Sample records for ganges-brahmaputra mixing zone

  1. Development of seasonal flow outlook model for Ganges-Brahmaputra Basins in Bangladesh

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hossain, Sazzad; Haque Khan, Raihanul; Gautum, Dilip Kumar; Karmaker, Ripon; Hossain, Amirul

    2016-10-01

    Bangladesh is crisscrossed by the branches and tributaries of three main river systems, the Ganges, Bramaputra and Meghna (GBM). The temporal variation of water availability of those rivers has an impact on the different water usages such as irrigation, urban water supply, hydropower generation, navigation etc. Thus, seasonal flow outlook can play important role in various aspects of water management. The Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (FFWC) in Bangladesh provides short term and medium term flood forecast, and there is a wide demand from end-users about seasonal flow outlook for agricultural purposes. The objective of this study is to develop a seasonal flow outlook model in Bangladesh based on rainfall forecast. It uses European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) seasonal precipitation, temperature forecast to simulate HYDROMAD hydrological model. Present study is limited for Ganges and Brahmaputra River Basins. ARIMA correction is applied to correct the model error. The performance of the model is evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The model result shows good performance with R2 value of 0.78 and NSE of 0.61 for the Brahmaputra River Basin, and R2 value of 0.72 and NSE of 0.59 for the Ganges River Basin for the period of May to July 2015. The result of the study indicates strong potential to make seasonal outlook to be operationalized.

  2. Differential heating in the Indian Ocean differentially modulates precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Pervez, Md Shahriar; Henebry, Geoffrey M.

    2016-01-01

    Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature dynamics play a prominent role in Asian summer monsoon variability. Two interactive climate modes of the Indo-Pacific—the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole mode—modulate the amount of precipitation over India, in addition to precipitation over Africa, Indonesia, and Australia. However, this modulation is not spatially uniform. The precipitation in southern India is strongly forced by the Indian Ocean dipole mode and ENSO. In contrast, across northern India, encompassing the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins, the climate mode influence on precipitation is much less. Understanding the forcing of precipitation in these river basins is vital for food security and ecosystem services for over half a billion people. Using 28 years of remote sensing observations, we demonstrate that (i) the tropical west-east differential heating in the Indian Ocean influences the Ganges precipitation and (ii) the north-south differential heating in the Indian Ocean influences the Brahmaputra precipitation. The El Niño phase induces warming in the warm pool of the Indian Ocean and exerts more influence on Ganges precipitation than Brahmaputra precipitation. The analyses indicate that both the magnitude and position of the sea surface temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean are important drivers for precipitation dynamics that can be effectively summarized using two new indices, one tuned for each basin. These new indices have the potential to aid forecasting of drought and flooding, to contextualize land cover and land use change, and to assess the regional impacts of climate change.

  3. Assessing regional climate simulations of the last 30 years (1982-2012) over Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khandu; Awange, Joseph L.; Anyah, Richard; Kuhn, Michael; Fukuda, Yoichi

    2017-10-01

    The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River Basin presents a spatially diverse hydrological regime due to it's complex topography and escalating demand for freshwater resources. This presents a big challenge in applying the current state-of-the-art regional climate models (RCMs) for climate change impact studies in the GBM River Basin. In this study, several RCM simulations generated by RegCM4.4 and PRECIS are assessed for their seasonal and interannual variations, onset/withdrawal of the Indian monsoon, and long-term trends in precipitation and temperature from 1982 to 2012. The results indicate that in general, RegCM4.4 and PRECIS simulations appear to reasonably reproduce the mean seasonal distribution of precipitation and temperature across the GBM River Basin, although the two RCMs are integrated over a different domain size. On average, the RegCM4.4 simulations overestimate monsoon precipitation by {˜ }26 and {˜ }5% in the Ganges and Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin, respectively, while PRECIS simulations underestimate (overestimate) the same by {˜ }7% ({˜ }16%). Both RegCM4.4 and PRECIS simulations indicate an intense cold bias (up to 10° C) in the Himalayas, and are generally stronger in the RegCM4.4 simulations. Additionally, they tend to produce high precipitation between April and May in the Ganges (RegCM4.4 simulations) and Brahmaputra-Meghna (PRECIS simulations) River Basins, resulting in early onset of the Indian monsoon in the Ganges River Basin. PRECIS simulations exhibit a delayed monsoon withdrawal in the Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin. Despite large spatial variations in onset and withdrawal periods across the GBM River Basin, the basin-averaged results agree reasonably well with the observed periods. Although global climate model (GCM) driven simulations are generally poor in representing the interannual variability of precipitation and winter temperature variations, they tend to agree well with observed precipitation anomalies when driven by

  4. Model study of the impacts of future climate change on the hydrology of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Masood, M.; Yeh, P. J.-F.; Hanasaki, N.; Takeuchi, K.

    2014-06-01

    The intensity, duration, and geographic extent of floods in Bangladesh mostly depend on the combined influences of three river systems, Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM). In addition, climate change is likely to have significant effects on the hydrology and water resources of the GBM basins and might ultimately lead to more serious floods in Bangladesh. However, the assessment of climate change impacts on basin-scale hydrology by using well-constrained hydrologic modelling has rarely been conducted for GBM basins due to the lack of data for model calibration and validation. In this study, a macro-scale hydrologic model H08 has been applied regionally over the basin at a relatively fine grid resolution (10 km) by integrating the fine-resolution (~0.5 km) DEM data for accurate river networks delineation. The model has been calibrated via analyzing model parameter sensitivity and validated based on a long-term observed daily streamflow data. The impact of climate change on not only the runoff, but also the basin-scale hydrology including evapotranspiration, soil moisture and net radiation have been assessed in this study through three time-slice experiments; present-day (1979-2003), near-future (2015-2039) and far-future (2075-2099) periods. Results shows that, by the end of 21st century (a) the entire GBM basin is projected to be warmed by ~3°C (b) the changes of mean precipitation are projected to be +14.0, +10.4, and +15.2%, and the changes of mean runoff to be +14, +15, and +18% in the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghna basin respectively (c) evapotranspiration is predicted to increase significantly for the entire GBM basins (Brahmaputra: +14.4%, Ganges: +9.4%, Meghna: +8.8%) due to increased net radiation (Brahmaputra: +6%, Ganges: +5.9%, Meghna: +3.3%) as well as warmer air temperature. Changes of hydrologic variables will be larger in dry season (November-April) than that in wet season (May-October). Amongst three basins, Meghna shows the largest hydrological

  5. Daily GRACE gravity field solutions track major flood events in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gouweleeuw, Ben T.; Kvas, Andreas; Gruber, Christian; Gain, Animesh K.; Mayer-Gürr, Thorsten; Flechtner, Frank; Güntner, Andreas

    2018-05-01

    Two daily gravity field solutions based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission are evaluated against daily river runoff data for major flood events in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) in 2004 and 2007. The trends over periods of a few days of the daily GRACE data reflect temporal variations in daily river runoff during major flood events. This is especially true for the larger flood in 2007, which featured two distinct periods of critical flood level exceedance in the Brahmaputra River. This first hydrological evaluation of daily GRACE gravity field solutions based on a Kalman filter approach confirms their potential for gravity-based large-scale flood monitoring. This particularly applies to short-lived, high-volume floods, as they occur in the GBD with a 4-5-year return period. The release of daily GRACE gravity field solutions in near-real time may enable flood monitoring for large events.

  6. Spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins to ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and drought

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pervez, M. S.; Henebry, G. M.

    2014-02-01

    We evaluated the spatial and temporal responses of precipitation in the basins as modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean (IO) dipole modes using observed precipitation records at 43 stations across the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from 1982 to 2010. Daily observed precipitation records were extracted from Global Surface Summary of the Day dataset and spatial and monthly anomalies were computed. The anomalies were averaged for the years influenced by climate modes combinations. Occurrences of El Niño alone significantly reduced (60% and 88% of baseline in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins, respectively) precipitation during the monsoon months in the northwestern and central Ganges basin and across the Brahmaputra basin. In contrast, co-occurrence of La Niña and a positive IO dipole mode significantly enhanced (135% and 160% of baseline, respectively) precipitation across both basins. During the co-occurrence of neutral phases in both climate modes (occurring 13 out of 28 yr), precipitation remained below average to average in the agriculturally extensive areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, eastern Nepal, and the Rajshahi district in Bangladesh in the Ganges basin and northern Bangladesh, Meghalaya, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh in the Brahmaputra basin. This pattern implies that a regular water deficit is likely in these areas with implications for the agriculture sector due to its reliance on consistent rainfall for successful production. Major flooding and drought occurred as a consequence of the interactive effects of the ENSO and IO dipole modes, with the sole exception of extreme precipitation and flooding during El Niño events. This observational analysis will facilitate well informed decision making in minimizing natural hazard risks and climate impacts on agriculture, and supports development of strategies ensuring optimized use of water resources in best management practice under changing climate.

  7. Predictability of current and future multi-river discharges: Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Blue Nile, and Murray-Darling rivers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jian, Jun

    2007-12-01

    Determining river discharge is of critical importance to many societies as they struggle with fresh water supply and risk of flooding. In Bangladesh, floods occur almost every year but with sufficient irregularity to have adverse social and economical consequences. Important goals are to predict the discharge to be used for the optimization of agricultural practices, disaster mitigation and water resource management. The aim of this study is to determine the predictability of river discharge in a number of major rivers on time scale varying from weeks to a century. We investigated predictability considering relationship between SST and discharge. Next, we consider IPCC model projections of river discharge while the models are statistically adjusted against observed discharges. In this study, we consider five rivers, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yangtze, the Blue Nile, and the Murray-Darling Rivers. On seasonal time scales, statistically significant correlations are found between mean monthly equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) and the summer Ganges discharge with lead times of 2-3 months due to oscillations of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena. In addition, there are strong correlations in the southwest and northeast Pacific. These, too, appear to be tied to the ENSO cycle. The Brahmaputra discharge, on the other hand, shows somewhat weaker relationships with tropical SST. Strong lagged correlations relationships are found with SST in the Bay of Bengal but these are the result of very warm SSTs and exceptional Brahmaputra discharge during the summer of 1998. When this year is removed from the time series, relationships weaken everywhere except in the northwestern Pacific for the June discharge and in areas of the central Pacific straddling the equator for the July discharge. The relationships are relative strong, but they are persistent from month to month and suggest that two different and sequential factors influence Brahmaputra

  8. Hydroclimatic sustainability assessment of changing climate on cholera in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nasr-Azadani, Fariborz; Khan, Rakibul; Rahimikollu, Javad; Unnikrishnan, Avinash; Akanda, Ali; Alam, Munirul; Huq, Anwar; Jutla, Antarpreet; Colwell, Rita

    2017-10-01

    The association of cholera and climate has been extensively documented. However, determining the effects of changing climate on the occurrence of disease remains a challenge. Bimodal peaks of cholera in Bengal Delta are hypothesized to be linked to asymmetric flow of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. Spring cholera is related to intrusion of bacteria-laden coastal seawater during low flow seasons, while autumn cholera results from cross-contamination of water resources when high flows in the rivers cause massive inundation. Coarse resolution of General Circulation Model (GCM) output (usually at 100 - 300 km)cannot be used to evaluate variability at the local scale(10-20 km),hence the goal of this study was to develop a framework that could be used to understand impacts of climate change on occurrence of cholera. Instead of a traditional approach of downscaling precipitation, streamflow of the two rivers was directly linked to GCM outputs, achieving reasonable accuracy (R2 = 0.89 for the Ganges and R2 = 0.91 for the Brahmaputra)using machine learning algorithms (Support Vector Regression-Particle Swarm Optimization). Copula methods were used to determine probabilistic risks of cholera under several discharge conditions. Key results, using model outputs from ECHAM5, GFDL, andHadCM3for A1B and A2 scenarios, suggest that the combined low flow of the two rivers may increase in the future, with high flows increasing for first half of this century, decreasing thereafter. Spring and autumn cholera, assuming societal conditions remain constant e.g., at the current rate, may decrease. However significant shifts were noted in the magnitude of river discharge suggesting that cholera dynamics of the delta may well demonstrate an uncertain predictable pattern of occurrence over the next century.

  9. Projections of the Ganges-Brahmaputra precipitation: downscaled from GCM predictors

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Pervez, Md Shahriar; Henebry, Geoffrey M.

    2014-01-01

    Downscaling Global Climate Model (GCM) projections of future climate is critical for impact studies. Downscaling enables use of GCM experiments for regional scale impact studies by generating regionally specific forecasts connecting global scale predictions and regional scale dynamics. We employed the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) to downscale 21st century precipitation for two data-sparse hydrologically challenging river basins in South Asia—the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. We used CGCM3.1 by Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis version 3.1 predictors in downscaling the precipitation. Downscaling was performed on the basis of established relationships between historical Global Summary of Day observed precipitation records from 43 stations and National Center for Environmental Prediction re-analysis large scale atmospheric predictors. Although the selection of predictors was challenging during the set-up of SDSM, they were found to be indicative of important physical forcings in the basins. The precipitation of both basins was largely influenced by geopotential height: the Ganges precipitation was modulated by the U component of the wind and specific humidity at 500 and 1000 h Pa pressure levels; whereas, the Brahmaputra precipitation was modulated by the V component of the wind at 850 and 1000 h Pa pressure levels. The evaluation of the SDSM performance indicated that model accuracy for reproducing precipitation at the monthly scale was acceptable, but at the daily scale the model inadequately simulated some daily extreme precipitation events. Therefore, while the downscaled precipitation may not be the suitable input to analyze future extreme flooding or drought events, it could be adequate for analysis of future freshwater availability. Analysis of the CGCM3.1 downscaled precipitation projection with respect to observed precipitation reveals that the precipitation regime in each basin may be significantly impacted by climate change

  10. Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta: Balance of Subsidence, Sea level and Sedimentation in a Tectonically-Active Delta (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Steckler, M. S.; Goodbred, S. L.; Akhter, S. H.; Seeber, L.; Reitz, M. D.; Paola, C.; Nooner, S. L.; DeWolf, S.; Ferguson, E. K.; Gale, J.; Hossain, S.; Howe, M.; Kim, W.; McHugh, C. M.; Mondal, D. R.; Petter, A. L.; Pickering, J.; Sincavage, R.; Williams, L. A.; Wilson, C.; Zumberge, M. A.

    2013-12-01

    Bangladesh is vulnerable to a host of short and long-term natural hazards - widespread seasonal flooding, river erosion and channel avulsions, permanent land loss from sea level rise, natural groundwater arsenic, recurrent cyclones, landslides and huge earthquakes. These hazards derive from active fluvial processes related to the growth of the delta and the tectonics at the India-Burma-Tibet plate junctions. The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers drain 3/4 of the Himalayas and carry ~1 GT/y of sediment, 6-8% of the total world flux. In Bangladesh, these two great rivers combine with the Meghna River to form the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta (GBMD). The seasonality of the rivers' water and sediment discharge is a major influence causing widespread flooding during the summer monsoon. The mass of the water is so great that it causes 5-6 cm of seasonal elastic deformation of the delta discerned by our GPS data. Over the longer-term, the rivers are also dynamic. Two centuries ago, the Brahmaputra River avulsed westward up to 100 km and has since captured other rivers. The primary mouth of the Ganges has shifted 100s of km eastward from the Hooghly River over the last 400y, finally joining the Brahmaputra in the 19th century. These avulsions are influenced by the tectonics of the delta. On the east side of Bangladesh, the >16 km thick GBMD is being overridden by the Burma Arc where the attempted subduction of such a thick sediment pile has created a huge accretionary prism. The foldbelt is up to 250-km wide and its front is buried beneath the delta. The main Himalayan thrust front is <100 km north, but adjacent to the GBMD is the Shillong Massif, a 300-km long, 2-km high block of uplifted Indian basement that is overthrusting and depressing GBMD sediments to the south. The overthrusting Shillong Massif may represent a forward jump of the Himalayan front to a new plate boundary. This area ruptured in a ~M8 1897 earthquake. Subsidence from the tectonics and differential

  11. A first look at the influence of anthropogenic climate change on the future delivery of fluvial sediment to the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta.

    PubMed

    Darby, Stephen E; Dunn, Frances E; Nicholls, Robert J; Rahman, Munsur; Riddy, Liam

    2015-09-01

    We employ a climate-driven hydrological water balance and sediment transport model (HydroTrend) to simulate future climate-driven sediment loads flowing into the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) mega-delta. The model was parameterised using high-quality topographic data and forced with daily temperature and precipitation data obtained from downscaled Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations for the period 1971-2100. Three perturbed RCM model runs were selected to quantify the potential range of future climate conditions associated with the SRES A1B scenario. Fluvial sediment delivery rates to the GBM delta associated with these climate data sets are projected to increase under the influence of anthropogenic climate change, albeit with the magnitude of the increase varying across the two catchments. Of the two study basins, the Brahmaputra's fluvial sediment load is predicted to be more sensitive to future climate change. Specifically, by the middle part of the 21(st) century, our model results suggest that sediment loads increase (relative to the 1981-2000 baseline period) over a range of between 16% and 18% (depending on climate model run) for the Ganges, but by between 25% and 28% for the Brahmaputra. The simulated increase in sediment flux emanating from the two catchments further increases towards the end of the 21(st) century, reaching between 34% and 37% for the Ganges and between 52% and 60% for the Brahmaputra by the 2090s. The variability in these changes across the three climate change simulations is small compared to the changes, suggesting they represent a significant increase. The new data obtained in this study offer the first estimate of whether and how anthropogenic climate change may affect the delivery of fluvial sediment to the GBM delta, informing assessments of the future sustainability and resilience of one of the world's most vulnerable mega-deltas. Specifically, such significant increases in future sediment loads could increase the resilience

  12. Spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins to ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and drought

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Pervez, Md Shahriar; Henebry, Geoffry M.

    2015-01-01

    We evaluated the spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins as modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) modes using Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) full data reanalysis of monthly global land-surface precipitation data from 1901 to 2010 with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. The GPCC monthly total precipitation climatology targeting the period 1951–2000 was used to compute gridded monthly anomalies for the entire time period. The gridded monthly anomalies were averaged for the years influenced by combinations of climate modes. Occurrences of El Niño alone significantly reduce (88% of the long-term average (LTA)) precipitation during the monsoon months in the western and southeastern Ganges Basin. In contrast, occurrences of La Niña and co-occurrences of La Niña and negative IOD events significantly enhance (110 and 109% of LTA in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Basin, respectively) precipitation across both basins. When El Niño co-occurs with positive IOD events, the impacts of El Niño on the basins' precipitation diminishes. When there is no active ENSO or IOD events (occurring in 41 out of 110 years), precipitation remains below average (95% of LTA) in the agriculturally intensive areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Western Nepal in the Ganges Basin, whereas precipitation remains average to above average (104% of LTA) across the Brahmaputra Basin. This pattern implies that a regular water deficit is likely, especially in the Ganges Basin, with implications for the agriculture sector due to its reliance on consistent rainfall for successful production. Historically, major droughts occurred during El Niño and co-occurrences of El Niño and positive IOD events, while major flooding occurred during La Niña and co-occurrences of La Niña and negative IOD events in the basins. This observational analysis will facilitate well

  13. Between Sunda subduction and Himalayan collision: fertility, people and earthquakes on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seeber, L.; Steckler, M. S.; Akhter, S. H.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Gale, J.; McHugh, C. M.; Ferguson, E. K.; Mondal, D. R.; Paola, C.; Reitz, M. D.; Wilson, C.

    2014-12-01

    A foreland (Ganges) and a suture (Brahmaputra) river, which both drain the Himalaya, have coalesced to form Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD), the world's largest. The GBD progrades along the continental margin, coupled with an advancing subduction to collision transition, deforming the delta as it grows. A better understanding of this time-transgressive system is urgent now that humans are increasing their forcing of the system and exposure to environmental hazards. Among these, earthquake risk is rapidly growing as people move from rural settings into expanding cities, creating unprecedented exposure. The megathrust 1950 M8.7 earthquake in Assam occurred during the monsoon and released 10x the annual sediment load, causing progradation at the coast and a pulse of river widening that propagated downstream. The 1762 M8.8(?) along the Arakan coast extended into the shelf of the delta where coastal tsunami deposits have been identified recently. These events bracket a segment with no credible historic megathrust earthquakes, but could affect far more people. Geodetic and geologic data along this 300 km boundary facing the GBD show oblique contraction. The subaerial accretionary prism (Burma Ranges) is up to 250 km wide with a blind thrust front that reaches ½ way across the delta. The GPS convergence rate of 14 mm/y is consistent with large displacements and long interseismic times, which can account for lack of historic ruptures, but also the potential for catastrophic events. Active folds and shallow thrust earthquakes point to an additional threat from upper-plate seismicity. Much of the current seismicity is in the lower-plate and reaches as far west as Dhaka; it may pose an immediate threat. The folds, and the uplift and subsidence patterns also influence the courses of the rivers. North of the delta, the Shillong plateau is a huge basement cored anticline bounded by the north-dipping Dauki thrust fault. 7 mm/y of N-S shortening and 5 km of structural relief here

  14. Sediment Compaction Estimates in The Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta Using Changes in Ground Water Velocity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eisenrich, R.

    2016-12-01

    The combination of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Rivers has created the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD), which comprises most of Bangladesh. These rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal and carry two thousand tons of alluvial sediment each year, which are responsible for the accumulation of land in Bangladesh. As new layers of sediment are deposited the underlying layers begin to compress under the overlaying weight resulting in land subsidence, which can cause salt-water intrusion, structural destabilization, and an increased vulnerability to flooding. Subsidence is an important concern for much of Bangladesh because 6,000 km² of the GBD is positioned 2 m above sea level and 2,000 km² of the delta is located completely below sea level. During the monsoon season much of the countries ground water is within one meter of the surface. Therefore in this study we use changes in ground water velocity as a proxy for sediment compaction. We utilize a 10-year record of ground and surface water levels from >1200 gages and wells in Bangladesh to calculate the change in ground water velocities in Khulna and the Sylhet basin. Changes in ground water velocity are related to the relative sediment compaction of the study areas using the equation for ground water velocity, v=k/n (dh/dl) where v is velocity, k is hydraulic conductivity, n is porosity and dh/dl is the change in hydraulic head. We use the difference in hydraulic conductivity, which has a large variation with grain size and pore space of the rock/sediment, to calculate changes in sediment compaction over the ten-year period. We validate this approach using laboratory measurements of hydraulic conductivity in a Darcy tube in which compaction of the subject material is varied. Results from this experiment are also compared to in situ measurements of sediment compaction from optical fiber strain meters emplaced in the study areas.

  15. Coupled Landscape and Channel Dynamics in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Tidal Deltaplain, Southwest Bangladesh

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bomer, J.; Wilson, C.; Hale, R. P.

    2017-12-01

    In the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) and other tide-dominated systems, periodic flooding of the land surface during the tidal cycle promotes sediment accretion and surface elevation gain over time. However, over the past several decades, anthropogenic modification of the GBD tidal deltaplain through embankment construction has precluded sediment delivery to catchment areas, leading to widespread channel siltation and subsidence in poldered landscapes. Amongst the current discussion on GBD sustainability, the relationship between tidal inundation period and resultant sedimentation in natural and embanked settings remains unclear. Moreover, an evaluation of how riparian sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture changes across the GBD tidal-fluvial spectrum is notably absent, despite its critical importance in assessing geomorphic change in human-impacted transitional environments. To provide local-scale, longitudinal trends of coupled landscape-channel dynamics, an array of surface elevation tables, groundwater piezometers, and sediment traps deployed in natural and embanked settings have been monitored seasonally over a time span of 4 years. This knowledge base will be extended across the GBD tidal-fluvial transition by collecting sediment cores from carefully selected point bars along the Gorai River. Sediments will be analyzed for lithologic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical properties to provide an integrated framework for discerning depositional zones and associated facies assemblages across this complex transitional environment. Preliminary comparisons of accretion and hydroperiod data suggest that inundation duration strongly governs mass accumulation on the intertidal platform, though other factors such as mass extraction from sediment source and vegetation density may play secondary roles.

  16. Redox Zonation and Oscillation in the Hyporheic Zone of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: Implications for the Fate of Groundwater Arsenic during Discharge

    PubMed Central

    Jung, Hun Bok; Zheng, Yan; Rahman, Mohammad W.; Rahman, Mohammad M.; Ahmed, Kazi M.

    2015-01-01

    Riverbank sediment cores and pore waters, shallow well waters, seepage waters and river waters were collected along the Meghna Riverbank in Gazaria Upazila, Bangladesh in Jan. 2006 and Oct.-Nov. 2007 to investigate hydrogeochemical processes controlling the fate of groundwater As during discharge. Redox transition zones from suboxic (0-2 m depth) to reducing (2-5 m depth) then suboxic conditions (5-7 m depth) exist at sites with sandy surficial deposits, as evidenced by depth profiles of pore water (n=7) and sediment (n=11; diffuse reflectance, Fe(III)/Fe ratios and Fe(III) concentrations). The sediment As enrichment zone (up to ~700 mg kg−1) is associated with the suboxic zones mostly between 0-2 m depth and less frequently between 5-7 m depth. The As enriched zones consist of several 5 to 10 cm-thick dispersed layers and span a length of ~5-15 m horizontally from the river shore. Depth profiles of riverbank pore water deployed along a 32 m transect perpendicular to the river shore show elevated levels of dissolved Fe (11.6±11.7 mg L−1) and As (118±91 μg L−1, mostly as arsenite) between 2-5 m depth, but lower concentrations between 0-2 m depth (0.13±0.19 mg L−1 Fe, 1±1 μg L−1 As) and between 5-6 m depth (1.14±0.45 mg L−1 Fe, 28±17 μg L−1 As). Because it would take more than a few hundred years of steady groundwater discharge (~10 m yr−1) to accumulate hundreds of mg kg−1 of As in the riverbank sediment, it is concluded that groundwater As must have been naturally elevated prior to anthropogenic pumping of the aquifer since the 1970s. Not only does this lend unequivocal support to the argument that As occurrence in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta groundwater is of geogenic origin, it also calls attention to the fate of this As enriched sediment as it may recycle As into the aquifer. PMID:26855475

  17. Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India

    NASA Image and Video Library

    1994-11-14

    The Ganges River Delta is the largest inter-tidal delta in the world. With its extensive mangrove mud flats, swamp vegetation and sand dunes, it is characteristic of many tropical and subtropical coasts. As seen in this photograph, the tributaries and distributaries of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers deposit huge amounts of silt and clay that create a shifting maze of waterways and islands in the Bay of Bengal.

  18. Flood Risk Assessment and Forecasting for the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basins

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hopson, T. M.; Priya, S.; Young, W.; Avasthi, A.; Clayton, T. D.; Brakenridge, G. R.; Birkett, C. M.; Riddle, E. E.; Broman, D.; Boehnert, J.; Sampson, K. M.; Kettner, A.; Singh, D.

    2017-12-01

    During the 2017 South Asia monsoon, torrential rains and catastrophic floods affected more than 45 million people, including 16 million children, across the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basins. The basin is recognized as one of the world's most disaster-prone regions, with severe floods occurring almost annually causing extreme loss of life and property. In light of this vulnerability, the World Bank and collaborators have contributed toward reducing future flood impacts through recent developments to improve operational preparedness for such events, as well as efforts in more general preparedness and resilience building through planning based on detailed risk assessments. With respect to improved event-specific flood preparedness through operational warnings, we discuss a new forecasting system that provides probability-based flood forecasts developed for more than 85 GBM locations. Forecasts are available online, along with near-real-time data maps of rainfall (predicted and actual) and river levels. The new system uses multiple data sets and multiple models to enhance forecasting skill, and provides improved forecasts up to 16 days in advance of the arrival of high waters. These longer lead times provide the opportunity to save both lives and livelihoods. With sufficient advance notice, for example, farmers can harvest a threatened rice crop or move vulnerable livestock to higher ground. Importantly, the forecasts not only predict future water levels but indicate the level of confidence in each forecast. Knowing whether the probability of a danger-level flood is 10 percent or 90 percent helps people to decide what, if any, action to take. With respect to efforts in general preparedness and resilience building, we also present a recent flood risk assessment, and how it provides, for the first time, a numbers-based view of the impacts of different size floods across the Ganges basin. The findings help identify priority areas for tackling flood risks (for

  19. Isotopic tracing of the dissolved U fluxes of Himalayan rivers: implications for present and past U budgets of the Ganges-Brahmaputra system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chabaux, François; Riotte, Jean; Clauer, Norbert; France-Lanord, Christian

    2001-10-01

    U activity ratios have been measured in the dissolved loads of selected rivers from the Himalayan range, in Central Nepal, and from the Bangladesh, as well as in some rain waters. A few European and Asian rivers have also been analyzed for their U activity ratios. The data confirm the negligible effect of rainwater on the budget of dissolved U in river waters. The results also indicate that rivers on each Himalayan structural unit have homogeneous and specific U isotope compositions: i) (234U/238U) activity ratios slightly lower than unity in the dissolved load of the streams draining the Tethyan Sedimentary Series (TSS); ii) values slightly higher than unity for waters from the High Himalaya Crystalline (HHC) and the Lesser Himalaya (LH); iii) systematically higher (234U/238U) activity ratios for waters from the Siwaliks. Thus, U activity ratios, in association with Sr isotopic ratios, can be used to trace the sources of dissolved fluxes carried by these rivers. Coupling of U with Sr isotope data shows (1) that the U carried by the dissolved load of the Himalayan rivers mainly originates from U-rich lithologies of the TSS in the northern formations of the Tibetan plateau; and (2) that the elemental U and Sr fluxes carried by the Himalayan rivers at the outflow of the highlands are fairly homogeneous at the scale of the Himalayan chain. Rivers flowing on the Indian plain define a different trend from that of the Himalayan rivers in the U-Sr isotopic diagram, indicating the contribution of a specific floodplain component to the U and Sr budgets of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. The influence of this component remains limited to 10 to 15 percent for the U flux, but can contribute 35 to 55% of the Sr flux. The variations of the Sr and U fluxes of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system in response to climatic variations have been estimated by assuming a temporary cut off of the chemical fluxes from high-altitude terrains during glacial episodes. This scenario would

  20. Construction and maintenance of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta: linking process, morphology, and stratigraphy.

    PubMed

    Wilson, Carol A; Goodbred, Steven L

    2015-01-01

    We present a review of the processes, morphology, and stratigraphy of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (GBMD), including insights gained from detailed elevation data. The review shows that the GBMD is best characterized as a composite system, with different regions having morphologic and stratigraphic attributes of an upland fluvial fan delta; a lowland, backwater-reach delta; a downdrift tidal delta plain; and an offshore subaqueous-delta clinoform. These distinct areas of upland and lowland fluvial reaches and tidal dominance vary in time and space, and we distinguish late-Holocene phases of delta construction, maintenance, and decline similar to delta-lobe cycling in other systems. The overall stability of the GBMD landform, relative to many deltas, reflects the efficient, widespread dispersal of sediment by the large monsoon discharge and high-energy tides that affect this region. However, we do identify portions of the delta that are in decline and losing elevation relative to sea level owing to insufficient sediment delivery. These areas, some of which are well inland of the coast, represent those most at risk to the continued effect of sea-level rise.

  1. Modulation of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Plume by the Indian Ocean Dipole and Eddies Inferred From Satellite Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fournier, S.; Vialard, J.; Lengaigne, M.; Lee, T.; Gierach, M. M.; Chaitanya, A. V. S.

