, and increasing stress on water resources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency&pg=7&id=ED532381','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency&pg=7&id=ED532381"><span>Assessing School-Based <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Prevention Efforts in Urban Centers: Are These Programs Reaching Those Students Who May Benefit the Most?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Rodriguez, Hector</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>In recent years, schools have become a focal point for general delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention programs for a variety of reasons. One premise behind this approach is that schools can serve as ideal settings for providing delinquency and intervention services because youths spend so much time there. School-based <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention efforts are supposed…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA540520','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA540520"><span>Small Town Insurgency: The Struggle for Information Dominance to Reduce <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>focuses on the importance of information dominance , there has been little research into component factors that might either promote, or inhibit, the... information dominance with respect to a counter-<span class="hlt">gang</span> strategy. Through comparative analysis, our research suggests that improving relationships between</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5919194','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5919194"><span>Associations Between Long-Term <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Informal Social Control Processes, Drug Use, and Delinquent Behavior Among Mexican American Youth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cepeda, Alice; Saint Onge, Jarron M.; Nowotny, Kathryn M.; Valdez, Avelardo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Research has found that among juveniles weak ties to informal social control entities such as parents, school, and conventional peers increase the probability of the initiation and continuation of deviant behaviors such as drug use and crime. Given the weak ties of formal social control mechanisms in highly disadvantaged communities, informal social control mechanisms are often an important deterrent that reduce or moderate engagement in deviant behaviors among serious and persistent offenders. This analysis examines the association between long-term <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and adolescent informal social control processes, drug use, and delinquency. This research is based on data from a study of 160 Mexican American male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members between the ages of 16 and 20. Findings suggest that among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in this context, commonly studied informal control mechanisms such as the family and schools do not function to deter long-term <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership that is associated with serious criminal and violent behavior and drug use. The implications for future research on desistance or continuation of antisocial behavior across the life course are discussed. PMID:25979430</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUSM.B24A..04E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUSM.B24A..04E"><span>Urban Wastewater Impacts on the Spatial Distribution of Solutes and Microbial Constituents in the Musi <span class="hlt">River</span>, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ensink, J.; Scott, C. A.; Cairncross, S.</p> <p>2006-05-01</p> <p>Wastewater discharge from expanding urban centers deteriorates the quality of receiving waters, a trend that has management and investment implications for cities around the world. This paper presents the results of a 14-month water quality evaluation over a 40-km longitudinal profile downstream of the city of Hyderabad, <span class="hlt">India</span> (population 7 million) on the Musi <span class="hlt">River</span>, a tributary to the Krishna <span class="hlt">River</span>. Upstream to downstream improvements in Musi water quality for microbial constituents (nematode egg, faecal coliform), dissolved oxygen, and nitrate are attributed to natural attenuation processes (dilution, die-off, sedimentation and biological processes) coupled with the effects of in-stream hydraulic infrastructure (weirs and reservoirs). Conversely, upstream to downstream increases in total dissolved solids concentrations are caused by off- stream infrastructure and agricultural water use resulting in crop evapotranspiration and increased solute concentration in the return flow of irrigation diverted upstream in the wastewater system. Future water quality management challenges resulting from rampant urban growth, particularly in developing countries, are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150011649','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150011649"><span>Air Pollution Over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin and Northwest Bay of Bengal in the Early Postmonsoon Season Based on NASA MERRAero Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kishcha, Pavel; Da Silva, Arlindo M.; Starobinets, Boris; Alpert, Pinhas</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis (MERRAero) has been recently developed at NASA's Global Modeling Assimilation Office. This reanalysis is based on a version of the Goddard Earth Observing System-5 (GEOS-5) model radiatively coupled with Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport aerosols, and it includes assimilation of bias-corrected aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on both Terra and Aqua satellites. In October over the period 2002-2009, MERRAero showed that AOT was lower over the east of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin than over the northwest of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin: this was despite the fact that the east of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin should have produced higher anthropogenic aerosol emissions because of higher population density, increased industrial output, and transportation. This is evidence that higher aerosol emissions do not always correspond to higher AOT over the areas where the effects of meteorological factors on AOT dominate those of aerosol emissions. MODIS AOT assimilation was essential for correcting modeled AOT mainly over the northwest of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin, where AOT increments were maximal. Over the east of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin and northwest Bay of Bengal (BoB), AOT increments were low and MODIS AOT assimilation did not contribute significantly to modeled AOT. Our analysis showed that increasing AOT trends over northwest BoB (exceeding those over the east of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin) were reproduced by GEOS-5, not because of MODIS AOT assimilation butmainly because of the model capability of reproducing meteorological factors contributing to AOT trends. Moreover, vertically integrated aerosol mass flux was sensitive to wind convergence causing aerosol accumulation over northwest BoB.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=born+AND+crime&pg=5&id=ED152904','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=born+AND+crime&pg=5&id=ED152904"><span>City Life and Delinquency-Victimization, Fear of Crime and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Savitz, Leonard D.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>Over 500 black and 500 white boys born in 1957 and attending Philadelphia schools were interviewed along with their mothers. The data were analyzed to discover how educational aspirations, social values, quality of life, fear of crime, victimization, family structure, father-son interaction, social attachments, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation affected the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+addiction&pg=4&id=ED421583','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+addiction&pg=4&id=ED421583"><span>Peace in the Streets: Breaking the Cycle of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hernandez, Arturo</p> <p></p> <p>This book describes the experiences of an inexperienced young teacher who, with the support of parents and teenagers in a Los Angeles (California) neighborhood, created a one-room schoolhouse and began to teach 30 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, ranging in age from 13 to nearly 20. He had no teaching credentials or college degree and the school had a tiny budget,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.A23H..07B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.A23H..07B"><span>An upper tropospheric "ozone <span class="hlt">river</span>" from Africa to <span class="hlt">India</span> detected with the IASI sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barret, B.; Sauvage, B.; Le Flochmoën, E.; De Wachter, E.; Cammas, J.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Over the Indian Ocean, ozone (O3) profile measurements have shown the frequent occurence of elevated O3 concentrations in the mid- to upper-troposphere during the winter season. In particular O3 peaks reaching 120 ppbv were often found in the UT within shallow layers 1 to 2 km thick just below the tropopause. Some studies have attributed these UT O3 laminae to stratosphere to troposphere exchange (STE) along the subtrobical westerly jet (SWJ). O3 peaks in the mid-troposphere have also been atributed to STE and convective lofting of pollution from the Indian continental outflow. Other studies explain winter mid-tropospheric O3 peaks over the Indian Ocean with the eastward advection of air masses impacted by African biomass burning emissions caused by the propagation of waves along the SWJ. In the present study, we use new spaceborne O3 data together with airborne observations of both O3 and CO to document a strong event of pollution transport from Africa to northern <span class="hlt">India</span> during early winter, supporting the role of Africa in contributing to tropospheric O3 enhancement over <span class="hlt">India</span>. Thanks to their unprecedented spatio-temporal coverage, the data from the IASI sensor allowed us to follow a flow of O3 rich air masses from the coast of west Africa across the Arabian Sea. This afro-indian O3 <span class="hlt">river</span> is corroborated over the north-western coast of <span class="hlt">India</span> by measurements from the airborne MOZAIC program. The O3-CO relationships derived from MOZAIC data enable an unambiguous discrimination of the air masses encountered by the aircraft. Finally, a transport analysis based on particle dispersion lagrangian modeling link this O3 channel transport to the convective outflow of air masses that have been impacted by the emission of O3 precursors from African biomass burning and lightnings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA10621&hterms=CITES&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DCITES','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA10621&hterms=CITES&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DCITES"><span>Delhi, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p><p/> Delhi is the second largest metropolis in <span class="hlt">India</span>, with a population of 16 million. Located in northern <span class="hlt">India</span> along the banks of the Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span>, Delhi has the status of a federally-administered union territory. Within it is the district of New Delhi, <span class="hlt">India</span>'s capital. Delhi is one of the oldest continually inhabited cites in the world, with traces of human occupation dating to the second millennium BC. The image was acquired September 22, 2003, covers an area of 30.6 x 34.8 km, and is located near 28.6 degrees north latitude, 77.2 degrees east longitude. <p/> The image was acquired on August 4, 2005, covers an area of 55.8 x 55.8 km, and is located at 68.6 degrees north latitude, 134.7 degrees west longitude. <p/> The U.S. science team is located at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. The Terra mission is part of NASA's Science Mission Directorate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/8930','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/8930"><span>Does <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripping hold the potential for higher clear cutting yields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Hiram Hallock; Pamela Giese</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Cutting yields from <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripping hardwood lumber graded by the National Hardwood Lumber Association standard grades are determined using the technique of mathematical modeling. The lumber used is the same as that in an earlier mathematically modeled determination of cutting yields from traditional rough mill procedures. Mechanical cutting factors such as kerf, cutting...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-sts066-158-181.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-sts066-158-181.html"><span>Himalayas as seen from STS-66 shuttle Atlantis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1994-11-14</p> <p>View is southeastward across China (Tibet), half of Nepal and <span class="hlt">India</span>. The partly frozen lake near the center of the frame is Pei-Ku T'so ("Bos-tie Lake"). The central Himalaya stretches from Mount Everest on the left past Annapurna on the right. Large tributaries converge to form the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span>, flowing through the lowland basin south of the Himalaya. This photograph illustrates the rain shadow effect of the Himalaya Chain; wet, warm air from the Indian Ocean is driven against the mountains, lifted, and drained of water that forms ice caps, the abundant <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, and forests of the foothills. In contrast the high plateau of Tibet is arid, composed largely of topographically-closed basins because stream flow is inadequate to form integrated drainage networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70187528','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70187528"><span>Comprehensive planning and the dragon to slay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Leopold, Luna Bergere</p> <p>1965-01-01</p> <p>Several years ago I was in <span class="hlt">India</span> as consultant to that government concerning a flood-control project on the Kosi <span class="hlt">River</span> in the State of Bihar. The Kosi originates near Mount Everest and emerges from the Himalayas to flow southward for nearly a hundred miles across the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> plain. It is a braided <span class="hlt">river</span> with an ill-defined channel consisting of many distributaries wandering around myriad islands in an unsystematic way. Owing to the fact that the Kosi has moved laterally across its low-angle fan about 75 miles in a hundred years it has progressively devastated by flooding large areas of agricultural land.The Indian government has chosen as the most practical way to alleviate the flood damage, the construction of levees separated by a distance of about nine miles and confining the <span class="hlt">river</span> through most of the course of its plain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12178110','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12178110"><span><span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p></p> <p>1985-05-01</p> <p>In this discussion of <span class="hlt">India</span> attention is directed to the following: the people; geography; history; government; political conditions; the economy; foreign relations (Pakistan and Bangladesh, China, and the Soviet Union); defense; and the relations between the US and <span class="hlt">India</span>. In 1983 <span class="hlt">India</span>'s population was estimated at 746 million with an annual growth rate of 2.24%. The infant mortality rate was estimated at 116/1000 in 1984 with a life expectancy of 54.9 years. Although <span class="hlt">India</span> occupies only 2.4% of the world's land area, it supports nearly 15% of the world's population. 2 major ethnic strains predominate in <span class="hlt">India</span>: the Aryan in the north and the Dravidian in the south, although the lines between them are blurred. <span class="hlt">India</span> dominates the South Asian subcontinent geographically. The people of <span class="hlt">India</span> have had a continuous civilization since about 2500 B.C., when the inhabitants of the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> Valley developed an urban culture based on commerce, trade, and, to a lesser degree, agriculture. This civilization declined about 1500 B.C. and Aryan tribes originating in central Asia absorbed parts of its culture as they spread out over the South Asian subcontinent. During the next few centuries, <span class="hlt">India</span> flourished under several successive empires. The 1st British outpost in South Asia was established in 1619 at Surat on the northwestern coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>. The British gradually expanded their influence until, by the 1850s, they controlled almost the entire area of present-day <span class="hlt">India</span>. Independence was attained on August 15, 1947, and <span class="hlt">India</span> became a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with Jawaharlal Nehru as prime minister. According to its constitution, <span class="hlt">India</span> is a "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic." Like the US, <span class="hlt">India</span> has a federal form of government, but the central government in <span class="hlt">India</span> has greater power in relation to its states, and government is patterned after the British parliamentary system. The Congress Party has ruled <span class="hlt">India</span> since independence with the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.172..430K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.172..430K"><span>Export of dissolved inorganic nutrients to the northern Indian Ocean from the Indian monsoonal <span class="hlt">rivers</span> during discharge period</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krishna, M. S.; Prasad, M. H. K.; Rao, D. B.; Viswanadham, R.; Sarma, V. V. S. S.; Reddy, N. P. C.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Coastal regions are highly productive due to the nutrients largely supplied by <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. To examine the contribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN) by Indian <span class="hlt">rivers</span> to coastal waters, data were collected near the freshwater heads of 27 monsoonal <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of peninsular <span class="hlt">India</span> during three weeks in late July to mid-August, the middle of the principal runoff period of the southwest monsoon of 2011. Twelve researchers in four groups, equipped with car and portable laboratory equipment, sampled mid-stream of each estuary using mechanized boat, and filtered and partly analyzed the water in the evening. The estimated exports were 0.22 ± 0.05, 0.11 ± 0.03, and 1.03 ± 0.26 Tg yr-1 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and silicate, respectively. Higher amounts of DIN reach the Bay of Bengal than the Arabian Sea due to the higher volume (∼76%) of discharge to the former. In contrast, the export of dissolved inorganic nitrogen is almost same to the Bay of Bengal (0.12 ± 0.03 Tg yr-1) and Arabian Sea (0.10 ± 0.02 Tg yr-1) principally due to the polluted Narmada and Tapti <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the northwest. Including input from the glacial <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Indus, it is estimated that the northern Indian Ocean receives ∼1.84 ± 0.46, 0.28 ± 0.07 and 3.58 ± 0.89 Tg yr-1 of nitrate, phosphate and silicate, respectively, which are significantly lower than the earlier estimates of DIN export from the Indian <span class="hlt">rivers</span> based on DIN measured in the mid or upstream <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. Such low fluxes in this study were attributed to efficient retention/elimination of DIN (∼91%) before reaching the coastal ocean. Hence, this study suggests that the importance of sampling locations for estimating nutrient fluxes to the coastal ocean. Riverine DIN export of 1.84 ± 0.46 Tg yr-1 would support 12.2 ± 3.1 Tg C yr-1 of new production in coastal waters of the northern Indian Ocean that results in a removal of 12.2 ± 3.1 Tg atmospheric CO2 yr-1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153551','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153551"><span>Remote sensing based deforestation analysis in Mahanadi and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basin in <span class="hlt">India</span> since 1985.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Behera, M D; Tripathi, P; Das, P; Srivastava, S K; Roy, P S; Joshi, C; Behera, P R; Deka, J; Kumar, P; Khan, M L; Tripathi, O P; Dash, T; Krishnamurthy, Y V N</p> <p>2018-01-15</p> <p>Land use and land cover (LULC) change has been recognized as a key driver of global climate change by influencing land surface processes. Being in constant change, <span class="hlt">river</span> basins are always subjected to LULC changes, especially decline in forest cover to give way for agricultural expansion, urbanization, industrialization etc. We used on-screen digital interpretation technique to derive LULC maps from Landsat images at three decadal intervals i.e., 1985, 1995 and 2005 of two major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins of <span class="hlt">India</span>. Rain-fed, Mahanadi <span class="hlt">river</span> basin (MRB) attributed to 55% agricultural area wherein glacier-fed, Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> basin (BRB) had only 16% area under agricultural land. Though conversion of forest land for agricultural activities was the major LULC changes in both the basins, the rate was higher for BRB than MRB. While water body increased in MRB could be primarily attributed to creation of reservoirs and aquaculture farms; snow and ice melting attributed to creation of more water bodies in BRB. Scrub land acted as an intermediate class for forest conversion to barren land in BRB, while direct conversion of scrub land to waste land and crop land was seen in MRB. While habitation contributed primarily to LULC changes in BRB, the proximity zones around habitat and other socio-economic drivers contributed to LULC change in MRB. Comparing the predicted result with actual LULC of 2005, we obtained >97% modelling accuracy; therefore it is expected that the Dyna-CLUE model has very well predicted the LULC for the year 2025. The predicted LULC of 2025 and corresponding LULC changes in these two basins acting as early warning, and with the past 2-decadal change analysis this study is believed to help the land use planners for improved regional planning to create balanced ecosystem, especially in a changing climate. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ri0449.photos.192086p/','SCIGOV-HHH'); return false;" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/item/ri0449.photos.192086p/"><span>11. View of bridge operator's control cabin from Seekonk <span class="hlt">River</span> ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/">Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>11. View of bridge operator's control cabin from Seekonk <span class="hlt">River</span> looking northwest - <span class="hlt">India</span> Point Railroad Bridge, Spanning Seekonk <span class="hlt">River</span> between Providence & East Providence, Providence, Providence County, RI</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29680558','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29680558"><span>Seasonal variations and environmental risk assessment of trace elements in the sediments of Uppanar <span class="hlt">River</span> estuary, southern <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gopal, V; Nithya, B; Magesh, N S; Jayaprakash, M</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Twenty four surface sediments were gathered from the Uppanar <span class="hlt">river</span> estuary, southern <span class="hlt">India</span> to evaluate the trace element contamination risk in the sediments. The circulation of organic matter and calcium carbonate were controlled by algal blooms and shell fragments. Moreover, the concentrations of iron and manganese in the estuarine sediments were possibly contributed by riverine sources and geogenic processes. The geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and contamination factor reveals that the sediments were contaminated by copper and chromium. The pollution load index recommends that the estuarine sediments have the risk of pollution. The sediment pollution index highlights that the majority of the sediments are low polluted sediments. The potential ecological risk index discloses that the Uppanar <span class="hlt">river</span> estuary is under moderate risk. The statistical analysis reveals that the organic matter content is managed by fine fractions and the majority of the trace elements are associated with each other having similar origin. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2784688','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2784688"><span>“It’s like we’re just renting over here”: The Pervasive Experiences of Discrimination of Filipino Immigrant Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members in Hawai’i</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Su Yeong; Benner, Aprile D.; Takushi, Rena Mae Nalani; Ongbongan, Kathleen; Dennerlein, Donna; Spencer, Deborah K.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Researchers, service providers, and policymakers must uncover and better understand the issues facing youths in Asian <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in order to most effectively intervene with appropriate policies and programs. The present investigation sampled young male Filipino <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in Hawai’i. Thematic analyses of the focus group data challenge the commonly held view of racial harmony in Hawai’i. It appears that racial and social discrimination from peers and authority figures propel Filipino boys to seek out <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership as a way to protect themselves from being targets of oppression. PMID:19946383</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drug+AND+abuse+AND+stress&pg=5&id=EJ1013084','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drug+AND+abuse+AND+stress&pg=5&id=EJ1013084"><span>An Adapted Brief Strategic Family Therapy for <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Affiliated Mexican American Adolescents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo; Cepeda, Alice; Parrish, Danielle; Horowitz, Rosalind; Kaplan, Charles</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of an adapted Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) intervention for <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated Mexican American adolescents and their parents. Methods: A total of 200 adolescents and their family caregivers were randomized to either a treatment or a control condition. Outcomes included adolescent substance…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=2&id=EJ859103','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=2&id=EJ859103"><span>Impact of a Comprehensive Whole Child Intervention and Prevention Program among Youths at Risk of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement and Other Forms of Delinquency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Koffman, Stephen; Ray, Alice; Berg, Sarah; Covington, Larry; Albarran, Nadine M.; Vasquez, Max</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Youths in <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ridden neighborhoods are at risk for trauma-related mental health disorders, which are early indicators of likely school failure and delinquency. Such youths rarely seek out services for these problems. The Juvenile Intervention and Prevention Program (JIPP), a school-based <span class="hlt">gang</span> intervention and prevention program in Los Angeles,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED355595.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED355595.pdf"><span>School Dress Codes v. The First Amendment: <span class="hlt">Ganging</span> up on Student Attire.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jahn, Karon L.</p> <p></p> <p>Do school dress codes written with the specific purpose of limiting individual dress preferences, including dress associated with <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, infringe on speech freedoms granted by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution? Although the Supreme Court has extended its protection of political speech to nonverbal acts of communication, it has…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518417.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518417.pdf"><span>Findings from the Evaluation of OJJDP's <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Reduction Program. Juvenile Justice Bulletin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cahill, Meagan; Hayeslip, David</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This bulletin draws on findings from an independent evaluation, conducted by the Urban Institute, of the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Reduction Program's (GRP) Impact in Los Angeles, California; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; North Miami Beach, Florida; and Richmond, Virginia, to examine how effectively these sites implemented the program. Following are some of the authors' key…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Nature+AND+aggression&pg=5&id=ED458773','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Nature+AND+aggression&pg=5&id=ED458773"><span>The Challenges of <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Youth Violence in the Schools. Fourth CCBD Mini-Library Series: Addressing the Diverse Needs of Children and Youth with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders--Programs That Work.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Grant, Sharon H.; Van Acker, Richard</p> <p></p> <p>Review of the current knowledge concerning youth violence and <span class="hlt">gang</span> behavior considers risk factors for violence and <span class="hlt">gang</span> formation, functions served by violence and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and strategies that have been empirically validated to be either beneficial or ineffective. Following an introductory chapter, the first chapter looks at the nature of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Geomo..15...67A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Geomo..15...67A"><span>The palaeodelta of the ``Proto'' Vatrak and ``Proto'' Mahi <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of northeastern Gujarat, <span class="hlt">India</span>: A remote sensing interpretation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Agarwal, R. P.; Dotiwala, Sucheta; Mitra, D. S.; Bhoj, R.</p> <p>1996-02-01</p> <p>Detailed remote sensing studies carried out in northeastern Gujarat, <span class="hlt">India</span>, suggest that there has been a major change in the drainage system as evidenced by the presence of a large palaeo-delta system. The area is drained by two major <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, the Mahi and Vatrak originating from the Aravalli Hills to the east, which discharge into the Gulf of Cambay, in the Indian Ocean. Major lineaments, palaeodrainage patterns and palaeodeltas of the Vatrak and Mahi <span class="hlt">rivers</span> were delineated. These were large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the past with a high discharge and floodplains which were 5-10 km wide. Most of the palaeodrainage follows the NE-SW Precambrian lineaments/ faults indicating their structural control. Reactivation of these lineaments and differential uplift of the Aravalli Hills resulted in increased transportation of the eroded sediments and deposition of more than 5 km thick sediments into the Tarapur block of the Cambay Basin. The Gulf of Cambay extended up to the Limbasi-Sojitra-Petlad area during the Quaternary. There are implications for petroleum exploration in the sense that the results when integrated with subsurface geological and geophysical data help to delineate the reservoir facies suitable for petroleum exploration along the eastern margin of the Tarapur block.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22263309','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22263309"><span>Ritacestus gen. n. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) and redescription of R. ritaii comb. n., a parasite of Rita rita (Siluriformes) in <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de Chambrier, Alain; Scholz, Tomás; Ash, Anirban; Kar, Pradip Kumar</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>A new genus, Ritacestus, is proposed to accommodate Ritacestus ritaii (Verma, 1926) comb. n. (syn. Proteocephalus ritaii), a parasite of the catfish Rita rita (Hamilton) in <span class="hlt">India</span>. The new genus, which is placed in the Gangesiinae, is characterized by (i) a small, subspherical scolex formed by four large lobes separated from one another by longitudinal grooves, with a large, widely oval to pyriform rostellum-like apical organ, larger than suckers and possessing an apical hemispherical depression; (ii) paramuscular and cortical position of some vitelline follicles (most follicles are situated medullary); (iii) ventral and dorsal bands of vitelline follicles usually uninterrupted ventral to terminal genitalia and reaching to the posterior margin of proglottides; (iv) the vagina always anterior to the cirrus-sac; (v) a large size of the body (length up to 51 cm); and (vi) development of the uterus of type 2. In its morphology, especially shape of the scolex and apical organ, and paramuscular and cortical position of some vitelline follicles, Ritacestus resembles Postgangesia Akhmerov, 1969, but differs in the presence of a genital atrium (both genital pores of Postgangesia are separate), the anterior position of the vagina (almost always posterior in the latter genus), position of vitelline follicles in cross sections (dorsal and ventral bands in Ritacestus versus only a lateral band in the latter genus), and dorsal excretory canals indistinguishable in mature and gravid proglottides of R. ritaii (well developed in Postgangesia spp.). The type and only species of the genus, R. ritaii, is redescribed on the basis of new material from the type host from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> basin in <span class="hlt">India</span> and its neotype is designated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4709700','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4709700"><span>Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Phytotoxicity of Tannery Effluent Discharged into Palar <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, Tamil Nadu, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Roy, Suki; Nagarchi, Lubbnaz; Das, Ishita; Mangalam Achuthananthan, Jayasri; Krishnamurthy, Suthindhiran</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Ambur, a town located on the banks of Palar <span class="hlt">River</span>, is considered one of the most polluted areas in <span class="hlt">India</span> and occupied by hundreds of tanneries and leather product units. The present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effect of discharged tannery effluent (TE) on model agricultural crops, ecofriendly microorganisms, and human blood cells. The phytotoxic effects of TE tested on Allium cepa and Lemna minor revealed inhibition of root growth and significant reduction in number of fronds, protein, and chlorophyll content. Moreover, TE induced chlorosis and tissue necrosis in Nostoc muscorum at low concentration (10%). TE has also negative impact on ecofriendly microorganisms, Bacillus thuringiensis, Rhizobium etli, and Aspergillus terreus which play an important role in the nutrition of plant growth. The genotoxicity of TE was investigated in human leukocytes which showed interference with normal mitotic division with subsequent cell lysis. It also intervened with the normal replication process and induced micronucleus formation in the healthy leukocyte. 5% concentration of TE has been revealed to be toxic to erythrocytes. From this study TE found in the Palar <span class="hlt">River</span> of Ambur has adverse effects on all the three levels of organisms in ecosystem even at lower concentrations. PMID:26839546</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA467142','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA467142"><span>The Likelihood of Collaboration Between Central American Transnational <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Terrorist Organizations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>As Rolando Gamez, a resident of Escuintla – a town 28 miles southwest of the capital, Guatemala City – maintains, "This is a war and the <span class="hlt">gang</span>...Director of Investigations in El Salvador, Douglas Omar Garcia Fumes, agrees, "They continue to operate even after they’re arrested. Orders to kill are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03759&hterms=landslides+Earth&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dlandslides%2BEarth','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03759&hterms=landslides+Earth&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dlandslides%2BEarth"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma Landslide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>(Released 01 April 2002) This image shows a spectacular landslide along a portion of the southern wall of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma within Valles Marineris. Landslides have very characteristic morphologies on Earth, which they also display on Mars. These morphologies include a distinctive escarpment at the uppermost part of the landslide--called a head scarp (seen at the bottom of this image), a down-dropped block of material below that escarpment that dropped almost vertically, and a deposit of debris that moved away from the escarpment at high speed. In this example, the wall rock displayed in the upper part of the cliff is layered, with spurs and chutes created by differing amounts of erosion. Below the steep scarp is a smoother, steep slope of material with small, narrow tongues of debris that have eroded off of the escarpment since the landslide occurred (a talus slope). The actual landslide deposit, visible in the upper half of this image, shows striations that form by differences in the side-by-side motion during high velocity emplacement. This immense landslide traveled some 70 km at speeds that probably exceeded 100 kilometers per hour (60 miles per hour) before coming to rest, forming abrupt, terminal fronts (upper right corner of image). Even at these high speeds, this massive landslide was moving for nearly an hour before it came to rest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1369055-evolution-aerosol-research-india-rawexgvax-overview','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1369055-evolution-aerosol-research-india-rawexgvax-overview"><span>Evolution of Aerosol Research in <span class="hlt">India</span> and the RAWEX–GVAX:An Overview</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Krishna Moorthy, K.; Satheesh, S. K.; Kotamarthi, V. R.</p> <p></p> <p>Climate change has great significance in Asia in general, and <span class="hlt">India</span> in particular; and atmospheric aerosols have a decisive role in this. The climate forcing potential of aerosols is closely linked to their optical, microphysical and chemical properties. Systematic efforts to characterize these properties over the Indian region started about 5 decades ago, and evolved over the years through concerted efforts in the form of long-term scientific programmes as well as concerted fields experiments. All these have resulted in this activity becoming one of the most vibrant fields of climate research in <span class="hlt">India</span> and have brought several important issues inmore » the national and international foci. The field experiment, RAWEX-GVAX (Regional Aerosol Warming Experiment-<span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Valley Aerosol Experiment), conducted during 2011-12 jointly by the US Department of Energy, Indian Space Research Organization and Department of Science and Technology, has emerged as a direct outcome of the above efforts. This overview provides a comprehensive account of the development of aerosol-climate research in <span class="hlt">India</span> and south Asia, and the accomplishment and newer issues that warranted the above field campaign. Details of RAWEX-GVAX, the major outcomes and the subsequent and more recent efforts are presented, followed by the way forward in this field for the next several years to come.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA565126','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA565126"><span>Countering <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence: What Small Town Communities Can Learn from the US Military</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-05-03</p> <p>city is also home to two of the most notorious Hispanic <span class="hlt">gangs</span> operating in the US. The Nuestra Familia and the Mexican Mafia have approximately 11...within Salinas until all communities are capable of self-policing. Critical to this mission will be Salinas‟ ability to actually „connect‟ with the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187300','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187300"><span>The effects of self-control, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and parental attachment/identification on police contacts among Latino and African American youths.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Flexon, Jamie L; Greenleaf, Richard G; Lurigio, Arthur J</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>This study assessed the correlates of self-control and police contact in a sample of Chicago public high school students. The investigation examined the effects of parental attachment/identification, family structure, and peer association on self-control and the effects of parental attachment/identification, family structure, peer association, and self-control on police contact. Differences between African American and Latino youth on the predictors of the two dependent measures were tested in separate regression models. Weak parental attachment/identification and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation (peer association) predicted low self-control among all students. Among African American youth, only weak maternal attachment/identification predicted low self-control; both weak maternal attachment/identification and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation predicted low self-control among Latino youth. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> affiliation predicted police stops (delinquency) among African Americans but not among Latinos. However, both African American and Latino students with lower self-control were more likely to be stopped by the police than those with higher self-control.