    2017-12-01

    The Bay of Bengal receives large amounts of freshwater from the Ganga-Brahmaputra (GB) river during the summer monsoon. The resulting upper-ocean freshening influences seasonal rainfall, cyclones, and biological productivity. Sparse in situ observations and previous modeling studies suggest that the East India Coastal Current (EICC) transports these freshwaters southward after the monsoon as an approximately 200 km wide, 2,000 km long "river in the sea" along the East Indian coast. Sea surface salinity (SSS) from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite provides unprecedented views of this peculiar feature from intraseasonal to interannual timescales. SMAP SSS has a 0.83 correlation and 0.49 rms-difference to 0-5 m in situ measurements. SMAP and in stu data both indicate a SSS standard deviation of ˜0.7 to 1 away from the coast, that rises to 2 pss within 100 km of the coast, providing a very favorable signal-to-noise ratio in coastal areas. SMAP also captures the strong northern BoB, postmonsoon cross-shore SSS contrasts (˜10 pss) measured along ship transects. SMAP data are also consistent with previous modeling results that suggested a modulation of the EICC/GB plume southward extent by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Remote forcing associated with the negative Indian Ocean Dipole in the fall of 2016 indeed caused a stronger EICC and "river in the sea" that extended by approximately 800 km further south than that in 2015 (positive IOD year). The combination of SMAP and altimeter data shows eddies stirring the freshwater plume away from the coast.Plain Language SummaryThe Bay of Bengal receives large quantity of freshwater from the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river during the monsoon. The resulting low-salinity sea surface has strong implications for the regional climate and living marine resources. In situ observations are too sparse to provide salinity maps in this basin, even every 3 months. In contrast, the SMAP</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29894869','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29894869"><span>Projections of historical and 21st century fluvial sediment delivery to the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna, Mahanadi, and Volta deltas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dunn, Frances E; Nicholls, Robert J; Darby, Stephen E; Cohen, Sagy; Zarfl, Christiane; Fekete, Balázs M</p> <p>2018-06-09</p> <p>Regular sediment inputs are required for deltas to maintain their surface elevation relative to sea level, which is important for avoiding salinization, erosion, and flooding. However, fluvial sediment inputs to deltas are being threatened by changes in upstream catchments due to climate and land use change and, particularly, reservoir construction. In this research, the global hydrogeomorphic model WBMsed is used to project and contrast 'pristine' (no anthropogenic impacts) and 'recent' historical fluvial sediment delivery to the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna, Mahanadi, and Volta deltas. Additionally, 12 potential future scenarios of environmental change comprising combinations of four climate and three socioeconomic pathways, combined with a single construction timeline for future reservoirs, were simulated and analysed. The simulations of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta showed a large decrease in sediment flux over time, regardless of future scenario, from 669 Mt/a in a 'pristine' world, through 566 Mt/a in the 'recent' past, to 79-92 Mt/a by the end of the 21st century across the scenarios (total average decline of 88%). In contrast, for the Mahanadi delta the simulated sediment delivery increased between the 'pristine' and 'recent' past from 23 Mt/a to 40 Mt/a (+77%), and then decreased to 7-25 Mt/a by the end of the 21st century. The Volta delta shows a large decrease in sediment delivery historically, from 8 to 0.3 Mt/a (96%) between the 'pristine' and 'recent' past, however over the 21st century the sediment flux changes little and is predicted to vary between 0.2 and 0.4 Mt/a dependent on scenario. For the Volta delta, catchment management short of removing or re-engineering the Volta dam would have little effect, however without careful management of the upstream catchments these deltas may be unable to maintain their current elevation relative to sea level, suggesting increasing salinization, erosion, flood hazards, and adaptation demands</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26PSL.478...89H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26PSL.478...89H"><span>Post-glacial climate forcing of surface processes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river basin and implications for carbon sequestration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hein, Christopher J.; Galy, Valier; Galy, Albert; France-Lanord, Christian; Kudrass, Hermann; Schwenk, Tilmann</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Climate has been proposed to control both the rate of terrestrial silicate weathering and the export rate of associated sediments and terrestrial organic carbon to river-dominated margins - and thus the rate of sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in the coastal ocean - over glacial-interglacial timescales. Focused on the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> rivers, this study presents records of post-glacial changes in basin-scale Indian summer monsoon intensity and vegetation composition based on stable hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic compositions of terrestrial plant wax compounds preserved in the channel-levee system of the Bengal Fan. It then explores the role of these changes in controlling the provenance and degree of chemical weathering of sediments exported by these rivers, and the potential climate feedbacks through organic-carbon burial in the Bengal Fan. An observed 40‰ shift in δD and a 3-4‰ shift in both bulk organic-carbon and plant-wax δ13C values between the late glacial and mid-Holocene, followed by a return to more intermediate values during the late Holocene, correlates well with regional post-glacial paleoclimate records. Sediment provenance proxies (Sr, Nd isotopic compositions) reveal that these changes likely coincided with a subtle focusing of erosion on the southern flank of the Himalayan range during periods of greater monsoon strength and enhanced sediment discharge. However, grain-size-normalized organic-carbon concentrations in the Bengal Fan remained constant through time, despite order-of-magnitude level changes in catchment-scale monsoon precipitation and enhanced chemical weathering (recorded as a gradual increase in K/Si* and detrital carbonate content, and decrease in H2O+/Si*, proxies) throughout the study period. These findings demonstrate a partial decoupling of climate change and silicate weathering during the Holocene and that marine organic-carbon sequestration rates primary reflect rates of physical erosion and sediment export</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B23F..04H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B23F..04H"><span>Post-Glacial Climate Forcing of Surface Processes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Basin and Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hein, C. J.; Galy, V.; France-Lanord, C.; Galy, A.; Kudrass, H. R.; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Silicate weathering coupled with carbonate precipitation and organic carbon (OC) burial in marine sediments are the primary mechanisms sequestering atmospheric CO2 over a range of timescales. The efficiency of both processes has long been mechanistically linked to climate: increased atmospheric CO2 sequestration under warm/wet conditions acts as a negative feedback, thereby contributing to global climate regulation. Over glacial-interglacial timescales, climate has been proposed to control the export rate of terrestrial silicate weathering products and terrestrial OC to river-dominated margins, as well as the rates of chemical weathering (i.e., the efficiency of carbon sequestration). Focused on the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> drainage basin, this study quantifies the relative role of climate change in the efficiency of silicate weathering and OC burial following the last glacial maximum. Stable hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic compositions of terrestrial plant wax compounds preserved in the Bengal Fan channel-levee system capture variations in the strength of the Indian summer monsoon and vegetation dynamics. Specifically, a 40‰ shift in δD and a 4‰ shift in both bulk OC and plant wax δ13C values between the late glacial and mid-Holocene, followed by a return to more intermediate values during the late Holocene, correlate well with regional post-glacial paleoclimate records. Sediment provenance proxies (Sr, Nd isotopic compositions) reveal that these changes coincided with a focusing of erosion on the southern flank of the Himalayan range during periods of greater monsoon strength and enhanced sediment discharge. However, OC loading, and thus carbon burial efficiency, in the Bengal Fan remained constant through time, demonstrating the primacy of physical erosion and climate-driven sediment export in marine OC sequestration. In contrast, a gradual increase in K/Si* and Ca/Si, and decrease in H2O+/Si*, throughout the study period may demonstrate the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.6379S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.6379S"><span>The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sorí, Rogert; Nieto, Raquel; Drumond, Anita; Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.; Gimeno, Luis</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle over the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basins (IRB, GRB, and BRB respectively) in the South Asian region was investigated. The 3-dimensional model FLEXPART v9.0 was utilized. An important advantage of this model is that it permits the computation of the freshwater budget on air parcel trajectories both backward and forward in time from 0.1 to 1000 hPa in the atmospheric vertical column. The analysis was conducted for the westerly precipitation regime (WPR) (November-April) and the monsoonal precipitation regime (MPR) (May-October) in the period from 1981 to 2015. The main terrestrial and oceanic climatological moisture sources for the IRB, GRB, and BRB and their contribution to precipitation over the basins were identified. For the three basins, the most important moisture sources for precipitation are (i) in the continental regions, the land masses to the west of the basins (in this case called western Asia), the Indian region (IR), and the basin itself, and (ii) from the ocean, the utmost sources being the Indian Ocean (IO) and the Bay of Bengal (BB), and it is remarkable that despite the amount of moisture reaching the Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basins from land sources, the moisture supply from the IO seems to be first associated with the rapid increase or decrease in precipitation over the sources in the MPR. The technique of the composites was used to analyse how the moisture uptake values spatially vary from the sources (the budget of evaporation minus precipitation (E - P) was computed in a backward experiment from the basins) but during the pre-onset and pre-demise dates of the monsoonal rainfall over each basin; this confirmed that over the last days of the monsoon at the basins, the moisture uptake areas decrease in the IO. The Indian region, the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the basins themselves are the main sources of moisture responsible for negative (positive) anomalies of moisture contribution to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1433K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1433K"><span>Contributions of a Strengthened Early Holocene Monsoon and Sediment Loading to Present-Day Subsidence of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karpytchev, M.; Ballu, V.; Krien, Y.; Becker, M.; Goodbred, S.; Spada, G.; Calmant, S.; Shum, C. K.; Khan, Z.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The contribution of subsidence to relative sea level rise in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> delta (GBD) is largely unknown and may considerably enhance exposure of the Bengal Basin populations to sea level rise and storm surges. This paper focuses on estimating the present-day subsidence induced by Holocene sediment in the Bengal Basin and by oceanic loading due to eustatic sea level rise over the past 18 kyr. Using a viscoelastic Earth model and sediment deposition history based on in situ measurements, results suggest that massive sediment influx initiated in the early Holocene under a strengthened South Asian monsoon may have contributed significantly to the present-day subsidence of the GBD. We estimate that the Holocene loading generates up to 1.6 mm/yr of the present-day subsidence along the GBD coast, depending on the rheological model of the Earth. This rate is close to the twentieth century global mean sea level rise (1.1-1.7 mm/yr). Thus, past climate change, by way of enhanced sedimentation, is impacting vulnerability of the GBD populations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816613K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816613K"><span>Contribution of Sediment Compaction/Loading to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Bangladesh Delta Subsidence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Karpytchev, Mikhail; Krien, Yann; Ballu, Valerie; Becker, Melanie; Calmant, Stephane; Spada, Giorgio; Guo, Junyi; Khan, Zahirul; Shum, Ck</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>A pronounced spatial variability characterizes the subsidence/uplift rates in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Bangladesh delta estimated from both sediment cores and modern geodetic techniques. The large variability of the subsidence rates suggests an interplay of different natural and anthropogenic processes including tectonics, sediment loading and sediment compaction, groundwater extaction among many others drivers of the delta vertical land movements.In this study, we focus on estimating the subsidence rates due to the sediments transported by the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> since the last 18 000 years. The delta subsidence induced by the sediment loading and the resulting sea level changes are modelled by the TABOO and SELEN software (Spada, 2003; Stocchi and Spada, 2007) in the framework of a gravitationally self-consistent Earth model. The loading history was obtained from available sediment cores and from the isopach map of Goodbread and Kuehl (2000). The results demonstrate that the delta loading enhanced by the Holocene sedimention can be responsable for a regular subsidence across the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> delta with an amplitude of 1-5 mm/yr along the Bengal coast. These estimates demonstrate that the contribution of the Holocene as well as modern sediment loading should be taken into account in climate change mitigation politicy for Bangladesh.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ECSS..183..370N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ECSS..183..370N"><span>Integrated assessment of social and environmental sustainability dynamics in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta, Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nicholls, R. J.; Hutton, C. W.; Lázár, A. N.; Allan, A.; Adger, W. N.; Adams, H.; Wolf, J.; Rahman, M.; Salehin, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Deltas provide diverse ecosystem services and benefits for their populations. At the same time, deltas are also recognised as one of the most vulnerable coastal environments, with a range of drivers operating at multiple scales, from global climate change and sea-level rise to deltaic-scale subsidence and land cover change. These drivers threaten these ecosystem services, which often provide livelihoods for the poorest communities in these regions. The imperative to maintain ecosystem services presents a development challenge: how to develop deltaic areas in ways that are sustainable and benefit all residents including the most vulnerable. Here we present an integrated framework to analyse changing ecosystem services in deltas and the implications for human well-being, focussing in particular on the provisioning ecosystem services of agriculture, inland and offshore capture fisheries, aquaculture and mangroves that directly support livelihoods. The framework is applied to the world's most populated delta, the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta within Bangladesh. The framework adopts a systemic perspective to represent the principal biophysical and socio-ecological components and their interaction. A range of methods are integrated within a quantitative framework, including biophysical and socio-economic modelling and analyses of governance through scenario development. The approach is iterative, with learning both within the project team and with national policy-making stakeholders. The analysis is used to explore physical and social outcomes for the delta under different scenarios and policy choices. We consider how the approach is transferable to other deltas and potentially other coastal areas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18502538','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18502538"><span>Quaternary stratigraphy, sediment characteristics and geochemistry of arsenic-contaminated alluvial aquifers in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> floodplain in central Bangladesh.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shamsudduha, M; Uddin, A; Saunders, J A; Lee, M-K</p> <p>2008-07-29</p> <p>This study focuses on the Quaternary stratigraphy, sediment composition, mineralogy, and geochemistry of arsenic (As)-contaminated alluvial aquifers in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> floodplain in the central Bangladesh. Arsenic concentrations in 85 tubewells in Manikganj area, 70 km northwest of Dhaka City, range from 0.25 microg/L to 191 microg/L with a mean concentration of 33 microg/L. Groundwater is mainly Ca-HCO(3) type with high concentrations of dissolved As, Fe, and Mn, but low level of SO(4). The uppermost aquifer occurs between 10 m and 80 m below the surface that has a mean arsenic concentration of 35 microg/L. Deeper aquifer (>100 m depth) has a mean arsenic concentration of 18 microg/L. Sediments in the upper aquifer are mostly gray to dark-gray, whereas sediments in the deep aquifer are mostly yellowing-gray to brown. Quartz, feldspar, mica, hornblende, garnet, kyanite, tourmaline, magnetite, ilmenite are the major minerals in sediments from both aquifers. Biotite and potassium feldspar are dominant in shallow aquifer, although plagioclase feldspar and garnet are abundant in deep aquifer sediments. Sediment composition suggests a <span class="hlt">mixed</span> provenance with sediment supplies from both orogenic belts and cratons. High arsenic concentrations in sediments are found within the upper 50 m in drilled core samples. Statistical analysis shows that As, Fe, Mn, Ca, and P are strongly correlated in sediments. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Bi also show strong correlations with arsenic in the Manikganj sediment cores. Authigenic goethite concretions, possibly formed by bacteria, are found in the shallow sediments, which contain arsenic of a concentration as high as 8.8 mg/kg. High arsenic concentrations in aquifers are associated with fine-grained sediments that were derived mostly from the recycled orogens and relatively rapidly deposited mainly by meandering channels during the Early to Middle Holocene rising sea-level conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21F1903T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21F1903T"><span>Modeling Elevation Equilibrium and Human Adaptation in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tasich, C. M.; Gilligan, J. M.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Hale, R. P.; Wilson, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The communities living in the low-lying tidal reaches of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> delta rely on a system of polders (earthen-embanked landscapes) to prevent against tidal inundation and storm surge. These communities initially thrived as a result of poldering due to the increase in the total arable land, which presently helps sustain a population of 20 million people. However, poldering led to the unintended consequence of reducing water and sediment exchange between the polders and the tidal network, which has resulted in a significant elevation offset of 1-1.5 m relative to that of the natural landscape. This offset causes significant waterlogging which is problematic for rice cultivation. Engineering solutions, such as Tidal River Management (TRM), have been proposed to help alleviate this offset. Previous work suggests with proper implementation of TRM, polder elevations can successfully be reequilibrated to that of the natural elevation on timescales of 5-20 years. However, TRM implementation requires community commitment to allowing controlled tidal inundation. Here, we expand previous numerical simulations of sediment accumulation through field-based constraints of grain size, compaction, and sea level rise. We then model human decision-making for implementation of TRM practices using an agent-based model. Our sediment model employs a mass balance of sediment accumulation as a function of tidal height, suspended sediment concentration, settling velocity, and dry bulk density. We couple this sediment model to an agent-based model of human decision making. We model a hypothetical 500 x 300 m polder community with the lowest elevations in the middle and the highest elevations adjacent to the tidal channels. Landowners assess their risk and profit for future scenarios with and without TRM. All landowner decisions are aggregated and then a community decision is made on whether to implement TRM. Initial findings suggest that basic voting (majority rule) results in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5747487','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5747487"><span>Future changes in hydro-climatic extremes in the Upper Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lutz, Arthur F.; Nepal, Santosh; Khanal, Sonu; Pradhananga, Saurav; Shrestha, Arun B.; Immerzeel, Walter W.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Future hydrological extremes, such as floods and droughts, may pose serious threats for the livelihoods in the upstream domains of the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>. For this reason, the impacts of climate change on future hydrological extremes is investigated in these river basins. We use a fully-distributed cryospheric-hydrological model to simulate current and future hydrological fluxes and force the model with an ensemble of 8 downscaled General Circulation Models (GCMs) that are selected from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model is calibrated on observed daily discharge and geodetic mass balances. The climate forcing and the outputs of the hydrological model are used to evaluate future changes in climatic extremes, and hydrological extremes by focusing on high and low flows. The outcomes show an increase in the magnitude of climatic means and extremes towards the end of the 21st century where climatic extremes tend to increase stronger than climatic means. Future mean discharge and high flow conditions will very likely increase. These increases might mainly be the result of increasing precipitation extremes. To some extent temperature extremes might also contribute to increasing discharge extremes, although this is highly dependent on magnitude of change in temperature extremes. Low flow conditions may occur less frequently, although the uncertainties in low flow projections can be high. The results of this study may contribute to improved understanding on the implications of climate change for the occurrence of future hydrological extremes in the Hindu Kush–Himalayan region. PMID:29287098</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC23C1083J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC23C1083J"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta Connectivity Analysis Using New Tools for the Automatic Extraction of Channel Networks from Remotely Sensed Imagery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jarriel, T. M.; Isikdogan, F.; Passalacqua, P.; Bovik, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>River deltas are one of the environmental ecosystems most threatened by climate change and anthropogenic activity. While their low elevation gradients and fertile soil have made them optimal for human inhabitation and diverse ecologic growth, it also makes them susceptible to adverse effects of sea level rise, flooding, subsidence, and manmade structures such as dams, levees, and dikes. One particularly large and threatened delta that is the focus area of this study, is the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta (GBMD) on the southern coast of Bangladesh/West Bengal India. In this study we analyze the GBMD channel network, identify areas of maximum change of the network, and use this information to predict how the network will respond under future scenarios. Landsat images of the delta from 1973 to 2017 are analyzed using new tools for the automatic extraction of channel networks from remotely sensed imagery [Isikdogan et al., 2017a, Isikdogan et al., 2017b]. The tools return channel width and channel centerline location at the resolution of the input imagery (30 m). Channel location variance over time is computed using the combined data from 1973 to 2017 and, based on this information, <span class="hlt">zones</span> of highest change in the system are identified (Figure 1). Network metrics measuring characteristics of the delta's channels and islands are calculated for each year of the study and compared to the variance results in order to identify what metrics capture this change. These results provide both a method to identify <span class="hlt">zones</span> of the GBMD that are currently experiencing the most change, as well as a means to predict what areas of the delta will experience network changes in the future. This information will be useful for informing coastal sustainability decisions about what areas of such a large and complex network should be the focus of remediation and mitigation efforts. Isikdogan, F., A. Bovik, P. Passalacqua (2017a), RivaMap: An Automated River Analysis and Mapping Engine, Remote</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1264N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1264N"><span>Food and Nutrition Security Trends, Determinants and Challenges in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nilsen, K.; van Soesbergen, A.; Matthews, Z.; Burgess, N.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In the last 20 years many developing countries have made considerable progress towards improving food security and nutrition. However, progress across countries and dimensions of food security have been uneven. While challenges to food security in the context of environmental and climate changes have been studied widely, limited evidence exists for their implications for food and nutrition security in tropical deltaic regions. Delta areas are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity and malnutrition due the specific environmental, climatic and human development factors affecting agricultural production and fisheries. These include coastal flooding and storm surges, deforestation, changes to river flow patterns and water tables, increased soil salinity and water quality degradation. Due to the large number of people living in deltaic regions and their importance in regional food production, there is a pressing need for a better understanding on how environmental factors affect food security and malnutrition. This study explores the potential impacts and challenges posed by environmental and climate change on food and nutrition security in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> delta. This delta is one of the world's largest delta's draining land from Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India and Nepal. The delta makes up around two thirds of the country of Bangladesh, a country facing high levels of child undernutrition, child mortality and a high number of people living under extreme poverty. By combining spatially explicit data from the 2007 and 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Bangladesh with satellite remote sensing data (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) for relevant growing seasons of rice, the strength of association between this climate related environmental variable and indicators of child nutrition (wasting and stunting) in the delta were evaluated. Our results show that NDVI for the growing season of rice can be used to determine trends in rice production</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC41F1144N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC41F1144N"><span>Comparing and contrasting observed adaptations in three deltas: the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Meghna-Brahmaputra</span>, Mahanadi and Volta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nicholls, R. J.; Suckall, N.; Mensah, A.; Mondal, S.; Dey, S.; Hazra, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In low and middle-income countries, many deltaic communities directly depend on the natural environment for income and well-being. Current environmental concerns that threaten deltaic communities, such as increasing salinity, sedimentation, erosion and subsidence are likely to be exacerbated by climate change and variability, for example sea-level rise, increased storminess and rising temperatures. Such changes, along with other social and environmental stressors, mean that communities must adapt. This paper outlines findings of a systematic review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature that examines observed adaptations in three deltas of differing sizes in various geographical contexts: the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Meghna-Brahmaputra</span> in India and Bangladesh, the Mahanadi in India, and the Volta in Ghana. It compares and contrasts various elements of observed adaptations, including who is driving the adaptation, the beneficiaries, barriers to participation and evidence for maladaptation. The predominant drivers of adaptation vary from government (at state level in India and national level in Bangladesh) and NGOs (in Ghana). Autonomous adaptations are not widely reported in the literature from any of the deltas. In all three deltas there is a focus on supporting adaptation in farming rather than fishing; despite the fact that fisheries contribute to local food security as well as national economies. Lack of access to financial, natural, physical and human capital are common barriers to adaptation in all three deltas. Additionally the Indian literature in particular highlights the lack of coordination between different government departments, coupled with an excessively top-down (state-driven) approach to adaptation. Maladaptation is most commonly reported in the literature from Bangladesh, for example, loss of employment of inland fishermen in embanked areas. The paper concludes by highlighting some of the implications of these findings for adaptation policy in deltas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP33A1912S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP33A1912S"><span>Evaluating order in vertical successions of deltaic Holocene sediments on the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sincavage, R.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Most stratigraphic models are predicated on the presence of cyclicity or some form of order in vertical successions of strata. In spite of this a priori assumption of ordered stratigraphy, rarely are statistical metrics employed to quantify cyclicity in sedimentary packages. The presence or absence of preserved order in vertical sedimentary successions has important implications for the nature of environmental signals that are transmitted into the rock record. We interrogate the Holocene sedimentary archive of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta (GBMD) in an effort to explore to what extent fluvio-deltaic deposits exhibit recognizable order. Specifically, we focus on grain size data to evaluate 1.) if stratigraphic order in vertical sedimentary successions can be identified and quantified, and 2.) if there are spatial patterns of stratigraphic order across the GBMD. A runs order metric r is used to identify sequences of coarsening and fining within an extensive borehole network. Observed grain size data are shuffled enough times to generate synthetic "random" stratigraphy, and a Monte Carlo simulation generates 5000 realizations. The distribution of r values from the Monte Carlo are compared to the r metric calculated from observed data to determine how likely the observed metric could be generated by chance. The spatial distribution of order metrics indicates a relationship between areas of enhanced mass extraction and preservation of fluvial successions that scale with modern bar deposits on the Jamuna River. Similarly, probability metrics indicate that vertical successions of grain size data unlikely to have been generated by chance are more likely to be found on distal areas of the delta where 60% of the input mass has been extracted. Combining a mass balance framework with simple statistical metrics has the potential of improving predictions of the stratigraphic architecture and the preservation of ordered vs. disordered signals in the sedimentary record.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736595','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736595"><span>Impacts of climate change and socio-economic scenarios on flow and water quality of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and Meghna (GBM) river systems: low flow and flood statistics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Whitehead, P G; Barbour, E; Futter, M N; Sarkar, S; Rodda, H; Caesar, J; Butterfield, D; Jin, L; Sinha, R; Nicholls, R; Salehin, M</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The potential impacts of climate change and socio-economic change on flow and water quality in rivers worldwide is a key area of interest. The <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) is one of the largest river basins in the world serving a population of over 650 million, and is of vital concern to India and Bangladesh as it provides fresh water for people, agriculture, industry, conservation and for the delta system downstream. This paper seeks to assess future changes in flow and water quality utilising a modelling approach as a means of assessment in a very complex system. The INCA-N model has been applied to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and Meghna river systems to simulate flow and water quality along the rivers under a range of future climate conditions. Three model realisations of the Met Office Hadley Centre global and regional climate models were selected from 17 perturbed model runs to evaluate a range of potential futures in climate. In addition, the models have also been evaluated using socio-economic scenarios, comprising (1) a business as usual future, (2) a more sustainable future, and (3) a less sustainable future. Model results for the 2050s and the 2090s indicate a significant increase in monsoon flows under the future climates, with enhanced flood potential. Low flows are predicted to fall with extended drought periods, which could have impacts on water and sediment supply, irrigated agriculture and saline intrusion. In contrast, the socio-economic changes had relatively little impact on flows, except under the low flow regimes where increased irrigation could further reduce water availability. However, should large scale water transfers upstream of Bangladesh be constructed, these have the potential to reduce flows and divert water away from the delta region depending on the volume and timing of the transfers. This could have significant implications for the delta in terms of saline intrusion, water supply, agriculture and maintaining crucial ecosystems such</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMED21C3460S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMED21C3460S"><span>Enhancing University Courses and Field Schools through Cross-cultural Exchange: Joint US-Bangladeshi Trips to the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> and Mississippi Deltas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Steckler, M. S.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Lowes, S.; Gilligan, J. M.; Ackerly, B.; Ahmed, K. M.; Akhter, S. H.; Sousa, D.; Wilson, C.; Datta, D. K.; Roy, K.; Mondal, D. R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>As part of an NSF PIRE grant, we have led four field trips for undergraduate, MS and PhD students to large deltaic systems. Three trips took US students to the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> (GB) delta in Bangladesh and one brought Bangladeshi faculty and students to the Mississippi (Miss.) delta in the US. An essential component in the learning process and overall experience of each trip was that ~2/5 of the participants were students and professors from Bangladesh. In all cases, the involvement of a substantial international cohort greatly broadened perspectives on the topics being covered. For example, in GBD the local geologic and cultural knowledge of the Bangladeshis deepened the learning and engagement of the US students, an outcome that was almost universally noted in student reviews. The trips received similar feedback from Bangladeshi participants, as they had an enthusiastic and engaged audience of peers from the US. Even for the Miss. delta trip, the Bangladeshis added a unique perspective from a nation that faces similar environmental issues. These overwhelmingly positive contributions have been experienced in several different contexts. Three trips were associated with US courses and run over Spring Break. One matched sustainable development undergrads at Columbia U. with geology undergrads from Dhaka U., and two others matched a <span class="hlt">mixed</span> group of graduate and undergrad students from Vanderbilt U. with cohorts from Bangladesh. The fourth trip was a stand-alone Field School for PhD students from 14 US universities and mostly MS students from 4 Bangladeshi universities. The focus of each trip ranged from broader surveys of tectonic, fluvial and coastal processes to investigations of geology and people affected by tropical storms. Of particular interest was the success of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> undergrad and graduate students in the Vanderbilt course, which centered on the intersection of social sciences, physical sciences, and engineering. In this case, undergrads engaged in a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H31N..01I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H31N..01I"><span>Understanding the drivers of the future water gap in the Indus-<span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Immerzeel, W. W.; Wijngaard, R. R.; Biemans, H.; Lutz, A. F.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (IGB) river systems provide water resources for the agricultural, domestic and industrial sectors sustaining the lives of about 700 million people. The region is globally a hotspot for climate change as the headwaters of these rivers are fed by melt water from snow and glaciers, both strongly influenced by temperature change. In addition, the hydrology in the region is determined by the monsoon and its future dynamics as a results of climate change remains very uncertain. Simultaneously, the population is projected to grow rapidly over the coming decades, which in combination with strong economic developments, will likely result in a rapid increase in water demand. In this study we attempt to quantify the future water gap in the IGB and attribute this water gap to climate change and socio-economic growth. For the upstream mountainous parts of the basins we use the SPHY model, which is calibrated based on historical streamflow and glacier mass balance data and forced by the latest CMIP5 future climate model data for RCP4.5 and 8.5. Output of this model feeds into the downstream LPJmL model, which allows assessment of downstream climate change impacts and projected changes in water demand as a result of socio-economic developments. The LPJmL model is run for different combinations of RCPs and Shared Socio Economic Pathways (SSPs). Our results show that for the IGB as a whole climate change will increase water availability in the coming decades, due to an overall, albeit uncertain, increase in monsoon precipitation in combination with a sustained melt water supply from the upstream parts of the basins. However, irrespective of the SSP and RCP, the water demand as a result of socio-economic growth is expected to increase extremely fast in the near future and this is likely to be the main adaptation challenge for the IGB as far as water shortages are concerned. Our results also show that regional and temporal variation in the water gap</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP41A0902G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP41A0902G"><span>New insights on the subsidence of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta Plain by using 2D multichannel seismic data, gravity and flexural modeling, BanglaPIRE Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grall, C.; Pickering, J.; Steckler, M. S.; Spiess, V.; Seeber, L.; Paola, C.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Palamenghi, L.; Schwenk, T.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Deltas can subside very fast, yet many deltas remain emergent over geologic time. A large sediment input is often enough to compensate for subsidence and rising sea level to keep many deltas at sea level. This implies a balance between subsidence and sedimentation, both of which may, however, be controlled by independent factors such as sediment supply, tectonic loads and sea-level change. We here examine the subsidence of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta (GBD). Located in the NE boundary of the Indian-Eurasian collision <span class="hlt">zone</span>, the GBD is surrounded by active uplifts (Indo-Burma Fold Belt and the Shillong Massif). The pattern of subsidence from these tectonic loads can strongly vary depending on both loads and lithospheric flexural rigidity, both of which can vary in space and time. Sediment cover changes both the lithostatic pressure and the thermal properties and thus the rigidity of the lithosphere. While sediments are deposited cold, they also insulate the lithosphere, acting as a thermal blanket to increase lower crustal temperatures. These effects are a function of sedimentation rates and may be more important where the lithosphere is thin. At the massive GBD the impact of sedimentation should be considered for properly constraining flexural subsidence. The flexural rigidity of the lithosphere is here modeled by using a yield-stress envelope based on a thermomechanic model that includes geothermal changes associated with sedimentation. Models are constrained by using two different data sets, multichannel seismic data correlated to borehole stratigraphy, and gravity data. This approach allows us to determine the Holocene regional distribution of subsidence from the Hinge <span class="hlt">Zone</span> to the Bengal Fan and the mass-anomalies associated with the flexural loading. Different end-member scenarios are explored for reproducing the observed land tilting and gravity anomalies. For all scenarios considered, data can be reproduced only if we consider an extremely weak lithosphere and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP34B..05N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP34B..05N"><span>Delta Morphodynamics Matters! Ecosystem Services, Poverty and Morphodynamic Change in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Mega-Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nicholls, R. J.; Adger, N.; Allan, A.; Darby, S. E.; Hutton, C.; Matthews, Z.; Rahman, M.; Whitehead, P. G.; Wolf, J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The world's deltas are probably the most vulnerable type of coastal environment, and they face multiple stresses in the coming decades. These stresses include, amongst others, local drivers due to land subsidence, population growth and urbanisation within the deltas, regional drivers due to changes in catchment management (e.g. upstream land use and dam construction), as well as global climate change impacts such as sea-level rise. At the same time, the ecosystem services of river deltas support high population densities, with around 14% of the global population inhabiting deltas. A large proportion of these people experience extremes of poverty and they are therefore severely exposed to vulnerability from environmental and ecological stress and degradation. In areas close to or below the poverty boundary, both subsistence and cash elements of the economy tend to rely disproportionately heavily on ecosystem services which underpin livelihoods. Therefore, to sustainably manage delta environments they must be viewed as complex social-environmental systems where change is only partially driven by physical drivers such as sea level rise and climate change, and human-induced development activities are also critical. Here we outline a new conceptual framework for the development of methods to understand and characterise the key drivers of change in ecosystem services that affect the environment and economic status of populous deltas, focusing specifically on the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) mega-delta. The GBM delta is characterised by densely populated coastal lowlands with significant poverty, with livelihoods supported to a large extent by natural ecosystems such as the Sunderbahns (the largest mangrove forest in the world). However, the GBM delta is under severe development pressure due to many growing cities. At present the importance of ecosystems services to poverty and livelihoods is poorly understood. This is due to due to the complexity of interactions</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP31A0847W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP31A0847W"><span>Geomorphology and Landscape Evolution Model for the natural and human-impacted regions of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, C.; Goodbred, S. L.; Wallace Auerbach, L.; Ahmed, K.; Paola, C.; Reitz, M. D.; Pickering, J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta (GBMD) in south Asia is generally considered a tide-dominated system, but much of the subaerial delta plain is geomorphically similar to river-dominated systems such as the Mississippi River delta, with a well-developed distributary network separated by low-lying, organic-rich interdistributary basins. By contrast, the lower GBMD is dominated by tidal processes and comprises a 100-km wide coastal plain with dense, interconnected tidal channels that are amalgamated to the seaward edge of the river-dominated portion of the delta. These distinct river- and tide-dominated geomorphic regions are simultaneously sustained by the enormous sediment load of the GBM rivers and its efficient dispersal via the distributary channel network and onshore advection by tides. Together these processes have resulted in the ability of the GBMD to keep pace with sea-level rise throughout the Holocene, with comparatively little shoreline transgression. However, topographic data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) highlight low-lying regions of the delta that are located at the interface of the river- and tide-dominated portions of the delta, where the transport energy of small distributaries and the upper tidal <span class="hlt">zone</span> go to zero. As a result, these are the most sediment-starved regions of the delta and those most at risk to flooding by the summer monsoon and storm surges. Compounding the slow rates of sedimentation and high local organic content, these regions have been strongly affected by the construction of embankments (polders) that artificially de-water the soils and accelerate organic decomposition during the dry season, and further starve the land surface of sediment. Here, we present an integrated conceptual model for the geomorphic evolution of the GBMD that incorporates river- and tide-dominated regions in conjunction with channel-avulsion processes and delta-lobe construction. Each of these is also overprinted by tectonic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21F1902W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21F1902W"><span>Channel Capture as a Response to Anthropogenic Modification of a Tidal Landscape: <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta, Southwest Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, C.; Bain, R. L.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Hale, R. P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Studies of tidal channel dynamics frequently emphasize "morphologically short" spatial scales (i.e., settings in which the cross-system tidal propagation time is negligible) or idealized single-channel planforms. In contrast, tides in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta (GBMD) propagate more than 100 kilometers inland from the coast through a network of interconnected tidal estuaries, producing complex hydrodynamic behavior that remains poorly understood. Intense anthropogenic modification of the GBMD landscape further complicates tidally-driven, natural delta surface maintenance. Analyzing this system is particularly urgent given the current trend of rising sea level and its associated impacts on coastal communities.We present results from an ongoing field investigation of tidal waveform interaction and mass exchange between the Pussur and Shibsa Rivers, two large macrotidal estuaries in the southwestern GBMD. In the 1960s, construction of earthen embankments ("polders") eliminated regular tidal inundation for a vast region of the tidal platform, shrinking the Shibsa and Pussur basins by an estimated 1000 km2 and 700 km2, respectively. Conservation of mass predicts that a reduction in tidal basin area will decrease peak flow velocities and induce channel siltation; indeed, 100 km2 of secondary channels at the distal end of the tidal range have partly or fully closed in recent decades. The Pussur is likewise rapidly shoaling, restricting navigational access along a major shipping route. However, discharge and bathymetric datasets indicate that the adjacent Shibsa conveys three to four times more water than the Pussur and is actively scouring its bed, contrary to its predicted response to polder construction. Our field measurements are consistent with an ongoing channel capture event in which the Shibsa floods and drains a progressively greater portion of the former Pussur basin, allowing the Shibsa to widen and deepen despite the regional trend of channel</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463004','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463004"><span>Confronting youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in the intensive care unit.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Akiyama, Cliff</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence has continued its upward trend nationwide. It was once thought that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> convened only in selected areas, which left churches, schools, and hospitals as "neutral" territory. Unfortunately, this is a fallacy. The results of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence pour into hospitals and into intensive care units regularly. The media portrays California as having a <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence problem; however, throughout the United States, <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence has risen more than 35% in the past year. Youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence continues to rise dramatically with more and more of our youth deciding to join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> each day. Sadly, every state has <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and the problem is getting much worse in areas that would never have thought about <span class="hlt">gangs</span> a year ago. These "new generation" of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members is younger, much more violent, and staying in the <span class="hlt">gang</span> longer. <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> are not just an urban problem. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> activity is a suburban and rural problem too. There are more than 25 500 <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in the United States, with a total <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership of 850 000. Ninety-four percent of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are male and 6% are female. The ethnic composition nationwide includes 47% Latino, 31% African American, 13% White, 7% Asian, and 2% "<span class="hlt">mixed</span>," according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention of the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result of the ongoing proliferation of youth street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in our communities, it is imperative that critical care nurses and others involved with the direct care become educated about how to identify <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, their activities, and understand their motivations. Such education and knowledge will help provide solutions to families and the youth themselves, help eradicate the problem of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and keep health care professionals safe.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AMT.....9.1685K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AMT.....9.1685K"><span>Interannual variability of temperature in the UTLS region over <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna river basin based on COSMIC GNSS RO data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khandu; Awange, Joseph L.; Forootan, Ehsan</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Poor reliability of radiosonde records across South Asia imposes serious challenges in understanding the structure of upper-tropospheric and lower-stratospheric (UTLS) region. The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission launched in April 2006 has overcome many observational limitations inherent in conventional atmospheric sounding instruments. This study examines the interannual variability of UTLS temperature over the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) river basin in South Asia using monthly averaged COSMIC radio occultation (RO) data, together with two global reanalyses. Comparisons between August 2006 and December 2013 indicate that MERRA (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research Application) and ERA-Interim (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis) are warmer than COSMIC RO data by 2 °C between 200 and 50 hPa levels. These warm biases with respect to COSMIC RO data are found to be consistent over time. The UTLS temperature show considerable interannual variability from 2006 to 2013 in addition to warming (cooling) trends in the troposphere (stratosphere). The cold (warm) anomalies in the upper troposphere (tropopause region) are found to be associated with warm ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) phase, while quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is negatively (positively) correlated with temperature anomalies at 70 hPa (50 hPa) level. PCA (principal component analysis) decomposition of tropopause temperatures and heights over the basin indicate that ENSO accounts for 73 % of the interannual (non-seasonal) variability with a correlation of 0.77 with Niño3.4 index whereas the QBO explains about 10 % of the variability. The largest tropopause anomaly associated with ENSO occurs during the winter, when ENSO reaches its peak. The tropopause temperature (height) increased (decreased) by about 1.5 °C (300 m) during the last major El Niño event of 2009/2010. In general, we find decreasing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMEP52A..05W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMEP52A..05W"><span>The development of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> tidal delta plain: construction to maintenance phase changes in platform and channel morphology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, C.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Hale, R. P.; Bain, R. L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The lower <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> (G-B) delta can be divided into the fluvial-tidal river mouth and distributaries under active construction by the G-B rivers, and the distal tidally maintained deltaplain. In the active river-mouth, distributaries have constructed 5,000 km2 of large, coalescing islands that define the prograding coastline and subaerial-delta front. Although seasonal riverbank erosion is common, the area as a whole has gained land, primarily via horizontal and vertical accretion of intertidal mudflats and seaward progradation of emergent, tidally-elongated sandy channel-mouth bars. An analysis of historical imagery within the active river mouth shows larger and higher order channels form as merging bars and shoal-islands constrict distributary channels, while lower order creeks emerge secondarily, presumably as flow on shoaling intertidal mudflats becomes channelized and mangrove vegetation takes hold. With waning fluvial input (occurring from major distributary migration or avulsion), tidal and marine processes exhibit a stronger control on sediment transport and distribution, as is happening in the downdrift areas of the G-B tidal delta plain. The relatively pristine Sundarbans mangrove forest covers 4,100 km2 along the coast, while 11,200 km2 of the lower tidal delta plain is densely inhabited (population density up to 1,000/km2) and embanked for agricultural purposes. Although considered moribund or abandoned from direct fluvial sediment input, distal portions of the tidal delta are connected to the sediment transport system by its dense network of tidal channels. The subaerial landscape that was initially constructed by the point-sourced input of coarser-grained fluvial sediment from the mainstem rivers is thereafter maintained predominantly by onshore tidal sediment transport of finer-grained silt, and we observe accretion rates as high as 2-4 cm/y supported on the mangrove platform during the monsoon season. The tidal channels show evidence of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMEP12A..03S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMEP12A..03S"><span>Interpreting Field-based Observations of Complex Fluvial System Behavior through Theory and Numerical Models: Examples from the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sincavage, R.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Pickering, J.; Diamond, M. S.; Paola, C.; Liang, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Field observations of depositional systems using outcrop, borehole, and geophysical data stimulate ideas regarding process-based creation of the sedimentary record. Theory and numerical modeling provide insight into the often perplexing nature of these systems by isolating the processes responsible for the observed response. An extensive dataset of physical and chemical sediment properties from field data in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta (GBMD) indicate the presence of complex, multi-dimensional fluvial system behaviors. Paleodischarges during the last lowstand were insufficient to generate paleovalley geometries and transport boulder-sized basal gravel as observed in densely-spaced (3-5 km) borehole data and a 255 km long fluvial multichannel seismic survey. Instead, uniform flow-derived flood heights and Shields-derived flow velocities based on measured field observations support the conclusion that previously documented megafloods conveyed through the Tsangpo Gorge created the antecedent topography upon which the Holocene sediment dispersal system has since evolved. In the fault-bounded Sylhet Basin east of the main valley system, borehole data reveal three principal mid-Holocene sediment delivery pathways; two that terminate in the basin interior and exhibit rapid mass extraction, and one located along the western margin of Sylhet Basin that serves to bypass the basin interior to downstream depocenters. In spite of topographically favorable conditions and enhanced subsidence rates for delivery into the basin, the fluvial system has favored the bypass-dominated pathway, leaving the central basin perennially underfilled. A "hydrologic barrier" effect from seasonally high monsoon-lake levels has been proposed as a mechanism that precludes sediment delivery to Sylhet Basin. However, numerical models with varying lake level heights indicate that the presence or absence of a seasonal lake has little effect on channel path selection. Rather, it appears that pre</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29789592','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29789592"><span>Allogenic and Autogenic Signals in the Stratigraphic Record of the Deep-Sea Bengal Fan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Blum, Mike; Rogers, Kimberly; Gleason, James; Najman, Yani; Cruz, Jarrett; Fox, Lyndsey</p> <p>2018-05-22</p> <p>The Himalayan-sourced <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river system and the deep-sea Bengal Fan represent Earth's largest sediment-dispersal system. Here we present detrital zircon U-Pb provenance data from Miocene to middle Pleistocene Bengal Fan turbidites, and evaluate the influence of allogenic forcing vs. autogenic processes on signal propagation from the Himalaya to the deep sea. Our data record the strong tectonic and climatic forcing characteristic of the Himalayan system: after up to 2500 km of river transport, and >1400 km of transport by turbidity currents, the U-Pb record faithfully represents Himalayan sources. Moreover, specific U-Pb populations record Miocene integration of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> drainage with the Asian plate, as well as the rapid Plio-Pleistocene incision through, and exhumation of, the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The record is, however, biased towards glacial periods when rivers were extended across the shelf in response to climate-forced sea-level fall, and discharged directly to slope canyons. Finally, only part of the record represents a <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> or <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> provenance end-member, and most samples represent <span class="hlt">mixing</span> from the two systems. <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> or the lack thereof likely represents the fingerprint of autogenic delta-plain avulsions, which result in the two rivers delivering sediment separately to a shelf-margin canyon or merging together as they do today.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909912','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909912"><span>Bullying and <span class="hlt">gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>White, Rob; Mason, Ron</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Although bullying is associated with <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, questions arise as to whether bullying, as such, takes place within <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. To provide a critical analysis of bullying as this pertains to youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and especially to violence within <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and as applied to the behaviour of individual <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Young men between 12 and 25 years of age. Review of relevant literature with a view to theorising the nature of the relationship between bullying and violence within a youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> context. Bullying is associated with the reasons why individuals join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and with <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related behaviour, but the violence within a <span class="hlt">gang</span> is of a different character than that usually described by the term bullying. Bullying has implications for related and/or subsequent types of street violence, but is less relevant for descriptions of violence within a youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> context as such.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED434969.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED434969.pdf"><span>Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: An Overview. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Series.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>This bulletin provides an overview of the problems that youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> pose. It pinpoints the differences between youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and adult criminal organizations and examines the risk factors that lead to youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Some promising strategies being used to curb youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement are reviewed. The proliferation of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> since 1980…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1256G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1256G"><span>Insights about the interaction between sea-level rise, sediment accumulation and subsidence: the example of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Delta during the Holocene</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grall, C.; Steckler, M. S.; Pickering, J.; Goodbred, S. L., Jr.; Sincavage, R.; Hossain, S.; Paola, C.; Spiess, V.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The hazard associated with sea-level rise (shoreline erosion, flooding and wetlands loss) may dramatically increase when human interventions interfere with the natural responses of the coastal regions to the eustatic rise. We here provide insights about such natural processes, by documenting the manner in which subsidence, sediment input and sediment distribution interact together during the well-known Holocene eustatic rise period, in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>- <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta (GBMD) in Bangladesh. The dataset combines more than 400 hand-drilled stratigraphic wells, 185 radiocarbon ages, and seismic reflection imaging data (255 km of high resolution multichannel seismic dataset), collected thanks to recent research in the BanglaPIRE project. We use two independent approaches for analyzing this broad dataset. First, we estimate the total volume of Holocene sediments in the GBMD. In doing so, we define empirical laws to build up a virtual model of sediment accumulation that takes into account the contrasts in accumulation between rivers and alluvial plains as well as the regional seaward gradient of sediment accumulation. As the evolution of river occupation over the Holocene at the regional scale is now relatively well constrained, we estimate the total volume of sediment deposited in the Delta during the Holocene. Secondly, we use detailed age-models of sediment accumulation at 92 sites (based on 185 radiocarbon ages) for distinguishing the effects of eustasy and subsidence on the sediment accumulation in the different domains of the delta (namely the tidal dominated plain and the fluvial dominated plain). Using these two independent approaches, we are able to quantify the natural subsidence and the relative distribution of subsidence. We emphasize the difference between the subsidence and the sediment accumulation, by showing that sediment accumulation is more than twice the subsidence on average during the Holocene, which allows us to quantify the increase of sediment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED537424.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED537424.pdf"><span>Becoming a <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Member: Youth Life and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Morch, Sven; Andersen, Helle</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for understanding the growth in youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> behaviour. The paper builds on a youth theory perspective and describes how the social conditions work with or are against the young individual in such a way that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> seem to be an option or an answer for some young people when faced with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/cornell-mixing-zone-expert-system','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/cornell-mixing-zone-expert-system"><span>Cornell <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Expert System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>This page provides an overview Cornell <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Expert System water quality modeling and decision support system designed for environmental impact assessment of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> resulting from wastewater discharge from point sources</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29087253','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29087253"><span>Differentiating <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members, <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Affiliates, and Violent Men on Their Psychiatric Morbidity and Traumatic Experiences.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wood, Jane L; Kallis, Constantinos; Coid, Jeremy W</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Little is known about the differences between <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates-or those individuals who associate with <span class="hlt">gangs</span> but are not <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Even less is known about how these groups compare with other violent populations. This study examined how <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates, and violent men compare on mental health symptoms and traumatic experiences. Data included a sample of 1,539 adult males, aged 19 to 34 years, taken from an earlier survey conducted in the United Kingdom. Participants provided informed consent before completing questionnaires and were paid £5 for participation. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare participants' symptoms of psychiatric morbidity and traumatic event exposure. Findings showed that, compared to violent men and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members had experienced more severe violence, sexual assaults, and suffered more serious/life-threatening injuries. Compared to violent men, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates had made more suicide attempts; had self-harmed more frequently; and had experienced more domestic violence, violence at work, homelessness, stalking, and bankruptcy. Findings further showed a decreasing gradient from <span class="hlt">gang</span> members to <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliates to violent men in symptom levels of anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, pathological gambling, stalking others, and drug and/or alcohol dependence. Depression symptoms were similar across groups. The identified relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, affiliation, and adverse mental health indicates that mental health in <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership deserves more research attention. Findings also indicate that criminal justice strategies need to consider <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' mental health more fully, if <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is to be appropriately addressed and reduced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=failed+AND+states+AND+concept&pg=7&id=ED372155','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=failed+AND+states+AND+concept&pg=7&id=ED372155"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in America.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Huff, C. Ronald, Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This book comprised of theories and findings from researchers concerning youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in the United States, is organized into the following five parts: (1) Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives on the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> and the Community; (2) Defining and Measuring <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence; (3) Diffusion, Diversity, and Drugs; (4) Assessing the Changing Knowledge…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2705161','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2705161"><span>DIFFERENT STROKES FOR DIFFERENT <span class="hlt">GANGS</span>? AN ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL AMONG LATINO AND ASIAN <span class="hlt">GANG</span> MEMBERS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>PIH, KAY KEI-HO; DE LA ROSA, MARIO; RUGH, DOUGLAS; MAO, KUORAY</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> activity and membership were noted to be significantly related to financial rewards. As such, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity should also be understood from an economic perspective. In this article, Pierre Bourdieu's framework of capital is used to analyze two separate samples of Latino and Asian <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Stark contrasts in socioeconomic backgrounds are recorded among the two samples of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and activities are also noticeably dissimilar. Accessibility to economic, cultural, and social capital is argued to affect <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and activities. The results suggest that the availability of legitimate and illegitimate capital greatly affects the trajectory and the length of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Also, <span class="hlt">gangs</span> provide significant material and social capital for the respondents of the study. PMID:19578563</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA08798.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA08798.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Quagmire</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-09-27</p> <p>This MOC image shows dark-toned, windblown sands and ripples, surrounding a light-toned hill, interpreted to be sedimentary rock, in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma is part of the giant Valles Marineris trough system on Mars</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+social+AND+climate+AND+social+AND+skills+AND+high+AND+school+AND+students&id=ED358204','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+social+AND+climate+AND+social+AND+skills+AND+high+AND+school+AND+students&id=ED358204"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Arthur, Richard; Erickson, Edsel</p> <p></p> <p>This book explores the U.S. <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem, based on the author's 35 years of experience as a high school and junior high school teacher, principal, and community organizer in Oakland and Los Angeles (California). Chapters discuss the subculture of <span class="hlt">gang</span> worlds, reasons why youth are attracted to <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, how educators can reach out to students, the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP51D..04B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP51D..04B"><span>Allogenic and Autogenic Signals in the Detrital Zircon U-Pb Record of the Deep-Sea Bengal Fan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Blum, M. D.; Rogers, K. G.; Gleason, J. D.; Najman, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Himalayan-sourced <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river system and the deep-sea Bengal Fan represent Earth's largest sediment-dispersal system. This presentation summarizes a new detrital zircon U-Pb (DZ) provenance record from the Bengal Fan from cores collected during IODP Expedition 354, with coring sites located 1350 km downdip from the shelf margin. Each of our 15 samples were collected from medium- to fine-grained turbidite sand and, based on shipboard biostratigraphic analyses, our samples are late Miocene to late Pleistocene in age. Each sample was analyzed by LA-ICPMS at the Arizona Laserchron facility, with an average of n=270 concordant U-Pb ages per sample. Our goals are to use these data to evaluate the influence of allogenic controls vs. autogenic processes on signal propagation from source-to-sink. At the first order, large-scale sediment transfer to the Bengal Fan clearly records the strong tectonic and climatic forcing associated with the Himalayas and <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> system: after up to 2500 km of river transport, and 1350 km of transport in turbidity currents, the DZ record faithfully represents Himalayan source terrains. The sand-rich turbidite part of the record is nevertheless biased towards glacial periods when rivers extended across the shelf in response to climate-forced sea-level fall, and discharged directly to slope canyons. However, only part of the Bengal Fan DZ record represents either the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> or the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, with most samples representing varying degrees of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of sediments from the two systems: this <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, or the lack thereof, represents the signal of autogenic avulsions on the delta plain that result in the two river systems delivering sediment separately to the shelf margin, or together as they do today. Within the allogenic framework established by tectonic processes, the climatic system, and global climate-forced sea-level change, the DZ U-Pb record of sediment <span class="hlt">mixing</span> or the lack thereof provides a fingerprint of autogenic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA471229','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA471229"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Central America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2007-08-02</p> <p>Societal stigmas against <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span>- deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving a <span class="hlt">gang</span> extremely difficult. A recent...often unwilling to hire them. Tattooed former <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, especially returning deportees from the United States who are often native English...recipients of deportees on a per capita basis. For all Central American countries, with the exception of Panama, those deported on criminal grounds</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488679','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488679"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Central America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-10-17</p> <p>livelihood, and protection. Societal Stigmas. Societal stigmas against <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span>- deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving...Ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members report that employers are often unwilling to hire them. Tattooed former <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, especially returning deportees from the United...American countries, with the exception of Panama, have a lower percentage of criminal deportees than the regional average. For example, criminal</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1514001N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1514001N"><span>Morphotectonic study of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin using geoinformatics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nath Sarma, Jogendra; Acharjee, Shukla; murgante, Beniamino</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River basin occupies an area of 580,000 km2 lying in Tibet (China), Bhutan, India and Bangladesh. It is bounded on the north by the Nyen-Chen-Tanghla mountains, on the east by the Salween River basin and Patkari range of hills, on the south by Nepal Himalayas and the Naga Hills and on the west by the Ganga sub-basin. <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river originates at an elevation of about 5150 m in south-west Tibet and flows for about 2900 km through Tibet (China), India and Bangladesh to join the Ganga.. The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River basin is investigated to examine the influence of active structures by applying an integrated study on geomorphology, morphotectonics, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using topographic map, satellite data, SRTM, and seismic data. The indices for morphotectonic analysis, viz. basin elongation ratio (Re) indicated tectonically active, transverse topographic symmetry (T = 0.018-0.664) indicated asymmetric nature, asymmetric factor (AF=33) suggested tilt, valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf = 0.0013-2.945) indicated active incision and mountain-front sinuosity (Smf = 1.11-1.68) values indicated active tectonics in the area. A great or major earthquake in the modern times, in this region may create havoc with huge loss of life and property due to high population density and rapidly developing infrastructure. Keywords: .Morphotectonic, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river, earthquake</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+AND+psychology+AND+goldstein&id=ED374185','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+AND+psychology+AND+goldstein&id=ED374185"><span>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Intervention Handbook.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Goldstein, Arnold P., Ed.; Huff, C. Ronald, Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This book provides overviews and evaluations of current juvenile-<span class="hlt">gang</span>-intervention programs and recommends approaches that have been effective in both prevention and rehabilitation. Its three parts, composed of individual essays, examine patterns of <span class="hlt">ganging</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> intervention, explore the value of psychology-based interventions, and discuss the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427146.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427146.pdf"><span>Urban Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Enforcement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Institute for Law and Justice, Inc., Alexandria, VA.</p> <p></p> <p>Strategies to enhance prosecution of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related crimes are presented, with a focus on enforcement and prosecution targeting urban street <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The model programs introduced offer strategies largely based on the practical experiences of agencies that participated in a demonstration program, the Urban Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Drug Trafficking Enforcement…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drug+AND+trafficking&pg=5&id=ED372157','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drug+AND+trafficking&pg=5&id=ED372157"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: The Origins and Impact of Contemporary Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in the United States.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cummings, Scott, Ed.; Monti, Daniel J., Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This book presents papers from some leading social scientists and scholars who examine the contemporary contours of America's <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem. New material is provided on wilding (i.e., running amok for no specific reason) <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, migration and drug trafficking, and public education disruption. Other topics involve organization of <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, their social…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED473891.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED473891.pdf"><span>Modern-Day Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>. OJJDP, Juvenile Justice Bulletin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.; Egley, Arlen, Jr.; Gleason, Debra K.</p> <p></p> <p>This report draws on data from the 1996 and 1998 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Surveys to compare the characteristics of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in jurisdictions with later onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> problems with those of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> members with earlier onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> problems. The survey asked respondents from law enforcement agencies to describe when <span class="hlt">gangs</span> began to…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26086045','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26086045"><span>Modelling the increased frequency of extreme sea levels in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta due to sea level rise and other effects of climate change.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kay, S; Caesar, J; Wolf, J; Bricheno, L; Nicholls, R J; Saiful Islam, A K M; Haque, A; Pardaens, A; Lowe, J A</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Coastal flooding due to storm surge and high tides is a serious risk for inhabitants of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) delta, as much of the land is close to sea level. Climate change could lead to large areas of land being subject to increased flooding, salinization and ultimate abandonment in West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh. IPCC 5th assessment modelling of sea level rise and estimates of subsidence rates from the EU IMPACT2C project suggest that sea level in the GBM delta region may rise by 0.63 to 0.88 m by 2090, with some studies suggesting this could be up to 0.5 m higher if potential substantial melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is included. These sea level rise scenarios lead to increased frequency of high water coastal events. Any effect of climate change on the frequency and severity of storms can also have an effect on extreme sea levels. A shelf-sea model of the Bay of Bengal has been used to investigate how the combined effect of sea level rise and changes in other environmental conditions under climate change may alter the frequency of extreme sea level events for the period 1971 to 2099. The model was forced using atmospheric and oceanic boundary conditions derived from climate model projections and the future scenario increase in sea level was applied at its ocean boundary. The model results show an increased likelihood of extreme sea level events through the 21st century, with the frequency of events increasing greatly in the second half of the century: water levels that occurred at decadal time intervals under present-day model conditions occurred in most years by the middle of the 21st century and 3-15 times per year by 2100. The heights of the most extreme events tend to increase more in the first half of the century than the second. The modelled scenarios provide a case study of how sea level rise and other effects of climate change may combine to produce a greatly increased threat to life and property in the GBM delta by the end</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488181','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488181"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Central America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-03-27</p> <p>deportees from the United States have made the process of leaving a <span class="hlt">gang</span> extremely difficult. A recent State Department report on youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in El...<span class="hlt">gang</span> members, especially returning deportees from the United States who are often native English speakers, have had the most difficulty finding...with the exception of Panama, have a much lower percentage of criminal deportees than the regional average of 39%. For example, criminal deportees</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED356281.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED356281.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> a Suburban Problem Too! "Taking the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Threat Seriously."</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Stabile, Michael J.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> are no longer the exclusive problem of large metropolitan areas. Suburban schools and communities are now vulnerable, and the problem is spreading. To combat the problem, it is essential to overcome denial in the school and community. The case study of Chris, a junior high school student, exemplifies suburban youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> members.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475282.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475282.pdf"><span>Responding to <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Evaluation and Research.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Reed, Winifred L., Ed.; Decker, Scott H., Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This collection of papers presents a representative selection of the National Institute of Justice's portfolio of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related research. The 10 papers are: (1) "A Decade of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Research: Findings of the National Institute of Justice <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Portfolio" (Scott H. Decker); (2) "The Evolution of Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: An Examination of Form and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Satanism&pg=2&id=EJ480811','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Satanism&pg=2&id=EJ480811"><span>Cults as <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cantrell, Mary Lynn</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Considers cults as <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, but also distinguishes cults from <span class="hlt">gangs</span> by the cult's reference to and insistence on allegiance to single higher authority, usually spirit figure or spiritual leader. Examines Satanism, identifies Satanic holidays and symbols, and describes characteristics of cult-influenced youth. Includes list of organizations and books…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3682862','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3682862"><span>Drug use and treatment success among <span class="hlt">gang</span> and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members in El Salvador: a prospective cohort study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background This article focuses on examining drug abuse treatment (DAT) in El Salvador highlighting <span class="hlt">gang</span> vs. non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> membership differences in drug use and treatment outcomes. Methods Cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs were employed to examine the study aims. The 19 centers that met the study’s inclusion criteria of one year or less in planned treatment offered varying treatment services: individual, group, family, and vocational therapy, dual diagnosis treatment, psychological testing, 12-step program, and outreach and re-entry aftercare. Most directors describe their treatment approach as “spiritual.” Data were collected from 625 patients, directors, and staff from the 19 centers at baseline, of which 34 patients were former <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Seventy-two percent (72%) of the former patients (448) were re-interviewed six-months after leaving treatment and 48% were randomly tested for drug use. Results Eighty-nine percent (89%) of the DAT patients at baseline were classified as heavy alcohol users and 40% were using illegal drugs, i.e., crack, marijuana, cocaine, tranquilizers, opiates, and amphetamines. There were large decreases after treatment in heavy alcohol and illegal drug use, crime, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> related risk activities. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members reported illegal drug use, crime, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> related risk activity more than non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members, yet only 5% of the study participants were <span class="hlt">gang</span> members; further, positive change in treatment outcomes among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members were the same or larger as compared to non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Conclusions Alcohol use is the drug of choice among DAT patients in El Salvador with <span class="hlt">gang</span> member patients having used illegal drugs more than non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. The study shows that DAT centers successfully reduced the use of illegal drugs and alcohol among <span class="hlt">gang</span> and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Although our study could not include a control group, we believe that the DAT treatment centers in El Salvador contributed to producing this treatment success among</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4036077','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4036077"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Pathways to Maladaptive Parenting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Augustyn, Megan Bears; Thornberry, Terence P.; Krohn, Marvin D.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A limited amount of research examines the short-term consequences of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Rarer, though, is the examination of more distal consequences of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. This is unfortunate because it understates the true detrimental effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership across the life course, as well as the effects it may have on children of former <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, this work investigates the impact of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in adolescence (ages 12-18) on a particularly problematic style of parenting, child maltreatment. Using discrete time survival analysis, this study finds that <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership increases the likelihood of child maltreatment and this relationship is mediated by the more proximal outcomes of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership during adolescence, precocious transitions to adulthood. PMID:24883000</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=48419&Lab=ORD&keyword=legal+AND+system&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=48419&Lab=ORD&keyword=legal+AND+system&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>CORMIX: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR <span class="hlt">MIXING</span> <span class="hlt">ZONE</span> ANALYSIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>United States water quality policy includes the concept of a fixing <span class="hlt">zone</span>, a limited area where initial dilution of a discharge occurs. urrent practice in <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> analysis is plagued by a number of problems--<span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> definitions vary widely, there is a diversity of discharg...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28713880','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28713880"><span>Finding Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members on Twitter.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Balasuriya, Lakshika; Wijeratne, Sanjaya; Doran, Derek; Sheth, Amit</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Most street <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use Twitter to intimidate others, to present outrageous images and statements to the world, and to share recent illegal activities. Their tweets may thus be useful to law enforcement agencies to discover clues about recent crimes or to anticipate ones that may occur. Finding these posts, however, requires a method to discover <span class="hlt">gang</span> member Twitter profiles. This is a challenging task since <span class="hlt">gang</span> members represent a very small population of the 320 million Twitter users. This paper studies the problem of automatically finding <span class="hlt">gang</span> members on Twitter. It outlines a process to curate one of the largest sets of verifiable <span class="hlt">gang</span> member profiles that have ever been studied. A review of these profiles establishes differences in the language, images, YouTube links, and emojis <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use compared to the rest of the Twitter population. Features from this review are used to train a series of supervised classifiers. Our classifier achieves a promising F 1 score with a low false positive rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED505592.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED505592.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2007 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Egley, Jr., Arlen; O'Donnell, Christina E.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This report presents findings from the 2007 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey. Data on the number of <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, and <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related homicides in larger cities, suburban counties, smaller cities, and rural counties are provided to accurately reflect youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in the United States. Based on survey results, it is estimated that nearly 3,550…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=runaway&pg=6&id=EJ678528','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=runaway&pg=6&id=EJ678528"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement and Membership among Homeless and Runaway Youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Yoder, Kevin A.; Whitbeck, Les B.; Hoyt, Dan R.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Assessed the extent of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among homeless and runaway youth, comparing <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved youth (not members), and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> youth on several dimensions. Interview data indicated that 15.4 percent of the youth were <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and 32.2 percent were involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. These youth reported more family problems and school…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278158','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278158"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> homicides - five U.S. cities, 2003-2008.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-27</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> homicides account for a substantial proportion of homicides among youths in some U.S. cities; however, few surveillance systems collect data with the level of detail necessary to <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide prevention strategies. To compare characteristics of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides with nongang homicides, CDC analyzed 2003-2008 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) for five cities with high levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, consistent with similar previous research, a higher proportion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides than other homicides involved young adults and adolescents, racial and ethnic minorities, and males. Additionally, the proportion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides resulting from drug trade/use or with other crimes in progress was consistently low in the five cities, ranging from zero to 25%. Furthermore, this report found that <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides were more likely to occur with firearms and in public places, which suggests that <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides are quick, retaliatory reactions to ongoing <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related conflict. These findings provide evidence for the need to prevent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement early in adolescence and to increase youths' capacity to resolve conflict nonviolently.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5508795','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5508795"><span>Finding Street <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members on Twitter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Balasuriya, Lakshika; Wijeratne, Sanjaya; Doran, Derek; Sheth, Amit</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Most street <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use Twitter to intimidate others, to present outrageous images and statements to the world, and to share recent illegal activities. Their tweets may thus be useful to law enforcement agencies to discover clues about recent crimes or to anticipate ones that may occur. Finding these posts, however, requires a method to discover <span class="hlt">gang</span> member Twitter profiles. This is a challenging task since <span class="hlt">gang</span> members represent a very small population of the 320 million Twitter users. This paper studies the problem of automatically finding <span class="hlt">gang</span> members on Twitter. It outlines a process to curate one of the largest sets of verifiable <span class="hlt">gang</span> member profiles that have ever been studied. A review of these profiles establishes differences in the language, images, YouTube links, and emojis <span class="hlt">gang</span> members use compared to the rest of the Twitter population. Features from this review are used to train a series of supervised classifiers. Our classifier achieves a promising F1 score with a low false positive rate. PMID:28713880</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JEI....26e1409P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JEI....26e1409P"><span>Automatic <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti recognition and interpretation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parra, Albert; Boutin, Mireille; Delp, Edward J.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>One of the roles of emergency first responders (e.g., police and fire departments) is to prevent and protect against events that can jeopardize the safety and well-being of a community. In the case of criminal <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity, tools are needed for finding, documenting, and taking the necessary actions to mitigate the problem or issue. We describe an integrated mobile-based system capable of using location-based services, combined with image analysis, to track and analyze <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity through the acquisition, indexing, and recognition of <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti images. This approach uses image analysis methods for color recognition, image segmentation, and image retrieval and classification. A database of <span class="hlt">gang</span> graffiti images is described that includes not only the images but also metadata related to the images, such as date and time, geoposition, <span class="hlt">gang</span>, <span class="hlt">gang</span> member, colors, and symbols. The user can then query the data in a useful manner. We have implemented these features both as applications for Android and iOS hand-held devices and as a web-based interface.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26PSL.415...25B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26PSL.415...25B"><span>The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> tale of tectonics and erosion: Early Miocene river capture in the Eastern Himalaya</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bracciali, Laura; Najman, Yani; Parrish, Randall R.; Akhter, Syed H.; Millar, Ian</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The Himalayan orogen provides a type example on which a number of models of the causes and consequences of crustal deformation are based and it has been suggested that it is the site of a variety of feedbacks between tectonics and erosion. Within the broader orogen, fluvial drainages partly reflect surface uplift, different climatic <span class="hlt">zones</span> and a response to crustal deformation. In the eastern Himalaya, the unusual drainage configuration of the Yarlung Tsangpo-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River has been interpreted either as antecedent drainage distorted by the India-Asia collision (and as such applied as a passive strain marker of lateral extrusion), latest Neogene tectonically-induced river capture, or glacial damming-induced river diversion events. Here we apply a multi-technique approach to the Neogene paleo-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> deposits of the Surma Basin (Bengal Basin, Bangladesh) to test the long-debated occurrence and timing of river capture of the Yarlung Tsangpo by the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River. We provide U-Pb detrital zircon and rutile, isotopic (Sr-Nd and Hf) and petrographic evidence consistent with river capture of the Yarlung Tsangpo by the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River in the Early Miocene. We document influx of Cretaceous-Paleogene zircons in Early Miocene sediments of the paleo-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River that we interpret as first influx of material from the Asian plate (Transhimalayan arc) indicative of Yarlung Tsangpo contribution. Prior to capture, the predominantly Precambrian-Paleozoic zircons indicate that only the Indian plate was drained. Contemporaneous with Transhimalayan influx reflecting the river capture, we record arrival of detrital material affected by Cenozoic metamorphism, as indicated by rutiles and zircons with Cenozoic U-Pb ages and an increase in metamorphic grade of detritus as recorded by petrography. We interpret this as due to a progressively increasing contribution from the erosion of the metamorphosed core of the orogen. Whole rock Sr-Nd isotopic data from the same samples</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26030652','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26030652"><span>Rainfall runoff modelling of the Upper Ganga and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basins using PERSiST.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Futter, M N; Whitehead, P G; Sarkar, S; Rodda, H; Crossman, J</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>There are ongoing discussions about the appropriate level of complexity and sources of uncertainty in rainfall runoff models. Simulations for operational hydrology, flood forecasting or nutrient transport all warrant different levels of complexity in the modelling approach. More complex model structures are appropriate for simulations of land-cover dependent nutrient transport while more parsimonious model structures may be adequate for runoff simulation. The appropriate level of complexity is also dependent on data availability. Here, we use PERSiST; a simple, semi-distributed dynamic rainfall-runoff modelling toolkit to simulate flows in the Upper <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> rivers. We present two sets of simulations driven by single time series of daily precipitation and temperature using simple (A) and complex (B) model structures based on uniform and hydrochemically relevant land covers respectively. Models were compared based on ensembles of Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) statistics. Equifinality was observed for parameters but not for model structures. Model performance was better for the more complex (B) structural representations than for parsimonious model structures. The results show that structural uncertainty is more important than parameter uncertainty. The ensembles of BIC statistics suggested that neither structural representation was preferable in a statistical sense. Simulations presented here confirm that relatively simple models with limited data requirements can be used to credibly simulate flows and water balance components needed for nutrient flux modelling in large, data-poor basins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4241772','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4241772"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Drug Selling, and Violence in Neighborhood Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bellair, Paul E.; McNulty, Thomas L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A prominent perspective in the <span class="hlt">gang</span> literature suggests that <span class="hlt">gang</span> member involvement in drug selling does not necessarily increase violent behavior. In addition it is unclear from previous research whether neighborhood disadvantage strengthens that relationship. We address those issues by testing hypotheses regarding the confluence of neighborhood disadvantage, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, drug selling, and violent behavior. A three-level hierarchical model is estimated from the first five waves of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, matched with block-group characteristics from the 2000 U.S. Census. Results indicate that (1) <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who sell drugs are significantly more violent than <span class="hlt">gang</span> members that don’t sell drugs and drug sellers that don’t belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span>; (2) drug sellers that don’t belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who don’t sell drugs engage in comparable levels of violence; and (3) an increase in neighborhood disadvantaged intensifies the effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on violence, especially among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members that sell drugs. PMID:25429188</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016850','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016850"><span>Homicidal Events Among Mexican American Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo; Cepeda, Alice; Kaplan, Charles</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the complexity of street <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicides and focuses on situational factors that lead to <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ susceptibility to this violent behavior within the context of a disadvantaged minority community. This study is based on an analysis of 28 homicides involving Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. The absence of immigrant youth involvement in these types of violent crimes is discussed. Findings demonstrate how locally embedded social processes associated with specific <span class="hlt">gang</span> types, ecology, drugs, circumstances, and motives unfold into homicidal events. These findings may contribute to the development of street-based social programs focused on <span class="hlt">gang</span> mediation, dispute resolution, and crisis intervention. PMID:21218188</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27243575','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27243575"><span>The process of desistance among core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berger, Rony; Abu-Raiya, Hisham; Heineberg, Yotam; Zimbardo, Philip</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Research has established robust links between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, delinquency, violence and victimization. Yet studies examining the process of <span class="hlt">gang</span> desistance in general and that of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in particular, are quite rare. The current study aims to identify factors associated with desistance of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members as well as describe the nature of the process that these "formers" have undergone. Thirty-nine core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members (80% males and 20% females) from the San Francisco Bay area and Los Angeles, with an average length of 11.6-years <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, were interviewed regarding their involvement in the <span class="hlt">gang</span> and the desistance process. A systematic qualitative analysis based on grounded theory methodology was mainly utilized. We found that the decision to leave the <span class="hlt">gang</span> is a result of a combination of push (e.g., personal and vicarious victimization, burnout of <span class="hlt">gang</span> lifestyle, disillusionment by the <span class="hlt">gang</span>) and pull (e.g., parenthood, family responsibilities, religious and cultural awakening) factors that evolved over time. Push factors were more dominant in this domain. We also found that while male core ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members tended to leave the <span class="hlt">gang</span> more frequently because of push factors, female ex-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members were more inclined to desist due to pull factors. Our analysis also showed that core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members shared a general pattern of the desistance process comprising of the following 5 stages: triggering, contemplation, exploration, exiting and maintenance. Based on these results, we outlined stage-specific recommendations for agents of societal change to help in facilitating the desistance of core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED312171.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED312171.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Schools. Breaking Up Is Hard To Do.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>National School Safety Center, Malibu, CA.</p> <p></p> <p>This handbook offers the latest information on <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and practical advice on preventing or reducing <span class="hlt">gang</span> encroachment in schools. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> experts believe that establishing codes of conduct, diligent awareness of <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries, prevention courses, and community and parental involvement can make an impact in keeping <span class="hlt">gangs</span> away from campus. Chapter 1,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002E%26PSL.202..645S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002E%26PSL.202..645S"><span>Tracing the distribution of erosion in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> watershed from isotopic compositions of stream sediments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, Sunil K.; France-Lanord, Christian</p> <p>2002-09-01</p> <p>Bank sediments and suspended loads of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River and its important tributaries were collected from the Himalayan front to Bangladesh along with most of the important tributaries. Chemical and isotopic compositions of the sediments are used to trace sediment provenance and to understand erosion patterns in the basin. Overall isotopic compositions range from 0.7053 to 0.8250 for Sr and ɛNd from -20.5 to -6.9. This large range derives from the variable proportions of sediments from Himalayan formations with high Sr isotopic ratios and low ɛNd, and Transhimalayan plutonic belt with lower Sr isotopic ratios and higher ɛNd. The latter are exposed to erosion in the Tsangpo and in the eastern tributary drainages. Overall erosion of the Himalayan rocks is dominant, representing ca 70% of the detrital influx. Compositions of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> main channel are rather stable between 0.7177 and 0.7284 for Sr and between -14.4 and -12.5 for ɛNd throughout its course in the plain from the Siang-Tsangpo at the foot of the Himalayan range down to the delta. This stability, despite the input of large Himalayan rivers suggests that the Siang-Tsangpo River represents the major source of sediment to the whole <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>. Geochemical budget implies that erosion of the Namche Barwa <span class="hlt">zone</span> represents about 45% of the total flux at its outflow before confluence with the Ganga from only 20% of the mountain area. Higher erosion rates in the eastern syntaxis compared to the other Himalayan ranges is related to the rapid exhumation rates of this region, possibly triggered by higher precipitation over the far-eastern Himalaya and the high incision potential of the Tsangpo River due to its very high water discharge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B31G..04G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B31G..04G"><span>Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Dating Reveals the Age Distribution of Plant-Wax Biomarkers Exported to the Bengal Fan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Galy, V.; French, K. L.; Hein, C. J.; Haghipour, N.; Wacker, L.; Kudrass, H.; Eglinton, T. I.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The stable isotope composition of leaf-wax compounds preserved in lacustrine and marine sediments has been widely used to reconstruct terrestrial paleo-environments. However, the timescales of plant-wax storage in continental reservoirs before riverine export are not well known, representing a key uncertainty in paleo-environment studies. We couple numerical models with bulk and leaf-wax fatty acid organic 13C and 14C signatures hosted in a high-deposition-rate sediment core from the Bengal shelf canyon in order to estimate storage timescales within the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> catchment area. The fatty acid 14C record reveals a muted nuclear weapons bomb spike, requiring that the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river system exports a mixture of young and old (pre-aged) leaf-wax compounds. According to numerical simulations, 79-83% of the leaf-wax fatty acids in this core are sourced from continental reservoirs that store organic carbon on an average of 1000-1200 calendar years, while the remainder has an average age of 15 years. These results demonstrate that a majority of the leaf-wax compounds produced in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river basin was stored in soils, floodplains, and wetlands prior to its export to the Bengal Fan. We will discuss the implications of these findings for plant-wax based paleoenvironmental records.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04262.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04262.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-03-13</p> <p>This false-color infrared image was taken by the camera system on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft over part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma in Valles Marineris (approximately 13 degrees S, 318 degrees E). The infrared image has been draped over topography data obtained by Mars Global Surveyor. The color differences in this image show compositional variations in the rocks exposed in the wall and floor of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> (blue and purple) and in the dust and sand on the rim of the canyon (red and orange). The floor of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is covered by rocks and sand composed of basaltic lava that are shown in blue. A layer that is rich in the mineral olivine can be seen as a band of purple in the walls on both sides of the canyon, and is exposed as an eroded layer surrounding a knob on the floor. Olivine is easily destroyed by liquid water, so its presence in these ancient rocks suggests that this region of Mars has been very dry for a very long time. The mosaic was constructed using infrared bands 5, 7, and 8, and covers an area approximately 150 kilometers (90 miles) on each side. This simulated view is toward the north. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04262</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMEP31D0856H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMEP31D0856H"><span>The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River: a stratigraphic analysis of Holocene avulsion and fluvial valley reoccupation history</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hartzog, T. R.; Goodbred, S. L.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River, one of the world's largest braided streams, is a major component of commerce, agriculture, and transportation in India and Bangladesh. Hence any significant change in course, morphology, or behavior would be likely to influence the regional culture and economy that relies on this major river system. The history of such changes is recorded in the stratigraphy deposited by the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River during the Holocene. Here we present stratigraphic analysis of sediment samples from the boring of 41 tube wells over a 120 km transect in the upper Bengal Basin of northern Bangladesh. The transect crosses both the modern fluvial valley and an abandoned fluvial valley about 60 km downstream of a major avulsion node. Although the modern <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> does not transport gravel, gravel strata are common below 20 m with fluvial sand deposits dominating most of the stratigraphy. Furthermore, the stratigraphy preserves very few floodplain mud strata below the modern floodplain mud cap. These preliminary findings will be assessed to determine their importance in defining past channel migration, avulsion frequency, and the reoccupation of abandoned fluvial valleys. Understanding the avulsion and valley reoccupation history of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River is important to assess the risk involved with developing agriculture, business, and infrastructure on the banks of modern and abandoned channels. Based on the correlation of stratigraphy and digital surface elevation data, we hypothesize that the towns of Jamalpur and Sherpur in northern Bangladesh were once major ports on the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River even though they now lie on the banks of small underfit stream channels. If Jamalpur and Sherpur represent the outer extent of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River braid-belt before the last major avulsion, these cities and any communities developed in the abandoned braid-belt assume a high risk of devastation if the next major avulsion reoccupies this fluvial valley. It is important to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160842','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160842"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> youth, substance use, and drug normalization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sanders, Bill</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership is an indicator of chronic substance use.1 Evidence from North America and Europe indicates that <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth, in comparison to their non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> peers, are more likely to report alcohol and illicit drug use (Bendixen, Endresen, & Olweus, 2006; Gatti, Tremblay, Vitaro, & McDuff, 2005; Gordon, et al., 2004; Hall, Thornberry, & Lizotte, 2006; Sharp, Aldridge, & Medina, 2006). Qualitative studies focusing specifically on <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have also noted high frequencies of lifetime rates of use for a variety of illegal substances (De La Rosa, Rugh, & Rice, 2006; Hagedorn, Torres, & Giglio, 1998; Hunt, Jo-Laidler, & Evans, 2002; Mata et al., 2002; Valdez, Kaplan, & Cepeda, 2006). <span class="hlt">Gang</span> youth, however, have differential attitudes towards the use of various illegal drugs. Marijuana, for instance, has remained a staple within <span class="hlt">gang</span> culture, but the use of other drugs has been heavily stigmatized, especially heroin, methamphetamine, and crack cocaine (MacKenzie, Hunt, & Joe-Laidler, 2005; Moore, 1978; Taylor, 1990; Waldorf, 1993). Perspectives with good explanatory power should be flexible enough to elucidate these distinctions regarding illicit substance use patterns and preferences. PMID:25221432</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23D1691S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H23D1691S"><span><span class="hlt">Mixing</span>-dependent Reactions in the Hyporheic <span class="hlt">Zone</span>: Laboratory and Numerical Experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Santizo, K. Y.; Eastes, L. A.; Hester, E. T.; Widdowson, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> is the surface water-groundwater interface surrounding the river's perimeter. Prior research demonstrates the ability of the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> to attenuate pollutants when surface water cycles through reactive sediments (non-<span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent reactions). However, the colocation of both surface and ground water within hyporheic sediments also allows <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent reactions that require <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of reactants from these two water sources. Recent modeling studies show these <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> can be small under steady state homogeneous conditions, but do not validate those results in the laboratory or explore the range of hydrological characteristics that control the extent of <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. Our objective was to simulate the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, quantify its thickness, and probe its hydrological controls using a "<span class="hlt">mix</span>" of laboratory and numerical experiments. For the lab experiments, a hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> was simulated in a sand mesocosm, and a <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent abiotic reaction of sodium sulfite and dissolved oxygen was induced. Oxygen concentration response and oxygen consumption were visualized via planar optodes. Sulfate production by the <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent reaction was measured by fluid samples and a spectrophometer. Key hydrologic controls varied in the mesocosm included head gradient driving hyporheic exchange and hydraulic conductivity/heterogeneity. Results show a clear <span class="hlt">mixing</span> area, sulfate production, and oxygen gradient. <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> length (hyporheic flow cell size) and thickness both increase with the driving head gradient. For the numerical experiments, transient surface water boundary conditions were implemented together with heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity. Results indicate that both fluctuating boundary conditions and heterogeneity increase <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent reaction. The hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> is deemed an attenuation hotspot by multiple studies, but here we demonstrate its potential for <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent reactions and the influence of important hydrological</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emergency+AND+preparedness&pg=2&id=EJ1081014','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emergency+AND+preparedness&pg=2&id=EJ1081014"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Activity on Campus: A Crisis Response Case Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shaw, Mahauganee; Meaney, Sarah</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This case study challenges readers to consider a contemporary issue for campus threat assessment and emergency preparedness: <span class="hlt">gang</span> presence on college campuses. A body of research examining the presence of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity on college campuses has developed, revealing that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> pose a viable threat for institutions of higher education. The…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA451328','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA451328"><span>Insurgency in the Hood: Understanding Insurgencies Through Urban <span class="hlt">Gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>bond between the members of the social network . 50 Wiktorowitz, 10. 51 <span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership, Delinquent Peers and...38 3. Control and Selective Incentives .............39 a. Social Network Theory ...................41 b. Physical...the <span class="hlt">gang</span> makes them feel like they are part of a family.”26 The <span class="hlt">gang</span> also provides peers for socialization . The <span class="hlt">gang</span> can provide identity</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.T22A..05S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.T22A..05S"><span>Tectonics of the IndoBurma Oblique Subduction <span class="hlt">Zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Steckler, M. S.; Seeber, L.; Akhter, S. H.; Betka, P. M.; Cai, Y.; Grall, C.; Mondal, D. R.; Gahalaut, V. K.; Gaherty, J. B.; Maung Maung, P.; Ni, J.; Persaud, P.; Sandvol, E. A.; Tun, S. T.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta (GBD) is obliquely colliding with the IndoBurma subduction <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Most of the 42 mm/y of arc-parallel motion is absorbed in a set of dextral to dextral-convergent faults, the Sagaing, Kabaw and Churachandpur-Mao Faults. The 13-17 mm/y of convergence with the delta has built a 250-km wide active accretionary prism. The upper part of the 19-km sediment thickness consists of a shallowing-up stack of prograding strata that has shifted the shelf edge 3-400 km since the Himalayan orogeny at 50 Ma. The upper 3-5 km sandy shelf to fluvial strata are deformed into a broad fold and thrust belt above an overpressured décollement. It forms a flat shallow roof thrust in the frontal accretionary prism. The structure of the deeper part of the accretionary prism, which must transfer the incoming sediments to the upper plate, is unknown. GPS indicates the downdip end of the megathrust locked <span class="hlt">zone</span> is 25 km at 92.5°E. The deformation front, marked by nascent detachment folds above the shallow décollement reaches the megacity of Dhaka in the middle of the GBD. The seismogenic potential of this portion of the prism is unknown. Arc volcanism in Myanmar, 500 km east of the deformation front, is sparse. Limited geochemical data on the arc volcanics are consistent with hot slab conditions. One possibility is that the deep GBD slab and basement are metamorphosed and dewatered early in the subduction process whereby most of the fluids are transferred to the growing prism by buoyancy driven migration or accretion of fluid-rich strata. Since it is entirely subaerial this little-studied region crossing Bangladesh, India and Myanmar provides an opportunity for a detailed multidisciplinary geophysical and geological investigation. It has the potential to highlight the role of fluids in subduction <span class="hlt">zones</span>, the tectonics of extreme accretion and their seismic hazards, and the interplay between driving and resistance forces of a subduction <span class="hlt">zone</span> during a soft collision.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5813880','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5813880"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and a global sociological imagination</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fraser, Alistair; Hagedorn, John M</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Across the globe, the phenomenon of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has become an important and sensitive public issue. In this context, an increasing level of research attention has focused on the development of universalized definitions of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in a global context. In this article, we argue that this search for similarity has resulted in a failure to recognize and understand difference. Drawing on an alternative methodology we call a ‘global exchange’, this article suggests three concepts—homologies of habitus, vectors of difference and transnational reflexivity—that seek to re-engage the sociological imagination in the study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and globalization. PMID:29503595</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29503595','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29503595"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and a global sociological imagination.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fraser, Alistair; Hagedorn, John M</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Across the globe, the phenomenon of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has become an important and sensitive public issue. In this context, an increasing level of research attention has focused on the development of universalized definitions of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in a global context. In this article, we argue that this search for similarity has resulted in a failure to recognize and understand difference. Drawing on an alternative methodology we call a 'global exchange', this article suggests three concepts-homologies of habitus, vectors of difference and transnational reflexivity-that seek to re-engage the sociological imagination in the study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and globalization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=4&id=EJ804507','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=4&id=EJ804507"><span>The Impact of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Formation on Local Patterns of Crime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tita, George; Ridgeway, Greg</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Research has demonstrated that even after controlling for individual level attributes, individuals who join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> commit more crimes than do nongang members. Furthermore, the offending level of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members is higher when they report being active members of the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Therefore, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership clearly facilitates offending above and beyond…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518416.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518416.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This bulletin presents research on why youth join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and how a community can build <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention and intervention services. The author summarizes recent literature on <span class="hlt">gang</span> formation and identifies promising and effective programs for <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention. The following are some key findings: (1) Youth join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> for protection, enjoyment, respect,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677281','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677281"><span>Predicting early adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement from middle school adaptation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dishion, Thomas J; Nelson, Sarah E; Yasui, Miwa</p> <p>2005-03-01</p> <p>This study examined the role of adaptation in the first year of middle school (Grade 6, age 11) to affiliation with <span class="hlt">gangs</span> by the last year of middle school (Grade 8, age 13). The sample consisted of 714 European American (EA) and African American (AA) boys and girls. Specifically, academic grades, reports of antisocial behavior, and peer relations in 6th grade were used to predict multiple measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement by 8th grade. The multiple measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement included self-, peer, teacher, and counselor reports. Unexpectedly, self-report measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement did not correlate highly with peer and school staff reports. The results, however, were similar for other and self-report measures of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Mean level analyses revealed statistically reliable differences in 8th-grade <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement as a function of the youth gender and ethnicity. Structural equation prediction models revealed that peer nominations of rejection, acceptance, academic failure, and antisocial behavior were predictive of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement for most youth. These findings suggest that the youth level of problem behavior and the school ecology (e.g., peer rejection, school failure) require attention in the design of interventions to prevent the formation of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> among high-risk young adolescents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED398500.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED398500.pdf"><span>Working Together To Erase <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Our Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>National Consortium on Alternatives for Youth at Risk, Inc., Sarasota, FL.</p> <p></p> <p>A common misconception about <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is that they resemble past images of motorcycle riders. Society is now faced with what are called "hybrid" <span class="hlt">gangs</span> whose members are usually 14 to 16 years of age, who dress conservatively, who display subtle <span class="hlt">gang</span> identifiers, and who are motivated by a combination of profit and poor family life. This…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Norman+AND+Green&pg=2&id=ED393955','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Norman+AND+Green&pg=2&id=ED393955"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, My Town and the Nation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Randolph, Norman; Erickson, Edsel</p> <p></p> <p>The nature of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is explored, with suggestions for <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention and intervention. The emphasis is on organizing citizens, especially at the neighborhood level, to affect all community institutions. Suggestions are offered for citizens' groups to look at critical areas in schooling, incarceration, law enforcement, community programs,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29552912','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29552912"><span>Extending Social Learning Theory to Explain Victimization Among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> and Ex-<span class="hlt">Gang</span> Offenders.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gagnon, Analisa</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This study is among the first to extend and test social learning theory's ability to understand property and violent victimization. It specifically tests whether aspects of definitions, differential reinforcement, and differential association/modeling can explain the three types of victimization of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members: actual experience, perception of likelihood, and fear. The sample consists of over 300 male and female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members incarcerated in jails throughout Florida. The results show that all three types of victimization can be explained by the three aspects of social learning theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED438354.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED438354.pdf"><span>The Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Drugs, and Violence Connection. Juvenile Justice Bulletin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howell, James C.; Decker, Scott H.</p> <p></p> <p>This bulletin addresses questions about the interrelatedness of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, drugs, and violent crime, discussing whether drug trafficking is a main cause of violence in youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or only a correlate, and noting whether there are other important sources of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Section 1 presents a historical overview of <span class="hlt">gang</span> drug use and trafficking,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=prosocial+AND+behavior+AND+develop&pg=3&id=EJ1012133','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=prosocial+AND+behavior+AND+develop&pg=3&id=EJ1012133"><span>Teaching Responsibility to <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Affiliated Youths</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Buckle, Michael E.; Walsh, David S.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Teaching youths who affiliate with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> can be a daunting task. Risk factors for <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership often compound across life domains and affect pro-social connectedness, cause feelings of marginalization, and hinder life-skill development. Sports and physical activities that are structured within a positive youth-development framework provide an…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22mesa%22&pg=2&id=EJ921705','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22mesa%22&pg=2&id=EJ921705"><span>Neighborhood Variation in <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Member Concentrations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Katz, Charles M.; Schnebly, Stephen M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study examines the relationship between neighborhood structure, violent crime, and concentrations of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members at the neighborhood level. We rely on official police <span class="hlt">gang</span> list data, police crime data, and two waves of decennial census data characterizing the socioeconomic and demographic conditions of 93 neighborhoods in Mesa, Arizona.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+violence+AND+profile+AND+victim&pg=2&id=EJ530433','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=family+AND+violence+AND+profile+AND+victim&pg=2&id=EJ530433"><span>Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: A Profile of Aggression and Victimization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Molidor, Christian E.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Most <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership research studies males; few examine the etiology of female <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Presents themes of female <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership gathered from interviews with 15 young women. Examines demographic material, family structure, initiation rites, and criminal behaviors. Explores implications for social work practice and research. (FC)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H41N..01H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H41N..01H"><span>Controls on <span class="hlt">Mixing</span>-Dependent Denitrification in Hyporheic <span class="hlt">Zones</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hester, E. T.; Young, K. I.; Widdowson, M. A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Interaction of surface water and groundwater in hyporheic sediments of river systems is known to create unique biogeochemical conditions that can attenuate contaminants flowing downstream. Oxygen, carbon, and the contaminants themselves (e.g., excess nitrate) often advect together through the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> from sources in surface water. However, the ability of the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> to attenuate contaminants in upwelling groundwater plumes as they exit to rivers is less known. Such reactions may be more dependent on <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of carbon and oxygen sources from surface water with contaminants from deeper groundwater. We simulated hyporheic flow cells and upwelling groundwater together with <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent denitrification of an upwelling nitrate plume in shallow riverbed sediments using MODFLOW and SEAM3D. For our first set of model scenarios, we set biogeochemical boundary conditions to be consistent with situations where only <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent denitrification occurred within the model domain. This occurred where dissolved organic carbon (DOC) advecting from surface water through hyporheic flow cells meets nitrate upwelling from deeper groundwater. This would be common where groundwater is affected by septic systems which contribute nitrate that upwells into streams that do not have significant nitrate sources from upstream. We conducted a sensitivity analysis that showed that <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent denitrification increased with parameters that increase <span class="hlt">mixing</span> itself, such as the degree of heterogeneity of sediment hydraulic conductivity (K). <span class="hlt">Mixing</span>-dependent denitrification also increased with certain biogeochemical boundary concentrations such as increasing DOC or decreasing dissolved oxygen (DO) advecting from surface water. For our second set of model scenarios, we set biogeochemical boundary conditions to be consistent with common situations where non-<span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent denitrification also occurred within the model domain. For example, when nitrate concentrations are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926187','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926187"><span>Hidden behind the gunfire: young women's experiences of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Medina, Juanjo; Ralphs, Robert; Aldridge, Judith</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>This article uses data from a 3-year multisite ethnographic research study of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> within an English city, to explore the different ways that "<span class="hlt">gang</span> culture" shapes the victimization experiences and everyday lives of (young) women. Victims of lethal <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in Research City are almost exclusively young men, rendering invisible the ways in which <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have an impact on the lives of women living in neighborhoods with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> presence. The article also discusses how the adoption of a transdisciplinary approach could be useful in developing a holistic picture of the impact of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence on the lives of women.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614085','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8614085"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> warfare: the medical repercussions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Song, D H; Naude, G P; Gilmore, D A; Bongard, F</p> <p>1996-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> related violence in Los Angeles County has increased, with homicides increasing from 205 in 1982 to 803 in 1992. This study examines the medical and financial consequences of such violence on a level I trauma center. Of 856 gunshot injuries over a 29-month period, 272 were <span class="hlt">gang</span> related. There were 55 pediatric and 217 adult patients. Eighty-nine percent were male and 11% were female. Trauma Score averaged 14.7 +/- 3.1, Glasgow Coma Scale average score was 13.7 +/- 3.4, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 10.8 +/- 14. Twenty-two percent of the gunshots were to the head and neck, 20% to the chest, 20% to the abdomen, 6% had a peripheral vascular injury, and 33% sustained an extremity musculoskeletal injury. Emergency surgery was performed on 43%, including laparotomy 58 (49%), craniotomy 16 (13%), laparoscopy 14 (12%), vascular procedures 10 (8%), orthopedic procedures 6 (5%), head and neck endoscopies 4 (3%), thoracotomies 2 (2%), and 10 (8%) unspecified. There were 25 deaths (9%), primarily caused by head injuries and exsanguinating hemorrhage. Eighty-six percent entered the hospital during the hours of minimal staffing that preempted the use of facilities for other emergent patients. Charges totaled $4,828,828 (emergency room, surgical procedures, intensive care, and surgical ward stay) which equated to $5,550 per patient per day. Fifty-eight percent had no third party reimbursement, 22% had Medi-Cal, and 20% had medical insurance. Because of dismal reimbursement rates, the costs of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence are passed on to the tax payer. The cost of <span class="hlt">gang</span> related violence cannot be derived from hospital charges only, because death, disability, and pain are not entered into the calculation. Education, increased social programs, and strict criminal justice laws and enforcement may decrease <span class="hlt">gang</span> related violence and the drain it has on financial and medical resources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP34B..06G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP34B..06G"><span>A Tale of Two Deltas: Contrasting Perspectives on the State of Natural and Human-modified Regions of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> River Delta (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goodbred, S. L.; Wallace Auerbach, L.; Wilson, C.; Gilligan, J. M.; Roy, K.; Ahmed, K.; Steckler, M. S.; Seeber, L.; Akhter, S. H.; Hossain, S.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Effective risk analysis and the management of complex coastal systems require that the scale of interest be well defined. Here we present recent research from the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river delta (GBD) that highlights different, if not divergent, perspectives on the current status of this system and its potential response to future environmental change. The contrasts emerge from viewing the GBD at different temporal and spatial scales, raising the question of how scientists, stakeholders, and decision makers might most effectively develop a shared understanding of large, at-risk delta systems. Among the world's deltas, the GBD is often cited as being highly vulnerable to future sea-level rise and environmental change, owing to its vast low-lying landscape and large human population. Taking a broad perspective, however, it is not coincident that the GBD, the world's largest delta system, is fed by immense water and sediment discharge from the Asian monsoon and Himalayan orogen - simply, the size of the GBD reflects the robust processes that have constructed and maintained it. At the regional scale, the deltaplain itself is interconnected by a labyrinth of fluvial and tidal channels that effectively convey sediment to most areas of the landscape, through overbank flooding, distributaries, and tidal transport. Together, the sediment supply, water discharge, and dense channel network bless the GBD with potential basinwide accretion rates >5 mm/yr. More locally, modern sedimentation rates >10 mm/yr are observed in many areas of the tidal delta plain, which are sufficient to maintain land-surface elevations under a variety of sea-level rise scenarios, or at least to mitigate whatever effects do occur. The long-term stratigraphic record of the GBD also reflects a system in dynamic equilibrium, with major landforms persisting through changes in sea level, sediment loading, river avulsion, and delta lobe switching - together providing an encouraging outlook in the face of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475035.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475035.pdf"><span>2000 Survey of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Indian Country. NYGC Fact Sheet.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Major, Aline K.; Egley, Arlen, Jr.</p> <p></p> <p>In 2001, the National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Center conducted a survey of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Indian country. Three hundred of the 577 federally recognized tribal communities responded to the survey. Twenty-three percent of Indian communities reported active youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> during 2000. The extent of the <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem varied considerably among communities, with many…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-001393&hterms=tiger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dtiger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-001393&hterms=tiger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dtiger"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River forms an extensive delta where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The delta is largely covered with a swamp forest known as the Sunderbans, which is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger. It is also home to most of Bangladesh, one of the world's most densely populated countries. Roughly 120 million people live on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta under threat of repeated catastrophic floods due to heavy runoff of meltwater from the Himalayas, and due to the intense rainfall during the monsoon season. This image was acquired by Landsat 7's Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) sensor on February 28, 2000. This is a false-color composite image made using green, infrared, and blue wavelengths. Image provided by the USGS EROS Data Center Satellite Systems Branch</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Poisson&pg=6&id=EJ947941','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Poisson&pg=6&id=EJ947941"><span>U.S. Juvenile Arrests: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Social Class, and Labeling Effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tapia, Mike</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study addresses the link between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and arrest frequency, exploring the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> x Socioeconomic status interaction on those arrests. Notoriously poor, delinquent, and often well-known to police, America's <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth should have very high odds of arrest. Yet it is unclear whether mere membership in a <span class="hlt">gang</span> increases the risk of arrest…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029218','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70029218"><span>Integrating seepage heterogeneity with the use of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> seepage meters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rosenberry, D.O.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The usefulness of standard half-barrel seepage meters for measurement of fluxes between groundwater, and surface water is limited by the small bed area that each measurement represents and the relatively large associated labor costs. Standard half-barrel cylinders were <span class="hlt">ganged</span> together to allow one measurement of the summed seepage through all of the meters, reducing labor cost and increasing the representative area of measurement. Comparisons of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> versus individual-meter measurements at two lakes, under both inseepage and outseepage conditions, indicate little loss of efficiency resulting from routing seepage water through the <span class="hlt">ganging</span> system. Differences between summed and <span class="hlt">ganged</span> seepage rates were not significant for all but the fastest rates of seepage. At flow rates greater than about 250 mL min-1, <span class="hlt">ganged</span> values were as low as 80% of summed values. <span class="hlt">Ganged</span>-meter head losses also were calculated to determine their significance relative to hydraulic-head gradients measured at the field sites. The calculated reduction in hydraulic gradient beneath the seepage meters was significant only for the largest measured seepage rates. A calibration tank was used to determine single-meter and <span class="hlt">ganged</span>-meter efficiencies compared to known seepage rates. Single-cylinder seepage meters required an average correction factor of 1.05 to convert measured to actual values, whereas the <span class="hlt">ganged</span> measurements made in the tank required a larger correction factor of 1.14. Although manual measurements were used in these tests, the concept of <span class="hlt">ganging</span> seepage cylinders also would be useful when used in conjunction with automated flowmeters. ?? 2005, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/980430-redox-trapping-arsenic-during-groundwater-discharge-sediments-from-meghna-riverbank-bangladesh','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/980430-redox-trapping-arsenic-during-groundwater-discharge-sediments-from-meghna-riverbank-bangladesh"><span>Redox Trapping of Arsenic During Groundwater Discharge in Sediments from the Meghna Riverbank in Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Datta, S.; Mailloux, B; Jung, H</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Groundwater arsenic (As) is elevated in the shallow Holocene aquifers of Bangladesh. In the dry season, the shallow groundwater discharges to major rivers. This process may influence the chemistry of the river and the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> sediment. To assess the fate of As during discharge, surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface (1-3 m) sediment samples were collected at 9 sites from the bank of the Meghna River along a transect from its northern source (25 degrees N) to the Bay of Bengal (22.5 degrees N). Bulk As concentrations of surface sediment averaged 16 {+-} 7 mg/kg (n = 9). Subsurface sedimentmore » contained higher mean concentrations of As of 4,000 mg/kg (n = 14), ranging from 1 to 23,000 mg/kg As, with >100 mg/kg As measured at 8 sites. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy indicated that As was mainly arsenate and arsenite, not As-bearing sulfides. We hypothesize that the elevated sediment As concentrations form as As-rich groundwater discharges to the river, and enters a more oxidizing environment. A significant portion of dissolved As sorbs to iron-bearing minerals, which form a natural reactive barrier. Recycling of this sediment-bound As to the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta aquifer provides a potential source of As to further contaminate groundwater. Furthermore, chemical fluxes from groundwater discharge from the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta may be less than previous estimates because this barrier can immobilize many elements.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13H1488M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13H1488M"><span>Freshwater-Brine <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Hydrodynamics in Salt Flats (Salar de Atacama)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marazuela, M. A.; Vázquez-Suñé, E.; Custodio, E.; Palma, T.; García-Gil, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The increase in the demand of strategic minerals for the development of medicines and batteries require detailed knowledge of the salt flats freshwater-brine interface to make its exploitation efficient. The interface <span class="hlt">zone</span> is the result of a physical balance between the recharged and evaporated water. The sharp interface approach assumes the immiscibility of the fluids and thus neglects the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> between them. As a consequence, for miscible fluids it is more accurate and often needed to use the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> concept, which results from the dynamic equilibrium of flowing freshwater and brine. In this study, we consider two and three-dimensional scale approaches for the management of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The two-dimensional approach is used to understand the dynamics and the characteristics of the salt flat <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, especially in the Salar de Atacama (Atacama salt flat) case. By making use of this model we analyze and quantify the effects of the aquitards on the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> geometry. However, the understanding of the complex physical processes occurring in the salt flats and the management of these environments requires the adoption of three-dimensional regional scale numerical models. The models that take into account the effects of variable density represent the best management tool, but they require large computational resources, especially in the three-dimensional case. In order to avoid these computational limitations in the modeling of salt flats and their valuable ecosystems, we propose a three-step methodology, consisting of: (1) collection, validation and interpretation of the hydrogeochemical data, (2) identification and three-dimensional mapping of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> on the land surface and in depth, and (3) application of a water head correction to the freshwater and <span class="hlt">mixed</span> water heads in order to compensate the density variations and to transform them to brine water heads. Finally, an evaluation of the sensibility of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> to anthropogenic and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/242884.pdf','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/242884.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2011 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... Administrator Highlights of the 2011 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey Arlen Egley, Jr., and James C. Howell This ... 2010 to 1,824 in 2011. About the Survey Since 1996, the National <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Center, through the ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03759.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03759.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma Landslide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-05-21</p> <p>This image from NASA Mars Odyssey spacecraft shows a spectacular landslide along a portion of the southern wall of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma within Valles Marineris. Landslides have very characteristic morphologies on Earth, which they also display on Mars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=35664&Lab=ORD&keyword=legal+AND+system&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=35664&Lab=ORD&keyword=legal+AND+system&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR <span class="hlt">MIXING-ZONE</span> ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF POLLUTANT DISCHARGES</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Water-quality policy in the United States includes the concept of a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, a limited area or volume of water where initial dilution of an aqueous pollutant discharge occurs. iven a myriad of possible discharge configurations, ambient environments, and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> definition...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=61376&keyword=temperature+AND+classes&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=61376&keyword=temperature+AND+classes&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>VISUAL PLUMES <span class="hlt">MIXING</span> <span class="hlt">ZONE</span> MODELING SOFTWARE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has a long history of both supporting plume model development and providing <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> modeling software. The Visual Plumes model is the most recent addition to the suite of public-domain models available through the EPA-Athens Center f...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5495019','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5495019"><span>Convention versus deviance: moral agency in adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ decision making</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dickson-Gomez, Julia; Pacella, Maria; Broaddus, Michelle; Quinn, Katherine; Galletly, Carol; Rivas, Justin</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are a source of concern due to their involvement in criminal activity, violence, substance use and high-risk sexual behaviors. Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> theories hypothesize that social institutions, including the family and school, fail to meet the needs of adolescents who therefore feel less attachment to these institutions and find an unconventional institution (i.e. the <span class="hlt">gang</span>) to meet these needs through the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Objectives In this paper we will examine the extent to which social disorganization and social control theories, in particular the rejection of conventional norms and aspirations, match adolescents subjective reasons for their decisions and their future aspirations. Methods Between 2012 and 2013, we conducted in-depth interviews with 58 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members between the ages of 14 to 19. Interviews were coded for key themes using the constant comparison method. Results Social disorganization and social control theories have both value and limitations in explaining reasons why adolescents join <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and engage in criminal behaviors. Participants saw many of their aspirations blocked by negative school experiences and limited economic opportunities. <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> provided a social organization in which to sell drugs. However, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members did not reject conventional norms and aspirations. Rather, they view themselves as making decisions to survive in the present while recognizing that these strategies will not continue to work in the future. Conclusions: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members value education and aspire to obtain legal employment. Thus, interventions to help adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members with the immediate financial pressures that lead them to sell drugs may be particularly effective. PMID:28010161</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3100189','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3100189"><span>MEXICAN AMERICAN YOUTH AND ADULT PRISON <span class="hlt">GANGS</span> IN A CHANGING HEROIN MARKET</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article focuses on the interaction between the larger community’s drug markets and youth and adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and the process that leads to specific adverse consequences both to the youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> as organizations, and to individual members. Described is the emergence of a restructured heroin market dominated by an adult prison <span class="hlt">gang</span>. A major consequence of this was the increasing use of heroin among Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and their transformation from autonomous youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> to extensions of the adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or their demise. Data was collected from 160 members of 26 Mexican American youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and key informants in San Antonio. Findings focus on organizational rules, drug market transformations, consequences on members, and the impact of heroin on the gang’s organization. Discussed is how the dominance of prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is related to the increased incarceration and recidivism rates of Mexican Americans and declining economic opportunities for urban minorities. PMID:21614143</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625155','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625155"><span>Long-term consequences of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership for adult functioning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gilman, Amanda B; Hill, Karl G; Hawkins, J David</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>We examined the possible public health consequences of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership for adult functioning. Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study focusing on the development of positive and problem outcomes. Using propensity score matching and logistic regression analyses, we assessed the effects of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal behavior, educational and occupational attainment, and physical and mental health at the ages of 27, 30, and 33 years. In comparison with their nongang peers, who had been matched on 23 confounding risk variables known to be related to selection into <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, those who had joined a <span class="hlt">gang</span> in adolescence had poorer outcomes in multiple areas of adult functioning, including higher rates of self-reported crime, receipt of illegal income, incarceration, drug abuse or dependence, poor general health, and welfare receipt and lower rates of high school graduation. The finding that adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership has significant consequences in adulthood beyond criminal behavior indicates the public health importance of the development of effective <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention programs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC23C0946R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMGC23C0946R"><span>Future Visions of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> - Establishing Hydrologic Baseline and Water Resources Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ray, P. A.; Yang, Y. E.; Wi, S.; Brown, C. M.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River Basin (China-India-Bhutan-Bangladesh) is on the verge of a transition from a largely free flowing and highly variable river to a basin of rapid investment and infrastructure development. This work demonstrates a knowledge platform for the basin that compiles available data, and develops hydrologic and water resources system models of the basin. A Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin supplies hydrologic information of major tributaries to a water resources system model, which routes runoff generated via the VIC model through water infrastructure, and accounts for water withdrawals for agriculture, hydropower generation, municipal demand, return flows and others human activities. The system model also simulates agricultural production and the economic value of water in its various uses, including municipal, agricultural, and hydropower. Furthermore, the modeling framework incorporates plausible climate change scenarios based on the latest projections of changes to contributing glaciers (upstream), as well as changes to monsoon behavior (downstream). Water resources projects proposed in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin are evaluated based on their distribution of benefits and costs in the absence of well-defined water entitlements, and relative to a complex regional water-energy-food nexus. Results of this project will provide a basis for water sharing negotiation among the four countries and inform trans-national water-energy policy making.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.4773W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.4773W"><span>Assessing the impact of cyclones in the coastal <span class="hlt">zone</span> of Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wolf, Judith; Bricheno, Lucy; Chowdury, Shahad; Rahman, Munsur; Ghosh, Tuhin; Kay, Susan; Caesar, John</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>We review the state of knowledge regarding tropical cyclones and their impacts on coastal ecosystems, as well as the livelihood and health of the coastal communities, under the present and future climate, with application to the coastal <span class="hlt">zone</span> of Bangladesh. This region is particularly vulnerable to tropical cyclones as it is very low-lying and densely populated. Cyclones cause damage due to the high wind speed and also the ensuing storm surge, which causes inundation and salinity intrusion into agricultural land and contaminates fresh water. The world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans, protects the coast of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra-Ganges</span>-Meghna (BGM) delta from these cyclonic storms but mangroves are themselves vulnerable to cyclone damage, as in 2007 when ~36% of the mangrove area was severely damaged leading to further losses of livelihood. We apply an idealised cyclone model and use the winds and pressures from this model to drive a storm surge model in the Bay of Bengal, in order to examine the impact of the intensity, track speed and landfall of the cyclones in terms of surge and inundation. The model is tested by reproducing the track and intensity of Cyclone Sidr of 2007. We also examine the projected future climate from the South Asia Regional Climate Model to understand how tropical cyclones may change under global warming and assess how this may impact the BGM Delta over the 21st century.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H13I..08E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H13I..08E"><span>Incompletely <span class="hlt">Mixed</span> Surface Transient Storage <span class="hlt">Zones</span> at River Restoration Structures: Modeling Implications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Endreny, T. A.; Robinson, J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>River restoration structures, also known as river steering deflectors, are designed to reduce bank shear stress by generating wake <span class="hlt">zones</span> between the bank and the constricted conveyance region. There is interest in characterizing the surface transient storage (STS) and associated biogeochemical processing in the STS <span class="hlt">zones</span> around these structures to quantify the ecosystem benefits of river restoration. This research explored how the hydraulics around river restoration structures prohibits application of transient storage models designed for homogenous, completely <span class="hlt">mixed</span> STS <span class="hlt">zones</span>. We used slug and constant rate injections of a conservative tracer in a 3rd order river in Onondaga County, NY over the course of five experiments at varying flow regimes. Recovered breakthrough curves spanned a transect including the main channel and wake <span class="hlt">zone</span> at a j-hook restoration structure. We noted divergent patterns of peak solute concentration and times within the wake <span class="hlt">zone</span> regardless of transect location within the structure. Analysis reveals an inhomogeneous STS <span class="hlt">zone</span> which is frequently still loading tracer after the main channel has peaked. The breakthrough curve loading patterns at the restoration structure violated the assumptions of simplified "random walk" 2 <span class="hlt">zone</span> transient storage models which seek to identify representative STS <span class="hlt">zones</span> and <span class="hlt">zone</span> locations. Use of structure-scale Weiner filter based multi-rate mass transfer models to characterize STS <span class="hlt">zones</span> residence times are similarly dependent on a representative <span class="hlt">zone</span> location. Each 2 <span class="hlt">zone</span> model assumes 1 <span class="hlt">zone</span> is a completely <span class="hlt">mixed</span> STS <span class="hlt">zone</span> and the other a completely <span class="hlt">mixed</span> main channel. Our research reveals limits to simple application of the recently developed 2 <span class="hlt">zone</span> models, and raises important questions about the measurement scale necessary to identify critical STS properties at restoration sites. An explanation for the incompletely <span class="hlt">mixed</span> STS <span class="hlt">zone</span> may be the distinct hydraulics at restoration sites, including a constrained</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70023007','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70023007"><span>Gill lesions and death of bluegill in an acid mine drainage <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Henry, T.B.; Irwin, E.R.; Grizzle, J.M.; Brumbaugh, W.G.; Wildhaber, M.L.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The toxicity of an acid mine drainage (AMD) <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> was investigated by placing bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) at the confluence of a stream contaminated by AMD and a stream having neutral pH. A <span class="hlt">mixing</span> channel receiving water from both streams was assembled in the field, during July and October 1996, to determine the toxicity of freshly <span class="hlt">mixed</span> and aged water (2.9–7.5 min). The AMD stream had elevated concentrations of Al and Fe, which precipitated upon <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, and of Mn, which did not precipitate in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Fish exposed to freshly <span class="hlt">mixed</span> water had higher mortality than fish exposed to water after aging. Precipitating Al, but not Fe, accumulated on the gills of bluegill, and accumulation was more rapid early during the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> process than after aging. Fish exposed for 3.5 h to freshly <span class="hlt">mixed</span> water had hypertrophy and hyperplasia of gill filament and lamellar epithelial cells. Similar lesions were observed after 6.0 h in fish exposed to water aged after <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. Results demonstrated that Al was the predominant metal accumulating on the gills of fish in this AMD <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, and that <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> can be more toxic than AMD streams in equilibrium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H14E..02H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H14E..02H"><span>Satellite Altimetry based River Forecasting of Transboundary Flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hossain, F.; Siddique-E-Akbor, A.; Lee, H.; Shum, C.; Biancamaria, S.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Forecasting of this transboundary flow in downstream nations however remains notoriously difficult due to the lack of basin-wide in-situ hydrologic measurements or its real-time sharing among nations. In addition, human regulation of upstream flow through diversion projects and dams, make hydrologic models less effective for forecasting on their own. Using the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> (GB) basin as an example, this study assesses the feasibility of using JASON-2 satellite altimetry for forecasting such transboundary flow at locations further inside the downstream nation of Bangladesh by propagating forecasts derived from upstream (Indian) locations through a hydrodynamic river model. The 5-day forecast of river levels at upstream boundary points inside Bangladesh are used to initialize daily simulation of the hydrodynamic river model and yield the 5-day forecast river level further downstream inside Bangladesh. The forecast river levels are then compared with the 5-day-later "now cast" simulation by the river model based on in-situ river level at the upstream boundary points in Bangladesh. Future directions for satellite-based forecasting of flow are also briefly overviewed.round tracks or virtual stations of JASON-2 (J2) altimeter over the GB basin shown in yellow lines. The locations where the track crosses a river and used for deriving forecasting rating curves is shown with a circle and station number (magenta- <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin; blue - <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin). Circles without a station number represent the broader view of sampling by JASON-2 if all the ground tracks on main stem rivers and neighboring tributaries of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> are considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20152292','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20152292"><span>Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and weapon use.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Beaver, Kevin M; DeLisi, Matt; Vaughn, Michael G; Barnes, J C</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been found to be associated with a broad range of antisocial phenotypes, including physical violence. At the same time, it is well known that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members represent some of the most serious violent offenders. Even so, no research has ever examined the association between MAOA and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. The aim of this study is to examine the association between MAOA and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and between MAOA and weapon use. We examined the effects of MAOA by using a molecular genetic association research design. A nonclinical sample was used in this study. Participants were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1155 females, 1041 males). The outcome measures of this study are <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and weapon use. The low MAOA activity alleles conferred an increased risk of joining a <span class="hlt">gang</span> and using a weapon in a fight for males but not for females. Moreover, among male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, those who used weapons in a fight were more likely to have a low MAOA activity allele when compared with male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who do not use weapons in a fight. Male carriers of low MAOA activity alleles are at risk for becoming a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member and, once a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member, are at risk for using weapons in a fight. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JETP..126..126M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JETP..126..126M"><span>On the Structure of the <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">Zone</span> at an Unstable Contact Boundary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meshkov, E. E.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The interface between two media of different densities (contact boundary) moving with an acceleration directed from the less dense medium to the more dense one is unstable (Rayleigh-Taylor instability) [1, 2]. The initial perturbations of the interface grow indefinitely and, as a result, a medium <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> growing with time is formed at the interface. The structure of such a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> at gas-gas and gas-liquid interfaces is discussed on the basis of laboratory experiments on shock tubes of various types. It is concluded that the regions of turbulent and laminar flows are combined in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509367.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED509367.pdf"><span>Combating <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Federal Agencies Have Implemented a Central American <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Strategy, but Could Strengthen Oversight and Measurement of Efforts. Report to Congressional Requesters. GAO-10-395</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Larence, Eileen R.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Thousands of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the United States belong to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> such as MS-13 and 18th Street that are also active in Central American countries. Federal entities with responsibilities for addressing Central American <span class="hlt">gangs</span> include the National Security Council (NSC); the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS), Justice (DOJ), and State; and the U.S.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Geomo.169...74L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Geomo.169...74L"><span>Tectonic controls on the morphodynamics of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River system in the upper Assam valley, India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lahiri, Siddhartha K.; Sinha, Rajiv</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> is one of the largest tropical rivers of the world and is located in an area of high structural instability as evidenced from the presence of a large number of earthquakes in the Himalayan catchment through which it flows. Syntectonic evidence of changes in the morphodynamics is difficult to identify for the large rivers. Nevertheless, we note that the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River has become astonishingly large in planform in a historical timescale. Reconstruction of planform changes over a period of 90 years in the upper reaches of the Assam valley shows that the 240-km-long channel belt is widening all along its course in the region. From the average width of 9.74 km in 1915, the channel belt has widened to the average width of 14.03 km in 2005 (44% widening), and in certain reaches the average widening is as high as 250%. However, the bank line shift is not symmetric along both banks. Further, the planform characteristics of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River reveal significant spatial and temporal variability from upstream to downstream reaches, and we attribute this variability to tectonogeomorphic zonation of the river based on subsurface configuration and channel slope. Further, the tributaries joining the northern and southern banks of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> differ remarkably in terms of river dynamics, and this is attributed to the differences in tectonic regimes of the Himalaya in the north and the Naga Patkai hills in the south.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917653R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917653R"><span>Socio-Economic Appraisal of Flood Hazard among the Riparian Communities: Case Study of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Valley in Assam; India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roy, Nikhil; Wasini Pandey, Bindhy</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> valley of Assam is one of the most hazard prone areas of the Indian subcontinent. Recurring floods have severely affected the riparian communities of the region since time immemorial. But, the frequency of the problem has been intensified after the great earthquakes of 1897 and 1950. These two extreme earthquakes have disturbed the geological setting of the basin and the channel morphology has been altered henceforth. The impact of floods on riparian communities in <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> valley has been abysmal. During the monsoon season almost 30 per cent of the valley has been inundated with floods and the riparian communities are mostly affected. Large chunk of people have been uprooted from their native lands due to recurring floods in the low lying areas of the region. Although it is impossible to quantify the human tragedy during the natural disasters, but one can easily understand the situation by the facts that about 1.8 million people and 200,000 hectares of farmland were affected in the 2016 floods of Assam. In the present study, an attempt has been made to assess the spatio-temporal changes of the morphology of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River and its impact on the livelihood of the riparian communities. For that, LANDSAT and SENTINEL imageries have been used to examine the shifting of bank lines of three decades. CARTOSAT DEM has been used to prepare the FLOOD HAZARD ZONATION map of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> valley to examine the flood vulnerable areas of the region. The present study also tries to explain the livelihood condition of the Internally Displaced Persons and their social cohesion. Keywords: <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River, Flood, LANDSAT, CARTOSAT DEM, FLOOD HAZARD ZONATION, Riparian Communities</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12319111','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12319111"><span>The threat from sea and land. Regional report 2: the Bay of Bengal.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p></p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This article reports on the environmental threat caused by the Bay of Bengal on the economic situation in Bangladesh and India. More than four-fifths of Bangladesh amount to an extended delta at the confluence of one of the largest river systems in the world, comprising the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, and Meghna. In the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> watershed, the rate of deforestation caused soil erosion in the Himalayas is five times as much as in the geological past. This sediment loading is often considered to be a prime factor in downstream flooding. Because of this, Bangladesh agriculture products were damaged, which led to economic instability. Furthermore, as a result of the combined impacts of population growth, poverty, no land, and inadequate food supplies, many migrated into the neighboring Indian areas. Moreover, the susceptibility of the Bay of Bengal to cyclones has caused a great number of deaths leaving millions of people homeless. Cyclone episodes are expected to be more frequent as global warming continues. Furthermore, Bangladesh was estimated to be only 5 meters above sea level, which is considered vulnerable to sea level rise. On top of these problems, trouble from the other side of Bangladesh was also predicted with the combined outflow of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, and Meghna leading to more national damage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED417240.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED417240.pdf"><span>Moving beyond Labels: Approaching <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement through Behavior.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Crowley, Carolyn L.; Lavery, Barbara; Siegel, Alexander W.; Cousins, Jennifer H.</p> <p></p> <p>This study examined the specific nature of the relationship between involvement in various risk-taking behaviors and levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Forty-nine high school students, 24 girls and 25 boys, ages 14 to 18, from a rural Texas community, completed a <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement questionnaire and the Risk Inventory and Perception Scale during individual…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED381330.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED381330.pdf"><span>Awareness of Deaf Sign Language and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Signs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Cynthia; Morgan, Robert L.</p> <p></p> <p>There have been increasing incidents of innocent people who use American Sign Language (ASL) or another form of sign language being victimized by <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence due to misinterpretation of ASL hand formations. ASL is familiar to learners with a variety of disabilities, particularly those in the deaf community. The problem is that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marijuana&pg=3&id=EJ983880','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marijuana&pg=3&id=EJ983880"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth, Substance Use Patterns, and Drug Normalization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sanders, Bill</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership is an indicator of chronic illicit substance use and such patterns of use may have a normalized character. Using epidemiological and qualitative data collected between 2006 and 2007, this manuscript examines the drug normalization thesis among a small sample (n=60) of <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth aged 16-25 years from Los Angeles. Overall, while…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897432','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897432"><span>Sexual risk, substance use, mental health, and trauma experiences of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved homeless youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Petering, Robin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>This study examined the associations of sexual risk behaviors, substance use, mental health, and trauma with varying levels of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement in a sample of Los Angeles-based homeless youths. Data were collected from 505 homeless youths who self-reported various health information and whether they have ever identified as or been closely affiliated with a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations of lifetime <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement with risk taking behaviors and negative health outcomes. Results revealed seventeen percent of youths have ever identified as a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member and 46% as <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliated. Both <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and affiliates were at greater risk of many negative behaviors than non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved youths. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members and affiliates were more likely to report recent methamphetamine use, cocaine use, chronic marijuana use, having sex while intoxicated, and symptoms of depression, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. They were also more likely to have experienced childhood sexual abuse and witnessing family violence. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members were more likely to ever attempt suicide, experience recent partner violence, and report physical abuse during childhood. Results suggest that lifetime <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement is related to a trajectory of negative outcomes and amplified risk for youths experiencing homelessness. Additionally, being closely connected to a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member appears to have just as much as an impact on risk as personally identifying as a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member. Given the lack of knowledge regarding the intersection between youth homelessness and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement, future research is needed to inform policies and programs that can address the specific needs of this population. Copyright © 2016 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=HOW+AND+TO+AND+DEVELOP+AND+PROSOCIAL+AND+BEHAVIOR&pg=5&id=EJ592669','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=HOW+AND+TO+AND+DEVELOP+AND+PROSOCIAL+AND+BEHAVIOR&pg=5&id=EJ592669"><span>In <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> We Trust: A Close-Up of the New Induction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Blankstein, Alan Meredith; Sandoval, Gilbert "Sandy"</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Explains how the needs children are trying to meet through <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement are the same ones that societies meet with rites of passage. Although <span class="hlt">gang</span> rituals are antisocial, the needs they meet for youth are healthy. Offers several strategies that can be used when working with youth involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Urges educators to help youth develop…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911283S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911283S"><span>Comparison and evaluation of satellite- and reanalysis-based precipitation products for water resources management in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saleh Khan, Abu; Sohel Masud, Md.; Abdulla Hel Kafi, Md.; Sultana, Tashrifa; Lopez Lopez, Patricia</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River, with a transboundary basin area of approx. 554,500 km2, has its origin on the northern slope of the Himalayas in China, from where it flows through India, Bhutan and finally Bangladesh. <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin's climatology is heavily conditioned by precipitation during the monsoon months, concentrating about the 85 % of the rainfall in this period and originating severe and frequent floods that impact specially the Bangladeshi population in the delta region. Recent campaigns to increase the quality and to share ground-based hydro-meteorological data, in particular precipitation, within the basin have provided limited results. Global rainfall data from satellite and reanalysis may improve the temporal and spatial availability of in-situ observations for advanced water resources management. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of several global precipitation products from satellite and reanalysis in comparison with in-situ data to quantify their added value for hydrological modeling at a basin and sub-basin scale for the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River. Precipitation products from CMORPH, TRMM-3B42, GsMAP, WFDEI, MSWEP and various combinations with ground-based data were evaluated at basin and sub-basin level at a daily and monthly temporal resolution. The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> was delineated into 54 sub-basins for a more detailed evaluation of the precipitation products. The data were analysed and inter-compared for the time period from 2002 to 2010. Precipitation performance assessment was conducted including several indicators, such as probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), bias and root mean square error (RMSE). Preliminary results indicate high correlation and low bias and RMSE values between WFDEI, TRMM-3B42 and CMORPH precipitation and in-situ observations at a monthly time scale. Lower correlations and higher bias and RMSE values were found between GsMAP and MSWEP and ground-observed precipitation</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5373929','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5373929"><span>Childhood adversity and the continued exposure to trauma and violence among adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Quinn, Katherine; Pacella, Maria L.; Dickson-Gomez, Julia; Nydegger, Liesl A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This study examines experiences of childhood adversity, trauma, and violence among adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members prior to and during adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement to better understand the effects of violence and trauma on <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. We conducted 58 qualitative semi-structured interviews with members of six adolescent <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis and the constant comparative method in MAXQDA. Findings revealed that frequent and ongoing exposure to neighborhood violence and personal and familial trauma led many youth to normalize experiences of violence. Furthermore, although they believed <span class="hlt">gangs</span> would offer protection and social support, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership led to additional exposure to violence and trauma and bleak future expectations. Interventions for adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should address the complex childhoods and cumulative traumatic experiences of these adolescents. PMID:28262961</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07377&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dlandslide','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07377&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dlandslide"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><p/> This Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Orbiter Camera (MOC) image shows a high resolution view of portions of the lobes of several landslide deposits in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. Dark material near the bottom (south) end of the image is windblown sand. <p/> <i>Location near</i>: 8.2oS, 44.3oW <i>Image width</i>: 3.0 km (1.9 mi) <i>Illumination from</i>: upper left <i>Season</i>: Southern Winter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194666','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194666"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, clubs, and alcohol: The effect of organizational membership on adolescent drinking behavior.