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29913597','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29913597"><span>Modelling impacts of climate change and socio-economic change on the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Meghna, Hooghly and Mahanadi <span class="hlt">river</span> systems in <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Whitehead, Paul G; Jin, Li; Macadam, Ian; Janes, Tamara; Sarkar, Sananda; Rodda, Harvey J E; Sinha, Rajiv; Nicholls, Robert J</p> <p>2018-09-15</p> <p>The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) <span class="hlt">River</span> System, the associated Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> and the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> System represent the largest <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in the world serving a population of over 780 million. The <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are of vital concern to <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh as they provide fresh water for people, agriculture, industry, conservation and support the Delta System in the Bay of Bengal. Future changes in both climate and socio-economics have been investigated to assess whether these will alter <span class="hlt">river</span> flows and water quality. Climate datasets downscaled from three different Global Climate Models have been used to drive a daily process based flow and water quality model. The results suggest that due to climate change the flows will increase in the monsoon period and also be enhanced in the dry season. However, once socio-economic changes are also considered, increased population, irrigation, water use and industrial development reduce water availability in drought conditions, threatening water supplies and posing a threat to <span class="hlt">river</span> and coastal ecosystems. This study, as part of the DECCMA (Deltas, vulnerability and Climate Change: Migration and Adaptation) project, also addresses water quality issues, particularly nutrients (N and P) and their transport along the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and discharge into the Delta System. Climate will alter flows, increasing flood flows and changing pollution dilution factors in the <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, as well as other key processes controlling water quality. Socio-economic change will affect water quality, as water diversion strategies, increased population and industrial development alter the water balance and enhance fluxes of nutrients from agriculture, urban centers and atmospheric deposition. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28974303','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28974303"><span>Water quality assessment of the ecologically stressed Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary, <span class="hlt">India</span>: A multivariate approach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mitra, Soumita; Ghosh, Swayambhu; Satpathy, Kamala Kanta; Bhattacharya, Bhaskar Deb; Sarkar, Santosh Kumar; Mishra, Pravakar; Raja, P</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Spatio-temporal and seasonal variation of the water quality characteristics of the Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary, <span class="hlt">India</span> were studied considering eight stations of diverse eco-hydrological characteristics. Wide variations in turbidity, total dissolved solids and fecal coliform exceeded the permissible BIS drinking water level limit. The estuary is observed to be relatively low-oxygenated, mesotropic and phosphate limiting. Spatial heterogeneity and impact of the southwest monsoon were remarkably pronounced in the distribution of the inorganic nutrients revealing the following values (expressed in μgatml -1 ): nitrate+nitrite (2.42-37.19), phosphate (0.41-1.52) and silicate (38.5-187.75). Water Quality Index (WQI) values confirmed the prevailing 'bad' condition, detrimental for sustenance of aquatic biota. Results of Principal Component Analysis identified the major factors liable for water quality deterioration while cluster analysis categorized the stations on the basis of similar water quality status. The authors recommend adopting preventive measures for water quality improvement linked to biodiversity conservation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612607S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612607S"><span>The impact of inter-annual rainfall variability on food production in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Siderius, Christian; Biemans, Hester; van Walsum, Paul; hellegers, Petra; van Ierland, Ekko; Kabat, Pavel</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Rainfall variability is expected to increase in the coming decades as the world warms. Especially in regions already water stressed, a higher rainfall variability will jeopardize food security. Recently, the impact of inter-annual rainfall variability has received increasing attention in regional to global analysis on water availability and food security. But the description of the dynamics behind it is still incomplete in most models. Contemporary land surface and hydrological models used for such analyses describe variability in production primarily as a function of yield, a process driven by biophysical parameters, thereby neglecting yearly variations in cropped area, a process driven largely by management decisions. Agricultural statistics for northern <span class="hlt">India</span> show that the latter process could explain up to 40% of the observed inter-annual variation in food production in various states. We added a simple dynamic land use decision module to a land surface model (LPJmL) and analyzed to what extent this improved the estimation of variability in food production. Using this improved modelling framework we then assessed if and at which scale rainfall variability affects meeting the food self-sufficiency threshold. Early results for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin indicate that, while on basin level variability in crop production is still relatively low, several districts and states are highly affected (RSTD > 50%). Such insight can contribute to better recommendations on the most effective measures, at the most appropriate scale, to buffer variability in food production.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA555541','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA555541"><span>Deportation of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: Sub-Optimal Solution for Both America and Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-28</p> <p>Back the Streets 36 James C. Howell. “<span class="hlt">Gang</span> prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs”, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency ...55 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention, Boston Strategy To Prevent Youth Violence... Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice, Juvenile Justice Bulletin, December 2010, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/231116.pdf</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rape&pg=7&id=EJ863256','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rape&pg=7&id=EJ863256"><span>Advantages of Group Therapy for Adolescent Participants in the Same <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Rape</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Etgar, Talia; Prager, Keren Ganot</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This paper deals with the issue of including in the same therapeutic group in a prison setting two (or more) young people who participated in the same <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape. We provide a background for group therapy with adolescent sex offenders and point out the characteristics of group rape. In addition, we describe the uniqueness of working in a prison as…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27427801','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27427801"><span>Predicting sexual coercion in early adulthood: The transaction among maltreatment, <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation, and adolescent socialization of coercive relationship norms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ha, Thao; Kim, Hanjoe; Christopher, Caroline; Caruthers, Allison; Dishion, Thomas J</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>This study tested a transactional hypothesis predicting early adult sexual coercion from family maltreatment, early adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation, and socialization of adolescent friendships that support coercive relationship norms. The longitudinal study of a community sample of 998 11-year-olds was intensively assessed in early and middle adolescence and followed to 23-24 years of age. At age 16-17 youth were videotaped with a friend, and their interactions were coded for coercive relationship talk. Structural equation modeling revealed that maltreatment predicted <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation during early adolescence. Both maltreatment and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation strongly predicted adolescent sexual promiscuity and coercive relationship norms with friends at age 16-17 years. Adolescent sexual promiscuity, however, did not predict sexual coercion in early adulthood. In contrast, higher levels of observed coercive relationship talk with a friend predicted sexual coercion in early adulthood for both males and females. These findings suggest that peers have a socialization function in the development of norms prognostic of sexual coercion, and the need to consider peers in the promotion of healthy relationships.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.2373K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.2373K"><span>Climate change impact on soil erosion in the Mandakini <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, North <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khare, Deepak; Mondal, Arun; Kundu, Sananda; Mishra, Prabhash Kumar</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Correct estimation of soil loss at catchment level helps the land and water resources planners to identify priority areas for soil conservation measures. Soil erosion is one of the major hazards affected by the climate change, particularly the increasing intensity of rainfall resulted in increasing erosion, apart from other factors like landuse change. Changes in climate have an adverse effect with increasing rainfall. It has caused increasing concern for modeling the future rainfall and projecting future soil erosion. In the present study, future rainfall has been generated with the downscaling of GCM (Global Circulation Model) data of Mandakini <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, a hilly catchment in the state of Uttarakhand, <span class="hlt">India</span>, to obtain future impact on soil erosion within the basin. The USLE is an erosion prediction model designed to predict the long-term average annual soil loss from specific field slopes in specified landuse and management systems (i.e., crops, rangeland, and recreational areas) using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Future soil erosion has shown increasing trend due to increasing rainfall which has been generated from the statistical-based downscaling method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-100/issue-47/exploration-development/to-sell-or-not-sell-assessments-of-bangladesh-hydrocarbons.html','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-100/issue-47/exploration-development/to-sell-or-not-sell-assessments-of-bangladesh-hydrocarbons.html"><span>To sell or not sell: Assessments of Bangladesh hydrocarbons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Milici, Robert C.; Warwick, Peter D.; Attanasi, Emil D.; Wandrey, Craig J.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A decision by the government of Bangladesh to sell or not sell some of its natural gas reserves to neighboring countries in South Asia will be important in determining the economic future of Bangladesh, a country with an area about equal to Wisconsin.Bangladesh is a country of 150 million people, many of whom live at or below the poverty line. It is situated almost entirely on the great low-lying delta of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> systems. Folded Tertiary strata that form hill tracts in easternmost Bangladesh, adjacent <span class="hlt">India</span>, and Myanmar provide a little relief above a monotonous deltaic terrain (Fig. 1).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516384','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516384"><span>Implications of agricultural land use change to ecosystem services in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Islam, G M Tarekul; Islam, A K M Saiful; Shopan, Ahsan Azhar; Rahman, Md Munsur; Lázár, Attila N; Mukhopadhyay, Anirban</p> <p>2015-09-15</p> <p>Ecosystems provide the basis for human civilization and natural capital for green economy and sustainable development. Ecosystem services may range from crops, fish, freshwater to those that are harder to see such as erosion regulation, carbon sequestration, and pest control. Land use changes have been identified as the main sources of coastal and marine pollution in Bangladesh. This paper explores the temporal variation of agricultural land use change and its implications with ecosystem services in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta. With time agricultural lands have been decreased and wetlands have been increased at a very high rate mainly due to the growing popularity of saltwater shrimp farming. In a span of 28 years, the agricultural lands have been reduced by approximately 50%, while the wetlands have been increased by over 500%. A large portion (nearly 40%) of the study area is covered by the Sundarbans which remained almost constant which can be attributed to the strict regulatory intervention to preserve the Sundarbans. The settlement & others land use type has also been increased to nearly 5%. There is a gradual uptrend of shrimp and fish production in the study area. The findings suggest that there are significant linkages between agricultural land use change and ecosystem services in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta in Bangladesh. The continuous decline of agricultural land (due to salinization) and an increase of wetland have been attributed to the conversion of agricultural land into shrimp farming in the study area. Such land use change requires significant capital, therefore, only investors and wealthier land owners can get the higher profit from the land conversion while the poor people is left with the environmental consequences that affect their long-term lives and livelihood. An environmental management plan is proposed for sustainable land use in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta in Bangladesh. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475643','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475643"><span>Seasonal assessment of trace element contamination in intertidal sediments of the meso-macrotidal Hooghly (<span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary with a note on mercury speciation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mondal, Priyanka; de Alcântara Mendes, Rosivaldo; Jonathan, M P; Biswas, Jayanta Kumar; Murugan, Kadarkarai; Sarkar, Santosh Kumar</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The spatial and seasonal distribution of trace elements (TEs) (n=16) in surficial sediment were examined along the Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary (~175km), <span class="hlt">India</span>. A synchronous elevation of majority of TEs concentration (mgkg -1 ) was encountered during monsoon with the following descending order: Al (67070); Fe (31300); Cd (5.73); Cr (71.17); Cu (29.09); Mn (658.74); Ni (35.89). An overall low and homogeneous concentration of total Hg (T Hg =17.85±4.98ngg -1 ) was recorded in which methyl mercury (MeHg) shared minor fraction (8-31%) of the T Hg . Sediment pollution indices, viz. geo-accumulation index (I geo ) and enrichment factor (EF) for Cd (I geo =1.92-3.67; EF=13.83-31.17) and Ba (I geo =0.79-5.03; EF=5.79-108.94) suggested high contamination from anthropogenic sources. From factor analysis it was inferred that TEs primarily originated from lithogenic sources. This study would provide the latest benchmark of TE pollution along with the first record of MeHg in this fluvial system which recommends reliable monitoring to safeguard geochemical health of this stressed environment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED296451.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED296451.pdf"><span>Principals' Leadership Behaviors in <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Impacted High Schools and Their Effects on Pupil Climate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Schwartz, Audrey J.</p> <p></p> <p>Although viable leadership models for schools with differing social contexts are in great demand, empirical studies of high school principals have not produced consistent results. This paper summarizes part of a larger project designed to identify leadership behaviors of principals in "<span class="hlt">gang</span>-impacted" and other secondary schools. The…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29148360','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29148360"><span>Corynebacterium godavarianum sp. nov., isolated from the Godavari <span class="hlt">river</span>, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jani, Kunal; Khare, Kaustubh; Senik, Svetlana; Karodi, Prachi; Vemuluri, Venkata Ramana; Bandal, Jayashree; Shouche, Yogesh; Rale, Vinay; Sharma, Avinash</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, strain PRD07 T , was isolated from Godavari <span class="hlt">river</span>, <span class="hlt">India</span> during the world's largest spiritual and religious mass bathing event 'Kumbh Mela'. Molecular analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis reveals the distinct phylogenetic positioning of strain PRD07 T within the genus Corynebacterium. The strain demonstrated highest sequence similarity to Corynebacterium imitans DSM 44264 T (97.9 %), Corynebacterium appendicis DSM 44531 T (97.1 %) and <96.7 % with all other members of the genus Corynebacterium. The G+C content of PRD07 T was 68.5 mol% (Tm) and the DNA-DNA hybridization depicts 61.09 % genomic relatedness with C. imitans DSM 44264 T . Chemotaxonomic assessment of strain PRD07 T suggested presence of C16 : 0 (31.6 %), C18 : 0 (3.5 %) and C18 : 1ω9c (58.6 %) as the major cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain PRD07 T were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and glycophospholipid. Differentiating molecular, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain PRD07 T with its closest relatives necessitated the description of strain PRD07 T as a novel species of genus Corynebacterium for which the name Corynebacteriumgodavarianum sp. nov., has been proposed. The type strain is PRD07 T (=MCC 3388 T =KCTC 39803 T =LMG 29598 T ).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34678','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34678"><span>Retroposon analysis of major cetacean lineages: The monophyly of toothed whales and the paraphyly of <span class="hlt">river</span> dolphins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nikaido, Masato; Matsuno, Fumio; Hamilton, Healy; Brownell, Robert L.; Cao, Ying; Ding, Wang; Zuoyan, Zhu; Shedlock, Andrew M.; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Hasegawa, Masami; Okada, Norihiro</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>SINE (short interspersed element) insertion analysis elucidates contentious aspects in the phylogeny of toothed whales and dolphins (Odontoceti), especially <span class="hlt">river</span> dolphins. Here, we characterize 25 informative SINEs inserted into unique genomic loci during evolution of odontocetes to construct a cladogram, and determine a total of 2.8 kb per taxon of the flanking sequences of these SINE loci to estimate divergence times among lineages. We demonstrate that: (i) Odontocetes are monophyletic; (ii) <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span> dolphins, beaked whales, and ocean dolphins diverged (in this order) after sperm whales; (iii) three other <span class="hlt">river</span> dolphin taxa, namely the Amazon, La Plata, and Yangtze <span class="hlt">river</span> dolphins, form a monophyletic group with Yangtze <span class="hlt">River</span> dolphins being the most basal; and (iv) the rapid radiation of extant cetacean lineages occurred some 28–33 million years B.P., in strong accord with the fossil record. The combination of SINE and flanking sequence analysis suggests a topology and set of divergence times for odontocete relationships, offering alternative explanations for several long-standing problems in cetacean evolution. PMID:11416211</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA625780','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA625780"><span>Drugs, <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Transnational Organized Crime and Malgoverened Spaces in the Americas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>3 Drugs, <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Transnational Organized Crime and “Malgoverened Spaces” in the Americas R. Evan Ellis1 During the spring of 2014, the U.S. media...and Washington politics were briefly dominated by the crisis of thousands of children from Central America detained at the Mexican border as they... Americas have received increasing attention as threats to both the U.S. and the region.3 Many good analy- ses have been done of the phenomenon of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23894970','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23894970"><span>Biodiversity of freshwater fish of a protected <span class="hlt">river</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span>: comparison with unprotected habitat.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sarkar, Uttam Kumar; Pathak, Ajey Kumar; Tyagi, Lalit Kumar; Srivastava, Satyendra Mohan; Singh, Shri Prakash; Dubey, Vineet Kumar</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>In <span class="hlt">India</span>, freshwater environments are experiencing serious threats to biodiversity, and there is an urgent priority for the search of alternative techniques to promote fish biodiversity conservation and management. With this aim, the present study was undertaken to assess the fish biodiversity within and outside a <span class="hlt">river</span> protected area, and to evaluate whether the protected <span class="hlt">river</span> area provides some benefits to riverine fish biodiversity. To assess this, the pattern of freshwater fish diversity was studied in <span class="hlt">river</span> Gerua, along with some physicochemical conditions, from April 2000 to March 2004. For this, a comparison was made between a 15km stretch of a protected area (Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary), and an unprotected one 85km downstream. In each site some physicochemical conditions were obtained, and fish were caught by normal gears and the diversity per site described. Our results showed that water temperature resulted warmest during the pre-monsoon season (25 degreeC) and low during the winter (14-15 degreeC); turbidity considerably varied by season. In the protected area, a total of 87 species belonging to eight orders, 22 families and 52 genera were collected; while a maximum of 59 species belonging to six orders, 20 families and 42 genera were recorded from the unprotected areas. Cyprinids were found to be the most dominant genera and Salmostoma bacaila was the most numerous species in the sanctuary area. Other numerous species were Eutropiichthys vacha, Notopterus notopterus, Clupisoma garua and Bagarius bagarius. The results indicated more species, greater abundances, larger individuals, and higher number of endangered fishes within the sanctuary area when compared to the unprotected area. Analysis on the mean abundance of endangered and vulnerable species for the evaluated areas in the sanctuary versus unprotected ones indicated significant differences in fish abundance (p<0.05). These results showed that this riverine protected area could be important</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMEP52A..05W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMEP52A..05W"><span>The development of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra tidal delta plain: construction to maintenance phase changes in platform and channel morphology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, C.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Hale, R. P.; Bain, R. L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The lower <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra (G-B) delta can be divided into the fluvial-tidal <span class="hlt">river</span> mouth and distributaries under active construction by the G-B <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, and the distal tidally maintained deltaplain. In the active <span class="hlt">river</span>-mouth, distributaries have constructed 5,000 km2 of large, coalescing islands that define the prograding coastline and subaerial-delta front. Although seasonal riverbank erosion is common, the area as a whole has gained land, primarily via horizontal and vertical accretion of intertidal mudflats and seaward progradation of emergent, tidally-elongated sandy channel-mouth bars. An analysis of historical imagery within the active <span class="hlt">river</span> mouth shows larger and higher order channels form as merging bars and shoal-islands constrict distributary channels, while lower order creeks emerge secondarily, presumably as flow on shoaling intertidal mudflats becomes channelized and mangrove vegetation takes hold. With waning fluvial input (occurring from major distributary migration or avulsion), tidal and marine processes exhibit a stronger control on sediment transport and distribution, as is happening in the downdrift areas of the G-B tidal delta plain. The relatively pristine Sundarbans mangrove forest covers 4,100 km2 along the coast, while 11,200 km2 of the lower tidal delta plain is densely inhabited (population density up to 1,000/km2) and embanked for agricultural purposes. Although considered moribund or abandoned from direct fluvial sediment input, distal portions of the tidal delta are connected to the sediment transport system by its dense network of tidal channels. The subaerial landscape that was initially constructed by the point-sourced input of coarser-grained fluvial sediment from the mainstem <span class="hlt">rivers</span> is thereafter maintained predominantly by onshore tidal sediment transport of finer-grained silt, and we observe accretion rates as high as 2-4 cm/y supported on the mangrove platform during the monsoon season. The tidal channels show evidence of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471524.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471524.pdf"><span>Coffeyville, Kansas: The Town That Stopped the Dalton <span class="hlt">Gang</span>. Teaching with Historic Places.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hunter, Kathleen</p> <p></p> <p>By 1890 the legendary outlaws of the 1870s and 1880s were mostly dead or in prison. When Luther Perkins erected his new bank building in Coffeyville, Kansas, a bank robbery was the farthest thing from his mind. But the Dalton cousins, former Coffeyville residents, were interested in the bank because they wanted to outdo the James <span class="hlt">gang</span> by using the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H11N..03H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H11N..03H"><span>Food security, irrigation, climate change, and water scarcity in <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hertel, T. W.; Taheripour, F.; Gopalakrishnan, B. N.; Sahin, S.; Escurra, J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>This paper uses an advanced CGE model (Taheripour et al., 2013) coupled with hydrological projections of future water scarcity and biophysical data on likely crop yields under climate change to examine how water scarcity, climate change, and trade jointly alter land use changes across the Indian subcontinent. Climate shocks to rainfed and irrigated yields in 2030 are based on the p-DSSAT crop model, RCP 2.6, as reported under the AgMIP project (Rosenzweig et al., 2013), accessed through GEOSHARE (Villoria et al, 2014). Results show that, when water scarcity is ignored, irrigated areas grow in the wake of climate change as the returns to irrigation rise faster than for rainfed uses of land within a given agro-ecological zone. When non-agricultural competition for future water use, as well as anticipated supply side limitations are brought into play (Rosegrant et al., 2013), the opportunity cost of water rises across all <span class="hlt">river</span> basins, with the increase ranging from 12% (Luni) to 44% (Brahmaputra). As a consequence, irrigated crop production is curtailed in most regions (Figure 1), with the largest reductions coming in the most water intensive crops, namely rice and wheat. By reducing irrigated area, which tends to have much higher yields, the combined effects of water scarcity and climate impacts require an increase in total cropped area, which rises by about 240,000 ha. The majority of this area expansion occurs in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Indus, and Brahmari <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. Overall crop output falls by about 2 billion, relative to the 2030 baseline, with imports rising by about 570 million. The combined effects of climate change and water scarcity for irrigation also have macro-economic consequences, resulting in a 0.28% reduction in GDP and an increase in the consumer price index by about 0.4% in 2030, compared the baseline. The national welfare impact on <span class="hlt">India</span> amounts to roughly 3 billion (at 2007 prices) in 2030. Assuming a 3% social discount rate, the net present value of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-002173&hterms=sedimentation+channels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dsedimentation%2Bchannels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-002173&hterms=sedimentation+channels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dsedimentation%2Bchannels"><span>Gujarat, Western <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Extremely high sediment loads are delivered to the Arabian Sea along the coast of Pakistan (upper left) and western <span class="hlt">India</span>. In the case of the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> (far upper left) this sedimentation, containing large quantities of desert sand, combines with wave action to create a large sand-bar like delta. In the arid environment, the delta lacks much vegetation, but contains numerous mangrove-lined channels. This true-color image from May 2001 shows the transition from <span class="hlt">India</span>'s arid northwest to the wetter regions farther south along the coast. The increase in vegetation along the coast is brought about by the moisture trapping effect of the Western Ghats Mountain Range that runs north-south along the coast. Heavy sediment is visible in the Gulf of Kachchh (north) and the Gulf of Khambhat(south), which surround the Gujarat Peninsula.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMED43B0776G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMED43B0776G"><span>Providing Undergraduate Research Opportunities Through the World <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Observatory Collaborative Network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gillies, S. L.; Marsh, S. J.; Janmaat, A.; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B.; Voss, B.; Holmes, R. M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Successful research collaboration exists between the University of the Fraser Valley (UFV), a primarily undergraduate-serving university located on the Fraser <span class="hlt">River</span> in British Columbia, and the World <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Observatory that is coordinated through the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC). The World <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Observatory coordinates time-series sampling of 15 large <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, with particular focus on the large Arctic <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra, Congo, Fraser, Yangtze (Changjiang), Amazon, and Mackenzie <span class="hlt">River</span> systems. The success of this international observatory critically depends on the participation of local collaborators, such as UFV, that are necessary in order to collect temporally resolved data from these <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. Several faculty members and undergraduate students from the Biology and Geography Departments of UFV received on-site training from the lead-PIs of the Global <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Observatory. To share information and ensure good quality control of sampling methods, WHOI and WHRC hosted two international workshops at Woods Hole for collaborators. For the past four years, faculty and students from UFV have been collecting a variety of bi-monthly water samples from the Fraser <span class="hlt">River</span> for the World <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> Observatory. UFV undergraduate students who become involved learn proper sampling techniques and are given the opportunity to design and conduct their own research. Students have collected, analyzed and presented data from this project at regional, national, and international scientific meetings. UFV undergraduate students have also been hosted by WHOI and WHRC as guest students to work on independent research projects. While at WHOI and WHRC, students are able to conduct research using state-of-the-art specialized research facilities not available at UFV.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HydJ...25.2185G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HydJ...25.2185G"><span>The impact of sewage-contaminated <span class="hlt">river</span> water on groundwater ammonium and arsenic concentrations at a riverbank filtration site in central Delhi, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Groeschke, Maike; Frommen, Theresa; Taute, Thomas; Schneider, Michael</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The groundwater abstracted at a well field near the Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span> in Central Delhi, <span class="hlt">India</span>, has elevated ammonium (NH4 +) concentrations up to 35 mg/L and arsenic (As) concentrations up to 0.146 mg/L, constituting a problem with the provision of safe drinking and irrigation water. Infiltrating sewage-contaminated <span class="hlt">river</span> water is the primary source of the NH4 + contamination in the aquifer, leading to reducing conditions which probably trigger the release of geogenic As. These conclusions are based on the evaluation of six 8-27-m deep drillings, and 13 surface-water and 69 groundwater samples collected during seven field campaigns (2012-2013). Results indicate that losing stream conditions prevail and the <span class="hlt">river</span> water infiltrates into the shallow floodplain aquifer (up to 16 m thickness), which consists of a 1-2-m thick layer of calcareous nodules (locally known as kankar) overlain by medium sand. Because of its higher hydraulic conductivity (3.7 × 10-3 m/s, as opposed to 3.5 × 10-4 m/s in the sand), the kankar layer serves as the main pathway for the infiltrating water. However, the NH4 + plume front advances more rapidly in the sand layer because of its significantly lower cation exchange capacity. Elevated As concentrations were only observed within the NH4 + plume indicating a causal connection with the infiltrating reducing <span class="hlt">river</span> water.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1405062','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1405062"><span>Soil Gas Sample Handling: Evaluation of Water Removal and Sample <span class="hlt">Ganging</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fritz, Brad G.; Abrecht, David G.; Hayes, James C.</p> <p>2016-10-31</p> <p>Soil gas sampling is currently conducted in support of Nuclear Test Ban treaty verification. Soil gas samples are collected and analyzed for isotopes of interest. Some issues that can impact sampling and analysis of these samples are excess moisture and sample processing time. Here we discuss three potential improvements to the current sampling protocol; a desiccant for water removal, use of molecular sieve to remove CO 2 from the sample during collection, and a <span class="hlt">ganging</span> manifold to allow composite analysis of multiple samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70028108','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70028108"><span>Headward growth of chasmata by volatile outbursts, collapse, and drainage: Evidence from <span class="hlt">ganges</span> chaos, Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rodriguez, J.A.P.; Kargel, J.; Crown, D.A.; Bleamaster, L. F.; Tanaka, K.L.; Baker, V.; Miyamoto, H.; Dohm, J.M.; Sasaki, S.; Komatsu, G.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The nature and significance of collapse processes in Capri, Eos, and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasmata remain poorly understood. Using <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma as a type locality, these chasmata are interpreted to be the result of clustering and assimilation of multiple chaotic terrains, which primarily formed by localized depressurization-induced or thermally-triggered dissociation of buried gas clathrate hydrates and explosive eruption of gas-saturated ground water. Such crustal destabilization could have been triggered by (1) deep fracture propagation from the Martian surface, (2) magmatic intrusions and associated heating and inflation-induced terrain fracturing, and/or (3) climatic thaw and thinning/weakening of the permafrost over the clathrate and gas-rich groundwater zones. Volume increases associated with release of gases contributed to the xpulsion of groundwater and fluidized sediments at the surface, thereby carving the higher outflow channels peripheral to the chasmata and the lower outflow channel floors of the chasmata and outflow channels. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=alphonse+AND+-deduplication&pg=2&id=EJ568334','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=alphonse+AND+-deduplication&pg=2&id=EJ568334"><span>Human Services Students' Attitudes toward Working with an Inner-City <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Member: The Case of Alphonse.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ancis, Julie R.; Burke, Mary C.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Investigates the attitudes of 91 human service counseling students toward working with an inner-city <span class="hlt">gang</span> member. Results reveal qualitative differences in students' self-perceived ability to work with this client. Presents implications for human service education and training. (MKA)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC14B..07B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC14B..07B"><span>Coupled Landscape and Channel Dynamics in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Tidal Deltaplain, Southwest Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bomer, J.; Wilson, C.; Hale, R. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) and other tide-dominated systems, periodic flooding of the land surface during the tidal cycle promotes sediment accretion and surface elevation gain over time. However, over the past several decades, anthropogenic modification of the GBD tidal deltaplain through embankment construction has precluded sediment delivery to catchment areas, leading to widespread channel siltation and subsidence in poldered landscapes. Amongst the current discussion on GBD sustainability, the relationship between tidal inundation period and resultant sedimentation in natural and embanked settings remains unclear. Moreover, an evaluation of how riparian sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture changes across the GBD tidal-fluvial spectrum is notably absent, despite its critical importance in assessing geomorphic change in human-impacted transitional environments. To provide local-scale, longitudinal trends of coupled landscape-channel dynamics, an array of surface elevation tables, groundwater piezometers, and sediment traps deployed in natural and embanked settings have been monitored seasonally over a time span of 4 years. This knowledge base will be extended across the GBD tidal-fluvial transition by collecting sediment cores from carefully selected point bars along the Gorai <span class="hlt">River</span>. Sediments will be analyzed for lithologic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical properties to provide an integrated framework for discerning depositional zones and associated facies assemblages across this complex transitional environment. Preliminary comparisons of accretion and hydroperiod data suggest that inundation duration strongly governs mass accumulation on the intertidal platform, though other factors such as mass extraction from sediment source and vegetation density may play secondary roles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA01264.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA01264.html"><span>Evolution of the P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 <span class="hlt">Gang</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1998-05-02</p> <p>This series of eight NASA Hubble Space Telescope "snapshots" shows the evolution of the P-Q complex, also called the "<span class="hlt">gang</span> of four" region, of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9. The eight individual frames chronicle changes in the comet during the 12 months before colliding with Jupiter. The sequence shows that the relative separations of the various cometary fragments, thought to range in size from about 500 meters to almost 4 km (2.5 miles) across, changed dramatically over this period. The apparent separation of Q1 and Q2 was only about 1100 kilometers (680 miles) on 1 July 1993 and increased to 28,000 kilometers (17,400 miles) by 20 July 1994. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01264</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP31A0847W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP31A0847W"><span>Geomorphology and Landscape Evolution Model for the natural and human-impacted regions of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, C.; Goodbred, S. L.; Wallace Auerbach, L.; Ahmed, K.; Paola, C.; Reitz, M. D.; Pickering, J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (GBMD) in south Asia is generally considered a tide-dominated system, but much of the subaerial delta plain is geomorphically similar to <span class="hlt">river</span>-dominated systems such as the Mississippi <span class="hlt">River</span> delta, with a well-developed distributary network separated by low-lying, organic-rich interdistributary basins. By contrast, the lower GBMD is dominated by tidal processes and comprises a 100-km wide coastal plain with dense, interconnected tidal channels that are amalgamated to the seaward edge of the <span class="hlt">river</span>-dominated portion of the delta. These distinct <span class="hlt">river</span>- and tide-dominated geomorphic regions are simultaneously sustained by the enormous sediment load of the GBM <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and its efficient dispersal via the distributary channel network and onshore advection by tides. Together these processes have resulted in the ability of the GBMD to keep pace with sea-level rise throughout the Holocene, with comparatively little shoreline transgression. However, topographic data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) highlight low-lying regions of the delta that are located at the interface of the <span class="hlt">river</span>- and tide-dominated portions of the delta, where the transport energy of small distributaries and the upper tidal zone go to zero. As a result, these are the most sediment-starved regions of the delta and those most at risk to flooding by the summer monsoon and storm surges. Compounding the slow rates of sedimentation and high local organic content, these regions have been strongly affected by the construction of embankments (polders) that artificially de-water the soils and accelerate organic decomposition during the dry season, and further starve the land surface of sediment. Here, we present an integrated conceptual model for the geomorphic evolution of the GBMD that incorporates <span class="hlt">river</span>- and tide-dominated regions in conjunction with channel-avulsion processes and delta-lobe construction. Each of these is also overprinted by tectonic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disorder+AND+antisocial&pg=4&id=EJ1130635','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disorder+AND+antisocial&pg=4&id=EJ1130635"><span>Affiliation with Antisocial Crowds and Psychosocial Outcomes in a <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Impacted Urban Middle School</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Schwartz, David; Hopmeyer, Andrea; Luo, Tana; Ross, Alexandra C.; Fischer, Jesse</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This longitudinal study examined the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents who affiliate with antisocial crowds in a <span class="hlt">gang</span>-impacted urban environment. We followed 405 adolescents (219 boys, 186 girls; average age of 11.51 years, SD = 0.61; 84% Latino, 9% Asian, and 7% other or unclassified) for one academic year. These youth attended a middle…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ThApC.123..785A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ThApC.123..785A"><span>Analysis of trends in streamflow and its linkages with rainfall and anthropogenic factors in Gomti <span class="hlt">River</span> basin of North <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abeysingha, N. S.; Singh, Man; Sehgal, V. K.; Khanna, Manoj; Pathak, Himanshu</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Trend analysis of hydro-climatic variables such as streamflow, rainfall, and temperature provides useful information for effective water resources planning, designing, and management. Trends in observed streamflow at four gauging stations in the Gomti <span class="hlt">River</span> basin of North <span class="hlt">India</span> were assessed using the Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope for the 1982 to 2012 period. The relationships between trends in streamflow and rainfall were studied by correlation analyses. There was a gradual decreasing trend of annual, monsoonal, and winter seasonal streamflow ( p < 0.05) from the midstream to the downstream of the <span class="hlt">river</span> and also a decreasing trend of annual streamflow for the 5-year moving averaged standardized anomalies of streamflow for the entire basin. The declining trend in the streamflow was attributed partly to the increased water withdrawal, to increased air temperature, to higher population, and partly to significant reducing trend of post monsoon rainfall especially at downstream. Upstream gauging station showed a significant increasing trend of streamflow (1.6 m3/s/year) at annual scale, and this trend was attributed to the significant increasing trend of catchment rainfall (9.54 mm/year). It was further evident in the significant coefficient of positive correlation ( ρ = 0.8) between streamflow and catchment rainfall. The decreasing trend in streamflow and post-monsoon rainfall especially towards downstream area with concurrent increasing trend of temperature indicates a drying tendency of the Gomti <span class="hlt">River</span> basin over the study period. The results of this study may help stakeholders to design streamflow restoration strategies for sustainable water management planning of the Gomti <span class="hlt">River</span> basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.T13E1621A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.T13E1621A"><span>Variation of Rayleigh and Love Wave Fundamental Mode Group Velocity Dispersion Across <span class="hlt">India</span> and Surrounding Regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Acton, C. E.; Priestley, K.; Mitra, S.; Gaur, V. K.; Rai, S. S.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>We present group velocity dispersion results from a study of regional fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves propagating across <span class="hlt">India</span> and surrounding regions. Data used in this study comes from broadband stations operated in <span class="hlt">India</span> by us in addition to data from seismograms in the region whose data is archived at the IRIS Data Management Centre. The large amount of new and available data allows an improved path coverage and accordingly increased lateral resolution than in previous similar global and regional studies. 1D path- averaged dispersion measurements have been made using multiple filter analyis for source-receiver paths and are combined to produce tomographic group velocity maps for periods between 10 and 60 s. Preliminary Rayleigh wave group velocity maps have been produced using ~2500 paths and checkerboard tests indicate an average resolution of 5 degrees with substantially higher resolution achieved over the more densely sampled Himalayan regions. Short period velocity maps correlate well with surface geology resolving low velocity regions (2.0-2.4 km/s) corresponding to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> deltas, the Indo-Gangetic plains, the Katawaz Basin in Pakhistan, the Tarim Basin in China and the Turan Depression. The Tibetan Plateau is well defined as a high velocity region (2.9-3.2 km/s) at 10 s period, but for periods greater than 20 s it becomes a low velocity region which remains a distinct feature at 60 s and is consistent with the increased crustal thickness. The southern Indian shield is characterized by high crustal group velocities (3.0-3.4 km/s) and at short periods of 10 and 15 s it is possible to make some distinction between the Singhbhum, Dharwar and Aravali cratons. Initial Love wave group velocity maps from 500 dispersion measurements show similarly low velocities at short periods across regions with high sedimentation but higher velocities compared to Rayleigh waves across the Indian shield.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506011.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506011.pdf"><span>Combating <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Better Coordination and Performance Measurement Would Help Clarify Roles of Federal Agencies and Strengthen Assessment of Efforts. Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives. GAO-09-708</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>US Government Accountability Office, 2009</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The Department of Justice (DOJ) estimates that the United States has about a million <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. While state and local agencies have primary responsibility for combating <span class="hlt">gang</span> crime, the federal government has key roles to enforce laws and help fund programs to provide alternatives to <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership for at-risk youth. GAO was asked to examine…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=lindstrom&pg=6&id=EJ998707','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=lindstrom&pg=6&id=EJ998707"><span>Bullies, <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Drugs, and School: Understanding the Overlap and the Role of Ethnicity and Urbanicity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bradshaw, Catherine P.; Waasdorp, Tracy Evian; Goldweber, Asha; Johnson, Sarah Lindstrom</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Recent media attention has increased interest in behavioral, mental health, and academic correlates of involvement in bullying. Yet, there has not been much interest in investigating the co-occurrence of other health-risk behaviors, such as <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, weapon carrying, and substance use. The potential influence of contextual factors, such as…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=school+AND+uniforms&pg=2&id=EJ674037','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=school+AND+uniforms&pg=2&id=EJ674037"><span>Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Wade, Kathleen Kiley; Stafford, Mary E.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Examined the relationship between public school uniforms and student self-worth and student and staff perceptions of <span class="hlt">gang</span> presence and school climate. Surveys of middle school students and teachers indicated that although students' perceptions did not vary across uniform policy, teachers from schools with uniform policies perceived lower levels of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2538K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2538K"><span>Regionalization Study of Satellite based Hydrological Model (SHM) in Hydrologically Homogeneous <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins of <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumari, Babita; Paul, Pranesh Kumar; Singh, Rajendra; Mishra, Ashok; Gupta, Praveen Kumar; Singh, Raghvendra P.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A new semi-distributed conceptual hydrological model, namely Satellite based Hydrological Model (SHM), has been developed under 'PRACRITI-2' program of Space Application Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad for sustainable water resources management of <span class="hlt">India</span> by using data from Indian Remote Sensing satellites. Entire <span class="hlt">India</span> is divided into 5km x 5km grid cells and properties at the center of the cells are assumed to represent the property of the cells. SHM contains five modules namely surface water, forest, snow, groundwater and routing. Two empirical equations (SCS-CN and Hargreaves) and water balance method have been used in the surface water module; the forest module is based on the calculations of water balancing & dynamics of subsurface. 2-D Boussinesq equation is used for groundwater modelling which is solved using implicit finite-difference. The routing module follows a distributed routing approach which requires flow path and network with the key point of travel time estimation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of SHM using regionalization technique which also checks the usefulness of a model in data scarce condition or for ungauged basins. However, homogeneity analysis is pre-requisite to regionalization. Similarity index (Φ) and hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis are adopted to test the homogeneity in terms of physical attributes of three basins namely Brahmani (39,033 km km^2)), Baitarani (10,982 km km^2)) and Kangsabati (9,660 km km^2)) with respect to Subarnarekha (29,196 km km^2)) basin. The results of both homogeneity analysis show that Brahmani basin is the most homogeneous with respect to Subarnarekha <span class="hlt">river</span> basin in terms of physical characteristics (land use land cover classes, soiltype and elevation). The calibration and validation of model parameters of Brahmani basin is in progress which are to be transferred into the SHM set up of Subarnarekha basin and results are to be compared with the results of calibrated and validated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1513233M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1513233M"><span>Climate Change and Waterborne Diarrhoea in Northern <span class="hlt">India</span>: Impact and Adaptation Strategies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moors, Eddy; Singh, Tanya; Siderius, Christian; Balakrishnan, Sneha; Mishra, Arabinda</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Although some studies showed the vulnerability of human health to climate change (e.g. 22.000 to 45.000 excess mortality cases during the heat waves in Europe, or the association of malaria outbreaks with El Niño) a clear quantification of the increased risks attributable to climate change is often lacking. Even more complicated are the assessments of the adaptation measures for this sector. Adaptation measures are in most cases very site specific. We discuss the impact of climate change on diarrhoea as a representative of waterborne disease affecting human health in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin of Northern <span class="hlt">India</span>. <span class="hlt">India</span> is by far the leading country when it comes to child mortality under five years caused by diarrhoea and accounted for 386.600 deaths in 2007. Estimates on the increased risk of diarrhoea as a result of increased temperature in the 2030ies range between 8-11%. Uncertainties around these estimates mainly relate to the few studies that have characterized the exposure-response relationship and inter-model discrepancy of climate models. The influence of other climate parameters than temperature on diarrhoea in the future has not been assessed. As empirical studies and surveillance data for <span class="hlt">India</span> are lacking we developed a conceptual framework for climate exposure-response relationships based on a literature review and applied it to future climate projections for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin. Four climate variables are analysed: temperature, increased/extreme precipitation, decreased precipitation/droughts and relative humidity. In an analysis of reports on diarrhoea outbreaks we show the spatial and temporal distribution over the subcontinent. Most cases of diarrhoea occur during the hot summer (23%) and the wet and humid monsoon (57%) months. These reports often suggest sewage and pipe leakage as the leading cause of the local outbreaks. We demonstrate the applicability of the conceptual framework for the two districts in West Bengal, North and South 24 Parganas. All climate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emotional+AND+maturity&pg=6&id=EJ985378','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emotional+AND+maturity&pg=6&id=EJ985378"><span>Ethnic Identity and Offending Trajectories among Mexican American Juvenile Offenders: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Psychosocial Maturity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Knight, George P.; Losoya, Sandra H.; Cho, Young Il; Chassin, Laurie; Williams, Joanna Lee; Cota-Robles, Sonia</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We examined the association of joint trajectories of ethnic identity and criminal offending to psychosocial maturity, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and Mexican American affiliation among 300 Mexican American male juvenile offenders from ages 14 to 22. There were two low-offending groups: one was the highest in ethnic identity and changing slightly with age and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPA23B0378H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMPA23B0378H"><span>Transforming Atmospheric and Remotely-Sensed Information to Hydrologic Predictability in South Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hopson, T. M.; Riddle, E. E.; Broman, D.; Brakenridge, G. R.; Birkett, C. M.; Kettner, A.; Sampson, K. M.; Boehnert, J.; Priya, S.; Collins, D. C.; Rostkier-Edelstein, D.; Young, W.; Singh, D.; Islam, A. S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>South Asia is a flashpoint for natural disasters with profound societal impacts for the region and globally. Although close to 40% of the world's population depends on the Greater Himalaya's great <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, $20 Billion of GDP is affected by <span class="hlt">river</span> floods each year. The frequent occurrence of floods, combined with large and rapidly growing populations with high levels of poverty, make South Asia highly susceptible to humanitarian disasters. The challenges of mitigating such devastating disasters are exacerbated by the limited availability of real-time rain and stream gauge measuring stations and transboundary data sharing, and by constrained institutional commitments to overcome these challenges. To overcome such limitations, <span class="hlt">India</span> and the World Bank have committed resources to the National Hydrology Project III, with the development objective to improve the extent, quality, and accessibility of water resources information and to strengthen the capacity of targeted water resources management institutions in <span class="hlt">India</span>. The availability and application of remote sensing products and weather forecasts from ensemble prediction systems (EPS) have transformed <span class="hlt">river</span> forecasting capability over the last decade, and is of interest to <span class="hlt">India</span>. In this talk, we review the potential predictability of <span class="hlt">river</span> flow contributed by some of the freely-available remotely-sensed and weather forecasting products within the framework of the physics of water migration through a watershed. Our specific geographical context is the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, and Meghna <span class="hlt">river</span> basin and a newly-available set of stream gauge measurements located over the region. We focus on satellite rainfall estimation, <span class="hlt">river</span> height and width estimation, and EPS weather forecasts. For the later, we utilize the THORPEX-TIGGE dataset of global forecasts, and discuss how atmospheric predictability, as measured by an EPS, is transformed into hydrometeorological predictability. We provide an overview of the strengths and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12294411','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12294411"><span>"I am witness to": a profile of Sakshi Violence Intervention Centre in New Delhi, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kapur, A</p> <p>1998-11-01</p> <p>Sakshi, a group formed in New Delhi, <span class="hlt">India</span>, in 1992, seeks to create awareness of violence against women and promote justice for its victims. Its creation was spurred by the <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape by police officers of a girl in custody and the subsequent minimization on the part of the Supreme Court of <span class="hlt">India</span> of the seriousness of the crime. Program activities have included informational workshops for governmental and nongovernmental organizations, feminist legal research into violations of women's human rights, counseling for victims of violence, and sensitization programs for police and the judiciary. As a result of Sakshi's lobbying, the Supreme Court passed a set of Guidelines on Sexual Harassment at the Workplace in 1997. An ongoing problem has been Sakshi's dependence on donor funding and the related requirement of adopting development agencies' agendas rather than allowing development to be a demand-driven, needs-based process. Sakshi's experience has led to the awareness that violence cannot be countered by intervention measures alone; rather, program activities must be linked with other forms of gender development. The group has adopted use of the term "substantive equality" to form links between different systems in society and to empower women.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12j5002K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12j5002K"><span>Intercomparison of regional-scale hydrological models and climate change impacts projected for 12 large <span class="hlt">river</span> basins worldwide—a synthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krysanova, Valentina; Vetter, Tobias; Eisner, Stephanie; Huang, Shaochun; Pechlivanidis, Ilias; Strauch, Michael; Gelfan, Alexander; Kumar, Rohini; Aich, Valentin; Arheimer, Berit; Chamorro, Alejandro; van Griensven, Ann; Kundu, Dipangkar; Lobanova, Anastasia; Mishra, Vimal; Plötner, Stefan; Reinhardt, Julia; Seidou, Ousmane; Wang, Xiaoyan; Wortmann, Michel; Zeng, Xiaofan; Hattermann, Fred F.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>An intercomparison of climate change impacts projected by nine regional-scale hydrological models for 12 large <span class="hlt">river</span> basins on all continents was performed, and sources of uncertainty were quantified in the framework of the ISIMIP project. The models ECOMAG, HBV, HYMOD, HYPE, mHM, SWAT, SWIM, VIC and WaterGAP3 were applied in the following basins: Rhine and Tagus in Europe, Niger and Blue Nile in Africa, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Lena, Upper Yellow and Upper Yangtze in Asia, Upper Mississippi, MacKenzie and Upper Amazon in America, and Darling in Australia. The model calibration and validation was done using WATCH climate data for the period 1971-2000. The results, evaluated with 14 criteria, are mostly satisfactory, except for the low flow. Climate change impacts were analyzed using projections from five global climate models under four representative concentration pathways. Trends in the period 2070-2099 in relation to the reference period 1975-2004 were evaluated for three variables: the long-term mean annual flow and high and low flow percentiles Q 10 and Q 90, as well as for flows in three months high- and low-flow periods denoted as HF and LF. For three <span class="hlt">river</span> basins: the Lena, MacKenzie and Tagus strong trends in all five variables were found (except for Q 10 in the MacKenzie); trends with moderate certainty for three to five variables were confirmed for the Rhine, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Upper Mississippi; and increases in HF and LF were found for the Upper Amazon, Upper Yangtze and Upper Yellow. The analysis of projected streamflow seasonality demonstrated increasing streamflow volumes during the high-flow period in four basins influenced by monsoonal precipitation (<span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Upper Amazon, Upper Yangtze and Upper Yellow), an amplification of the snowmelt flood peaks in the Lena and MacKenzie, and a substantial decrease of discharge in the Tagus (all months). The overall average fractions of uncertainty for the annual mean flow projections in the multi-model ensemble applied for all basins</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=real+AND+rape&id=EJ691401','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=real+AND+rape&id=EJ691401"><span>Paradoxical Outcomes in an Educational Drama about <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Rape: Ethical Responsibilities of Practitioners and Educators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gesser-Edelsburg, Anat</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Educational drama has been embraced as a promising way to address sensitive and highly-charged issues among youth. An Israeli drama, "Backyard Games", about <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape, based on an actual case in a kibbutz [a communal settlement] called Shomrat, is considered the definitive work on the subject in Israeli theatre. Written by Edna Mazya and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-STS099-735-046.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-STS099-735-046.html"><span>Earth observations of the Himalayan Mountains taken during STS-99</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2000-03-10</p> <p>STS099-735-046 (11-22 February 2000) ---Mt. Everest (29,028 feet or 8,848 meters), is featured in the center of this 70mm frame photographed by one of the STS-99 crew members. Everest, also called Qomolangma Feng, is just north of the border between Nepal and China. The Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau are products of the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. With the continuing northward march of <span class="hlt">India</span>, the crust of the Earth has become thicker and the Tibetan Plateau has been uplifted to an average elevation of about 15,000 feet. According to NASA scientists studying the STS-99 imagery, fossil-bearing limestones are at the summit of the mountain. The scientists say that these limestones were deposited beneath the sea around 510 million years ago (Cambrian to Ordovician time). Glaciers, moraines, and outwash plains are spectacularly displayed. Glacial meltwaters in this area feed the Arun <span class="hlt">River</span>, eventually reaching the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> on the plains of <span class="hlt">India</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221887','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221887"><span>Fluoride, boron and nitrate toxicity in ground water of northwest Rajasthan, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chaudhary, Veena; Kumar, Mukesh; Sharma, Mukesh; Yadav, B S</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>The study was carried out to access the fluoride, boron, and nitrate concentrations in ground water samples of different villages in Indira Gandhi, Bhakra, and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> canal catchment area of northwest Rajasthan, <span class="hlt">India</span>. Rural population, in the study site, is using groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes, without any quality test of water. All water samples (including canal water) were contaminated with fluoride. Fluoride, boron, and nitrate were observed in the ranges of 0.50-8.50, 0.0-7.73, and 0.0-278.68 mg/l, respectively. Most of the water samples were in the categories of fluoride 1.50 mg/l, of boron 2.0-4.0 mg/l, and of nitrate < 45 mg/l. There was no industrial pollution in the study site; hence, availability of these compounds in groundwater was due to natural reasons and by the use of chemical fertilizers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeCoA.228..243S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeCoA.228..243S"><span>Massive production of heavy metals in the Ganga (Hooghly) <span class="hlt">River</span> estuary, <span class="hlt">India</span>: Global importance of solute-particle interaction and enhanced metal fluxes to the oceans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Samanta, Saumik; Dalai, Tarun K.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The Ganga <span class="hlt">River</span> System is a major contributor to the global sediment and water discharge to the oceans. The estuary of Ganga (Hooghly) <span class="hlt">River</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span> is under increasing influence of anthropogenic contributions via discharge of the industrial and urban effluents. Here we document, based on the investigation of water and suspended sediment samples collected during six periods over two years, that there is extensive production of heavy metals (Co, Ni and Cu) in the estuary such that the annual dissolved fluxes of metals from the Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> are enhanced by up to 230-1770%. Furthermore, the estuarine dissolved metal fluxes, when normalized with water fluxes, are the highest among estuaries of the major <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the world. Our simultaneous data on the dissolved, suspended particulate and exchangeable phases allow us to identify the ion-exchange process (coupled adsorption and desorption) as the dominant contributor to the generation of heavy metals in the middle and lower estuary where the estimated anthropogenic contribution is negligible. The estimated contributions from the groundwater are also insufficient to explain the measured metal concentrations in the estuary. A strong positive correlation that is observed between the dissolved heavy metal fluxes and the suspended particulate matter (SPM) fluxes, after normalizing them with the water fluxes, for estuaries of the major global <span class="hlt">rivers</span> imply that the solute-particle interaction is a globally significant process in the estuarine production of metals. Based on this correlation that is observed for major estuaries around the world, we demonstrate that the South Asian <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> which supply only ∼9% of the global <span class="hlt">river</span> water discharge but carry elevated SPM load, contribute a far more significant proportion (∼40 ± 2% Ni and 15 ± 1% Cu) to the global supply of the dissolved metals from the <span class="hlt">rivers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29751247','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29751247"><span>GC-MS/MS determination and ecological risk assessment of pesticides in aquatic system: A case study in Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> basin in West Bengal, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mondal, Rahul; Mukherjee, Ayan; Biswas, Subrata; Kole, Ramen Kumar</p> <p>2018-04-30</p> <p>A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for water and modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for sediment combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) detection in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was standardized for determination of 31 pesticides. Performance characteristics for the selected pesticides were acceptable according to European Commission's (EC) guidelines for method validation (recovery 70-120%, RSD <20% and R 2 value ≥ 0.99). <span class="hlt">River</span>, pond and tubewell water and <span class="hlt">river</span> sediment samples (64 nos.) were collected from Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> basin in West Bengal, <span class="hlt">India</span> during 2014-2016. About 42% of the samples showed the presence of 19 pesticides with the highest loading of total pesticides (T-pesticides) in <span class="hlt">river</span> water (3.01 ng mL -1 ) followed by sediment (1.25 ng g -1 ), pond (0.40 ng mL -1 ) and tubewell (0.02 ng mL -1 ) water. The non-agricultural OC (organochlorine) insecticides were detected in all <span class="hlt">river</span> water and sediment samples mainly due to HCHs (hexachlorocyclohexane) from old source and fresh use of DDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in local areas. No OC insecticides were detected in pond and tubewell water. Maximum residues of some recommended pesticides in agriculture were obtained in pond water. Most of the <span class="hlt">river</span> water samples (93.7%) were in excess of EC limit (0.50 ng mL -1 ) of T-pesticides for drinking followed by pond water samples (56.2%). Tubewell water samples were free from T-pesticide threat but exceeded the EC limit (0.10 ng mL -1 ) for single pesticide in case of chlorpyrifos only. Ecological risk on aquatic animals was observed for OCs in <span class="hlt">river</span> and chlorpyrifos in pond aquatic ecosystem. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12520375','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12520375"><span>Soft systems methodology and the ecosystem approach: a system study of the Cooum <span class="hlt">River</span> and environs in Chennai, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bunch, Martin J</p> <p>2003-02-01</p> <p>This paper discusses the integration of soft systems methodology (SSM) within an ecosystem approach in research to support rehabilitation and management of the Cooum <span class="hlt">River</span> and environs in Chennai, <span class="hlt">India</span>. The Cooum is an extremely polluted urban stream. Its management is complicated by high rates of population growth, poverty, uncontrolled urban development, jurisdictional conflicts, institutional culture, flat topography, tidal action, blockage of the <span class="hlt">river</span> mouth, and monsoon flooding. The situation is characterized by basic uncertainty about main processes and activities, and the nature of relationships among actors and elements in the system.SSM is an approach for dealing with messy or ill-structured problematic situations involving human activity. In this work SSM contributed techniques (such as "rich picture" and "CATWOE" tools) to description of the Cooum situation as a socioecological system and informed the approach itself at a theoretical level. Application of three general phases in SSM is discussed in the context of the Cooum <span class="hlt">River</span> research: (1) problem definition and exploration of the problem situation, (2) development of conceptual models of relevant systems, and (3) the use of these to generate insight and stimulate debate about desirable and feasible change. Its use here gives weight to the statement by others that SSM would be a particularly appropriate methodology to operate the ecosystem approach. As well as informing efforts at management of the Cooum system, this work led the way to explore an adaptive ecosystem approach more broadly to management of the urban environment for human health in Chennai.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JChEd..76...32C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JChEd..76...32C"><span>Chain <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-The Chemistry of Polymers (edited by Mickey Sarquis)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Collard, David M.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Science in Our World, Vol. 5. Mickey Sarquis, series editor. Terrific Science Press: Middletown, OH, 1995. xiv + 149 pp. ISBN 1-883822-13-0. Spiral-bound, $13.95. Our familiarity with plastics makes polymers ideal examples of chemicals for discussion in K-12 science classes. Most importantly, polymers can be used as examples of chemicals that are safe to handle and of obvious use to society. The structures of polymers are easily represented by a number of models. These simple models go a long way in explaining the familiar physical properties of plastics. However, the introduction of polymers in the classroom relies on the availability of teaching material, experiments, and demonstrations that illustrate concepts in the current science curriculum. Chain <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-The Chemistry of Polymers, one of the Science in Our World series published by the Center for Chemical Education at Miami University-Middletown (Ohio), will serve as a great resource for teachers interested in providing their students with a series of activities that can be related to their everyday experiences with these ubiquitous chemicals. After a brief introduction to some basic concepts, the book presents a series of 23 experiments. The collection of experiments presented here spans illustrations of chemistry, physical properties, analysis, and processing. Each experiment is recommended as either a hands-on activity or demonstration for various grade levels. A guide for the teacher suggests how the experiment can be used to illustrate topics in the science curriculum. The materials required for each activity are listed in detail, with quantities and sources (all materials are available from Flinn Scientific or hardware stores). There are detailed instructions for preparation of each experiment and how to introduce the experiment to students, and step-by-step instructions for activity. Very importantly, safety and disposal issues are clearly presented. Suggestions for cross-curriculum integration are also</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29914198','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29914198"><span>Seasonal Variations in Water-Quality, Antibiotic Residues, Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Escherichia coli Isolates from Water and Sediments of the Kshipra <span class="hlt">River</span> in Central <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Diwan, Vishal; Hanna, Nada; Purohit, Manju; Chandran, Salesh; Riggi, Emilia; Parashar, Vivek; Tamhankar, Ashok J; Stålsby Lundborg, Cecilia</p> <p>2018-06-17</p> <p>To characterize the seasonal variation, over one year, in water-quality, antibiotic residue levels, antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from water and sediment of the Kshipra <span class="hlt">River</span> in Central <span class="hlt">India</span>. Water and sediment samples were collected from seven selected points from the Kshipra <span class="hlt">River</span> in the Indian city of Ujjain in the summer, rainy season, autumn and winter seasons in 2014. Water quality parameters (physical, chemical and microbiological) were analyzed using standard methods. High-performance liquid chromatography⁻tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentrations of antibiotic residues. In <span class="hlt">river</span> water and sediment samples, antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance patterns of isolated E. coli to 17 antibiotics were tested and genes coding for resistance and phylogenetic groups were detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher tests were applied to determine seasonal variation. In <span class="hlt">river</span> water, seasonal variation was significantly associated with various water quality parameters, presence of sulfamethoxazole residues, bacteria resistant to ampicillin, cefepime, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, tigecycline, multidrug resistance and CTX-M-1 gene. The majority of the Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates from <span class="hlt">river</span> water and sediment in all different seasons belonged to phylogenetic group A or B1. Antibiotic pollution, resistance and resistance genes in the Kshipra <span class="hlt">River</span> showed significant seasonal variation. Guidelines and regulatory standards are needed to control environmental dissemination of these “pollutants” in this holy <span class="hlt">river</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=racism+AND+cause&pg=6&id=EJ297740','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=racism+AND+cause&pg=6&id=EJ297740"><span>The Etiology of Female Juvenile Delinquency and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership: A Test of Psychological and Social Structural Explanations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bowker, Lee H.; Klein, Malcolm W.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Examined female delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in 122 black female juveniles using data from the 1960s. Concluded that racism, sexism, poverty, and limited opportunity are more important predictors of delinquency than personality and family relationships. Relationships with girl friends were more significant predictors than heterosexual…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP34B..06G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP34B..06G"><span>A Tale of Two Deltas: Contrasting Perspectives on the State of Natural and Human-modified Regions of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">River</span> Delta (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goodbred, S. L.; Wallace Auerbach, L.; Wilson, C.; Gilligan, J. M.; Roy, K.; Ahmed, K.; Steckler, M. S.; Seeber, L.; Akhter, S. H.; Hossain, S.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Effective risk analysis and the management of complex coastal systems require that the scale of interest be well defined. Here we present recent research from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> delta (GBD) that highlights different, if not divergent, perspectives on the current status of this system and its potential response to future environmental change. The contrasts emerge from viewing the GBD at different temporal and spatial scales, raising the question of how scientists, stakeholders, and decision makers might most effectively develop a shared understanding of large, at-risk delta systems. Among the world's deltas, the GBD is often cited as being highly vulnerable to future sea-level rise and environmental change, owing to its vast low-lying landscape and large human population. Taking a broad perspective, however, it is not coincident that the GBD, the world's largest delta system, is fed by immense water and sediment discharge from the Asian monsoon and Himalayan orogen - simply, the size of the GBD reflects the robust processes that have constructed and maintained it. At the regional scale, the deltaplain itself is interconnected by a labyrinth of fluvial and tidal channels that effectively convey sediment to most areas of the landscape, through overbank flooding, distributaries, and tidal transport. Together, the sediment supply, water discharge, and dense channel network bless the GBD with potential basinwide accretion rates >5 mm/yr. More locally, modern sedimentation rates >10 mm/yr are observed in many areas of the tidal delta plain, which are sufficient to maintain land-surface elevations under a variety of sea-level rise scenarios, or at least to mitigate whatever effects do occur. The long-term stratigraphic record of the GBD also reflects a system in dynamic equilibrium, with major landforms persisting through changes in sea level, sediment loading, <span class="hlt">river</span> avulsion, and delta lobe switching - together providing an encouraging outlook in the face of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285895','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285895"><span>Effect on water resources from upstream water diversion in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adel, M M</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Bangladesh faces at least 30 upstream water diversion constructions of which Farakka Barrage is the major one. The effects of Farakka Barrage on water resources, socioeconomy, and culture have been investigated downstream in the basins of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and its distributaries. A diversion of up to 60% of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> water over 25 yr has caused (i) reduction of water in surface water resources, (ii) increased dependence on ground water, (iii) destruction of the breeding and raising grounds for 109 species of Gangetic fishes and other aquatic species and amphibians, (iv) increased malnutrition, (v) deficiency in soil organic matter content, (vi) change in the agricultural practices, (vii) eradication of inland navigable routes, (viii) outbreak of waterborne diseases, (ix) loss of professions, and (x) obstruction to religious observances and pastimes. Further, arsenopyrites buried in the prebarrage water table have come in contact with air and formed water-soluble compounds of arsenic. Inadequate recharging of ground water hinders the natural cleansing of arsenic, and threatens about 75,000,000 lives who are likely to use water contaminated with up to 2 mg/L of arsenic. Furthermore, the depletion of surface water resources has caused environmental heating and cooling effects. Apart from these effects, sudden releases of water by the barrage during the flood season cause devestating floods. In consideration of such a heavy toll for the areas downstream, strict international rules have to be laid down to preserve the riparian ecosystems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4774993','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4774993"><span>Flexible Strategies for Coping with Rainfall Variability: Seasonal Adjustments in Cropped Area in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Siderius, Christian; Biemans, Hester; van Walsum, Paul E. V.; van Ierland, Ekko C.; Kabat, Pavel; Hellegers, Petra J. G. J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>One of the main manifestations of climate change will be increased rainfall variability. How to deal with this in agriculture will be a major societal challenge. In this paper we explore flexibility in land use, through deliberate seasonal adjustments in cropped area, as a specific strategy for coping with rainfall variability. Such adjustments are not incorporated in hydro-meteorological crop models commonly used for food security analyses. Our paper contributes to the literature by making a comprehensive model assessment of inter-annual variability in crop production, including both variations in crop yield and cropped area. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin is used as a case study. First, we assessed the contribution of cropped area variability to overall variability in rice and wheat production by applying hierarchical partitioning on time-series of agricultural statistics. We then introduced cropped area as an endogenous decision variable in a hydro-economic optimization model (WaterWise), coupled to a hydrology-vegetation model (LPJmL), and analyzed to what extent its performance in the estimation of inter-annual variability in crop production improved. From the statistics, we found that in the period 1999–2009 seasonal adjustment in cropped area can explain almost 50% of variability in wheat production and 40% of variability in rice production in the Indian part of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin. Our improved model was well capable of mimicking existing variability at different spatial aggregation levels, especially for wheat. The value of flexibility, i.e. the foregone costs of choosing not to crop in years when water is scarce, was quantified at 4% of gross margin of wheat in the Indian part of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin and as high as 34% of gross margin of wheat in the drought-prone state of Rajasthan. We argue that flexibility in land use is an important coping strategy to rainfall variability in water stressed regions. PMID:26934389</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=load+AND+theory+AND+attention&pg=5&id=ED539358','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=load+AND+theory+AND+attention&pg=5&id=ED539358"><span>The Role of Professional School Counselors in Working with Students in <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: A Grounded Theory Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Barrow, Jennifer Cahoon</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to propose a grounded theory that contributed to the understanding of the professional school counselor's role at the secondary school level in working with students in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The study explored the role of the professional school counselor from the first person perspective of the professional school counselor and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1232629','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1232629"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Valley Aerosol Experiment (GVAX) Final Campaign Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kotamarthi, VR</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>In general, the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) as well as the and the tropical monsoon climate is influenced by a wide range of factors. Under various climate change scenarios, temperatures over land and into the mid troposphere are expected to increase, intensifying the summer pressure gradient differential between land and ocean and thus strengthening the ISM. However, increasing aerosol concentration, air pollution, and deforestation result in changes to surface albedo and insolation, potentially leading to low monsoon rainfall. Clear evidence points to increasing aerosol concentrations over the Indian subcontinent with time, and several hypotheses regarding the effect on monsoons havemore » been offered. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Valley Aerosol Experiment (GVAX) field study aimed to provide critical data to address these hypotheses and contribute to developing better parameterizations for tropical clouds, convection, and aerosol-cloud interactions. The primary science questions for the mission were as follows:« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B23F..04H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B23F..04H"><span>Post-Glacial Climate Forcing of Surface Processes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Basin and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hein, C. J.; Galy, V.; France-Lanord, C.; Galy, A.; Kudrass, H. R.; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Silicate weathering coupled with carbonate precipitation and organic carbon (OC) burial in marine sediments are the primary mechanisms sequestering atmospheric CO2 over a range of timescales. The efficiency of both processes has long been mechanistically linked to climate: increased atmospheric CO2 sequestration under warm/wet conditions acts as a negative feedback, thereby contributing to global climate regulation. Over glacial-interglacial timescales, climate has been proposed to control the export rate of terrestrial silicate weathering products and terrestrial OC to <span class="hlt">river</span>-dominated margins, as well as the rates of chemical weathering (i.e., the efficiency of carbon sequestration). Focused on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra drainage basin, this study quantifies the relative role of climate change in the efficiency of silicate weathering and OC burial following the last glacial maximum. Stable hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic compositions of terrestrial plant wax compounds preserved in the Bengal Fan channel-levee system capture variations in the strength of the Indian summer monsoon and vegetation dynamics. Specifically, a 40‰ shift in δD and a 4‰ shift in both bulk OC and plant wax δ13C values between the late glacial and mid-Holocene, followed by a return to more intermediate values during the late Holocene, correlate well with regional post-glacial paleoclimate records. Sediment provenance proxies (Sr, Nd isotopic compositions) reveal that these changes coincided with a focusing of erosion on the southern flank of the Himalayan range during periods of greater monsoon strength and enhanced sediment discharge. However, OC loading, and thus carbon burial efficiency, in the Bengal Fan remained constant through time, demonstrating the primacy of physical erosion and climate-driven sediment export in marine OC sequestration. In contrast, a gradual increase in K/Si* and Ca/Si, and decrease in H2O+/Si*, throughout the study period may demonstrate the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22164351','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22164351"><span>Bacteriophage prehistory: Is or is not Hankin, 1896, a phage reference?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abedon, Stephen T; Thomas-Abedon, Cameron; Thomas, Anne; Mazure, Hubert</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>We identified 30 actual or presumptive "bacteriophage" references dating between the years 1895 and 1917 and have further explored one of the oldest: Hankin's 1896 study of a bactericidal action associated with the waters of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Jumna <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span>. As Hankin's work took place approximately 20 years prior to the actual discovery of bacteriophages, no claims were made as to a possible phage nature of the phenomenon. Here we suggest that it may be imprudent to assume nevertheless that it represents an early observation of phagemediated bactericidal activity. Our principal argument is that the antibacterial aspect of these <span class="hlt">river</span> waters was able to retain full potency following "heating" for one-half hour in hermetically sealed tubes, where heating in "open" tubes resulted in loss of antibacterial activity. We also suggest that environmental phage counts would have had to have been unusually high-greater than 10(6)/ml impacting a single host strain-to achieve the rates of bacterial loss that Hankin observed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918778L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918778L"><span>Seasonal cycle of precipitation over major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in South and Southeast Asia: A review of the CMIP5 climate models data for present climate and future climate projections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lucarini, Valerio</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We review the skill of thirty coupled climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in terms of reproducing properties of the seasonal cycle of precipitation over the major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins of South and Southeast Asia (Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Mekong) for the historical period (1961-2000). We also present how these models represent the impact of climate change by the end of century (2061-2100) under the extreme scenario RCP8.5. First, we assess the models' ability to reproduce the observed timings of the monsoon onset and the rate of rapid fractional accumulation (RFA) slope — a measure of seasonality within the active monsoon period. Secondly, we apply a threshold-independent seasonality index (SI) — a multiplicative measure of precipitation (P) and extent of its concentration relative to uniform distribution (relative entropy — RE). We apply SI distinctly over the monsoonal precipitation regime (MPR), westerly precipitation regime (WPR) and annual precipitation. For the present climate, neither any single model nor the multi-model mean performs best in all chosen metrics. Models show overall a modest skill in suggesting right timings of the monsoon onset while the RFA slope is generally underestimated. One third of the models fail to capture the monsoon signal over the Indus basin. Mostly, the estimates for SI during WPR are higher than observed for all basins. When looking at MPR, the models typically simulate an SI higher (lower) than observed for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra (Indus and Mekong) basins, following the pattern of overestimation (underestimation) of precipitation. Most of the models are biased negative (positive) for RE estimates over the Brahmaputra and Mekong (Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) basins, implying the extent of precipitation concentration for MPR and number of dry days within WPR lower (higher) than observed for these basins. Such skill of the CMIP5 models in representing the present-day monsoonal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982GeCoA..46..125B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982GeCoA..46..125B"><span>Uranium isotopes in <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, estuaries and adjacent coastal sediments of western <span class="hlt">India</span>: their weathering, transport and oceanic budget</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Borole, D. V.; Krishnaswami, S.; Somayajulu, B. L. K.</p> <p>1982-02-01</p> <p>The two major <span class="hlt">river</span> systems on the west coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>, Narbada and Tapti, their estuaries and the coastal Arabian sea sediments have been extensively studied for their uranium concentrations and 238U /238U activity ratios. The 238U concentrations in the aqueous phase of these <span class="hlt">river</span> systems exhibit a strong positive correlation with the sum of the major cations, σ Na + K + Mg + Ca, and with the HCO 3- ion contents. The abundance ratio of dissolved U to the sum of the major cations in these waters is similar to their ratio in typical crustal rocks. These findings lead us to conclude that 238U is brought into the aqueous phase along with major cations and bicarbonate. The strong positive correlation between 238U and total dissolved salts for selected <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of the world yield an annual dissolved 238U flux of 0.88 × 10 10g/ yr to the oceans, a value very similar to its removal rate from the oceans, 1.05 × 10 10g/ yr, estimated based on its correlation with HCO 3- contents of <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. In the estuaries, both 238U and its great-grand daughter 234U behave conservatively beyond chlorosities 0.14 g/l. These data confirm our earlier findings in other Indian estuaries. The behavior of uranium isotopes in the chlorosity zone 0.02-0.14 g/l, was studied in the Narbada estuary in some detail. The results, though not conclusive, seem to indicate a minor removal of these isotopes in this region. Reexamination of the results for the Gironde and Zaire estuaries (Martin et al., 1978a and b) also appear to confirm the conservative behavior of U isotopes in unpolluted estuaries. It is borne out from all the available data that estuaries beyond 0.14 g/l chlorosities act neither as a sink nor as a source for uranium isotopes, the behavior in the low chlorosity zones warrants further detailed investigation. A review of the uranium isotope measurements in <span class="hlt">river</span> waters yield a discharge weighted-average 238U concentration of 0.22 μg/l with a 234U /238U activity ratio of 1.20 ± 0</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.195....1S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.195....1S"><span>Dissolved and particulate Barium in the Ganga (Hooghly) <span class="hlt">River</span> estuary, <span class="hlt">India</span>: Solute-particle interactions and the enhanced dissolved flux to the oceans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Samanta, Saumik; Dalai, Tarun K.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p> less significant and account for up to 5% of the annual Ba flux from the Hooghly estuary. The estimates of Ba flux show that annually (1.5-1.9) × 107 moles of Ba is transported by the Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span>. About (3.6-4.3) × 107 moles of Ba is generated annually in the estuary through desorption. Added together, the desorbed and riverine Ba fluxes generate a total Ba flux of (5.1-6.2) × 107 moles per year. Thus, the solute-particle interactions enhance the riverine Ba flux by >300%. A compilation of the available data shows that the enhancement of the riverine Ba flux and the fractions of desorbed Ba flux scale with (particulate matter flux/water flux) ratio in several estuaries of the world, suggesting that the process of solute-particle interactions is a major driver for the estuarine production of Ba on a global scale. Among the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> considered in this study, the estuaries of the Hooghly <span class="hlt">River</span> and the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, characterized by very high (sediment flux/water flux) ratio, depict the highest increase in the riverine Ba flux. This unique feature of the Ganga <span class="hlt">River</span> system is inferred to be resulting from the collective impact of the tectonic activity and the monsoonal rainfall in the catchment areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12l4002P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12l4002P"><span>Linkage between global sea surface temperature and hydroclimatology of a major <span class="hlt">river</span> basin of <span class="hlt">India</span> before and after 1980</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pattanayak, Sonali; Nanjundiah, Ravi S.; Nagesh Kumar, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The frequent occurrence of flood and drought worldwide has drawn attention to assessing whether the hydroclimatology of major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins has changed. The Mahanadi <span class="hlt">river</span> basin (MRB) is the major source of fresh water for both Chattisgarh and Odisha states (71 million people approximately) in <span class="hlt">India</span>. The MRB (141 600 km2 area) is one of the most vulnerable to climate change and variations in temperature and precipitation. In recent years, it has repeatedly faced adverse hydrometeorological conditions. Large-scale ocean-atmospheric phenomena have a substantial influence on <span class="hlt">river</span> hydroclimatology. Hence global sea surface temperature (SST) linkage with the precipitation and surface temperature of the MRB was analyzed over the period 1950-2012. Significant changes in seasonal correlation patterns were witnessed from 1950-1980 (PR-80) to 1981-2012 (PO-80). The correlation was higher during PR-80 compared to PO-80 between the El Niño region SST versus the maximum temperature (T max) in all seasons except the pre-monsoon season and the minimum temperature (T min) in all seasons except the monsoon season. However, precipitation correlation changes are not prominent. Like the SST, the correlation patterns of sea level pressure with precipitation, T max and T min shifted conspicuously from PR-80 to PO-80. These shifts could be related to change in Pacific decadal SST patterns and anthropogenic effects. Fingerprint-based detection and attribution analysis revealed that the observed changes in T min (pre-monsoon and monsoon season) during the second half of the 20th century cannot be explained solely by natural variability and can be attributed to an anthropogenic effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA01674&hterms=big+words&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dbig%2Bwords','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA01674&hterms=big+words&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dbig%2Bwords"><span>1.5 Meter Per Pixel View of Boulders in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p><p/>The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS)spacecraft was designed to be able to take pictures that 'bridge the gap' between what could be seen by the Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiters from space and what could be seen by landers from the ground. In other words, MOC was designed to be able to see boulders of sizes similar to and larger than those named 'Yogi' at the Mars Pathfinder site and 'Big Joe' at the Viking 1 landing site. To see such boulders, a resolution of at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) per pixel was required. <p/>With the start of the MGS Mapping Phase of the mission during the second week of March 1999, the MOC team is pleased to report that 'the gap is bridged.' This image shows a field of boulders on the surface of a landslide deposit in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma is one of the valleys in the Valles Marineris canyon system. The image resolution is 1.5 meters per pixel. The boulders shown here range in size from about 2 meters (7 feet) to about 20 meters (66 feet) in size. The image covers an area 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) across, and illumination is from the upper left. <p/>Malin Space Science Systems and the California Institute of Technology built the MOC using spare hardware from the Mars Observer mission. MSSS operates the camera from its facilities in San Diego, CA. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Mars Surveyor Operations Project operates the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft with its industrial partner, Lockheed Martin Astronautics, from facilities in Pasadena, CA and Denver, CO.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WRR....51..430P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WRR....51..430P"><span>Spatiotemporal interpolation of discharge across a <span class="hlt">river</span> network by using synthetic SWOT satellite data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paiva, Rodrigo C. D.; Durand, Michael T.; Hossain, Faisal</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Recent efforts have sought to estimate <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge and other surface water-related quantities using spaceborne sensors, with better spatial coverage but worse temporal sampling as compared with in situ measurements. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will provide <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge estimates globally from space. However, questions on how to optimally use the spatially distributed but asynchronous satellite observations to generate continuous fields still exist. This paper presents a statistical model (<span class="hlt">River</span> Kriging-RK), for estimating discharge time series in a <span class="hlt">river</span> network in the context of the SWOT mission. RK uses discharge estimates at different locations and times to produce a continuous field using spatiotemporal kriging. A key component of RK is the space-time <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge covariance, which was derived analytically from the diffusive wave approximation of Saint Venant's equations. The RK covariance also accounts for the loss of correlation at confluences. The model performed well in a case study on <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) <span class="hlt">River</span> system in Bangladesh using synthetic SWOT observations. The correlation model reproduced empirically derived values. RK (R2=0.83) outperformed other kriging-based methods (R2=0.80), as well as a simple time series linear interpolation (R2=0.72). RK was used to combine discharge from SWOT and in situ observations, improving estimates when the latter is included (R2=0.91). The proposed statistical concepts may eventually provide a feasible framework to estimate continuous discharge time series across a <span class="hlt">river</span> network based on SWOT data, other altimetry missions, and/or in situ data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED349484.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED349484.pdf"><span>Youth Violence and <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>. Hearing on the Status of the Juvenile Justice System in America, Focusing on Activities of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Their Access to Guns, and How Programs Can Help Prevent the Violence Associated with Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session, (November 26, 1991).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.</p> <p></p> <p>The text of a Senate hearing on the status of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and their access to guns, and of violence prevention programs is provided in this document. Statements from Senators Herbert Kohl, Paul Simon, and Dennis DeConcini are presented. Testimony and prepared statements from these witnesses is included: (1) James Gabarino, president, Erikson…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.1349S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.1349S"><span>Evaluation of water quality index for <span class="hlt">River</span> Sabarmati, Gujarat, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shah, Kosha A.; Joshi, Geeta S.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>An attempt has been made to develop water quality index (WQI), using six water quality parameters pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, nitrate nitrogen and total coliform measured at three different stations along the Sabarmati <span class="hlt">river</span> basin from the year 2005 to 2008. Rating scale is developed based on the tolerance limits of inland waters and health point of view. Weighted arithmetic water quality index method was used to find WQI along the stretch of the <span class="hlt">river</span> basin. It was observed from this study that the impact of human activity and sewage disposal in the <span class="hlt">river</span> was severe on most of the parameters. The station located in highly urban area showed the worst water quality followed by the station located in moderately urban area and lastly station located in a moderately rural area. It was observed that the main cause of deterioration in water quality was due to the high anthropogenic activities, illegal discharge of sewage and industrial effluent, lack of proper sanitation, unprotected <span class="hlt">river</span> sites and urban runoff.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H11D1371J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H11D1371J"><span>Parameter Identification and Uncertainty Analysis for Visual MODFLOW based Groundwater Flow Model in a Small <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, Eastern <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jena, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The overexploitation of groundwater resulted in abandoning many shallow tube wells in the <span class="hlt">river</span> Basin in Eastern <span class="hlt">India</span>. For the sustainability of groundwater resources, basin-scale modelling of groundwater flow is essential for the efficient planning and management of the water resources. The main intent of this study is to develope a 3-D groundwater flow model of the study basin using the Visual MODFLOW package and successfully calibrate and validate it using 17 years of observed data. The sensitivity analysis was carried out to quantify the susceptibility of aquifer system to the <span class="hlt">river</span> bank seepage, recharge from rainfall and agriculture practices, horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities, and specific yield. To quantify the impact of parameter uncertainties, Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Algorithm (SUFI-2) and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques were implemented. Results from the two techniques were compared and the advantages and disadvantages were analysed. Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were adopted as two criteria during calibration and validation of the developed model. NSE and R2 values of groundwater flow model for calibration and validation periods were in acceptable range. Also, the MCMC technique was able to provide more reasonable results than SUFI-2. The calibrated and validated model will be useful to identify the aquifer properties, analyse the groundwater flow dynamics and the change in groundwater levels in future forecasts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H31N..01I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H31N..01I"><span>Understanding the drivers of the future water gap in the Indus-<span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Immerzeel, W. W.; Wijngaard, R. R.; Biemans, H.; Lutz, A. F.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra (IGB) <span class="hlt">river</span> systems provide water resources for the agricultural, domestic and industrial sectors sustaining the lives of about 700 million people. The region is globally a hotspot for climate change as the headwaters of these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are fed by melt water from snow and glaciers, both strongly influenced by temperature change. In addition, the hydrology in the region is determined by the monsoon and its future dynamics as a results of climate change remains very uncertain. Simultaneously, the population is projected to grow rapidly over the coming decades, which in combination with strong economic developments, will likely result in a rapid increase in water demand. In this study we attempt to quantify the future water gap in the IGB and attribute this water gap to climate change and socio-economic growth. For the upstream mountainous parts of the basins we use the SPHY model, which is calibrated based on historical streamflow and glacier mass balance data and forced by the latest CMIP5 future climate model data for RCP4.5 and 8.5. Output of this model feeds into the downstream LPJmL model, which allows assessment of downstream climate change impacts and projected changes in water demand as a result of socio-economic developments. The LPJmL model is run for different combinations of RCPs and Shared Socio Economic Pathways (SSPs). Our results show that for the IGB as a whole climate change will increase water availability in the coming decades, due to an overall, albeit uncertain, increase in monsoon precipitation in combination with a sustained melt water supply from the upstream parts of the basins. However, irrespective of the SSP and RCP, the water demand as a result of socio-economic growth is expected to increase extremely fast in the near future and this is likely to be the main adaptation challenge for the IGB as far as water shortages are concerned. Our results also show that regional and temporal variation in the water gap</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.T43C0710M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.T43C0710M"><span>Sand-Venting in the M5.7 Earthquake 3 Jan 2017 and in the Much Larger Penultimate Liquefaction Event with their Sedimentary Setting in an Upstream Valley of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta: Implications for Earthquake Hazard</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McHugh, C.; Seeber, L.; Akhter, S. H.; Schenck, R. J.; Steckler, M. S.; Kumar, B.; Rajapara, H.; Shovon, A. K.; Singhvi, A. K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) is near the cusp between Sunda subduction and Himalayan collision. Abundant water and fertile sediment support a huge population, but large earthquakes along these broad convergence boundaries have repeatedly caused widespread liquefaction and destruction. The 3 Jan 2017 M5.7 32 km deep (USGS) Ambassa (Tripura, <span class="hlt">India</span>) earthquake accommodated down-dip extension of the Indian slab where it subducts eastward from the GBD below Burma. This is typical for current seismicity below and east of the GBD, although much larger and shallower thrust earthquakes are anticipated based on GPS. Generally, reported effects in the broad mesoseismal area seem consistent with hypocenter depth and the assigned max MMI V (USGS), but we found surprisingly intense damage and many liquefaction sites in the alluvial northern portion of the Dolai valley in Bangladesh, 36 km NNW of the epicenter. We trenched three liquefaction sites and completed a profile of ten 50m deep wells across the 5 km wide alluvial valley. Fluvial channel sands alternate with overbank silt/clay and organic clay layers suggesting frequent changes in <span class="hlt">river</span> course, consistent with rapid post glacial sea-level rise, transgression, high-stand aggradation and differential tectonic uplift. The Dolai is one of several short low-relief synclinal valleys in the fold belt draining northward into the Sylhet Basin (NE part of the GBD) where they meet westward drainage richer in sediment. Rapid aggradation by this cross-drainage may have a damming effect and account for the current lacustrine/marshy conditions characteristic of the northern end of these synclinal valleys. Organic rich beds derived from such conditions could encourage overpressure and raise liquefaction potential. The 1.5 m deep trenches revealed fractures and clastic dykes <15 mm wide that fed the 2017 sand vents. Their orientations were N-S, subparallel to the valley and nearby <span class="hlt">river</span>-banks and at high angle to the fold axes</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-sts056-152-033.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-sts056-152-033.html"><span>STS-56 Earth observation of Karakorum Range of north <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1993-04-17</p> <p>STS-56 Earth observation shows of some of the highest mountain peaks in the world taken from Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 103, as it passed over <span class="hlt">India</span> and China. The top of the view shows one of the snow and ice-covered massifs in the great Karakorum Range of north <span class="hlt">India</span>. A star-shaped peak at top left reaches 23,850 feet. Glaciers can be seen in valleys at these high elevations. The international border between <span class="hlt">India</span> to the south (top) and China (bottom) snakes left to right along a <span class="hlt">river</span> near the top of the scene, then veers into the muntains at top left. Larger valleys, despite their elevation (all in excess of 14,000 feet), are occupied by transport routes joining points in <span class="hlt">India</span>, China and the southern republics of the CIS. The ancient Silk Route between China and the Middle East lies not far to the north (outside the bottom of the frame).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26656743','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26656743"><span>Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae associated with flood in Brahamputra <span class="hlt">River</span> valley, Assam, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhuyan, Soubhagya K; Vairale, Mohan G; Arya, Neha; Yadav, Priti; Veer, Vijay; Singh, Lokendra; Yadava, Pramod K; Kumar, Pramod</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Cholera is often caused when drinking water is contaminated through environmental sources. In recent years, the drastic cholera epidemics in Odisha (2007) and Haiti (2010) were associated with natural disasters (flood and Earthquake). Almost every year the state of Assam <span class="hlt">India</span> witnesses flood in Brahamputra <span class="hlt">River</span> valley during reversal of wind system (monsoon). This is often followed by outbreak of diarrheal diseases including cholera. Beside the incidence of cholera outbreaks, there is lack of experimental evidence for prevalence of the bacterium in aquatic environment and its association with cholera during/after flood in the state. A molecular surveillance during 2012-14 was carried out to study prevalence, strain differentiation, and clonality of Vibrio cholerae in inland aquatic reservoirs flooded by Brahamputra <span class="hlt">River</span> in Assam. Water samples were collected, filtered, enriched in alkaline peptone water followed by selective culturing on thiosulfate bile salt sucrose agar. Environmental isolates were identified as V. cholerae, based on biochemical assays followed by sero-grouping and detailed molecular characterization. The incidence of the presence of the bacterium in potable water sources was higher after flood. Except one O1 isolate, all of the strains were broadly grouped under non-O1/non-O139 whereas some of them did have cholera toxin (CT). Surprisingly, we have noticed Haitian ctxB in two non-O1/non-O139 strains. MLST analyses based on pyrH, recA and rpoA genes revealed clonality in the environmental strains. The isolates showed varying degree of antimicrobial resistance including tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The strains harbored the genetic elements SXT constins and integrons responsible for multidrug resistance. Genetic characterization is useful as phenotypic characters alone have proven to be unsatisfactory for strain discrimination. An assurance to safe drinking water, sanitation and monitoring of the aquatic reservoirs is of utmost importance for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25638058','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25638058"><span>Pesticide residue in water--a challenging task in <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agarwal, Akriti; Prajapati, Rajmani; Singh, Om Pal; Raza, S K; Thakur, L K</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Modern agriculture practices reveal an increase in use of pesticides to meet the food demand of increasing population which results in contamination of the environment. In <span class="hlt">India</span>, crop production increased to 100 %, but the cropping area has increased marginally by 20 %. Pesticides have played a major role in achieving the maximum crop production but maximum usage and accumulation of pesticide residues is highly detrimental to aquatic and other ecosystem. Pesticide residues in drinking water have become a major challenge over the last few years. It has been monitored in public water supply resources in National capital territory, i.e., Delhi. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), mainly isomers of hexachlorohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), endosulphan, endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlore, were identified from potable water samples. Results suggested that continuous consumption of contaminated water can pose severe health threats to local residents of this area. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Delhi, had found α and β isomers of endosulphan residues in the Yamuna <span class="hlt">river</span>. High concentrations of γ-HCH (0.259 μg/l) and malathion (2.618 μg/l) were detected in the surface water samples collected from the <span class="hlt">river</span> Ganga in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (UP). High concentration of methyl parathion, endosulfan, and DDT were observed in water samples collected from the <span class="hlt">river</span> at Bhagalpur, Bihar. The Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC), Lucknow (UP) study also found 0.5671 ppb concentrations of endosulfan in the <span class="hlt">river</span> at Allahabad, UP. Similar results were found in other water samples in <span class="hlt">India</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PIAHS.374...63S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PIAHS.374...63S"><span>Impact of climate change and anthropogenic pressure on the water resources of <span class="hlt">India</span>: challenges in management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shadananan Nair, K.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Freshwater resources of <span class="hlt">India</span> are getting fast degraded and depleted from the changing climate and pressure of fast rising population. Changing intensity and seasonality of rainfall affect quantity and quality of water. Most of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are polluted far above safety limits from the untreated domestic, industrial and agricultural effluents. Changes in the intensity, frequency and tracks of storms salinate coastal aquifers. Aquifers are also under the threat from rising sea level. Groundwater in urban limits and industrial zones are far beyond safety limits. Large-scale destruction of wetlands for industries and residential complexes has affected the quality of surface and groundwater resources in most parts of <span class="hlt">India</span>. Measures to maintain food security and the new developments schemes such as <span class="hlt">river</span> linking will further deteriorate the water resources. Falling water availability leads to serious health issues and various socio-economic issues. <span class="hlt">India</span> needs urgent and appropriate adaptation strategies in the water sector.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmRe.180...42H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmRe.180...42H"><span>Seasonal cycle of precipitation over major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in South and Southeast Asia: A review of the CMIP5 climate models data for present climate and future climate projections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hasson, Shabeh ul; Pascale, Salvatore; Lucarini, Valerio; Böhner, Jürgen</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>We review the skill of thirty coupled climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in terms of reproducing properties of the seasonal cycle of precipitation over the major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins of South and Southeast Asia (Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra and Mekong) for the historical period (1961-2000). We also present how these models represent the impact of climate change by the end of century (2061-2100) under the extreme scenario RCP8.5. First, we assess the models' ability to reproduce the observed timings of the monsoon onset and the rate of rapid fractional accumulation (RFA) slope - a measure of seasonality within the active monsoon period. Secondly, we apply a threshold-independent seasonality index (SI) - a multiplicative measure of precipitation (P) and extent of its concentration relative to uniform distribution (relative entropy - RE). We apply SI distinctly over the monsoonal precipitation regime (MPR), westerly precipitation regime (WPR) and annual precipitation. For the present climate, neither any single model nor the multi-model mean performs best in all chosen metrics. Models show overall a modest skill in suggesting right timings of the monsoon onset while the RFA slope is generally underestimated. One third of the models fail to capture the monsoon signal over the Indus basin. Mostly, the estimates for SI during WPR are higher than observed for all basins. When looking at MPR, the models typically simulate an SI higher (lower) than observed for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahmaputra (Indus and Mekong) basins, following the pattern of overestimation (underestimation) of precipitation. Most of the models are biased negative (positive) for RE estimates over the Brahmaputra and Mekong (Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) basins, implying the extent of precipitation concentration for MPR and number of dry days within WPR lower (higher) than observed for these basins. Such skill of the CMIP5 models in representing the present-day monsoonal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GPC...161..172P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GPC...161..172P"><span>Identification of trend in long term precipitation and reference evapotranspiration over Narmada <span class="hlt">river</span> basin (<span class="hlt">India</span>)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pandey, Brij Kishor; Khare, Deepak</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Precipitation and reference evapotranspiration are key parameters in hydro-meteorological studies and used for agricultural planning, irrigation system design and management. Precipitation and evaporative demand are expected to be alter under climate change and affect the sustainable development. In this article, spatial variability and temporal trend of precipitation and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) were investigated over Narmada <span class="hlt">river</span> basin (<span class="hlt">India</span>), a humid tropical climatic region. In the present study, 12 and 28 observatory stations were selected for precipitation and ETo, respectively of 102-years period (1901-2002). A rigorous analysis for trend detection was carried out using non parametric tests such as Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman Rho (SR). Sen's slope estimator was used to analyze the rate of change in long term series. Moreover, all the stations of basin exhibit positive trend for annual ETo, while 8% stations indicate significant negative trend for mean annual precipitation, respectively. Change points of annual precipitation were identified around the year 1962 applying Buishand's and Pettit's test. Annual mean precipitation reduced by 9% in upper part while increased maximum by 5% in lower part of the basin due temporal changes. Although annual mean ETo increase by 4-12% in most of the region. Moreover, results of the study are very helpful in planning and development of agricultural water resources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805121','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805121"><span>Canaries in the coal mine: Interpersonal violence, <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and violent extremism through a public health prevention lens.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eisenman, David P; Flavahan, Louise</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This paper asks what programmes and policies for preventing violent extremism (also called 'countering violent extremism', or CVE) can learn from the public health violence prevention field. The general answer is that addressing violent extremism within the wider domain of public health violence prevention connects the effort to a relevant field of research, evidence-based policy and programming, and a broader population reach. This answer is reached by examining conceptual alignments between the two fields at both the case-level and the theoretical level. To address extremist violence within the wider reach of violence prevention, having a shared model is seen as a first step. The World Health Organization uses the social-ecological framework for assessing the risk and protective factors for violence and developing effective public-health based programmes. This study illustrates how this model has been used for <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence prevention and explores overlaps between <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence prevention and preventing violent extremism. Finally, it provides policy and programme recommendations to align CVE with public health violence prevention.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919291V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919291V"><span>The Bay of Bengal : an ideal laboratory for studying salinity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vialard, jerome; Lengaigne, Matthieu; Akhil, Valiya; Chaitanya, Akurathi; Krishna-Mohan, Krishna; D'Ovidio, Francesco; Keerthi, Madhavan; Benshila, Rachid; Durand, Fabien; Papa, Fabrice; Suresh, Iyappan; Neetu, Singh</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Bay of Bengal combines several unique features that make it an excellent laboratory to study the variability of salinity and its potential effects on the oceanic circulation and climate. This basin receives very large quantities of freshwater in association to the southwest monsoon, either directly from rain or indirectly through the runoffs of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy. This large quantity of freshwater in a small, semi enclosed basin results in some of the lowest sea surface salinities (SSS) and strongest near-surface haline stratification in the tropical band. The strong monsoon winds also drive an energetic circulation, which exports the excess water received during the monsoon and results in strong horizontal salinity gradients. In this talk, I will summarize several studies of the Bay of Bengal salinity variability and its impacts undertaken in the context of an Indo-French collaboration. In situ data collected along the coast by fishermen and model results show that the intense, coastally-trapped East <span class="hlt">India</span> Coastal Current (EICC) transports the very fresh water near the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra <span class="hlt">river</span> mouth along the eastern Bay of Bengal rim to create a narrow, very fresh "<span class="hlt">river</span> in the sea" after the southwest monsoon. The salinity-induced pressure gradient contributes to almost 50% of the EICC intensity and sustains mesoscale eddy generation through its effect on horizontal current shears and baroclinic gradients. Oceanic eddies play a strong role in exporting this fresh water from the coast to the basin interior. This "<span class="hlt">river</span> in the sea" has a strong interannual variability related to the EICC remote modulation by the Indian Ocean Dipole (a regional climate mode). I will also discuss the potential effect of haline stratification on the regional climate through its influence on the upper ocean budget. Finally, I will briefly discuss the performance of remote-sensing for observing SSS in the Bay of Bengal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26178040','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26178040"><span>Environmental monitoring and assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments at Coleroon <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary in Tamil Nadu, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Venkatramanan, S; Chung, S Y; Ramkumar, T; Selvam, S</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>The combined studies on grain size distribution, organic matter contents of sediments, sequential extraction and bulk concentration of heavy metals, statistical analysis, and ecological risk assessments were carried out to investigate the contamination sources and ecological risks of surface sediments at Coleroon <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary in Tamil Nadu, <span class="hlt">India</span>. The sequential extraction of metals showed that a larger portion of the metals was associated with the residual phase and also in other fractions. The low concentrations of heavy metals were found in exchangeable and carbonate bounds (bioavailable phases). It revealed that sediments of Coleroon <span class="hlt">River</span> Estuary were relatively unpolluted and were influenced mainly by natural sources. The observed order of bulk concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments was as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > Co. Factor analyses represented that the enrichment of heavy metals was mostly resulted from lithogenic origins associated with anthropogenic sources. These sources were reconfirmed by cluster analysis. Risk assessment code (RAC) suggested that all metals were not harmful in monsoon season. However, Fe was in medium risk, and Mn and Cu were in low risk in summer. According to pollution load index (PLI) of sediments, all heavy metals were toxic. Cu might be related with adverse biological effects on the basis of sediment quality guidelines (SQG) in both seasons. These integrated approaches were very useful to identify the contamination sources and ecological risks of sediments in estuarine environment. It is expected that this research can give a useful information for the remediation of heavy metals in sediments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA01844&hterms=cultural+different&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dcultural%2Bdifferent','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA01844&hterms=cultural+different&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dcultural%2Bdifferent"><span>Space Radar Image of Calcutta, West Bengal, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This radar image of Calcutta, <span class="hlt">India</span>, illustrates different urban land use patterns. Calcutta, the largest city in <span class="hlt">India</span>, is located on the banks of the Hugli <span class="hlt">River</span>, shown as the thick, dark line in the upper portion of the image. The surrounding area is a flat swampy region with a subtropical climate. As a result of this marshy environment, Calcutta is a compact city, concentrated along the fringes of the <span class="hlt">river</span>. The average elevation is approximately 9 meters (30 feet) above sea level. Calcutta is located 154 kilometers (96 miles) upstream from the Bay of Bengal. Central Calcutta is the light blue and orange area below the <span class="hlt">river</span> in the center of the image. The bridge spanning the <span class="hlt">river</span> at the city center is the Howrah Bridge which links central Calcutta to Howrah. The dark region just below the <span class="hlt">river</span> and to the left of the city center is Maidan, a large city park housing numerous cultural and recreational facilities. The international airport is in the lower right of the image. The bridge in the upper right is the Bally Bridge which links the suburbs of Bally and Baranagar. This image is 30 kilometers by 10 kilometers (19 miles by 6 miles)and is centered at 22.3 degrees north latitude, 88.2 degrees east longitude. North is toward the upper right. The colors are assigned to different radar frequencies and polarizations as follows: red is L-band, horizontally transmitted and received; green is L-band, horizontally transmitted and vertically received; and blue is C-band, horizontally transmitted and vertically received. The image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) on October 5, 1994, onboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour. SIR-C/X SAR, a joint mission of the German, Italian and United States space agencies, is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914504N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1914504N"><span>The morphodynamics and sedimentology of large <span class="hlt">river</span> confluences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nicholas, Andrew; Sambrook Smith, Greg; Best, James; Bull, Jon; Dixon, Simon; Goodbred, Steven; Sarker, Mamin; Vardy, Mark</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Confluences are key locations within large <span class="hlt">river</span> networks, yet surprisingly little is known about how they migrate and evolve through time. Moreover, because confluence sites are associated with scour pools that are typically several times the mean channel depth, the deposits associated with such scours should have a high potential for preservation within the rock record. However, paradoxically, such scours are rarely observed, and the sedimentological characteristics of such deposits are poorly understood. This study reports results from a physically-based morphodynamic model, which is applied to simulate the evolution and resulting alluvial architecture associated with large <span class="hlt">river</span> junctions. Boundary conditions within the model simulation are defined to approximate the junction of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Jamuna <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, in Bangladesh. Model results are supplemented by geophysical datasets collected during boat-based surveys at this junction. Simulated deposit characteristics and geophysical datasets are compared with three existing and contrasting conceptual models that have been proposed to represent the sedimentary architecture of confluence scours. Results illustrate that existing conceptual models may be overly simplistic, although elements of each of the three conceptual models are evident in the deposits generated by the numerical simulation. The latter are characterised by several distinct styles of sedimentary fill, which can be linked to particular morphodynamic behaviours. However, the preserved characteristics of simulated confluence deposits vary substantial according to the degree of reworking by channel migration. This may go some way towards explaining the confluence scour paradox; while abundant large scours might be expected in the rock record, they are rarely reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-41g-120-040.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-41g-120-040.html"><span>Makran Mountain Range, Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> Valley, Pakistan, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1984-10-13</p> <p>41G-120-040 (5-13 Oct. 1984) --- Pakistan, featuring the city of Karachi, the Makran mountain range, the mouth of the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> and the North Arabian Sea were photographed with a medium format camera aboard the space shuttle Challenger during the 41-G mission. Photo credit: NASA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12319111','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12319111"><span>The threat from sea and land. Regional report 2: the Bay of Bengal.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p></p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This article reports on the environmental threat caused by the Bay of Bengal on the economic situation in Bangladesh and <span class="hlt">India</span>. More than four-fifths of Bangladesh amount to an extended delta at the confluence of one of the largest <span class="hlt">river</span> systems in the world, comprising the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, and Meghna. In the Brahmaputra watershed, the rate of deforestation caused soil erosion in the Himalayas is five times as much as in the geological past. This sediment loading is often considered to be a prime factor in downstream flooding. Because of this, Bangladesh agriculture products were damaged, which led to economic instability. Furthermore, as a result of the combined impacts of population growth, poverty, no land, and inadequate food supplies, many migrated into the neighboring Indian areas. Moreover, the susceptibility of the Bay of Bengal to cyclones has caused a great number of deaths leaving millions of people homeless. Cyclone episodes are expected to be more frequent as global warming continues. Furthermore, Bangladesh was estimated to be only 5 meters above sea level, which is considered vulnerable to sea level rise. On top of these problems, trouble from the other side of Bangladesh was also predicted with the combined outflow of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, and Meghna leading to more national damage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNS13B0017P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNS13B0017P"><span>Electrical Resistivity Studies Between Subarnarekha And Kansabati <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>, Paschim Medinipur (W.B.), <span class="hlt">India</span>: Implication To Groundwater Problems In The Area.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Panda, K. P.; Jha, M. K.; Sharma, S. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Various parts of the world face acute shortage of groundwater. To solve groundwater problems various approaches are followed. Interlinking of the <span class="hlt">river</span> is one of the approaches. The southern part of the West Bengal province of <span class="hlt">India</span> receives huge amount of rainfall (annual 1200mm). Instead of huge amount of rainfall some parts of the area are problematic for groundwater occurrence. Characterization of aquifer in this area is very important for sustainable development of water supply and artificial recharge schemes. Electrical resistivity survey was performed at regular interval from Kharagpur (north) to Subarnrekha <span class="hlt">River</span> (south) to map the lithological variations in this area. It covers around 25 kilometers distance from Kharagpur with latitude and longitude (22°19'7.3"N 87°18'40"E) to Subarnrekha <span class="hlt">River</span> (22°15'49.4" N 87°16'45.1" E). To locating a suitable area for artificial recharge and for the characterization of aquifers vertical electrical sounding is a robust method. Resistivity soundings were carried out with an interval of 2 to 3 kilometers. Subsurface resistivity distribution has been interpreted by using very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) global optimization technique. The study reveals that northern part of the area is problematic and does not have suitable aquifer systems. Resistivity distribution is suitable in the southern part of area and corresponds to clayey sand. Interpreted resistivity in the northern part of the area is relatively high and reveals impervious laterite layer. In southern part of the area resistivity varies between 5-10 Ohm-m at depth below 80 m. Based on the resistivity model different types of geologic units are classified and the zone of interests for aquifer has been demarcated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+substance+AND+abuse&pg=6&id=EJ958304','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+substance+AND+abuse&pg=6&id=EJ958304"><span>Relationships with Adults as Predictors of Substance Use, <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement, and Threats to Safety among Disadvantaged Urban High-School Adolescents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ryan, Linda G.; Miller-Loessi, Karen; Nieri, Tanya</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Using a resilience framework, the authors examined the protective effects of parental support, self-disclosure to parents, parent-initiated monitoring of adolescent behavior, and relationships with school personnel on three critical problems of adolescents: substance use, <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement, and perceived threats to safety at school. The sample…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864259','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864259"><span>Epidemiological criminology: drug use among African American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lanier, Mark M; Pack, Robert P; Akers, Timothy A</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Epidemiological methods and public health theories can be tied to theories of crime and delinquency and used to create evidence-based policy. Interdisciplinary theoretical approaches to existing, and emerging, public health and criminal justice problems hold great promise. Differential association theory postulates that close association with delinquent peers leads to an increase in deviant activities such as illicit drug use. Social cognitive theory postulates that health behavior change is driven by the interaction of (a) cognitive states that support a health outcome, (b) the social and contextual environment, (c) and individual action. Combined, these theories can be applied to drug eradication programs as well as other health and crime issues. Focus groups and interviews were performed to identify rates of illicit substance use among incarcerated African American adolescent male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and nongang members. The policy recommendations illustrate the convergence of criminological and epidemiological theory under the new paradigm of epidemiological criminology or ''EpiCrim.''</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ISPAr.XL8..101P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ISPAr.XL8..101P"><span>Glof Study in Tawang <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, Arunachal Pradesh, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Panda, R.; Padhee, S. K.; Dutta, S.</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is one of the major unexpected hazards in the high mountain regions susceptible to climate change. The Tawang <span class="hlt">river</span> basin in Arunachal Pradesh is an unexplored region in the Eastern Himalayas, which is impending to produce several upcoming hydro-electric projects (HEP). The main source of the <span class="hlt">river</span> system is the snow melt in the Eastern Himalayas, which is composed of several lakes located at the snout of the glacier dammed by the lateral or end moraine. These lakes might prove as potential threat to the future scenario as they have a tendency to produce flash flood with large quantity of sediment load during outbursts. This study provides a methodology to detect the potential lakes as a danger to the HEP sites in the basin, followed by quantification of volume of discharge from the potential lake and prediction of hydrograph at the lake site. The remote location of present lakes induced the use of remote sensing data, which was fulfilled by Landsat-8 satellite imagery with least cloud coverage. Suitable reflectance bands on the basis of spectral responses were used to produce informational layers (NDWI, Potential snow cover map, supervised classification map) in GIS environment for discriminating different land features. The product obtained from vector overlay operation of these layers; representing possible water area, was further utilized in combination with Google earth to identify the lakes within the watershed. Finally those identified lakes were detected as potentially dangerous lakes based on the criteria of elevation, area, proximity from streamline, slope and volume of water held. HEC-RAS simulation model was used with cross sections from Google Earth and field survey as input to simulate dam break like situation; hydrodynamic channel routing of the outburst hydrograph along <span class="hlt">river</span> reach was carried out to get the GLOF hydrograph at the project sites. It was concluded from the results that, the assessed GLOF would be a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007QSRv...26.2801S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007QSRv...26.2801S"><span>Late Cenozoic fluvial successions in northern and western <span class="hlt">India</span>: an overview and synthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sinha, R.; Kumar, R.; Sinha, S.; Tandon, S. K.; Gibling, M. R.</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>Late Cenozoic fluvial successions are widespread in <span class="hlt">India</span>. They include the deposits of the Siwalik basin which represent the accumulations of the ancient <span class="hlt">river</span> systems of the Himalayan foreland basin. Palaeomagnetic studies reveal that fluvial architecture and styles of deposition were controlled by Himalayan tectonics as well as by major climatic fluctuations during the long (∼13 Ma) span of formation. The Indo-Gangetic plains form the world's most extensive Quaternary alluvial plains, and display spatially variable controls on sedimentation: Himalayan tectonics in the frontal parts, climate in the middle reaches, and eustasy in the lower reaches close to the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. Climatic effects were mediated by strong fluctuations in the SW Indian Monsoon, and Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> occupy deep valleys in the western Ganga plains where stream power is high, cut in part during early Holocene monsoon intensification; the broad interfluves record the simultaneous aggradation of plains-fed <span class="hlt">rivers</span> since ∼100 ka. The eastward increase in precipitation across the Ganga Plains results in <span class="hlt">rivers</span> with low stream power and a very high sediment flux, resulting in an aggradational mode and little incision. The <span class="hlt">river</span> deposits of semi-arid to arid western <span class="hlt">India</span> form important archives of Quaternary climate change through their intercalation with the eolian deposits of the Thar Desert. Although the synthesis documents strong variability-both spatial and temporal-in fluvial stratigraphy, climatic events such as the decline in precipitation during the Last Glacial Maximum and monsoon intensification in the early Holocene have influenced fluvial dynamics throughout the region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21850434','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21850434"><span>Groundwater quality and its suitability for domestic and agricultural use in Tondiar <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, Tamil Nadu, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ramesh, K; Elango, L</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>Assessment of suitability of groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes was carried out in Tondiar <span class="hlt">river</span> basin, Tamil Nadu, <span class="hlt">India</span>. The study area covers an area of 315 km(2) and lies in a semiarid region. Groundwater is the major source for domestic and agricultural activity in this area. Groundwater samples were collected from 45 wells during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period in the year 2006. The water samples were analysed for physical and chemical characteristics. Suitability of groundwater for irrigation was evaluated based on salinity hazard, sodium percent, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, US salinity diagram, Wilcox's diagram, Kelly's ratio and permeability index. Ca-HCO(3), mixed Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-Cl were the dominant groundwater types. High hardness and electrical conductivity in this area makes the groundwater unsuitable for drinking and agricultural purposes. Concentration of trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni) did not exceed the permissible limit for drinking and agricultural purposes. Majority of the groundwater samples were unsuitable for domestic and agricultural purposes except for 31% and 36%, which were suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Networking+AND+cities&pg=3&id=ED524534','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Networking+AND+cities&pg=3&id=ED524534"><span>Towards a National <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Strategy: A Meta-Policy Analysis of Leadership, Learning, and Organizational Change within the Law Enforcement Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Richards, Maurice V.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study examines the process of change within law enforcement, focusing on the leadership, learning, and organizational change required to reduce crime, violence, and social disruption caused by criminal street <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The study tests the viability, results, and implications of a new policing model, the trans-jurisdictional task force, through…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H14B..05S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H14B..05S"><span>Drought Assessment over the Four Major <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins of <span class="hlt">India</span> using GRACE-based estimates of Water Availability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sinha, D.; Syed, T. H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Drought is a natural disaster that has mutilating consequences over agriculture, ecosystems, economy and the society. Over the past few decades, drought related catastrophe, associated with global climate change, has escalated all across the world. Identification and analysis of drought utilizing individual hydrologic variables may be inadequate owing to the multitude of factors that are associated with the phenomenon. Therefore it is crucial to develop techniques that warrant comprehensive monitoring and assessment of droughts. In this study we propose a novel drought index (Water Availability Index (WAI)) that comprehends all the aspects of meteorologic, agricultural and hydrologic droughts. The proposed framework underscores the conceptualization and utilization of water availability, quantified as an integrated estimate of land water storage, using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations, and precipitation. The methodology is employed over four major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins of <span class="hlt">India</span> (i.e. Ganga, Krishna, Godavari and Mahanadi) for a period of 155 months (April 2002 to February 2015). Results exhibit the potential of the propounded index (WAI) to recognize drought events and impart insightful quantification of drought severity. WAI also demonstrates enhanced outcomes in comparison to other commonly used drought indices like PDSI, SPI, SPEI and SRI. In general there are at least three major drought periods with intensities ranging from moderate to severe in almost all <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. The longest drought period, extending for 27 months, from September 2008 to November 2010, is observed in the Mahanadi basin. Results from this study confirm the potential of this technique as an effective tool for the characterization of drought at large spatial scales, which will only excel with better quantification and extended availability of terrestrial water storage observations from the GRACE-Follow On mission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAESc.157..283G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAESc.157..283G"><span>An appraisal of the Permian palaeobiodiversity and geology of the Ib-<span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, eastern coastal area, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goswami, Shreerup; Saxena, Anju; Singh, Kamal Jeet; Chandra, Shaila; Cleal, Christopher J.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The Ib-<span class="hlt">River</span> Basin situated in the east coastal area of <span class="hlt">India</span>, in Odisha State is a south-eastern part of the Mahanadi Master Basin. A large number of plant macrofossils belonging to the Glossopteris flora were described and documented between 2006 and 2010 from various localities of the Barakar and Lower Kamthi formations of this basin. The floral components representing leaves, roots and fructifications in these assemblages belong to the Lycopodiales, Equisetales, Sphenophyllales, Filicales, Cordaitales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Glossopteridales. In the present study, all the available data pertaining to the biological remains, petrological analyses as well as the geology of this basin are reviewed and analyzed to deduce and reconstruct the biostratigraphy, palaeoclimate, palaeoenvironment and the landscape of this basin during Permian time in general and during the deposition of Barakar (Artinskian - Kungurian) and Lower Kamthi (Lopingian) formations in particular. The floral composition suggests the prevalence of a temperate climate with a slight change from warm moist to warm dry conditions during the deposition of the Barakar Formation and warm and humid during the deposition of Lower Kamthi sediments. Distribution of various plant groups in the Barakar and Lower Kamthi formations have been shown to depict the biodiversity trends. Vegetational reconstructions during the deposition of the Barakar and Lower Kamthi formations around the Ib-<span class="hlt">River</span> Basin have also been attempted based on all the fossil records from this area. The status of unclassified Barakar and Kamthi formations has been redefined. Apart from megafloristics, the palynology of the basin is also discussed. Possible marine incursions and marine marginal environment in the Ib-Basin during Permian are overtly summarized on the basis of records of acritarchs, typical marine ichnofossils and evidences of wave activity in Lower Gondwana sediments of this Basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881537','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881537"><span>Drive-by shootings by violent street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Los Angeles: a five-year review from 1989 to 1993.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huston, H R; Anglin, D; Eckstein, M</p> <p>1996-04-01</p> <p>To determine trends in the numbers of drive-by shootings, individuals shot at, innocent bystanders shot at, and homicides by drive-by shootings in the city of Los Angeles from 1989 to 1993. A retrospective analysis of police records was performed for all <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related drive-by shootings that occurred in the city of Los Angeles between 1989 and 1993. From 1989 to 1993, there were 6,327 drive-by shootings, 9,053 people shot at, and 590 homicides. There was an increase in drive-by shootings, people shot at, and homicides between 1989 and 1991, followed by a decrease between 1991 and 1993. The case fatality ratio of individuals killed to individuals shot at increased from 1989 to 1993 (p = 0.0011). Forty-seven percent of the people shot at, and 23% of the homicide victims, were innocent bystanders. Drive-by shootings are a major public health problem in Los Angeles. While the rate of drive-by shootings decreased in 1992 and 1993, the proportion of fatal cases increased. To prevent drive-by shootings, the root causes of violent street <span class="hlt">gang</span> formation must be addressed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07832&hterms=Arabic&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DArabic','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07832&hterms=Arabic&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DArabic"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma Sand Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>[figure removed for brevity, see original site] <p/> Our topic for the weeks of April 4 and April 11 is dunes on Mars. We will look at the north polar sand sea and at isolated dune fields at lower latitudes. Sand seas on Earth are often called 'ergs,' an Arabic name for dune field. A sand sea differs from a dune field in two ways: 1) a sand sea has a large regional extent, and 2) the individual dunes are large in size and complex in form. <p/> Today's sand sheet is located in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma portion of Valles Marineris. As with yesterday's image, note that the dune forms are seen only at the margin and that the interior of the sand sheet at this resolution appears to completely lack dune forms. <p/> Image information: VIS instrument. Latitude -6.4, Longitude 310.7 East (49.3 West). 19 meter/pixel resolution. <p/> Note: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time. <p/> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.T31B1311B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.T31B1311B"><span>Tectonic and climatic control on <span class="hlt">river</span> profiles for <span class="hlt">rivers</span> draining northwards from the Pamir and Kunlun (Central Asia).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brookfield, M. E.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p> - Oligocene collisions of <span class="hlt">India</span> with magmatic arcs south of Asia can be followed in some detail in the Pakistan Himalaya though not in the Indian Himalaya. d) The <span class="hlt">river</span> profiles and courses can be directly related to the major tectonic development of the arc, modified by the influence of Quaternary climatic change (Molnar and England, 1990). The main drainage divide is along the crest of the fundamentally Mesozoic Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges and extensions. Despite the late Cenozoic uplift of the Pamir, only the Pyandzh <span class="hlt">river</span> cuts across the Pamir range in a course that corresponds with a geophysical but not a geological boundary. The rest of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, with a few exceptions, tend to run in valleys parallel to the arc, except to the west and east. To the west, in northern Afghanistan the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> still run northward from the westward extension of the Hindu Kush. To the east the main <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have headwaters far within the Tibetan plateau and cut, with incredibly steep gradients across the Kun Lun and related ranges - testifying to the latest Tertiary development of this range. REFERENCES Brookfield, 1998. The evolution of the great <span class="hlt">river</span> systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic <span class="hlt">India</span>-Asia collision: <span class="hlt">rivers</span> draining southwards. Geomorphology, 22: 285-312. Dewey, J.F., Cande, S. and Pitman III, W.C., 1989. Tectonic evolution of the <span class="hlt">India</span>/Eurasia collision zone. Eclogae geologica Helvetica, 82: 717-734. England, P. and Molnar, P., 1990. Surface uplift, uplift of rocks and exhumation of rocks. Geology, 18: 1173-1177. Molnar, P. and England, P., 1990. Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climatic change: chicken or egg? Nature, 346: 29-34.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28573350','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28573350"><span>Regional and temporal variation in minor ions in groundwater of a part of a large <span class="hlt">river</span> delta, southern <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Elumalai, Vetrimurugan; Brindha, K; Elango, L</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Impact of agricultural activities on groundwater can be determined from the concentration of nutrients present in groundwater. This study was carried out with the aim to assess the minor ions content of groundwater and to identify its sources, spatial, and seasonal variations in a part of the Cauvery <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, southern <span class="hlt">India</span>. Groundwater samples were collected from July 2007 to September 2009 and were analyzed for minor ions. These ions were in the order of dominance of nitrate> phosphate> bromide> fluoride> ammonium= nitrite> lithium. The concentration of ions tends to increase towards the coast except for fluoride. Increased concentration of ions identified in shallow wells than in deep wells with an exception of few locations indicates the impact of human activities. Relatively high concentration of agriculture-sourced nitrate was identified which pose a threat to groundwater suitability for agriculture and domestic usage. Combined influence of use of agrochemicals, improper sewage disposal, aquaculture activities, seawater intrusion due to heavy pumping near the coast, and natural weathering of aquifer materials are the major sources. Also, fine grain sediments of this area aid in poor flushing of the ions towards the sea resulting in accumulation of higher concentration of ions. A sustainable management strategy is essential to control the concentration of these ions, especially nitrate. Reduced use of fertilizers, increasing the rainfall recharge for diluting the pollutants in groundwater and maintaining the <span class="hlt">river</span> flow for sufficiently longer period to reduce dependence on groundwater for irrigation can help to improve the situation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC22A..03T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC22A..03T"><span>Exploring the energy-water-food-climate nexus for the Indian Economy in 2030</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Taheripour, F.; Hertel, T. W.; Gopalakrishnan, B. N.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The economy of <span class="hlt">India</span> is expected to face serious environmental challenges over the coming decades. Population growth, coupled with economic growth of nearly 7%/year to 2030 will translate into strong growth in energy demands - particularly electricity. The electricity sector's claim on total available water could grow from 4% to more than 10% in <span class="hlt">India</span> in 2030, if the use of wet cooling technologies persists (IGES 2013). Water-saving, dry cooling technologies are available for coal-fired power plants, but this requires significant investment and must be done at the time of construction. Growing water demands from electricity generation, when coupled with industrial, residential and commercial demands, are projected to result in water shortages for irrigation in some key <span class="hlt">river</span> basins such as Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Subernarekha, Krishna, and Chotanagpui (Rosegrant et al., 2013). The resulting pressure on agricultural production is likely to be exacerbated by climate change, which itself may increase demands for irrigation as an adaptation strategy to higher temperatures and more variable rainfall (AgMIP, 2013). In this paper we examine the impact of water scarcity on economic growth, food, and energy security in <span class="hlt">India</span> using an enhanced version of the GTAP-AEZ-WATER model. We find that investments in water-saving technology in the electricity sector are less costly than developing new water supply. However, even when these technologies are implemented, we project shortfalls in water available for irrigated agriculture. These shortfalls result in the contraction of irrigated area and diminished food production relative to the unconstrained baseline. However, trade could help <span class="hlt">India</span> to mitigate a portion of this pressure by importing more food products from water abundant regions. In addition, allowing for the trading of water within <span class="hlt">river</span> basins helps to alleviate some of the consequences of water scarcity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21F1903T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21F1903T"><span>Modeling Elevation Equilibrium and Human Adaptation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tasich, C. M.; Gilligan, J. M.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Hale, R. P.; Wilson, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The communities living in the low-lying tidal reaches of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra delta rely on a system of polders (earthen-embanked landscapes) to prevent against tidal inundation and storm surge. These communities initially thrived as a result of poldering due to the increase in the total arable land, which presently helps sustain a population of 20 million people. However, poldering led to the unintended consequence of reducing water and sediment exchange between the polders and the tidal network, which has resulted in a significant elevation offset of 1-1.5 m relative to that of the natural landscape. This offset causes significant waterlogging which is problematic for rice cultivation. Engineering solutions, such as Tidal <span class="hlt">River</span> Management (TRM), have been proposed to help alleviate this offset. Previous work suggests with proper implementation of TRM, polder elevations can successfully be reequilibrated to that of the natural elevation on timescales of 5-20 years. However, TRM implementation requires community commitment to allowing controlled tidal inundation. Here, we expand previous numerical simulations of sediment accumulation through field-based constraints of grain size, compaction, and sea level rise. We then model human decision-making for implementation of TRM practices using an agent-based model. Our sediment model employs a mass balance of sediment accumulation as a function of tidal height, suspended sediment concentration, settling velocity, and dry bulk density. We couple this sediment model to an agent-based model of human decision making. We model a hypothetical 500 x 300 m polder community with the lowest elevations in the middle and the highest elevations adjacent to the tidal channels. Landowners assess their risk and profit for future scenarios with and without TRM. All landowner decisions are aggregated and then a community decision is made on whether to implement TRM. Initial findings suggest that basic voting (majority rule) results in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258248','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258248"><span>Schistura maculosa, a new species of loach (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from Mizoram, northeastern <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lalronunga, Samuel; Lalnuntluanga; Lalramliana</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Schistura maculosa, a new species of loach, is described from Tuingo and Pharsih <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>, tributaries of Tuivai <span class="hlt">River</span> (Barak drainage) in Mizoram, northeastern <span class="hlt">India</span>. It is distinguished from other closely related Schistura species in having an axillary pelvic lobe; an incomplete lateral line; 20-30 narrow black bars on the body; 3-4 rows of black spots horizontally across the dorsal-fin; a slightly emarginate caudal-fin, with 5-7 rows of black spots more or less regularly arranged vertically on rays across the fin, and 8+8 branched caudal-fin rays.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03708.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03708.html"><span>Where on Earth...? MISR Mystery Image Quiz #8:Yarlung Tsangpo <span class="hlt">River</span>, China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-05-15</p> <p>The mighty <span class="hlt">river</span> featured in this image is called the Yarlung Tsangpo in China, and is then known as the Dikrong during its passage through <span class="hlt">India</span> state of Arunachal Pradesh. This image from NASA Terra satellite is MISR Mystery Image Quiz #8.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23I..02G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23I..02G"><span>Seasonal Characteristics of Widespread Ozone Pollution in China and <span class="hlt">India</span>: Current Model Capabilities and Source Attributions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gao, M.; Song, S.; Beig, G.; Zhang, H.; Hu, J.; Ying, Q.; McElroy, M. B.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Fast urbanization and industrialization in China and <span class="hlt">India</span> have led to severe ozone pollution, threatening public health in these densely populated countries. We show the spatial and seasonal characteristics of ozone concentrations using nation-wide observations for these two countries in 2013. We used the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to chemistry (WRF-Chem) to conduct one-year simulations and to evaluate how current models capture the important photochemical processes using the exhaustive available datasets in China and <span class="hlt">India</span>, including surface measurements, ozonesonde data and satellite retrievals. We also employed the factor separation approach to distinguish the contributions of different sectors to ozone during different seasons. The back trajectory model FLEXPART was applied to investigate the role of transport in highly polluted regions (e.g., North China Plain, Yangtze <span class="hlt">River</span> delta, and Pearl <span class="hlt">River</span> Delta) during different seasons. Preliminary results indicate that the WRF-Chem model provides a satisfactory representation of the temporal and spatial variations of ozone for both China and <span class="hlt">India</span>. The factor separation approach offers valuable insights into relevant sources of ozone for both countries providing valuable guidance for policy options designed to mitigate the related problem.