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Suh, Chan S; Brashears, Matthew E; Genkin, Michael</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>How does adolescent organizational membership in general, and simultaneous membership in distinct types of organizations in particular, impact drinking behavior? While past studies have focused either on the learning effect of involvement with <span class="hlt">gangs</span> or on the constraining influence of conventional organizations on adolescent problem behavior, we explore the possibility that conventional school clubs can serve as socializing opportunities for existing <span class="hlt">gang</span> members to engage in drinking behavior with non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> club members. Using the Add Health data, we show that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members drink more often, and engage in more binge drinking, than non-members. More importantly, individuals who are members of both <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and school clubs drink alcohol at greater levels than those who are solely involved in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. In addition, non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> adolescents who are co-members with <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the same school club are more likely to drink alcohol than non-members. This result has important implications for understanding the role of organizations in adolescent behavior and suggests that the study of delinquent behaviors would benefit from devoting more attention to individuals who bridge distinct types of organizations. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70021294','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70021294"><span>Acute toxicity of an acid mine drainage <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> to juvenile bluegill and largemouth bass</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Henry, T.B.; Irwin, E.R.; Grizzle, J.M.; Wildhaber, M.L.; Brumbaugh, W.G.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The toxicity of an acid <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> produced at the confluence of a stream that was contaminated by acid mine drainage (AMD) and a pH-neutral stream was investigated in toxicity tests with juvenile bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Fish mortalities in instream cages located in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, below the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, and upstream in both tributaries were compared to determine relative toxicity at each site. In all tests and for both species, significantly higher mortality was observed in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> than at any other location, including the acid stream, which had lower pH (2.9-4.3). The <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> was defined chemically by rapid precipitation of dissolved aluminum and iron, which arrived from the low-pH stream, and by the presence of white precipitates, which were attached to the substratum and which extended below the confluence. Possible seasonal changes in <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> toxicity were investigated by conducting field tests with bluegill in June, July, and August 1996 and in January 1997 and by conducting field tests with largemouth bass in April and May 1997. Toxicity was not significantly different at the extremes of temperature, pH, and metal concentration that occurred in June and July, as compared with January. Toxicity was significantly lower in August; however, elevated stream discharge during the August test may have disturbed <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> characteristics. High toxicity in AMD <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> may lower the survival of fishes in streams, reduce available habitat, and impede movements of migratory fish.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28893131','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28893131"><span>Delinquency Among Members of Hong Kong Youth Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: The Role of the Organizational Structures of <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Triad Affiliations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chui, Wing Hong; Khiatani, Paul Vinod</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>This study explores the importance of organizational structures and formal affiliations with the Hong Kong triads to delinquency among youth street <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in Hong Kong. More specifically, this study examines the relative importance of the number of organizational structures and triad affiliation to patterns of delinquency in a sample of active members of youth street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> ( N = 201). With the aid of outreach social workers, a convenience sampling method was used to recruit a gender-balanced sample of at-risk youths. Logistic regression analysis of the survey data that was gathered indicated that formal affiliation to Hong Kong triads and the presence of organizational structures significantly increased the odds of delinquency (independently of each other). Suggestions for future research on <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and delinquency, with particular reference to the Asian context, are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70028108','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70028108"><span>Headward growth of chasmata by volatile outbursts, collapse, and drainage: Evidence from <span class="hlt">ganges</span> chaos, Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Rodriguez, J.A.P.; Kargel, J.; Crown, D.A.; Bleamaster, L. F.; Tanaka, K.L.; Baker, V.; Miyamoto, H.; Dohm, J.M.; Sasaki, S.; Komatsu, G.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The nature and significance of collapse processes in Capri, Eos, and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasmata remain poorly understood. Using <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma as a type locality, these chasmata are interpreted to be the result of clustering and assimilation of multiple chaotic terrains, which primarily formed by localized depressurization-induced or thermally-triggered dissociation of buried gas clathrate hydrates and explosive eruption of gas-saturated ground water. Such crustal destabilization could have been triggered by (1) deep fracture propagation from the Martian surface, (2) magmatic intrusions and associated heating and inflation-induced terrain fracturing, and/or (3) climatic thaw and thinning/weakening of the permafrost over the clathrate and gas-rich groundwater <span class="hlt">zones</span>. Volume increases associated with release of gases contributed to the xpulsion of groundwater and fluidized sediments at the surface, thereby carving the higher outflow channels peripheral to the chasmata and the lower outflow channel floors of the chasmata and outflow channels. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA19031.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA19031.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma - False Color</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-01-27</p> <p>The THEMIS VIS camera contains 5 filters. The data from different filters can be combined in multiple ways to create a false color image. This false color image from NASA 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft shows part of the interior of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA570118','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA570118"><span>Can the Jamaican Security Forces Successfully Reduce the Violent Impact of <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-12-14</p> <p>movements in the form of local <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and juvenile delinquents . In between these two extremes are other <span class="hlt">gangs</span> of varied forms, composition and......others that are based on youth delinquency . Certainly, an operational unit by itself would not have the time during an ongoing operation to begin the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sales+AND+lead&id=EJ866175','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sales+AND+lead&id=EJ866175"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Drug Involvement: Untangling the Complex Relationship</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bjerregaard, Beth</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Previous research has consistently demonstrated a relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and involvement in illegal substances. In addition, researchers have noted that <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are frequently more heavily involved in drug sales, which often lead to increases in violent behaviors. Most of this research, however, is either cross-sectional or…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.T43C0710M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.T43C0710M"><span>Sand-Venting in the M5.7 Earthquake 3 Jan 2017 and in the Much Larger Penultimate Liquefaction Event with their Sedimentary Setting in an Upstream Valley of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta: Implications for Earthquake Hazard</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McHugh, C.; Seeber, L.; Akhter, S. H.; Schenck, R. J.; Steckler, M. S.; Kumar, B.; Rajapara, H.; Shovon, A. K.; Singhvi, A. K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta (GBD) is near the cusp between Sunda subduction and Himalayan collision. Abundant water and fertile sediment support a huge population, but large earthquakes along these broad convergence boundaries have repeatedly caused widespread liquefaction and destruction. The 3 Jan 2017 M5.7 32 km deep (USGS) Ambassa (Tripura, India) earthquake accommodated down-dip extension of the Indian slab where it subducts eastward from the GBD below Burma. This is typical for current seismicity below and east of the GBD, although much larger and shallower thrust earthquakes are anticipated based on GPS. Generally, reported effects in the broad mesoseismal area seem consistent with hypocenter depth and the assigned max MMI V (USGS), but we found surprisingly intense damage and many liquefaction sites in the alluvial northern portion of the Dolai valley in Bangladesh, 36 km NNW of the epicenter. We trenched three liquefaction sites and completed a profile of ten 50m deep wells across the 5 km wide alluvial valley. Fluvial channel sands alternate with overbank silt/clay and organic clay layers suggesting frequent changes in river course, consistent with rapid post glacial sea-level rise, transgression, high-stand aggradation and differential tectonic uplift. The Dolai is one of several short low-relief synclinal valleys in the fold belt draining northward into the Sylhet Basin (NE part of the GBD) where they meet westward drainage richer in sediment. Rapid aggradation by this cross-drainage may have a damming effect and account for the current lacustrine/marshy conditions characteristic of the northern end of these synclinal valleys. Organic rich beds derived from such conditions could encourage overpressure and raise liquefaction potential. The 1.5 m deep trenches revealed fractures and clastic dykes <15 mm wide that fed the 2017 sand vents. Their orientations were N-S, subparallel to the valley and nearby river-banks and at high angle to the fold axes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03285&hterms=2e&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3D2e','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03285&hterms=2e&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3D2e"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Features</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><p/> [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Context image for PIA03285 <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Features <p/> This image shows part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. Several landslides occur at the top of the image, while dunes and canyon floor deposits are visible at the bottom of the image. <p/> Image information: VIS instrument. Latitude -6.8N, Longitude 312.2E. 17 meter/pixel resolution. <p/> Note: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time. <p/> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03681&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dlandslide','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03681&hterms=landslide&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dlandslide"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p><p/> [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Context image for PIA03681 <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Landslide <p/> Two large landslides dominate this image of part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. The eroded surface of an old landslide covers the north half of the image, while a more recent landslide occurs to the south. <p/> Image information: VIS instrument. Latitude -6.7N, Longitude 310.4E. 17 meter/pixel resolution. <p/> Note: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time. <p/> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC52A..03H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC52A..03H"><span>Application of Satellite information (JASON-2) in improvement of Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Service in Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hossain, M. A.; Anderson, E. R.; Bhuiyan, M. A.; Hossain, F.; Shah-Newaz, S. M.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Bangladesh is the lowest riparian of the huge system of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and Meghna (GBM) basins, second to that of Amazan, with 1.75 million sq-km catchment area, only 7% is inside Bangladesh. High inflow from GBM associated with the intense rainfall is the source of flood in Bangladesh. Flood Forecasting and Early Warning (FFEW) is the mandate and responsibility of Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (FFWC) under BWDB has been carrying out this responsibility since 1972 and operational on 7-days a week during monsoon (May to October). FFEW system started with few hours lead time has been upgraded up to to 5-days with reasonable accuracy. At FFWC numerical Hydrodynamic model is used for generating water level (WL) forecast upto 5-days at 54 points on 29 rivers based on real-time observed WL of 83 and rainfall of 56 stations with boundary estimationa on daily basis. Main challenge of this system is the boundary estimation is the limited upstream data of the transboundary rivers, obstacle for increasing lead-time for FFEW. The satellite based upper catchment data may overcome this limitation. Recent NASA-French joint Satellite mission JASON-2 records Water Elevation (WE) and it may be used within 24 hours. Using JASON-2 recorded WE data of 4 and 3 virtual stations on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> rivers , respectively (upper catchment), a new methodology has been developed for increasing lead time of forecast. Correlation between the JASON-2 recorded WE on the virtual stations at the upper catchment and WL of 2 dominating boundary stations at model boundary on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> has been derived for generating WL forecast at those 2 boundary stations, which used as input in model. FFWC has started experimental 8-days lead-time WL forecast at 09 stations (5 in <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and 4 in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) using generated boundary data and regularly updating the results in the website. The trend of the forecasted WL using</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21759','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21759"><span>Comparison of glue-line quality between <span class="hlt">gang</span> edging and straight-line ripping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; James R. Olson; James R. Olson</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> edging with a dip-chain fed <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaw produces gluing surfaces equal to those from a straight-line ripsaw in yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red oak (Quercus rubra). Special care in gluing red oak was needed to get shear strengths equal to solid wood values. However, the strength comparisons between sawing methods showed no differences between <span class="hlt">gang</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28719955','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28719955"><span>Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (River).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sohn, Woon-Mok; Na, Byoung-Kuk; Cho, Shin-Hyeong; Park, Mi-Yeoun; Kim, Cheon-Hyeon; Hwang, Min-Ah; No, Kyeong-Woo; Yoon, Ki-Bok; Lim, Hyun-Cheol</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae ( Cs Mc) was examined in freshwater fish from the water systems of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (River), the Republic of Korea. Total 1,604 fish from 7 local sites of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> were examined by artificial digestion methods. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were detected in 102 (39.8%) out of 256 fish (14 species) from the upper reaches of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span>, i.e., Osucheon (22.3% in 6 fish species) in Imsil-gun, and Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (63.9% in 9 fish species) in Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Their average density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were also found in 132 (48.0%) out of 275 fish (12 spp.) from the middle reaches of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span>, i.e., Songdaecheon (58.9% in 4 fish species) in Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, and Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (45.2% in 10 fish species) in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do. Their average density was 21.0 per infected fish. Cs Mc were detected in 77 (56.6%) out of 136 fish (11 species) from the lower reaches of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span>, i.e., Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (73.3% in 11 fish species) in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do, and Namsancheon (8.6% in 1 fish species) in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Their average density was 64.9 per infected fish. The metacercariae of Metorchis orientalis were also detected in 6 fish species from 4 sites of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span>. Conclusively, it has been confirmed that Cs Mc are more or less prevalent in fish from some water systems of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> in Korea.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5523896','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5523896"><span>Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (River)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sohn, Woon-Mok; Na, Byoung-Kuk; Cho, Shin-Hyeong; Park, Mi-Yeoun; Kim, Cheon-Hyeon; Hwang, Min-Ah; No, Kyeong-Woo; Yoon, Ki-Bok; Lim, Hyun-Cheol</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) was examined in freshwater fish from the water systems of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (River), the Republic of Korea. Total 1,604 fish from 7 local sites of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> were examined by artificial digestion methods. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were detected in 102 (39.8%) out of 256 fish (14 species) from the upper reaches of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span>, i.e., Osucheon (22.3% in 6 fish species) in Imsil-gun, and Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (63.9% in 9 fish species) in Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Their average density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were also found in 132 (48.0%) out of 275 fish (12 spp.) from the middle reaches of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span>, i.e., Songdaecheon (58.9% in 4 fish species) in Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, and Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (45.2% in 10 fish species) in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do. Their average density was 21.0 per infected fish. CsMc were detected in 77 (56.6%) out of 136 fish (11 species) from the lower reaches of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span>, i.e., Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> (73.3% in 11 fish species) in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do, and Namsancheon (8.6% in 1 fish species) in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Their average density was 64.9 per infected fish. The metacercariae of Metorchis orientalis were also detected in 6 fish species from 4 sites of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span>. Conclusively, it has been confirmed that CsMc are more or less prevalent in fish from some water systems of Seomjin-<span class="hlt">gang</span> in Korea. PMID:28719955</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=risk+AND+factors+AND+burns&pg=2&id=EJ660340','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=risk+AND+factors+AND+burns&pg=2&id=EJ660340"><span>Risk and Protective Factors Associated with <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Urban African American Adolescents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Li, Xiaoming; Stanton, Bonita; Pack, Robert; Harris, Carole; Cottrell, Lesley; Burns, James</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Analyzed data about urban African American youth to explore whether differences in exposure to violence, resilience, and distress symptoms between <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and nonmembers resulted from risk behaviors in which youths participated or from <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership itself. Results indicated that <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership itself related to increased risk and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H11F0885B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.H11F0885B"><span>Application of current and future satellite missions to hydrologic prediction in transboundary rivers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Biancamaria, S.; Clark, E.; Lettenmaier, D. P.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>More than 256 major global river basins, which cover about 45% of the continental land surface, are shared among two or more countries. The flow of such a large part of the global runoff across international boundaries has led to tension in many cases between upstream and downstream riparian countries. Among many examples, this is the case of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Rivers, which cross the boundary between India and Bangladesh. Hydrological data (river discharge, reservoir storage) are viewed as sensitive by India (the upstream country) and are therefore not shared with Bangladesh, which can only monitor river discharge and water depth at the international border crossing. These measurements only allow forecasting of floods in the interior and southern portions of the country two to three days in advance. These forecasts are not long enough either for agricultural water management purposes (for which knowledge of upstream reservoir storage is essential) or for disaster preparedness purposes. Satellite observations of river spatial extent, surface slope, reservoir area and surface elevation have the potential to make tremendous changes in management of water within the basins. In this study, we examine the use of currently available satellite measurements (in India) and in-situ measurements in Bangladesh to increase forecast lead time in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Rivers. Using nadir altimeters, we find that it is possible to forecast the discharge of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River at the Bangladesh border with lead time 3 days and mean absolute error of around 25%. On the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River, 2-day forecasts are possible with a mean absolute error of around 20%. When combined with optical/infra-red MODIS images, it is possible to map water elevations along the river and its floodplain upstream of the boundary, and to compute water storage. However, the high frequency of clouds in this region results in relatively large errors in the water mask. Due to the nadir altimeter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED553642.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED553642.pdf"><span>Highlights of the 2012 National Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Survey. Juvenile Justice Fact Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Egley, Arlen, Jr.; Howell, James C.; Harris, Meena</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>This fact sheet provides an overview of the nation's <span class="hlt">gang</span> problem and summarizes findings from the 2012 survey. Of the 2,538 survey recipients, 2,199 (87 percent) responded to the survey. In 2012, there were an estimated 30,700 <span class="hlt">gangs</span> (an increase from 29,900 in 2011) and 850,000 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (an increase from 782,500 in 2011) throughout 3,100…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22998539','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22998539"><span>Adolescents, <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and perceptions of safety, parental engagement, and peer pressure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kelly, Sarah E; Anderson, Debra G</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Adolescents are exposed to various forms of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and such exposure has led them to feel unsafe in their neighborhood and have differing interactions with their parents and peers. This qualitative study explored adolescents', parents', and community center employees' perceptions of adolescents' interaction with their neighborhood, family, and peers. Three themes emerged from the data: Most adolescents reported that the community center provided a safe environment for them; parental engagement influenced adolescents' experiences with <span class="hlt">gangs</span>; and adolescents were subjected to peer pressure in order to belong. Exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence can leave an impression on adolescents and affect their mental health, but neighborhood safety and relationships with parents and peers can influence adolescents' exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Recommendations regarding the use of health care professionals at community centers are proposed. Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.198...17P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeCoA.198...17P"><span>Lithium isotope behaviour during weathering in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Alluvial Plain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pogge von Strandmann, Philip A. E.; Frings, Patrick J.; Murphy, Melissa J.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river system is responsible for the transportation of a large flux of dissolved materials derived from Himalayan weathering to the oceans. Silicate weathering-driven cooling resulting from uplift of the Himalayas has been proposed to be a key player in Cenozoic climate variation. This study has analysed Li isotope (δ7Li) ratios from over 50 <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river waters and sediments, in order to trace silicate weathering processes. Sediments have δ7Li of ∼0‰, identical to bulk continental crust, however suspended sediment depth profiles do not display variations associated with grain size that have been observed in other large river systems. Dissolved δ7Li are low (∼11‰) in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> headwaters, but reach a constant value of 21 ± 1.6‰ within a relatively short distance downstream, which is then maintained for almost 2000 km to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> mouth. Given that Li isotopes are controlled by the ratio of primary mineral dissolution to secondary mineral formation, this suggests that the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> floodplain is at steady-state in terms of these processes for most of its length. Low δ7Li in the mountainous regions suggest silicate weathering is therefore at its most congruent where uplift and fresh silicate exposure rates are high. However, there is no correlation between δ7Li and the silicate weathering rate in these rivers, suggesting that Li isotopes cannot be used as a weathering-rate tracer, although they do inform on weathering congruency and intensity. The close-to-constant δ7Li values for the final 2000 km of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> flow also suggest that once the size of the alluvial plain reached more than ∼500 km (the flow distance after which riverine δ7Li stops varying), the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> exerted little influence on the changing Cenozoic seawater δ7Li, because riverine δ7Li attained a near steady-state composition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhyA..390.3894H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhyA..390.3894H"><span>Geographical influences of an emerging network of <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hegemann, Rachel A.; Smith, Laura M.; Barbaro, Alethea B. T.; Bertozzi, Andrea L.; Reid, Shannon E.; Tita, George E.</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>We propose an agent-based model to simulate the creation of street <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries. The movement dynamics of agents are coupled to an evolving network of <span class="hlt">gang</span> rivalries, which is determined by previous interactions among agents in the system. Basic <span class="hlt">gang</span> data, geographic information, and behavioral dynamics suggested by the criminology literature are integrated into the model. The major highways, rivers, and the locations of gangs’ centers of activity influence the agents’ motion. We use a policing division of the Los Angeles Police Department as a case study to test our model. We apply common metrics from graph theory to analyze our model, comparing networks produced by our simulations and an instance of a Geographical Threshold Graph to the existing network from the criminology literature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H11A1290P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H11A1290P"><span>Sensitivity of different satellites gridded data over <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Basin byusing Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paul, S.; Pradhanang, S. M.; Islam, A. S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>More than half a billion people of India, China, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan are dependent on the water resources of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river. With climatic and anthropogenic change of this basin region is becoming a cause of concern for future water management and sharing with transboundary riparian nations. To address such issues, robust watershed runoff modeling of the basin is essential. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a widely used semi-distributed watershed model that is capable of analyzing surface runoff, stream flow, water yield, sediment and nutrient transport in a large river basin such as <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, but the performance of runoff the model depends on the accuracy of input precipitation datasets. But for a transboundary basin like <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, precipitation gauge data from upstream areas is either not available or not accessible to the scientific communities. Satellite rainfall products are very effective where radar datasets are absent and conventional rain gauges are sparse. However, the sensitivity of the SWAT model to different satellite data products as well as hydrologic parameters for the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Basin are largely unknown. Thus in this study, a comparative analysis with different satellite data product has been made to assess the runoff using SWAT model. Here, datafrom three sources: TRMM, APHRDOTIE and GPCP were used as input precipitation satellite data set and ERA-Interim was used as input temperature dataset from 1998 to 2009. The main methods used in modeling the hydrologic processes in SWAT were curve number method for runoff estimating, Penman-Monteith method for PET and Muskingum method for channel routing. Our preliminary results have revealed thatthe TRMM data product is more accurate than APHRODITE and GPCP for runoff analysis. The coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies for both calibration and validation period from TRMM data are 0.83 and 0.72, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acculturation&pg=5&id=EJ921707','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=acculturation&pg=5&id=EJ921707"><span>Reconsidering Hispanic <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Acculturation in a Multivariate Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Miller, Holly Ventura; Barnes, J. C.; Hartley, Richard D.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Previous qualitative research has suggested that Hispanic <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is linked to the process of acculturation. Specifically, studies have indicated that those who are less assimilated into mainstream American or "Anglo" society are at greater risk for joining <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Building on these observations, this study examines the relationship between…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChJOL.tmp..193G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChJOL.tmp..193G"><span>Impact of tropical cyclone Matmo on <span class="hlt">mixed</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> of the Yellow and Bohai seas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guo, Jie; Ji, Diansheng; Hou, Chawei; Guo, Kai; Ji, Ling</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Bohai Sea is a low-lying semi-enclosed sea area that is linked to the Yellow Sea via the Bohai straits (<span class="hlt">mixed</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>). Its off shore seabed is shallow, which makes it vulnerable to serious marine meteorological disasters associated with the northward passage of Pacifi c tropical cyclones. Analyses on data of remote sensing and buoy of the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> of the Yellow and Bohai seas indicate that all the wind speed, signifi cant wave height, and salinity (SAL) increased, sea surface temperature decreased, and wind energy density changed considerably during the passage of tropical cyclone Matmo on July 25, 2014. It was found that the SAL inversion layer in the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> of the Yellow and Bohai Seas was caused by the tropical cyclone. Furthermore, it was found that the tropical cyclone transported the northern Yellow Sea cold water mass (NYSCWM) into the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> of the Yellow and Bohai Seas. The NYSCWM has direct infl uence on both the aquaculture and the ecological environment of the region. Therefore, further research is needed to establish the mechanism behind the formation of the SAL inversion layer in the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, and to determine the infl uence of tropical cyclones on the NYSCWM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA02065.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA02065.html"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma in 3-D</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-06-25</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma is part of the Valles Marineris trough system that stretches nearly 5,000 kilometers 3,000 miles across the western equatorial region of Mars. This stereo anaglyph is from NASA Mars Global Surveyor. 3D glasses are necessary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718001','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718001"><span>Estimating the effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on nonviolent and violent delinquency: a counterfactual analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Barnes, J C; Beaver, Kevin M; Miller, J Mitchell</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study reconsiders the well-known link between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and criminal involvement. Recently developed analytical techniques enabled the approximation of an experimental design to determine whether <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, after being matched with similarly situated nongang members, exhibited greater involvement in nonviolent and violent delinquency. Findings indicated that while <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is a function of self-selection, selection effects alone do not account for the greater involvement in delinquency exhibited by <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. After propensity score matching was employed, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members maintained a greater involvement in both nonviolent and violent delinquency when measured cross-sectionally, but only violent delinquency when measured longitudinally. Additional analyses using inverse probability of treatment weights reaffirmed these conclusions. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+time+AND+kids&pg=2&id=EJ762235','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+time+AND+kids&pg=2&id=EJ762235"><span>Victory Junction <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Camp</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shell, Ryan</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This article describes the Victory Junction <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Camp, a not-for-profit, NASCAR-themed camp for children with chronic medical conditions that serves 24 different disease groups. The mission of the camp is to give children life-changing camping experiences that are exciting, fun, and empowering in a safe and medically sound environment. While doing…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004E%26PSL.220..157G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004E%26PSL.220..157G"><span>Sand petrology and focused erosion in collision orogens: the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> case</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Garzanti, Eduardo; Vezzoli, Giovanni; Andò, Sergio; France-Lanord, Christian; Singh, Sunil K.; Foster, Gavin</p> <p>2004-03-01</p> <p>The high-relief and tectonically active Himalayan range, characterized by markedly varying climate but relatively homogeneous geology along strike, is a unique natural laboratory in which to investigate several of the factors controlling the composition of orogenic sediments. Coupling of surface and tectonic processes is most evident in the eastern Namche Barwa syntaxis, where the Tsangpo-Siang-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River, draining a large elevated area in south Tibet, plunges down the deepest gorge on Earth. Here composition of river sands changes drastically from lithic to quartzofeldspathic. After confluence with the Lohit River, draining the Transhimalayan-equivalent Mishmi arc batholiths, sediment composition remains remarkably constant across Assam, indicating subordinate contributions from Himalayan tributaries. Independent calculations based on petrographical, mineralogical, and geochemical data indicate that the syntaxis, representing only ∼4% of total basin area, contributes 35±6% to the total <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> sediment flux, and ∼20% of total detritus reaching the Bay of Bengal. Such huge anomalies in erosion patterns have major effects on composition of orogenic sediments, which are recorded as far as the Bengal Fan. In the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin, in spite of very fast erosion and detrital evacuation, chemical weathering is not negligible. Sand-sized carbonate grains are dissolved partially in mountain reaches and completely in monsoon-drenched Assam plains, where clinopyroxenes are selectively altered. Plagioclase, instead, is preferentially weathered only in detritus from the Shillong Plateau, which is markedly enriched in microcline. Most difficult to assess is the effect of hydraulic sorting in Bangladesh, where quartz, garnet and epidote tend to be sequestered in the bedload and trapped on the coastal plain, whereas cleavable feldspars and amphiboles are concentrated in the suspended load and eventually deposited in the deep sea. High-resolution petrographic and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=logistics+AND+area&pg=2&id=EJ1115965','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=logistics+AND+area&pg=2&id=EJ1115965"><span>A Statewide Study of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership in California Secondary Schools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez, Jr.; Gilreath, Tamika D.; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>To date, there is a paucity of empirical evidence that examines <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in schools. Using statewide data of 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade students from California, this study focuses on the prevalence of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership by county, region, ethnicity, and grade level. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=place+AND+strategy&pg=5&id=ED580591','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=place+AND+strategy&pg=5&id=ED580591"><span>Educators' Perspectives Regarding Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Activity and Prevention Efforts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fussy, Brooklyne</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Decreasing <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in inner city neighborhoods is an essential component to reducing violence and improving our society as a whole. This study was conducted to help generate awareness and a better understanding as to how schools can be best utilized as a protective factor against youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity. The participants consisted of 6 educators…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4060635','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4060635"><span>Serious Delinquency and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Participation: Combining and Specializing in Drug Selling, Theft and Violence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gordon, Rachel A.; Rowe, Hillary L.; Pardini, Dustin; Loeber, Rolf; White, Helene Raskin; Farrington, David P.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Using Pittsburgh Youth Study data, we examined the extent to which over 600 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved young men specialized in drug selling, serious theft, or serious violence or engaged simultaneously in these serious delinquent behaviors, throughout the 1990s. We found that the increase in delinquency associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership was concentrated in two combinations: serious violence and drug selling; serious violence, drug selling, and serious theft. Several covariates were similarly associated with multi-type serious delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership (age, historical time, Black race, and residential mobility), suggesting that these behaviors may share common developmental, familial, and contextual risks. We encourage future research to further examine the association of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership with engagement in particular configurations of serious delinquency. PMID:24954999</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954999','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954999"><span>Serious Delinquency and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Participation: Combining and Specializing in Drug Selling, Theft and Violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gordon, Rachel A; Rowe, Hillary L; Pardini, Dustin; Loeber, Rolf; White, Helene Raskin; Farrington, David P</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Using Pittsburgh Youth Study data, we examined the extent to which over 600 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> involved young men specialized in drug selling, serious theft, or serious violence or engaged simultaneously in these serious delinquent behaviors, throughout the 1990s. We found that the increase in delinquency associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership was concentrated in two combinations: serious violence and drug selling; serious violence, drug selling, and serious theft. Several covariates were similarly associated with multi-type serious delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership (age, historical time, Black race, and residential mobility), suggesting that these behaviors may share common developmental, familial, and contextual risks. We encourage future research to further examine the association of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership with engagement in particular configurations of serious delinquency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27414056','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27414056"><span>Associations between school violence, military connection, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in California secondary schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez; Gilreath, Tamika D; Sanchez, Cathia Y; Astor, Ron Avi</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Recent studies have found that military-connected students confront many challenges-such as secondary traumatization-that may stem from a parent's deployment and frequent relocations. It is possible that multiple moves and deployments of family service members are associated with military-connected students' <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and involvement with school violence behaviors. In this study, a total of 13,484 students completed the core and military modules of the California Healthy Kids Survey. Logistic regressions examined the odds of a student being a member of a <span class="hlt">gang</span> given their grade, gender, race/ethnicity, school violence behaviors, military-connectedness, changes in schools, and familial deployments. Results indicated that of the nearly 8% of students sampled who reported being in a <span class="hlt">gang</span>, those with a parent or sibling currently serving in the military reported a higher prevalence rate of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership than students with no military connection. Students who reported being in fights or carrying weapons to school were at least twice more likely to be a <span class="hlt">gang</span> member than students who reported not having been in fights or carrying weapons. Changing schools 4 or more times in a 5-year period and experiencing at least 1 familial deployment were also associated with an increased likelihood of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. The findings of this study offer incentive to further explicate the <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence experiences of military-connected students. This study supports schools in understanding the characteristics of the military-connected students and families they serve so they can implement appropriate interventions to curb <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19852186','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19852186"><span>Murder by structure: dominance relations and the social structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> homicide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Papachristos, Andrew V</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>Most sociological theories consider murder an outcome of the differential distribution of individual, neighborhood, or social characteristics. And while such studies explain variation in aggregate homicide rates, they do not explain the social order of murder, that is, who kills whom, when, where, and for what reason. This article argues that <span class="hlt">gang</span> murder is best understood not by searching for its individual determinants but by examining the social networks of action and reaction that create it. In short, the social structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> murder is defined by the manner in which social networks are constructed and by people's placement in them. The author uses a network approach and incident-level homicide records to recreate and analyze the structure of <span class="hlt">gang</span> murders in Chicago. Findings demonstrate that individual murders between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> create an institutionalized network of group conflict, net of any individual's participation or motive. Within this network, murders spread through an epidemic-like process of social contagion as <span class="hlt">gangs</span> evaluate the highly visible actions of others in their local networks and negotiate dominance considerations that arise during violent incidents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Self+AND+esteem+AND+communication+AND+skills&pg=3&id=EJ396511','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Self+AND+esteem+AND+communication+AND+skills&pg=3&id=EJ396511"><span>LA's <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Busters--Lessons Learned.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Harper, Suzanne</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Regarded as the nation's <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence capital, Los Angeles' politicians and law enforcement and school administrators are using knowledge from lost battles to win the war. Solutions include targeting younger children, teaching self-esteem and communication skills, as well as organizing group graffiti cleanups. (SI)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016854','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016854"><span>“GETTING HIGH AND GETTING BY”: DIMENSIONS OF DRUG SELLING BEHAVIORS AMONG AMERICAN MEXICAN <span class="hlt">GANG</span> MEMBERS IN SOUTH TEXAS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo; Sifaneck, Stephen J.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article discerns the role that Mexican American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members play in drug markets, and the relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’drug use and drug selling in South Texas. A four-part typology based on the two dimensions of <span class="hlt">gang</span> type and <span class="hlt">gang</span> member emerged from this qualitative analysis of 160 male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members: Homeboys, Hustlers, Slangers, and Ballers. Major findings include the following: (1) many <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are user/sellers and are not profit-oriented dealers, (2) <span class="hlt">gangs</span> commonly do extend “protection” to drug-selling members, and (3) proximity to Mexican drug markets, adult prison <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and criminal family members may play important roles in whether these <span class="hlt">gang</span> members have access and the profit potential to actually deal drugs. This research contributes to our complex intersections between <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, drug using, and drug selling. PMID:21218191</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5796535','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5796535"><span>Developmental Pathways of Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership: A Structural Test of the Social Development Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hill, Karl G.; Gilman, Amanda B.; Howell, James C.; Catalano, Richard F.; Hawkins, J. David</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>As a result of nearly 40 years of research using a risk and protective factor approach, much is known about the predictors of <span class="hlt">gang</span> onset. Little theoretical work, however, has been done to situate this approach to studying <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership within a more comprehensive developmental model. Using structural equation modeling techniques, the current study is the first to test the capacity of the social development model (SDM) to predict the developmental pathways that increase and decrease the likelihood of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Results suggest that the SDM provides a good accounting of the social developmental processes at age 13 that are predictive of later <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. These findings support the promotion of a theoretical understanding of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership that specifies both pro- and antisocial developmental pathways. Additionally, as the SDM is intended as a model that can guide preventive intervention, results also hold practical utility for designing strategies that can be implemented in early adolescence to address the likelihood of later <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. Three key preventive intervention points to address <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership are discussed, including promoting efforts to enhance social skills, increasing the availability of prosocial opportunities and rewarding engagement in these opportunities, and reducing antisocial socialization experiences throughout the middle- and high school years. PMID:29403146</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=crisis+AND+management+AND+pre+AND+crisi&pg=3&id=ED414402','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=crisis+AND+management+AND+pre+AND+crisi&pg=3&id=ED414402"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Straight Talk, Straight Up. A Practical Guide for Teachers, Parents, and the Community.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jensen, Mary M.; Yerington, Philip C.</p> <p></p> <p>This book is written about youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> with the aim of educating teachers and administrators, parents, and others who work with youth. The main emphasis is on <span class="hlt">gang</span> identifiers and positive behavior management strategies and crisis intervention techniques that can be used in schools and the home. Section 1, "Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> Past and Present," provides…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25880890','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25880890"><span>The role of delinquency, proactive aggression, psychopathy and behavioral school engagement in reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ang, Rebecca P; Huan, Vivien S; Chan, Wei Teng; Cheong, Siew Ann; Leaw, Jia Ning</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Given the robust positive association between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and crime, a better understanding of factors related to reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership is critical and especially since youth in <span class="hlt">gangs</span> are a universal concern. The present study investigated the role of delinquency, proactive aggression, psychopathy and behavioral school engagement in reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership using a large sample of 1027 Singapore adolescents. Results from logistic regression showed that delinquency, proactive aggression, and behavioral school engagement were statistically significant risk factors for reported youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and that psychopathy was not related to reported <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Implications for prevention and intervention work with respect to youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership were discussed. In particular, strengthening students' engagement with school and meaningful school-related activities and developing supportive teacher-student relationships are particularly important in working with young people with respect to prevention work. Additionally, the present study's theoretical and empirical contributions were also discussed. Copyright © 2015 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED366706.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED366706.pdf"><span>Youth Violence: <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> on Main Street, USA. Issues in Brief.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hamner, Carole J.</p> <p></p> <p>This report profiles the issue of youth violence: the history of its appearance in U.S. culture, the recent escalation of <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in U.S. communities, and the strategies put forth in smaller cities to meet this challenge. The report notes that there has been an explosion of <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in the United States that has been fostered by a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=TC&pg=7&id=EJ939442','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=TC&pg=7&id=EJ939442"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Subsequent Engagement into a Drug Free Therapeutic Community</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Widlitz, Michelle; Dermatis, Helen; Galanter, Marc; Bunt, Gregory</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship of history of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement to engagement in Therapeutic Community (TC) treatment. Residents (N = 222) at two Daytop facilities completed a survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, prior <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement and multiple aspects of TC functioning. Residents with prior gang…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=positive+AND+interventions+AND+kids&pg=5&id=EJ432683','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=positive+AND+interventions+AND+kids&pg=5&id=EJ432683"><span>Teenagers, Clothes, and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Burke, Jim</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>A California English teacher explores the school safety issue for both innercity and suburban high schools students. Wearing certain sports team jackets can place kids in danger; girls degrade themselves by keeping <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' drugs and guns in their lockers. Schools can help reclaim the "Great Disconnected" by developing…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4503338','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4503338"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership and substance use: guilt as a gendered causal pathway</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Coffman, Donna L.; Melde, Chris; Esbensen, Finn-Aage</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Objectives We examine whether anticipated guilt for substance use is a gendered mechanism underlying the noted enhancement effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal drug use. We also demonstrate a method for making stronger causal inferences when assessing mediation in the presence of moderation and time-varying confounding. Methods We estimate a series of inverse propensity weighted models to obtain unbiased estimates of mediation in the presence of confounding of the exposure (i.e., <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership) and mediator (i.e., anticipated guilt) using three waves of data from a multi-site panel study of a law-related education program for youth (N=1,113). Results The onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership significantly decreased anticipated substance use guilt among both male and female respondents. This reduction was significantly associated with increased frequency of substance use only for female respondents, however, suggesting that gender moderates the mechanism through which <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership influences substance use. Conclusions Criminologists are often concerned with identifying causal pathways for antisocial and/or delinquent behavior, but confounders of the exposure, mediator, and outcome often interfere with efforts to assess mediation. Many new approaches have been proposed for strengthening causal inference for mediation effects. After controlling for confounding using inverse propensity weighting, our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing substance use by current and former female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should focus on the normative aspects of these behaviors. PMID:26190954</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190954','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190954"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership and substance use: guilt as a gendered causal pathway.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Coffman, Donna L; Melde, Chris; Esbensen, Finn-Aage</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>We examine whether anticipated guilt for substance use is a gendered mechanism underlying the noted enhancement effect of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on illegal drug use. We also demonstrate a method for making stronger causal inferences when assessing mediation in the presence of moderation and time-varying confounding. We estimate a series of inverse propensity weighted models to obtain unbiased estimates of mediation in the presence of confounding of the exposure (i.e., <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership) and mediator (i.e., anticipated guilt) using three waves of data from a multi-site panel study of a law-related education program for youth ( N =1,113). The onset of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership significantly decreased anticipated substance use guilt among both male and female respondents. This reduction was significantly associated with increased frequency of substance use only for female respondents, however, suggesting that gender moderates the mechanism through which <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership influences substance use. Criminologists are often concerned with identifying causal pathways for antisocial and/or delinquent behavior, but confounders of the exposure, mediator, and outcome often interfere with efforts to assess mediation. Many new approaches have been proposed for strengthening causal inference for mediation effects. After controlling for confounding using inverse propensity weighting, our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing substance use by current and former female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members should focus on the normative aspects of these behaviors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740010928','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740010928"><span>Remote sensing in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. [water pollution in Wisconsin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Villemonte, J. R.; Hoopes, J. A.; Wu, D. S.; Lillesand, T. M.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>Characteristics of dispersion and diffusion as the mechanisms by which pollutants are transported in natural river courses were studied with the view of providing additional data for the establishment of water quality guidelines and effluent outfall design protocols. Work has been divided into four basic categories which are directed at the basic goal of developing relationships which will permit the estimation of the nature and extent of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> as a function of those variables which characterize the outfall structure, the effluent, and the river, as well as climatological conditions. The four basic categories of effort are: (1) the development of mathematical models; (2) laboratory studies of physical models; (3) field surveys involving ground and aerial sensing; and (4) correlation between aerial photographic imagery and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> characteristics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CoMP..172...33B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CoMP..172...33B"><span>Primitive andesites from the Taupo Volcanic <span class="hlt">Zone</span> formed by magma <span class="hlt">mixing</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beier, Christoph; Haase, Karsten M.; Brandl, Philipp A.; Krumm, Stefan H.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Andesites with Mg# >45 erupted at subduction <span class="hlt">zones</span> form either by partial melting of metasomatized mantle or by <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and assimilation processes during melt ascent. Primitive whole rock basaltic andesites from the Pukeonake vent in the Tongariro Volcanic Centre in New Zealand's Taupo Volcanic <span class="hlt">Zone</span> contain olivine, clino- and orthopyroxene, and plagioclase xeno- and antecrysts in a partly glassy matrix. Glass pools interstitial between minerals and glass inclusions in clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase as well as matrix glasses are rhyolitic to dacitic indicating that the melts were more evolved than their andesitic bulk host rock analyses indicate. Olivine xenocrysts have high Fo contents up to 94%, δ18O(SMOW) of +5.1‰, and contain Cr-spinel inclusions, all of which imply an origin in equilibrium with primitive mantle-derived melts. Mineral <span class="hlt">zoning</span> in olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase suggest that fractional crystallization occurred. Elevated O isotope ratios in clinopyroxene and glass indicate that the lavas assimilated sedimentary rocks during stagnation in the crust. Thus, the Pukeonake andesites formed by a combination of fractional crystallization, assimilation of crustal rocks, and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of dacite liquid with mantle-derived minerals in a complex crustal magma system. The disequilibrium textures and O isotope compositions of the minerals indicate <span class="hlt">mixing</span> processes on timescales of less than a year prior to eruption. Similar processes may occur in other subduction <span class="hlt">zones</span> and require careful study of the lavas to determine the origin of andesite magmas in arc volcanoes situated on continental crust.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Crime&pg=4&id=EJ1015341','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Crime&pg=4&id=EJ1015341"><span>Understanding <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Crime Victimization among Jail Inmates: Testing the Effects of Self-Control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fox, Kathleen A.; Lane, Jodi; Akers, Ronald L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Although previous research has examined factors related to <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and offending, research on the relationship between <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and victimization is limited. The present study builds on previous research and examines <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, victimization, and self-control among 2,414 jail inmates. Results from self-report surveys indicate that gang…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23525778','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23525778"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> membership of California middle school students: behaviors and attitudes as mediators of school violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez; Gilreath, Tamika D; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Empirical evidence examining how risk and protective behaviors may possibly mediate the association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence is limited. This study utilizes a statewide representative sample of 152 023 Latino, Black and White seventh graders from California to examine a theoretical model of how school risk (e.g. truancy, school substance use and risky peer approval) and protective (e.g. connectedness, support and safety) behaviors and attitudes mediate the effects of <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership on school violence behaviors. The dataset was collected in the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 academic school years using the ongoing large-scale California Healthy Kids Survey conducted by WestEd for the State of California. Approximately 9.5% of the sample considered themselves to be a member of a <span class="hlt">gang</span>. The findings indicate that school risk behaviors and attitudes mediate the association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence behaviors. Although the direct negative association between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence perpetration is weak, the positive indirect effect mediated by school risks behaviors and attitudes is strong. This indicates that when <span class="hlt">gang</span> members engage in school risk behaviors, they are much more likely to be school violence perpetrators. Implications for further research, theory and practice for both <span class="hlt">gang</span> and school violence researchers are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1455894','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1455894"><span>On the mechanism of the ring <span class="hlt">zone</span> effect obtained with the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> haemadsorption technique</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jonsson, J.; Fagraeus, Astrid</p> <p>1969-01-01</p> <p>A ring <span class="hlt">zone</span> effect noted with the radial diffusion disc test modification of the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> haemadsorption technique has been studied using human anti-thyroid sera reacting with thyroid monolayer cultures. Results are presented which suggest that the `empty' centre of the ring <span class="hlt">zones</span> is due to an excess of attached antibody. Sera giving the ring <span class="hlt">zone</span> effect contain a larger number of antibody specificities than those producing filled <span class="hlt">zones</span>. The appearance of ring <span class="hlt">zones</span> is favoured by a low density of antigens on the culture. These findings and a number of synergistic effects produced by <span class="hlt">mixing</span> ring and filled <span class="hlt">zone</span> reactions are compatible with the hypothesis that the ring <span class="hlt">zone</span> is produced when several antibodies of different specificities react with restricted antigenic areas carrying densely located clusters of antigenic determinants representing the different specificities contained in the ring <span class="hlt">zone</span> sera. The crowding of antibodies on the clusters in the centre of the ring <span class="hlt">zones</span> creates a steric hindrance for the indicator cells so that they are not firmly attached in this area. The antibody <span class="hlt">zone</span> is therefore indicated as a peripheral haemadsorption ring. ImagesFIG. 1FIG. 2FIG. 4FIG. 6FIG. 7FIG. 9 PMID:5307718</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913758B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913758B"><span>Hydrological simulation of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin using global datasets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhattacharya, Biswa; Conway, Crystal; Craven, Joanne; Masih, Ilyas; Mazzolini, Maurizio; Shrestha, Shreedeepy; Ugay, Reyne; van Andel, Schalk Jan</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River flows through China, India and Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal and is one of the largest rivers of the world with a catchment size of 580K km2. The catchment is largely hilly and/or forested with sparse population and with limited urbanisation and economic activities. The catchment experiences heavy monsoon rainfall leading to very high flood discharges. Large inter-annual variation of discharge leading to flooding, erosion and morphological changes are among the major challenges. The catchment is largely ungauged; moreover, limited availability of hydro-meteorological data limits the possibility of carrying out evidence based research, which could provide trustworthy information for managing and when needed, controlling, the basin processes by the riparian countries for overall basin development. The paper presents initial results of a current research project on <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin. A set of hydrological and hydraulic models (SWAT, HMS, RAS) are developed by employing publicly available datasets of DEM, land use and soil and simulated using satellite based rainfall products, evapotranspiration and temperature estimates. Remotely sensed data are compared with sporadically available ground data. The set of models are able to produce catchment wide hydrological information that potentially can be used in the future in managing the basin's water resources. The model predications should be used with caution due to high level of uncertainty because the semi-calibrated models are developed with uncertain physical representation (e.g. cross-section) and simulated with global meteorological forcing (e.g. TRMM) with limited validation. Major scientific challenges are seen in producing robust information that can be reliably used in managing the basin. The information generated by the models are uncertain and as a result, instead of using them per se, they are used in improving the understanding of the catchment, and by running several scenarios with varying</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996WRR....32..401W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996WRR....32..401W"><span>Regional Hydrogeochemistry of a Modern Coastal <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">Zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wicks, Carol M.; Herman, Janet S.</p> <p>1996-02-01</p> <p>In west central Florida, groundwater samples were collected along flow paths in the unconfined upper Floridan aquifer that cross the inland, freshwater recharge area and the coastal discharge area. A groundwater flow and solute transport model was used to evaluate groundwater flow and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of fresh and saline groundwater along a cross section of the unconfined upper Floridan aquifer. Results show that between 8% and 15% of the fresh and 30-31% of the saline groundwater penetrates to the depth in the flow system where contact with and dissolution of gypsum is likely. The deeply circulating fresh and saline groundwater returns to the near-surface environment discharging CaSO4-rich water to the coastal area where it <span class="hlt">mixes</span> with fresh CaHCO3 groundwater, resulting in a prediction of calcite precipitation in the modern <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27324','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/27324"><span>Surrounding the consequences of watershed disasters in the periphery of the Indian triangle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Rohan Ekanayake</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The watershed of the 'Indian Triangle' is formed by the flow of two mighty rivers which emanate from the Himalaya. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and teh <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> embrace the lands and the peoples of Nepal*, India* and Bangladesh* before emptying in the Bay of Bengal. A recent monsoon submerged two thirds of the low-lying Bangladesh rendering 23 million people homeless. can...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016HESS...20.1085A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016HESS...20.1085A"><span>Reviving the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Water Machine: potential</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Amarasinghe, Upali Ananda; Muthuwatta, Lal; Surinaidu, Lagudu; Anand, Sumit; Jain, Sharad Kumar</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River basin faces severe water challenges related to a mismatch between supply and demand. Although the basin has abundant surface water and groundwater resources, the seasonal monsoon causes a mismatch between supply and demand as well as flooding. Water availability and flood potential is high during the 3-4 months (June-September) of the monsoon season. Yet, the highest demands occur during the 8-9 months (October-May) of the non-monsoon period. Addressing this mismatch, which is likely to increase with increasing demand, requires substantial additional storage for both flood reduction and improvements in water supply. Due to hydrogeological, environmental, and social constraints, expansion of surface storage in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River basin is problematic. A range of interventions that focus more on the use of subsurface storage (SSS), and on the acceleration of surface-subsurface water exchange, has long been known as the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Water Machine (GWM). The approach of the GWM for providing such SSS is through additional pumping and depleting of the groundwater resources prior to the onset of the monsoon season and recharging the SSS through monsoon surface runoff. An important condition for creating such SSS is the degree of unmet water demand. The paper shows that the potential unmet water demand ranging from 59 to 124 Bm3 year-1 exists under two different irrigation water use scenarios: (i) to increase irrigation in the Rabi (November-March) and hot weather (April-May) seasons in India, and the Aman (July-November) and Boro (December-May) seasons in Bangladesh, to the entire irrigable area, and (ii) to provide irrigation to Rabi and the hot weather season in India and the Aman and Boro seasons in Bangladesh to the entire cropped area. However, the potential for realizing the unmet irrigation demand is high only in 7 sub-basins in the northern and eastern parts, is moderate to low in 11 sub-basins in the middle, and has little or no potential in 4 sub</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26PSL.424..256W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26PSL.424..256W"><span>Quaternary climate modulation of Pb isotopes in the deep Indian Ocean linked to the Himalayan chemical weathering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, David J.; Galy, Albert; Piotrowski, Alexander M.; Banakar, Virupaxa K.</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>We use reductive sediment leaching to extract lead (Pb) from the authigenic fraction of marine sediments and reconstruct the Pb isotope evolution of the deep central Indian Ocean over the past 250 thousand years at ∼3 kyr resolution. Temporal variations define a binary <span class="hlt">mixing</span> line that is consistent with data from ferromanganese nodules and which records <span class="hlt">mixing</span> between two well-defined endmembers through time. The unradiogenic endmember appears to represent a widely-distributed Pb source, from mid-ocean ridges or possibly volcanic aerosols, while the radiogenic endmember coincides with the composition of <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river sediments that are indicative of the Himalayan weathering inputs. Glacial-interglacial Pb isotope variations are striking and can be explained by an enhancement of Himalayan contributions by two to three times during interglacial periods, indicating that climate modulates the supply of dissolved elements to the ocean. While these changes could accurately record variations in the continental chemical weathering flux in response to warmer and wetter conditions during interglacials, the relative proportions of Pb derived from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> appear to have been constant through time. This observation may point towards particulate-dissolved interactions in the estuary or pro-delta as a buffer of short timescale variability in the composition (and potentially flux) of the fluvial inputs. In addition, the changes are recorded at 3800 m water depth, and with the lack of deep water formation in the Bay of Bengal, a mechanism to transfer such a signature into the deep ocean could either be reversible scavenging of dissolved Pb inputs and/or boundary exchange on the deep sea fan. Unless the mechanism transferring the Pb isotope signature into the deep ocean was itself highly sensitive to global climate cycles, and with the absence of a precessional signal in our Pb isotope data, we suggest that the Indian climate and its influence on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B23E0246H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B23E0246H"><span>Disturbance, A Mechanism for Increased Microbial Diversity in a Yellowstone National Park Hot Spring <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">Zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Howells, A. E.; Oiler, J.; Fecteau, K.; Boyd, E. S.; Shock, E.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The parameters influencing species diversity in natural ecosystems are difficult to assess due to the long and experimentally prohibitive timescales needed to develop causative relationships among measurements. Ecological diversity-disturbance models suggest that disturbance is a mechanism for increased species diversity, allowing for coexistence of species at an intermediate level of disturbance. Observing this mechanism often requires long timescales, such as the succession of a forest after a fire. In this study we evaluated the effect of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of two end member hydrothermal fluids on the diversity and structure of a microbial community where disturbance occurs on small temporal and spatial scales. Outflow channels from two hot springs of differing geochemical composition in Yellowstone National Park, one pH 3.3 and 36 °C and the other pH 7.6 and 61 °C flow together to create a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> on the order of a few meters. Geochemical measurements were made at both in-coming streams and at a site of complete <span class="hlt">mixing</span> downstream of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, at pH 6.5 and 46 °C. Compositions were estimated across the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> at 1 cm intervals using microsensor temperature and conductivity measurements and a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> model. Qualitatively, there are four distinct ecotones existing over ranges in temperature and pH across the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Community analysis of the 16S rRNA genes of these ecotones show a peak in diversity at maximal <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. Principle component analysis of community 16S rRNA genes reflects coexistence of species with communities at maximal <span class="hlt">mixing</span> plotting intermediate to communities at distal ends of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. These spatial biological and geochemical observations suggest that the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> is a dynamic ecosystem where geochemistry and biological diversity are governed by changes in the flow rate and geochemical composition of the two hot spring sources. In ecology, understanding how environmental disruption increases species diversity is a foundation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016046','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3016046"><span>Risk Behaviors Among Young Mexican American <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Associated Females: Sexual Relations, Partying, Substance Use, and Crime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cepeda, Alice; Valdez, Avelardo</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This research focuses on young Mexican American girls who are not formal <span class="hlt">gang</span> members yet participate in street-based activities of male <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and engage in risk behaviors. These females comprise a larger proportion associated with male <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in inner-city neighborhoods than actual female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Using a qualitative design, the article presents a typology of Mexican American females that reveals a hierarchy based on exposure to four risk-related activities: sexual relations, partying, substance use, and crime. Findings illustrate how outcomes associated with these activities vary according to the girl’s relationship to the male <span class="hlt">gang</span> and status within the community. Also, regardless of their relationship to the <span class="hlt">gang</span>, participation in these activities resulted in different degrees of negative outcomes. The study concludes that problems associated with these females must go beyond being viewed as individual problems but rather seen within the social, cultural, and economic conditions of their environment. PMID:21218177</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=young+AND+adults+AND+parenting+AND+style&pg=5&id=EJ1144262','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=young+AND+adults+AND+parenting+AND+style&pg=5&id=EJ1144262"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Immigrant and Refugee Youth: A Developmental Ecological Systems Approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Goodrum, Nada M.; Chan, Wing Yi; Latzman, Robert D.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Immigrant and refugee youth are at elevated risk for joining <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, which, in turn, is associated with a host of maladaptive outcomes. Previous literature on risk and protective factors for immigrant and refugee youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement has been inconclusive. Applying a developmental ecological systems approach, this study investigated contextual…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27541602','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27541602"><span>Any of them will do: In-group identification, out-group entitativity, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership as predictors of group-based retribution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vasquez, Eduardo A; Wenborne, Lisa; Peers, Madeline; Alleyne, Emma; Ellis, Kirsty</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>In non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> populations, the degree of identification with an in-group and perceptions of out-group entitativity, the perception of an out-group as bonded or unified, are important contributors to group-based aggression or vicarious retribution. The link between these factors and group-based aggression, however, has not been examined in the context of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The current study assessed the relationship among in-group identification, perceptions of out-group entitativity, and the willingness to retaliate against members of rival groups who did not themselves attack the in-group among juvenile <span class="hlt">gang</span> and non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members in London. Our results showed the predicted membership (<span class="hlt">gang/non-gang</span>) × in-group identification × entitativity interaction. Decomposition of the three-way interaction by membership revealed a significant identification × entitativity interaction for <span class="hlt">gang</span>, but not for non-<span class="hlt">gang</span> members. More specifically, <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who identify more strongly with their <span class="hlt">gang</span> and perceived a rival group as high on entitativity were more willing to retaliate against any of them. In addition, entitativity was a significant predictor of group-based aggression after controlling for gender, in-group identification, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Our results are consistent with socio-psychological theories of group-based aggression and support the proposal that such theories are applicable for understanding <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related violence. Aggr. Behav. 41:242-252, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Canadian+AND+law&pg=7&id=EJ949470','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Canadian+AND+law&pg=7&id=EJ949470"><span>Canadian Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Inmates: Risk, Needs, and the Potential for Prison Rehabilitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Scott, Terri-Lynne; Ruddell, Rick</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A comparison of the characteristics of 337 Canadian adult female <span class="hlt">gang</span> offenders with a matched sample of women offenders showed that they were more likely to have been sentenced for violent offenses, had a greater number of prior youth and criminal convictions, and served prior terms of incarceration. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> members were also assessed as having…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED223388.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED223388.pdf"><span>The Impact of Location Alteration on School Attendance of Chicano <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hunsaker, Alan C.</p> <p></p> <p>The study examined whether a change in school site affected the school attendance of 13 male Chicano <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, 13 to 18 years of age, admitted to a community-based delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence prevention project. Since an active Alternative Studies Program, designed for students with special learning problems or for working students, already…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeCoA..72.1767G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeCoA..72.1767G"><span>Loading and fate of particulate organic carbon from the Himalaya to the Ganga <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Galy, Valier; France-Lanord, Christian; Lartiges, Bruno</p> <p>2008-04-01</p> <p>We use the evolution of river sediment characteristics and sedimentary C org from the Himalayan range to the delta to study the transport of C org in the Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> system and especially its fate during floodplain transit. A detailed characterisation of both mineral and organic particles for a sampling set of river sediments allows taking into account the sediment heterogeneity characteristic of such large rivers. We study the relationships between sediment characteristics (mineralogy, grain size, specific area) and C org content in order to evaluate the controls on C org loading. Contributions of C3 and C4 plants are estimated from C org stable isotopic composition (δ 13C org). We use the evolution of δ 13C org values from the Himalayan range to the delta in order to study the fate of C org during floodplain transit. Ganga and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> sediments define two distinct linear relations with specific area. In spite of 4-5 times higher specific area, Ganga sediments have similar C org content, grain size and mineralogy as <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> sediments, indicating that specific area does not exert a primary control on C org loading. The general correlation between the total C org content and Al/Si ratio indicates that C org loading is mainly related to: (1) segregation of organic particles under hydrodynamic forces in the river, and (2) the ability of mineral particles to form organo-mineral aggregates. Bed and suspended sediments have distinct δ 13C org values. In bed sediments, δ 13C org values are compatible with a dominant proportion of fossil C org derived from Himalayan rocks erosion. Suspended sediments from Himalayan tributaries at the outflow of the range have low δ 13C org values (-24.8‰ average) indicating a dominant proportion of C3 plant inputs. In the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin, δ 13C org values of suspended sediments are constant along the river course in the plain. On the contrary, suspended sediments of the Ganga in Bangladesh have higher δ 13C org</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814892','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19814892"><span>[Violent youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Madrid: socialization and culturalization].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Martín, María Jesús; Martínez, José Manuel; Rosa, Alberto</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>This study explores the subject of youth involved in violent groups or <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, with the goal of further understanding the indoctrination, socialization, and culturalization processes undergone by youth involved in group violence or <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Furthermore, to examine the dynamics between peer pressure and other social factors (dating relationships, work, family, etc.) within the theoretical framework of the theories of primary socialization and differential socialization. A qualitative analysis of 40 interviews of youth belonging to violent <span class="hlt">gangs</span>/groups. According to the theories of primary socialization and differential socialization, over socialization by the violent group and under socialization by all other social entities can be assumed. Regarding parental supervision and support, three family types were clearly associated with the problem of youth violence. The distinct or unified social identity of the violent youth, as well as their individual self esteem and self image, formed a combination of processes whose relevance was highly predictive. Lastly, an accurate indicator of how these youth mature is their support network-perceived, absolute, and relative (distributed among the various influencing forces). The study clearly outlines the need for re-imposing fundamental philosophical epistemology and methodologies on social forces of this kind, incorporating elements key to the postmodern, constructionist, and opposing perspectives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=inner+AND+space&pg=5&id=EJ865804','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=inner+AND+space&pg=5&id=EJ865804"><span>Who Needs Enemies with Friends like These? The Importance of Place for Young People Living in Known <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ralphs, Robert; Medina, Juanjo; Aldridge, Judith</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Despite a growing concern about <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Britain, academic research that focuses on <span class="hlt">gangs</span> remains scarce. Drawing on data from the ESRC-funded ethnographic research YOGEC (Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in an English City) project, this paper explores the negotiation of space and place by young people living in inner-city areas affected by <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Using a combination…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Honda&pg=3&id=EJ555216','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Honda&pg=3&id=EJ555216"><span>A Phenomenological Study with Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: Results and Implications for School Counselors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Omizo, Michael M.; Omizo, Sharon A.; Honda, Marianne R.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Using a phenomenological model, examines eight male adolescents' perceptions of their <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. Interviews revealed such themes as self-esteem, a sense of belonging, and protection. Outlines implications for school counselors when working with <span class="hlt">gang</span> members individually, in groups, with families, or during school interventions. (RJM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP21E..06G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP21E..06G"><span>Climate Modulation of Pb Isotopes in the Deep Indian Ocean Linked to the Himalayan Chemical Weathering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Galy, A.; Wilson, D. J.; Piotrowski, A. M.; Gattacceca, J. C.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Leaching of sediments from the Eastern flank of the Chagos-Laccadive ridge, the 90°E ridge and the distal part of the Bengal Fan have extracted authigenic lead (Pb). This allowed the reconstruction of the Pb isotope evolution of the deep central Indian Ocean over the past 250 thousand years at ˜3 kyr resolution and over the past 20 Ma at 2-3Myr resolution. High frequency temporal variations recorded close to the ridges define a binary <span class="hlt">mixing</span> line that records the variable admixture of radiogenic Pb with a signature characteristic of the composition of <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river sediments to the stable unradiogenic widely-distributed Pb source, from mid-ocean ridges or possibly volcanic aerosols. The temporal variations suggest an enhancement of Himalayan contributions by two to three times during interglacial periods, indicating that climate modulates the supply of dissolved elements to the ocean. While these changes could accurately record variations in the continental chemical weathering flux in response to warmer and wetter conditions during interglacials, the relative proportions of Pb derived from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> appear to have been constant through time. This observation may point towards particulate-dissolved interactions in the estuary or pro-delta as a buffer of short timescale variability of the fluvial inputs. The changes recorded directly in the turbiditic fan during the Neogene are more difficult to interpret and will be discussed in lengh. If the last Ma data points are consistent with the 2 records from either side of the sedimentary basin, the input from the weathering of the Himalaya could have been impacted by 1) the uplift of more radiogenic terrane consistent with the onset of the Main Boundary Thrust around 10 Ma, and 2) changes in the weathering style pointing toward a more uncongruent weathering between 7 and 1 Ma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23B2027S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23B2027S"><span>Sensitivity of the Freshwater Plume to Winds in the Bay of Bengal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sandeep, K. K.; Pant, V.; Rao, A. D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The role of winds in determining the dispersal pattern of freshwater plume in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is investigated by using a high resolution three dimensional Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) with realistic coastline and bathymetry. In the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal (BoB) receives substantial freshwater by excess precipitation over evaporation and river runoff. Major rivers like <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Irrawaddy discharge freshwater volume in range between 1.5 x 1012 m3 and 1.83 x 1013 m3. About three-fourths of all riverine influx into the BoB occurs during the summer monsoon period from May until September. Multiple experiments are carried out with idealized winds replicating the seasonal wind patterns in the study region. Idealized winds of 8ms-1 with directions as southwesterly, southeasterly, northeasterly, and northerly used to force the model. Monthly climatology of river discharge from the seven major rivers in the domain are included by identifying their geographic locations. Model simulations show distinct behavioural patterns of the dispersal of riverine freshwater plumes in response to the direction of idealized winds. Comparison of different idealized experiments show the largest variability of the transport pathways in the northern BoB, where the largest freshwater volume is discharged through the rivers <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>. Freshwater pool remains bounded to the northern-northeastern boundary of the BoB when forced with southwesterly winds, whereas the northeasterly winds produce a remarkable southward transport of freshwater along the east coast of India. These signatures of low salinity waters along the east coast of India have also been observed in observations during October-November. Further, the southeasterly winds produce strong <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of low saline waters in the northern BoB. The northerly wind stress, however, limits the channelized flow of riverine freshwater either through the eastern or western</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361630','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361630"><span>Extended residence time centrifugal contactor design modification and centrifugal contactor vane plate valving apparatus for extending <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> residence time</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Wardle, Kent E.