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28695304','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28695304"><span>Heavy metal contamination in <span class="hlt">river</span> water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, <span class="hlt">India</span>: risk assessment and environmental implications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Patel, Priyanka; Raju, N Janardhana; Reddy, B C Sundara Raja; Suresh, U; Sankar, D B; Reddy, T V K</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The concentration of heavy metals was analyzed each of 20 <span class="hlt">river</span> water, suspended sediments and bed sediments along the stretch of Swarnamukhi <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin. <span class="hlt">River</span> water is not contaminated with heavy metals except Fe and Mn. Contamination factor in sediments shows considerable to very high degree contamination with Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sources of these metals could be residential wastes, sewer outfall, fertilizers, pesticides (M-45 + carbondine) and traffic activities apart from natural weathering of granitic rocks present in the basin area. Principal component analyses indicate the interaction between metals in different media. The comparison of metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in bed sediments of Swarnamukhi <span class="hlt">River</span> with the Indian and world averages indicates that the values obtained in the basin are above the Indian averages and far below to the world averages. Average shale values and sediment quality guidelines point toward the enrichment and contamination of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn to several fold leading to eco-toxicological risks in basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP33A1912S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP33A1912S"><span>Evaluating order in vertical successions of deltaic Holocene sediments on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sincavage, R.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Most stratigraphic models are predicated on the presence of cyclicity or some form of order in vertical successions of strata. In spite of this a priori assumption of ordered stratigraphy, rarely are statistical metrics employed to quantify cyclicity in sedimentary packages. The presence or absence of preserved order in vertical sedimentary successions has important implications for the nature of environmental signals that are transmitted into the rock record. We interrogate the Holocene sedimentary archive of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (GBMD) in an effort to explore to what extent fluvio-deltaic deposits exhibit recognizable order. Specifically, we focus on grain size data to evaluate 1.) if stratigraphic order in vertical sedimentary successions can be identified and quantified, and 2.) if there are spatial patterns of stratigraphic order across the GBMD. A runs order metric r is used to identify sequences of coarsening and fining within an extensive borehole network. Observed grain size data are shuffled enough times to generate synthetic "random" stratigraphy, and a Monte Carlo simulation generates 5000 realizations. The distribution of r values from the Monte Carlo are compared to the r metric calculated from observed data to determine how likely the observed metric could be generated by chance. The spatial distribution of order metrics indicates a relationship between areas of enhanced mass extraction and preservation of fluvial successions that scale with modern bar deposits on the Jamuna <span class="hlt">River</span>. Similarly, probability metrics indicate that vertical successions of grain size data unlikely to have been generated by chance are more likely to be found on distal areas of the delta where 60% of the input mass has been extracted. Combining a mass balance framework with simple statistical metrics has the potential of improving predictions of the stratigraphic architecture and the preservation of ordered vs. disordered signals in the sedimentary record.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436777','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436777"><span>Bisphenol A and other bisphenol analogues including BPS and BPF in surface water samples from Japan, China, Korea and <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yamazaki, Eriko; Yamashita, Nobuyoshi; Taniyasu, Sachi; Lam, James; Lam, Paul K S; Moon, Hyo-Bang; Jeong, Yunsun; Kannan, Pranav; Achyuthan, Hema; Munuswamy, Natesan; Kannan, Kurunthachalam</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Concentrations of eight bisphenol analogues (BPs) including BPA, BPS, and BPF were determined in surface waters collected from select <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in Japan, Korea, China, and <span class="hlt">India</span>. BPA was found at a concentration in the range of several tens to several hundreds of nanograms per liter in most of the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> surveyed and some of the highest concentrations (54-1950 ng/L) were found in <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in Chennai, <span class="hlt">India</span>. Concentrations of BPF were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of BPA in <span class="hlt">river</span> and sea waters collected from Japan, Korea and China, which suggested that BPF is a major contaminant in surface waters in several Southeast Asian countries. BPF concentrations as high as 2850 ng/L were found in the Tamagawa <span class="hlt">River</span> in Japan. The flux of BPs through riverine discharges into Tokyo Bay was calculated to be approximately 5.5 t per year. Based on the flux estimates and the mass of BPF found in water column and sediment in Tokyo Bay, it was found that BPF degrades faster than BPA in the environment. Elevated concentrations of BPF found in surface waters suggest the need for further studies to determine the fate and toxicity of this compound. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-04-01/pdf/2010-7397.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-04-01/pdf/2010-7397.pdf"><span>75 FR 16436 - Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp From <span class="hlt">India</span>: Initiation of Antidumping Duty Changed Circumstances...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>... Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Antidumping Duty Order: Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from <span class="hlt">India</span>, 70... vannemei), banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis), fleshy prawn (Penaeus chinensis), giant <span class="hlt">river</span> prawn... addition, food preparations, which are not ``prepared meals,'' that contain more than 20 percent by weight...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499608','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11499608"><span>Distribution of U-Th nuclides in the riverine and coastal environments of the tropical southwest coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Balakrishna, K; Shankar, R; Sarin, M M; Manjunatha, B R</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A reconnaissance study has been made on the distribution of 238U, 234U, 232Th and 230Th in soils, water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and bottom sediments in the Kali <span class="hlt">river</span> basin around Kaiga, its estuarine region and the adjacent Arabian Sea to obtain the baseline data of U-Th series nuclides in view of the commissioning of nuclear power reactors at Kaiga, near Karwar, on the southwest coast of <span class="hlt">India</span>. Drainage basin soils developed over greywackes (the dominant litho-unit upstream) are lower in 238U/Al and 232Th/Al ratios by factors of 3-5 in comparison with those developed over tonalitic gneisses (the dominant litho-unit downstream). The dominance of the former type of soils is reflected in the composition of <span class="hlt">river</span>-bottom sediments derived from the upstream drainage basin during the monsoon. The 232Th in bottom sediments tends to increase towards the estuarine and coastal areas, presumably due to deposition of heavy minerals and onshore transport of coastal sediments into the estuary. The dissolved U in the Kali <span class="hlt">river</span> is low (0.001-0.02 microg/l) when compared to the major Indian <span class="hlt">rivers</span> as the Kali <span class="hlt">river</span> flows through U-poor greywackes. Thus, the input of dissolved U to the Kali estuary is dominated by sea water. Although there is some evidence for the removal of dissolved U at low salinity during estuarine mixing, its behaviour is conservative in the lower estuary (at higher salinities). The removal rate of dissolved U from the Kali <span class="hlt">river</span> basin is similar to that reported from other tropical <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. The U flux from all the west-flowing <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of Peninsular <span class="hlt">India</span> is estimated at 26.3 x 10(6) g/yr to the Arabian Sea which is about 2% of the flux from the Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> to the Bay of Bengal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Geomo.295..115K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Geomo.295..115K"><span>Landslide susceptibility mapping & prediction using Support Vector Machine for Mandakini <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, Garhwal Himalaya, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kumar, Deepak; Thakur, Manoj; Dubey, Chandra S.; Shukla, Dericks P.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>In recent years, various machine learning techniques have been applied for landslide susceptibility mapping. In this study, three different variants of support vector machine viz., SVM, Proximal Support Vector Machine (PSVM) and L2-Support Vector Machine - Modified Finite Newton (L2-SVM-MFN) have been applied on the Mandakini <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin in Uttarakhand, <span class="hlt">India</span> to carry out the landslide susceptibility mapping. Eight thematic layers such as elevation, slope, aspect, drainages, geology/lithology, buffer of thrusts/faults, buffer of streams and soil along with the past landslide data were mapped in GIS environment and used for landslide susceptibility mapping in MATLAB. The study area covering 1625 km2 has merely 0.11% of area under landslides. There are 2009 pixels for past landslides out of which 50% (1000) landslides were considered as training set while remaining 50% as testing set. The performance of these techniques has been evaluated and the computational results show that L2-SVM-MFN obtains higher prediction values (0.829) of receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-area under the curve) as compared to 0.807 for PSVM model and 0.79 for SVM. The results obtained from L2-SVM-MFN model are found to be superior than other SVM prediction models and suggest the usefulness of this technique to problem of landslide susceptibility mapping where training data is very less. However, these techniques can be used for satisfactory determination of susceptible zones with these inputs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70101156','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70101156"><span>Miocene burial and exhumation of the <span class="hlt">India</span>-Asia collision zone in southern Tibet: response to slab dynamics and erosion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Carrapa, Barbara; Orme, D.A.; DeCelles, Peter G.; Kapp, Paul; Cosca, Michael A.; Waldrip, R.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">India</span>-Asia collision zone in southern Tibet preserves a record of geodynamic and erosional processes following intercontinental collision. Apatite fission-track and zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He data from the Oligocene–Miocene Kailas Formation, within the <span class="hlt">India</span>-Asia collision zone, show a synchronous cooling signal at 17 ± 1 Ma, which is younger than the ca. 26–21 Ma depositional age of the Kailas Formation, constrained by U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and requires heating (burial) after ca. 21 Ma and subsequent rapid exhumation. Data from the Gangdese batholith underlying the Kailas Formation also indicate Miocene exhumation. The thermal history of the Kailas Formation is consistent with rapid subsidence during a short-lived phase of early Miocene extension followed by uplift and exhumation driven by rollback and northward underthrusting of the Indian plate, respectively. Significant removal of material from the <span class="hlt">India</span>-Asia collision zone was likely facilitated by efficient incision of the paleo–Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> and paleo–Yarlung <span class="hlt">River</span> in response to drainage reorganization and/or intensification of the Asian monsoon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29660713','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29660713"><span>Assessment of climate change impact on yield of major crops in the Banas <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dubey, Swatantra Kumar; Sharma, Devesh</p> <p>2018-09-01</p> <p>Crop growth models like AquaCrop are useful in understanding the impact of climate change on crop production considering the various projections from global circulation models and regional climate models. The present study aims to assess the climate change impact on yield of major crops in the Banas <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin i.e., wheat, barley and maize. Banas basin is part of the semi-arid region of Rajasthan state in <span class="hlt">India</span>. AquaCrop model is used to calculate the yield of all the three crops for a historical period of 30years (1981-2010) and then compared with observed yield data. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values are calculated to assess the model accuracy in prediction of yield. Further, the calibrated model is used to predict the possible impacts of climate change and CO 2 concentration on crop yield using CORDEX-SA climate projections of three driving climate models (CNRM-CM5, CCSM4 and MPI-ESM-LR) for two different scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the future period 2021-2050. RMSE values of simulated yield with respect to observed yield of wheat, barley and maize are 11.99, 16.15 and 19.13, respectively. It is predicted that crop yield of all three crops will increase under the climate change conditions for future period (2021-2050). Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=STS41G-120-040&hterms=continental+drift&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dcontinental%2Bdrift','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=STS41G-120-040&hterms=continental+drift&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dcontinental%2Bdrift"><span>Makran Mountain Range, Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> Valley, Pakistan, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The enormous geologic pressures exerted by continental drift can be very well illustrated by the long northward curving parallel folded mountain ridges and valleys of the coastal Makran Range of Pakistan (27.0N, 66.0E). As a result of the collision of the northward bound Indian sub-continent into the Asian Continent, the east/west parallel range has been bent in a great northward arc and forming the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> valley at the interface of the collision.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4081587','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4081587"><span>DNA Barcodes for the FIshes of the Narmada, One of India’s Longest <span class="hlt">Rivers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Khedkar, Gulab Dattarao; Jamdade, Rahul; Naik, Suresh; David, Lior; Haymer, David</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>This study describes the species diversity of fishes of the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span> in <span class="hlt">India</span>. A total of 820 fish specimens were collected from 17 sampling locations across the whole <span class="hlt">river</span> basin. Fish were taxonomically classified into one of 90 possible species based on morphological characters, and then DNA barcoding was employed using COI gene sequences as a supplemental identification method. A total of 314 different COI sequences were generated, and specimens were confirmed to belong to 85 species representing 63 genera, 34 families and 10 orders. Findings of this study include the identification of five putative cryptic or sibling species and 43 species not previously known from the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span> basin. Five species are endemic to <span class="hlt">India</span> and three are introduced species that had not been previously reported to occur in the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span>. Conversely, 43 species previously reported to occur in the Narmada were not found. Genetic diversity and distance values were generated for all of the species within genera, families and orders using Kimura’s 2 parameter distance model followed by the construction of a Neighbor Joining tree. High resolution clusters generated in NJ trees aided the groupings of species corresponding to their genera and families which are in confirmation to the values generated by Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery bioinformatics platform. This aided to decide a threshold value for the discrimination of species boundary from the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span>. This study provides an important validation of the use of DNA barcode sequences for monitoring species diversity and changes within complex ecosystems such as the Narmada <span class="hlt">River</span>. PMID:24991801</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=7&id=ED239188','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=7&id=ED239188"><span>Predicting <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Fight Participation in a General Youth Sample via the HEW Youth Development Model's Community Program Impact Scales, Age, and Sex.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Truckenmiller, James L.</p> <p></p> <p>The accurate prediction of violence has been in the spotlight of critical concern in recent years. To investigate the relative predictive power of peer pressure, youth perceived negative labeling, youth perceived access to educational and occupational roles, social alienation, self-esteem, sex, and age with regard to <span class="hlt">gang</span> fight participation…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3167A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3167A"><span>Mid-late Holocene climate variability in the Indian monsoon: Evidence from continental shelf sediments adjacent to Rushikulya <span class="hlt">river</span>, eastern <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ankit, Yadav; Kumar, Prem; Anoop, Ambili; Mishra, Praveen K.; Varghese, Saju</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We present elemental and grain-size distributions obtained from the sediment core of the continental shelf adjacent to the Rushikulya <span class="hlt">river</span> mouth, eastern <span class="hlt">India</span> to quantify the paleoclimatic changes. The retrieved 1.60 m long well-dated core spans the past ca. 6800 cal BP. The modern spatial distribution of grain size and geochemistry of the inner-mid shelf sediments has been carried out to understand the seafloor morphology and sedimentary processes. Based on the mod- ern investigations, the proportion of particle size (clay vs sand) and variation in elemental values (TiO2 vs Al2O3) has been used to interpret the changes in terrigenous supply. The grain-size and elemental distribution data from the core sediments indicates a period of enhanced surface water runoff from 6800 to 3100 cal BP followed by a drier condition (3100 cal BP to present) suggesting weakening of monsoon. The weakening of the monsoonal strength is coeval with other records from the Indian sub-continent and suggests response of Indian monsoon to changing solar insolation during late Holocene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1952b0112B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1952b0112B"><span>Application of optimization technique for flood damage modeling in <span class="hlt">river</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barman, Sangita Deb; Choudhury, Parthasarathi</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">river</span> system is defined as a network of channels that drains different parts of a basin uniting downstream to form a common outflow. An application of various models found in literatures, to a <span class="hlt">river</span> system having multiple upstream flows is not always straight forward, involves a lengthy procedure; and with non-availability of data sets model calibration and applications may become difficult. In the case of a <span class="hlt">river</span> system the flow modeling can be simplified to a large extent if the channel network is replaced by an equivalent single channel. In the present work optimization model formulations based on equivalent flow and applications of the mixed integer programming based pre-emptive goal programming model in evaluating flood control alternatives for a real life <span class="hlt">river</span> system in <span class="hlt">India</span> are proposed to be covered in the study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC42C..04C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC42C..04C"><span>Model-Aided Altimeter-Based Water Level Forecasting System in Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chang, C. H.; Lee, H.; Hossain, F.; Okeowo, M. A.; Basnayake, S. B.; Jayasinghe, S.; Saah, D. S.; Anderson, E.; Hwang, E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span>, one of the massive <span class="hlt">river</span> systems in the world, has drainage area of about 795,000 km2 covering six countries. People living in its drainage area highly rely on resources given by the <span class="hlt">river</span> in terms of agriculture, fishery, and hydropower. Monitoring and forecasting the water level in a timely manner, is urgently needed over the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span>. Recently, using TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) altimetry water level measurements in <span class="hlt">India</span>, Biancamaria et al. [2011] has demonstrated the capability of an altimeter-based flood forecasting system in Bangladesh, with RMSE from 0.6 - 0.8 m for lead times up to 5 days on 10-day basis due to T/P's repeat period. Hossain et al. [2013] further established a daily water level forecasting system in Bangladesh using observations from Jason-2 in <span class="hlt">India</span> and HEC-RAS hydraulic model, with RMSE from 0.5 - 1.5 m and an underestimating mean bias of 0.25 - 1.25 m. However, such daily forecasting system relies on a collection of Jason-2 virtual stations (VSs) to ensure frequent sampling and data availability. Since the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span> is a meridional <span class="hlt">river</span> with few number of VSs, the direct application of this system to the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span> becomes challenging. To address this problem, we propose a model-aided altimeter-based forecasting system. The discharge output by Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrologic model is used to reconstruct a daily water level product at upstream Jason-2 VSs based on the discharge-to-level rating curve. The reconstructed daily water level is then used to perform regression analysis with downstream in-situ water level to build regression models, which are used to forecast a daily water level. In the middle reach of the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span> from Nakhon Phanom to Kratie, a 3-day lead time forecasting can reach RMSE about 0.7 - 1.3 m with correlation coefficient around 0.95. For the lower reach of the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span>, the water flow becomes more complicated due to the reversal flow between the Tonle Sap Lake and the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Tectp.262..231S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Tectp.262..231S"><span>Active intraplate deformation in south <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Subrahmanya, K. R.</p> <p>1996-09-01</p> <p>Two characteristics of the Indian plate are the intraplate deformation of the oceanic crust to the south of Bay of Bengal and the ongoing uplift of the continental crust in the southern Indian peninsula. An irregular line connecting Mulki on the West Coast and Pulicat Lake on the East Coast (close to 13°N) constitutes a major drainage divide. Several large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of south <span class="hlt">India</span> diverge from this line. This nearly east-west-trending ridge is characterised by gravity high, relatively thinner crust and microseismicity. The shoreline at either ends is convex towards sea. The coastal region particularly in the west is highly dissected. The coastal zone consists of series of beach ridges and swales indicating uplift of land. A close scrutiny of the <span class="hlt">river</span> channels indicates that the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> south of the major water divide have successively shifted southward leaving behind paleochannels on the Quaternary terrain. There is similar migration of streams to the north shifting northward. Even in areas where the gradient is low, the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have elevated terraces, resulting from valley deepending. The tide gauge records for Mangalore and Madras show a relative fall in sea-level. Occurrence of a dead oyster colony above the intertidal zone substantiates the tide gauge data. These observations indicate that the continental crust close to Mulki-Pulicat Lake axis is undergoing compression and uplift, related to the north-south oriented regional stress field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25233032','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25233032"><span>Impact of sediment characteristics on the heavy metal concentration and their ecological risk level of surface sediments of Vaigai <span class="hlt">river</span>, Tamilnadu, <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Paramasivam, K; Ramasamy, V; Suresh, G</p> <p>2015-02-25</p> <p>The distributions of the metals (Al, Fe, Mg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured for the surface sediments of the Vaigai <span class="hlt">river</span>, Tamilnadu, <span class="hlt">India</span>. These values are compared with different standard values to assess the level of toxicity of the heavy metals in the sediments. Risk indices (CF, PLI and PER) are also calculated to understand the level of toxicity of the metals. Multivariate statistical analyses (Pearson's correlation analysis, cluster analysis and factor analysis) are carried out to know the inter-relationship between sediment characteristics and the heavy metals. From this analysis, it is confirmed that the contents of clay and organic matter play an important role to raise the level of heavy metal contents as well as PLI and PER (level of toxicity). Heavy metal concentrations of the samples (after removing silt and clay fractions from bulk samples) show decrease in their concentrations and risk indices compared to the level of bulk samples. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H13J1545M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H13J1545M"><span>Statistical and Hydrological evaluation of precipitation forecasts from IMD MME and ECMWF numerical weather forecasts for Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mohite, A. R.; Beria, H.; Behera, A. K.; Chatterjee, C.; Singh, R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Flood forecasting using hydrological models is an important and cost-effective non-structural flood management measure. For forecasting at short lead times, empirical models using real-time precipitation estimates have proven to be reliable. However, their skill depreciates with increasing lead time. Coupling a hydrologic model with real-time rainfall forecasts issued from numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems could increase the lead time substantially. In this study, we compared 1-5 days precipitation forecasts from <span class="hlt">India</span> Meteorological Department (IMD) Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) with European Center for Medium Weather forecast (ECMWF) NWP forecasts for over 86 major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins in <span class="hlt">India</span>. We then evaluated the hydrologic utility of these forecasts over Basantpur catchment (approx. 59,000 km2) of the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> basin. Coupled MIKE 11 RR (NAM) and MIKE 11 hydrodynamic (HD) models were used for the development of flood forecast system (FFS). RR model was calibrated using IMD station rainfall data. Cross-sections extracted from SRTM 30 were used as input to the MIKE 11 HD model. IMD started issuing operational MME forecasts from the year 2008, and hence, both the statistical and hydrologic evaluation were carried out from 2008-2014. The performance of FFS was evaluated using both the NWP datasets separately for the year 2011, which was a large flood year in Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> basin. We will present figures and metrics for statistical (threshold based statistics, skill in terms of correlation and bias) and hydrologic (Nash Sutcliffe efficiency, mean and peak error statistics) evaluation. The statistical evaluation will be at pan-<span class="hlt">India</span> scale for all the major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins and the hydrologic evaluation will be for the Basantpur catchment of the Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4100755','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4100755"><span>Habitat Fragmentation and Species Extirpation in Freshwater Ecosystems; Causes of Range Decline of the Indus <span class="hlt">River</span> Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Braulik, Gill T.; Arshad, Masood; Noureen, Uzma; Northridge, Simon P.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Habitat fragmentation of freshwater ecosystems is increasing rapidly, however the understanding of extinction debt and species decline in riverine habitat fragments lags behind that in other ecosystems. The mighty <span class="hlt">rivers</span> that drain the Himalaya - the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong and Yangtze - are amongst the world’s most biodiverse freshwater ecosystems. Many hundreds of dams have been constructed, are under construction, or are planned on these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and large hydrological changes and losses of biodiversity have occurred and are expected to continue. This study examines the causes of range decline of the Indus dolphin, which inhabits one of the world’s most modified <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, to demonstrate how we may expect other vertebrate populations to respond as planned dams and water developments come into operation. The historical range of the Indus dolphin has been fragmented into 17 <span class="hlt">river</span> sections by diversion dams; dolphin sighting and interview surveys show that <span class="hlt">river</span> dolphins have been extirpated from ten <span class="hlt">river</span> sections, they persist in 6, and are of unknown status in one section. Seven potential factors influencing the temporal and spatial pattern of decline were considered in three regression model sets. Low dry-season <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge, due to water abstraction at irrigation barrages, was the principal factor that explained the dolphin’s range decline, influencing 1) the spatial pattern of persistence, 2) the temporal pattern of subpopulation extirpation, and 3) the speed of extirpation after habitat fragmentation. Dolphins were more likely to persist in the core of the former range because water diversions are concentrated near the range periphery. Habitat fragmentation and degradation of the habitat were inextricably intertwined and in combination caused the catastrophic decline of the Indus dolphin. PMID:25029270</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25029270','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25029270"><span>Habitat fragmentation and species extirpation in freshwater ecosystems; causes of range decline of the Indus <span class="hlt">river</span> dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Braulik, Gill T; Arshad, Masood; Noureen, Uzma; Northridge, Simon P</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Habitat fragmentation of freshwater ecosystems is increasing rapidly, however the understanding of extinction debt and species decline in riverine habitat fragments lags behind that in other ecosystems. The mighty <span class="hlt">rivers</span> that drain the Himalaya - the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong and Yangtze - are amongst the world's most biodiverse freshwater ecosystems. Many hundreds of dams have been constructed, are under construction, or are planned on these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and large hydrological changes and losses of biodiversity have occurred and are expected to continue. This study examines the causes of range decline of the Indus dolphin, which inhabits one of the world's most modified <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, to demonstrate how we may expect other vertebrate populations to respond as planned dams and water developments come into operation. The historical range of the Indus dolphin has been fragmented into 17 <span class="hlt">river</span> sections by diversion dams; dolphin sighting and interview surveys show that <span class="hlt">river</span> dolphins have been extirpated from ten <span class="hlt">river</span> sections, they persist in 6, and are of unknown status in one section. Seven potential factors influencing the temporal and spatial pattern of decline were considered in three regression model sets. Low dry-season <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge, due to water abstraction at irrigation barrages, was the principal factor that explained the dolphin's range decline, influencing 1) the spatial pattern of persistence, 2) the temporal pattern of subpopulation extirpation, and 3) the speed of extirpation after habitat fragmentation. Dolphins were more likely to persist in the core of the former range because water diversions are concentrated near the range periphery. Habitat fragmentation and degradation of the habitat were inextricably intertwined and in combination caused the catastrophic decline of the Indus dolphin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23F1627G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23F1627G"><span>Validation of High Resolution Orbital Precipitation Over Upper Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gautam, A. K.; Pandey, A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Precipitation is one of the most important component of hydrologic cycle and used for various applications i.e. hydrological modeling, structure design to water management policy. Satellite based precipitation, radar rainfall and rain-gauge networks are supporting to each other, in relation to their spatial coverage and ability of observing precipitation. In the absence of rainfall data, satellite precipitation products can be used in the developing countries and over complex terrain where precipitation observations are either sparse or not available. However, satellite precipitation estimates are affected by different errors (AghaKouchak, et al., 2012.). Therefore, ground validation of satellite precipitation estimates is essential. In this study, the upper Mahanadi <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin (A Part of Central <span class="hlt">India</span>), has been selected for evaluation of the TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis (TMPA) and IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM) satellite Based Precipitation Products for the period of April 2014 - December 2015. The TMPA (3B42V7) and IMERG (late run) precipitation estimates were evaluated using statistical, contingency table and volumetric method for available 112 rain gauge stations in the study area. Results indicated that, both IMERG and TMPA precipitation overestimated the daily precipitation. The results also revealed that IMERG precipitation estimates provide better accuracy than TMPA precipitation estimates for very light rain (0.1-2.5 mm day-1), light rain (2.5-7.5 mm day-1), moderate rain (7.5-35.5 mm day-1), heavy rain (35.5-64.5 mm day-1) and very heavy rain (>64.5 mm day-1). Although, the detection capability of daily TMPA precipitation performed better in heavy rain. The results showed a good correlation (as high as 0.84) and poor correlation (as low as 0.012) with GPM satellite data over the most parts of the study area. The analyses suggest that, there is a need for improvement in precipitation estimation algorithm and accuracy</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4740924','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4740924"><span>Redox Zonation and Oscillation in the Hyporheic Zone of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: Implications for the Fate of Groundwater Arsenic during Discharge</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jung, Hun Bok; Zheng, Yan; Rahman, Mohammad W.; Rahman, Mohammad M.; Ahmed, Kazi M.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Riverbank sediment cores and pore waters, shallow well waters, seepage waters and <span class="hlt">river</span> waters were collected along the Meghna Riverbank in Gazaria Upazila, Bangladesh in Jan. 2006 and Oct.-Nov. 2007 to investigate hydrogeochemical processes controlling the fate of groundwater As during discharge. Redox transition zones from suboxic (0-2 m depth) to reducing (2-5 m depth) then suboxic conditions (5-7 m depth) exist at sites with sandy surficial deposits, as evidenced by depth profiles of pore water (n=7) and sediment (n=11; diffuse reflectance, Fe(III)/Fe ratios and Fe(III) concentrations). The sediment As enrichment zone (up to ~700 mg kg−1) is associated with the suboxic zones mostly between 0-2 m depth and less frequently between 5-7 m depth. The As enriched zones consist of several 5 to 10 cm-thick dispersed layers and span a length of ~5-15 m horizontally from the <span class="hlt">river</span> shore. Depth profiles of riverbank pore water deployed along a 32 m transect perpendicular to the <span class="hlt">river</span> shore show elevated levels of dissolved Fe (11.6±11.7 mg L−1) and As (118±91 μg L−1, mostly as arsenite) between 2-5 m depth, but lower concentrations between 0-2 m depth (0.13±0.19 mg L−1 Fe, 1±1 μg L−1 As) and between 5-6 m depth (1.14±0.45 mg L−1 Fe, 28±17 μg L−1 As). Because it would take more than a few hundred years of steady groundwater discharge (~10 m yr−1) to accumulate hundreds of mg kg−1 of As in the riverbank sediment, it is concluded that groundwater As must have been naturally elevated prior to anthropogenic pumping of the aquifer since the 1970s. Not only does this lend unequivocal support to the argument that As occurrence in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta groundwater is of geogenic origin, it also calls attention to the fate of this As enriched sediment as it may recycle As into the aquifer. PMID:26855475</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Geomo.193...25B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Geomo.193...25B"><span>Channel planform change and detachment of tributary: A study on the Haora and Katakhal <span class="hlt">Rivers</span>, Tripura, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bandyopadhyay, Shreya; Saha, Sushmita; Ghosh, Kapil; Kumar De, Sunil</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>The main objective of the paper is to find the probable causes behind the shifting course of the Haora <span class="hlt">River</span>, one of the major <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of West Tripura and detachment of one of its major tributaries, the Katakhal <span class="hlt">River</span>. From a recent satellite image, we observed that the <span class="hlt">River</span> Haora has changed its course drastically near the confluence. Earlier, it used to take a sharp northward bend to meet with the <span class="hlt">River</span> Titas immediately after crossing the Indo-Bangladesh border; but presently it is flowing westward to do so. Moreover, the Katakhal <span class="hlt">River</span>, a right bank tributary of the <span class="hlt">River</span> Haora, that used to flow through the northern side of the city of Agartala and meet with the <span class="hlt">River</span> Haora at Bangladesh, is no longer a tributary of the Haora <span class="hlt">River</span>. Now it is completely detached from the Haora <span class="hlt">River</span> and meets with the <span class="hlt">River</span> Titas separately. Spatiotemporal maps have been used to detect the changes. Field investigation, with the help of GPS, has been done in order to find the link between the Haora <span class="hlt">River</span> and the Katakhal <span class="hlt">River</span> within the Indian territory. Changing patterns of the Haora and Katakhal <span class="hlt">River</span> confluences are also analysed, and earlier courses are identified. The shifting trends of both of these two <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are found along the flanks of the interfluvial area because of microscale tectonic activity, i.e., upliftment of the interfluvial zone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Geomo.100..296B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Geomo.100..296B"><span>Evolution of the great <span class="hlt">river</span> systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic <span class="hlt">India</span>-Asia collision: <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> draining north from the Pamir syntaxis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brookfield, M. E.