</p> <p>2017-06-06</p> <p>The present invention provides an annular centrifugal contactor, having a housing adapted to receive a plurality of flowing liquids; a rotor on the interior of the housing; an annular <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, wherein the annular <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> has a plurality of fluid retention reservoirs with ingress apertures near the bottom of the annular <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> and egress apertures located above the ingress apertures of the annular <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>; and an adjustable vane plate stem, wherein the stem can be raised to restrict the flow of a liquid into the rotor or lowered to increase the flow of the liquid into the rotor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2992318','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2992318"><span>Young Mother (in the) Hood: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Girls’ Negotiation of New Identities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; Joe-Laidler, Karen; McKenzie, Kathleen</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the experiences of young women in street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> who become mothers. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 65 young women in the San Francisco, CA, Bay Area, we examine their narratives about the transition to motherhood. In particular, we focus on the ways these young women negotiate femininities and attempt to reconcile their identities as young mothers and <span class="hlt">gang</span> girls—both stigmatized identities. For many of the young women, motherhood entails a retreat from the street and a renewed emphasis on time spent in the home. While many receive (financial and childcare) support from their families, this also often means a diminution of the autonomy they experienced while more heavily involved in the <span class="hlt">gang</span>. Issues of respect and respectability remain important for the young women, but the dimensions on which these are based change. PMID:21116461</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+self-esteem+AND+relationship&pg=3&id=EJ672690','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+self-esteem+AND+relationship&pg=3&id=EJ672690"><span>Individual and Familial Characteristics of Youths Involved in Street Corner <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Singapore.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kee, C.; Sim, K.; Teoh, J.; Tian, C. S.; Ng, K. H.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Study compares 36 youths involved in street corner <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Singapore with 91 age-matched controls on measures of self-esteem, aggression, dysfunctional parenting and parent-adolescent communication. Results revealed that <span class="hlt">gang</span> youths had lower self-esteem and higher levels of aggression than controls. Findings diverge from anticipated familial…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41C..06W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMNH41C..06W"><span>Remote Sensing and River Discharge Forecasting for Major Rivers in South Asia (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Webster, P. J.; Hopson, T. M.; Hirpa, F. A.; Brakenridge, G. R.; De-Groeve, T.; Shrestha, K.; Gebremichael, M.; Restrepo, P. J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The South Asia is a flashpoint for natural disasters particularly flooding of the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> has profound societal impacts for the region and globally. The 2007 <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> floods affecting India and Bangladesh, the 2008 avulsion of the Kosi River in India, the 2010 flooding of the Indus River in Pakistan and the 2013 Uttarakhand exemplify disasters on scales almost inconceivable elsewhere. Their frequent occurrence of floods combined with large and rapidly growing populations, high levels of poverty and low resilience, exacerbate the impact of the hazards. Mitigation of these devastating hazards are compounded by limited flood forecast capability, lack of rain/gauge measuring stations and forecast use within and outside the country, and transboundary data sharing on natural hazards. Here, we demonstrate the utility of remotely-derived hydrologic and weather products in producing skillful flood forecasting information without reliance on vulnerable in situ data sources. Over the last decade a forecast system has been providing operational probabilistic forecasts of severe flooding of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Rivers in Bangldesh was developed (Hopson and Webster 2010). The system utilizes ECMWF weather forecast uncertainty information and ensemble weather forecasts, rain gauge and satellite-derived precipitation estimates, together with the limited near-real-time river stage observations from Bangladesh. This system has been expanded to Pakistan and has successfully forecast the 2010-2012 flooding (Shrestha and Webster 2013). To overcome the in situ hydrological data problem, recent efforts in parallel with the numerical modeling have utilized microwave satellite remote sensing of river widths to generate operational discharge advective-based forecasts for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>. More than twenty remotely locations upstream of Bangldesh were used to produce stand-alone river flow nowcasts and forecasts at 1-15 days lead time. showing that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED362603.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED362603.pdf"><span>Reasons and Remedies for <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Delinquency among School Age Children. Literature Review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sloan, David L.</p> <p></p> <p>Some of the common characteristics associated with juveniles who become involved in <span class="hlt">gang</span> activities are identified. Programs that attempt to alleviate the situations that lead to <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement and programs that deal with juvenile delinquents are discussed. The history of the juvenile justice system is also traced. Characteristics that can…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=attachment+AND+city&pg=3&id=EJ778442','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=attachment+AND+city&pg=3&id=EJ778442"><span>Cognitive and Social Influences on <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Delinquents in Three Chinese Cities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ngai, Ngan-pun; Cheung, Chau-kiu; Ngai, Steven Sek-Yum</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Inasmuch as research has held the increase in youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> activities responsible for the escalating level of crime and delinquency in Chinese societies, ascertaining risk or protective factors of <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among Chinese youths is crucial. The factors include those associated with social control, social learning, and cognitive development. To…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6003615','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6003615"><span>“Get Off Me”: Perceptions of Disrespectful Police Behavior among Ethnic Minority Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Novich, Madeleine; Hunt, Geoffrey</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Recent media accounts have highlighted issues of use and abuse of police force and policing practices targeted at ethnic minorities within inner city areas. To date, little research has focused specifically on the experiences and perceptions of youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in dealing with police. Using data from 253 in-depth interviews with ethnic minority San Francisco-based youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, we examine perceptions of respectful and disrespectful police behavior. Premised on a procedural justice model (Tyler, 2006), we explore how frequently disrespectful police behavior is reported and how these negative experiences shape <span class="hlt">gang</span> members’ attitudes towards the police more generally. We refine our investigation by comparing adverse encounters to examples in which <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are treated respectfully. Using a data-driven inductive and qualitative theory testing deductive approach, our data revealed that male and female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members regularly experience disrespectful police behavior in terms of physical and verbal abuse. Our findings indicate that these exchanges contribute to negative attitudes, fear, and distrust of police, while respectful interactions are meaningful and can contribute to positive attitudes towards officers. PMID:29910539</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency+AND+history&pg=4&id=EJ906640','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency+AND+history&pg=4&id=EJ906640"><span>Gangkill: An Exploratory Empirical Assessment of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, Homicide Offending, and Prison Misconduct</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Drury, Alan J.; DeLisi, Matt</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Extant research indicates that inmates with street <span class="hlt">gang</span> history are prone for prison misconduct but that inmates convicted of homicide offenses are less likely to be noncompliant. No research has explored the interaction between street <span class="hlt">gang</span> history and homicide offending. Based on official infraction data from 1,005 inmates selected from the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=statistic+AND+stress&pg=6&id=EJ1027406','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=statistic+AND+stress&pg=6&id=EJ1027406"><span>Acculturative Stress and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement among Latinos: U.S.-Born versus Immigrant Youth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Barrett, Alice N.; Kuperminc, Gabriel P.; Lewis, Kelly M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span> involvement is an increasing issue among Latino youth, yet nuanced research on its potential causes is scarce. Quantitative and qualitative data were used to explore links between acculturative stress and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement among immigrant and U.S.-born Latino middle school students (N = 199). Regression analyses showed that U.S.-born youths…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ910053.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ910053.pdf"><span>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span>'s All Here: Grammar Goes Global for Purdue, Unisa and Adelaide University</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Duff, Andrea; Spangenberg, Brady; Carter, Susanna; Miller, Julia</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The University of South Australia and Purdue University (Indiana) launched the "Grammar <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Blog" in June 2008, as a collaborative forum for talking about language. The blog reaches a far-flung community of learners from Australia to the United States, Brisbane to Bangalore and Ghana to Germany. The Grammar <span class="hlt">Gang</span>--where Owls meet…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H51E1328O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H51E1328O"><span>Identification of hydrologically homogeneous regions in Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin using Self Organising Maps</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ojha, C. S. P.; Sharma, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Identification of hydrologically homogeneous regions is crucial for topographically complex regions such as Himalayan river basins. Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin extends through three countries, i.e., India Nepal and China. High elevations and rugged topography impose challenge for in-situ gauges. So, it is always recommended to use data from hydrological similar site in absence of site records. We have tried to find out hydrologically homogeneous regions using Self-Organising-Map (SOM) in Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin. The station characteristics used for identification of homogeneous regions are annual precipitation, total wet season (July to September) precipitation, total dry season (January to March) precipitation, Latitude, Longitude and elevation. Precipitation data was obtained from Climate Research Unit (CRU). Number of cluster are find out using hierarchical k-means clustering. We found that the basin can be divided in 9 clusters. Mere division of regions in clusters does not clarify that identified cluster are homogeneous. The homogeneity of the clusters is found out using Hosking and Wallis heterogeneity test. All the clusters were found to be acceptably homogeneous with the value of Hosking-Wallis test static H<1.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=influence+AND+sale&pg=3&id=EJ793516','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=influence+AND+sale&pg=3&id=EJ793516"><span>Understanding the Black Box of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Organization: Implications for Involvement in Violent Crime, Drug Sales, and Violent Victimization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Decker, Scott H.; Katz, Charles M.; Webb, Vincent J.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the influence of <span class="hlt">gang</span> organization on several behavioral measures. Using interview data from juvenile detention facilities in three Arizona sites, this article examines the relationship between <span class="hlt">gang</span> organizational structure and involvement in violent crime, drug sales, victimization, and arrest. The <span class="hlt">gang</span> literature suggests…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913986S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913986S"><span>Attribution of the response of the stream flows of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin of a 1.5°C warmer world</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saiful Islam, Akm; Mamun Rashid, Md; Allen, Myles; Mitchell, Daniel; Mohammed, Khaled; Uddin Khan, Md Jamal</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>An increase in global average temperature due to climate change is likely to intensify the global hydrological cycle, which in turn will impact regional water resources. Changes of the frequency and magnitude of the precipitation patterns over a river basin will change the intensity of floods and droughts. It's still an active field of research to determine the impact of climate change on extreme events though the attribution community has been using large climate model ensembles to characterize the low signal to noise problems. After the Paris agreement of 2015, limiting the increase of the global temperature below 1.5°C was emphasized. However, it is not clear the benefits of additional half a degree reduction of temperature below 2°C which needs comprehensive scientific analysis. In this context, a collaborative effort of 39 academic and research institutions around the global is on-going to generate large ensemble simulations of climate projections under a project entitled, 'the Half a degree Additional warming, Prognosis and Projected Impacts (HAPPI)'. This study has made an attempt to conduct ensemble simulations of a hydrological model over a transboundary river basin (<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>) for estimating the changes in future extremes and mean discharges of the river forced by the climate projections generated under the HAPPI project. The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> is a transboundary river originating in China and ending in Bangladesh and it is the fourth largest river in the world in terms of average discharge of approximately 20,000 cms. It drains water from approximately 520,000 sq.km. area of China, India, Bhutan and Bangladesh. An estimated 66 million people depend on water from this river for their livelihood through subsistence agriculture and thus any change in the river's discharge due to climate change may have a negative impact on this large population. A decrease in discharge during the dry season when the basin requires water for irrigation systems translates into a</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=city+AND+logistics&pg=6&id=EJ887628','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=city+AND+logistics&pg=6&id=EJ887628"><span>Alcohol and Drug Use among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: Experiences of Adolescents Who Attend School</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Swahn, Monica H.; Bossarte, Robert M.; West, Bethany; Topalli, Volkan</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background: Problems related to <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have been noted in large cities and in many schools across the United States. This study examined the patterns of alcohol, drug use, and related exposures among male and female high school students who were <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Methods: Analyses were based on the Youth Violence Survey, conducted in 2004, and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860000278&hterms=pump+control+pump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dpump%2Bcontrol%2Bpump','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860000278&hterms=pump+control+pump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dpump%2Bcontrol%2Bpump"><span>Hydraulic Actuator for <span class="hlt">Ganged</span> Control Rods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, D. C.; Robey, R. M.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Hydraulic actuator moves several nuclear-reactor control rods in unison. Electromagnetic pump pushes liquid lithium against ends of control rods, forcing them out of or into nuclear reactor. Color arrows show lithium flow for reactor startup and operation. Flow reversed for shutdown. Conceived for use aboard spacecraft, actuator principle applied to terrestrial hydraulic machinery involving motion of <span class="hlt">ganged</span> rods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Will+ross&pg=2&id=ED523407','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Will+ross&pg=2&id=ED523407"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Marginalised Youth and Social Capital</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Deuchar, Ross</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Adolescents are routinely demonised by politicians and the media.Ross Deuchar's compelling research into the views of some of the toughest--youths who are growing up in socially deprived urban areas of Glasgow in Scotland--reveals the true facts. They talked to him about their lives, <span class="hlt">gang</span> culture and territorialiity and he passes on their words…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002IJCli..22..993A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002IJCli..22..993A"><span>Man-made climatic changes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adel, Miah M.</p> <p>2002-06-01</p> <p>Climate data pertaining to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin in Bangladesh were analysed to find any climatic changes in the wake of the upstream water diversion by the Farakka Barrage. Whereas the diversions have been continuing from at least 30 international rivers upstream of Bangladesh, the diversion from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is the best known and has a wider coverage than all other diversions. The diversion reduced the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>' discharge through the delta by about 60% from a pre-diversion average value of 1932 m3 s-1, decreased water availability in flood plains, ponds, canals, and ditches by about 50%, dropped the groundwater table, and caused changes in surface features. It took about 5 years of diversions beyond the test run year of 1975 for the environment to react to set 1981 as the baseline year. During the post-baseline era: (1) heating degree days and cooling degree days were respectively 1.33 and 1.44 times more than their counterparts during the pre-baseline era; (2) the summertime and wintertime average temperatures were respectively 1 °C more and 0.5 °C less than the corresponding values during the pre-baseline era; (3) the mode 32 °C of summertime maximum temperatures was 1 °C higher and occurred 414 times more, and the mode 25 °C of wintertime temperature was 1 °C less and occurred 17 times less than the corresponding quantities during the pre-baseline era; (4) the average value of maximum relative humidity has increased by more than 2% and that of minimum relative humidity has dropped by the same amount; (5) the mode 95% and 70% of maximum and minimum relative humidity values have occurred 1322 times and 84 times more respectively than their pre-baseline counterparts; and (6) the frequency for 100 mm or more rainfall and the monthly average rainfalls have dropped by about 50% and 30% respectively. The solution to the climatic changes lies in the restoration of the virgin <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> flow, dredging of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and its distributaries to remove shoals and siltation, and re</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29744717','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29744717"><span>Closer to Guns: the Role of Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Facilitating Access to Illegal Firearms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roberto, Elizabeth; Braga, Anthony A; Papachristos, Andrew V</p> <p>2018-05-09</p> <p>Criminal offenders often turn to social networks to gain access to firearms, yet we know little about how networks facilitate access to firearms. This study conducts a network analysis of a co-offending network for the City of Chicago to determine how close any offender may be to a firearm. We use arrest data to recreate the co-offending network of all individuals who were arrested with at least one other person over an eight-year period. We then use data on guns recovered by the police to measure potential network pathways of any individual to known firearms. We test the hypothesis that <span class="hlt">gangs</span> facilitate access to firearms and the extent to which such access relates to gunshot injury among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Findings reveal that <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership reduces the potential network distance (how close someone is) to known firearms by 20% or more, and regression results indicate that the closer <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are to guns, the greater their risk of gunshot victimization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=34654&Lab=ORD&keyword=legal+AND+system&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=34654&Lab=ORD&keyword=legal+AND+system&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR HYDRODYNAMIC <span class="hlt">MIXING</span> <span class="hlt">ZONE</span> ANAYLSIS OF CONVENTIONAL AND TOXIC SUBMERGED SINGLE PORT DISCHARGES (CORMIX1)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>U.S. water quality policy includes the concept of a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, a limited area or volume of water where the initial dilution of a discharge occurs. he Cornell <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Expert System (CORMIX1) was developed to predict the dilution and trajectory of a submerged single port disc...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED426175.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED426175.pdf"><span>Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and At-Risk Youths. Research in Brief.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Huff, C. Ronald</p> <p></p> <p>A study was conducted to compare the criminal behavior of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and nongang at-risk youths in four urban and suburban communities, Denver (Colorado), Aurora (Colorado), Broward County (Florida), and Cleveland (Ohio). The first three communities were emergent, rather than chronic, <span class="hlt">gang</span> environments, but in Cleveland, information on gangs…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471717.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471717.pdf"><span>Can Education Play a Role in the Prevention of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> in Indian Country? One Tribe's Approach. ERIC Digest.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hernandez, Arturo</p> <p></p> <p>Traditionally an urban problem, <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement is growing on Native American reservations. This digest examines common factors in <span class="hlt">gang</span> development and one tribe's response through a Native-centric education and juvenile justice system. The sum of handicaps associated with <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement has been termed "multiple marginality," and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29062865','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29062865"><span>Dataset on Investigating the role of onsite learning in the optimisation of craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity in the construction industry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ugulu, Rex Asibuodu; Allen, Stephen</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The data presented in this article is an original data on "Investigating the role of onsite learning in the optimisation of craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity in the construction industry". This article describes the constraints influencing craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity and the influence of onsite learning on the blockwork craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity. It also presented the method of data collection, using a semi-structured interview and an observation method to collect data from construction organisations. We provided statistics on the top most important constraints affecting the craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity using 3-D Bar charts. In addition, we computed the correlation coefficients and the regression model on the influence of onsite learning on craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s productivity using the man-hour as the dependent variable. The relationship between blockwork inputs and cycle numbers was determined at 5% significance level. Finally, we presented data information on the application of the learning curve theory using the unit straight-line model equations and computed the learning rate of the observed craft <span class="hlt">gang</span>'s blockwork repetitive work.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H43D1669P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H43D1669P"><span>Evaluating the High Asia Reanalysis (HAR) using Gauge-based and Satellite Precipitation Data over High Mountain Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pangaluru, K.; Velicogna, I.; Ciraci, E.; Mohajerani, Y.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (IGB) basins supply water for both domestic and agricultural demands, the latter of which is the mainstay of Indian economy. Here, we use high-resolution Asia Refined Analysis (HAR) rainfall datasets to study the spatial and temporal behavior of rainfall over the mountainous areas of the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (IGB) over the period from 2001 to 2014. The validation of High Asia Refined Analysis (HAR) precipitation data is carried out with observational (GPCP, CRU and CPC) and satellite (TRMM_3B43) datasets for the period. We find that the relative differences between the HAR model and the satellite and gauge-based datasets varies between -9% and 67% for the seasonal mean and between 1% and 26% for the annual mean for all basins. The correlation between the HAR model and the observational datasets lies between 0.5 and 0.9 for all seasons. Spatial variations and monthly magnitudes of gridded precipitation trends are calculated by using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and the Thei-Sen approach (TSA) respectively. We found significant positive trends precipitation grids over the IGB basins in the annual and monsoon season time frames, as opposed to winter and falls seasons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=theft&pg=4&id=EJ927612','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=theft&pg=4&id=EJ927612"><span>"Deterrability" among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> and Nongang Juvenile Offenders: Are <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members More (or Less) Deterrable than Other Juvenile Offenders?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Maxson, Cheryl L.; Matsuda, Kristy N.; Hennigan, Karen</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study investigates the effect of the threat of legal sanctions on intentions to commit three types of offenses with a representative sample of 744 officially adjudicated youth with varying histories of offenses and <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement. In a departure from previous research, the authors find small severity effects for property crimes that are not…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1008921','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1008921"><span>Stemming the Growth: Exploring the Risk Factors in Group Membership in Domestic Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Foreign Terrorist Organizations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>attempt to explain <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and offending and delinquent behavior. New CVE program developers may be able to use these same theories to help...outcome in question—in this case, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> research scholars have discovered a multitude of risk factors that are statistically linked...and offending and delinquent behavior, including cultural diffusion, differential association, social disorganization and strain theory. CVE program</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3549003','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3549003"><span>Drug-scene familiarity and exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence among residents in a rural farming community in Baja California, Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Volkmann, Tyson; Fraga, Miguel A.; Brodine, Stephanie K.; Iñiguez-Stevens, Esmeralda; Cepeda, Alice; Elder, John P.; Garfein, Richard S.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We examined drug-scene familiarity and exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence among residents of a migrant farming community in rural Baja California, Mexico. In October 2010, 164 members of a single colonia (community) underwent an interviewer-administered survey to assess ‘exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence’ and ‘drug-scene familiarity’, as well as other health indicators. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence. Overall, 20% of participants were male, the median age was 27 years, 24% spoke an indigenous language, 42% reported exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and 39% reported drug-scene familiarity. Factors independently associated with exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence included being younger (AOR=0.80 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=0.67–0.96), living in the community longer (AOR=1.47 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=1.11–1.72), higher educational attainment (AOR=1.70 per 5-year increase, 95% CI=1.07–1.12), and drug-scene familiarity (AOR=5.10, 95%CI=2.39–10.89). Exposure to <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence was very common in this community and was associated with drug-scene familiarity, suggesting a close relationship between drugs and <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence in this rural community. In a region characterised by mass migration from poorer parts of Mexico, where drugs and <span class="hlt">gangs</span> have not been previously reported, emerging social harms may affect these communities unless interventions are implemented. PMID:23072623</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247837','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247837"><span>The effect of urban street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities on small area homicide incidence in a large metropolitan county, 1994-2002.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Robinson, Paul L; Boscardin, W John; George, Sheba M; Teklehaimanot, Senait; Heslin, Kevin C; Bluthenthal, Ricky N</p> <p>2009-07-01</p> <p>The presence of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has been hypothesized as influencing overall levels of violence in urban communities through a process of gun-drug diffusion and cross-type homicide. This effect is said to act independently of other known correlates of violence, i.e., neighborhood poverty. To test this hypothesis, we independently assessed the impact of population exposure to local street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities on 8-year homicide rates in small areas of Los Angeles County, California. Homicide data from the Los Angeles County Coroners Office were analyzed with original field survey data on street <span class="hlt">gang</span> locations, while controlling for the established covariates of community homicide rates. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses explicated strong relationships between homicide rates, <span class="hlt">gang</span> density, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic structure. Street <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities alone had cumulative effects on small area homicide rates. Local <span class="hlt">gang</span> densities, along with high school dropout rates, high unemployment rates, racial and ethnic concentration, and higher population densities, together explained 90% of the variation in local 8-year homicide rates. Several other commonly considered covariates were insignificant in the model. Urban environments with higher densities of street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> exhibited higher overall homicide rates, independent of other community covariates of homicide. The unique nature of street <span class="hlt">gang</span> killings and their greater potential to influence future local rates of violence suggests that more direct public health interventions are needed alongside traditional criminal justice mechanisms to combat urban violence and homicides.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Childbirth&pg=5&id=EJ957858','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Childbirth&pg=5&id=EJ957858"><span>Life-Course Events, Social Networks, and the Emergence of Violence among Female <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fleisher, Mark S.; Krienert, Jessie L.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Using data gathered from a multi-year field study, this article identifies specific life-course events shared by <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated women. <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> emerge as a cultural adaptation or pro-social community response to poverty and racial isolation. Through the use of a social-network approach, data show that violence dramatically increases in the period…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27703682','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27703682"><span>A modified predator-prey model for the interaction of police and <span class="hlt">gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sooknanan, J; Bhatt, B; Comissiong, D M G</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>A modified predator-prey model with transmissible disease in both the predator and prey species is proposed and analysed, with infected prey being more vulnerable to predation and infected predators hunting at a reduced rate. Here, the predators are the police and the prey the <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. In this system, we examine whether police control of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is possible. The system is analysed with the help of stability analyses and numerical simulations. The system has five steady states-four of which involve no core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and one in which all the populations coexist. Thresholds are identified which determine when the predator and prey populations survive and when the disease remains endemic. For parameter values where the spread of disease among the police officers is greater than the death of the police officers, the diseased predator population survives, when it would otherwise become extinct.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5043299','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5043299"><span>A modified predator–prey model for the interaction of police and <span class="hlt">gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Sooknanan, J.; Bhatt, B.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A modified predator–prey model with transmissible disease in both the predator and prey species is proposed and analysed, with infected prey being more vulnerable to predation and infected predators hunting at a reduced rate. Here, the predators are the police and the prey the <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. In this system, we examine whether police control of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> is possible. The system is analysed with the help of stability analyses and numerical simulations. The system has five steady states—four of which involve no core <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and one in which all the populations coexist. Thresholds are identified which determine when the predator and prey populations survive and when the disease remains endemic. For parameter values where the spread of disease among the police officers is greater than the death of the police officers, the diseased predator population survives, when it would otherwise become extinct. PMID:27703682</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612219B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612219B"><span>Investigating the proposed linkage between Eastern Himalayan syntaxial evolution and river capture of the Yarlung Tsangpo by the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bracciali, Laura; Najman, Yani; Parrish, Randy; Millar, Ian; Akhter, Syed</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>It has been proposed that the rapid exhumation and anomalously young metamorphism of the Namche Barwa eastern Himalayan syntaxis in the Plio-Pleistocene resulted from river capture of the Yarlung Tsangpo by the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (the "tectonic aneurysm" model; e.g. Zeitler et al.GSA Today 2001) . In order to test this hypothesis, the occurrence of river capture, and its timing, must be ascertained. Today, the Yarlung Tsangpo flows east along the Indus-Yarlung suture before taking a 180º turn at the eastern Himalayan syntaxis to flow south across the Himalaya as the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>. Whether this river pattern results from river capture, or whether the river is antecedent to orogenesis, is much debated, yet robust constraints on the occurrence of the proposed river capture and an independent time-frame for such an event are lacking. The Yarlung Tsangpo drains the Jurassic-Paleogene Trans-Himalayan arc of the Asian plate north of the suture and the Tethyan Himalaya of the Indian plate to the south of the suture, while the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> prior to any capture would have drained the southern Himalayan slopes composed only of Precambrian-Palaeozoic Indian crust, much of which metamorphosed to high grade during the Oligo-Miocene. Hence, the first occurrence of Trans-Himalayan arc detritus which is distinctive of the Yarlung Tsangpo, in the Neogene palaeo-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> deposits in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh, is key to date the river capture. We have applied a multi-disciplinary provenance study to these sediments and identify the earliest occurrence of detritus from the arc in the Early Miocene. Dating the time of river capture has implications both for the timing of uplift of Tibet and models of tectonic-erosion interactions: - Whilst some workers propose an early uplift of the plateau, others propose a later independent uplift event, at least for the east of the plateau, caused by an additional mechanism. This late uplift event has been invoked by previous workers as the cause of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHyd..560..572M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHyd..560..572M"><span>14C age reassessment of groundwater from the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> due to cross-flow <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in the deep confined aquifer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mao, Xumei; Wang, Hua; Feng, Liang</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In a groundwater flow system, the age of groundwater should gradually increase from the recharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> to the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> within the same streamline. However, it is occasionally observed that the groundwater age becomes younger in the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> in the piedmont alluvial plain, and the oldest age often appears in the middle of the plain. A new set of groundwater chemistry and isotopes was employed to reassess the groundwater 14C ages from the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> in the North China Plain (NCP). Carbonate precipitation, organic matter oxidation and cross-flow <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in the groundwater from the recharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> to the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> are recognized according to the corresponding changes of HCO3- (or DIC) and δ13C in the same streamline of the third aquifer of the NCP. The effects of carbonate precipitation and organic matter oxidation are calibrated with a 13C <span class="hlt">mixing</span> model and DIC correction, but these corrected 14C ages seem unreasonable because they grow younger from the middle plain to the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> in the NCP. The relationship of Cl- content and the recharge distance is used to estimate the expected Cl- content in the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span>, and ln(a14C)/Cl is proposed to correct the a14C in groundwater for the effect of cross-flow <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. The 14C ages were reassessed with the corrected a14C due to the cross-flow <span class="hlt">mixing</span> varying from 1.25 to 30.58 ka, and the groundwater becomes older gradually from the recharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> to the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The results suggest that the reassessed 14C ages are more reasonable for the groundwater from the discharge <span class="hlt">zone</span> due to cross-flow <span class="hlt">mixing</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6509422','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6509422"><span>[Rape by 2 assaillants and <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape in Montreal].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lamontagne, Y; Boyer, R; Lamontagne, C; Giroux, J</p> <p>1984-11-01</p> <p>A survey was conducted in 230 cases of rape and rape attempts heard in the Judicial District of Montreal between January 1975 and May 1978. Data were compiled from the 30 assaults including two or more assaillants. Results show that in cases of rape committed by two men the aggressors are older than <span class="hlt">gang</span> rapists, meet the victim mainly in her flat or in a bar, and rape her in her own home, in a car or a hotel. In these cases, voyeurism seems to be an important factor since, most of the time, rape is committed by only one of the two aggressors. On the other hand, <span class="hlt">gang</span> rapists are younger, meet the victim in public places, on the street or when she is hitch-hiking and attack her in one of the aggressors' house, in public places or on the street. Exhibitionism seems more present in this group of rapists. For both groups the victims are mainly single, younger than the aggressors and have diverse occupations. Finally, regarding the legal outcome half of the subjects were liberated or acquitted in both groups. Rape committed by two men had never been studied or compared with <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape up until now. Results of this survey show dynamic and demographic differences between these two groups of sexual delinquents.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=violence+AND+marketing&pg=2&id=EJ411652','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=violence+AND+marketing&pg=2&id=EJ411652"><span>Street <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> Are Big Business--And Growing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Harrington-Lueker, Donna</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Highlights findings from a study by Irving Spergel of <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity in 45 cities. Ronald Stephen, executive director of the National School Safety Center, cites an increase in drug-marketing and violence and advises educators to be aware of what is going on, establish rapport with community groups, and enlist the support of students. (MLF)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED445470.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED445470.pdf"><span>Interagency Collaboration with High-Risk <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Okamoto, Scott K.</p> <p></p> <p>This article describes the results of a study on interagency collaboration required to make major systemic changes in order to address the needs of emotionally and behaviorally disturbed youth. Interviews were conducted with practitioners from a cross-section of agencies that worked with high-risk <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth. The intent was to examine both the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40253','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/40253"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> of Chicago: Perceptions of crime and its effect on the recreation behavior of Latino residents in urban communities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Monika Stodolska; Juan Carlos Acevedo; Kimberly J. Shinew</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Perception of safety is an important factor affecting the leisure behavior of Latinos residing in urban neighborhoods. Yet research on how fear of crime and fear of <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in particular affect leisure of ethnic and racial minorities is underdeveloped. The objectives of this study are to examine how <span class="hlt">gangs</span> operate in recreation spaces in Latino neighborhoods, how <span class="hlt">gangs</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED319149.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED319149.pdf"><span>Substance Abuse among Juvenile Delinquents and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members. Prevention Research Update Number Six, Spring 1990.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Pollard, John A.; Austin, Gregory A.</p> <p></p> <p>There is a strong statistical correlation between delinquency activity level and the level of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in adolescents. A strong association between drug use, drug trafficking, and youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> has also emerged. However, several important questions concerning the relationship of delinquency, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and AOD use…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2683018','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2683018"><span>THE PATH AND PROMISE OF FATHERHOOD FOR <span class="hlt">GANG</span> MEMBERS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; MacKenzie, Kathleen; Hunt, Geoffrey; Joe-Laidler, Karen</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>While an increase in research on criminal desistance has occurred in recent years, little research has been applied to the <span class="hlt">gang</span> field. Using qualitative interview data, this article examines fatherhood as a potential turning point in the lives of 91 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in the San Francisco Bay Area. Fatherhood initiated important subjective and affective transformations that led to changes in outlook, priorities and future orientation. However, these subjective changes were not sufficient unless accompanied by two additional features: first, changes in the amount of time spent on the streets and, second, an ability to support oneself or one’s family with legal income. Though fatherhood is no panacea, becoming a father did act as an important turning point toward desistance and motivator for change for some. PMID:20046970</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H13C1565P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H13C1565P"><span>Sensitivity of Different Satellites Gridded data over <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Basin by using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paul, S.; Islam, A. S.; Hasan, M. A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>More than half a billion people of India, China, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan are directly or indirectly dependent on the water resources of the Brahmaputrariver. With climatic and anthropogenic change of this basin region is becoming a cause of concern for future water management and sharing with transboundary riparian nations. To address such issues, robust watershed runoff modeling of the basin is essential. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a widely used semi-distributed watershed model that is capable of analyzing surface runoff, stream flow, water yield,sediment and nutrienttransport in a large river basin such as <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, but the performance of runoff the model depends on the accuracy of input precipitation datasets. But for a transboundary basin like <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, precipitation gauge data from upstream areas is either not available or not accessible to the scientific communities.Satellite rainfall products are very effective where radar datasets are absent and conventional rain gauges are sparse. However, the sensitivity of the SWAT model to different satellite data products as well as hydrologic parameters for the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Basin are largely unknown. Thus in this study, a comparative analysis with different satellite data product has been made to assess the runoff using SWAT model. Here, data from three sources: TRMM, APHRDOTIE and GPCP were used as input precipitation satellite data set and ERA-Interim was used as input temperature dataset from 1998 to 2009. The main methods used in modeling the hydrologic processes in SWAT were curve number method for runoff estimating, Penman-Monteith method for PET and Muskingum method for channel routing. Our preliminary results have revealed thatthe TRMM data product is more accurate than APHRODITE and GPCP for runoff analysis. The coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies for both calibration and validation period from TRMM data are 0.83 and 0.72, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21600.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21600.html"><span>Windblown Sand in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-04-25</p> <p>Dark, windblown sand covers intricate sedimentary rock layers in this image captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) from <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma, a canyon in the Valles Marineris system. These features are at once familiar and unusual to those familiar with Earth's beaches and deserts. Most sand dunes on Earth are made of silica-rich sand, giving them a light color; these Martian dunes owe their dark color to the iron and magnesium-rich sand found in the region. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21600</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=familia&pg=4&id=ED493792','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=familia&pg=4&id=ED493792"><span>Literacy and Advocacy in Adolescent Family, <span class="hlt">Gang</span>, School, and Juvenile Court Communities: "Crip 4 Life"</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Debra; Whitmore, Kathryn F.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The goal of this book is to encourage educators and researchers to understand the complexities of adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' lives in order to rethink their assumptions about these students in school. The particular objective is to situate four <span class="hlt">gang</span> members as literate, caring students from loving families whose identities and literacy keep them on…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED368813.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED368813.pdf"><span>Multiculturalism as a Policy for Disarming <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence in Communities at Large and in Schools.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Clark, Christine; Jenkins, Morris</p> <p></p> <p>Those who try to deal with violence in U.S. communities and schools have tended to concentrate on suppression of violence, rather than real prevention, particularly as violence is associated with youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. This discussion focuses on multiculturalism as a policy for reducing <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, rather than strategies that have been used to deal with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH51D..01A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH51D..01A"><span>Understanding the Unusual 2017 Monsoon and Floods in South Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akanda, A. S.; Palash, W.; Hasan, M. A.; Nusrat, F.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Driven primarily by the South Asian Monsoon, the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) river basin system collectively drains intense precipitation for an area of more than 1.5 million square kilometers during the wet summer season. Bangladesh, being the lowest riparian country in the system, experiences recurrent floods and immense suffering to its population. The 2017 monsoon season was quite unusual in terms of the characteristics of the precipitation received in the basin. The monsoon was spread out over a much larger time span (April-October) compared to the average monsoon season (June-September). Although the monsoon does not typically start until June in Bangladesh, the 2017 season started much earlier in April with unusually heavy precipitation in the Meghna basin region and caused major damage to agriculture in northeastern Bangladesh. The rainfall continued in several record-breaking pulses, compared to the typical one or two large waves. One of the largest pulses occurred in early August with very high in intensity and volume, causing ECMWF to issue a major warning about widespread flooding in Bangladesh, Northern India, and Eastern Nepal. This record flood event impacted over 40 million people in the above regions, causing major damage to life and infrastructure. Although the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> rose above the danger level several times this season, the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> was unusually low, thus sparing downstream areas from disastrous floods. However, heavy precipitation continued until October, causing urban flooding in Dhaka and Chittagong - and worsening sanitation and public health conditions in southern Bangladesh - currently undergoing a terrible humanitarian crisis involving Rohingya refugees from the Myanmar. Despite marked improvement in flood forecasting systems in recent years, the 2017 floods identified critical gaps in our understanding of the flooding phenomena and limitations of dissemination in these regions. In this study, we investigate 1) the unusual</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20006268-himalayan-uplift-osmium-isotopes-oceans-rivers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20006268-himalayan-uplift-osmium-isotopes-oceans-rivers"><span>Himalayan uplift and osmium isotopes in oceans and rivers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sharma, M.; Wasserburg, G.J.; Hofmann, A.W.</p> <p>1999-12-01</p> <p>Previous studies have shown that {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os in seawater has become increasingly radiogenic over the last 409 Ma in a manner analogous to strontium. This rapid rise in the marine {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os over the last 17 Ma has been attributed to an increase in the bulk silicate weathering rates resulting from the rise of the Himalayas and/or selective weathering and erosion of highly radiogenic organic rich ancient sediments. The key test of this hypothesis is the {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os and the total osmium concentration of the Himalayan rivers. The authors report the concentration and isotopic composition of osmiummore » in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, and the Indus rivers. The {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> close to its source (at Kaudiyal) is 2.65 and [Os] = 45 fM/kg. A second sample of the lower reaches of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> at Patna gives {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os = 1.59 and [Os] = 171 fM/kg. The {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> at Guwahati is 1.07 and [Os] = 52 fM/kg. A sample of the Indus (Besham) has a {sup 187}Os/{sup 188}Os of 1.2 and [Os] = 59 fM/kg. The authors infer that the Himalayas do not provide either a high flow of osmium of a highly radiogenic osmium component to the oceans. The overall trend for osmium and strontium could be explained by a regularly increasing input of global continental weathering sources but the Himalayas themselves appear not to be the dominant source.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.T23F..02G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.T23F..02G"><span>Structure Of The Elevated Precambrian Terranes Rising Above The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Plains In Northeastern India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gaur, V. K.; Hazarika, N. K.; Mitra, S.; Priestley, K.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>We present new evidence for a thinner crust beneath most of the Shillong plateau as well as its northeast extension in Mikir Hills of northeastern India.Both these Precambrian terranes rise above the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> plains whose crust is thicker in comparison by atleast 4~km. Although Bouger gravity over the Mikir Hills still remains to be determined, its near zero value over the ~1 km high plateau and the near normal upper mantle beneath the region, require that these elevated terranes must have been uplifted between reversed faults and continue to be supported by them under compression. The southern edge of the Shillong plateau is indeed marked by the prominent Dauki fault which swerves northeastward at the south eastern margin of the plateau to merge with the Naga thrusts that bound the Mikir Hills on the east. A similar fault bounding the plateau on the north as hypothesized by Bilham et al (2000) -the Oldham fault- is therfore required to swerve northeastward near the northeastern margin of the plateau to demarcate the Mikir Hills from the thicker crust <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> plains to its north and west. This could be explained by a strike slip offset of the Oldham fault caused by the as yet obsure but active tectonics of the NNW trending Kopili lineament that ensues from the inflexion in the Dauki-Naga thrust fault system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency&pg=5&id=EJ937780','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=delinquency&pg=5&id=EJ937780"><span>Brief Report: Do Delinquency and Community Violence Exposure Explain Internalizing Problems in Early Adolescent <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Madan, Anjana; Mrug, Sylvie; Windle, Michael</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members are at higher risk for internalizing problems as well as exposure to community violence and delinquency. This study examined whether <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in early adolescence is associated with internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior) and whether these associations are mediated by delinquency and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHyd..561..223M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JHyd..561..223M"><span>3D mapping, hydrodynamics and modelling of the freshwater-brine <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> in salt flats similar to the Salar de Atacama (Chile)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marazuela, M. A.; Vázquez-Suñé, E.; Custodio, E.; Palma, T.; García-Gil, A.; Ayora, C.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Salt flat brines are a major source of minerals and especially lithium. Moreover, valuable wetlands with delicate ecologies are also commonly present at the margins of salt flats. Therefore, the efficient and sustainable exploitation of the brines they contain requires detailed knowledge about the hydrogeology of the system. A critical issue is the freshwater-brine <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, which develops as a result of the mass balance between the recharged freshwater and the evaporating brine. The complex processes occurring in salt flats require a three-dimensional (3D) approach to assess the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> geometry. In this study, a 3D map of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> in a salt flat is presented, using the Salar de Atacama as an example. This mapping procedure is proposed as the basis of computationally efficient three-dimensional numerical models, provided that the hydraulic heads of freshwater and <span class="hlt">mixed</span> waters are corrected based on their density variations to convert them into brine heads. After this correction, the locations of lagoons and wetlands that are characteristic of the marginal <span class="hlt">zones</span> of the salt flats coincide with the regional minimum water (brine) heads. The different morphologies of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> resulting from this 3D mapping have been interpreted using a two-dimensional (2D) flow and transport numerical model of an idealized cross-section of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The result of the model shows a slope of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> that is similar to that obtained by 3D mapping and lower than in previous models. To explain this geometry, the 2D model was used to evaluate the effects of heterogeneity in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> geometry. The higher the permeability of the upper aquifer is, the lower the slope and the shallower the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> become. This occurs because most of the freshwater lateral recharge flows through the upper aquifer due to its much higher transmissivity, thus reducing the freshwater head. The presence of a few meters of highly permeable materials in the upper part of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..109.4202M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..109.4202M"><span>A study of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> state of black carbon in urban <span class="hlt">zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mallet, M.; Roger, J. C.; Despiau, S.; Putaud, J. P.; Dubovik, O.</p> <p>2004-02-01</p> <p>The knowledge of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> state of black carbon particle with other aerosol species is critical for adequate simulations of the direct radiative effect of black carbon particles and its effect on climate. This paper reports the investigation of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> state of black carbon aerosol in the urban <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The study uses a combination of in situ and ground-based remote sensing observations conducted during the ESCOMPTE experiment, which took place in industrialized region in France in summer of 2001. The criteria we used for identifying <span class="hlt">mixing</span> state relies on the known enhancement of absorption for aerosol composed by internal versus external mixtures of black carbon with weakly absorbing aerosol components. First, using in situ aerosol data, we performed Mie computations and reconstructed the single scattering albedo of aerosol for the two different <span class="hlt">mixing</span> assumptions: black carbon <span class="hlt">mixed</span> externally or internally with other aerosol species. Then, we compared the obtained values ωo,int and ωo,ext with the retrievals of ωo from independent AERONET Sun-photometric measurements. The aerosol single scattering albedo (ωo,aer.) derived from the AERONET photometer observations (with the mean value equal to 0.84 ± 0.04) was found to be close to ωo,ext reconstructed from in situ observation under assumptions of external mixture. This similarity between AERONET values and external mixture simulations was observed during all the days studied. Our conclusion on external mixture of black carbon aerosol with other particles in urban <span class="hlt">zone</span> during ESCOMPTE (close to the pollution source) is coherent with observations made during other independent studies reported in a number of recent publications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.5394D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.5394D"><span>Megascours: the morphodynamics of large river confluences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dixon, Simon; Sambrook Smith, Greg; Nicholas, Andrew; Best, Jim; Bull, Jon; Vardy, Mark; Goodbred, Steve; Haque Sarker, Maminul</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>River confluences are wildly acknowledged as crucial controlling influences upon upstream and downstream morphology and thus landscape evolution. Despite their importance very little is known about their evolution and morphodynamics, and there is a consensus in the literature that confluences represent fixed, nodal points in the fluvial network. Confluences have been shown to generate substantial bed scours around five times greater than mean depth. Previous research on the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Jamuna junction has shown large river confluences can be highly mobile, potentially 'combing' bed scours across a large area, although the extent to which this is representative of large confluences in general is unknown. Understanding the migration of confluences and associated scours is important for multiple applications including: designing civil engineering infrastructure (e.g. bridges, laying cable, pipelines, etc.), sequence stratigraphic interpretation for reconstruction of past environmental and sea level change, and in the hydrocarbon industry where it is crucial to discriminate autocyclic confluence scours from widespread allocyclic surfaces. Here we present a wide-ranging global review of large river confluence planforms based on analysis of Landsat imagery from 1972 through to 2014. This demonstrates there is an array of confluence morphodynamic types: from freely migrating confluences such as the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-Jamuna, through confluences migrating on decadal timescales and fixed confluences. Along with data from recent geophysical field studies in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna basin we propose a conceptual model of large river confluence types and hypothesise how these influence morphodynamics and preservation of 'megascours' in the rock record. This conceptual model has implications for sequence stratigraphic models and the correct identification of surfaces related to past sea level change. We quantify the abundance of mobile confluence types by classifying all large confluences</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=application+AND+theory+AND+reasoned+AND+action&id=EJ505933','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=application+AND+theory+AND+reasoned+AND+action&id=EJ505933"><span>Understanding Violence in Contemporary and Earlier <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: An Exploratory Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Evans, Judy P.; Taylor, Jerome</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Reviews the theory of reasoned action to demonstrate how it can be applied to understanding <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and illustrates its potential applicability to a pilot sample of 30 contemporary and 18 earlier <span class="hlt">gangs</span> living in a large metropolitan community. Results indicate this theory has been helpful in explaining higher levels of violence in…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=taylor+t+b&id=EJ910284','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=taylor+t+b&id=EJ910284"><span>Evaluation and Evolution of the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Esbensen, Finn-Aage; Peterson, Dana; Taylor, Terrance J.; Freng, Adrienne; Osgood, D. Wayne; Carson, Dena C.; Matsuda, Kristy N.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program is a <span class="hlt">gang</span>- and delinquency-prevention program delivered by law enforcement officers within a school setting. Originally designed in 1991 by Phoenix-area law enforcement agencies to address local needs, the program quickly spread across the United States. In this article, we describe…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27538745','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27538745"><span>Gender Norms and Age-Disparate Sexual Relationships as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Violence, and Risky Sex among Adolescent <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nydegger, Liesl A; DiFranceisco, Wayne; Quinn, Katherine; Dickson-Gomez, Julia</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Unequal gender norms and age-disparate sexual relationships can lead to power imbalances and are also associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual coercion and violence, and sexual risk behaviors. The present study examined these variables from both victim and perpetrator perspectives among adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. Age-disparate sexual relationships were defined as sex partners 5 or more years older among female participants and 5 or more years younger among male participants. Participants were recruited from a mid-sized Midwestern city and completed a 60-90-min audio computer-assisted self-interview in a community-based setting. Participants in this study included 107 female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (68 % African-American, 19 % Latina; mean age, 17.6) and 169 male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (62 % African-American, 28 % Latino; mean age, 17.7). As hypothesized, endorsing unequal gender norms toward women was significantly related to IPV victimization among female participants and perpetration among male participants, and engagement in group sex in the past month among both female and male participants (ps < 0.05). Additionally, unequal gender norms were significantly related to male participants' perpetrating rape (p < 0.05). As hypothesized, female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to have experienced more IPV and report being raped and males <span class="hlt">gang</span> members who had age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to perpetrate IPV in the past year and perpetrate rape (ps < 0.05). Age-disparate sexual relationships were also significantly related to being <span class="hlt">gang</span> raped among female <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and participating in a <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape among male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, and engaging in group sex among both female and male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members (ps < 0.05). Female participants who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were more likely to have been pregnant (ps < 0.05). It is essential for researchers and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=school+AND+violence&id=EJ1022787','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=school+AND+violence&id=EJ1022787"><span><span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership, School Violence, and the Mediating Effects of Risk and Protective Behaviors in California High Schools</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Estrada, Joey Nuñez, Jr.; Gilreath, Tamika D.; Astor, Ron Avi; Benbenishty, Rami</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>There is insufficient empirical evidence exploring associations between <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and school violence behaviors. Using a sample of 272,863 high school students, this study employs a structural equation model to examine how school risk and protective behaviors and attitudes mediate effects of <span class="hlt">gang</span> members' involvement with school violence…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA541897','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA541897"><span><span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Guerrillas: Ideas from Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT In a discussion at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, it became apparent that there were...Lieutenant Commander, US Navy, Masters Student in the Defense Analysis Department, Naval Postgraduate School Hy Rothstein, Senior Lecturer, Defense...NPS-DA-11-001 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA <span class="hlt">GANGS</span> AND GUERRILLAS: Ideas from Counterinsurgency And Counterterrorism Edited</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED440180.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED440180.pdf"><span>Enabling Prosecutors To Address Drug, <span class="hlt">Gang</span>, and Youth Violence. Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) Program Bulletin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gramckow, Heike P.; Tompkins, Elena</p> <p></p> <p>This bulletin offers data on recent trends in juvenile violence, juvenile drug offenses, and <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related juvenile offending, and describes prosecutorial responses to such offenses. Examples of promising prosecutor-led programs combating the illicit use of guns, violence, drugs, and <span class="hlt">gangs</span> are also provided. These examples provide a range of ideas…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5962274','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5962274"><span>Dual Trajectories of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Affiliation and Delinquent Peer Association during Adolescence: An Examination of Long-Term Offending Outcomes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Krohn, Marvin D.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Prior research has demonstrated that both adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation and perceived delinquent peer association are important predictors of individual offending. A crucial question is whether and how youth <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation contributes to a spectrum of criminal acts above and beyond the influence of associating with delinquent peers. Using 14 waves of data from the Rochester Youth Developmental Study, an ongoing longitudinal panel study aimed at understanding the causes and consequences of delinquency and drug use in an urban sample of adolescents, the current study employs a relatively new modeling technique—dual trajectory analysis—to illustrate the dynamic relationship between these two measures among 666 male youth. The results suggest that the two measures, while overlapping, may constitute distinct concepts that operate in different ways. The most convincing evidence of <span class="hlt">gang</span> effects, above and beyond the influence of perceived peer delinquency, is for violent behavior and by extension police arrest. Our findings contribute to developmental research and provide information that informs future <span class="hlt">gang</span> control efforts. PMID:26748922</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23G1665R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23G1665R"><span>Damming the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>: Impacts on the Resilience of Local Communities to Floods and Climate Change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rampini, C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recurrent destructive floods along the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin are a major challenge for the people and state governments of Northeast India. Climate change is expected to further exacerbate this challenge, as melting Himalayan glaciers and changes in the South Asian monsoon lead to an increase in the frequency of severe floods. At the same time, the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> has become the focus of India's hydropower development efforts, with 140 new dams planned along its main stem and tributaries. Though these dams could provide flood protection for downstream communities, political and economic factors have led dam builders to prioritize hydroelectricity generation over flood control. Using the Ranganadi Hydroelectric Project in Arunachal Pradesh as a case study, this research investigates the effects of dam building on the resilience of downstream communities to floods that are becoming increasingly severe as a result of climate change. Findings suggest that dams in Northeast are eroding downstream communities' resilience to floods by increasing their vulnerability and reducing their adaptive capacity to these natural hazards. The risk is that, as dams and climate change jointly make the floodplains of Northeast India increasingly hazardous, uninhabitable and unproductive, they will push local communities away from these landscapes and agricultural livelihoods and towards more carbon-intensive livelihoods. More broadly this research highlights the danger of pursuing climate change mitigation and renewable energy development projects without considering their impacts on the vulnerability and adaptability of affected communities to climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disintegration+AND+family&id=EJ482167','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disintegration+AND+family&id=EJ482167"><span>Clinical Issues in the Treatment of Chicano Male <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Belitz, Jerald; Valdez, Diana</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Critical factors in the behavior of Chicano <span class="hlt">gang</span> youth are family disintegration, cultural dissolution, abusive family relationships, and histories of interpersonal violence. Specific treatment modalities (individual, family, group) are discussed, and the importance of a multimodal approach is emphasized. Case studies highlight family dynamics and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24203526','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24203526"><span>Commitment language and homework completion in a behavioral employment program for <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated youth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Smith, Caitlin; Huey, Stanley J; McDaniel, Dawn D</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Research with substance-abusing samples suggests that eliciting commitment language during treatment may improve motivation to change, increase treatment engagement, and promote positive treatment outcomes. However, the relationship between in-session client language and treatment success is not well-understood for youth offender populations. This study evaluated the relationship between commitment language, treatment engagement (i.e., homework completion), and weekly employment outcomes for six <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated juvenile offenders participating in an employment counseling intervention. Weekly counseling sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded for commitment language strength. Multilevel models were fit to the data to examine the relationship between commitment language and counseling homework or employment outcomes within participants over time. Commitment language strength predicted subsequent homework completion but not weekly employment. These findings imply that <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated delinquent youth who express motivation to change during employment counseling will be more likely to comply with counselor-initiated homework. Further research on counselor techniques for promoting commitment language among juvenile <span class="hlt">gang</span> offenders is needed. © The Author(s) 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55468','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55468"><span>Prioritizing parts from cutting bills when <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping first</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>R. Edward Thomas</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Computer optimization of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-rip-first processing is a difficult problem when working with specific cutting bills. Interactions among board grade and size, arbor setup, and part sizes and quantities greatly complicate the decision making process. Cutting the wrong parts at any moment will mean that more board footage will be required to meet the bill. Using the ROugh...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910005K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910005K"><span>Frequency changes of tropical cyclones during the last century recorded in a canyon of the northern Bay of Bengal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kudrass, Hermann; Machalett, Björn; Palamenghi, Luisa; Meyer, Inka</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Frequent cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal and landfall to the southern delta of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> are well recorded in sediment cores from a canyon which deeply incises into the shelf and ends at the foreset beds of the submarine <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> delta. The large sediment supply by the two rivers during the monsoonal floods forms temporary deposits on the inner shelf, which are mobilized by waves and currents during the passage of cyclones. The resulting sand-silt-clay suspension forms high-density water masses, which plunge from the inner shelf into the shelf canyon, where they deposit graded beds evenly draping the broad canyon floor. A simple model was used to rank the historical known cyclones according to their capacity to transfer sediment from the submarine delta into the canyon. In a 362 cm-long sediment core ranging from the year 1985 to 2006, 48 graded beds can be correlated with the observed 41 cyclones. The cyclonic impact on the sediment transport has decreased by a factor of three during the last decade. The highest cyclonic impact occurred during the seventies. Compared to the sediment transfer by cyclones, the input by tidal currents and monsoonal floods is negligible. Thus cyclones are the dominating process for mobilizing and distributing sediment on the Bangladesh shelf and probably also on all shelf areas, which lie in the track of tropical cyclones.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475421','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475421"><span>Mediating the Maltreatment-Delinquency Relationship: The Role of Triad <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chui, Wing Hong; Khiatani, Paul Vinod</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The primary aim of this article is to examine the role of triad affiliation in mediating the relationship between child maltreatment (neglect, punishment, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse) and delinquency among active young <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in Hong Kong. A sample of 177 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members aged 12 to 24 was recruited to complete a questionnaire with the assistance of a youth outreach social work team. Neglect was identified as the most common form of maltreatment, followed by emotional abuse, punishment, and sexual abuse. Mediation analyses confirmed that triad affiliation acts as a mediating variable in the child maltreatment-delinquency relationship, except in cases of sexual abuse. Only the relationship between punishment and delinquency was found to be fully mediated by triad affiliation; partial mediation effects were found for neglect and emotional abuse. Recommendations for child protection and youth workers are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22236','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22236"><span>Yield comparisons from floating blade and fixed arbor <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaws when processing boards before and after crook removal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Gang</span>-ripping technology that uses a movable (floating) outer blade to eliminate unusable edgings is described, including new tenn1nology for identifying preferred and minimally acceptable strip widths. Because of the large amount of salvage required to achieve total yields, floating blade <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripping is not recommended for boards with crook. With crook removed by...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=adaptation+AND+fox&pg=2&id=EJ314995','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=adaptation+AND+fox&pg=2&id=EJ314995"><span>Mission Impossible? Social Work Practice with Black Urban Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fox, Jerry R.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Describes the adaptation of social work practice skills to serve black urban youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Presents a model for practice which respects youths' right to self-determination and community needs. Model stages discussed include contact, rapport, setting goals, assigning roles, procuring resources, and evaluation. Model applicability is suggested. (NRB)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=born+AND+crime&id=EJ837968','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=born+AND+crime&id=EJ837968"><span>"American" Abjection: "Chicanos," <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, and Mexican/Migrant Transnationality in Chicago</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>De Genova, Nicholas</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Crime and street violence often evoke racialized discourses about urban space. In this ethnographic research in Chicago, however, the disdain that many Mexican migrants articulated about street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> principally concerned issues "internal" to the Mexican/Chicano community, notably a profound ambivalence about U.S.-born Mexicans and a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70022563','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70022563"><span>Colloid formation and metal transport through two <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Schemel, L.E.; Kimball, B.A.; Bencala, K.E.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Stream discharges and concentrations of dissolved and colloidal metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn), SO4, and dissolved silica were measured to identify chemical transformations and determine mass transports through two <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> in the Animas River that receive the inflows from Cement and Mineral Creeks. The creeks were the dominant sources of Al, Cu, Fe, and Pb, whereas the upstream Animas River supplied about half of the Zn. With the exception of Fe, which was present in dissolved and colloidal forms, the metals were dissolved in the acidic, high-SO4 waters of Cement Creek (pH 3.8). <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> of Cement Creek with the Animas River increased pH to near-neutral values and transformed Al and some additional Fe into colloids which also contained Cu and Pb. Aluminium and Fe colloids had already formed in the mildly acidic conditions in Mineral Creek (pH 6.6) upstream of the confluence with the Animas River. Colloidal Fe continued to form downstream of both <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span>. The Fe- and Al-rich colloids were important for transport of Cu, Pb, and Zn, which appeared to have sorbed to them. Partitioning of Zn between dissolved and colloidal phases was dependent on pH and colloid concentration. Mass balances showed conservative transports for Ca, Mg, Mn, SO4, and dissolved silica through the two <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> and small losses (< 10%) of colloidal Al, Fe and Zn from the water column.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29723840','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29723840"><span>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters and riverine sediments of the Hooghly and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Rivers in the Eastern and Northeastern India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khuman, Sanjenbam Nirmala; Chakraborty, Paromita; Cincinelli, Alessandra; Snow, Daniel; Kumar, Bhupander</p> <p>2018-04-30</p> <p>Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) were analyzed in surface waters and riverine sediments of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and Hooghly Rivers, along urban-suburban-rural transects. ∑ 16 PAHs concentrations were higher in Hooghly riverine sediment (HRS) (Avg, 445 ng g -1 ) than <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> riverine sediment (BRS) (Avg, 169 ng g -1 ) dominated by 4-ring PAHs. In contrast, PAHs concentrations in surface water of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River (BRW) (Avg, 4.04 μg L -1 ) were comparable with Hooghly River (HRW) (Avg, 4.8 μg L -1 ), with dominance by 3-ring PAHs. Toxic PAHs (BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, InP and DBA) were dominant in sub-urban transect of HRS (Avg, 387 ng g -1 ) and BRS (Avg, 14 ng g -1 ). Diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis (PCA) and ring wise composition suggested combustion as the main PAHs source in these riverine belts. In BRS, higher PAHs in suburban and rural transects were attributed to incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass burning. In HRS, >85% of high molecular weight PAHs were found in the industrial areas of the suburban transect possibly associated with the discharge of industrial effluents. Harbor and port activities were other major contributors of HMW-PAHs in Hooghly riverine system. Carcinogenic potency estimated in terms of toxic equivalent (TEQ) was several folds higher in HRS (Avg, 106 ng TEQ g -1 ) compared with BRS (Avg, 2.5 ng TEQ g -1 ). Mostly low molecular weight PAHs are likely posing a risk to fishes in both the rivers. Risk on edible fish species may be a matter of concern considering the regular consumption of fishes in this region. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28165682','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28165682"><span>Leaving <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> Behind to Live Parables of Kinship.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Steiner, Mary Ann</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Fr. Gregory Boyle, SJ, founder and executive director of Homeboy Industries in Los Angeles, can move an audience to tears. He doesn't get that result with the distressing accounts of individuals whose <span class="hlt">gang</span> activities sank them to harrowing depths. He does it with simple descriptions of how some of those men and women manage to climb rungs of unconditional love to return to their rightful place in the eyes of God.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.T54A..06L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.T54A..06L"><span>Determining Crustal Structure of Bangladesh Using Seismological Techniques</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Larson, T. E.; Howe, M.; Steckler, M. S.; Seeber, L.; Kim, W. Y.; Akhter, S. H.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta lies at the junction between the Indian Plate, Eurasian Plate, and Burma Platelet. In eastern Bangladesh, the delta is colliding with the Indo-Burman Foldbelt, the northward continuation of the Sumatra-Andaman subduction <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Crustal structure related to subduction of the thick sediment of the delta, which has prograded 300-400 km past the edge of the Indian craton, remains enigmatic. The large impedance contrast between the sediments of the delta and the underlying basement produces phase conversions for a number of regional earthquakes. We investigate these conversions using data collected between February 2007 and December 2014 from three deployments of a portable array of seismographs, supplemented by several permanent seismic stations. Using measured arrival time differences between S-to-P (sP) converted phases and direct S wave arrivals from regional earthquakes, we calculate basement depths at multiple locations across the delta. Results reveal thickening of sediments across the Indian continental margin hinge <span class="hlt">zone</span> to 15-16 km with greater depths where flexural loading from the foldbelt and Shillong Massif have downbent the crust. Some additional conversions occur within the sediment column, possibly off the megathrust detachment in places. These calculated sediment thicknesses also inform models of crustal structure used in regional moment tensor inversions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=resilience+AND+urban+AND+form&id=EJ941932','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=resilience+AND+urban+AND+form&id=EJ941932"><span>Motivations for <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership in Lagos, Nigeria: Challenge and Resilience</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Salaam, Abeeb Olufemi</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The current study explores the major challenges (in the form of risk factors) that may influence unemployed youths' involvement in <span class="hlt">gang</span> and criminal activity in Lagos, Nigeria. A combination of techniques (e.g., oral, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires) were used for the data collection. The computed outcomes establish some of the major…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940351','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940351"><span>Functions of Aggression and Delinquency: The Moderating Role of Parent Criminality and Friends' <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ang, Rebecca P; Huan, Vivien S; Li, Xiang; Chan, Wei Teng</p> <p>2016-03-02</p> <p>This study examined the relationships between two functions of aggression (i.e., reactive and proactive) and delinquency, including the moderating effects of parent criminality and friends' <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, in a sample of 1,027 Singaporean adolescents from Grade 7 to Grade 9, with age ranging from 12 to 19 years (M = 14.10, SD = 1.15). Findings suggested that both reactive aggression and proactive aggression significantly and positively predicted delinquency (after controlling for proactive aggression and reactive aggression, respectively), with proactive aggression being a stronger predictor. Friends' <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership was found to moderate the relationship between reactive aggression and delinquency, and proactive aggression and delinquency, with stronger moderator effects for the latter. Those who were aggressive proactively and who had friends in a <span class="hlt">gang</span> appear to be impacted most negatively with respect to delinquency. Parent criminality did not moderate these relationships. These findings highlight the need to effectively address the issues of child and adolescent aggression. Also, developing positive peer relations early is crucial for delinquency prevention. © The Author(s) 2016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....16.6011B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....16.6011B"><span>Airborne observation of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> across the entrainment <span class="hlt">zone</span> during PARADE 2011</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berkes, Florian; Hoor, Peter; Bozem, Heiko; Kunkel, Daniel; Sprenger, Michael; Henne, Stephan</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>This study presents the analysis of the structure and air mass characteristics of the lower atmosphere during the field campaign PARADE (PArticles and RAdicals: Diel observations of the impact of urban and biogenic Emissions) on Mount Kleiner Feldberg in southwestern Germany during late summer 2011. We analysed measurements of meteorological variables (temperature, moisture, pressure, wind speed and direction) from radio soundings and of chemical tracers (carbon dioxide, ozone) from aircraft measurements. We focus on the thermodynamic and dynamic properties that control the chemical distribution of atmospheric constituents in the boundary layer. We show that the evolution of tracer profiles of CO2 and O3 indicate <span class="hlt">mixing</span> across the inversion layer (or entrainment <span class="hlt">zone</span>). This finding is supported by the analysis of tracer-tracer correlations which are indicative for <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and the relation of tracer profiles in relation to the evolution of the boundary layer height deduced from radio soundings. The study shows the relevance of entrainment processes for the lower troposphere in general and specifically that the tracer-tracer correlation method can be used to identify <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and irreversible exchange processes across the inversion layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22208','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22208"><span>Designing a fixed-blade <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaw arbor with a pencil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a step-by-step procedure for designing the "best" sequence of saw spacings for a fixed-blade <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripsaw arbor. Using the information contained in a cutting bill and knowledge of the lumber width distributions to be processed, thousands of possible saw spacing sequences can be reduced to a few good ones.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001HydJ....9...34M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001HydJ....9...34M"><span>Aquifer/aquitard interfaces: <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> that enhance biogeochemical reactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McMahon, P. B.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Several important biogeochemical reactions are known to occur near the interface between aquifer and aquitard sediments. These reactions include O2 reduction; denitrification; and Fe3+, SO42-, and CO2 (methanogenesis) reduction. In some settings, these reactions occur on the aquitard side of the interface as electron acceptors move from the aquifer into the electron-donor-enriched aquitard. In other settings, these reactions occur on the aquifer side of the interface as electron donors move from the aquitard into the electron-acceptor-enriched, or microorganism-enriched, aquifer. Thus, the aquifer/aquitard interface represents a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> capable of supporting greater microbial activity than either hydrogeologic unit alone. The extent to which biogeochemical reactions proceed in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> and the width of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> depend on several factors, including the abundance and solubility of electron acceptors and donors on either side of the interface and the rate at which electron acceptors and donors react and move across the interface. Biogeochemical reactions near the aquifer/aquitard interface can have a substantial influence on the chemistry of water in aquifers and on the chemistry of sediments near the interface. Résumé. Il se produit au voisinage de l'interface entre les aquifères et les imperméables plusieurs réactions biogéochimiques importantes. Il s'agit des réactions de réduction de l'oxygène, de la dénitrification et de la réduction de Fe3+, SO42- et CO2 (méthanogenèse). Dans certaines situations, ces réactions se produisent du côté imperméable de l'interface, avec des accepteurs d'électrons qui vont de l'aquifère vers l'imperméable riche en donneurs d'électrons. Dans d'autres situations, ces réactions se produisent du côté aquifère de l'interface, avec des donneurs d'électrons qui se déplacent de l'imperméable vers l'aquifère riche en accepteurs d'électrons ou en microorganismes. Ainsi, l'interface aquif</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860044119&hterms=jump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Djump','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860044119&hterms=jump&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Djump"><span>Lidar measurements of the atmospheric entrainment <span class="hlt">zone</span> and the potential temperature jump across the top of the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Boers, R.; Eloranta, E. W.