</p> <p>2008-08-01</p> <p>During uplift of the Tibetan plateau and surrounding ranges, tectonic processes have interacted with climatic change and with local random effects (such as landslides) to determine the development of the major <span class="hlt">river</span> systems of Asia. <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> draining northward from the Pamir syntaxis have three distinctive patterns that are controlled by different tectonic and climatic regimes. West of the Pamir, the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have moderate but irregular gradients and drain northwards to disappear into arid depressions. Relatively steady uplift of the Hindu Kush in northern Afghanistan allowed <span class="hlt">rivers</span> to cut across the rising ranges, modified by the shear along the Harirud fault zone, local faulting, and by increasing rain-shadow effects from the rising Makran. In the transition to the Pamir the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have steeper but more even gradients suggesting more even flow and downcutting during uplift, possibly related to larger glacial sources. In the central Pamir, only one antecedent <span class="hlt">river</span>, the Pyandzh appears to have kept its northward course with compression and uplift of the indenter, and its course strangely corresponds with a major geophysical boundary (a distorted subducted slab) but not a geological boundary: the other <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are subsequent <span class="hlt">rivers</span> developed along deformation fronts during development and northward displacements of the Pamir structural units. The above areas have sources north of the Cretaceous Karakorum-South Pamir Andean margin. On the eastern flank of the Pamir, in the Kunlun and northern Tibetan plateau, the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> rise similarly north of the Cretaceous Andean margin of southern Tibet, but then flow with low gradients across the plateau, before cutting and plunging steeply down across the Kunlun to disappear into the arid Tarim. These steep profiles are the result of late Neogene uplift of the northern Tibetan plateau and Kunlun possibly modified by glacial diversion and <span class="hlt">river</span> capture. The drainage history of the Pamir indenter can be reconstructed by restoring the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11494067','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11494067"><span>Surface water pollution in three urban territories of Nepal, <span class="hlt">India</span>, and Bangladesh.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karn, S K; Harada, H</p> <p>2001-10-01</p> <p>In South Asian countries such as Nepal, <span class="hlt">India</span>, and Bangladesh, pollution of <span class="hlt">rivers</span> is more severe and critical near urban stretches due to huge amounts of pollution load discharged by urban activities. The Bagmati <span class="hlt">River</span> in the Kathmandu valley, the Yamuna <span class="hlt">River</span> at Delhi, and peripheral <span class="hlt">rivers</span> (mainly Buriganga <span class="hlt">River</span>) of Dhaka suffer from severe pollution these days. The observed dry season average of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in all these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> is in the range of 20-30 mg/liter and total coliform are as high as 104-105 MPN/100 ml. Per capita pollution load discharge of urban areas has been estimated to be about 31, 19, and 25 g BOD/capita/day in Bagmati, Yamuna, and the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> of Dhaka, respectively. Regression analysis reveals pollution loads steadily increasing nearly in step with the trend in urbanization. The dissolved oxygen (DO) level of the Bagmati and Buriganga <span class="hlt">rivers</span> is declining at an average annual rate of nearly 0.3 mg/liter/year. Unplanned urbanization and industrialization occurring in these cities may be largely responsible for this grave situation. Inadequate sewerage, on-site sanitation, and wastewater treatment facilities in one hand, and lack of effective pollution control measures and their strict enforcement on the other are the major causes of rampant discharge of pollutants in the aquatic systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=father+AND+involvement+AND+questionnaire&pg=4&id=ED555070','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=father+AND+involvement+AND+questionnaire&pg=4&id=ED555070"><span>The Lived Experiences of Single Hispanic Mothers Raising <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Affiliated Male Youth Released from Texas Juvenile Justice Department State Facilities: A Phenomenological Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Rodriguez-Almendarez, Ruby</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study (Moustakas, 1994) was to describe the experiences that single Hispanic mothers of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated male juveniles face during their sons' reentry process after being released from a Texas Juvenile Justice Department state facility. Methods: After an extensive review of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22237','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22237"><span>Recognizing interactions among lumber grading rules, <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping technology, and industry needs could increase the use of No.2 Common lumber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Recognizing the interactions among lumber grading rules, <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping technology, and the parts needs of the furniture and cabinet industries could increase the use of No. 2 Common lumber as a raw material. The minimum piece size used in establishing the No.2 Common grade is 3 inches by 2 feet. Industry often needs shorter and narrower pieces than this. No.2 Common...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7..813N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7..813N"><span>Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Western Delta region of <span class="hlt">River</span> Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nageswara Rao, P. V.; Appa Rao, S.; Subba Rao, N.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The present study on geochemical evolution of groundwater is taken up to assess the controlling processes of water chemistry in the Western Delta region of the <span class="hlt">River</span> Godavari (Andhra Pradesh), which is one of the major rice-producing centers in <span class="hlt">India</span>. The study region is underlain by coarse sand with black clay (buried channels), black silty clay of recent origin (floodplain) and gray/white fine sand of modern beach sediment of marine source (coastal zone), including brown silty clay with fine sand (paleo-beach ridges). Groundwater is mostly brackish and very hard. It is characterized by Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+:HCO3 - > Cl- > SO4 2- > NO3 -, Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+:Cl- > HCO3 - > SO4 2-, and Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > or < K+:HCO3 - > Cl- > or > SO4 2- facies. The ionic relations (Ca2+ + Mg2+:HCO3 -, Ca2+ + Mg2+:SO4 2- + HCO3 -, Na+ + K+:TC, Na+ + K+:Cl- + SO4 2-, HCO3 -:TC, HCO3 -:Ca2+ + Mg2+, Na+:Cl- and Na+:Ca2+) indicate that the rock weathering, mineral dissolution, evaporation and ion exchange are the processes to control the aquifer chemistry. Anthropogenic and marine sources are also the supplementary factors for brackish water quality. These observations are further supported by Gibbs mechanisms that control the water chemistry. Thus, the study suggests that the initial quality of groundwater of geogenic origin has been subsequently modified by the influences of anthropogenic and marine sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551476','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551476"><span>Tracing the factors responsible for arsenic enrichment in groundwater of the middle Gangetic Plain, <span class="hlt">India</span>: a source identification perspective.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kumar, Pankaj; Kumar, Manish; Ramanathan, A L; Tsujimura, Maki</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>Arsenic contamination in groundwater is of increasing concern because of its high toxicity and widespread occurrence. This study is an effort to trace the factors responsible for arsenic enrichment in groundwater of the middle Gangetic Plain of <span class="hlt">India</span> through major ion chemistry, arsenic speciation, sediment grain-size analyses, and multivariate statistical techniques. The study focuses on the distinction between the contributions of natural weathering and anthropogenic inputs of arsenic with its spatial distribution and seasonal variations in the plain of the state Bihar of <span class="hlt">India</span>. Thirty-six groundwater and one sediment core samples were collected in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Various graphical plots and statistical analysis were carried out using chemical data to enable hydrochemical evaluation of the aquifer system based on the ionic constituents, water types, hydrochemical facies, and factors controlling groundwater quality. Results suggest that the groundwater is characterized by slightly alkaline pH with moderate to strong reducing nature. The general trend of various ions was found to be Ca(2+) > Na(+) > Mg(2+) > K(+) > NH(4) (+); and HCO(3) (-) > Cl(-) > SO(4) (2-) > NO(3) (-) > PO(4) (3-) > F(-) in both seasons. Spatial and temporal variations showed a slightly higher arsenic concentration in the pre-monsoon period (118 microg/L) than in the post-monsoon period (114 microg/L). Results of correlation analyses indicate that arsenic contamination is strongly associated with high concentrations of Fe, PO(4) (3-), and NH(4) (+) but relatively low Mn concentrations. Further, the enrichment of arsenic is more prevalent in the proximity of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">River</span>, indicating that fluvial input is the main source of arsenic. Grain size analyses of sediment core samples revealed clay (fine-grained) strata between 4.5 and 7.5 m deep that govern the vertical distribution of arsenic. The weathering of carbonate and silicate minerals along with surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774919','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774919"><span>Drug Sales, Gender, and Risk: Notions of Risk From the Perspective of <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Involved Young Adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; Hunt, Geoffrey; Joe-Laidler, Karen</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>We examine gender and meanings of risk in interviews (2007-2010) with <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved young men and women (n = 253) engaged in illicit drug sales in San Francisco, California. The in-depth interviews from this NIDA-funded study were coded using the software NVivo to identify patterns and themes. We examine their interpretations of the risks of drug-selling and their narratives about gender differences in these risks. We find distinct discourses regarding the role of femininities and masculinities and male and female bodies in shaping risk as well as the nexus between gender, family, and risk for female drug sellers.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMGC13A1065T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMGC13A1065T"><span>The contribution of sea-level rise to flooding in large <span class="hlt">river</span> catchments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thiele-Eich, I.; Hopson, T. M.; Gilleland, E.; Lamarque, J.; Hu, A.; Simmer, C.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Climate change is expected to both impact sea level rise as well as flooding. Our study focuses on the combined effect of climate change on upper catchment precipitation as well as on sea-level rise at the <span class="hlt">river</span> mouths and the impact this will have on <span class="hlt">river</span> flooding both at the coast and further upstream. We concentrate on the eight catchments of the Amazonas, Congo, Orinoco, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>/Brahmaputra/Meghna, Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Danube and Niger <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. To assess the impact of climate change, upper catchment precipitation as well as monthly mean thermosteric sea-level rise at the <span class="hlt">river</span> mouth outflow are taken from the four CCSM4 1° 20th Century ensemble members as well as from six CCSM4 1° ensemble members for the RCP scenarios RCP8.5, 6.0, 4.5 and 2.6. Continuous daily time series for average catchment precipitation and discharge are available for each of the catchments. To arrive at a future discharge time series, we used these observations to develop a simple statistical hydrological model which can be applied to the modelled future upper catchment precipitation values. The analysis of this surrogate discharge time series alone already yields significant changes in flood return levels as well as flood duration. Using the geometry of the <span class="hlt">river</span> channel, the backwater effect of sea-level rise is incorporated in our analysis of both flood frequencies and magnitudes by calculating the effective additional discharge due to the increase in water level at the <span class="hlt">river</span> mouth outflow, as well as its tapering impact upstream. By combining these effects, our results focus on the merged impact of changes in extreme precipitation with increases in <span class="hlt">river</span> height due to sea-level rise at the <span class="hlt">river</span> mouths. Judging from our preliminary results, the increase in effective discharge due to sea-level rise cannot be neglected when discussing late 21st century flooding in the respective <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. In particular, we find that especially in countries with low elevation gradient, flood</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.193..176B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeCoA.193..176B"><span>U-Th-Ra variations in Himalayan <span class="hlt">river</span> sediments (Gandak <span class="hlt">river</span>, <span class="hlt">India</span>): Weathering fractionation and/or grain-size sorting?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bosia, Clio; Chabaux, François; Pelt, Eric; France-Lanord, Christian; Morin, Guillaume; Lavé, Jérôme; Stille, Peter</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Understanding the origin of U-Th-Ra variations in the Ganga <span class="hlt">river</span> sediments is a prerequisite for correctly using U-series nuclides to constrain the sediment transport times in Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. For this purpose, U, Th, and Ra concentrations, along with 238U-234U-230Th-226Ra radioactive disequilibria, were analyzed in bank, bedload and suspended sediments from the Gandak <span class="hlt">river</span>, one of the main tributaries of the Ganga <span class="hlt">river</span>. The data confirm that U and Th budgets of the Himalayan sediments are significantly influenced by minor resistant minerals, such as zircon, garnet and Ti-bearing minerals, the dissolution of which required the use of a high-pressure acid digestion process. Most importantly, the results indicate that the variations in (238U/232Th) and (230Th/232Th) activity ratios and 238U-234U-230Th-226Ra disequilibria in sediments along the <span class="hlt">river</span> alluvial plain mainly reflect modifications in the mineralogical and grain-size compositions rather than the degree of weathering during transport. The (238U/232Th) and (230Th/232Th) activity ratios in the bank and bed sediments are related to variations in the minor primary minerals strongly enriched in U and Th (i.e., zircon, REE-bearing minerals and Ti-bearing minerals), whereas the activity ratios in the suspended load are related to variations in the proportions of clay, Fe-oxyhydroxides and the silt-sand fraction, which contains U- and Th-bearing minor minerals. The data also indicate that 238U-234U-230Th-226Ra disequilibria are strongly influenced by secondary mineral phases: the 230Th budget is likely mainly controlled by Fe-oxyhydroxides, and the 226Ra budget is likely mainly controlled by clay minerals. Therefore, the variations in the 238U-234U-230Th-232Th system in the sediments of the Gandak <span class="hlt">river</span> cannot simply be interpreted as the result of fractionation due to chemical transformation of the bulk sediment during its transport within the alluvial plain and/or the result of radioactive decay. Consequently</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H13L..01O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H13L..01O"><span>Declining Groundwater Levels in North <span class="hlt">India</span>: Understanding Sources of Irrigation Inefficiency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>O'Keeffe, J.; Buytaert, W.; Mijic, A.; Brozovic, N.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Over the last half century, the green revolution has transformed <span class="hlt">India</span> from a famine-prone, drought-susceptible country, into the world's third largest grain producer and one of the most intensely irrigated regions on the planet. This is in no small part due to the country's vast water resources along with an increase in tubewells and more advanced abstraction methods. While agricultural intensification has had undeniable benefits, it has, and continues to have a significant impact on water resources. Unless solutions which take into consideration the ever evolving socio-economic, hydrological and climatic conditions are found, <span class="hlt">India</span>'s agricultural future looks bleak.This research examines the irrigation behaviour of farmers, using data collected during field work in the State of Uttar Pradesh within the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin of North <span class="hlt">India</span>. Significant differences in farmer behaviour and irrigation practices are highlighted, not only between State districts but between individual farmers. This includes the volume of irrigation water applied and the price paid, as well as differences in the yields of crops produced. Analyses of results suggest that this is due to a number of factors, particularly the source of irrigation water. Study areas which had access to cheaper, but crucially less reliable, canal water were found to invest in more efficient water saving technologies in order to reduce the overall cost of irrigation during periods where less expensive canal water is not available. As a result, overall water use and irrigation cost is lower and yields are higher despite very similar climatic conditions. While cheap canal water is not an option for all farmers, the results show that the introduction of more efficient water saving technologies, despite the significant capital expenditure is a viable option for many farmers and costs can be recovered in a relatively short space of time. In addition, the reduction of declining water levels mean that water is abstracted from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAMES...9.1847I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAMES...9.1847I"><span>Compound simulation of fluvial floods and storm surges in a global coupled <span class="hlt">river</span>-coast flood model: Model development and its application to 2007 Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ikeuchi, Hiroaki; Hirabayashi, Yukiko; Yamazaki, Dai; Muis, Sanne; Ward, Philip J.; Winsemius, Hessel C.; Verlaan, Martin; Kanae, Shinjiro</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Water-related disasters, such as fluvial floods and cyclonic storm surges, are a major concern in the world's mega-delta regions. Furthermore, the simultaneous occurrence of extreme discharges from <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and storm surges could exacerbate flood risk, compared to when they occur separately. Hence, it is of great importance to assess the compound risks of fluvial and coastal floods at a large scale, including mega-deltas. However, most studies on compound fluvial and coastal flooding have been limited to relatively small scales, and global-scale or large-scale studies have not yet addressed both of them. The objectives of this study are twofold: to develop a global coupled <span class="hlt">river</span>-coast flood model; and to conduct a simulation of compound fluvial flooding and storm surges in Asian mega-delta regions. A state-of-the-art global <span class="hlt">river</span> routing model was modified to represent the influence of dynamic sea surface levels on <span class="hlt">river</span> discharges and water levels. We conducted the experiments by coupling a <span class="hlt">river</span> model with a global tide and surge reanalysis data set. Results show that water levels in deltas and estuaries are greatly affected by the interaction between <span class="hlt">river</span> discharge, ocean tides and storm surges. The effects of storm surges on fluvial flooding are further examined from a regional perspective, focusing on the case of Cyclone Sidr in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in 2007. Modeled results demonstrate that a >3 m storm surge propagated more than 200 km inland along <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. We show that the performance of global <span class="hlt">river</span> routing models can be improved by including sea level dynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1033542','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1033542"><span>2011 Workplace and Equal Opportunity Survey of Reserve Component Members: Qualitative Analysis on Extremist Groups, Hate Crimes, and <span class="hlt">Gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-06-15</p> <p>sometimes victims of crimes such as vandalism , robbery, property defacement, and assault because of their military affiliation. “The problems are with the...are targeted with vandalism , Military Members personal property is being damaged.” —USMCR, male, senior enlisted, White “I live near [LOCATION...White “There are young teenagers that are in the <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Some of these teens do crimes such as theft or trespassing.” —ANG, male, senior</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55467','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55467"><span>Effects of preprocessing 1 Common and 2A Common red oak lumber on <span class="hlt">gang</span>-rip-first rough-mill dimension part yields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; R. Edward Thomas; Elizabeth S. Walker</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Using the ROMI-RIP simulator we examined the implications of preprocessing for <span class="hlt">gang</span>-rip-first rough mills. Rip-first rough mills can improve yield and throughput by preprocessing 1 Common and 2A Common hardwood lumber. This can be achieved by using a chop saw to separate poorer quality board segments from better ones and remove waste areas with little or no yield. This...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22229','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22229"><span>The effects of crosscutting before <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping on dimension part yields from no. 1 and 2A common red oak lumber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles, J. Gatchell; Janice K. Wiedenbeck; Elizabeth S. Walker; Elizabeth S. Walker</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Mills should have the option to crosscut red oak lumber prior to <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping to remove crook and worthless material and to take advantage of the quality differences between board ends. At least half of No: 1 and 2A Common red oak boards will have end-to-end yield differences of at least 10 percent. Preprocessing will cause a slight decrease in overall yield but will...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUSM.U33C..01E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUSM.U33C..01E"><span>Global climate simulations with the A1F1 scenario for 2000-2100: Meltwater, temperature and <span class="hlt">river</span> flow impacts in <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Erickson, D. J.; Branstetter, M. L.; Wilbanks, T. J.; Ganguly, A. R.; Hoffman, F. M.; King, A. W.; Buja, L.; Panwar, T. S.</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>Climate simulations based on the assumptions implicit in the SRES A1F1 scenario for the period 2000-2100 using CCSM3 are analyzed. We find temperature increases of 3-9oC over Northern <span class="hlt">India</span> by the end of this century. We will discuss the implications and resulting alterations of the hydrologic cycle as the climate evolves from 2000-2100. In particular, we will assess the changes in the surface latent and sensible heat energy budget, the Indian regional water budgets including trends in the timing and duration of the Indian monsoon and the resulting impacts on mean <span class="hlt">river</span> flow and hydroelectric power generation potential. These analyses will also be examined within the context of heat index, droughts, floods and related estimates of societal robustness and resiliency. We will compare our new insights with the existing literature. Climate simulations based on the SRES A2 and B1 scenarios forced with land cover have indicated increased cloud cover and precipitation, resulting in decreased incident radiation and higher latent heat fluxes, in <span class="hlt">India</span> during June, July and August by 2050 (Feddema et al., 2005). Analyses of historical records in the context of the Indian Monsoon Rainfall (IMR) have suggested an evolving relation of IMR with natural climate variability caused by El Nino events (Krishna Kumar et al., 2006), studied the combined effects of natural climate variability and global warming (Kripalini et al., 2003) on IMR, as well as demonstrated an increasing trend of extreme rain events in a warming environment (Goswami et al., 2006). In addition, the vulnerability of the Indian agriculture sector to climate change was analyzed and mapped at district-levels by combining with multiple global stressors (O'Brien et al., 2004). [[References::: (1) Feddema, J.J., Oleson, K.W., Bonan, G.B., Mearns, L.O., Buja, L.E., Meehl, G.A., and W.M. Washington (2005): The importance of land-cover change in simulating future climates, Science, 310 (5754): 1674-1678, 9 December</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/misr/gallery/india_aerosols','SCIGOV-ASDC'); return false;" href="https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/misr/gallery/india_aerosols"><span><span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/">Atmospheric Science Data Center </a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-04-16</p> <p>article title: Aerosols over <span class="hlt">India</span> View Larger Image ... particulates, over the low-lying plains of northeastern <span class="hlt">India</span> appear in dramatic contrast with the relatively pristine air of the ... October 15, 2001 - High concentrations of aerosols over <span class="hlt">India</span>. project: MISR category: gallery ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21828','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21828"><span>No. 1 and No. 2 Common red oak yields: similar part sizes when <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping is used to process boards with crook</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Computer simulation was used to <span class="hlt">gang</span> rip No. 1 and No. 2 Common red oak boards before and after removal of crook. While No. 1 Common produced slightly more total yield, the part yields were very similar. No. 1 Common was superior only in yielding 75-inch-long pieces. Either grade is an excellent choice for the furniture and cabinet industries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1256G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1256G"><span>Insights about the interaction between sea-level rise, sediment accumulation and subsidence: the example of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Brahmaputra Delta during the Holocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grall, C.; Steckler, M. S.; Pickering, J.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Sincavage, R.; Hossain, S.; Paola, C.; Spiess, V.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The hazard associated with sea-level rise (shoreline erosion, flooding and wetlands loss) may dramatically increase when human interventions interfere with the natural responses of the coastal regions to the eustatic rise. We here provide insights about such natural processes, by documenting the manner in which subsidence, sediment input and sediment distribution interact together during the well-known Holocene eustatic rise period, in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>- Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta (GBMD) in Bangladesh. The dataset combines more than 400 hand-drilled stratigraphic wells, 185 radiocarbon ages, and seismic reflection imaging data (255 km of high resolution multichannel seismic dataset), collected thanks to recent research in the BanglaPIRE project. We use two independent approaches for analyzing this broad dataset. First, we estimate the total volume of Holocene sediments in the GBMD. In doing so, we define empirical laws to build up a virtual model of sediment accumulation that takes into account the contrasts in accumulation between <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and alluvial plains as well as the regional seaward gradient of sediment accumulation. As the evolution of <span class="hlt">river</span> occupation over the Holocene at the regional scale is now relatively well constrained, we estimate the total volume of sediment deposited in the Delta during the Holocene. Secondly, we use detailed age-models of sediment accumulation at 92 sites (based on 185 radiocarbon ages) for distinguishing the effects of eustasy and subsidence on the sediment accumulation in the different domains of the delta (namely the tidal dominated plain and the fluvial dominated plain). Using these two independent approaches, we are able to quantify the natural subsidence and the relative distribution of subsidence. We emphasize the difference between the subsidence and the sediment accumulation, by showing that sediment accumulation is more than twice the subsidence on average during the Holocene, which allows us to quantify the increase of sediment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700007','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700007"><span>Impacts of changing atmospheric deposition chemistry on nitrogen and phosphorus loading to Ganga <span class="hlt">River</span> (<span class="hlt">India</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pandey, Jitendra; Singh, Anand V; Singh, Ashima; Singh, Rachna</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Investigations on atmospheric deposition (AD) and water chemistry along a 35 km stretch of Ganga <span class="hlt">River</span> indicated that although N:P stoichiometry of AD did not change, there were over 1.4-2.0 fold increase in AD-NO₃⁻, AD-NH₄⁺ and AD-PO₄³⁻ overtime. Concentration of dissolved inorganic-N (DIN) in <span class="hlt">river</span> showed significant positive correlations with AD-NO₃⁻ and runoff DIN. Similarly, dissolved reactive-P (DRP) in <span class="hlt">river</span> showed significant positive correlation with AD-PO₄³⁻ and runoff DRP. The study shows that AD has become an important source of N and P input to Ganga <span class="hlt">River</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28542291','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28542291"><span>The first darter (Aves: Anhingidae) fossils from <span class="hlt">India</span> (late Pliocene).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stidham, Thomas; Patnaik, Rajeev; Krishan, Kewal; Singh, Bahadur; Ghosh, Abhik; Singla, Ankita; Kotla, Simran S</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>New fossils from the latest Pliocene portion of the Tatrot Formation exposed in the Siwalik Hills of northern <span class="hlt">India</span> represent the first fossil record of a darter (Anhingidae) from <span class="hlt">India</span>. The darter fossils possibly represent a new species, but the limited information on the fossil record of this group restricts their taxonomic allocation. The Pliocene darter has a deep pit on the distal face of metatarsal trochlea IV not reported in other anhingids, it has an open groove for the m. flexor perforatus et perforans digiti II tendon on the hypotarsus unlike New World anhingid taxa, and these darter specimens are the youngest of the handful of Neogene records of the group from Asia. These fossil specimens begin to fill in a significant geographic and temporal gap in the fossil record of this group that is largely known from other continents and other time periods. The presence of a darter and pelican (along with crabs, fish, turtles, and crocodilians) in the same fossil-bearing horizon strongly indicates the past presence of a substantial water body (large pond, lake, or <span class="hlt">river</span>) in the interior of northern <span class="hlt">India</span> in the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.tmp..500M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.tmp..500M"><span>Statistical evaluation of rainfall time series in concurrence with agriculture and water resources of Ken <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, Central <span class="hlt">India</span> (1901-2010)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meshram, Sarita Gajbhiye; Singh, Sudhir Kumar; Meshram, Chandrashekhar; Deo, Ravinesh C.; Ambade, Balram</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Trend analysis of long-term rainfall records can be used to facilitate better agriculture water management decision and climate risk studies. The main objective of this study was to identify the existing trends in the long-term rainfall time series over the period 1901-2010 utilizing 12 hydrological stations located at the Ken <span class="hlt">River</span> basin (KRB) in Madhya Pradesh, <span class="hlt">India</span>. To investigate the different trends, the rainfall time series data were divided into annual and seasonal (i.e., pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter season) sub-sets, and a statistical analysis of data using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) test and the Sen's slope approach was applied to identify the nature of the existing trends in rainfall series for the Ken <span class="hlt">River</span> basin. The obtained results were further interpolated with the aid of the Quantum Geographic Information System (GIS) approach employing the inverse distance weighted approach. The results showed that the monsoon and the winter season exhibited a negative trend in rainfall changes over the period of study, and this was true for all stations, although the changes during the pre- and the post-monsoon seasons were less significant. The outcomes of this research study also suggest significant decreases in the seasonal and annual trends of rainfall amounts in the study period. These findings showing a clear signature of climate change impacts on KRB region potentially have implications in terms of climate risk management strategies to be developed during major growing and harvesting seasons and also to aid in the appropriate water resource management strategies that must be implemented in decision-making process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.U23B..11S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.U23B..11S"><span>A suture delta: the co-evolution of tectonics and sedimentology as a remnant ocean basin closes; the Indo Burman ranges, northeast <span class="hlt">India</span> and Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sincavage, R.; Betka, P. M.; Seeber, L.; Steckler, M. S.; Zoramthara, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The closure of an ocean basin involves the interplay of tectonics and sedimentology, whereby thick successions of fluvio-deltaic and shallow marine sediment accumulate in the closing gap between the subduction zone and passive margin. The transition from subduction to collision involves processes that are inherently time-transgressive and co-evolve to influence the nature of the developing tectonic wedge. The Indo-Burman Ranges (IBR) of eastern <span class="hlt">India</span> present a unique opportunity to examine this scenario on a variety of spatial (10-2-105 m2) and temporal (1 a-10 Ma) scales. Recent field mapping campaigns in the IBR have illuminated analogous depositional environments expressed in the Neogene outcrops of the IBR and the Holocene sediment archive of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (GBMD). Six distinct lithofacies are present in shallow-marine to fluvial strata of the IBR, containing sedimentary structures that reflect depositional environments correlative with the modern delta. Cyclical alternations of fine sands and silts in packages on the order of 15-20 cm thick define part of the shallow-marine section (M2 facies) that we interpret to represent the foreset beds of the ancient subaqueous delta. The overall scale and sedimentary structures of M2 compare favorably with modern foreset deposits in the Bay of Bengal. Tan-orange medium-grained, well sorted fluvial sandstone that contain large scale (1-10 m) tabular and trough cross bedding represent large-<span class="hlt">river</span> channel deposits (F2 facies) that overlie the shallow marine strata. F2 deposits bear a striking resemblance in scale and character to bar deposits along the modern Jamuna <span class="hlt">River</span>. Preliminary grain size analyses on the F2 facies yield grain size distributions that are remarkably consistent with Brahmaputra-sourced mid-Holocene sediments from Sylhet basin within the GBMD. Current research on the GBMD has revealed quantifiable trends in bed thicknesses, downstream fining, and grain size within fluvial</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28238487','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28238487"><span>Human waste: An underestimated source of nutrient pollution in coastal seas of Bangladesh, <span class="hlt">India</span> and Pakistan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amin, Md Nurul; Kroeze, Carolien; Strokal, Maryna</p> <p>2017-05-15</p> <p>Many people practice open defecation in south Asia. As a result, lot of human waste containing nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enter <span class="hlt">rivers</span>. <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> transport these nutrients to coastal waters, resulting in marine pollution. This source of nutrient pollution is, however, ignored in many nutrient models. We quantify nutrient export by large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> to coastal seas of Bangladesh, <span class="hlt">India</span> and Pakistan, and the associated eutrophication potential in 2000 and 2050. Our new estimates for N and P inputs from human waste are one to two orders of magnitude higher than earlier model calculations. This leads to higher <span class="hlt">river</span> export of nutrients to coastal seas, increasing the risk of coastal eutrophication potential (ICEP). The newly calculated future ICEP, for instance, Godavori <span class="hlt">river</span> is 3 times higher than according to earlier studies. Our modeling approach is simple and transparent and can easily be applied to other data-poor basins. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7577M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7577M"><span>Assessing modern rates of <span class="hlt">river</span> sediment discharge to the ocean using satellite gravimetry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mouyen, Maxime; Longuevergne, Laurent; Steer, Philippe; Crave, Alain; Lemoine, Jean-Michel; Save, Himanshu; Robin, Cécile</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Worldwide <span class="hlt">rivers</span> annually export about 19 Gigatons of sediments to the ocean that mostly accumulate in the coastal zones and on the continental shelves. This sediment discharge testifies of the intensity of continental erosion and records changes in climate, tectonics and human activity. However, natural and instrumental uncertainties inherent to the in-situ measurements of sediment discharge prevent from conclusive estimates to better understand these linkages. Here we develop a new method, using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data, to infer mass-integrative estimates of sediment discharge of large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> to the ocean. GRACE satellite provides global gravity time series that have proven useful for quantifying mass transport, including continental water redistribution at the Earth surface (ice sheets and glaciers melting, groundwater storage variations) but has been seldom used for monitoring sediment mass transfers so far. Here we pair the analysis of regularized GRACE solutions at high spatial resolution corrected from all known contributions (hydrology, ocean, atmosphere) to a particle tracking model that predicts the location of the sediment sinks for 13 <span class="hlt">rivers</span> with the highest sediments loads in the world. We find that the resulting GRACE-derived sediment discharges off the mouth of the Amazon, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Brahmaputra, Changjiang (Yangtze), Indus, Magdalena, Godavari and Mekong <span class="hlt">rivers</span> are consistent with in-situ measurements. Our results suggest that the lack of time continuity and of global coverage in terrestrial sediment discharge measurements could be reduced by using GRACE, which provides global and continuous data since 2002. GRACE solutions are regularly improved and new satellite gravity missions are being prepared hence making our approach even more relevant in a near future. The accumulation of sediments over time will keep increasing the signal to noise ratio of the gravity time series, which will improve the precision of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4673106','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4673106"><span>Drug Sales, Gender, and Risk: Notions of Risk From the Perspective of <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Involved Young Adults</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; Hunt, Geoffrey; Joe-Laidler, Karen</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We examine gender and meanings of risk in interviews (2007–2010) with <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved young men and women (n = 253) engaged in illicit drug sales in San Francisco, California. The in-depth interviews from this NIDA-funded study were coded using the software NVivo to identify patterns and themes. We examine their interpretations of the risks of drug-selling and their narratives about gender differences in these risks. We find distinct discourses regarding the role of femininities and masculinities and male and female bodies in shaping risk as well as the nexus between gender, family, and risk for female drug sellers. PMID:25774919</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3846P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3846P"><span>Assessment of Land Degradation and Greening in Ken <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin of Central <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pandey, Ashish; Palmate, Santosh S.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Natural systems have significant impact of land degradation on biodiversity loss, food and water insecurity. To achieve the sustainable development goals, advances in remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) are progressively utilized to combat climate change, land degradation and poverty issues of developing country. The Ken <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin (KRB) has dominating land cover pattern of agriculture and forest area. Nowadays, this pattern is affected due to climate change and anthropogenic activity like deforestation. In this study, land degradation and greening status of KRB of Central <span class="hlt">India</span> during the years 2001 to 2013 have been assessed using MODIS land cover (MCD12Q1) data sets. International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) land cover data has been extracted from the MCD12Q1 data product. Multiple rasters of MODIS landcover were analyzed and compared for assigning unique combination of land cover dynamics employing ArcGIS software. Result reveals that 14.38% natural vegetation was degraded, and crop land and woody savannas were greened by 9.68% to 6.94% respectively. Natural vegetation degradation have been observed in the upper KRB area, and resulted to increase in crop land (3418.87 km2) and woody savannas (1242.23 km2) area. Due to transition of 1043.6 km2 area of deciduous broadleaf forest to woody savannas greening was also observed. Moreover, both crop land and woody savannas showed inter-transitions of 669.31 km2 into crop land to woody savannas, and 874.09 km2 into woody savannas to crop land. The present analysis reveals that natural vegetation has more land conversions into woody savannas and crop land in the KRB area. Further, Spatial change analysis shows that land degradation and greening has occurred mostly in the upper part of the KRB. The study reveals that the land transition information can be useful for proper planning and management of natural resources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.4133S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApWS....7.4133S"><span>Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the <span class="hlt">River</span> Ghaghara, a major tributary of the <span class="hlt">River</span> Ganga in Northern <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, Harendra; Pandey, Ruby; Singh, Sudhir Kumar; Shukla, D. N.