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Lidar data of the atmospheric entrainment <span class="hlt">zone</span> from six days of clear air convection obtained in central Illinois during July 1979 are presented. A new method to measure the potential temperature jump across the entrainment <span class="hlt">zone</span> based on only one temperature sounding and continuous lidar measurements of the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer height is developed. An almost linear dependence is found between the normalized entrainment rate and the normalized thickness of the entrainment <span class="hlt">zone</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H51J1337Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.H51J1337Y"><span>Detecting Long-term Trend of Water Quality Indices of Dong-<span class="hlt">gang</span> River, Taiwan Using Quantile Regression</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, D.; Shiau, J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT BODY: Abstract Surface water quality is an essential issue in water-supply for human uses and sustaining healthy ecosystem of rivers. However, water quality of rivers is easily influenced by anthropogenic activities such as urban development and wastewater disposal. Long-term monitoring of water quality can assess whether water quality of rivers deteriorates or not. Taiwan is a population-dense area and heavily depends on surface water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Dong-<span class="hlt">gang</span> River is one of major resources in southern Taiwan for agricultural requirements. The water-quality data of four monitoring stations of the Dong-<span class="hlt">gang</span> River for the period of 2000-2012 are selected for trend analysis. The parameters used to characterize water quality of rivers include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids (SS), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). These four water-quality parameters are integrated into an index called river pollution index (RPI) to indicate the pollution level of rivers. Although widely used non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and linear regression exhibit computational efficiency to identify trends of water-quality indices, limitations of such approaches include sensitive to outliers and estimations of conditional mean only. Quantile regression, capable of identifying changes over time of any percentile values, is employed in this study to detect long-term trend of water-quality indices for the Dong-<span class="hlt">gang</span> River located in southern Taiwan. The results show that Dong-<span class="hlt">gang</span> River 4 stations from 2000 to 2012 monthly long-term trends in water quality.To analyze s Dong-<span class="hlt">gang</span> River long-term water quality trends and pollution characteristics. The results showed that the bridge measuring ammonia Long-dong, BOD5 measure in that station on a downward trend, DO, and SS is on the rise, River Pollution Index (RPI) on a downward trend. The results form Chau-Jhou station also ahowed simialar trends .more and more near the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency&pg=7&id=ED532381','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency&pg=7&id=ED532381"><span>Assessing School-Based <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Prevention Efforts in Urban Centers: Are These Programs Reaching Those Students Who May Benefit the Most?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Rodriguez, Hector</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>In recent years, schools have become a focal point for general delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention programs for a variety of reasons. One premise behind this approach is that schools can serve as ideal settings for providing delinquency and intervention services because youths spend so much time there. School-based <span class="hlt">gang</span> prevention efforts are supposed…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA540520','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA540520"><span>Small Town Insurgency: The Struggle for Information Dominance to Reduce <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>focuses on the importance of information dominance , there has been little research into component factors that might either promote, or inhibit, the... information dominance with respect to a counter-<span class="hlt">gang</span> strategy. Through comparative analysis, our research suggests that improving relationships between</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5919194','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5919194"><span>Associations Between Long-Term <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Informal Social Control Processes, Drug Use, and Delinquent Behavior Among Mexican American Youth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cepeda, Alice; Saint Onge, Jarron M.; Nowotny, Kathryn M.; Valdez, Avelardo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Research has found that among juveniles weak ties to informal social control entities such as parents, school, and conventional peers increase the probability of the initiation and continuation of deviant behaviors such as drug use and crime. Given the weak ties of formal social control mechanisms in highly disadvantaged communities, informal social control mechanisms are often an important deterrent that reduce or moderate engagement in deviant behaviors among serious and persistent offenders. This analysis examines the association between long-term <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership and adolescent informal social control processes, drug use, and delinquency. This research is based on data from a study of 160 Mexican American male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members between the ages of 16 and 20. Findings suggest that among <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in this context, commonly studied informal control mechanisms such as the family and schools do not function to deter long-term <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership that is associated with serious criminal and violent behavior and drug use. The implications for future research on desistance or continuation of antisocial behavior across the life course are discussed. PMID:25979430</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS33A1450K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS33A1450K"><span>Spatial distributions of biogeochemical reactions in freshwater-saltwater <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> of sandy beach aquifers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, K. H.; Michael, H. A.; Ullman, W. J.; Cai, W. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Beach aquifers host biogeochemically dynamic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> between fresh and saline groundwaters of contrasting origins, histories, and compositions. Seawater, driven up the beachface by waves and tides, infiltrates into the sand and meets the seaward-discharging fresh groundwater, creating and maintaining a highly reactive intertidal circulation cell well-defined by salinity. Seawater supplies oxygen and reactive carbon to the circulation cell, supporting biogeochemical reactions within the cell that transform and attenuate dissolved nutrient fluxes from terrestrial sources. We investigated the spatial distribution of chemical reaction <span class="hlt">zones</span> within the intertidal circulation cell at Cape Shores, Lewes, Delaware. Porewater samples were collected from multi-level wells along a beach-perpendicular transect. Samples were analyzed for particulate carbon and reactive solutes, and incubated to obtain rates of oxic respiration and denitrification. High rates of oxic respiration were observed higher on the beach, in the landward freshwater-saline water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, where dissolved oxygen availability was high. Denitrification was dominant in lower areas of the beach, below the intertidal discharge point. High respiration rates did not correlate with particulate carbon concentrations entrained within porewater, suggesting that dissolved organic carbon or immobile particulate carbon trapped within the sediment can contribute to and alter bulk reactivity. A better understanding of the sources and sinks of carbon within the beach will improve our ability to predict nutrient fluxes to estuaries and oceans, aiding the management of coastal environments and ecosystems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMOS31C0444X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMOS31C0444X"><span>Strontium and Trace Metals in the Mississippi River <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">Zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Y.; Marcantonio, F.</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>Strontium is generally believed to be a conservative element, i.e., it is assumed that dissolved Sr moves directly from rivers through estuaries to the ocean. More recently, however, detailed sampling of rivers suggests a weak non-conservative behavior for Sr. Here, we present dissolved and suspended load Sr and trace metal data for samples retrieved along salinity transects in the estuarine <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> of the Mississippi River. Our cruises took place during times representing high, falling, and low Mississippi River discharge. Sr concentration and isotopic composition were analyzed for both dissolved particulate loads. Selected particle-reactive or redox-sensitive trace metals (Mn, Fe, U, V, Mo, Ti, and Pb) were analyzed simultaneously. In the dissolved load, Sr showed conservative behavior in both high- and low- discharge periods. Non-conservative behavior of Sr predominated during falling discharge in the summer. Significant positive correlations were found between Sr, Mo and Ti. U and V distributions were found to be essentially controlled by <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of river water and seawater, but with significantly lower riverine concentrations during high-flow stage. Particulate element concentrations can be quite variable and heterogeneous. In this study, strong correlations were found between particulate Mn (and Fe) concentrations and particulate concentrations of Ti, U, V, and Pb. No such correlations with Mn (or Fe) were found for particulate Sr and Mo. There is a vast hypoxic <span class="hlt">zone</span> along the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico that exists during the summer months. Based on the Sr isotope systematics and the relationships between Sr and trace metals, we believe that this eutrophication may contribute to the non-conservative behaviors of Sr and other trace metals. We discuss the potential implications of this hypothesis on the Sr mass balance of present-day and past seawater.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150011649','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150011649"><span>Air Pollution Over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin and Northwest Bay of Bengal in the Early Postmonsoon Season Based on NASA MERRAero Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kishcha, Pavel; Da Silva, Arlindo M.; Starobinets, Boris; Alpert, Pinhas</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis (MERRAero) has been recently developed at NASA's Global Modeling Assimilation Office. This reanalysis is based on a version of the Goddard Earth Observing System-5 (GEOS-5) model radiatively coupled with Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport aerosols, and it includes assimilation of bias-corrected aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on both Terra and Aqua satellites. In October over the period 2002-2009, MERRAero showed that AOT was lower over the east of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin than over the northwest of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin: this was despite the fact that the east of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin should have produced higher anthropogenic aerosol emissions because of higher population density, increased industrial output, and transportation. This is evidence that higher aerosol emissions do not always correspond to higher AOT over the areas where the effects of meteorological factors on AOT dominate those of aerosol emissions. MODIS AOT assimilation was essential for correcting modeled AOT mainly over the northwest of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin, where AOT increments were maximal. Over the east of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin and northwest Bay of Bengal (BoB), AOT increments were low and MODIS AOT assimilation did not contribute significantly to modeled AOT. Our analysis showed that increasing AOT trends over northwest BoB (exceeding those over the east of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin) were reproduced by GEOS-5, not because of MODIS AOT assimilation butmainly because of the model capability of reproducing meteorological factors contributing to AOT trends. Moreover, vertically integrated aerosol mass flux was sensitive to wind convergence causing aerosol accumulation over northwest BoB.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1419512','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1419512"><span>AmeriFlux US-CZ3 Sierra Critical <span class="hlt">Zone</span>, Sierra Transect, Sierran <span class="hlt">Mixed</span> Conifer, P301</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Goulden, Michael</p> <p></p> <p>This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CZ3 Sierra Critical <span class="hlt">Zone</span>, Sierra Transect, Sierran <span class="hlt">Mixed</span> Conifer, P301. Site Description - Half hourly data are available at https://www.ess.uci.edu/~california/. This site is one of four Southern Sierra Critical <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Observatory flux towers operated along an elevation gradient (sites are USCZ1, USCZ2, USCZ3 and USCZ4). This site is a pine/fir forest; it historically experienced logging and wildfire, was thinned in ~2012, and experienced severe drought and ~20% canopy mortality in 2011-15.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.193..125S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.193..125S"><span>Evaluation of WRF PBL parameterization schemes against direct observations during a dry event over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> valley</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sathyanadh, Anusha; Prabha, Thara V.; Balaji, B.; Resmi, E. A.; Karipot, Anandakumar</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Accurate representations of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are important in all weather forecast systems, especially in simulations of turbulence, wind and air quality in the lower atmosphere. In the present study, detailed observations from the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment - Integrated Ground based Observational Campaign (CAIPEEX-IGOC) 2014 comprising of the complete surface energy budget and detailed boundary layer observations are used to validate Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations over a diverse terrain over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> valley region, Uttar Pradesh, India. A drying event in June 2014 associated with a heat wave is selected for validation.Six local and nonlocal PBL schemes from WRF at 1 km resolution are compared with hourly observations during the diurnal cycle. Near-surface observations of weather parameters, radiation components and eddy covariance fluxes from micrometeorological tower, and profiles of variables from microwave radiometer, and radiosonde observations are used for model evaluations. Models produce a warmer, drier surface layer with higher wind speed, sensible heat flux and temperature than observations. Layered boundary layer dynamics, including the residual layer structure as illustrated in the observations over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> valley are missed in the model, which lead to deeper <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layers and excessive drying.Although it is difficult to identify any single scheme as the best, the qualitative and quantitative analyses for the entire study period and overall reproducibility of the observations indicate that the MYNN2 simulations describe lower errors and more realistic simulation of spatio-temporal variations in the boundary layer height.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGD....11.4335J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGD....11.4335J"><span>The sensitivity of primary productivity to intra-seasonal <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer variability in the sub-Antarctic <span class="hlt">Zone</span> of the Atlantic Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Joubert, W. R.; Swart, S.; Tagliabue, A.; Thomalla, S. J.; Monteiro, P. M. S.</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The seasonal cycle of primary productivity is impacted by seasonal and intra-seasonal dynamics of the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer through the changing balance between <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and buoyancy forcing, which regulates nutrient supply and light availability. Of particular recent interest is the role of synoptic scale events in supplying nutrients, particularly iron, to the euphotic <span class="hlt">zone</span> in the Sub Antarctic <span class="hlt">Zone</span> (SAZ), where phytoplankton blooms occur throughout summer. In this study, we present high resolution measurements of net community production (NCP) constrained by ΔO2/Ar ratios, and <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer depth (MLD) in the Atlantic SAZ. We found a non-linear relationship between NCP and MLD, with the highest and most variable NCP observed in shallow MLDs (< 45 m). We propose that NCP variability in the SAZ may be driven by alternating states of synoptic-scale deepening of the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer, leading to the entrainment of iron (dFe), followed by restratification, allowing rapid growth in an iron replete, high light environment. Synoptic iron fluxes into the euphotic <span class="hlt">zone</span> based on water column dFe profiles and high resolution glider MLD data, reveal a potentially significant contribution of "new iron" which could sustain NCP throughout summer. Future process studies will help elaborate these findings further.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=born+AND+crime&pg=5&id=ED152904','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=born+AND+crime&pg=5&id=ED152904"><span>City Life and Delinquency-Victimization, Fear of Crime and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Savitz, Leonard D.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>Over 500 black and 500 white boys born in 1957 and attending Philadelphia schools were interviewed along with their mothers. The data were analyzed to discover how educational aspirations, social values, quality of life, fear of crime, victimization, family structure, father-son interaction, social attachments, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation affected the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+addiction&pg=4&id=ED421583','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=free+AND+addiction&pg=4&id=ED421583"><span>Peace in the Streets: Breaking the Cycle of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hernandez, Arturo</p> <p></p> <p>This book describes the experiences of an inexperienced young teacher who, with the support of parents and teenagers in a Los Angeles (California) neighborhood, created a one-room schoolhouse and began to teach 30 <span class="hlt">gang</span> members, ranging in age from 13 to nearly 20. He had no teaching credentials or college degree and the school had a tiny budget,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.V33F..05B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.V33F..05B"><span>Metasomatic Evolution in Tectonically <span class="hlt">Mixed</span> <span class="hlt">Zones</span> (Mélange) and Significance for Geochemical Evolution of the Slab-Mantle Interface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bebout, G. E.; King, R. L.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Fluid flow focused in highly deformed <span class="hlt">zones</span> (shear <span class="hlt">zones</span>), and the physical juxtaposition of chemically disparate rocks (via mechanical <span class="hlt">mixing</span>) in such <span class="hlt">zones</span>, can lead to extensive metasomatism, including volume strain, and result in rocks with hybridized compositions little resembling the compositions of the incorporated rock types [1-5]. In the Catalina Schist (California), lawsonite-albite, lawsonite-blueschist, and amphibolite-facies units contain shear <span class="hlt">zones</span> at scales of meters to kilometers, each containing "blocks" (with more spherical or more tabular dimensions) co-facial in grade with the "matrix" surrounding these blocks [1-3]. Oxygen isotope data for these "mélange" units, and adjacent more "coherent" expanses, indicate enhanced fluid flow in the more strongly deforming mélange <span class="hlt">zones</span> while fluid flow in coherent domains was dominantly fracture-controlled and episodic. The amphibolite-facies mélange unit shows evidence for km-scale equilibration of varying mineral assemblages with H2O-rich fluids with uniform O and H isotope compositions consistent with a lower-grade metasedimentary source. This unit is believed to have formed largely by mechanical <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of mafic and ultramafic compositions, partly because of the scarcity of sedimentary blocks. However, the mélange matrix in this unit preserves a number of sedimentary chemical/isotopic characteristics (e.g., Pb isotope compositions [3]) that could reflect the incorporation of sedimentary rocks, with or without fluid-related fractionation, and possibly fluid-mediated additions. Tectonically <span class="hlt">mixed</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> such as these, if volumetrically significant at the slab-mantle interface, could exert disproportionate control on the compositions of hydrous fluids or silicate melts emanating from subducting slabs and entering the forearc to backarc mantle wedge, including those contributing to arc magmatism [1-5]. Geochemical studies of arc lavas should consider the possibility that the "fluids" contributed from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28695739','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28695739"><span>Depth Stratification Leads to Distinct <span class="hlt">Zones</span> of Manganese and Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ying, Samantha C; Schaefer, Michael V; Cock-Esteb, Alicea; Li, Jun; Fendorf, Scott</p> <p>2017-08-15</p> <p>Providing access to safe drinking water is a global challenge, for which groundwater is increasingly being used throughout the world. However, geogenic contaminants limit the suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes over large geographic areas across most continents. Geogenic contaminants in groundwater are often evaluated individually, but here we demonstrate the need to evaluate multiple contaminants to ensure that groundwater is safe for human consumption and agricultural usage. We compiled groundwater chemical data from three aquifer regions across the world that have been reported to have widespread As and Mn contamination including the Glacial Aquifer in the U.S., the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Mehta Basin within Bangladesh, and the Mekong Delta in Cambodia, along with newly sampled wells in the Yangtze River Basin of China. The proportion of contaminated wells increase by up to 40% in some cases when both As and Mn contaminants are considered. Wilcoxon rank-sum analysis indicates that Mn contamination consistently occurs at significantly shallower depths than As contaminated wells in all regions. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater are well predicted by redox indicators (Eh and dissolved oxygen) whereas Mn shows no significant relationship with either parameter. These findings illustrate that the number of safe wells may be drastically overestimated in some regions when Mn contamination is not taken into account and that depth may be used as a distinguishing variable in efforts to predict the presence of groundwater contaminants regionally.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/8930','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/8930"><span>Does <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripping hold the potential for higher clear cutting yields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Hiram Hallock; Pamela Giese</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Cutting yields from <span class="hlt">gang</span> ripping hardwood lumber graded by the National Hardwood Lumber Association standard grades are determined using the technique of mathematical modeling. The lumber used is the same as that in an earlier mathematically modeled determination of cutting yields from traditional rough mill procedures. Mechanical cutting factors such as kerf, cutting...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..96r4305D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvB..96r4305D"><span>Observation of <span class="hlt">zone</span> folding induced acoustic topological insulators and the role of spin-<span class="hlt">mixing</span> defects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Deng, Yuanchen; Ge, Hao; Tian, Yuan; Lu, Minghui; Jing, Yun</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This article reports on the experimental realization of a flow-free, pseudospin-based acoustic topological insulator designed using the strategy of <span class="hlt">zone</span> folding. Robust sound one-way propagation is demonstrated with the presence of non-spin-<span class="hlt">mixing</span> defects. On the other hand, it is shown that spin-<span class="hlt">mixing</span> defects, which break the geometric symmetry and therefore the pseudo-time-reversal symmetry, can open up nontrivial band gaps within the edge state frequency band, and their width can be tailored by the extent of the defect. This provides a possible route for realizing tunable acoustic topological insulators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA587780','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA587780"><span><span class="hlt">Mixed</span> Methodology to Predict Social Meaning for Decision Support</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>regular usage of Standard American English (SAE) that also ranges in use of stylistic features that identify users as members of certain street <span class="hlt">gangs</span>...membership based solely on their use of language. While aspects of <span class="hlt">gang</span> language, such as the stylistic tendencies of the language of graffiti (Adams and... stylistics of <span class="hlt">gang</span> language online, as a mode of code switching that reflects the infrastructure of the larger <span class="hlt">gang</span> community, has been little studied</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411179','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411179"><span>Element <span class="hlt">mixing</span> distribution and structure feature of fusion <span class="hlt">zone</span> in laser welding between different alloys and pure titanium.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Haishu; Liu, Jihong; Liu, Xuecheng; Li, Changyi; Yu, Zhiwei</p> <p>2002-07-01</p> <p>To study micro morphology and element-<span class="hlt">mixing</span> distribution of different alloys welded in laser and analyze the feasibility of laser welding different alloys. Alloys and titanium were matched into 4 groups: Au-Pt with Ni-Cr; Au-Pt with pure Ti; pure Ti with Ni-Cr; Ni-Cr with Co-Cr. They were welded in laser. Changes in metallography after hybridization of crystalline grain, ranges of heat-affected <span class="hlt">zone</span> and pores were observed through SEM with ultra-thin windowed X-ray energy atlas. Meanwhile 10 testing points were chosen with area of 300 micro m x 900 micro m along the welding surface from the side A alloy to the side B alloy, than the element <span class="hlt">mixing</span> distribution and tendency were analyzed with X-ray energy atlas. 1. Hybridization of different alloys: (l) in the group of Au-Pt with Ti, there was titanium element <span class="hlt">mixing</span> into Au-Pt tissue gradually and evenly on the Au-Pt side of the interface without clear boundary and increasing in size of crystalline grain. However, there was titanium crystalline grain increasing in size, irregular morphology and small sacks on the titanium side with clear boundary. (2) in the group of Ni-Cr with Ti, there was <span class="hlt">mixing</span> regularly, slow transition and interlocks between crystalline grains on the Ni-Cr side of the in terface. Poor transition, clear boundary and small cracks were observed on titanium side. (3) in the group of Co-Cr with Ni-Cr, there was good transition, obscure boundary on both sides resulting from network, cylinder and branch structure growing. 2. Element-<span class="hlt">mixing</span> distribution of different alloys. In fusion <span class="hlt">zone</span>, the metal elements in matched groups <span class="hlt">mixed</span> well and hybridized into new alloys except titanium blocks. The location of wave peak depended on the composition of alloys. Most of elements were from the alloy far from the fusion <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The hybridization between pure titanium and any other alloys is not good The effect of laser welding different alloys is ideal except with pure titanium.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmRe.180...42H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmRe.180...42H"><span>Seasonal cycle of precipitation over major river basins in South and Southeast Asia: A review of the CMIP5 climate models data for present climate and future climate projections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hasson, Shabeh ul; Pascale, Salvatore; Lucarini, Valerio; Böhner, Jürgen</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>We review the skill of thirty coupled climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in terms of reproducing properties of the seasonal cycle of precipitation over the major river basins of South and Southeast Asia (Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and Mekong) for the historical period (1961-2000). We also present how these models represent the impact of climate change by the end of century (2061-2100) under the extreme scenario RCP8.5. First, we assess the models' ability to reproduce the observed timings of the monsoon onset and the rate of rapid fractional accumulation (RFA) slope - a measure of seasonality within the active monsoon period. Secondly, we apply a threshold-independent seasonality index (SI) - a multiplicative measure of precipitation (P) and extent of its concentration relative to uniform distribution (relative entropy - RE). We apply SI distinctly over the monsoonal precipitation regime (MPR), westerly precipitation regime (WPR) and annual precipitation. For the present climate, neither any single model nor the multi-model mean performs best in all chosen metrics. Models show overall a modest skill in suggesting right timings of the monsoon onset while the RFA slope is generally underestimated. One third of the models fail to capture the monsoon signal over the Indus basin. Mostly, the estimates for SI during WPR are higher than observed for all basins. When looking at MPR, the models typically simulate an SI higher (lower) than observed for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (Indus and Mekong) basins, following the pattern of overestimation (underestimation) of precipitation. Most of the models are biased negative (positive) for RE estimates over the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and Mekong (Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) basins, implying the extent of precipitation concentration for MPR and number of dry days within WPR lower (higher) than observed for these basins. Such skill of the CMIP5 models in representing the present-day monsoonal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2784688','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2784688"><span>“It’s like we’re just renting over here”: The Pervasive Experiences of Discrimination of Filipino Immigrant Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members in Hawai’i</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Su Yeong; Benner, Aprile D.; Takushi, Rena Mae Nalani; Ongbongan, Kathleen; Dennerlein, Donna; Spencer, Deborah K.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Researchers, service providers, and policymakers must uncover and better understand the issues facing youths in Asian <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in order to most effectively intervene with appropriate policies and programs. The present investigation sampled young male Filipino <span class="hlt">gang</span> members in Hawai’i. Thematic analyses of the focus group data challenge the commonly held view of racial harmony in Hawai’i. It appears that racial and social discrimination from peers and authority figures propel Filipino boys to seek out <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership as a way to protect themselves from being targets of oppression. PMID:19946383</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drug+AND+abuse+AND+stress&pg=5&id=EJ1013084','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=drug+AND+abuse+AND+stress&pg=5&id=EJ1013084"><span>An Adapted Brief Strategic Family Therapy for <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Affiliated Mexican American Adolescents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Valdez, Avelardo; Cepeda, Alice; Parrish, Danielle; Horowitz, Rosalind; Kaplan, Charles</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of an adapted Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) intervention for <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated Mexican American adolescents and their parents. Methods: A total of 200 adolescents and their family caregivers were randomized to either a treatment or a control condition. Outcomes included adolescent substance…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=2&id=EJ859103','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=2&id=EJ859103"><span>Impact of a Comprehensive Whole Child Intervention and Prevention Program among Youths at Risk of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement and Other Forms of Delinquency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Koffman, Stephen; Ray, Alice; Berg, Sarah; Covington, Larry; Albarran, Nadine M.; Vasquez, Max</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Youths in <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ridden neighborhoods are at risk for trauma-related mental health disorders, which are early indicators of likely school failure and delinquency. Such youths rarely seek out services for these problems. The Juvenile Intervention and Prevention Program (JIPP), a school-based <span class="hlt">gang</span> intervention and prevention program in Los Angeles,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=32578&Lab=ORD&keyword=legal+AND+system&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=32578&Lab=ORD&keyword=legal+AND+system&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>CORMIX2: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR HYDRODYNAMIC <span class="hlt">MIXING</span> <span class="hlt">ZONE</span> ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL AND TOXIC MULTIPORT DIFFUSER DISCHARGES</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>CORMIX is a series of software systems for the analysis, prediction, and design of aqueous toxic or conventional pollutant discharges into watercourses, with emphasis on the geometry and dilution characteristics of the initial <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. ubsystem CORMIX1 deals with submerged si...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED355595.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED355595.pdf"><span>School Dress Codes v. The First Amendment: <span class="hlt">Ganging</span> up on Student Attire.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jahn, Karon L.</p> <p></p> <p>Do school dress codes written with the specific purpose of limiting individual dress preferences, including dress associated with <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, infringe on speech freedoms granted by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution? Although the Supreme Court has extended its protection of political speech to nonverbal acts of communication, it has…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518417.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518417.pdf"><span>Findings from the Evaluation of OJJDP's <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Reduction Program. Juvenile Justice Bulletin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cahill, Meagan; Hayeslip, David</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This bulletin draws on findings from an independent evaluation, conducted by the Urban Institute, of the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Reduction Program's (GRP) Impact in Los Angeles, California; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; North Miami Beach, Florida; and Richmond, Virginia, to examine how effectively these sites implemented the program. Following are some of the authors' key…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Nature+AND+aggression&pg=5&id=ED458773','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Nature+AND+aggression&pg=5&id=ED458773"><span>The Challenges of <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Youth Violence in the Schools. Fourth CCBD Mini-Library Series: Addressing the Diverse Needs of Children and Youth with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders--Programs That Work.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Grant, Sharon H.; Van Acker, Richard</p> <p></p> <p>Review of the current knowledge concerning youth violence and <span class="hlt">gang</span> behavior considers risk factors for violence and <span class="hlt">gang</span> formation, functions served by violence and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and strategies that have been empirically validated to be either beneficial or ineffective. Following an introductory chapter, the first chapter looks at the nature of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20013189-bioaccumulation-profiles-polychlorinated-biphenyl-congeners-organochlorine-pesticides-ganges-river-dolphins','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20013189-bioaccumulation-profiles-polychlorinated-biphenyl-congeners-organochlorine-pesticides-ganges-river-dolphins"><span>Bioaccumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine pesticides in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River dolphins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Senthilkumar, K.; Kannan, K.; Sinha, R.K.</p> <p>1999-07-01</p> <p>Isomer-specific concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including non-, mono-, and di-ortho-substituted congeners, DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, chlordane compounds, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in river dolphin blubber and prey fishes collected during 1993 through 1996 from the River <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> in India. Concentrations of organochlorines were also measured in the milk and liver of dolphins, benthic invertebrates, and sediments. The DDTs and PCBs were the predominant compounds found in dolphin tissues and fish that comprise the diet of dolphins. Concentrations of DDTs and PCBs in the blubber of dolphins were in the range of 30 to 120 andmore » 1.5 to 25 {micro}g/g, lipid weight, respectively. Penta- and hexachlorobiphenyls collectively accounted for 68 to 80% of the total PCB concentrations in river dolphins. Hexachlorobiphenyl congener 138 (2.2{prime}, 3,4,4{prime},5{prime}-) was the most abundant in dolphin blubber and prey fishes. The isomer/congener pattern of PCBs and organchlorine pesticides suggested that there is less metabolism due to cytochrome P450 enzymes in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river dolphins than in marine or terrestrial mammals. The mean 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) estimated in river dolphin blubber was greater than those that can cause adverse effects in mink. Comparison of organochlorine concentrations in river dolphins with those of the values reported for samples analyzed during 1988 through 1992 suggested that the contamination by these compounds has increased in the River <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B51A0380D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.B51A0380D"><span>Occurrence of Organic Contaminants in Lower Reaches of River <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dutta Gupta, S.; Bhattacharya, A.; Mukherjee, A.; Bhattacharya, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Gangetic plain of eastern India has been long known as the "bread basket" of the Indian subcontinent. However, indiscriminate use of pesticides in the agricultural fields is to increase crop production. These resulted to increased vulnerability of pesticide pollution of the hydrological systems of the area, potentially exposing to significant human health consequences. Our present study delineate pesticides occurrence in lower <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> in West Bengal. The major organic contaminants regularly detected in the studied reaches of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> belong to wide range of herbicides and insecticides, which especially include organochlorides and organophosphates such as Aldrin, Alachlor, Lindane, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos and Methyl parathion. Results show Alachlor and Malathion were the most abundant organic contaminant in the river. Among the other pesticides, one of the most venomous substances, Malathion has been noticed from the last year insecticide screening study. The mean concentration of river water Malathion was found to be 5 times higher than the maximum concentration limit (MCL). Presence of Malathion or its derivative Malaoxon in river water is suspected to be caused by agricultural run-off and it showed a good correlation with river water chlorine concentrations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA467142','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA467142"><span>The Likelihood of Collaboration Between Central American Transnational <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Terrorist Organizations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>As Rolando Gamez, a resident of Escuintla – a town 28 miles southwest of the capital, Guatemala City – maintains, "This is a war and the <span class="hlt">gang</span>...Director of Investigations in El Salvador, Douglas Omar Garcia Fumes, agrees, "They continue to operate even after they’re arrested. Orders to kill are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153551','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153551"><span>Remote sensing based deforestation analysis in Mahanadi and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin in India since 1985.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Behera, M D; Tripathi, P; Das, P; Srivastava, S K; Roy, P S; Joshi, C; Behera, P R; Deka, J; Kumar, P; Khan, M L; Tripathi, O P; Dash, T; Krishnamurthy, Y V N</p> <p>2018-01-15</p> <p>Land use and land cover (LULC) change has been recognized as a key driver of global climate change by influencing land surface processes. Being in constant change, river basins are always subjected to LULC changes, especially decline in forest cover to give way for agricultural expansion, urbanization, industrialization etc. We used on-screen digital interpretation technique to derive LULC maps from Landsat images at three decadal intervals i.e., 1985, 1995 and 2005 of two major river basins of India. Rain-fed, Mahanadi river basin (MRB) attributed to 55% agricultural area wherein glacier-fed, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin (BRB) had only 16% area under agricultural land. Though conversion of forest land for agricultural activities was the major LULC changes in both the basins, the rate was higher for BRB than MRB. While water body increased in MRB could be primarily attributed to creation of reservoirs and aquaculture farms; snow and ice melting attributed to creation of more water bodies in BRB. Scrub land acted as an intermediate class for forest conversion to barren land in BRB, while direct conversion of scrub land to waste land and crop land was seen in MRB. While habitation contributed primarily to LULC changes in BRB, the proximity <span class="hlt">zones</span> around habitat and other socio-economic drivers contributed to LULC change in MRB. Comparing the predicted result with actual LULC of 2005, we obtained >97% modelling accuracy; therefore it is expected that the Dyna-CLUE model has very well predicted the LULC for the year 2025. The predicted LULC of 2025 and corresponding LULC changes in these two basins acting as early warning, and with the past 2-decadal change analysis this study is believed to help the land use planners for improved regional planning to create balanced ecosystem, especially in a changing climate. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H53E1757B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H53E1757B"><span>Assessment of Environmental Flows for the Rivers of Western <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta with Special Reference to Indian Sundarban</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bhadra, T.; Hazra, S.; Ghosh, S.; Barman, B. C.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Indian Sundarban, situated on the western tide-dominated part of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta was formed by the sedimentation of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and its tributaries. Freshwater is a scarce resource in the Sundarban though it is traversed by rivers. Most of the rivers of Western <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta, which used to nourish the Sundarban, have become defunct with the passage of time. To ensure sustainable flow and to enhance the flow-dependent ecosystem services in this region, assessment of environmental flows within the system is required. A pilot assessment of environment flows, supported by IUCN has been carried out in some specific river reaches of Western <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta under the present study. The holistic Building Block Methodology (BBM) has been modified and used for the assessment of environmental flows. In the modified BBM, three distinctive blocks namely Hydro-Morphology, Ecology and Socio-Economy have been selected and indicators like <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Dolphin (Platanista gangetica), Sundari tree (Heritiera fomes) and Hilsa fish (Tenualosa ilisha) etc. have been determined to assess the environmental flows. As the discharge data of the selected rivers are restricted in the public domain, the SWAT model has been run to generate the discharge data of the classified rivers. The Hydraulic model, HEC-RAS has been calibrated in the selected River reaches to assess the habitat availability and its changes for indicator species under different flow condition. The study reveals that River Bhagirathi-Hugli requires 150-427 cumec additional water in monsoon and 850-1127 cumec additional water in post-monsoon months for Hilsa migration, whereas 327-486 cumec additional water in pre-monsoon and dry season and 227-386 cumec additional water in post-monsoon months are required for Dolphin movement. Flow requirement of river Ichhamati has also been estimated under the present study. The total required flow for the Sundarban ecosystem to reduce the salinity level from 30ppt to 14ppt during the dry and pre</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4367964','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4367964"><span>Natural Selection in a Bangladeshi Population from the Cholera-Endemic <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Karlsson, Elinor K.; Harris, Jason B.; Tabrizi, Shervin; Rahman, Atiqur; Shlyakhter, Ilya; Patterson, Nick; O'Dushlaine, Colm; Schaffner, Stephen F.; Gupta, Sameer; Chowdhury, Fahima; Sheikh, Alaullah; Shin, Ok Sarah; Ellis, Crystal; Becker, Christine E.; Stuart, Lynda M.; Calderwood, Stephen B.; Ryan, Edward T.; Qadri, Firdausi; Sabeti, Pardis C.; LaRocque, Regina C.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>As an ancient disease with high fatality, cholera has likely exerted strong selective pressure on affected human populations. We performed a genome-wide study of natural selection in a population from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River Delta, the historic geographic epicenter of cholera. We identified 305 candidate selected regions using the Composite of Multiple Signals (CMS) method. The regions were enriched for potassium channel genes involved in cyclic AMP-mediated chloride secretion and for components of the innate immune system involved in NF-κB signaling. We demonstrate that a number of these strongly selected genes are associated with cholera susceptibility in two separate cohorts. We further identify repeated examples of selection and association in an NF-kB / inflammasome-dependent pathway that is activated in vitro by Vibrio cholerae. Our findings shed light on the genetic basis of cholera resistance in a population from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River Delta and present a promising approach for identifying genetic factors influencing susceptibility to infectious diseases. PMID:23825302</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03759&hterms=landslides+Earth&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dlandslides%2BEarth','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA03759&hterms=landslides+Earth&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dlandslides%2BEarth"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma Landslide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>(Released 01 April 2002) This image shows a spectacular landslide along a portion of the southern wall of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma within Valles Marineris. Landslides have very characteristic morphologies on Earth, which they also display on Mars. These morphologies include a distinctive escarpment at the uppermost part of the landslide--called a head scarp (seen at the bottom of this image), a down-dropped block of material below that escarpment that dropped almost vertically, and a deposit of debris that moved away from the escarpment at high speed. In this example, the wall rock displayed in the upper part of the cliff is layered, with spurs and chutes created by differing amounts of erosion. Below the steep scarp is a smoother, steep slope of material with small, narrow tongues of debris that have eroded off of the escarpment since the landslide occurred (a talus slope). The actual landslide deposit, visible in the upper half of this image, shows striations that form by differences in the side-by-side motion during high velocity emplacement. This immense landslide traveled some 70 km at speeds that probably exceeded 100 kilometers per hour (60 miles per hour) before coming to rest, forming abrupt, terminal fronts (upper right corner of image). Even at these high speeds, this massive landslide was moving for nearly an hour before it came to rest.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP53B1749Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP53B1749Z"><span>Similar sediment provenance of low and high arsenic aquifers in Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zheng, Y.; Yang, Q.; Li, S.; Hemming, S. R.; Zhang, Y.; Rasbury, T.; Hemming, G.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Geogenic arsenic (As) in drinking water, especially in groundwater, is estimated to have affected the health of over 100 million people worldwide, with nearly half of the total at risk population in Bangladesh. Sluggish flow and reducing biogeochemical environment in sedimentary aquifers have been shown as the primary controls for the release of As from sediment to the shallower groundwater in the Holocene aquifer. In contrast, deeper groundwater in the Pleistocene aquifer is depleted in groundwater As and sediment-extractable As. This study assesses the origin of the sediment in two aquifers of Bangladesh that contain distinctly different As levels to ascertain whether the source of the sediment is a factor in this difference through measurements of detrital mica Ar-Ar age, detrital zircon U-Pb age, as well as sediment silicate Sr and Nd isotopes. Whole rock geochemical data were also used to illuminate the extent of chemical weathering. Detrital mica 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages and detrital zircon U-Pb ages show no statistical difference between high-As Holocene sediment and low-As Pleistocene sediment, but suggest an aquifer sediment source of both the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> rivers. Silicate 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd further depict a major sediment source from the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river, which is supported by a two end member <span class="hlt">mixing</span> model using 87Sr/86Sr and Sr concentrations. Pleistocene and Holocene sediments show little difference in weathering of mobile elements including As, while coarser sediments and a longer history of the Pleistocene aquifer suggest that sorting and flushing play more important roles in regulating the contrast of As occurrence between these two aquifers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4433948','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4433948"><span>Differentiation of <span class="hlt">mixed</span> biological traces in sexual assaults using DNA fragment analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Apostolov, Аleksandar</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>During the investigation of sexual abuse, it is not rare that <span class="hlt">mixed</span> genetic material from two or more persons is detected. In such cases, successful profiling can be achieved using DNA fragment analysis, resulting in individual genetic profiles of offenders and their victims. This has led to an increase in the percentage of identified perpetrators of sexual offenses. The classic and modified genetic models used, allowed us to refine and implement appropriate extraction, polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic procedures with individual assessment and approach to conducting research. Testing <span class="hlt">mixed</span> biological traces using DNA fragment analysis appears to be the only opportunity for identifying perpetrators in <span class="hlt">gang</span> rapes. PMID:26019514</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....3994D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....3994D"><span>Multi-stage <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in subduction <span class="hlt">zone</span>: Application to Merapi volcano, Indonesia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Debaille, V.; Doucelance, R.; Weis, D.; Schiano, P.</p> <p>2003-04-01</p> <p>Basalts sampling subduction <span class="hlt">zone</span> volcanism (IAB) often show binary <span class="hlt">mixing</span> relationship in classical Sr-Nd, Pb-Pb, Sr-Pb isotopic diagrams, generally interpreted as reflecting the involvement of two components in their source. However, several authors have highlighted the presence of minimum three components in such a geodynamical context: mantle wedge, subducted and altered oceanic crust and subducted sediments. The overlying continental crust can also contribute by contamination and assimilation in magma chambers and/or during magma ascent. Here we present a multi-stage model to obtain a two end-member <span class="hlt">mixing</span> from three components (mantle wedge, altered oceanic crust and sediments). The first stage of the model considers the metasomatism of the mantle wedge by fluids and/or melts released by subducted materials (altered oceanic crust and associated sediments), considering mobility and partition coefficient of trace elements in hydrated fluids and silicate melts. This results in the generation of two distinct end-members, reducing the number of components (mantle wedge, oceanic crust, sediments) from three to two. The second stage of the model concerns the binary <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of the two end-members thus defined: mantle wedge metasomatized by slab-derived fluids and mantle wedge metasomatized by sediment-derived fluids. This model has been applied on a new isotopic data set (Sr, Nd and Pb, analyzed by TIMS and MC-ICP-MS) of Merapi volcano (Java island, Indonesia). Previous studies have suggested three distinct components in the source of indonesian lavas: mantle wedge, subducted sediments and altered oceanic crust. Moreover, it has been shown that crustal contamination does not significantly affect isotopic ratios of lavas. The multi-stage model proposed here is able to reproduce the binary <span class="hlt">mixing</span> observed in lavas of Merapi, and a set of numerical values of bulk partition coefficient is given that accounts for the genesis of lavas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA565126','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA565126"><span>Countering <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Violence: What Small Town Communities Can Learn from the US Military</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-05-03</p> <p>city is also home to two of the most notorious Hispanic <span class="hlt">gangs</span> operating in the US. The Nuestra Familia and the Mexican Mafia have approximately 11...within Salinas until all communities are capable of self-policing. Critical to this mission will be Salinas‟ ability to actually „connect‟ with the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6117997-diagenesis-oligocene-miocene-rocks-upper-floridan-intermediate-aquifer-systems-meteoric-mixing-zone-waters-southwest-florida','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6117997-diagenesis-oligocene-miocene-rocks-upper-floridan-intermediate-aquifer-systems-meteoric-mixing-zone-waters-southwest-florida"><span>Diagenesis of the Oligocene-Miocene rocks of the Upper Floridan and Intermediate aquifer systems by meteoric and <span class="hlt">mixing-zone</span> waters in southwest Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Weedman, S.D.; McCartan, L.</p> <p>1993-03-01</p> <p>Optical and SEM of samples from 6 cores of Oligocene and Miocene rocks that compose portions of the Florida and Intermediate aquifers and the intervening semiconfining unit documents meteoric and <span class="hlt">mixing-zone</span> (seawater and fresh carbonate ground water) diagenesis inferred to have occurred over several cycles of sea level change. Dolomite, limestone, sandstone, and claystone of the Suwannee Formation and the Arcadia Formation (Hawthorn Group) were examined. Core samples from time-equivalent strata in two E--W transects in Manatee, Hardee, Highlands, Sarasota, and DeSoto Counties are estimated to be 16--33 Ma on the basis of [sup 87]Sr/[sup 86]Sr ratios from unaltered molluskmore » shells and by molluscan biostratigraphy. Lithostratigraphic correlations are based on examination of 19 cores, 62 thin sections, 60 geophysical logs, and mineralogy determined by X-ray diffraction. Diagenetic indicators that the authors tracked petrographically include shell micritization, shell dissolution, equant and (or) fibrous CaCO[sub 3] cement, neomorphism, dolomite, etched phosphate grains, echinoderm fragment syntaxial overgrowths, and amorphous silica pore lining. Infiltration of meteoric water caused dissolution of carbonate minerals, especially aragonite, and precipitation of equant calcite crystals in voids of dissolved fossils and in pore spaces between grains. The silica was precipitated as pore linings in <span class="hlt">zones</span> having soil textures. Observed replacement of calcite by limpid dolomite is consistent with modeling predictions of <span class="hlt">mixing-zone</span> diagenesis. Etched crystals of limpid dolomite may indicate freshwater dissolution of a <span class="hlt">mixing-zone</span> precipitate. Mapping of regional unconformities revealed pronounced thickening and thinning of some units. Evidence of meteoric water diagenesis is observed in the upper 600 ft of the transects examined. Evidence of <span class="hlt">mixing-zone</span> diagenesis is observed at varying depths, but appears to increase in abundance and thickness toward the west.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-100/issue-47/exploration-development/to-sell-or-not-sell-assessments-of-bangladesh-hydrocarbons.html','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-100/issue-47/exploration-development/to-sell-or-not-sell-assessments-of-bangladesh-hydrocarbons.html"><span>To sell or not sell: Assessments of Bangladesh hydrocarbons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Milici, Robert C.; Warwick, Peter D.; Attanasi, Emil D.; Wandrey, Craig J.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A decision by the government of Bangladesh to sell or not sell some of its natural gas reserves to neighboring countries in South Asia will be important in determining the economic future of Bangladesh, a country with an area about equal to Wisconsin.Bangladesh is a country of 150 million people, many of whom live at or below the poverty line. It is situated almost entirely on the great low-lying delta of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River systems. Folded Tertiary strata that form hill tracts in easternmost Bangladesh, adjacent India, and Myanmar provide a little relief above a monotonous deltaic terrain (Fig. 1).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187300','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187300"><span>The effects of self-control, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and parental attachment/identification on police contacts among Latino and African American youths.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Flexon, Jamie L; Greenleaf, Richard G; Lurigio, Arthur J</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>This study assessed the correlates of self-control and police contact in a sample of Chicago public high school students. The investigation examined the effects of parental attachment/identification, family structure, and peer association on self-control and the effects of parental attachment/identification, family structure, peer association, and self-control on police contact. Differences between African American and Latino youth on the predictors of the two dependent measures were tested in separate regression models. Weak parental attachment/identification and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation (peer association) predicted low self-control among all students. Among African American youth, only weak maternal attachment/identification predicted low self-control; both weak maternal attachment/identification and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation predicted low self-control among Latino youth. <span class="hlt">Gang</span> affiliation predicted police stops (delinquency) among African Americans but not among Latinos. However, both African American and Latino students with lower self-control were more likely to be stopped by the police than those with higher self-control.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.T23B0483S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.T23B0483S"><span>Fission-track Evidence for the Source of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River Sands Within the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis: a Large Flux from a Tiny Source</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stewart, R. J.; Hallet, B.; Zeitler, P. K.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>We present new zircon and apatite fission-track results from river sands of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> system; they complement our prior results and add to diverse lines of evidence indicating that erosion in the core of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis has been and is exceptionally rapid. These new results improve definition of the bedrock source area for very young grains: a source of uncertainty in our original data set stemmed from our key downstream sampling site being at Pashigat, on the floodplain of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, permitting drainages other than the Tsangpo/Siang (local names for the upper <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>) from being potential contributors of young grains. One important new sample was collected near Medoc, in the lower reaches of the Tsangpo gorge, allowing us to tightly bracket detrital contributions from this deep gorge through the geologically active Nanche Barwa-Gyala Peri massif, the likely source of very young cooling ages of less than 2 Ma. The second sample was collected from a small river draining the cirque glacier incising the NW side of Namche Barwa. We report analyses of 37 zircon grains and 66 apatite grains from the Medoc sample and 80 zircon grains from the cirque sample. Our new results are as follows (previous results from Pashigat are shown in parentheses). The youngest peak identified by BINOMFIT in detrital zircons from Medoc is 0.6 Ma (0.6 Ma), and significantly, it includes 51% (47%) of the entire sand-sized population. The youngest grains are ~ 0.1 Ma (0.1 Ma), and a significant subset has a peak age of 0.3 to 0.4 Ma (0.4 Ma). The youngest peak in apatite fission-track ages from the same samples is 0.5 Ma (0.4 Ma) and includes 58% (39%) of the grains. Zircons from the Namche Barwa cirque also yield a population of extremely young ages having a number of peaks, the youngest of which is 0.3 Ma and accounts for 35% of the grains; the oldest grain in this entire sample is 3.3 Ma. The age distributions from Medoc and Pasighat are very similar, giving us</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA555541','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA555541"><span>Deportation of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Members: Sub-Optimal Solution for Both America and Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-28</p> <p>Back the Streets 36 James C. Howell. “<span class="hlt">Gang</span> prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs”, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency ...55 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention, Boston Strategy To Prevent Youth Violence... Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice, Juvenile Justice Bulletin, December 2010, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/231116.pdf</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rape&pg=7&id=EJ863256','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rape&pg=7&id=EJ863256"><span>Advantages of Group Therapy for Adolescent Participants in the Same <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Rape</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Etgar, Talia; Prager, Keren Ganot</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This paper deals with the issue of including in the same therapeutic group in a prison setting two (or more) young people who participated in the same <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape. We provide a background for group therapy with adolescent sex offenders and point out the characteristics of group rape. In addition, we describe the uniqueness of working in a prison as…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDQ33006W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDQ33006W"><span>A new scaling law for temperature variance profile in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Yin; Xu, Wei; He, Xiao-Zhou; Yik, Hiu-Fai; Wang, Xiao-Ping; Schumacher, Jorg; Tong, Penger</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We report a combined experimental and numerical study of the scaling properties of the temperature variance profile η(z) along the central z axis of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a thin disk cell and an upright cylinder of aspect ratio unity. In the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> outside the thermal boundary layer region, the measured η(z) is found to scale with the cell height H in both cells and obey a power law, η(z) (z/H)ɛ, with the obtained values of ɛ being very close to -1. Based on the experimental and numerical findings, we derive a new equation for η(z) in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, which has a power-law solution in good agreement with the experimental and numerical results. Our work thus provides a common framework for understanding the effect of boundary layer fluctuations on the scaling properties of the temperature variance profile in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection. This work was supported in part by Hong Kong Research Grants Council.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27427801','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27427801"><span>Predicting sexual coercion in early adulthood: The transaction among maltreatment, <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation, and adolescent socialization of coercive relationship norms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ha, Thao; Kim, Hanjoe; Christopher, Caroline; Caruthers, Allison; Dishion, Thomas J</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>This study tested a transactional hypothesis predicting early adult sexual coercion from family maltreatment, early adolescent <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation, and socialization of adolescent friendships that support coercive relationship norms. The longitudinal study of a community sample of 998 11-year-olds was intensively assessed in early and middle adolescence and followed to 23-24 years of age. At age 16-17 youth were videotaped with a friend, and their interactions were coded for coercive relationship talk. Structural equation modeling revealed that maltreatment predicted <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation during early adolescence. Both maltreatment and <span class="hlt">gang</span> affiliation strongly predicted adolescent sexual promiscuity and coercive relationship norms with friends at age 16-17 years. Adolescent sexual promiscuity, however, did not predict sexual coercion in early adulthood. In contrast, higher levels of observed coercive relationship talk with a friend predicted sexual coercion in early adulthood for both males and females. These findings suggest that peers have a socialization function in the development of norms prognostic of sexual coercion, and the need to consider peers in the promotion of healthy relationships.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573197','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573197"><span>Clicking in shallow rivers: short-range echolocation of Irrawaddy and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River dolphins in a shallow, acoustically complex habitat.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jensen, Frants H; Rocco, Alice; Mansur, Rubaiyat M; Smith, Brian D; Janik, Vincent M; Madsen, Peter T</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Toothed whales (Cetacea, odontoceti) use biosonar to navigate their environment and to find and catch prey. All studied toothed whale species have evolved highly directional, high-amplitude ultrasonic clicks suited for long-range echolocation of prey in open water. Little is known about the biosonar signals of toothed whale species inhabiting freshwater habitats such as endangered river dolphins. To address the evolutionary pressures shaping the echolocation signal parameters of non-marine toothed whales, we investigated the biosonar source parameters of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) within the river systems of the Sundarban mangrove forest. Both <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Irrawaddy dolphins produced echolocation clicks with a high repetition rate and low source level compared to marine species. Irrawaddy dolphins, inhabiting coastal and riverine habitats, produced a mean source level of 195 dB (max 203 dB) re 1 µPapp whereas <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river dolphins, living exclusively upriver, produced a mean source level of 184 dB (max 191) re 1 µPapp. These source levels are 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of similar sized marine delphinids and may reflect an adaptation to a shallow, acoustically complex freshwater habitat with high reverberation and acoustic clutter. The centroid frequency of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river dolphin clicks are an octave lower than predicted from scaling, but with an estimated beamwidth comparable to that of porpoises. The unique bony maxillary crests found in the Platanista forehead may help achieve a higher directionality than expected using clicks nearly an octave lower than similar sized odontocetes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3616034','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3616034"><span>Clicking in Shallow Rivers: Short-Range Echolocation of Irrawaddy and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River Dolphins in a Shallow, Acoustically Complex Habitat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jensen, Frants H.; Rocco, Alice; Mansur, Rubaiyat M.; Smith, Brian D.; Janik, Vincent M.; Madsen, Peter T.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Toothed whales (Cetacea, odontoceti) use biosonar to navigate their environment and to find and catch prey. All studied toothed whale species have evolved highly directional, high-amplitude ultrasonic clicks suited for long-range echolocation of prey in open water. Little is known about the biosonar signals of toothed whale species inhabiting freshwater habitats such as endangered river dolphins. To address the evolutionary pressures shaping the echolocation signal parameters of non-marine toothed whales, we investigated the biosonar source parameters of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) within the river systems of the Sundarban mangrove forest. Both <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and Irrawaddy dolphins produced echolocation clicks with a high repetition rate and low source level compared to marine species. Irrawaddy dolphins, inhabiting coastal and riverine habitats, produced a mean source level of 195 dB (max 203 dB) re 1 µPapp whereas <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river dolphins, living exclusively upriver, produced a mean source level of 184 dB (max 191) re 1 µPapp. These source levels are 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those of similar sized marine delphinids and may reflect an adaptation to a shallow, acoustically complex freshwater habitat with high reverberation and acoustic clutter. The centroid frequency of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river dolphin clicks are an octave lower than predicted from scaling, but with an estimated beamwidth comparable to that of porpoises. The unique bony maxillary crests found in the Platanista forehead may help achieve a higher directionality than expected using clicks nearly an octave lower than similar sized odontocetes. PMID:23573197</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70129229','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70129229"><span>Water resources management in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin: a comparison of three strategies for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Khan, Mahfuzur R.; Voss, Clifford I.; Yu, Winston; Michael, Holly A.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The most difficult water resources management challenge in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin is the imbalance between water demand and seasonal availability. More than 80 % of the annual flow in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River occurs during the 4-month monsoon, resulting in widespread flooding. During the rest of the year, irrigation, navigation, and ecosystems suffer because of water scarcity. Storage of monsoonal flow for utilization during the dry season is one approach to mitigating these problems. Three conjunctive use management strategies involving subsurface water storage are evaluated in this study: <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Water Machine (GWM), Pumping Along Canals (PAC), and Distributed Pumping and Recharge (DPR). Numerical models are used to determine the efficacy of these strategies. Results for the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh (UP) indicate that these strategies create seasonal subsurface storage from 6 to 37 % of the yearly average monsoonal flow in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> exiting UP over the considered range of conditions. This has clear implications for flood reduction, and each strategy has the potential to provide irrigation water and to reduce soil waterlogging. However, GWM and PAC require significant public investment in infrastructure and management, as well as major shifts in existing water use practices; these also involve spatially-concentrated pumping, which may induce land subsidence. DPR also requires investment and management, but the distributed pumping is less costly and can be more easily implemented via adaptation of existing water use practices in the basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516384','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516384"><span>Implications of agricultural land use change to ecosystem services in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Islam, G M Tarekul; Islam, A K M Saiful; Shopan, Ahsan Azhar; Rahman, Md Munsur; Lázár, Attila N; Mukhopadhyay, Anirban</p> <p>2015-09-15</p> <p>Ecosystems provide the basis for human civilization and natural capital for green economy and sustainable development. Ecosystem services may range from crops, fish, freshwater to those that are harder to see such as erosion regulation, carbon sequestration, and pest control. Land use changes have been identified as the main sources of coastal and marine pollution in Bangladesh. This paper explores the temporal variation of agricultural land use change and its implications with ecosystem services in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta. With time agricultural lands have been decreased and wetlands have been increased at a very high rate mainly due to the growing popularity of saltwater shrimp farming. In a span of 28 years, the agricultural lands have been reduced by approximately 50%, while the wetlands have been increased by over 500%. A large portion (nearly 40%) of the study area is covered by the Sundarbans which remained almost constant which can be attributed to the strict regulatory intervention to preserve the Sundarbans. The settlement & others land use type has also been increased to nearly 5%. There is a gradual uptrend of shrimp and fish production in the study area. The findings suggest that there are significant linkages between agricultural land use change and ecosystem services in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta in Bangladesh. The continuous decline of agricultural land (due to salinization) and an increase of wetland have been attributed to the conversion of agricultural land into shrimp farming in the study area. Such land use change requires significant capital, therefore, only investors and wealthier land owners can get the higher profit from the land conversion while the poor people is left with the environmental consequences that affect their long-term lives and livelihood. An environmental management plan is proposed for sustainable land use in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> delta in Bangladesh. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED296451.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED296451.pdf"><span>Principals' Leadership Behaviors in <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Impacted High Schools and Their Effects on Pupil Climate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Schwartz, Audrey J.</p> <p></p> <p>Although viable leadership models for schools with differing social contexts are in great demand, empirical studies of high school principals have not produced consistent results. This paper summarizes part of a larger project designed to identify leadership behaviors of principals in "<span class="hlt">gang</span>-impacted" and other secondary schools. The…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11863174','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11863174"><span>Refracted arrival waves in a <span class="hlt">zone</span> of silence from a finite thickness <span class="hlt">mixing</span> layer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Suzuki, Takao; Lele, Sanjiva K</p> <p>2002-02-01</p> <p>Refracted arrival waves which propagate in the <span class="hlt">zone</span> of silence of a finite thickness <span class="hlt">mixing</span> layer are analyzed using geometrical acoustics in two dimensions. Here, two simplifying assumptions are made: (i) the mean flow field is transversely sheared, and (ii) the mean velocity and temperature profiles approach the free-stream conditions exponentially. Under these assumptions, ray trajectories are analytically solved, and a formula for acoustic pressure amplitude in the far field is derived in the high-frequency limit. This formula is compared with the existing theory based on a vortex sheet corresponding to the low-frequency limit. The analysis covers the dependence on the Mach number as well as on the temperature ratio. The results show that both limits have some qualitative similarities, but the amplitude in the <span class="hlt">zone</span> of silence at high frequencies is proportional to omega(-1/2), while that at low frequencies is proportional to omega(-3/2), omega being the angular frequency of the source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA617788','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA617788"><span>Wave Climate and Wave <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> in the Marginal Ice <span class="hlt">Zones</span> of Arctic Seas, Observations and Modelling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-09-30</p> <p>At the same time, the PIs participate in Australian efforts of developing wave-ocean- ice coupled models for Antarctica . Specific new physics modules...Wave <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> in the Marginal Ice <span class="hlt">Zones</span> of Arctic Seas, Observations and Modelling Alexander V. Babanin Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box...operational forecast. Altimeter climatology and the wave models will be used to study the current and future wind/wave and ice trends. APPROACH</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WRR....52.2439B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WRR....52.2439B"><span>Benchmarking wide swath altimetry-based river discharge estimation algorithms for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonnema, Matthew G.; Sikder, Safat; Hossain, Faisal; Durand, Michael; Gleason, Colin J.; Bjerklie, David M.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of three algorithms that estimate discharge from remotely sensed observables (river width, water surface height, and water surface slope) in anticipation of the forthcoming NASA/CNES Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. SWOT promises to provide these measurements simultaneously, and the river discharge algorithms included here are designed to work with these data. Two algorithms were built around Manning's equation, the Metropolis Manning (MetroMan) method, and the Mean Flow and Geomorphology (MFG) method, and one approach uses hydraulic geometry to estimate discharge, the at-many-stations hydraulic geometry (AMHG) method. A well-calibrated and ground-truthed hydrodynamic model of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river system (HEC-RAS) was used as reference for three rivers from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River Delta: the main stem of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, the Arial-Khan, and the Mohananda Rivers. The high seasonal variability of these rivers due to the Monsoon presented a unique opportunity to thoroughly assess the discharge algorithms in light of typical monsoon regime rivers. It was found that the MFG method provides the most accurate discharge estimations in most cases, with an average relative root-mean-squared error (RRMSE) across all three reaches of 35.5%. It is followed closely by the Metropolis Manning algorithm, with an average RRMSE of 51.5%. However, the MFG method's reliance on knowledge of prior river discharge limits its application on ungauged rivers. In terms of input data requirement at ungauged regions with no prior records, the Metropolis Manning algorithm provides a more practical alternative over a region that is lacking in historical observations as the algorithm requires less ancillary data. The AMHG algorithm, while requiring the least prior river data, provided the least accurate discharge measurements with an average wet and dry season RRMSE of 79.8% and 119.1%, respectively, across all rivers studied. This poor</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919535H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919535H"><span>A Preliminary Assessment of Social Vulnerability in Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hazra, Sugata; Islam, Nabiul</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) Delta has a high population density and is exposed to rapid environmental changes making it one of the most stressed deltas in the world. The low-lying coastal areas of the Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) Delta comprise 19 coastal districts of Bangladesh and two districts in India with significant land areas within 5 meters of sea level has a population of more than 50 million people at an average population density of 1100 people/km2. This population is exposed to a range of hazards such as severe cyclones, coastal erosion, and salinization, exacerbated by climate change and subsidence which imply severe stress on the resource dependent community of this region. This situation is further complicated by poverty and limited social well-being such as poor access to education/ health/ drinking water/ sanitation facilities, and lack of food and energy security. Thus assessing social vulnerability can help to understand which communities are susceptible to environmental change and guide adaptation actions to address these threats. This preliminary study aims to construct a socio-economic index by assessing the social vulnerability of coastal communities of GBM Delta taking consistent and common secondary data from the Census of India and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statisticsand applyinga Principle Component Analysis(PCA) methodology. Several statistical tests like Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) have also been used to assess the appropriateness of using PCA. Among the selected common indicators, five major components are found to explain majority of the total variation of social vulnerability across the delta: (1) poverty, (2) dependency ratio, (3) agriculture dependency, (4) lack of sanitation and (5) existence of mud houses. The most important observation is the existence of a social vulnerability gradient across the coast. In other words, socially marginalised and vulnerable communities are found on the Delta margin in both India and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA625780','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA625780"><span>Drugs, <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Transnational Organized Crime and Malgoverened Spaces in the Americas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>3 Drugs, <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Transnational Organized Crime and “Malgoverened Spaces” in the Americas R. Evan Ellis1 During the spring of 2014, the U.S. media...and Washington politics were briefly dominated by the crisis of thousands of children from Central America detained at the Mexican border as they... Americas have received increasing attention as threats to both the U.S. and the region.3 Many good analy- ses have been done of the phenomenon of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503054','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503054"><span>Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in River <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> from the outer Himalayan Range and River Hooghly emptying into the Bay of Bengal: Occurrence, sources and ecotoxicological risk assessment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chakraborty, Paromita; Khuman, Sanjenbam Nirmala; Selvaraj, Sakthivel; Sampath, Srimurali; Devi, Ningombam Linthoingambi; Bang, John J; Katsoyiannis, Athanasios</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>River <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (RB) from the outer Himalayan Range and River Hooghly (RH), a distributary of River Ganga, are the two largest transboundary perennial rivers supplying freshwater to the northeastern and eastern states of India. Given the history of extensive usage of organochlorine pesticides and increasing industrialization along the banks of these rivers we investigated selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface water of River <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and River Hooghly. Geomean of ΣOCPs (53 ng L -1 ) and Σ 19 PCBs (108 ng L -1 ) was higher in RH compared with geomean of ΣOCPs (24 ng L -1 ) and Σ 19 PCBs (77 ng L -1 ) in RB. Among OCPs, γ-HCH showed maximum detection frequency in both the rivers reflecting ongoing lindane usage. DDT and endosulfan residues were observed at specific locations where past or ongoing sources exist. Elevated concentrations of heavier congeners (penta-hepta) were observed in those sites along RH where port and industrial activities were prevalent including informal electronic waste scrap processing units. Furthermore along River Hooghly PCB-126 was high in the suburban industrial belt of Howrah district. PCBs were found to be ubiquitously distributed in RB. Atmospheric transport of tri- and tetra-PCB congeners from the primary source regions might be a major contributor for PCBs in RB. Heavier congeners (penta-nona) in the urban centers of RB were likely due to industrial wastewater runoff from the oil refineries in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> valley. Σ 19 PCBs concentrations in this study exceeded the USEPA recommended limit for freshwater. Ecotoxicological risk assessment showed the possibility of adverse impact on the organisms in the lower trophic level due to DDT and lindane contamination. Impact of endosulfan on fishes might be of considerable concern for aquatic environment. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048925"><span>Heavy metal contaminations in the groundwater of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> flood plain: an assessment of water quality in Barpeta District, Assam (India).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haloi, Nabanita; Sarma, H P</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>A study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal contamination status of groundwater in <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> flood plain Barpeta District, Assam, India. The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River flows from the southern part of the district and its many tributaries flow from north to south. Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn are estimated by using atomic absorption spectrometer, Perkin Elmer AA 200. The quantity of heavy metals in drinking water should be checked time to time; as heavy metal accumulation will cause numerous problems to living being. Forty groundwater samples were collected mainly from tube wells from the flood plain area. As there is very little information available about the heavy metal contamination status in the heavily populated study area, the present work will help to be acquainted with the suitability of groundwater for drinking applications as well as it will enhance the database. The concentration of iron exceeds the WHO recommended levels of 0.3 mg/L in about 80% of the samples, manganese values exceed 0.4 mg/L in about 22.5% of the samples, and lead values also exceed limit in 22.5% of the samples. Cd is reported in only four sampling locations and three of them exceed the WHO permissible limit (0.003 mg/L). Zinc concentrations were found to be within the prescribed WHO limits. Therefore, pressing awareness is needed for the betterment of water quality; for the sake of safe drinking water. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using Special Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471524.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471524.pdf"><span>Coffeyville, Kansas: The Town That Stopped the Dalton <span class="hlt">Gang</span>. Teaching with Historic Places.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hunter, Kathleen</p> <p></p> <p>By 1890 the legendary outlaws of the 1870s and 1880s were mostly dead or in prison. When Luther Perkins erected his new bank building in Coffeyville, Kansas, a bank robbery was the farthest thing from his mind. But the Dalton cousins, former Coffeyville residents, were interested in the bank because they wanted to outdo the James <span class="hlt">gang</span> by using the…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8998S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8998S"><span>The Planform Mobility of Large River Channel Confluences</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sambrook Smith, Greg; Dixon, Simon; Nicholas, Andrew; Bull, Jon; Vardy, Mark; Best, James; Goodbred, Steven; Sarker, Maminul</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Large river confluences are widely acknowledged as exerting a controlling influence upon both upstream and downstream morphology and thus channel planform evolution. Despite their importance, little is known concerning their longer-term evolution and planform morphodynamics, with much of the literature focusing on confluences as representing fixed, nodal points in the fluvial network. In contrast, some studies of large sand bed rivers in India and Bangladesh have shown large river confluences can be highly mobile, although the extent to which this is representative of large confluences around the world is unknown. Confluences have also been shown to generate substantial bed scours, and if the confluence location is mobile these scours could 'comb' across wide areas. This paper presents field data of large confluences morphologies in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna river basin, illustrating the spatial extent of large river bed scours and showing scour depth can extend below base level, enhancing long term preservation potential. Based on a global review of the planform of large river confluences using Landsat imagery from 1972 to 2014 this study demonstrates such scour features can be highly mobile and there is an array of confluence morphodynamic types: from freely migrating confluences, through confluences migrating on decadal timescales to fixed confluences. Based on this analysis, a conceptual model of large river confluence types is proposed, which shows large river confluences can be sites of extensive bank erosion and avulsion, creating substantial management challenges. We quantify the abundance of mobile confluence types by classifying all large confluences in both the Amazon and <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna basins, showing these two large rivers have contrasting confluence morphodynamics. We show large river confluences have multiple scales of planform adjustment with important implications for river management, infrastructure and interpretation of the rock</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC44C..06H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC44C..06H"><span>Impacts of the Indian Rivers Inter-link Project on Sediment Transport to River Deltas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Higgins, S.; Overeem, I.; Syvitski, J. P.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The Indian Rivers Inter-link project is a proposal by the Indian government to link several of India's major rivers via a network of reservoirs and canals. Variations of the IRI have been discussed since 1980, but the current plan has recently received increased support from the Indian government. Construction on three canals has controversially begun. If the Inter-link project moves forward, fourteen canals will divert water from tributaries of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> rivers to areas in the west, where fresh water is needed for irrigation. Additional canals would transport Himalayan sediments 500 km south to the Mahanadi delta and more than 1000 km south to the Godavari and Krishna deltas. We investigate the impacts of the proposed diversions on sediment transport to the Mahanadi/Brahmani, Godavari, and Krishna deltas in India and the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta in Bangladesh. We map the entire river network and the proposed new nodes and connections. Changing watersheds are delineated using the Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models (TauDEM) Suite. Climate data comes from interpolation between observed precipitation stations located in China, Nepal, India, Bhutan and Bangladesh. Changes in water discharge due to the proposed canals are simulated using HydroTrend, a climate-driven hydrological water balance and transport model that incorporates drainage area, discharge, relief, temperature, basin-average lithology, and anthropogenic influences. Simulated river discharge is validated against observations from gauging stations archived by the Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC). HydroTrend is then used to investigate sediment transport changes that may result from the proposed canals. We also quantify changes in contributing areas for the outlets of nine major Indian rivers, showing that more than 50% of the land in India will contribute a portion of its runoff to a new outlet should the entire canal system be constructed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919291V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919291V"><span>The Bay of Bengal : an ideal laboratory for studying salinity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vialard, jerome; Lengaigne, Matthieu; Akhil, Valiya; Chaitanya, Akurathi; Krishna-Mohan, Krishna; D'Ovidio, Francesco; Keerthi, Madhavan; Benshila, Rachid; Durand, Fabien; Papa, Fabrice; Suresh, Iyappan; Neetu, Singh</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Bay of Bengal combines several unique features that make it an excellent laboratory to study the variability of salinity and its potential effects on the oceanic circulation and climate. This basin receives very large quantities of freshwater in association to the southwest monsoon, either directly from rain or indirectly through the runoffs of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> and Irrawaddy. This large quantity of freshwater in a small, semi enclosed basin results in some of the lowest sea surface salinities (SSS) and strongest near-surface haline stratification in the tropical band. The strong monsoon winds also drive an energetic circulation, which exports the excess water received during the monsoon and results in strong horizontal salinity gradients. In this talk, I will summarize several studies of the Bay of Bengal salinity variability and its impacts undertaken in the context of an Indo-French collaboration. In situ data collected along the coast by fishermen and model results show that the intense, coastally-trapped East India Coastal Current (EICC) transports the very fresh water near the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> river mouth along the eastern Bay of Bengal rim to create a narrow, very fresh "river in the sea" after the southwest monsoon. The salinity-induced pressure gradient contributes to almost 50% of the EICC intensity and sustains mesoscale eddy generation through its effect on horizontal current shears and baroclinic gradients. Oceanic eddies play a strong role in exporting this fresh water from the coast to the basin interior. This "river in the sea" has a strong interannual variability related to the EICC remote modulation by the Indian Ocean Dipole (a regional climate mode). I will also discuss the potential effect of haline stratification on the regional climate through its influence on the upper ocean budget. Finally, I will briefly discuss the performance of remote-sensing for observing SSS in the Bay of Bengal.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH31B0229G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH31B0229G"><span>Subsidence driving forces in large Delta Plain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grall, C.; Steckler, M. S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Recent studies show large variability in subsidence rates among large delta plains that directly impact coastal management of these highly vulnerable environments. Observations show both significant spatial variation in subsidence across each delta, as well as large differences in magnitude between different deltas. This variability raises the question of what are the driving forces that control subsidence in large delta plains that this study aims to address. Subsidence and sediment compaction is studied in 4 end-member large Delta Plains: the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>, the Mekong, the Mississippi and the Nile. Those large delta plains drastically contrast in subsidence rates (from values to several mm/yr to several cm/yr), in the nature of the sediment (notably in clay and organic matter content), and in the volume of sediment supplied by the large rivers that feed those coastal environments. The volume of sediment deposited in each delta plain during the Holocene is estimated and the compaction of the underlying sedimentary column is computed by using a backstripping approach. Sediment compaction behaviors are defined accordingly to the observed clay, silt and organic contents, and the rate of subsidence associated with compaction is determined. Results suggest that about 2/3 of observed Holocene subsidence may be associated with the mechanical and chemical compaction of the underlying sedimentary column due to the load of sediment deposited. The compaction appears to be significantly higher in delta plains characterized by a high sediment input and a high organic matter and clay content. Thus, the observed subsidence rates in the (muddy) Mekong delta appear to be one order of magnitude higher than other delta plains. In contrast, subsidence rates are modest in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>, the Mississippi and the Nile delta plains, except away from the major rivers where deposits are muddier.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1405062','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1405062"><span>Soil Gas Sample Handling: Evaluation of Water Removal and Sample <span class="hlt">Ganging</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fritz, Brad G.; Abrecht, David G.; Hayes, James C.</p> <p>2016-10-31</p> <p>Soil gas sampling is currently conducted in support of Nuclear Test Ban treaty verification. Soil gas samples are collected and analyzed for isotopes of interest. Some issues that can impact sampling and analysis of these samples are excess moisture and sample processing time. Here we discuss three potential improvements to the current sampling protocol; a desiccant for water removal, use of molecular sieve to remove CO 2 from the sample during collection, and a <span class="hlt">ganging</span> manifold to allow composite analysis of multiple samples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=alphonse+AND+-deduplication&pg=2&id=EJ568334','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=alphonse+AND+-deduplication&pg=2&id=EJ568334"><span>Human Services Students' Attitudes toward Working with an Inner-City <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Member: The Case of Alphonse.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ancis, Julie R.; Burke, Mary C.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Investigates the attitudes of 91 human service counseling students toward working with an inner-city <span class="hlt">gang</span> member. Results reveal qualitative differences in students' self-perceived ability to work with this client. Presents implications for human service education and training. (MKA)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70156034','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70156034"><span><span class="hlt">Mixing</span> effects on nitrogen and oxygen concentrations and the relationship to mean residence time in a hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> of a riffle-pool sequence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Naranjo, Ramon C.; Niswonger, Richard G.; Clinton Davis,</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Flow paths and residence times in the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> are known to influence biogeochemical processes such as nitrification and denitrification. The exchange across the sediment-water interface may involve <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of surface water and groundwater through complex hyporheic flow paths that contribute to highly variable biogeochemically active <span class="hlt">zones</span>. Despite the recognition of these patterns in the literature, conceptualization and analysis of flow paths and nitrogen transformations beneath riffle-pool sequences often neglect to consider bed form driven exchange along the entire reach. In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) were monitored in the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> beneath a riffle-pool sequence on a losing section of the Truckee River, NV. Spatially-varying hyporheic exchange and the occurrence of multi-scale hyporheic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> cells are shown to influence concentrations of DO and NO3- and the mean residence time (MRT) of riffle and pool areas. Distinct patterns observed in piezometers are shown to be influenced by the first large flow event following a steady 8 month period of low flow conditions. Increases in surface water discharge resulted in reversed hydraulic gradients and production of nitrate through nitrification at small vertical spatial scales (0.10 to 0.25 m) beneath the sediment-water interface. In areas with high downward flow rates and low MRT, denitrification may be limited. The use of a longitudinal two-dimensional flow model helped identify important mechanisms such as multi-scale hyporheic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> cells and spatially varying MRT, an important driver for nitrogen transformation in the riverbed. Our observations of DO and NO3- concentrations and model simulations highlight the role of multi-scale hyporheic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> cells on MRT and nitrogen transformations in the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> of riffle-pool sequences. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA01264.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA01264.html"><span>Evolution of the P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 <span class="hlt">Gang</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1998-05-02</p> <p>This series of eight NASA Hubble Space Telescope "snapshots" shows the evolution of the P-Q complex, also called the "<span class="hlt">gang</span> of four" region, of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9. The eight individual frames chronicle changes in the comet during the 12 months before colliding with Jupiter. The sequence shows that the relative separations of the various cometary fragments, thought to range in size from about 500 meters to almost 4 km (2.5 miles) across, changed dramatically over this period. The apparent separation of Q1 and Q2 was only about 1100 kilometers (680 miles) on 1 July 1993 and increased to 28,000 kilometers (17,400 miles) by 20 July 1994. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01264</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disorder+AND+antisocial&pg=4&id=EJ1130635','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disorder+AND+antisocial&pg=4&id=EJ1130635"><span>Affiliation with Antisocial Crowds and Psychosocial Outcomes in a <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Impacted Urban Middle School</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Schwartz, David; Hopmeyer, Andrea; Luo, Tana; Ross, Alexandra C.; Fischer, Jesse</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This longitudinal study examined the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents who affiliate with antisocial crowds in a <span class="hlt">gang</span>-impacted urban environment. We followed 405 adolescents (219 boys, 186 girls; average age of 11.51 years, SD = 0.61; 84% Latino, 9% Asian, and 7% other or unclassified) for one academic year. These youth attended a middle…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CG.....95...32P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CG.....95...32P"><span>Geospatial approach towards enumerative analysis of suspended sediment concentration for <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Bay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pandey, Palak; Kunte, Pravin D.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>This study presents an easy, modular, user-friendly, and flexible software package for processing of Landsat 7 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS data for estimating suspended particulate matter concentrations in the coastal waters. This package includes 1) algorithm developed using freely downloadable SCILAB package, 2) ERDAS Models for iterative processing of Landsat images and 3) ArcMAP tool for plotting and map making. Utilizing SCILAB package, a module is written for geometric corrections, radiometric corrections and obtaining normalized water-leaving reflectance by incorporating Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS and Landsat 7 ETM+ data. Using ERDAS models, a sequence of modules are developed for iterative processing of Landsat images and estimating suspended particulate matter concentrations. Processed images are used for preparing suspended sediment concentration maps. The applicability of this software package is demonstrated by estimating and plotting seasonal suspended sediment concentration maps off the Bengal delta. The software is flexible enough to accommodate other remotely sensed data like Ocean Color monitor (OCM) data, Indian Remote Sensing data (IRS), MODIS data etc. by replacing a few parameters in the algorithm, for estimating suspended sediment concentration in coastal waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506011.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506011.pdf"><span>Combating <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: Better Coordination and Performance Measurement Would Help Clarify Roles of Federal Agencies and Strengthen Assessment of Efforts. Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives. GAO-09-708</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>US Government Accountability Office, 2009</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The Department of Justice (DOJ) estimates that the United States has about a million <span class="hlt">gang</span> members. While state and local agencies have primary responsibility for combating <span class="hlt">gang</span> crime, the federal government has key roles to enforce laws and help fund programs to provide alternatives to <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership for at-risk youth. GAO was asked to examine…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24296050','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24296050"><span>Climatic variation and runoff from partially-glacierised Himalayan tributary basins of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Collins, David N; Davenport, Joshua L; Stoffel, Markus</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Climate records for locations across the southern slope of the Himalaya between 77°E and 91°E were selected together with discharge measurements from gauging stations on rivers draining partially-glacierised basins tributary to the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, with a view to assessing impacts of climatic fluctuations on year-to-year variations of runoff during a sustained period of glacier decline. The aims were to describe temporal patterns of variation of glaciologically- and hydrologically-relevant climatic variables and of river flows from basins with differing percentages of ice-cover. Monthly precipitation and air temperature records, starting in the mid-nineteenth century at high elevation sites and minimising data gaps, were selected from stations in the Global Historical Climatology Network and CRUTEM3. Discharge data availability was limited to post 1960 for stations in Nepal and at Khab in the adjacent Sutlej basin. Strengths of climate-runoff relationships were assessed by correlation between overlapping portions of annual data records. Summer monsoon precipitation dominates runoff across the central Himalaya. Flow in tributaries of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> in Nepal fluctuated from year to year but the general background level of flow was usually maintained from the 1960s to 2000s. Flow in the Sutlej, however, declined by 32% between the 1970s and 1990s, reflecting substantially reduced summer precipitation. Over the north-west <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>-upper Sutlej area, monsoon precipitation declined by 30-40% from the 1960s to 2000s. Mean May-September air temperatures along the southern slope of the central Himalayas dipped from the 1960s, after a long period of slow warming or sustained temperatures, before rising rapidly from the mid-1970s so that in the 2000s summer air temperatures reached those achieved in earlier warmer periods. There are few measurements of runoff from highly-glacierised Himalayan headwater basins; runoff from one of which, Langtang Khola, was less than that of the monsoon</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=lindstrom&pg=6&id=EJ998707','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=lindstrom&pg=6&id=EJ998707"><span>Bullies, <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, Drugs, and School: Understanding the Overlap and the Role of Ethnicity and Urbanicity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bradshaw, Catherine P.; Waasdorp, Tracy Evian; Goldweber, Asha; Johnson, Sarah Lindstrom</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Recent media attention has increased interest in behavioral, mental health, and academic correlates of involvement in bullying. Yet, there has not been much interest in investigating the co-occurrence of other health-risk behaviors, such as <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, weapon carrying, and substance use. The potential influence of contextual factors, such as…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=school+AND+uniforms&pg=2&id=EJ674037','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=school+AND+uniforms&pg=2&id=EJ674037"><span>Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Wade, Kathleen Kiley; Stafford, Mary E.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Examined the relationship between public school uniforms and student self-worth and student and staff perceptions of <span class="hlt">gang</span> presence and school climate. Surveys of middle school students and teachers indicated that although students' perceptions did not vary across uniform policy, teachers from schools with uniform policies perceived lower levels of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMPA21A..05D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMPA21A..05D"><span>Recent social and biogeophysical changes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna, Mekong, and Amazon deltas as inputs into evolutionary policy-making.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>de Araujo Barbosa, C. C.; Hossain, S.; Szabo, S.; Matthews, Z.; Heard, S.; Dearing, J.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Policy-making in social-ecological systems increasingly looks to iterative, evolutionary approaches that can address the inherent complexity of interactions between human wellbeing, agricultural and aquacultural production, and ecosystem services. Here we show how an analysis of available time-series in delta regions over past decades can provide important insight into the social-ecological system dynamics that result from the complexity. The presentation summarises the recent changes for major elements of each social-ecological system, for example demography, economy, health, climate, food, and water. Time-series data from official statistics, monitoring programmes and sequential satellite imagery are analysed to define the range of trends, the presence of change points, slow and fast variables, and the significant drivers of change. For example, in the Bangladesh delta <span class="hlt">zone</span>, increasing gross domestic product and per capita income levels since the 1980s mirror rising levels of food and inland fish production. In contrast, non-food ecosystem services such as water availability, water quality and land stability have deteriorated. As a result, poverty alleviation is associated with environmental degradation. Trends in indicators of human wellbeing and ecosystem services point to widespread non-stationary dynamics governed by slowly changing variables with increased probability of systemic threshold changes/tipping points in the near future. We conclude by examining how the findings could feed into new management tools, such as system dynamic models and assessments of safe operating spaces. Such tools have the potential to help create policies that deliver alternative and sustainable paths for land management while accommodating social and environmental change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909640','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909640"><span>Additional danger of arsenic exposure through inhalation from burning of cow dung cakes laced with arsenic as a fuel in arsenic affected villages in Ganga-Meghna-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> plain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pal, Arup; Nayak, Bishwajit; Das, Bhaskar; Hossain, M Amir; Ahamed, Sad; Chakraborti, Dipankar</p> <p>2007-10-01</p> <p>In arsenic contaminated areas of the Ganga-Meghna-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (GMB) plain (area 569,749 sq. km; population over 500 million) where traditionally cow dung cake is used as a fuel in unventilated ovens for cooking purposes, people are simply exposed to 1859.2 ng arsenic per day through direct inhalation, of which 464.8 ng could be absorbed in respiratory tract.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC43G..02W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC43G..02W"><span>Climate Variability over India and Bangladesh from the Perturbed UK Met Office Hadley Model: Impacts on Flow and Nutrient Fluxes in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Whitehead, P. G.; Caesar, J.; Crossman, J.; Barbour, E.; Ledesma, J.; Futter, M. N.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A semi-distributed flow and water quality model (INCA- Integrated Catchments Model) has been set up for the whole of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>- <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>- Meghna (GBM) River system in India and Bangladesh. These massive rivers transport large fluxes of water and nutrients into the Bay of Bengal via the GBM Delta system in Bangladesh. Future climate change will impact these fluxes with changing rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration and soil moisture deficits being altered in the catchment systems. In this study the INCA model has been used to assess potential impacts of climate change using the UK Met Office Hadley Centre GCM model linked to a regionally coupled model of South East Asia, covering India and Bangladesh. The Hadley Centre model has been pururbed by varying the parameters in the model to generate 17 realisations of future climates. Some of these reflect expected change but others capture the more extreme potential behaviour of future climate conditions. The 17 realisations have been used to drive the INCA Flow and Nitrogen model inorder to generate downstream times series of hydrology and nitrate- nitrogen. The variability of the climates on these fluxes are investigated and and their likley impact on the Bay of Begal Delta considered. Results indicate a slight shift in the monsoon season with increased wet season flows and increased temperatures which alter nutrient fluxes. Societal Importance to Stakeholders The GBM Delta supports one of the most densely populated regions of people living in poverty, who rely on ecosystem services provided by the Delta for survival. These ecosystem services are dependent upon fluxes of water and nutrients. Freshwater for urban, agriculture, and aquaculture requirements are essential to livelihoods. Nutrient loads stimulate estuarine ecosystems, supporting fishing stocks, which contribute significantly the economy of Bangladesh. Thus the societal importance of upstream climate driven change change in Bangladesh are very</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950029622&hterms=coastal+zone&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dcoastal%2Bzone','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950029622&hterms=coastal+zone&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dcoastal%2Bzone"><span>Dynamics of the transition <span class="hlt">zone</span> in coastal <span class="hlt">zone</span> color scanner-sensed ocean color in the North Pacific during oceanographic spring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Glover, David M.; Wroblewski, J. S.; Mcclain, Charles R.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>A transition <span class="hlt">zone</span> in phytoplankton concentration running across the North Pacific basin at 30 deg to 40 deg north latitude corresponds to a basin-wide front in surface chlorophyll observed in a composite of coastal <span class="hlt">zone</span> color scanner (CZCS) images for May, June, and July 1979-1986. This transition <span class="hlt">zone</span> with low chlorophyll to the south and higher chlorophyll to the north can be simulated by a simple model of the concentration of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and dissolved nutrient (nitrate) in the surface <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer of the ocean applied to the North Pacific basin for the climatological conditions during oceanographic springtime (May, June, and July). The model is initialized with a 1 deg x 1 deg gridded estimate of wintertime (February, March, and April) <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer nitrate concentrations calculated from an extensive nutrient database and a similarly gridded <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer depth data set. Comparison of model predictions with CZCS data provides a means of evaluating the dynamics of the transition <span class="hlt">zone</span>. We conclude that in the North Pacific, away from major boundary currents and coastal upwelling <span class="hlt">zones</span>, wintertime vertical <span class="hlt">mixing</span> determines the total nutrient available to the plankton ecosystem in the spring. The transition <span class="hlt">zone</span> seen in basin-scale CZCS images is a reflection of the geographic variation in the wintertime <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer depth and the nitracline, leading to a latitudinal gradient in phytoplankton chlorophyll.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+AND+learning+AND+children&pg=3&id=EJ1096904','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cognitive+AND+learning+AND+children&pg=3&id=EJ1096904"><span>"The Woods Is a More Free Space for Children to Be Creative; Their Imagination Kind of Sparks out There": Exploring Young Children's Cognitive Play Opportunities in Natural, Manufactured and <span class="hlt">Mixed</span> Outdoor Preschool <span class="hlt">Zones</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Zamani, Zahra</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Outdoor preschools are critical for children's play and development. Integrating observational and interview methods, this study examined four-to-five-year-old children's cognitive play experiences in an outdoor preschool with natural, <span class="hlt">mixed</span> and manufactured <span class="hlt">zones</span>. The observational results indicated that the natural and <span class="hlt">mixed</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> offered a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emotional+AND+maturity&pg=6&id=EJ985378','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=emotional+AND+maturity&pg=6&id=EJ985378"><span>Ethnic Identity and Offending Trajectories among Mexican American Juvenile Offenders: <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership and Psychosocial Maturity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Knight, George P.; Losoya, Sandra H.; Cho, Young Il; Chassin, Laurie; Williams, Joanna Lee; Cota-Robles, Sonia</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We examined the association of joint trajectories of ethnic identity and criminal offending to psychosocial maturity, <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership, and Mexican American affiliation among 300 Mexican American male juvenile offenders from ages 14 to 22. There were two low-offending groups: one was the highest in ethnic identity and changing slightly with age and…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/14137','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/14137"><span>Hot <span class="hlt">mix</span> asphalt tender <span class="hlt">zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2000-04-01</p> <p>Approximately 500 million tons of hot <span class="hlt">mix</span> asphalt (HMA) are placed in the United States each year. With this large quantity of HMA, it is expected that some construction problems will occur from time to time. One problem that has been observed for ye...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=real+AND+rape&id=EJ691401','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=real+AND+rape&id=EJ691401"><span>Paradoxical Outcomes in an Educational Drama about <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Rape: Ethical Responsibilities of Practitioners and Educators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gesser-Edelsburg, Anat</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Educational drama has been embraced as a promising way to address sensitive and highly-charged issues among youth. An Israeli drama, "Backyard Games", about <span class="hlt">gang</span> rape, based on an actual case in a kibbutz [a communal settlement] called Shomrat, is considered the definitive work on the subject in Israeli theatre. Written by Edna Mazya and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS33A1428H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMOS33A1428H"><span>Dissolved carbon dynamics in the freshwater-saltwater <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> of a coastal river entering the Northern Gulf of Mexico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>He, S.; Xu, Y. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Estuaries play an important role in the dynamics of dissolved carbon from freshwater to marine systems. This study aims to determine how dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations change along an 88-km long estuarine river with salinity ranging from 0.02 to 29.50. The study is expected to elucidate which processes most likely control carbon dynamics in a freshwater-saltwater <span class="hlt">mixing</span> system, and to evaluate the net metabolism of this estuary using <span class="hlt">mixing</span> curves and stable isotope analyses. From November 2014 to February 2016, water samples were collected and in-situ measurements on ambient water conditions were performed during eighteen field trips at six sites from upstream to downstream of the Calcasieu River, which enters the Northern Gulf of Mexico in the southern United States. δ13CDIC and δ13CDOC were measured from May 2015 to February 2017 during five of the field trips. The DIC concentration and δ13CDIC increased rapidly with increasing salinity in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The DIC concentrations appeared to be largely influenced by conservative <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. The δ13CDIC values were close to those suggested by the conservative <span class="hlt">mixing</span> model for May 2015, June 2015 and November 2015, but lower than those for July 2015 and February 2016, suggesting that an estuarine river can fluctuate from a balanced to a heterotrophic system (i.e., production/respiration < 1) seasonally. Unlike the DIC longitudinal trend, the DOC concentrations in the river estuary decreased from upstream to downstream, but to a much smaller degree. This river estuary consistently showed depleted δ13CDOC values (-30.56‰ to -25.92‰), suggesting that the DOC source in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> was highly terrestrially derived. However, in this relatively small isotopic range, δ13CDOC alone has limitations in differentiating carbon produced by aquatic photosynthesis from carbon produced by terrestrial photosynthesis in a river-ocean continuum. These findings suggest that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP33B0892S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP33B0892S"><span>The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> delta and its merger into an accretion wedge in advance of the progressive suturing between India and Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seeber, L.; Ferguson, E. K.; Akhter, S. H.; Steckler, M. S.; Mondal, D. R.; Gale, J.; McHugh, C. M.; Paola, C.; Goodbred, S. L.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The Tsangpo-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River is coupled with the progressive suturing of continental India with continental Asia. Since the Eocene onset of this ongoing collision, the delta of this river has advanced along the Indian margin in front of the suture. As the collision lifts the suture above sea level, progradation has kept the delta ahead of it, at sea level. The delta itself is confined between the still passive Indian continental margin and the advancing subduction boundary. Within this transition <span class="hlt">zone</span>, the accretion prismof the active margin advanced progressively onto the delta and transformed it from a subsiding sediment sink to a rising and folding sediment source. The faster the accretionary prism grows, the faster the delta progrades to find new accommodation space; on the other hand, the prism advances faster upstream of the delta front where it finds more sediment to accrete. The strong mutual dependency of these processes represents a delicately balanced feedback between tectonics and sedimentation. The shape of the margin of India before and after the birth of the Dauki-Shillong structure modulates this interaction. We highlight this coupling between tectonics and sedimentation by examining structure and stratigraphy in the active foldbelt close to the current delta in Bangladesh and eastern India using field and published subsurface data. Insights include: 1) The shift of the Dauki boundary from a passive margin to a south-verging blind-thrust front is marked by a Quaternary foredeep. Foredeep growth buried along its axis formerly breached and eroded anticlines. Progressive growth of the buried Dauki fault has exposed this unconformity along the northern flank of the foredeep. 2) The rise and northward tilt of the Shillong/Dauki thrust-anticline during Quaternary is probably the cause of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River avulsing from east of the massif to north and west of it. The Naga collision and the differential growth of the foldbelt south of the Dauki Fault</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918778L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918778L"><span>Seasonal cycle of precipitation over major river basins in South and Southeast Asia: A review of the CMIP5 climate models data for present climate and future climate projections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lucarini, Valerio</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We review the skill of thirty coupled climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in terms of reproducing properties of the seasonal cycle of precipitation over the major river basins of South and Southeast Asia (Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and Mekong) for the historical period (1961-2000). We also present how these models represent the impact of climate change by the end of century (2061-2100) under the extreme scenario RCP8.5. First, we assess the models' ability to reproduce the observed timings of the monsoon onset and the rate of rapid fractional accumulation (RFA) slope — a measure of seasonality within the active monsoon period. Secondly, we apply a threshold-independent seasonality index (SI) — a multiplicative measure of precipitation (P) and extent of its concentration relative to uniform distribution (relative entropy — RE). We apply SI distinctly over the monsoonal precipitation regime (MPR), westerly precipitation regime (WPR) and annual precipitation. For the present climate, neither any single model nor the multi-model mean performs best in all chosen metrics. Models show overall a modest skill in suggesting right timings of the monsoon onset while the RFA slope is generally underestimated. One third of the models fail to capture the monsoon signal over the Indus basin. Mostly, the estimates for SI during WPR are higher than observed for all basins. When looking at MPR, the models typically simulate an SI higher (lower) than observed for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (Indus and Mekong) basins, following the pattern of overestimation (underestimation) of precipitation. Most of the models are biased negative (positive) for RE estimates over the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and Mekong (Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>) basins, implying the extent of precipitation concentration for MPR and number of dry days within WPR lower (higher) than observed for these basins. Such skill of the CMIP5 models in representing the present-day monsoonal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990GeCoA..54.1387S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990GeCoA..54.1387S"><span>Chemistry of uranium, thorium, and radium isotopes in the Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river system: Weathering processes and fluxes to the Bay of Bengal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarin, M. M.; Krishnaswami, S.; somayajulu, B. L. K.; Moore, W. S.</p> <p>1990-05-01</p> <p>The most comprehensive data set on uranium, thorium, and radium isotopes in the Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, one of the major river systems of the world, is reported here. The dissolved 238U concentration in these river waters ranges between 0.44 and 8.32 μ/1, and it exhibits a positive correlation with major cations (Na + K + Mg + Ca). The 238U /∑Cations ratio in waters is very similar to that measured in the suspended sediments, indicating congruent weathering of uranium and major cations. The regional variations observed in the [ 234U /238U ] activity ratio are consistent with the lithology of the drainage basins. The lowland tributaries (Chambal, Betwa, Ken, and Son), draining through the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Deccan Traps and the Vindhyan-Bundelkhand Plateau, have [ 234U /238U ] ratio in the range 1.16 to 1.84. This range is significantly higher than the near equilibrium ratio (~1.05) observed in the highland rivers which drain through sedimentary terrains. The dissolved 226Ra concentration ranges between 0.03 and 0.22 dpm/1. The striking feature of the radium isotopes data is the distinct difference in the 228Ra and 226Ra abundances between the highland and lowland rivers. The lowland waters are enriched in 228Ra while the highland waters contain more 226Ra. This difference mainly results from the differences in their weathering regimes. The discharge-weighted mean concentration of dissolved 238U in the Ganga (at Patna) and in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> (at Goalpara) are 1.81 and 0.63 μ/1, respectively. The Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river system constitutes the major source of dissolved uranium to the Bay of Bengal. These rivers transport annually about 1000 tons of uranium to their estuaries, about 10% of the estimated global supply of dissolved uranium to the oceans via rivers. The transport of uranium by these rivers far exceeds that of the Amazon, although their water discharge is only about 20% of that of the Amazon. The high intensity of weathering of uranium in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JChEd..76...32C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JChEd..76...32C"><span>Chain <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-The Chemistry of Polymers (edited by Mickey Sarquis)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Collard, David M.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Science in Our World, Vol. 5. Mickey Sarquis, series editor. Terrific Science Press: Middletown, OH, 1995. xiv + 149 pp. ISBN 1-883822-13-0. Spiral-bound, $13.95. Our familiarity with plastics makes polymers ideal examples of chemicals for discussion in K-12 science classes. Most importantly, polymers can be used as examples of chemicals that are safe to handle and of obvious use to society. The structures of polymers are easily represented by a number of models. These simple models go a long way in explaining the familiar physical properties of plastics. However, the introduction of polymers in the classroom relies on the availability of teaching material, experiments, and demonstrations that illustrate concepts in the current science curriculum. Chain <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-The Chemistry of Polymers, one of the Science in Our World series published by the Center for Chemical Education at Miami University-Middletown (Ohio), will serve as a great resource for teachers interested in providing their students with a series of activities that can be related to their everyday experiences with these ubiquitous chemicals. After a brief introduction to some basic concepts, the book presents a series of 23 experiments. The collection of experiments presented here spans illustrations of chemistry, physical properties, analysis, and processing. Each experiment is recommended as either a hands-on activity or demonstration for various grade levels. A guide for the teacher suggests how the experiment can be used to illustrate topics in the science curriculum. The materials required for each activity are listed in detail, with quantities and sources (all materials are available from Flinn Scientific or hardware stores). There are detailed instructions for preparation of each experiment and how to introduce the experiment to students, and step-by-step instructions for activity. Very importantly, safety and disposal issues are clearly presented. Suggestions for cross-curriculum integration are also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26210608','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26210608"><span>Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Bharalu River, a tributary of the River <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> in Guwahati, India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hussain, Karishma; Balachandran, S; Rafiqul Hoque, Raza</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Analysis of riverine sediments offers important information regarding anthropogenic activities in the adjacent watershed. In this study, we provide polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels, their possible sources and potential hazards in the Bharalu tributary of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River flowing through Guwahati city in India. The USEPA's 16 priority PAHs were determined in river bank sediments during two distinct seasons viz. pre- and post-monsoon. The ∑PAHs concentrations varied between 338 and 23,100 ng g(-1) during post-monsoon and between 609 and 8620 ng g(-1) during pre-monsoon. Mean benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) levels were between 17.8 ± 12 and 21.9 ± 27 ng g(-1) during post- and pre-monsoon seasons respectively. Spatial variations were observed. Interestingly, bank sediment samples from the sites near the confluence of the Bharalu River with the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River were found to have maximum concentrations of PAHs during post-monsoon season. The profile of the PAHs was dominated by 3-, 4- and 6-ring compounds. We estimated hazards of PAHs as RQ∑PAHs, which showed seasonal variation: 3 times higher during post-monsoon than pre-monsoon. 3-and 4-ring PAHs were the major PAHs of concern. The Bharalu River sediment was found to pose medium to high hazards to ecosystem. The individual PAHs including Acy, Phen and Pyr were observed with RQ(MPCs) value >1 indicating severe hazards during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season. A very high percentage of coefficient of variation (CV) for PAHs during post-monsoon also revealed great variation in hazards and sources in this season. The diagnostic ratios indicated both petrogenic and pyrogenic origin of the PAHs. The pyrogenic contributions were mainly attributed to emissions from diesel, gasoline and wood combustion which are mainly from anthropogenic sources. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=racism+AND+cause&pg=6&id=EJ297740','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=racism+AND+cause&pg=6&id=EJ297740"><span>The Etiology of Female Juvenile Delinquency and <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Membership: A Test of Psychological and Social Structural Explanations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bowker, Lee H.; Klein, Malcolm W.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Examined female delinquency and <span class="hlt">gang</span> membership in 122 black female juveniles using data from the 1960s. Concluded that racism, sexism, poverty, and limited opportunity are more important predictors of delinquency than personality and family relationships. Relationships with girl friends were more significant predictors than heterosexual…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285895','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285895"><span>Effect on water resources from upstream water diversion in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adel, M M</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Bangladesh faces at least 30 upstream water diversion constructions of which Farakka Barrage is the major one. The effects of Farakka Barrage on water resources, socioeconomy, and culture have been investigated downstream in the basins of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and its distributaries. A diversion of up to 60% of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> water over 25 yr has caused (i) reduction of water in surface water resources, (ii) increased dependence on ground water, (iii) destruction of the breeding and raising grounds for 109 species of Gangetic fishes and other aquatic species and amphibians, (iv) increased malnutrition, (v) deficiency in soil organic matter content, (vi) change in the agricultural practices, (vii) eradication of inland navigable routes, (viii) outbreak of waterborne diseases, (ix) loss of professions, and (x) obstruction to religious observances and pastimes. Further, arsenopyrites buried in the prebarrage water table have come in contact with air and formed water-soluble compounds of arsenic. Inadequate recharging of ground water hinders the natural cleansing of arsenic, and threatens about 75,000,000 lives who are likely to use water contaminated with up to 2 mg/L of arsenic. Furthermore, the depletion of surface water resources has caused environmental heating and cooling effects. Apart from these effects, sudden releases of water by the barrage during the flood season cause devestating floods. In consideration of such a heavy toll for the areas downstream, strict international rules have to be laid down to preserve the riparian ecosystems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JMS....23..285K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JMS....23..285K"><span>On the parameterization of interleaving and turbulent <span class="hlt">mixing</span> using CTD data from the Azores Frontal <span class="hlt">Zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuzmina, N. P.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>CTD-data obtained in the Azores Frontal <span class="hlt">Zone</span> using a towed undulating vehicle are analyzed to study the relationship between characteristics of intrusions and mean parameters of the thermohaline field. A self-similar dependence between intrusion intensity and hydrological parameters is obtained. The most well-founded interpretation of the empirical dependence is as follows: (a) the main source supporting intrusive layering is the salt finger convection; (b) the abrupt decrease of intrusion intensity with the reduction of geostrophic Richardson number obtained from the analysis is explained by the beginning of turbulence when salt fingers do not work any longer, so the "driving force" for intrusive motion disappears. These results are consistent with the conclusions of the paper [Kuzmina N.P., Rodionov V.B., 1992. About the influence of baroclinicity upon generation of the thermohaline intrusions in the oceanic frontal <span class="hlt">zones</span>. Izvestiya Akad. Nauk SSSR, Atmosperic and Oceanic Physics 28 (10-11), 1077-1086]. These conclusions imply that there are three main mechanisms of intrusive layering at oceanic fronts, namely the 2D baroclinic instability of geostrophic flow, the vertical shear instability and the thermohaline instability where the driving source of intrusive motion is double diffusive convection. The baroclinic and thermohaline instabilities can generate intrusions of large vertical scale, while vertical shear instability usually gives rise to thin turbulent layers. Turbulence in these thin layers can prevent salt finger convection and thus destroy the energy source of the intrusive motion conditioned by thermoclinicity. Therefore, the baroclinicity plays two parts in the processes of the intrusive layering: (1) it prevents double-diffusion interleaving by means of turbulence, and (2) it generates intrusions due to the 2D baroclinic instability of geostrophic current. Using features of thermohaline interleaving as a specific tracer of turbulent <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, we have</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27734085','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27734085"><span>Does <span class="hlt">Zoning</span> Winter Recreationists Reduce Recreation Conflict?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Miller, Aubrey D; Vaske, Jerry J; Squires, John R; Olson, Lucretia E; Roberts, Elizabeth K</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Parks and protected area managers use <span class="hlt">zoning</span> to decrease interpersonal conflict between recreationists. <span class="hlt">Zoning</span>, or segregation, of recreation-often by non-motorized and motorized activity-is designed to limit physical interaction while providing recreation opportunities to both groups. This article investigated the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">zoning</span> to reduce recreation conflict in the Vail Pass Winter Recreation Area in Colorado, USA. Despite a <span class="hlt">zoning</span> management system, established groomed travel routes were used by both non-motorized recreationists (backcountry skiers, snowboarders, snowshoers) and motorized recreationists (snowmobilers). We hypothesized that persistent recreation conflict reported by non-motorized recreationists was the result of recreation occurring in areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span> non-motorized and motorized use, mostly along groomed routes. We performed a geospatial analysis of recreation [from Global Positioning System (GPS) points, n = 1,233,449] in the Vail Pass Winter Recreation Area to identify areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span> non-motorized and motorized use. We then surveyed non-motorized recreationists (n = 199) to test whether reported conflict is higher for respondents who traveled in areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use, compared with respondents traveling outside areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use. Results from the geospatial analysis showed that only 0.7 % of the Vail Pass Winter Recreation Area contained recreation from both groups, however that area contained 14.8 % of all non-motorized recreation and 49.1 % of all motorized recreation. Survey analysis results showed higher interpersonal conflict for all five standard conflict variables among non-motorized respondents who traveled in areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use, compared with those traveling outside <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use areas. Management implications and recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">zoning</span> are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnMan..59...50M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnMan..59...50M"><span>Does <span class="hlt">Zoning</span> Winter Recreationists Reduce Recreation Conflict?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Miller, Aubrey D.; Vaske, Jerry J.; Squires, John R.; Olson, Lucretia E.; Roberts, Elizabeth K.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Parks and protected area managers use <span class="hlt">zoning</span> to decrease interpersonal conflict between recreationists. <span class="hlt">Zoning</span>, or segregation, of recreation—often by non-motorized and motorized activity—is designed to limit physical interaction while providing recreation opportunities to both groups. This article investigated the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">zoning</span> to reduce recreation conflict in the Vail Pass Winter Recreation Area in Colorado, USA. Despite a <span class="hlt">zoning</span> management system, established groomed travel routes were used by both non-motorized recreationists (backcountry skiers, snowboarders, snowshoers) and motorized recreationists (snowmobilers). We hypothesized that persistent recreation conflict reported by non-motorized recreationists was the result of recreation occurring in areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span> non-motorized and motorized use, mostly along groomed routes. We performed a geospatial analysis of recreation [from Global Positioning System (GPS) points, n = 1,233,449] in the Vail Pass Winter Recreation Area to identify areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span> non-motorized and motorized use. We then surveyed non-motorized recreationists ( n = 199) to test whether reported conflict is higher for respondents who traveled in areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use, compared with respondents traveling outside areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use. Results from the geospatial analysis showed that only 0.7 % of the Vail Pass Winter Recreation Area contained recreation from both groups, however that area contained 14.8 % of all non-motorized recreation and 49.1 % of all motorized recreation. Survey analysis results showed higher interpersonal conflict for all five standard conflict variables among non-motorized respondents who traveled in areas of <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use, compared with those traveling outside <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use areas. Management implications and recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">zoning</span> are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4774993','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4774993"><span>Flexible Strategies for Coping with Rainfall Variability: Seasonal Adjustments in Cropped Area in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Siderius, Christian; Biemans, Hester; van Walsum, Paul E. V.; van Ierland, Ekko C.; Kabat, Pavel; Hellegers, Petra J. G. J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>One of the main manifestations of climate change will be increased rainfall variability. How to deal with this in agriculture will be a major societal challenge. In this paper we explore flexibility in land use, through deliberate seasonal adjustments in cropped area, as a specific strategy for coping with rainfall variability. Such adjustments are not incorporated in hydro-meteorological crop models commonly used for food security analyses. Our paper contributes to the literature by making a comprehensive model assessment of inter-annual variability in crop production, including both variations in crop yield and cropped area. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin is used as a case study. First, we assessed the contribution of cropped area variability to overall variability in rice and wheat production by applying hierarchical partitioning on time-series of agricultural statistics. We then introduced cropped area as an endogenous decision variable in a hydro-economic optimization model (WaterWise), coupled to a hydrology-vegetation model (LPJmL), and analyzed to what extent its performance in the estimation of inter-annual variability in crop production improved. From the statistics, we found that in the period 1999–2009 seasonal adjustment in cropped area can explain almost 50% of variability in wheat production and 40% of variability in rice production in the Indian part of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin. Our improved model was well capable of mimicking existing variability at different spatial aggregation levels, especially for wheat. The value of flexibility, i.e. the foregone costs of choosing not to crop in years when water is scarce, was quantified at 4% of gross margin of wheat in the Indian part of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin and as high as 34% of gross margin of wheat in the drought-prone state of Rajasthan. We argue that flexibility in land use is an important coping strategy to rainfall variability in water stressed regions. PMID:26934389</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=load+AND+theory+AND+attention&pg=5&id=ED539358','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=load+AND+theory+AND+attention&pg=5&id=ED539358"><span>The Role of Professional School Counselors in Working with Students in <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>: A Grounded Theory Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Barrow, Jennifer Cahoon</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to propose a grounded theory that contributed to the understanding of the professional school counselor's role at the secondary school level in working with students in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The study explored the role of the professional school counselor from the first person perspective of the professional school counselor and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.2545M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.2545M"><span>Reviving the "<span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Water Machine": where and how much?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muthuwatta, Lal; Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Sood, Aditya; Surinaidu, Lagudu</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Runoff generated in the monsoon months in the upstream parts of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River basin (GRB) contributes substantially to downstream floods, while water shortages in the dry months affect agricultural production in the basin. This paper examines the potential for subsurface storage (SSS) in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin to mitigate floods in the downstream areas and increase the availability of water during drier months. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to estimate <q>sub-basin</q> water availability. The water availability estimated is then compared with the sub-basin-wise unmet water demand for agriculture. Hydrological analysis reveals that some of the unmet water demand in the sub-basin can be met provided it is possible to capture the runoff in sub-surface storage during the monsoon season (June to September). Some of the groundwater recharge is returned to the stream as baseflow and has the potential to increase dry season river flows. To examine the impacts of groundwater recharge on flood inundation and flows in the dry season (October to May), two groundwater recharge scenarios are tested in the Ramganga sub-basin. Increasing groundwater recharge by 35 and 65 % of the current level would increase the baseflow during the dry season by 1.46 billion m3 (34.5 % of the baseline) and 3.01 billion m3 (71.3 % of the baseline), respectively. Analysis of pumping scenarios indicates that 80 000 to 112 000 ha of additional wheat area can be irrigated in the Ramganga sub-basin by additional SSS without reducing the current baseflow volumes. Augmenting SSS reduces the peak flow and flood inundated areas in Ramganga (by up to 13.0 % for the 65 % scenario compared to the baseline), indicating the effectiveness of SSS in reducing areas inundated under floods in the sub-basin. However, this may not be sufficient to effectively control the flood in the downstream areas of the GRB, such as in the state of Bihar (prone to floods), which receives a total flow of 277 billion</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12833986','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12833986"><span>Nature of distribution of mercury in the sediments of the river Yamuna (tributary of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>), India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Subramanian, V; Madhavan, N; Saxena, Rajinder; Lundin, Lars-Christer</p> <p>2003-06-01</p> <p>Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), surface (bed sediments) and short length cores of sediments collected from the largest tributary of the river <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, namely the river Yamuna, were analysed for total mercury as well as its fractionation in various size and chemical sites in the sediments following standard procedures. Also, attempts were made to determine the vertical distribution in sediments in relation to the recent timescale of a few decades. Our observations indicate that the SPM in general showed higher levels of total mercury compared to the surface sediments while at places the enhancement could be by a factor of 10, say around 25 microg g(-1) in the downstream region that integrates the industrial midstream and agricultural downstream terrain near its confluence with the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>. Surface sediments in the upstream direction near the Himalayan foothills and SPM in the lower reaches showed significant high Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) as defined by Müller. Size fractionation studies indicate that the finer fraction preferentially showed higher levels of mercury while in the lower reaches of the river, the total mercury is equitably distributed among all size fractions. The proportion of the residual fraction of mercury in relation to mobile fractions, in general decreases downstream towards its confluence with the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river. In sediment cores, the vertical distribution show systematic peaks of mercury indicating that addition of this toxic metal to the aquatic system is in direct proportion to the increase in various types of human activities such as thermal power plants, land use changes (urbanisation) in the midstream region and intensive fertiliser application in lower reaches of this vast river basin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1232629','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1232629"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Valley Aerosol Experiment (GVAX) Final Campaign Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kotamarthi, VR</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>In general, the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) as well as the and the tropical monsoon climate is influenced by a wide range of factors. Under various climate change scenarios, temperatures over land and into the mid troposphere are expected to increase, intensifying the summer pressure gradient differential between land and ocean and thus strengthening the ISM. However, increasing aerosol concentration, air pollution, and deforestation result in changes to surface albedo and insolation, potentially leading to low monsoon rainfall. Clear evidence points to increasing aerosol concentrations over the Indian subcontinent with time, and several hypotheses regarding the effect on monsoons havemore » been offered. The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Valley Aerosol Experiment (GVAX) field study aimed to provide critical data to address these hypotheses and contribute to developing better parameterizations for tropical clouds, convection, and aerosol-cloud interactions. The primary science questions for the mission were as follows:« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70018549','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70018549"><span>Differentiation and magma <span class="hlt">mixing</span> on Kilauea's east rift <span class="hlt">zone</span>: A further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part II. The 1960 lavas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Wright, T.L.; Helz, R.T.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>New and detailed petrographic observations, mineral compositional data, and whole-rock vs glass compositional trends document magma <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in lavas erupted from Kilauea's lower east rift <span class="hlt">zone</span> in 1960. Evidence includes the occurrence of heterogeneous phenocryst assemblages, including resorbed and reversely <span class="hlt">zoned</span> minerals in the lavas inferred to be hybrids. Calculations suggest that this <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, which is shown to have taken place within magma reservoirs recharged at the end of the 1955 eruption, involved introduction of four different magmas. These magmas originated beneath Kilauea's summit and moved into the rift reservoirs beginning 10 days after the eruption began. We used microprobe analyses of glass to calculate temperatures of liquids erupted in 1955 and 1960. We then used the calculated proportions of stored and recharge components to estimate the temperature of the recharge components, and found those temperatures to be consistent with the temperature of the same magmas as they appeared at Kilauea's summit. Our studies reinforce conclusions reached in previous studies of Kilauea's magmatic plumbing. We infer that magma enters shallow storage beneath Kilauea's summit and also moves laterally into the fluid core of the East rift <span class="hlt">zone</span>. During this process, if magmas of distinctive chemistry are present, they retain their chemical identity and the amount of cooling is comparable for magma transported either upward or laterally to eruption sites. Intrusions within a few kilometers of the surface cool and crystallize to produce fractionated magma. Magma <span class="hlt">mixing</span> occurs both within bodies of previously fractionated magma and when new magma intersects a preexisting reservoir. Magma is otherwise prevented from <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, either by wall-rock septa or by differing thermal and density characteristics of the successive magma batches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1064/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1064/"><span>Descriptions of the Animas River-Cement Creek confluence and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> near Silverton, Colorado, during the late summers of 1996 and 1997</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Schemel, Laurence E.; Cox, Marisa H.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Acidic waters from Cement Creek discharge into the circum-neutral Animas River in a high-elevation region of the San Juan Mountains near Silverton, Colorado. Cement Creek is acidic and enriched in metals and sulfate because it is fed by discharges from abandoned mines and natural mineral deposits. <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> with the Animas River raises the pH and produces precipitates of iron and aluminum (oxy)hydroxides, which in turn can adsorb other metals. This confluence was studied in 1996 and 1997 to better understand <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and sorption processes which are common during the neutralization of acidic streams. The photographs in this report show flow braiding and other features that influenced the way the two streams <span class="hlt">mixed</span> during the late summers of the two years. They also show 'banding' due to incomplete <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and 'opalescence' due to chemical reactions and the formation of colloidal-size particles in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Geomo.215...45S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Geomo.215...45S"><span>Morpho-dynamics of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>-Jamuna River, Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarker, Maminul H.; Thorne, Colin R.; Aktar, M. Nazneen; Ferdous, Md. Ruknul</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>The Jamuna River is the downstream continuation of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> in Bangladesh. It is one of the largest sand-bed braided rivers in the world and every year it erodes thousand hectares of mainland floodplain, rendering tens of thousands of people landless and/or homeless. Understanding the morpho-dynamics of this river and its responses to the various drivers of morphological change that act on it is essential to improving the livelihoods of millions of floodplain dwellers in Bangladesh, especially given the threats posed by climate change. Reliable data, information and knowledge of river process are sparse and so progress in linking the impacts of multiple drivers (including neo-tectonics, earthquakes, large-scale avulsions and engineering interventions) to complex morphological responses depends on making best use of historical maps, time-series satellite images, hydro-morphological data, expert judgment and local knowledge. This paper draws on all these sources to chronicle the morphological evolution of the Jamuna River since the avulsion that created it about 200 years ago, and to establish temporal trends and spatial patterns in the changes that have characterized process-response mechanisms in this fluvial system since then. The understanding gained from these investigations then supports deeper analyses to: explain how historical migration of the river westward has produced significant contrasts between left and right (west) bank material properties; elucidate the relationships between discharge, fluvial processes, anabranch instability and floodplain erosion rates, and; identify causal links between drivers and morphological responses at a variety of time and space scales. Finally, the new knowledge generated by the analyses developed herein are combined with existing, conceptual and empirical process-response models for the Jamuna to predict possible future morphological adjustments in ways helpful in identifying appropriate strategies for climate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1263S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1263S"><span>Modeling Sediment Transport to the Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Silvestre, J.; Higgins, S.; Jennings, K. S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>India's National River Linking Project (NRLP) will transfer approximately 174 Bm3/y of water from the mountainous, water-rich north to the water-scarce south and west. Although there are many short-term benefits of the NRLP, such as decreased flooding during the monsoon season and increased water resources for irrigation, long-term consequences may include decreased sedimentation to the Ganga-<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Delta (GBM). Currently the GBM has a vertical aggradation rate of approximately 1-2 cm/y and is able to compensate for a global mean sea level rise of 3.3 ± 0.4 mm/y. However, Bangladesh and the GBM stand to be geomorphically impacted should the aggradation rate fall below sea level rise. This study better constrains influences of anthropogenic activities and sediment transport to the GBM. We employ HydroTrend, a climate-driven hydrological and sediment transport model, to simulate daily sediment and water fluxes for the period 1982 - 2012. Simulations are calibrated and validated against water discharge data from the Farakka Barrage, and different ways of delineating the Ganga Basin into sub-catchments are explored. Preliminary results show a 47% difference between simulated and observed mean annual water discharge when using basin-averaged input values and only a 1% difference for the base-case scenario, where proposed dams and canals are not included. Comparisons between the canals simulation (proposed NRLP included) and validation data suggest a 60% reduction in sediment load. However, comparison between the base-case simulation and the canals simulation suggests that India's water transfer project could decrease sediment delivery to the GBM by 9%. Further work should investigate improvements in the agreement between base-case simulation and validation data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1266M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC23D1266M"><span>Modern Sedimentation along the SE Bangladesh Coast Reveal Surprisingly Low Accumulation Rates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McHugh, C.; Mustaque, S.; Mondal, D. R.; Akhter, S. H.; Iqbal, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recent sediments recovered along the SE coast of Bangladesh, from Teknaf to Cox's Bazar and drainage basin analyses reveal sediment sources and very low sedimentation rates of 1mm/year. These low rates are surprisingly low given that this coast is adjacent to the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span> Delta with a yearly discharge of 1GT. The Teknaf anticline (elevation 200 m), part of the western Burma fold-thrust belt dominates the topography extending across and along the Teknaf peninsula. It is thought to have begun evolving since the Miocene (Alam et al. 2003 & Allen et al. 2008). Presently the anticline foothills on the west are flanked by uplifted terraces, the youngest linked to coseismic displacement during the 1762 earthquake (Mondal et al. 2015), and a narrow beach 60-200 m in width. Petrography, semi-quantitative bulk mineralogy and SEM/EDX analyses were conducted on sediments recovered along the west coast from 1-4 m deep trenches and three 4-8 m deep drill holes. GIS mapping of drainage basins and quartz-feldspar-lithic (QFL) ternary plots based on grain counting show <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of sediments from multiple sources: Himalayan provenance of metamorphic and igneous origin (garnet-mostly almandine, tourmaline, rutile, kyanite, zircon, sillimanite and clinopyroxene) similar to Uddin et al. (2007); <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> provenance of igneous and metamorphic origin (amphibole, epidote, plagioclase 40% Na and 60% Ca, apatite, ilmenite, magnetite, Cr-spinel and garnet-mostly grossular,) as indicated by Garzanti et al. (2010) & Rahman et al. (2016) and Burmese sources (cassiterite and wolframite) (Zaw 1990 & Searle et al. 2007). Low sedimentation rates are the result of two main factors: 1. Strong longshore currents from the south-east that interact with high tidal ranges as evidenced by the morphology of sand waves and ridge and runnel landforms along the beach. 2. Streams draining the Teknaf anticline are dry during the winter and during summer monsoon rains, the sediments bypass the narrow</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA01674&hterms=big+words&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dbig%2Bwords','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA01674&hterms=big+words&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dbig%2Bwords"><span>1.5 Meter Per Pixel View of Boulders in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p><p/>The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS)spacecraft was designed to be able to take pictures that 'bridge the gap' between what could be seen by the Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiters from space and what could be seen by landers from the ground. In other words, MOC was designed to be able to see boulders of sizes similar to and larger than those named 'Yogi' at the Mars Pathfinder site and 'Big Joe' at the Viking 1 landing site. To see such boulders, a resolution of at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) per pixel was required. <p/>With the start of the MGS Mapping Phase of the mission during the second week of March 1999, the MOC team is pleased to report that 'the gap is bridged.' This image shows a field of boulders on the surface of a landslide deposit in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma is one of the valleys in the Valles Marineris canyon system. The image resolution is 1.5 meters per pixel. The boulders shown here range in size from about 2 meters (7 feet) to about 20 meters (66 feet) in size. The image covers an area 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) across, and illumination is from the upper left. <p/>Malin Space Science Systems and the California Institute of Technology built the MOC using spare hardware from the Mars Observer mission. MSSS operates the camera from its facilities in San Diego, CA. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Mars Surveyor Operations Project operates the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft with its industrial partner, Lockheed Martin Astronautics, from facilities in Pasadena, CA and Denver, CO.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008epsc.conf..654S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008epsc.conf..654S"><span>Interior Layered Deposits on Mars: Insights from elevation, image- and spectral data of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Mensa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sowe, M.; Roach, L. H.; Hauber, E.; Jaumann, R.; Mustard, J. L.; Neukum, G.</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>Introduction Interior Layered Deposits (ILDs) are exposed at various locations on Mars. They differ from their surroundings by their higher albedo, morphology, and fine layering. Their origin (sedimentary or volcanic) is well discussed [e.g. 1-3] but Fe-oxides and hydrated minerals such as sulfates [4-6] have been detected on ILD surfaces suggesting an aquatic environment. Here we present some features of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Mensa. We looked at HRSC elevation data [7], THEMIS brightness-temperature and CRISM data to understand differences in morphology and composition. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Mensa observations This ILD shows sub-horizontal layering and mesa morphology (flat top and steep slopes). Its stairstepped morphology is shown on Fig. 3 and does not appear in ILDs occurring in the eastern chaotic terrains (Iani, Aureum, Aram, and Arsinoes Chaos) but in other ILDs in Valles Marineris (e.g. Hebes). <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Mensa features fresh-eroded light-toned layers appearing competent, forming steep scarps and having high surface temperatures as well as thermal inertia. The dark material corresponds to accumulations of wind-transported matter that covers flatter slopes and shows lower brightness-temperatures. Analyses of CRISM and image data (HRSC, MOC, HiRISE) indicate that there are differences in texture and mineralogical composition as well. CRISM observations show that the lower sequence of the ILD (consisting of many layers) has a strong kieserite signature as observed by [8]. Exposed windblown dark material on its surface has no olivine, pyroxene, or ferric oxide spectral features. This unit comprises an approximate thickness of ~1.6 km out of 3.5 km for the whole ILD and is very rough and coarse looking. There, the surface temperatures (Fig. 2) as well as thermal inertia values are much higher which is in agreement with [8]. A transition <span class="hlt">zone</span> characterized by a discrete layer at an elevation of about -1.9 km marks the beginning of the upper unit (Fig. 1-3). In the upper unit, weak polyhydrated</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED349484.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED349484.pdf"><span>Youth Violence and <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>. Hearing on the Status of the Juvenile Justice System in America, Focusing on Activities of Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span> and Their Access to Guns, and How Programs Can Help Prevent the Violence Associated with Youth <span class="hlt">Gangs</span>, before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session, (November 26, 1991).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.</p> <p></p> <p>The text of a Senate hearing on the status of youth <span class="hlt">gangs</span> and their access to guns, and of violence prevention programs is provided in this document. Statements from Senators Herbert Kohl, Paul Simon, and Dennis DeConcini are presented. Testimony and prepared statements from these witnesses is included: (1) James Gabarino, president, Erikson…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3945829','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3945829"><span>Increased Waterborne blaNDM-1 Resistance Gene Abundances Associated with Seasonal Human Pilgrimages to the Upper <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Antibiotic resistance (AR) is often rooted in inappropriate antibiotic use, but poor water quality and inadequate sanitation exacerbate the problem, especially in emerging countries. An example is increasing multi-AR due to mobile carbapenemases, such as NDM-1 protein (coded by blaNDM-1 genes), which can produce extreme drug-resistant phenotypes. In 2010, NDM-1 positive isolates and blaNDM-1 genes were detected in surface waters across Delhi and have since been detected across the urban world. However, little is known about blaNDM-1 levels in more pristine locations, such as the headwaters of the Upper <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River. This area is of particular interest because it receives massive numbers of visitors during seasonal pilgrimages in May/June, including visitors from urban India. Here we quantified blaNDM-1 abundances, other AR genes (ARG), and coliform bacteria in sediments and water column samples from seven sites in the Rishikesh-Haridwar region of the Upper <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and five sites on the Yamuna River in Delhi to contrast blaNDM-1 levels and water quality conditions between season and region. Water quality in the Yamuna was very poor (e.g., anoxia at all sites), and blaNDM-1 abundances were high across sites in water (5.4 ± 0.4 log(blaNDM-1·mL–1); 95% confidence interval) and sediment (6.3 ± 0.7 log(blaNDM-1·mg–1)) samples from both seasons. In contrast, water column blaNDM-1 abundances were very low across all sites in the Upper <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> in February (2.1 ± 0.6 log(blaNDM-1·mL–1)), and water quality was good (e.g., near saturation oxygen). However, per capita blaNDM-1 levels were 20 times greater in June in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> water column relative to February, and blaNDM-1 levels significantly correlated with fecal coliform levels (r = 0.61; p = 0.007). Given that waste management infrastructure is limited in Rishikesh-Haridwar, data imply blaNDM-1 levels are higher in visitor’s wastes than local residents, which results in seasonally higher blaNDM-1 levels in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22633462','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22633462"><span>Regional projections of North Indian climate for adaptation studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mathison, Camilla; Wiltshire, Andrew; Dimri, A P; Falloon, Pete; Jacob, Daniela; Kumar, Pankaj; Moors, Eddy; Ridley, Jeff; Siderius, Christian; Stoffel, Markus; Yasunari, T</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Adaptation is increasingly important for regions around the world where large changes in climate could have an impact on populations and industry. The <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra-Ganges</span> catchments have a large population, a main industry of agriculture and a growing hydro-power industry, making the region susceptible to changes in the Indian Summer Monsoon, annually the main water source. The HighNoon project has completed four regional climate model simulations for India and the Himalaya at high resolution (25km) from 1960 to 2100 to provide an ensemble of simulations for the region. In this paper we have assessed the ensemble for these catchments, comparing the simulations with observations, to give credence that the simulations provide a realistic representation of atmospheric processes and therefore future climate. We have illustrated how these simulations could be used to provide information on potential future climate impacts and therefore aid decision-making using climatology and threshold analysis. The ensemble analysis shows an increase in temperature between the baseline (1970-2000) and the 2050s (2040-2070) of between 2 and 4°C and an increase in the number of days with maximum temperatures above 28°C and 35°C. There is less certainty for precipitation and runoff which show considerable variability, even in this relatively small ensemble, spanning zero. The HighNoon ensemble is the most complete data for the region providing useful information on a wide range of variables for the regional climate of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra-Ganges</span> region, however there are processes not yet included in the models that could have an impact on the simulations of future climate. We have discussed these processes and show that the range from the HighNoon ensemble is similar in magnitude to potential changes in projections where these processes are included. Therefore strategies for adaptation must be robust and flexible allowing for advances in the science and natural environmental changes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1715836B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1715836B"><span>Integrating science, policy and stakeholder perspectives for water resource management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barbour, Emily; Allan, Andrew; Whitehead, Paul; Salehin, Mashfiqus; Lazzar, Attila; Lim, Michelle; Munsur Rahman, Md.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Successful management of water resources requires an integrated approach considering the complex relationships between different biophysical processes, governance frameworks and socio-economic factors. The Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) Deltas project has developed a range of socio-economic scenarios using a participatory approach, and applied these across different biophysical models as well as an integrated environmental, socio-economic model of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) Delta. This work demonstrates a novel approach through the consideration of multiple ecosystem services and related socio-economic factors in the development of scenarios; the application of these to multiple models at multiple scales; and the participatory approach to improve project outcomes and engage national level stakeholders and policy makers. Scenarios can assist in planning for an uncertain future through exploring plausible alternatives. To adequately assess the potential impacts of future changes and management strategies on water resources, the wider biophysical, socio-economic and governance context needs to be considered. A series of stakeholder workshops have been held in Bangladesh to identify issues of main concern relating to the GBM Delta; to iteratively develop scenario narratives for business as usual, less sustainable, and more sustainable development pathways; and to translate these qualitative scenarios into a quantitative form suitable for analysis. The combined impact of these scenarios and climate change on water quantity and quality within the GBM Basin are demonstrated. Results suggest that climate change is likely to impact on both peak and low flows to a greater extent than most socio-economic changes. However, the diversion of water from the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> has the potential to significantly impact on water availability in Bangladesh depending on the timing and quantity of diversions. Both climate change and socio</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H23I..08A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.H23I..08A"><span>Hydroclimatic Extremes and Cholera Dynamics in the 21st Century</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akanda, A. S.; Jutla, A. S.; Islam, S.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Cholera, an acute water-borne diarrheal illness, has reemerged as a significant health threat across much of the developing world. Despite major advances in the ecological and the microbiological understanding of the causative agent, V. cholerae, the role of the underlying climatic and environmental processes in propagating transmission is not adequately understood. Recent findings suggest a more prominent role of hydroclimatic extremes - droughts and floods - on the unique dual cholera peaks in the Bengal Delta region of South Asia, the native homeland of cholera. Increasing water scarcity and abundance, and coastal sea-level rise, influenced by changing climate patterns and large-scale climatic phenomena, is likely to adversely impact cholera transmission in South Asia. We focus on understanding how associated changes in macro-scale conditions in this region will impact micro-scale processes related to cholera in coming decades. We use the PRECIS Regional Climate Model over the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) basin region to simulate detailed high resolution projections of climate patterns for the 21st century. Precipitation outputs are analyzed for the 1980-2040 period to identify the trends and changes in hydroclimatic extremes and potential impacts on cholera dynamics over the next three decades (2010-2040), in relation to the cholera surveillance operations over the past three decades (1980-2010). We find that an increased number of extreme precipitation events with prolonged dry periods in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin region will likely adversely affect dry season cholera outbreaks. Increased monsoon precipitation volumes in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin catchments are likely to cause record floods and subsequently trigger large epidemics in downstream areas. Our results provide new insight by identifying the changes in the two distinctly different, pre and post monsoon, cholera transmission mechanisms related to large-scale climatic controls that prevail in the region. A</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CSR...137..154T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CSR...137..154T"><span>Seasonal modulation of M2 tide in the Northern Bay of Bengal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tazkia, A. R.; Krien, Y.; Durand, F.; Testut, L.; Islam, AKM S.; Papa, F.; Bertin, X.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) with its adjoining <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta (GBM) forms the largest deltaic region in the world. It is surrounded by a wide area of low-lying land (less than a few meters above mean sea level), very densely populated. It is home to a strong variability of sea level, across all timescales, with ample tides and frequent storm surges. It is also subject to extended river flooding during the monsoon season, with frequent overflows of two of the world's largest rivers (<span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>). There is thus a need to understand and predict the various mechanisms responsible for coastal and estuarine water level variability in this area. In this study, we address one of the least understood facets of this variability: the low-frequency modulation of tides. We focus on the seasonal changes of amplitude of the semi-diurnal lunar tide, M2. It is found that M2 amplitude shows marked changes between winter and summer seasons (of order 10 cm), incommensurate with most of the world's coastal ocean. We observe contrasted patterns from the open areas of the coastal ocean to the inner part of the GBM estuary. In the coastal ocean and over most of the GBM delta, M2 amplitude is stronger during summer and decreases until winter. Conversely, in the far northern part of GBM estuary, M2 amplitude is stronger during winter and weaker during summer. We make use of a hydrodynamic barotropic tidal model to decipher the processes responsible for this evolution. It is found that throughout the coastal ocean and over most of the GBM delta, this evolution is driven by frictional effects, with a seasonal modulation of bottom dissipation of tidal energy. Our simple barotropic model, however, does not capture the observed range of seasonal modulation of tides in the GBM estuary and at its mouth. Our study advocates for a careful consideration of these processes for a proper representation of the tidal dynamics as well as of the flooding hazard in the Bengal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13S..06M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H13S..06M"><span>Scarcity of Fresh Water Resources in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta of Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Murshed, S. B.; Kaluarachchi, J. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Delta in Bangladesh is a classical example of water insecurity in a transboundary river basin where limitations in quantity, quality and timing of available water is producing disastrous conditions. Two opposite extreme water conditions, i.e., fresh water scarcity and floods are common in this region during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The purpose of this study is to manage fresh water requirement of people and environment considering the seasonal availability of surface water (SW) and ground water (GW). SW availability was analyzed by incoming stream flow including the effects of upstream water diversion, rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration (ET). Flow duration curves (FDC), and rainfall and temperature elasticity are used to assess the change of incoming upstream flow. Groundwater data were collected from 285 piezometers and monitoring wells established by Bangladesh water development board. Variation of groundwater depth shows major withdrawals of GW are mostly concentrated in the north part of the study area. Irrigation is the largest sector of off-stream (irrigation, industrial and domestic) water use which occupies 82% SW and 17% GW of total water consumption. Although domestic water use is entirely depend on GW but arsenic pollution is limiting the GW use. FDC depicts a substantial difference between high flow threshold (20%) and low flow threshold (70%) in the Bangladesh part of <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River. A large variation of around 83% is observed for instream water volume between wet and dry seasons. The reduction of upstream fresh water flow increased the extent and intensity of salinity intrusion. Presently GW is also contaminated by saline water. This fresh water scarcity is reducing the livelihood options considerably and indirectly forcing population migration from the delta region. This study provides insight to the changes in hydrology and limitations to freshwater availability enabling better formulation of water resources management in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SedG..194..155B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SedG..194..155B"><span>Petrography and chemistry of the bed sediments of the Red River in China and Vietnam: Provenance and chemical weathering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Borges, Joniell; Huh, Youngsook</p> <p>2007-02-01</p> <p>The Red (Hong) River straddles southwestern China and northern Vietnam and drains the eastern Indo-Asian collision <span class="hlt">zone</span>. We collected bed sediments from its tributaries and main channel and report the petrographic point counts of framework grains and major oxide compositions as well as organic and inorganic carbon contents. The Q:F:Rf ratios and Q:F:(L-L c) ratios of the bed-load indicate quartz-poor, mineralogically immature sediments of recycled orogen provenance. The weathering indices based on major oxides — the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and the weathering index of Parker — are also consistent with the recycled sedimentary nature of the bed sediments. Using geographic information system (GIS) we calculated for each sample basin such parameters as temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, runoff, basin length, area, relief, and areal exposure of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Statistically meaningful correlations are obtained between the two weathering indices, between CIA and sedimentary to metamorphic rock fragments ratio, S / (S + M), and between CIA and sedimentary rock cover, but otherwise correlations are poor. The bed sediments preserve signatures of their provenance, but the effect of weathering is not clearly seen. Subtle differences in the bed sediments are observed between the Red and the Himalayan rivers (Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>) as well as between sub-basins within the Red River system and are attributed mainly to differences in lithology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1810332R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1810332R"><span>Trends in annual minimum exposed snow and ice cover in High Mountain Asia from MODIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rittger, Karl; Brodzik, Mary J.; Painter, Thomas H.; Racoviteanu, Adina; Armstrong, Richard; Dozier, Jeff</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Though a relatively short record on climatological scales, data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 2000-2014 can be used to evaluate changes in the cryosphere and provide a robust baseline for future observations from space. We use the MODIS Snow Covered Area and Grain size (MODSCAG) algorithm, based on spectral mixture analysis, to estimate daily fractional snow and ice cover and the MODICE Persistent Ice (MODICE) algorithm to estimate the annual minimum snow and ice fraction (fSCA) for each year from 2000 to 2014 in High Mountain Asia. We have found that MODSCAG performs better than other algorithms, such as the Normalized Difference Index (NDSI), at detecting snow. We use MODICE because it minimizes false positives (compared to maximum extents), for example, when bright soils or clouds are incorrectly classified as snow, a common problem with optical satellite snow mapping. We analyze changes in area using the annual MODICE maps of minimum snow and ice cover for over 15,000 individual glaciers as defined by the Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) Version 5, focusing on the Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Upper Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River basins. For each glacier with an area of at least 1 km2 as defined by RGI, we sum the total minimum snow and ice covered area for each year from 2000 to 2014 and estimate the trends in area loss or gain. We find the largest loss in annual minimum snow and ice extent for 2000-2014 in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> with 57% and 40%, respectively, of analyzed glaciers with significant losses (p-value<0.05). In the Upper Indus River basin, we see both gains and losses in minimum snow and ice extent, but more glaciers with losses than gains. Our analysis shows that a smaller proportion of glaciers in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya are experiencing significant changes in minimum snow and ice extent (3.5% and 12.2%), possibly because more of the glaciers in this region are smaller than 1 km2 than in the Indus</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeCoA..68.2649X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeCoA..68.2649X"><span>Speciation of strontium in particulates and sediments from the Mississippi River <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Yingfeng; Marcantonio, Franco</p> <p>2004-06-01</p> <p>Sequential extractions were performed on small amounts of particulate and sediment samples (6 to10 mg) from the Mississippi River <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The leachates were analyzed for Sr concentration and 87Sr/ 86Sr isotope ratio. Mn and Fe contents were also measured as their oxyhydroxides are potential carrier phases for Sr. The largest fraction of Sr in the solid phase (particulates and sediments) was found to be present in the residual, refractory fraction (>70% of total). By comparison with the corresponding sediment, particulates appear to have higher concentrations of nonresidual, labile Sr (30% vs. 15%). Carbonate components seem to play an important role as carriers for labile Sr in particulates and sediments. Changes in the composition and content of the solid phase may significantly modify both the 87Sr/ 86Sr isotope ratio of the total labile fractions and that of the bulk components. However, such modifications, under normal conditions, exert little measurable influence on the Sr isotope composition of the dissolved phase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805121','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805121"><span>Canaries in the coal mine: Interpersonal violence, <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence, and violent extremism through a public health prevention lens.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eisenman, David P; Flavahan, Louise</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This paper asks what programmes and policies for preventing violent extremism (also called 'countering violent extremism', or CVE) can learn from the public health violence prevention field. The general answer is that addressing violent extremism within the wider domain of public health violence prevention connects the effort to a relevant field of research, evidence-based policy and programming, and a broader population reach. This answer is reached by examining conceptual alignments between the two fields at both the case-level and the theoretical level. To address extremist violence within the wider reach of violence prevention, having a shared model is seen as a first step. The World Health Organization uses the social-ecological framework for assessing the risk and protective factors for violence and developing effective public-health based programmes. This study illustrates how this model has been used for <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence prevention and explores overlaps between <span class="hlt">gang</span> violence prevention and preventing violent extremism. Finally, it provides policy and programme recommendations to align CVE with public health violence prevention.