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The present study includes a systematic analysis of sediment contamination by heavy metals of the <span class="hlt">River</span> Ghaghara flowing through the Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in Indian Territory. To estimate the geochemical environment of the <span class="hlt">river</span>, seven heavy metals, namely Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn, and Pb were examined from the freshly deposited <span class="hlt">river</span> bed sediment. All the sediment samples were collected on a seasonal basis for the assessment of fluctuation in 2014-2015 and after preparation samples were analyzed using standard procedure. Result showed that heavy metal concentration ranged between 11.37 and 18.42 mg/kg for Co, 2.76 and 11.74 mg/kg for Cu, 61.25 and 87.68 mg/kg for Cr, 15.29 and 25.59 mg/kg for Ni, 0.21 and 0.28 mg/kg for Cd, 13.26 and 17.59 mg/kg for Zn, 10.71 and 14.26 mg/kg for Pb in different season. Metal contamination factor indicates the anthropogenic input in the <span class="hlt">river</span> sediment was in the range of (0.62-0.97) for Co, (0.04-0.26) for Cu, (0.68-0.97) for Cr, (0.22-0.38) for Ni, (0.70-0.93) for Cd, (0.14-0.19) for Zn, and (0.54-0.71) for Pb. The highest contamination degree of the sediment was noticed as 4.01 at Ayodhya and lowest as 3.16 at Katerniaghat. Geo-accumulation index was noted between (0 and 1) which showed that sediment was uncontaminated to moderately contaminated and may have adverse affects on freshwater ecology of the <span class="hlt">river</span>. Pollution load index (PLI) was found highest at Chhapra which was 0.45 and lowest at Katerniaghat which was 0.35 and it indicates that the <span class="hlt">river</span> sediment has a low level of contamination. Significant high correlation was observed between Co, Cu, and Zn, it suggests same source of contamination input is mainly due to human settlement and agriculture activity. Positive correlation between Zn, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni indicated a natural origin of these elements in the <span class="hlt">river</span> sediment. Cluster analysis suggests grouping of similar polluted sites. The strong similarity between Co, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cd showed relationship of these</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594919','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594919"><span>Chemometric evaluation of heavy metal pollutions in Patna region of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> alluvial plain, <span class="hlt">India</span>: implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Devi, Ningombam Linthoingambi; Yadav, Ishwar Chandra</p> <p>2018-03-28</p> <p>While metal pollution and distribution in soil are well documented for many countries, the situation is more serious in developing countries because of the rapid increase in industrialization and urbanization during last decades. Although it is well documented in developed countries, data about substantial metal pollution in Indian soil, especially in eastern <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> alluvial plain (GAP), are limited. In this study, eight different blocks of Patna district located in eastern GAP were selected to investigate the contamination, accumulation, and sources of metals in surface soil considering different land use types. Additionally, human health risk assessment was estimated to mark the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect of metals in soil. The concentration of all metals (except Pb) in soil was below the Indian standard limit of the potential toxic element for agricultural soil. Pb was the most abundant in soil, followed by Zn and Cu, and accounted for 52, 33 and 8% of the total metal. In terms of land use types, roadside soil detected higher concentrations of all metals, followed by park/grassland soil. Principal component analysis results indicated traffic pollution and industrial emissions are the major sources of heavy metals in soil. This was further confirmed by strong inter-correlation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb). Human health risk assessment results indicated ingestion via soil as the primary pathway of heavy metal exposure to both adults and children population. The estimated hazard index was highest for Pb, suggesting significant non-carcinogenic effect to both adults and children population. The children were more prone to the non-carcinogenic effect of Pb than adults. However, relatively low cancer risk value estimated for all metals suggested non-significant carcinogenic risk in the soil.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B54D..03R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B54D..03R"><span>Weathering in Monsoonal <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> : The Mekong</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Relph, K.; Tipper, E.; Bickle, M. J.; Parsons, D. R.; Darby, S. E.; Robinson, R. A. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The magnitude of the global total CO2 flux from silicate and carbonate weathering remains uncertain partly because there is a lack of samples from some of the largest <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in the world. The Mekong is the worlds 12th largest <span class="hlt">river</span> by discharge [1]. Despite its global significance, published chemical weathering rates are contradictory and isotopic data is sparse. To better constrain the chemical weathering fluxes and rates in the Mekong we sampled tributaries and the Mekong main channel in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and China in 2014, 2016 and 2017. Here we present 87Sr/86Sr ratios and major cations and anions. This new data and a historic time series collected between 1985 and 2000 by the Mekong <span class="hlt">River</span> Commission and published data from China [2] are used to characterise 1) the geochemical and hydrological spatial and temporal signatures, 2) the carbonate and silicate weathering rates and 3) the carbon (HCO3-) flux of the Mekong basin. The magnitude of the chemical inputs from rainfall and weathering of silicates, carbonates and evaporates have been calculated using a simple forward model assuming cation ratios of the weathering inputs given by [1]. The upper (Tibet to Northern Thailand), middle (Laos) and lower (Cambodia) regions of the Mekong vary in size, discharge and weathering signatures. 34% of the total carbon flux, 31% of the carbonate, 36% of the silicate carbon fluxes but only 20% of the basin discharge originates in the upper Mekong. The middle Mekong contributes 49% of the discharge, 44% of the carbonate and 32% of the silicate carbon fluxes. The lower Mekong contributes 31% of the discharge, 32% of the silicate carbon flux but only 15% of the carbonate carbon flux. The Mekong transports comparable amounts of CO2, via carbonate weathering, to the Brahmaputra and the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>; some of which is likely derived by weathering with sulphuric acid. 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios at the <span class="hlt">river</span> mouth vary from 0.71041 to 0.71083 with a systematic increase during the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008epsc.conf..654S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008epsc.conf..654S"><span>Interior Layered Deposits on Mars: Insights from elevation, image- and spectral data of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Mensa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sowe, M.; Roach, L. H.; Hauber, E.; Jaumann, R.; Mustard, J. L.; Neukum, G.</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>Introduction Interior Layered Deposits (ILDs) are exposed at various locations on Mars. They differ from their surroundings by their higher albedo, morphology, and fine layering. Their origin (sedimentary or volcanic) is well discussed [e.g. 1-3] but Fe-oxides and hydrated minerals such as sulfates [4-6] have been detected on ILD surfaces suggesting an aquatic environment. Here we present some features of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Mensa. We looked at HRSC elevation data [7], THEMIS brightness-temperature and CRISM data to understand differences in morphology and composition. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Mensa observations This ILD shows sub-horizontal layering and mesa morphology (flat top and steep slopes). Its stairstepped morphology is shown on Fig. 3 and does not appear in ILDs occurring in the eastern chaotic terrains (Iani, Aureum, Aram, and Arsinoes Chaos) but in other ILDs in Valles Marineris (e.g. Hebes). <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Mensa features fresh-eroded light-toned layers appearing competent, forming steep scarps and having high surface temperatures as well as thermal inertia. The dark material corresponds to accumulations of wind-transported matter that covers flatter slopes and shows lower brightness-temperatures. Analyses of CRISM and image data (HRSC, MOC, HiRISE) indicate that there are differences in texture and mineralogical composition as well. CRISM observations show that the lower sequence of the ILD (consisting of many layers) has a strong kieserite signature as observed by [8]. Exposed windblown dark material on its surface has no olivine, pyroxene, or ferric oxide spectral features. This unit comprises an approximate thickness of ~1.6 km out of 3.5 km for the whole ILD and is very rough and coarse looking. There, the surface temperatures (Fig. 2) as well as thermal inertia values are much higher which is in agreement with [8]. A transition zone characterized by a discrete layer at an elevation of about -1.9 km marks the beginning of the upper unit (Fig. 1-3). In the upper unit, weak polyhydrated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E.685S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002cosp...34E.685S"><span>A review of flood disaster management in <span class="hlt">India</span> using remote sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, K.; Trivedi, R.</p> <p></p> <p>On going account of the geographical position, climate and geological setting, <span class="hlt">India</span> from time immemo rial, has been hit by natural disaster, occasionally with fury. There is hardly a year when some part of the country or other does not face the specter of either drought or flood due to either the failure or the abundance of monsoons in vulnerable areas respectively. OF the total annual rainfall, 75% is received during 4 months of monsoon (June to September) and, as a result, almost all the <span class="hlt">rivers</span> carry heavy discharge during this period. The flood hazard is compounded by sediment deposition, drainage congestion and synchronization of <span class="hlt">river</span> floods with sea tides in the coastal plains. While the area liable to floods is more than 40 million hectares. The average area affected by floods annually is about 8 million hectares. Due to the erratic behavior of the monsoons, low and medium rainfall regions constituting 68% of the country's total area are rendered vulnerable to periodical droughts. <span class="hlt">India</span> has a long coastline of 8041kms.On an average, 5 to 6 tropical cyclones from in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea every year; 2 to 3 of them are being very severe. The Himalayan Mountain considered being the world's youngest fold belt in the east and the Chaman fault in the west, constitute one of the most seismically active region in the world. Earthquake, land sliders and avalanches are not uncommon. On an average, these natural disasters take to a heavy toll of human and animal lives, affect few million hectares of crop area and have damaged millions of houses annually during the last decade alone. In the context of the perpetual risk emanating from the recurring natural calamities, the country needs to develop an effective preparedness to manage the impact of natural disaster. The emergence of <span class="hlt">India</span> as an advance country in the arena of remote sensing with its own satellite in orbit supplemented by the Indian Metrological department in relatively accurate prediction of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeCoA.121..611P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeCoA.121..611P"><span>Estimation of weathering rates and CO2 drawdown based on solute load: Significance of granulites and gneisses dominated weathering in the Kaveri <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, Southern <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pattanaik, J. K.; Balakrishnan, S.; Bhutani, R.; Singh, P.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>The solute load of the Kaveri <span class="hlt">River</span> (South <span class="hlt">India</span>) and its tributaries draining diverse Precambrian terrains during pre-monsoon and monsoon periods was determined. Using average annual flow, total drainage area and atmospheric input corrected major ion concentrations of these <span class="hlt">rivers</span> chemical weathering rates, annual fluxes of different ionic species to the ocean and CO2 consumption rates were estimated. Bicarbonate is the most dominant ion (27-79% of anion budget) in all the <span class="hlt">river</span> samples collected during monsoon period followed by Ca2+, whereas, in case of pre-monsoon water samples Na+ is the most dominant ion (in meq/l). Two approaches were adopted to estimate silicate and carbonate weathering rates in the drainage basin. At Musuri silicate weathering rate (SWR) is 9.44 ± 0.29 tons/km2/a and carbonate weathering rate (CWR) is 1.46 ± 0.16 tons/km2/a. More than 90% of the total ionic budget is derived from weathering of silicates in the Kaveri basin. CO2 consumption rate in the basin for silicate weathering FCO2sil is 3.83 ± 0.12 × 105 mol/km2/a (upper limit), which is comparable with the Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> at upper reaches. For carbonate weathering (FCO2carb) CO2 consumption rate is 0.15 ± 0.03 × 105 mol/km2/a in the Kaveri basin. The lower limit of CO2 consumption rate corrected for H2SO4 during silicate and carbonate weathering is FCO2sil is 3.24 × 1005 mol/km2/a and FCO2carb 0.13 × 105 mol/km2/a respectively. CO2 sequestered due to silicate weathering in the Kaveri basin is 25.41 (±0.82) × 109 mol/a which represents 0.21 (±0.01)% of global CO2 drawdown. This may be due to tropical climatic condition, high rainfall during both SW and NE monsoon and predominance of silicate rocks in the Kaveri basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJE...104.1388S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJE...104.1388S"><span>A novel high-speed CMOS circuit based on a <span class="hlt">gang</span> of capacitors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharroush, Sherif M.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>There is no doubt that complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits with wide fan-in suffers from the relatively sluggish operation. In this paper, a circuit that contains a <span class="hlt">gang</span> of capacitors sharing their charge with each other is proposed as an alternative to long N-channel MOS and P-channel MOS stacks. The proposed scheme is investigated quantitatively and verified by simulation using the 45-nm CMOS technology with VDD = 1 V. The time delay, area and power consumption of the proposed scheme are investigated and compared with the conventional static CMOS logic circuit. It is verified that the proposed scheme achieves 52% saving in the average propagation delay for eight inputs and that it has a smaller area compared to the conventional CMOS logic when the number of inputs exceeds three and a smaller power consumption for a number of inputs exceeding two. The impacts of process variations, component mismatches and technology scaling on the proposed scheme are also investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6685I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6685I"><span>Development of a global <span class="hlt">river</span>-coastal coupling model and its application to flood simulation in Asian mega-delta regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ikeuchi, Hiroaki; Hirabayashi, Yukiko; Yamazaki, Dai; Muis, Sanne; Ward, Philip; Verlaan, Martin; Winsemius, Hessel; Kanae, Shinjiro</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The world's mega-delta regions and estuaries are susceptible to various water-related disasters, such as <span class="hlt">river</span> flooding and storm surge. Moreover, simultaneous occurrence of them would be more devastating than a situation where they occur in isolation. Therefore, it is important to provide information about compound risks of fluvial and coastal floods at a large scale, both their statistical dependency as well as their combined resulting flooding in delta regions. Here we report on a first attempt to address this issue globally by developing a method to couple a global <span class="hlt">river</span> model (CaMa-Flood) and a global tide and surge reanalysis (GTSR) dataset. A state-of-the-art global <span class="hlt">river</span> routing model, CaMa-Flood, was modified to represent varying sea levels due to tides and storm surges as downstream boundary condition, and the GTSR dataset was post-processed to serve as inputs to the CaMa-Flood <span class="hlt">river</span> routing simulation and a long-term simulation was performed to incorporate the temporal dependency between coastal tide and surge on the one hand, and discharge on the other. The coupled model was validated against observations, showing better simulation results of water levels in deltaic regions than simulation without GTSR. For example in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta, correlation coefficients were increased by 0.06, and root mean square errors were reduced by 0.22 m. Global coupling simulations revealed that storm surges affected <span class="hlt">river</span> water levels in coastal regions worldwide, especially in low-lying flat areas with increases in water level larger than 0.5 m. By employing enhanced storm surge simulation with tropical storm tracks, we also applied the model to examine impacts of past hurricane and cyclone storm events on <span class="hlt">river</span> flood inundation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358997','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358997"><span>Rapid integrated water quality evaluation of Mahisagar <span class="hlt">river</span> using benthic macroinvertebrates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhadrecha, M H; Khatri, Nitasha; Tyagi, Sanjiv</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The water quality of Mahisagar <span class="hlt">river</span>, near Galteshwar in Kheda district of Gujarat, <span class="hlt">India</span>, was assessed through a rapid integrated technique by physicochemical parameters as well as benthic macroinvertebrates. Physicochemical parameters retrieved were pH, color, conductivity, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chlorides, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity, turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, sulfates, and nitrates. The biological indices calculated were BMWP (Bio Monitoring Working Party) score or saprobic score and sequential comparison index or diversity score. In total, 37 families were encountered along the studied <span class="hlt">river</span> stretch. The findings indicate that the water quality of Mahisagar <span class="hlt">river</span> at sampled locations is “slightly polluted.” Moreover, the results of physicochemical analysis are also in consonance with the biological water quality criteria developed by Central Pollution Control Board.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SedG..194..155B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SedG..194..155B"><span>Petrography and chemistry of the bed sediments of the Red <span class="hlt">River</span> in China and Vietnam: Provenance and chemical weathering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Borges, Joniell; Huh, Youngsook</p> <p>2007-02-01</p> <p>The Red (Hong) <span class="hlt">River</span> straddles southwestern China and northern Vietnam and drains the eastern Indo-Asian collision zone. We collected bed sediments from its tributaries and main channel and report the petrographic point counts of framework grains and major oxide compositions as well as organic and inorganic carbon contents. The Q:F:Rf ratios and Q:F:(L-L c) ratios of the bed-load indicate quartz-poor, mineralogically immature sediments of recycled orogen provenance. The weathering indices based on major oxides — the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and the weathering index of Parker — are also consistent with the recycled sedimentary nature of the bed sediments. Using geographic information system (GIS) we calculated for each sample basin such parameters as temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, runoff, basin length, area, relief, and areal exposure of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Statistically meaningful correlations are obtained between the two weathering indices, between CIA and sedimentary to metamorphic rock fragments ratio, S / (S + M), and between CIA and sedimentary rock cover, but otherwise correlations are poor. The bed sediments preserve signatures of their provenance, but the effect of weathering is not clearly seen. Subtle differences in the bed sediments are observed between the Red and the Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> (Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and Brahmaputra) as well as between sub-basins within the Red <span class="hlt">River</span> system and are attributed mainly to differences in lithology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnMan..57.1098B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnMan..57.1098B"><span>Assessing Potential Conservation and Restoration Areas of Freshwater Fish Fauna in the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhatt, Jay P.; Manish, Kumar; Mehta, Rajender; Pandit, Maharaj K.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Conservation efforts globally are skewed toward terrestrial ecosystems. To date, conservation of aquatic ecosystems, in particular fish fauna, is largely neglected. We provide a country-wide assessment of Indian <span class="hlt">river</span> ecosystems in order to identify and prioritize areas for protection and restoration of freshwater fish fauna. Using various biodiversity and anthropogenic attributes, coupled with tools of ecological modeling, we delineated areas for fish fauna conservation and restoration in the 20 major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins of <span class="hlt">India</span>. To do this, we used prioritization analyses and reserve selection algorithms to derive conservation value index (CVI) and vulnerability index (VI) of the <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. CVI was estimated using endemicity, rarity, conservation value, and taxonomic singularity, while VI was estimated using a disturbance index derived from percent geographic area of the basin under human settlements, human population density, predominant land use, and total number of exotic fish species in each basin. The two indices, CVI and VI, were converted into geo-referenced maps, and each map was super-imposed onto species richness and forest cover maps, respectively. After superimposition, areas with high CVI and low VI shade intensities were delineated for conservation, while areas with high CVI and high VI shade intensities were demarcated for restoration. In view of the importance of freshwater fish for human livelihoods and consumption, and ecosystems of <span class="hlt">India</span>'s <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, we call for urgent attention to the conservation of their fish fauna along with restoration of their degraded habitats.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED387572.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED387572.pdf"><span>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Problem in America: Formulating an Effective Federal Response. Hearing To Examine How the Federal Government Can Establish Effective Programs To Deter Youth Violence in America before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.</p> <p></p> <p>The Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary convened to discuss the federal role in combating juvenile participation in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. A proposed amendment to the crime bill being developed, described at the hearing by Senator Orrin G. Hatch (Utah), makes it a federal offense to engage in <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related crime and subjects…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28402914','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28402914"><span>Potential interaction between transport and stream networks over the lowland <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in Eastern <span class="hlt">India</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roy, Suvendu; Sahu, Abhay Sankar</p> <p>2017-07-15</p> <p>Extension of transport networks supports good accessibility and associated with the development of a region. However, transport lines have fragmented the regional landscape and disturbed the natural interplay between <span class="hlt">rivers</span> and their floodplains. Spatial analysis using multiple buffers provides information about the potential interaction between road and stream networks and their impact on channel morphology of a small watershed in the Lower Gangetic Plain. Present study is tried to understand the lateral and longitudinal disconnection in headwater stream by rural roads with the integration of geoinformatics and field survey. Significant (p < 0.001) growth of total road length and number of road-stream crossing in the last five decades (1970s-2010s) contribute to making longitudinal and lateral disconnection in the fluvial system of Kunur <span class="hlt">River</span> Basin. Channel geometry from ten road-stream crossings shows significant (p = 0.01) differences between upstream and downstream of crossing structure and created problems like downstream scouring, increased drop height at outlet, formation of stable bars, severe bank erosion, and make barriers for <span class="hlt">river</span> biota. The hydro-geomorphic processes are also adversely affected due to lateral disconnection and input of fine to coarse sediments from the <span class="hlt">river</span> side growth of unpaved road (1922%). Limited streamside development, delineation of stream corridor, regular monitoring and engineering efficiency for the construction of road and road-stream crossing might be effective in managing <span class="hlt">river</span> geomorphology and riverine landscape. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/687707-strontium-isotopic-budget-himalayan-rivers-nepal-bangladesh','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/687707-strontium-isotopic-budget-himalayan-rivers-nepal-bangladesh"><span>The strontium isotopic budget of Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> in Nepal and Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Galy, A.; France-Lanord, C.; Derry, L.A.</p> <p>1999-07-01</p> <p>Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have very unusual Sr characteristics and their budget cannot be achieved by simple mixing between silicate and carbonate even if carbonates are radiogenic. The authors present Sr, O, and C isotopic data from <span class="hlt">river</span> and rain water, bedload, and bedrock samples for the western and central Nepal Himalaya and Bangladesh, including the monsoon season. Central Himalayan <span class="hlt">rivers</span> receive Sr from several sources: carbonate and clastic Tethyan sediments, High Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) gneisses and granitoids with minor marbles, carbonates and metasediments of the Lesser Himalaya (LH), and Miocene-Recent foreland basin sediment from the Siwaliks group and the modern floodmore » plain. In the Tethyan Himalaya <span class="hlt">rivers</span> have dissolved [Sr] {approx} 6 {micro}mol/l and {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr {approx} 0.717, with a large contribution from moderately radiogenic carbonate. <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> draining HHC gneisses are very dilute with [Sr] {approx} 0.2 {micro}mol/l and {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr {approx} 0.74. Lesser Himalayan streams also have low [Sr] {approx} 0.4 {micro}mol/l and are highly radiogenic ({sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr {ge} 0.78). Highly radiogenic carbonates of the LH do not contribute significantly to the Sr budget because they are sparse and have very low [Sr]. In large <span class="hlt">rivers</span> exiting the Himalaya, Sr systematics can be modeled as a mixture between Tethyan <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, where slightly radiogenic carbonates (mean {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr {approx} 0.715) are the main source of Sr, and Lesser Himalaya waters, where extremely radiogenic silicates (> 0.8) are the main source of Sr. HHC waters are less important because of their low [Sr]. <span class="hlt">Rivers</span> draining the Siwaliks foreland basin sediments have [Sr] {approx} 4 {micro}mol/l and {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr {approx} 0.725. Weathering of silicates in the Siwaliks and the flood plain results in a probably significant radiogenic (0.72--0.74) input to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Brahamputra (G-B), but quantification of this flux is limited by uncertainties in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED416153.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED416153.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">India</span>. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1994 (<span class="hlt">India</span>).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Dickler, Paul</p> <p></p> <p>This curriculum packet on politics and international relations in <span class="hlt">India</span> contains an essay, three lessons and a variety of charts, maps, and additional readings to support the unit. The essay is entitled "<span class="hlt">India</span> 1994: The Peacock and the Vulture." The lessons include: (1) "The Kashmir Dispute"; (2) "<span class="hlt">India</span>: Domestic Order and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032607','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032607"><span>Holocene aridification of <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Ponton, C.; Giosan, L.; Eglinton, T.I.; Fuller, D.Q.; Johnson, J.E.; Kumar, P.; Collett, T.S.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Spanning a latitudinal range typical for deserts, the Indian peninsula is fertile instead and sustains over a billion people through monsoonal rains. Despite the strong link between climate and society, our knowledge of the long-term monsoon variability is incomplete over the Indian subcontinent. Here we reconstruct the Holocene paleoclimate in the core monsoon zone (CMZ) of the Indian peninsula using a sediment core recovered offshore from the mouth of Godavari <span class="hlt">River</span>. Carbon isotopes of sedimentary leaf waxes provide an integrated and regionally extensive record of the flora in the CMZ and document a gradual increase in aridity-adapted vegetation from ???4,000 until 1,700 years ago followed by the persistence of aridity-adapted plants after that. The oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber detects unprecedented high salinity events in the Bay of Bengal over the last 3,000 years, and especially after 1,700 years ago, which suggest that the CMZ aridification intensified in the late Holocene through a series of sub-millennial dry episodes. Cultural changes occurred across the Indian subcontinent as the climate became more arid after ???4,000 years. Sedentary agriculture took hold in the drying central and south <span class="hlt">India</span>, while the urban Harappan civilization collapsed in the already arid Indus basin. The establishment of a more variable hydroclimate over the last ca. 1,700 years may have led to the rapid proliferation of water-conservation technology in south <span class="hlt">India</span>. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JHyd...60..185S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JHyd...60..185S"><span>Environmental tritium and radiocarbon studies in the Vedavati <span class="hlt">River</span> basin, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, <span class="hlt">India</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sukhija, B. S.; Achutha Rao, A.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Environmental tritium and radiocarbon studies were undertaken in the Vedavati <span class="hlt">river</span> basin situated partly in Karnataka and partly in Andhra Pradesh, <span class="hlt">India</span>, aimed at the determination of the general recharge condition of the water-bearing zones in the gneissic complex, granites and the Dharwar Group of metamorphic rocks, where groundwater occurs under semi-unconfined to semi-confined conditions and at places under the water-table condition. The groundwater movement is controlled by fractures, fissures, a weathered zone and surficial mantle. An attempt was also made to find out whether substantial recharge occurs along fractured lineaments; whether the water-bearing zones can be considered as interconnected or isolated, and whether the recharge and discharge areas identified by geohydrological considerations can be confirmed. Environmental tritium and radiocarbon contents, measured in ˜ 45 groundwater samples, show that a large number of samples are very young, containing water from post-thermonuclear-era rain, thus indicating an age less than 25 yr. In some other samples, despite radiocarbon ages found to be older, some component of recent precipitation is found to be present as indicated by bomb tritium. Groundwater dating in the area shows an excellent correlation between hydro-isochrons of minimum age with the recharge contour of maximum magnitude. This study has clearly resulted in the demarcation of the recharge areas. However, the discharge areas as such cannot be clearly delineated because of lack of a pattern indicating increase of ages in any particular direction. This, however, also reflects somewhat discontinuous groundwater bodies, which may also be expected from the general structure and hydrogeology of the region. Along a major lineament the groundwater is found to be very young thus confirming that substantial recharge occurs along lineaments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872885','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872885"><span>Assessing Potential Conservation and Restoration Areas of Freshwater Fish Fauna in the Indian <span class="hlt">River</span> Basins.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhatt, Jay P; Manish, Kumar; Mehta, Rajender; Pandit, Maharaj K</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Conservation efforts globally are skewed toward terrestrial ecosystems. To date, conservation of aquatic ecosystems, in particular fish fauna, is largely neglected. We provide a country-wide assessment of Indian <span class="hlt">river</span> ecosystems in order to identify and prioritize areas for protection and restoration of freshwater fish fauna. Using various biodiversity and anthropogenic attributes, coupled with tools of ecological modeling, we delineated areas for fish fauna conservation and restoration in the 20 major <span class="hlt">river</span> basins of <span class="hlt">India</span>. To do this, we used prioritization analyses and reserve selection algorithms to derive conservation value index (CVI) and vulnerability index (VI) of the <span class="hlt">river</span> basins. CVI was estimated using endemicity, rarity, conservation value, and taxonomic singularity, while VI was estimated using a disturbance index derived from percent geographic area of the basin under human settlements, human population density, predominant land use, and total number of exotic fish species in each basin. The two indices, CVI and VI, were converted into geo-referenced maps, and each map was super-imposed onto species richness and forest cover maps, respectively. After superimposition, areas with high CVI and low VI shade intensities were delineated for conservation, while areas with high CVI and high VI shade intensities were demarcated for restoration. In view of the importance of freshwater fish for human livelihoods and consumption, and ecosystems of <span class="hlt">India</span>'s <span class="hlt">rivers</span>, we call for urgent attention to the conservation of their fish fauna along with restoration of their degraded habitats.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHyd..541..727M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHyd..541..727M"><span>Regional scale groundwater modelling study for Ganga <span class="hlt">River</span> basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maheswaran, R.; Khosa, R.; Gosain, A. K.; Lahari, S.; Sinha, S. K.; Chahar, B. R.; Dhanya, C. T.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Subsurface movement of water within the alluvial formations of Ganga Basin System of North and East <span class="hlt">India</span>, extending over an area of 1 million km2, was simulated using Visual MODFLOW based transient numerical model. The study incorporates historical groundwater developments as recorded by various concerned agencies and also accommodates the role of some of the major tributaries of <span class="hlt">River</span> Ganga as geo-hydrological boundaries. Geo-stratigraphic structures, along with corresponding hydrological parameters,were obtained from Central Groundwater Board, <span class="hlt">India</span>,and used in the study which was carried out over a time horizon of 4.5 years. The model parameters were fine tuned for calibration using Parameter Estimation (PEST) simulations. Analyses of the stream aquifer interaction using Zone Budget has allowed demarcation of the losing and gaining stretches along the main stem of <span class="hlt">River</span> Ganga as well as some of its principal tributaries. From a management perspective,and entirely consistent with general understanding, it is seen that unabated long term groundwater extraction within the study basin has induced a sharp decrease in critical dry weather base flow contributions. In view of a surge in demand for dry season irrigation water for agriculture in the area, numerical models can be a useful tool to generate not only an understanding of the underlying groundwater system but also facilitate development of basin-wide detailed impact scenarios as inputs for management and policy action.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.132..419B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.132..419B"><span>Spatio-temporal trends of rainfall across Indian <span class="hlt">river</span> basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bisht, Deepak Singh; Chatterjee, Chandranath; Raghuwanshi, Narendra Singh; Sridhar, Venkataramana</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Daily gridded high-resolution rainfall data of <span class="hlt">India</span> Meteorological Department at 0.25° spatial resolution (1901-2015) was analyzed to detect the trend in seasonal, annual, and maximum cumulative rainfall for 1, 2, 3, and 5 days. The present study was carried out for 85 <span class="hlt">river</span> basins of <span class="hlt">India</span> during 1901-2015 and pre- and post-urbanization era, i.e., 1901-1970 and 1971-2015, respectively. Mann-Kendall ( α = 0.05) and Theil-Sen's tests were employed for detecting the trend and percentage of change over the period of time, respectively. Daily extreme rainfall events, above 95 and 99 percentile threshold, were also analyzed to detect any trend in their magnitude and number of occurrences. The upward trend was found for the majority of the sub-basins for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-day maximum cumulative rainfall during the post-urbanization era. The magnitude of extreme threshold events is also found to be increasing in the majority of the <span class="hlt">river</span> basins during the post-urbanization era. A 30-year moving window analysis further revealed a widespread upward trend in a number of extreme threshold rainfall events possibly due to urbanization and climatic factors. Overall trends studied against intra-basin trend across Ganga basin reveal the mixed pattern of trends due to inherent spatial heterogeneity of rainfall, therefore, highlighting the importance of scale for such studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25294130','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25294130"><span>Interaction of Aquifer and <span class="hlt">River</span>-Canal Network near Well Field.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ghosh, Narayan C; Mishra, Govinda C; Sandhu, Cornelius S S; Grischek, Thomas; Singh, Vikrant V</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The article presents semi-analytical mathematical models to asses (1) enhancements of seepage from a canal and (2) induced flow from a partially penetrating <span class="hlt">river</span> in an unconfined aquifer consequent to groundwater withdrawal in a well field in the vicinity of the <span class="hlt">river</span> and canal. The nonlinear exponential relation between seepage from a canal reach and hydraulic head in the aquifer beneath the canal reach is used for quantifying seepage from the canal reach. Hantush's (1967) basic solution for water table rise due to recharge from a rectangular spreading basin in absence of pumping well is used for generating unit pulse response function coefficients for water table rise in the aquifer. Duhamel's convolution theory and method of superposition are applied to obtain water table position due to pumping and recharge from different canal reaches. Hunt's (1999) basic solution for <span class="hlt">river</span> depletion due to constant pumping from a well in the vicinity of a partially penetrating <span class="hlt">river</span> is used to generate unit pulse response function coefficients. Applying convolution technique and superposition, treating the recharge from canal reaches as recharge through conceptual injection wells, <span class="hlt">river</span> depletion consequent to variable pumping and recharge is quantified. The integrated model is applied to a case study in Haridwar (<span class="hlt">India</span>). The well field consists of 22 pumping wells located in the vicinity of a perennial <span class="hlt">river</span> and a canal network. The <span class="hlt">river</span> bank filtrate portion consequent to pumping is quantified. © 2014, National GroundWater Association.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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