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHyd..540..176V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHyd..540..176V"><span>Influence of geology on groundwater-sediment interactions in arsenic enriched tectono-morphic aquifers of the Himalayan <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Verma, Swati; Mukherjee, Abhijit; Mahanta, Chandan; Choudhury, Runti; Mitra, Kaushik</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The present study interprets the groundwater solute chemistry, hydrogeochemical evolution, arsenic (As) enrichment and aquifer characterization in <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River Basin (BRB) involving three geologically and tectono-morphically distinct regions located in northeastern India. These study regions consist of the northwestern (NW) and the northern (N) region, both located along the western and eastern parts of Eastern Himalayas and the southern (S) region (near Indo-Burmese Range and Naga hills) of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basin which show distinct tectonic settings and sediment provenances in the Himalayan orogenic belt. Stable isotopic composition (δ2H and δ18O) in groundwater suggests that some evaporation may have taken place through recharging of ground water in the study areas. The major-ion composition shows that groundwater composition of the NW and N parts are between Casbnd HCO3 and Casbnd Nasbnd HCO3 while the S-region is dominated by Nasbnd Casbnd HCO3 hydrochemical facies. The major mineralogical composition of aquifer sediments indicates the dominant presence of iron(Fe)-oxide and oxyhydroxides, mica (muscovite and biotite), feldspar, pyroxene, amphibole, abundance of quartz and clay minerals whereas clay is predominantly present in sediments of S-aquifers. These mafic minerals, aluminosilicates and clay minerals might offer available reactive surface for As-adsorption and co-precipitatation with amorphous Fe. These associated adsorbed and co-precipitated As might be released due to reductive dissolution of Fe-oxide and oxyhydroxides in groundwater. These minerals are assumed to be possible sources of As in groundwater. The stability diagrams of groundwater data suggest that solute might have been introduced into groundwater from weathering of K-feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene of Himalayan rocks, the Siwalik Group and Eastern Syntaxes in NW and N-regions. However, basic cations might be derived from weathering of K-feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.5005V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.5005V"><span>Dynamics and hydrodynamic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of reactive solutes at stable fresh-salt interfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>van der Zee, Sjoerd E. A. T. M.; Eeman, Sara; Cirkel, Gijsbert; Leijnse, Toon</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>In coastal <span class="hlt">zones</span> with saline groundwater, but also in semi-arid regions, fresh groundwater lenses may form due to infiltration of rain water. The thickness of both the lens and the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, determines fresh water availability for plant growth. Due to recharge variation, the thickness of the lens and the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> are not constant, which may adversely affect agricultural and natural vegetation if saline water reaches the root <span class="hlt">zone</span> during the growing season. A similar situation is found in situations where groundwater is not saline, but has a different chemical signature than rainwater-affected groundwater. Then also, vegetation patches and botanic biodiversity may depend sensitively on the depth of the interface between different types of groundwater. In this presentation, we study the response of thin lenses and their <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> to variation of recharge. The recharge is varied using sinusoids with a range of amplitudes and frequencies. We vary lens properties by varying the Rayleigh number and Mass flux ratio of saline and fresh water, as these dominate on the thickness of thin lenses and their <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Numerical results show a linear relation between the normalised lens volume and the main lens and recharge characteristics, enabling an empirical approximation of the variation of lens thickness. Increase of the recharge amplitude causes increase and the increase of recharge frequency causes a decrease in the variation of lens thickness. The average lens thickness is not significantly influenced by these variations in recharge, contrary to the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> thickness. The <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> thickness is compared to that of a Fickian <span class="hlt">mixing</span> regime. A simple relation between the travelled distance of the centre of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> position due to variations in recharge and the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> thickness is shown to be valid for both a sinusoidal recharge variation and actual records of irregularly varying daily recharge data. Starting from a step response function</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687610','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687610"><span>Nonstationary porosity evolution in <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> in coastal carbonate aquifer using an alternative modeling approach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Laabidi, Ezzeddine; Bouhlila, Rachida</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>In the last few decades, hydrogeochemical problems have benefited from the strong interest in numerical modeling. One of the most recognized hydrogeochemical problems is the dissolution of the calcite in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> below limestone coastal aquifer. In many works, this problem has been modeled using a coupling algorithm between a density-dependent flow model and a geochemical model. A related difficulty is that, because of the high nonlinearity of the coupled set of equations, high computational effort is needed. During calcite dissolution, an increase in permeability can be identified, which can induce an increase in the penetration of the seawater into the aquifer. The majority of the previous studies used a fully coupled reactive transport model in order to model such problem. Romanov and Dreybrodt (J Hydrol 329:661-673, 2006) have used an alternative approach to quantify the porosity evolution in <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> below coastal carbonate aquifer at steady state. This approach is based on the analytic solution presented by Phillips (1991) in his book Flow and Reactions in Permeable Rock, which shows that it is possible to decouple the complex set of equation. This equation is proportional to the square of the salinity gradient, which can be calculated using a density driven flow code and to the reaction rate that can be calculated using a geochemical code. In this work, this equation is used in nonstationary step-by-step regime. At each time step, the quantity of the dissolved calcite is quantified, the change of porosity is calculated, and the permeability is updated. The reaction rate, which is the second derivate of the calcium equilibrium concentration in the equation, is calculated using the PHREEQC code (Parkhurst and Apello 1999). This result is used in GEODENS (Bouhlila 1999; Bouhlila and Laabidi 2008) to calculate change of the porosity after calculating the salinity gradient. For the next time step, the same protocol is used but using the updated porosity</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24419075','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24419075"><span>Double blanket effect caused by two layers of black carbon aerosols escalates warming in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River Valley.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rahul, P R C; Bhawar, R L; Ayantika, D C; Panicker, A S; Safai, P D; Tharaprabhakaran, V; Padmakumari, B; Raju, M P</p> <p>2014-01-14</p> <p>First ever 3-day aircraft observations of vertical profiles of Black Carbon (BC) were obtained during the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) conducted on 30(th) August, 4(th) and 6(th) September 2009 over Guwahati (26° 11'N, 91° 44'E), the largest metropolitan city in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River Valley (BRV) region. The results revealed that apart from the surface/near surface loading of BC due to anthropogenic processes causing a heating of 2 K/day, the large-scale Walker and Hadley atmospheric circulations associated with the Indian summer monsoon help in the formation of a second layer of black carbon in the upper atmosphere, which generates an upper atmospheric heating of ~2 K/day. Lofting of BC aerosols by these large-scale circulating atmospheric cells to the upper atmosphere (4-6 Km) could also be the reason for extreme climate change scenarios that are being witnessed in the BRV region.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+substance+AND+abuse&pg=6&id=EJ958304','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=parenting+AND+style+AND+substance+AND+abuse&pg=6&id=EJ958304"><span>Relationships with Adults as Predictors of Substance Use, <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involvement, and Threats to Safety among Disadvantaged Urban High-School Adolescents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ryan, Linda G.; Miller-Loessi, Karen; Nieri, Tanya</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Using a resilience framework, the authors examined the protective effects of parental support, self-disclosure to parents, parent-initiated monitoring of adolescent behavior, and relationships with school personnel on three critical problems of adolescents: substance use, <span class="hlt">gang</span> involvement, and perceived threats to safety at school. The sample…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864259','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864259"><span>Epidemiological criminology: drug use among African American <span class="hlt">gang</span> members.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lanier, Mark M; Pack, Robert P; Akers, Timothy A</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Epidemiological methods and public health theories can be tied to theories of crime and delinquency and used to create evidence-based policy. Interdisciplinary theoretical approaches to existing, and emerging, public health and criminal justice problems hold great promise. Differential association theory postulates that close association with delinquent peers leads to an increase in deviant activities such as illicit drug use. Social cognitive theory postulates that health behavior change is driven by the interaction of (a) cognitive states that support a health outcome, (b) the social and contextual environment, (c) and individual action. Combined, these theories can be applied to drug eradication programs as well as other health and crime issues. Focus groups and interviews were performed to identify rates of illicit substance use among incarcerated African American adolescent male <span class="hlt">gang</span> members and nongang members. The policy recommendations illustrate the convergence of criminological and epidemiological theory under the new paradigm of epidemiological criminology or ''EpiCrim.''</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCHyd.177..206O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCHyd.177..206O"><span>Implications of soil <span class="hlt">mixing</span> for NAPL source <span class="hlt">zone</span> remediation: Column studies and modeling of field-scale systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Olson, Mitchell R.; Sale, Tom C.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Soil remediation is often inhibited by subsurface heterogeneity, which constrains contaminant/reagent contact. Use of soil <span class="hlt">mixing</span> techniques for reagent delivery provides a means to overcome contaminant/reagent contact limitations. Furthermore, soil <span class="hlt">mixing</span> reduces the permeability of treated soils, thus extending the time for reactions to proceed. This paper describes research conducted to evaluate implications of soil <span class="hlt">mixing</span> on remediation of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source <span class="hlt">zones</span>. The research consisted of column studies and subsequent modeling of field-scale systems. For column studies, clean influent water was flushed through columns containing homogenized soils, granular zero valent iron (ZVI), and trichloroethene (TCE) NAPL. Within the columns, NAPL depletion occurred due to dissolution, followed by either column-effluent discharge or ZVI-mediated degradation. Complete removal of TCE NAPL from the columns occurred in 6-8 pore volumes of flow. However, most of the TCE (> 96%) was discharged in the column effluent; less than 4% of TCE was degraded. The low fraction of TCE degraded is attributed to the short hydraulic residence time (< 4 days) in the columns. Subsequently, modeling was conducted to scale up column results. By scaling up to field-relevant system sizes (> 10 m) and reducing permeability by one-or-more orders of magnitude, the residence time could be greatly extended, potentially for periods of years to decades. Model output indicates that the fraction of TCE degraded can be increased to > 99.9%, given typical post-<span class="hlt">mixing</span> soil permeability values. These results suggest that remediation performance can be greatly enhanced by combining contaminant degradation with an extended residence time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70185129','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70185129"><span>Modeling hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Runkel, Robert L.; McKnight, Diane M.; Rajaram, Harihar</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Stream biogeochemistry is influenced by the physical and chemical processes that occur in the surrounding watershed. These processes include the mass loading of solutes from terrestrial and atmospheric sources, the physical transport of solutes within the watershed, and the transformation of solutes due to biogeochemical reactions. Research over the last two decades has identified the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> as an important part of the stream system in which these processes occur. The hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> may be loosely defined as the porous areas of the stream bed and stream bank in which stream water <span class="hlt">mixes</span> with shallow groundwater. Exchange of water and solutes between the stream proper and the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> has many biogeochemical implications, due to differences in the chemical composition of surface and groundwater. For example, surface waters are typically oxidized environments with relatively high dissolved oxygen concentrations. In contrast, reducing conditions are often present in groundwater systems leading to low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Further, microbial oxidation of organic materials in groundwater leads to supersaturated concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide relative to the atmosphere. Differences in surface and groundwater pH and temperature are also common. The hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> is therefore a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> in which there are gradients in the concentrations of dissolved gasses, the concentrations of oxidized and reduced species, pH, and temperature. These gradients lead to biogeochemical reactions that ultimately affect stream water quality. Due to the complexity of these natural systems, modeling techniques are frequently employed to quantify process dynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B51I1934G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.B51I1934G"><span>Multi `omics reveals role of phenotypic plasticity in governing biogeochemical hotspots within the groundwater-surface water (hyporheic) <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Graham, E.; Tfaily, M. M.; Crump, A.; Arntzen, E.; Romero, E. B.; Goldman, A. E.; Resch, T.; Kennedy, D.; Nelson, W. C.; Stegen, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Subsurface groundwater-surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> (hyporheic <span class="hlt">zones</span>) contain spatially heterogeneous hotspots of enhanced biogeochemical activity that contribute disproportionately to river corridor function. We have a poor understanding of the processes governing hotspots, but recent advances have enabled greater mechanistic understanding. We employ a suite of ultra-high resolution measurements to investigate the mechanisms underlying biogeochemical cycles in hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> hotspots. We use Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and mass spectrometry of metaproteomes to characterize metabolite structure and metabolic transformations, microbiome structure and functional potential, and expressed microbiome functions in hyporheic sediments from the Columbia River in central Washington State. Surprisingly, microbiome structure and function in biogeochemical hotspots were indistinguishable from low-activity sediments. Metabolites were uncorrelated to protein expression but strongly related to aerobic respiration. Hotspot metabolites were distinguished by high molecular weight compounds and protein-, lignin-, and lipid-like molecules. Although the most common metabolic transformations were similar between hotspots and low-activity samples, hotspots contained a greater proportion of rare pathways, which in turn were correlated to metabolism. Our results contradicted our expectations that hotspots would be characterized by a unique microbiome with distinct physiology. Instead, our results indicate that microbial phenotypic plasticity underlies elevated hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> function, whereby the activity of rare pathways is stimulated by substrate availability. We therefore hypothesize that microbiome plasticity couples meso- (e.g., local root distribution) and macro-scale (e.g., landscape vegetation) resource heterogeneity to ecosystem-scale function. This indicates a need to mechanistically understand and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP51A0905S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP51A0905S"><span><span class="hlt">Mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> hydrodynamics in a large confluence: a case study of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers confluence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shehata, M. M.; Petrie, J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Confluences are a basic component in all fluvial systems, which are often characterized by complex flow and sediment transport patterns. Addressing confluences, however, started only recently in parallel with new advances of flow measurement tools and computational techniques. A limited number of field studies exist investigating flow hydrodynamics through confluences, particularly for large confluences with central <span class="hlt">zone</span> widths of 100 m or greater. Previous studies have indicated that the size of the confluent rivers and the post-confluence <span class="hlt">zone</span> may impact flow and sediment transport processes in the confluence <span class="hlt">zone</span>, which consequently could impact the biodiversity within the river network. This study presents the results of a field study conducted at the confluence of the Snake and the Clearwater rivers near the towns of Clarkston, WA and Lewiston, ID (average width of 700 m at the confluence center). This confluence supports many different and, sometimes, conflicting purposes including commercial navigation, recreation, and fish and wildlife conservation. The confluence properties are affected by dredging operations carried out periodically to maintain the minimum water depth required for safe flow conveyance and navigation purposes. Also, a levee system was constructed on the confluence banks as an extra flood control measure. In the recent field work, an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler was used to measure water velocity profiles at cross sections in the confluence region. Fixed and moving vessel measurements were taken at selected locations to evaluate both the spatial and temporal variation in velocity throughout the confluence. The confluence bathymetry was surveyed with a multi-beam sonar to investigate existent bed morphological elements. The results identify the velocity pattern in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> between the two rivers. The present findings are compared to previous studies on small confluences to demonstrate the influence of scale on flow processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Networking+AND+cities&pg=3&id=ED524534','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Networking+AND+cities&pg=3&id=ED524534"><span>Towards a National <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Strategy: A Meta-Policy Analysis of Leadership, Learning, and Organizational Change within the Law Enforcement Context</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Richards, Maurice V.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study examines the process of change within law enforcement, focusing on the leadership, learning, and organizational change required to reduce crime, violence, and social disruption caused by criminal street <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. The study tests the viability, results, and implications of a new policing model, the trans-jurisdictional task force, through…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981878','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981878"><span>Arsenic mobilization in the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> plains of Assam: groundwater and sedimentary controls.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sailo, Lalsangzela; Mahanta, Chandan</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Arsenic (As) mobilization to the groundwater of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> floodplains was investigated in Titabor, Jorhat District, located in the North Eastern part of India. The groundwater and the aquifer geochemistry were characterized in the study area. The range of As concentration in the groundwater varies from 10 to 440 μg/l with mean concentration 210 μg/l. The groundwaters are characterized by high dissolved Fe, Mn, and HCO₃(-) and low concentrations of NO₃(-) and SO₄(2-) indicating the reduced conditions prevailing in the groundwater. In order to understand the actual mobilization processes in the area, six core drilling surrounding the two target tube wells (T1 and T2) with high As concentration (three drill-cores surrounds each tube well closely) was done. The sediment was analyzed its chemical, mineralogical, and elemental compositions. A selective sequential extraction suggested that most of the As in the sediment is bound to Fe oxides fractions (32 to 50%) and the competition for adsorption site by anions (PO₄(3-)) also accounts to significant fractions of the total arsenic extracted. High variability in the extraction as well as properties of the sediment was observed due to the heterogeneity of the sediment samples with different chemical properties. The SEM and EDX results indicate the presence of Fe, Mn coating along with As for most of the sample, and the presence of As associated minerals were calculated using PHREEQC. The mobilization of As into the groundwater was anticipated to be largely controlled by the reductive dissolution of Fe oxides and partly by the competitive anions viz. PO₄(3-).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881537','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881537"><span>Drive-by shootings by violent street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> in Los Angeles: a five-year review from 1989 to 1993.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huston, H R; Anglin, D; Eckstein, M</p> <p>1996-04-01</p> <p>To determine trends in the numbers of drive-by shootings, individuals shot at, innocent bystanders shot at, and homicides by drive-by shootings in the city of Los Angeles from 1989 to 1993. A retrospective analysis of police records was performed for all <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related drive-by shootings that occurred in the city of Los Angeles between 1989 and 1993. From 1989 to 1993, there were 6,327 drive-by shootings, 9,053 people shot at, and 590 homicides. There was an increase in drive-by shootings, people shot at, and homicides between 1989 and 1991, followed by a decrease between 1991 and 1993. The case fatality ratio of individuals killed to individuals shot at increased from 1989 to 1993 (p = 0.0011). Forty-seven percent of the people shot at, and 23% of the homicide victims, were innocent bystanders. Drive-by shootings are a major public health problem in Los Angeles. While the rate of drive-by shootings decreased in 1992 and 1993, the proportion of fatal cases increased. To prevent drive-by shootings, the root causes of violent street <span class="hlt">gang</span> formation must be addressed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07832&hterms=Arabic&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DArabic','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA07832&hterms=Arabic&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DArabic"><span><span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma Sand Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>[figure removed for brevity, see original site] <p/> Our topic for the weeks of April 4 and April 11 is dunes on Mars. We will look at the north polar sand sea and at isolated dune fields at lower latitudes. Sand seas on Earth are often called 'ergs,' an Arabic name for dune field. A sand sea differs from a dune field in two ways: 1) a sand sea has a large regional extent, and 2) the individual dunes are large in size and complex in form. <p/> Today's sand sheet is located in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Chasma portion of Valles Marineris. As with yesterday's image, note that the dune forms are seen only at the margin and that the interior of the sand sheet at this resolution appears to completely lack dune forms. <p/> Image information: VIS instrument. Latitude -6.4, Longitude 310.7 East (49.3 West). 19 meter/pixel resolution. <p/> Note: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time. <p/> NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WRR....53.9225H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WRR....53.9225H"><span>Physical Controls on Biogeochemical Processes in Intertidal <span class="hlt">Zones</span> of Beach Aquifers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Heiss, James W.; Post, Vincent E. A.; Laattoe, Tariq; Russoniello, Christopher J.; Michael, Holly A.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Marine ecosystems are sensitive to inputs of chemicals from submarine groundwater discharge. Tidally influenced saltwater-freshwater <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> in beach aquifers can host biogeochemical transformations that modify chemical loads prior to discharge. A numerical variable-density groundwater flow and reactive transport model was used to evaluate the physical controls on reactivity for <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent and <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-independent reactions in beach aquifers, represented as denitrification and sulfate reduction, respectively. A sensitivity analysis was performed across typical values of tidal amplitude, hydraulic conductivity, terrestrial freshwater flux, beach slope, dispersivity, and DOC reactivity. For the model setup and conditions tested, the simulations demonstrate that denitrification can remove up to 100% of terrestrially derived nitrate, and sulfate reduction can transform up to 8% of seawater-derived sulfate prior to discharge. Tidally driven <span class="hlt">mixing</span> between saltwater and freshwater promotes denitrification along the boundary of the intertidal saltwater circulation cell in pore water between 1 and 10 ppt. The denitrification <span class="hlt">zone</span> occupies on average 49% of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Denitrification rates are highest on the landward side of the circulation cell and decrease along circulating flow paths. Reactivity for <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-dependent reactions increases with the size of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> and solute supply, while <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-independent reactivity is controlled primarily by solute supply. The results provide insights into the types of beaches most efficient in altering fluxes of chemicals prior to discharge and could be built upon to help engineer beaches to enhance reactivity. The findings have implications for management to protect coastal ecosystems and the estimation of chemical fluxes to the ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvF...3e4501A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvF...3e4501A"><span>Role of medium heterogeneity and viscosity contrast in miscible flow regimes and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> growth: A computational pore-scale approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Afshari, Saied; Hejazi, S. Hossein; Kantzas, Apostolos</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Miscible displacement of fluids in porous media is often characterized by the scaling of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> length with displacement time. Depending on the viscosity contrast of fluids, the scaling law varies between the square root relationship, a sign for dispersive transport regime during stable displacement, and the linear relationship, which represents the viscous fingering regime during an unstable displacement. The presence of heterogeneities in a porous medium significantly affects the scaling behavior of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length as it interacts with the viscosity contrast to control the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of fluids in the pore space. In this study, the dynamics of the flow and transport during both unit and adverse viscosity ratio miscible displacements are investigated in heterogeneous packings of circular grains using pore-scale numerical simulations. The pore-scale heterogeneity level is characterized by the variations of the grain diameter and velocity field. The growth of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length is employed to identify the nature of the miscible transport regime at different viscosity ratios and heterogeneity levels. It is shown that as the viscosity ratio increases to higher adverse values, the scaling law of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length gradually shifts from dispersive to fingering nature up to a certain viscosity ratio and remains almost the same afterwards. In heterogeneous media, the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length scaling law is observed to be generally governed by the variations of the velocity field rather than the grain size. Furthermore, the normalization of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length temporal plots with respect to the governing parameters of viscosity ratio, heterogeneity, medium length, and medium aspect ratio is performed. The results indicate that <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length scales exponentially with log-viscosity ratio and grain size standard deviation while the impact of aspect ratio is insignificant. For stable flows, <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length scales with the square root of medium length, whereas it changes linearly with length during</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25981955','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25981955"><span>Implications of soil <span class="hlt">mixing</span> for NAPL source <span class="hlt">zone</span> remediation: Column studies and modeling of field-scale systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Olson, Mitchell R; Sale, Tom C</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Soil remediation is often inhibited by subsurface heterogeneity, which constrains contaminant/reagent contact. Use of soil <span class="hlt">mixing</span> techniques for reagent delivery provides a means to overcome contaminant/reagent contact limitations. Furthermore, soil <span class="hlt">mixing</span> reduces the permeability of treated soils, thus extending the time for reactions to proceed. This paper describes research conducted to evaluate implications of soil <span class="hlt">mixing</span> on remediation of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source <span class="hlt">zones</span>. The research consisted of column studies and subsequent modeling of field-scale systems. For column studies, clean influent water was flushed through columns containing homogenized soils, granular zero valent iron (ZVI), and trichloroethene (TCE) NAPL. Within the columns, NAPL depletion occurred due to dissolution, followed by either column-effluent discharge or ZVI-mediated degradation. Complete removal of TCE NAPL from the columns occurred in 6-8 pore volumes of flow. However, most of the TCE (>96%) was discharged in the column effluent; less than 4% of TCE was degraded. The low fraction of TCE degraded is attributed to the short hydraulic residence time (<4 days) in the columns. Subsequently, modeling was conducted to scale up column results. By scaling up to field-relevant system sizes (>10 m) and reducing permeability by one-or-more orders of magnitude, the residence time could be greatly extended, potentially for periods of years to decades. Model output indicates that the fraction of TCE degraded can be increased to >99.9%, given typical post-<span class="hlt">mixing</span> soil permeability values. These results suggest that remediation performance can be greatly enhanced by combining contaminant degradation with an extended residence time. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867870','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867870"><span>Centrifugal contactor with liquid <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and flow control vanes and method of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> liquids of different phases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Jubin, Robert T.; Randolph, John D.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The invention is directed to a centrifugal contactor for solvent extraction systems. The centrifugal contactor is provided with an annular vertically oriented <span class="hlt">mixing</span> chamber between the rotor housing and the rotor for <span class="hlt">mixing</span> process liquids such as the aqueous and organic phases of the solvent extraction process used for nuclear fuel reprocessing. A set of stationary helically disposed vanes carried by the housing is in the lower region of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> chamber at a location below the process-liquid inlets for the purpose of urging the liquids in an upward direction toward the inlets and enhancing the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of the liquids and mass transfer between the liquids. The upper region of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> vessel above the inlets for the process liquids is also provided with a set helically disposed vanes carried by the housing for urging the process liquids in a downward direction when the liquid flow rates through the inlets are relatively high and the liquids contact the vane set in the upper region. The use of these opposing vane sets in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> maintains the liquid in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> at suitable levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.H53F1010G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.H53F1010G"><span>DYNAMIC <span class="hlt">MIXING</span> MODEL OF THE CHIGNAHUAPAN THERMAL SPRING IN THE GEOTHERMAL <span class="hlt">ZONE</span> OF THE ACOCULCO CALDERA, PUEBLA, MEXICO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gutierrez-Cirlos, A.; Torres-Rodriguez, V.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The Acoculco Caldera, of Pliocenic age, is located within the limits of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (CVT) and the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOr). The Acoculco geothermal <span class="hlt">zone</span> consists of a 790m thick igneous sequence, related to a volcanic complex formed by andesites and rhyolitic domes emplaced in an 18 Km diameter annular fracture. It unconformably overlies a 5000 m thick section of folded and faulted Jurassic-Cretaceous carbonate rocks. The Chignahuapan Spring, located in the extreme eastern part of the Geothermal <span class="hlt">Zone</span> of the Acoculco Caldera, yields temperatures of 49°C and discharges an estimated of 98 lps from the karstified Lower Cretaceous limestone. Both major and trace element geochemical analysis were carried out, and results were interpreted using Piper and Stiff diagrams, as well as geothermometry. The results indicate that water belongs to the calcium-bicarbonate type and yield temperatures in a range of 70-80°C at depth, which suggest an extensive lateral flow from the main reservoir and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> with shallow groundwaters. The spring suffers significant variations in its temperature throughout the year, especially during the rainy season, when water temperature decreases up to 10°C. Analyzing the hot spring water temperature data from of the last 10 years and comparing it with the precipitation and air temperature curves of the region, we expect to develop a dynamic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> model which depicts the relation between these factors and the importance of each one in the water temperature variation. We also look forward to be able to forecast water temperature trends for the next several years and correlate it with climate change in the area.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930092026','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930092026"><span>Investigation with an Interferometer of the Turbulent <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> of a Free Supersonic Jet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gooderum, Paul B; Wood, George P; Brevoort, Maurice J</p> <p>1950-01-01</p> <p>The free turbulent <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of a supersonic jet of Mach number 1.6 has been experimentally investigated. An interferometer, of which a description is given, was used for the investigation. Density and velocity distributions through the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> have been obtained. It was found that there was similarity in distribution at the cross sections investigated and that, in the subsonic portion of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, the velocity distribution fitted the theoretical distribution for incompressible flow. It was found that the rates of spread of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> both into the jet and into the ambient air were less than those of subsonic jets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JGR....9114317M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JGR....9114317M"><span>Behavior of 226Ra in the Mississippi River <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moore, Daniel G.; Scott, Martha R.</p> <p>1986-12-01</p> <p>The behavior of 226Ra in the Mississippi River <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> is strongly nonconservative and includes desorption similar to that reported for the Hudson, Pee Dee, and Amazon rivers. However, dissolved and desorbed 226Ra concentrations in the Mississippi are 2 to 5 times greater than in the other rivers at the same salinity. Radium concentrations vary inversely with the water discharge rate. The 226Ra desorption maximum occurs at a salinity of 5.0, much lower than the 18 to 28 salinity values for the maxima of the other three rivers. High concentrations of dissolved 226Ra (up to 82 dpm per 100 L) and the low salinity values for the desorption maximum in the Mississippi River result from three major factors. Suspended sediments include a large fraction of montmorillonite, which gives the sediment a high cation exchange capacity, 0.54 meq/g. The average suspended sediment load is large, about 510 mg/L, and contains 1.9 dpm/g desorbable 226Ra. The dissolved 226Ra river water end-member (9.6 dpm per 100 L) is higher than in surface seawater. The annual contribution of 226Ra to the ocean from the Mississippi River is 3.7 × 1014 dpm/yr, based on data from three cruises. Evidence of flux of 226Ra from estuarine and shelf sediments is common in vertical profile sampling of the deltaic waters but is not reflected in calculations made with an "apparent" river water Ra value extrapolated to zero salinity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494450','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494450"><span>An analytical model for non-conservative pollutants <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in the surf <span class="hlt">zone</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ki, Seo Jin; Hwang, Jin Hwan; Kang, Joo-Hyon; Kim, Joon Ha</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Accurate simulation of the surf <span class="hlt">zone</span> is a prerequisite to improve beach management as well as to understand the fundamentals of fate and transport of contaminants. In the present study, a diagnostic model modified from a classic solute model is provided to illuminate non-conservative pollutants behavior in the surf <span class="hlt">zone</span>. To readily understand controlling processes in the surf <span class="hlt">zone</span>, a new dimensionless quantity is employed with index of kappa number (K, a ratio of inactivation rate to transport rate of microbial pollutant in the surf <span class="hlt">zone</span>), which was then evaluated under different environmental frames during a week simulation period. The sensitivity analysis showed that hydrodynamics and concentration gradients in the surf <span class="hlt">zone</span> mostly depend on n (number of rip currents), indicating that n should be carefully adjusted in the model. The simulation results reveal, furthermore, that large deviation typically occurs in the daytime, signifying inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria is the main process to control surf <span class="hlt">zone</span> water quality during the day. Overall, the analytical model shows a good agreement between predicted and synthetic data (R(2) = 0.51 and 0.67 for FC and ENT, respectively) for the simulated period, amplifying its potential use in the surf <span class="hlt">zone</span> modelling. It is recommended that when the dimensionless index is much larger than 0.5, the present modified model can predict better than the conventional model, but if index is smaller than 0.5, the conventional model is more efficient with respect to time and cost.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H51L0767D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.H51L0767D"><span>Drought Characteristics Based on the Retrieved Paleoprecipitation in Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River Basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davtalabsabet, R.; Wang, D.; Zhu, T.; Ringler, C.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Indus and <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River basins (IGRB), which cover the major parts of India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, are considered as the most important socio-economic regions in South Asia. IGRB support the food security of hundreds of millions people in South Asia. The food production in IGRB strictly relies on the magnitude and spatiotemporal pattern of monsoon precipitation. Due to severe drought during the last decades and food production failure in IGRB, several studies have focused on understanding the main drivers for south Asia monsoon failures and drought characteristics based on the historical data. However, the period of available historical data is not enough to address the full characteristic of drought under a changing climate. In this study, an inverse Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) model is developed to retrieve the paleoprecipitation back to 700 years in the region, taking the inputs of available soil water capacity, temperature, and previous reconstructed PDSI based on tree-ring analysis at 2.5 degree resolution. Based on the retrieved paleoprecipitation, drought frequency and intensity are quantified for two periods of 1300-1899 (the reconstruction period) and 1900-2010 (the instrumental period). Previous studies have shown that in IGRB, a severe drought occurs when the annual precipitation deficit, compared with the long-term average precipitation, is greater than 10%. Climatic drought frequency is calculated as the percentage of years with predefined severe droughts. Drought intensity is defined as the average precipitation deficit during all of the years identified as severe droughts. Results show that the drought frequency, as well as the spatial extent, has significantly increased from the reconstruction period to the instrumental period. The drought frequency in the Indus River basin is higher than that in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River basin. Several mega-droughts are identified during the reconstruction period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CoMP..162..651W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CoMP..162..651W"><span>Magma <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in the 1100 AD Montaña Reventada composite lava flow, Tenerife, Canary Islands: interaction between rift <span class="hlt">zone</span> and central volcano plumbing systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wiesmaier, S.; Deegan, F. M.; Troll, V. R.; Carracedo, J. C.; Chadwick, J. P.; Chew, D. M.</p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Zoned</span> eruption deposits commonly show a lower felsic and an upper mafic member, thought to reflect eruption from large, stratified magma chambers. In contrast, the Montaña Reventada composite flow (Tenerife) consists of a lower basanite and a much thicker upper phonolite. A sharp interface separates basanite and phonolite, and chilled margins at this contact indicate the basanite was still hot upon emplacement of the phonolite, i.e. the two magmas erupted in quick succession. Four types of mafic to intermediate inclusions are found in the phonolite. Inclusion textures comprise foamy quenched ones, others with chilled margins and yet others that are physically mingled, reflecting progressive <span class="hlt">mixing</span> with a decreasing temperature contrast between the end-members. Analysis of basanite, phonolite and inclusions for majors, traces and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes show the inclusions to be derived from binary <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of basanite and phonolite end-members in ratios of 2:1 to 4:1. Although, basanite and phonolite magmas were in direct contact, contrasting 206Pb/204Pb ratios show that they are genetically distinct (19.7193(21)-19.7418(31) vs. 19.7671(18)-19.7807(23), respectively). We argue that the Montaña Reventada basanite and phonolite first met just prior to eruption and had limited interaction time only. Montaña Reventada erupted from the transition <span class="hlt">zone</span> between two plumbing systems, the phonolitic Teide-Pico Viejo complex and the basanitic Northwest rift <span class="hlt">zone</span>. A rift <span class="hlt">zone</span> basanite dyke most likely intersected the previously emplaced phonolite magma chamber. This led to eruption of geochemically and texturally unaffected basanite, with the inclusion-rich phonolite subsequently following into the established conduit.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-002291&hterms=water+villages&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bvillages','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-002291&hterms=water+villages&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bvillages"><span>Floods in Bangladesh and Northeast India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>For the past month heavy monsoon rains have led to massive flooding in eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, which have killed over 500 people and left millions homeless. This false-color image acquired on August 5, 2002, by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA's Terra spacecraft shows the extent of this flooding. In the upper right-hand corner of the image, the swollen <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River runs east to west through the Indian state of Assam. Normally, the river and its tributaries would resemble a tangle of thin lines. Moving to the upper left-hand corner, flooding can be seen along the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> River in the state of Bihar, India. Both of these rivers flow into Bangladesh along with many others from India and Nepal. Heavy monsoon rains from all across the region have inundated the small country with water this year. Floodwaters have all but covered northeastern Bangladesh, which is usually dry. The Jamuna River, which runs down the center of the country off of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River, now resembles a narrow lake. Millions of dollars in crops have been destroyed and thousands have been left stranded in their villages or on rafts. Forecasters are warning that flooding could get worse. In the false-color image, land is green, and water is black and dark brown. Clouds appear pink, red and white. Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1221539-liquidliquid-mixing-studies-annular-centrifugal-contactors-comparing-stationary-mixing-vane-options','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1221539-liquidliquid-mixing-studies-annular-centrifugal-contactors-comparing-stationary-mixing-vane-options"><span>Liquid–liquid <span class="hlt">mixing</span> studies in annular centrifugal contactors comparing stationary <span class="hlt">mixing</span> vane options</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Wardle, Kent E.</p> <p>2015-09-11</p> <p>Comparative studies of multiphase operation of an annular centrifugal contactor show the impact of housing stationary <span class="hlt">mixing</span> vane configuration. A number of experimental results for several different <span class="hlt">mixing</span> vane options are reported for operation of a 12.5 cm engineering-scale contactor unit. Fewer straight vanes give greater <span class="hlt">mixing-zone</span> hold-up compared to curved vanes. Quantitative comparison of droplet size distribution also showed a significant decrease in mean diameter for four straight vanes versus eight curved vanes. This set of measurements gives a compelling case for careful consideration of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> vane geometry when evaluating hydraulic operation and extraction process efficiency of annular centrifugalmore » contactors.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9372S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9372S"><span>Combining Envisat type and CryoSat-2 altimetry to inform hydrodynamic models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schneider, Raphael; Nygaard Godiksen, Peter; Villadsen, Heidi; Madsen, Henrik; Bauer-Gottwein, Peter</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Hydrological models are developed and used for flood forecasting and water resources management. Such models rely on a variety of input and calibration data. In general, and especially in data scarce areas, remote sensing provides valuable data for the parameterization and updating of such models. Satellite radar altimeters provide water level measurements of inland water bodies. So far, many studies making use of satellite altimeters have been based on data from repeat-orbit missions such as Envisat, ERS or Jason or on synthetic wide-swath altimetry data as expected from the SWOT mission. This work represents one of the first hydrologic applications of altimetry data from a drifting orbit satellite mission, using data from CryoSat-2. We present an application where CryoSat-2 data is used to improve a hydrodynamic model of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basins in South Asia set up in the DHI MIKE 11 software. The model's parameterization and forcing is mainly based on remote sensing data, for example the TRMM 3B42 precipitation product and the SRTM DEM for river and subcatchment delineation. CryoSat-2 water levels were extracted over a river mask derived from Landsat 7 and 8 imagery. After calibrating the hydrological-hydrodynamic model against observed discharge, simulated water levels were fitted to the CryoSat-2 data, with a focus on the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river in the Assam valley: The average simulated water level in the hydrodynamic model was fitted to the average water level along the river's course as observed by CryoSat-2 over the years 2011-2013 by adjusting the river bed elevation. In a second step, the cross section shapes were adjusted so that the simulated water level dynamics matched those obtained from Envisat virtual station time series. The discharge calibration resulted in Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients of 0.86 and 0.94 for the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>. Using the Landsat river mask, the CryoSat-2 water levels show consistency along the river and are in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27478256','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27478256"><span>Water sources and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in riparian wetlands revealed by tracers and geospatial analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lessels, Jason S; Tetzlaff, Doerthe; Birkel, Christian; Dick, Jonathan; Soulsby, Chris</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Mixing</span> of waters within riparian <span class="hlt">zones</span> has been identified as an important influence on runoff generation and water quality. Improved understanding of the controls on the spatial and temporal variability of water sources and how they <span class="hlt">mix</span> in riparian <span class="hlt">zones</span> is therefore of both fundamental and applied interest. In this study, we have combined topographic indices derived from a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with repeated spatially high-resolution synoptic sampling of multiple tracers to investigate such dynamics of source water <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. We use geostatistics to estimate concentrations of three different tracers (deuterium, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon) across an extended riparian <span class="hlt">zone</span> in a headwater catchment in NE Scotland, to identify spatial and temporal influences on <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of source waters. The various biogeochemical tracers and stable isotopes helped constrain the sources of runoff and their temporal dynamics. Results show that spatial variability in all three tracers was evident in all sampling campaigns, but more pronounced in warmer dryer periods. The extent of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> areas within the riparian area reflected strong hydroclimatic controls and showed large degrees of expansion and contraction that was not strongly related to topographic indices. The integrated approach of using multiple tracers, geospatial statistics, and topographic analysis allowed us to classify three main riparian source areas and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span>. This study underlines the importance of the riparian <span class="hlt">zones</span> for <span class="hlt">mixing</span> soil water and groundwater and introduces a novel approach how this <span class="hlt">mixing</span> can be quantified and the effect on the downstream chemistry be assessed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H33C1682M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H33C1682M"><span>Improving Simulations of Extreme Flows by Coupling a Physically-based Hydrologic Model with a Machine Learning Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mohammed, K.; Islam, A. S.; Khan, M. J. U.; Das, M. K.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>With the large number of hydrologic models presently available along with the global weather and geographic datasets, streamflows of almost any river in the world can be easily modeled. And if a reasonable amount of observed data from that river is available, then simulations of high accuracy can sometimes be performed after calibrating the model parameters against those observed data through inverse modeling. Although such calibrated models can succeed in simulating the general trend or mean of the observed flows very well, more often than not they fail to adequately simulate the extreme flows. This causes difficulty in tasks such as generating reliable projections of future changes in extreme flows due to climate change, which is obviously an important task due to floods and droughts being closely connected to people's lives and livelihoods. We propose an approach where the outputs of a physically-based hydrologic model are used as an input to a machine learning model to try and better simulate the extreme flows. To demonstrate this offline-coupling approach, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was selected as the physically-based hydrologic model, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as the machine learning model and the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna (GBM) river system as the study area. The GBM river system, located in South Asia, is the third largest in the world in terms of freshwater generated and forms the largest delta in the world. The flows of the GBM rivers were simulated separately in order to test the performance of this proposed approach in accurately simulating the extreme flows generated by different basins that vary in size, climate, hydrology and anthropogenic intervention on stream networks. Results show that by post-processing the simulated flows of the SWAT models with ANN models, simulations of extreme flows can be significantly improved. The mean absolute errors in simulating annual maximum/minimum daily flows were minimized from 4967</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=7&id=ED239188','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=impacts+AND+delinquency+AND+community&pg=7&id=ED239188"><span>Predicting <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Fight Participation in a General Youth Sample via the HEW Youth Development Model's Community Program Impact Scales, Age, and Sex.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Truckenmiller, James L.</p> <p></p> <p>The accurate prediction of violence has been in the spotlight of critical concern in recent years. To investigate the relative predictive power of peer pressure, youth perceived negative labeling, youth perceived access to educational and occupational roles, social alienation, self-esteem, sex, and age with regard to <span class="hlt">gang</span> fight participation…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.U23B..11S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.U23B..11S"><span>A suture delta: the co-evolution of tectonics and sedimentology as a remnant ocean basin closes; the Indo Burman ranges, northeast India and Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sincavage, R.; Betka, P. M.; Seeber, L.; Steckler, M. S.; Zoramthara, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The closure of an ocean basin involves the interplay of tectonics and sedimentology, whereby thick successions of fluvio-deltaic and shallow marine sediment accumulate in the closing gap between the subduction <span class="hlt">zone</span> and passive margin. The transition from subduction to collision involves processes that are inherently time-transgressive and co-evolve to influence the nature of the developing tectonic wedge. The Indo-Burman Ranges (IBR) of eastern India present a unique opportunity to examine this scenario on a variety of spatial (10-2­­­-105 m2) and temporal (1 a-10 Ma) scales. Recent field mapping campaigns in the IBR have illuminated analogous depositional environments expressed in the Neogene outcrops of the IBR and the Holocene sediment archive of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta (GBMD). Six distinct lithofacies are present in shallow-marine to fluvial strata of the IBR, containing sedimentary structures that reflect depositional environments correlative with the modern delta. Cyclical alternations of fine sands and silts in packages on the order of 15-20 cm thick define part of the shallow-marine section (M2 facies) that we interpret to represent the foreset beds of the ancient subaqueous delta. The overall scale and sedimentary structures of M2 compare favorably with modern foreset deposits in the Bay of Bengal. Tan-orange medium-grained, well sorted fluvial sandstone that contain large scale (1-10 m) tabular and trough cross bedding represent large-river channel deposits (F2 facies) that overlie the shallow marine strata. F2 deposits bear a striking resemblance in scale and character to bar deposits along the modern Jamuna River. Preliminary grain size analyses on the F2 facies yield grain size distributions that are remarkably consistent with <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>-sourced mid-Holocene sediments from Sylhet basin within the GBMD. Current research on the GBMD has revealed quantifiable trends in bed thicknesses, downstream fining, and grain size within fluvial</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3522503K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3522503K"><span>Mass loss on Himalayan glacier endangers water resources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kehrwald, Natalie M.; Thompson, Lonnie G.; Tandong, Yao; Mosley-Thompson, Ellen; Schotterer, Ulrich; Alfimov, Vasily; Beer, Jürg; Eikenberg, Jost; Davis, Mary E.</p> <p>2008-11-01</p> <p>Ice cores drilled from glaciers around the world generally contain horizons with elevated levels of beta radioactivity including 36Cl and 3H associated with atmospheric thermonuclear bomb testing in the 1950s and 1960s. Ice cores collected in 2006 from Naimona'nyi Glacier in the Himalaya (Tibet) lack these distinctive marker horizons suggesting no net accumulation of mass (ice) since at least 1950. Naimona'nyi is the highest glacier (6050 masl) documented to be losing mass annually suggesting the possibility of similar mass loss on other high-elevation glaciers in low and mid-latitudes under a warmer Earth scenario. If climatic conditions dominating the mass balance of Naimona'nyi extend to other glaciers in the region, the implications for water resources could be serious as these glaciers feed the headwaters of the Indus, <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> Rivers that sustain one of the world's most populous regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29433003','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29433003"><span><span class="hlt">Mixing</span> of ultrasonic Lamb waves in thin plates with quadratic nonlinearity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Feilong; Zhao, Youxuan; Cao, Peng; Hu, Ning</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>This paper investigates the propagation of Lamb waves in thin plates with quadratic nonlinearity by one-way <span class="hlt">mixing</span> method using numerical simulations. It is shown that an A 0 -mode wave can be generated by a pair of S 0 and A 0 mode waves only when <span class="hlt">mixing</span> condition is satisfied, and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> wave signals are capable of locating the damage <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Additionally, it is manifested that the acoustic nonlinear parameter increases linearly with quadratic nonlinearity but monotonously with the size of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Furthermore, because of frequency deviation, the waveform of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> wave changes significantly from a regular diamond shape to toneburst trains. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OcScD..10.1707P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OcScD..10.1707P"><span>Transformation of organic carbon, trace element, and organo-mineral colloids in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> of the largest European Arctic river</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pokrovsky, O. S.; Shirokova, L. S.; Viers, J.; Gordeev, V. V.; Shevchenko, V. P.; Chupakov, A. V.; Vorobieva, T. Y.; Candaudap, F.; Casseraund, C.; Lanzanova, A.; Zouiten, C.</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p> decrease occurring at low (< 5‰) salinities. Overall, the observed decrease of the colloidal fraction may be related to the coagulation of organo-ferric colloids at the beginning of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> and therefore the replacement of the HMW1 kDa-0.22 μm portion by the LMW< 1 kDa fraction. These patterns are highly reproducible across different sampling seasons, suggesting significant enrichment of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> by the most labile (and potentially bioavailable) fraction of the OC, Fe and insoluble TE. The size fractionation of the colloidal material during estuarine <span class="hlt">mixing</span> reflects a number of inorganic and biological processes, the relative contribution of which to element speciation varies depending on the hydrological stage and time of year. In particular, LMW< 1 kDa ligand production in the surface horizons of the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> may be linked to heterotrophic mineralization of allochthonous DOM and/or photodestruction. Given the relatively low concentration of particulate vs. dissolved load of most trace elements, desorption from the river suspended material was less pronounced than in other rivers in the world. As a result, the majority of dissolved components exhibited either a conservative (OC and related elements such as divalent metals) or non-conservative, coagulation-controlled (Fe, Al, and insoluble TE associated with organo-ferric colloids) behavior. The climate warming in high latitudes is likely to intensify the production of LMW< 1 kDa organic ligands and the associated TE; therefore, the delivery of potentially bioavailable trace metal micronutrients from the land to the ocean may increase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683650','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25683650"><span>A review of arsenic and its impacts in groundwater of the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna delta, Bangladesh.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Edmunds, W M; Ahmed, K M; Whitehead, P G</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Arsenic in drinking water is the single most important environmental issue facing Bangladesh; between 35 and 77 million of its 156 million inhabitants are considered to be at risk from drinking As-contaminated water. This dominates the list of stress factors affecting health, livelihoods and the ecosystem of the delta region. There is a vast literature on the subject so this review provides a filter of the more important information available on the topic. The arsenic problem arises from the move in the 1980s and 1990s by international agencies to construct tube wells as a source of water free of pathogens, groundwater usually considered a safe source. Since arsenic was not measured during routine chemical analysis and also is difficult to measure at low concentrations it was not until the late 1990s that the widespread natural anomaly of high arsenic was discovered and confirmed. The problem was exacerbated by the fact that the medical evidence of arsenicosis only appears slowly. The problem arises in delta regions because of the young age of the sediments deposited by the GBM river system. The sediments contain minerals such as biotite which undergo slow "diagenetic" reactions as the sediments become compacted, and which, under the reducing conditions of the groundwater, release in the form of toxic As(3+). The problem is restricted to sediments of Holocene age and groundwater of a certain depth (mainly 30-150 m), coinciding with the optimum well depth. The problem is most serious in a belt across southern Bangladesh, but within 50 m of the coast the problem is only minor because of use of deep groundwater; salinity in shallow groundwater here is the main issue for drinking water. The Government of Bangladesh adopted a National Arsenic Policy and Mitigation Action Plan in 2004 for providing arsenic safe water to all the exposed population, to provide medical care for those who have visible symptoms of arsenicosis. There is as yet no national monitoring program in place. Various mitigation strategies have been tested, but generally the numerous small scale technological remedies have proved unworkable at village level. The current statistics show that use of deep groundwater (below 150 m) is the main source of arsenic mitigation over most of the arsenic affected areas as well as rainwater harvesting in certain location.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.9911L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.9911L"><span>Use of a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> model to investigate groundwater-surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and nitrogen biogeochemistry in the bed of a groundwater-fed river</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lansdown, Katrina; Heppell, Kate; Ullah, Sami; Heathwaite, A. Louise; Trimmer, Mark; Binley, Andrew; Heaton, Tim; Zhang, Hao</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The dynamics of groundwater and surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and associated nitrogen transformations in the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> have been investigated within a gaining reach of a groundwater-fed river (River Leith, Cumbria, UK). The regional aquifer consists of Permo-Triassic sandstone, which is overlain by varying depths of glaciofluvial sediments (~15 to 50 cm) to form the river bed. The reach investigated (~250m long) consists of a series of riffle and pool sequences (Käser et al. 2009), with other geomorphic features such as vegetated islands and marginal bars also present. A network of 17 piezometers, each with six depth-distributed pore water samplers based on the design of Rivett et al. (2008), was installed in the river bed in June 2009. An additional 18 piezometers with a single pore water sampler were installed in the riparian <span class="hlt">zone</span> along the study reach. Water samples were collected from the pore water samplers on three occasions during summer 2009, a period of low flow. The <span class="hlt">zone</span> of groundwater-surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> within the river bed sediments was inferred from depth profiles (0 to 100 cm) of conservative chemical species and isotopes of water with the collected samples. Sediment cores collected during piezometer installation also enabled characterisation of grain size within the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span>. A multi-component <span class="hlt">mixing</span> model was developed to quantify the relative contributions of different water sources (surface water, groundwater and bank exfiltration) to the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Depth profiles of ‘predicted' nitrate concentration were constructed using the relative contribution of each water source to the hyporheic and the nitrate concentration of the end members. This approach assumes that the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of different sources of water is the only factor controlling the nitrate concentration of pore water in the river bed sediments. Comparison of predicted nitrate concentrations (which assume only <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of waters with different nitrate concentrations) with actual</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED444270.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED444270.pdf"><span>Indicators of School Crime Safety, 2000.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kaufman, Phillip; Chen, Xianglei; Choy, Susan P.; Ruddy, Sally A.; Miller, Amanda K.; Fleury, Jill K.; Chandler, Kathryn A.; Rand, Michael R.; Klaus, Patsy; Planty, Michael</p> <p></p> <p>Providing the latest data, this report on school safety presents a <span class="hlt">mixed</span> picture: while overall crime has declined, violence, <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, and drugs remain at some schools. Victimization at school declined from 1995-99, though rates for fighting and weapon threats remain steady. Students seem more secure, and <span class="hlt">gang</span> activity decreased; however, in grades…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=father+AND+involvement+AND+questionnaire&pg=4&id=ED555070','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=father+AND+involvement+AND+questionnaire&pg=4&id=ED555070"><span>The Lived Experiences of Single Hispanic Mothers Raising <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Affiliated Male Youth Released from Texas Juvenile Justice Department State Facilities: A Phenomenological Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Rodriguez-Almendarez, Ruby</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study (Moustakas, 1994) was to describe the experiences that single Hispanic mothers of <span class="hlt">gang</span>-affiliated male juveniles face during their sons' reentry process after being released from a Texas Juvenile Justice Department state facility. Methods: After an extensive review of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22237','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22237"><span>Recognizing interactions among lumber grading rules, <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping technology, and industry needs could increase the use of No.2 Common lumber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Recognizing the interactions among lumber grading rules, <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping technology, and the parts needs of the furniture and cabinet industries could increase the use of No. 2 Common lumber as a raw material. The minimum piece size used in establishing the No.2 Common grade is 3 inches by 2 feet. Industry often needs shorter and narrower pieces than this. No.2 Common...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20700650','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20700650"><span>Distribution and solid-phase speciation of toxic heavy metals of bed sediments of Bharali tributary of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hoque, Raza Rafiqul; Goswami, K G; Kusre, B C; Sarma, K P</p> <p>2011-06-01</p> <p>Heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cd) concentrations and their chemical speciations were investigated for the first time in bed sediments of Bharali River, a major tributary of the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River of the Eastern Himalayas. Levels of Fe, Mn, Pb, and Cd in the bed sediments were much below the average Indian rivers; however, Cu and Zn exhibit levels on the higher side. Enrichment factors (EF) of all metals was greater than 1 and a higher trend of EF was seen in the abandoned channel for most metals. Pb showed maximum EF of 32 at site near an urban center. The geoaccumulation indices indicate that Bharali river is moderately polluted. The metals speciations, done by a sequential extraction regime, show that Cd, Cu, and Pb exhibit considerable presence in the exchangeable and carbonate fraction, thereby showing higher mobility and bioavailability. On the other hand, Ni, Mn, and Fe exhibit greater presence in the residual fraction and Zn was dominant in the Fe-Mn oxide phase. Inter-species correlations at three sites did not show similar trends for metal pairs indicating potential variations in the contributing sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5043/pdf/sir2014-5043.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5043/pdf/sir2014-5043.pdf"><span>Integrated synoptic surveys of the hydrodynamics and water-quality distributions in two Lake Michigan rivermouth <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> using an autonomous underwater vehicle and a manned boat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Jackson, P. Ryan; Reneau, Paul C.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Monitoring Network for U.S. Coastal Waters and Tributaries, launched a pilot project in 2010 to determine the value of integrated synoptic surveys of rivermouths using autonomous underwater vehicle technology in response to a call for rivermouth research, which includes study domains that envelop both the fluvial and lacustrine boundaries of the rivermouth <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The pilot project was implemented at two Lake Michigan rivermouths with largely different scales, hydrodynamics, and settings, but employing primarily the same survey techniques and methods. The Milwaukee River Estuary Area of Concern (AOC) survey included measurements in the lower 2 to 3 miles of the Milwaukee, Menomonee, and Kinnickinnic Rivers and inner and outer Milwaukee Harbor. This estuary is situated in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and is the most populated basin that flows directly into Lake Michigan. In contrast, the Manitowoc rivermouth has a relatively small harbor separating the rivermouth from Lake Michigan, and the Manitowoc River Watershed is primarily agricultural. Both the Milwaukee and Manitowoc rivermouths are unregulated and allow free exchange of water with Lake Michigan. This pilot study of the Milwaukee River Estuary and Manitowoc rivermouth using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) paired with a manned survey boat resulted in high spatial and temporal resolution datasets of basic water-quality parameter distributions and hydrodynamics. The AUV performed well in these environments and was found primarily well-suited for harbor and nearshore surveys of three-dimensional water-quality distributions. Both case studies revealed that the use of a manned boat equipped with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and multiparameter sonde (and an optional flow-through water-quality sampling system) was the best option for riverine surveys. To ensure that the most accurate and highest resolution velocity data</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774919','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774919"><span>Drug Sales, Gender, and Risk: Notions of Risk From the Perspective of <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Involved Young Adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; Hunt, Geoffrey; Joe-Laidler, Karen</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>We examine gender and meanings of risk in interviews (2007-2010) with <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved young men and women (n = 253) engaged in illicit drug sales in San Francisco, California. The in-depth interviews from this NIDA-funded study were coded using the software NVivo to identify patterns and themes. We examine their interpretations of the risks of drug-selling and their narratives about gender differences in these risks. We find distinct discourses regarding the role of femininities and masculinities and male and female bodies in shaping risk as well as the nexus between gender, family, and risk for female drug sellers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/30935','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/30935"><span>Scheduling work <span class="hlt">zones</span> in multi-modal networks phase 1: scheduling work <span class="hlt">zones</span> in transportation service networks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The purpose of this project is to study the optimal scheduling of work <span class="hlt">zones</span> so that they have minimum negative impact (e.g., travel delay, gas consumption, accidents, etc.) on transport service vehicle flows. In this project, a <span class="hlt">mixed</span> integer linear ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AtmEn..42.1717L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AtmEn..42.1717L"><span>Experimental and numerical study on particle distribution in a two-<span class="hlt">zone</span> chamber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lai, Alvin C. K.; Wang, K.; Chen, F. Z.</p> <p></p> <p>Better understanding of aerosol dynamics is an important step for improving personal exposure assessments in indoor environments. Although the limitation of the assumptions in a well-<span class="hlt">mixed</span> model is well known, there has been very little research reported in the published literature on the discrepancy of exposure assessments between numerical models which take account of gravitational effects and the well-<span class="hlt">mixed</span> model. A new Eulerian-type drift-flux model has been developed to simulate particle dispersion and personal exposure in a two-<span class="hlt">zone</span> geometry, which accounts for the drift velocity resulting from gravitational settling and diffusion. To validate the numerical model, a small-scale chamber was fabricated. The airflow characteristics and particle concentrations were measured by a phase Doppler Anemometer. Both simulated airflow and concentration profiles agree well with the experimental results. A strong inhomogeneous concentration was observed experimentally for 10 μm aerosols. The computational model was further applied to study a simple hypothetical, yet more realistic scenario. The aim was to explore different levels of exposure predicted by the new model and the well-<span class="hlt">mixed</span> model. Aerosols are initially uniformly distributed in one <span class="hlt">zone</span> and subsequently transported and dispersed to an adjacent <span class="hlt">zone</span> through an opening. Owing to the significant difference in the rates of transport and dispersion between aerosols and gases, inferred from the results, the well-<span class="hlt">mixed</span> model tends to overpredict the concentration in the source <span class="hlt">zone</span>, and under-predict the concentration in the exposed <span class="hlt">zone</span>. The results are very useful to illustrate that the well-<span class="hlt">mixed</span> assumption must be applied cautiously for exposure assessments as such an ideal condition may not be applied for coarse particles.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1033542','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1033542"><span>2011 Workplace and Equal Opportunity Survey of Reserve Component Members: Qualitative Analysis on Extremist Groups, Hate Crimes, and <span class="hlt">Gangs</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-06-15</p> <p>sometimes victims of crimes such as vandalism , robbery, property defacement, and assault because of their military affiliation.  “The problems are with the...are targeted with vandalism , Military Members personal property is being damaged.” —USMCR, male, senior enlisted, White  “I live near [LOCATION...White  “There are young teenagers that are in the <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. Some of these teens do crimes such as theft or trespassing.” —ANG, male, senior</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55467','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/55467"><span>Effects of preprocessing 1 Common and 2A Common red oak lumber on <span class="hlt">gang</span>-rip-first rough-mill dimension part yields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; R. Edward Thomas; Elizabeth S. Walker</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Using the ROMI-RIP simulator we examined the implications of preprocessing for <span class="hlt">gang</span>-rip-first rough mills. Rip-first rough mills can improve yield and throughput by preprocessing 1 Common and 2A Common hardwood lumber. This can be achieved by using a chop saw to separate poorer quality board segments from better ones and remove waste areas with little or no yield. This...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22229','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/22229"><span>The effects of crosscutting before <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping on dimension part yields from no. 1 and 2A common red oak lumber</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles, J. Gatchell; Janice K. Wiedenbeck; Elizabeth S. Walker; Elizabeth S. Walker</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Mills should have the option to crosscut red oak lumber prior to <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping to remove crook and worthless material and to take advantage of the quality differences between board ends. At least half of No: 1 and 2A Common red oak boards will have end-to-end yield differences of at least 10 percent. Preprocessing will cause a slight decrease in overall yield but will...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21828','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/21828"><span>No. 1 and No. 2 Common red oak yields: similar part sizes when <span class="hlt">gang</span>-ripping is used to process boards with crook</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Computer simulation was used to <span class="hlt">gang</span> rip No. 1 and No. 2 Common red oak boards before and after removal of crook. While No. 1 Common produced slightly more total yield, the part yields were very similar. No. 1 Common was superior only in yielding 75-inch-long pieces. Either grade is an excellent choice for the furniture and cabinet industries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020049439&hterms=tics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dtics','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020049439&hterms=tics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dtics"><span>Observational Evidence for <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> and Dust Condensation in Core-Collapse Supernovae</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wooden, Diane; Young, Richard E. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Recent findings of isotopic anomalies of Ca-44 (the decay product of Ti-44) and the enhanced ratio of Si-28/Si-30 in SiC grains X, TiC subgrains, and graphite dust grains within primitive meteorites provides strong evidence that these presolar grains came from core-collapse supernovae. The chemical composition of the presolar grains requires macroscopic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of newly nucleo-synthesized elements from explosive silicon burning at the innermost <span class="hlt">zone</span> of the ejects to higher velocities where C exists and where C/O > 1 in either the outer edge of the oxygen <span class="hlt">zone</span> or in the He-C <span class="hlt">zone</span>. To date, the only core-collapse supernova observed to form dust is the brightest supernova of the past four centuries, SN1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Observations of SN1987A confirm large scale macroscopic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> occurs in the explosions of massive stars. Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities macroscopically <span class="hlt">mix</span> most of the ejects into regions which are still chemically homogeneous and which cool with different time scales. Only small clumps in the ejects are microscopically <span class="hlt">mixed</span>. Observations show that dust condensed in the ejects of SN1987A after approx.500 days in the Fe-rich gas. Neither silicates nor SiC grains were seen in the dust emission spectrum of SN1987A. SN1987A, the Rosetta Stone of core-collapse supernovae, shows that while the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> required to explain presolar grains occurs, the rapid cooling of the Fe <span class="hlt">zone</span> and the sustained high temperatures of the O-Si, O-C, and He-C <span class="hlt">zones</span> favor the formation of iron-rich rather than oxygen- or carbon-rich grains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880053986&hterms=floating+point&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dfloating%2Bpoint','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880053986&hterms=floating+point&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dfloating%2Bpoint"><span>Laminar <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in a small floating <span class="hlt">zone</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Harriott, George M.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The relationship between the flow and solute fields during steady mass transfer of a dilute component is analyzed for multi-cellular rotating flows in the floating <span class="hlt">zone</span> process of semiconductor growth. When the recirculating flows are weak in relation to the rate of crystal growth, a closed-form solution clearly shows the link between the convection pattern in the melt and the solute distribution across the surface of the growing solid. In the limit of strong convection, finite element calculations demonstrate the tendency of the composition to become uniform over the majority of the melt. The solute segregation in the product crystal is greatest when the recirculating motion is comparable to the rate of crystal growth, and points to the danger in attempting to grow compositionally uniform materials from a nearly convectionless melt.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H41G1419T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.H41G1419T"><span>Paradigm for Distributive & Procedural Justice in Equitable Apportionment of Transboundary <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Waters Under Changing Climate & Landuse</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tyagi, H.; Gosain, A. K.; Khosa, R.; Anand, J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Rivers have no regard for human demarcated boundaries. Besides, ever increasing demand-supply gap & vested riparian interests, fuel transboundary water conflicts. For resolving such disputes, appropriation doctrines advocating equity & fairness have received endorsement in the Helsinki Rules-1966 & UN Convention-1997. Thus, current study proposes the principle of equitable apportionment for sharing <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> waters as it balances the interests & deservedness of all stakeholders, namely, India & its 11 states, Bangladesh, Nepal, & China. The study endeavors to derive a reasonable share of each co-basin state by operationalizing the vague concepts of fairness & equity through an objective & quantitative framework encompassing proportionality & egalitarianism for distributive & procedural justice. Equal weightage factors reflecting hydrology, geography & water use potential are chosen for fair share computation, wherein each contender ranks these factors to maximize his entitlement. If cumulative claims exceed the water availability, each claimant puts forth next ranked factor & this process continues till the claims match availability. Due to inter-annual variability in few factors, scenarios for Rabi & Kharif seasons are considered apart from cases for maximum, upper quartile, median, lower quartile & minimum. Possibility of spatial homogeneity & heterogeneity in factors is also recognized. Sometimes lack of technical information hinders transboundary dispute resolution via legal mechanisms. Hence, the study also attempts to bridge this gap between law & technology through GIS-based SWAT hydrologic model by estimating the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> water yield, & consequent share of each riparian for range of flows incorporating e-flows as well, under present & future climate & landuse scenarios. 82% of India's territory lies within interstate rivers, & therefore this research is very pertinent as it can facilitate the decision makers in effective interstate water conflict resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1375355-solute-mixing-regulates-heterogeneity-mineral-precipitation-porous-media-effect-solute-mixing-precipitation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1375355-solute-mixing-regulates-heterogeneity-mineral-precipitation-porous-media-effect-solute-mixing-precipitation"><span>Solute <span class="hlt">mixing</span> regulates heterogeneity of mineral precipitation in porous media: Effect of Solute <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> on Precipitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Cil, Mehmet B.; Xie, Minwei; Packman, Aaron I.</p> <p></p> <p>Synchrotron X-ray microtomography was used to track the spatiotemporal evolution of mineral precipitation and the consequent alteration of the pore structure. Column experiments were conducted by injecting CaCl2 and NaHCO3 solutions into granular porous media either as a premixed supersaturated solution (external <span class="hlt">mixing</span>) or as separate solutions that <span class="hlt">mixed</span> within the specimen (internal <span class="hlt">mixing</span>). The two <span class="hlt">mixing</span> modes produced distinct mineral growth patterns. While internal <span class="hlt">mixing</span> promoted transverse heterogeneity with precipitation at the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, external <span class="hlt">mixing</span> favored relatively homogeneous precipitation along the flow direction. The impact of precipitation on pore water flow and permeability was assessed via 3-D flowmore » simulations, which indicated anisotropic permeability evolution for both <span class="hlt">mixing</span> modes. Under both <span class="hlt">mixing</span> modes, precipitation decreased the median pore size and increased the skewness of the pore size distribution. Such similar pore-scale evolution patterns suggest that the clogging of individual pores depends primarily on local supersaturation state and pore geometry.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H53K..07D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H53K..07D"><span>The dynamics of human-water systems: comparing observations and simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Di Baldassarre, G.; Ciullo, A.; Castellarin, A.; Viglione, A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Real-word data of human-flood interactions are compared to the results of stylized socio-hydrological models. These models build on numerous examples from different parts of the world and consider two main prototypes of floodplain systems. Green systems, whereby societies cope with flood risk via non-structural measures, e.g. resettling out of floodplain areas ("living with floods" approach); and Technological systems, whereby societies cope with flood risk by also via structural measures, e.g. building levees ("fighting floods" approach). The floodplain systems of the Tiber River in Rome and the <span class="hlt">Ganges-Brahmaputra</span>-Meghna Rivers in Bangladesh systems are used as case studies. The comparison of simulations and observations shows the potential of socio-hydrological models in capturing the dynamics of risk emerging from the interactions and feedbacks between social and hydrological processes, such as learning and forgetting effects. It is then discussed how the proposed approach can contribute to a better understanding of flood risk changes and therefore support the process of disaster risk reduction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMOS31D..07V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMOS31D..07V"><span>Dynamics of tropical oxygen minium <span class="hlt">zones</span> (OMZ): The role of vertical <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and eddy stirring in ventilating the OMZ in the tropical Atlantic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Visbeck, M.; Banyte, D.; Brandt, P.; Dengler, M.; Fischer, T.; Karstensen, J.; Krahmann, G.; Tanhua, T. S.; Stramma, L.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Equatorial Dynamics provide an essential influence on the ventilation pathways of well oxygenated surface water on their route to tropical oxygen minimum <span class="hlt">zones</span> (OMZ). The large scale wind driven circulation shield OMZs from the direct ventilation pathways. They are located in the so called ';shadow <span class="hlt">zones</span>' equator ward of the subtropical gyres. From what is known most of the oxygen is supplied via pathways from the western boundary modulated by the complex zonal equatorial current system and marginally by vertical <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. What was less clear is which of the possible pathways are most effective in transporting dissolved oxygen towards the OMZ. A collaborative research program focused on the dynamics of oxygen minimum <span class="hlt">zones</span>, called SFB754 "Climate - Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean", allowed us to conduct two ocean tracer release experiments to investigate the vertical and horizontal <span class="hlt">mixing</span> rates and associated oxygen transports. Specifically we report on the first deliberate tracer release experiment (GUTRE, Guinea Upwelling Tracer Release Experiment) in the tropical northeast Atlantic carried out in order to determine the diapycnal diffusivity coefficient in the upper layer of the OMZ. A tracer (CF3SF5) was injected in spring of 2008 and subsequently measured during three designated tracer survey cruises until the end of 2010. We found that, generally, the diffusivity is larger than expected for low latitudes and similar in magnitude to what has previously been experimentally determined in the Canary Basin. When combining the tracer study with estimates of diapycnal <span class="hlt">mixing</span> based on microstructure profiling and a newly developed method using ship board ADCPs we were able to compute the vertical oxygen flux and its divergence for the OMZ. To our surprise, the vertical flux of oxygen by diapycnal <span class="hlt">mixing</span> provides about 30% of the total ventilation. The estimate was derived from the simple advection-diffusion model taking into account moored and ship</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMED41A3454M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMED41A3454M"><span>Local Economic Development and Hydropower Along the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River Basin in Northeast India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mock, A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Large dams have long been controversial. They offer benefits, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, and local development, yet produce negative social and ecological impact, such as wildlife habitat destruction, human displacement, and the disruption of downstream fishing or agricultural industries. In the past decade, the Indian government has signed Memoranda of Understanding with hydroelectric power companies for the building of over 130 large dams on the <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. These dams can generate 43% of India's assessed hydropower potential to sustain India's growing economy. In addition, the Indian government claims that these dams will bring local development with needed jobs. However, local Arunachali people have protested and temporarily halted hydropower projects because of the impact of dams on their existing livelihoods. Using the North Eastern Electric Power Corporation's (NEEPCO) Ranganadi Hydroelectric Project as a case study, our project examined whether dams in Northeast India provide jobs for local people, and whether distance from the dam or work colony to a worker's hometown affects the type of job the worker received. Survey data from residents at NEEPCO's work colony in Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, was analyzed using SPSS (n = 18). Our research found that 100% of workers at the dam originally resided in Northeast India, with 33% from Arunachal Pradesh, and 67% from the nearby states of Assam, and Tripura. Further, our analysis revealed no statistically significant relationship between the distance to a worker's hometown and job type (p = .609). Where workers come from did not affect the type of job they received. More research using a larger sample size and additional hydroelectric project case studies is needed to further explore the relationship between worker home location and their job types.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4673106','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4673106"><span>Drug Sales, Gender, and Risk: Notions of Risk From the Perspective of <span class="hlt">Gang</span>-Involved Young Adults</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Moloney, Molly; Hunt, Geoffrey; Joe-Laidler, Karen</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We examine gender and meanings of risk in interviews (2007–2010) with <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved young men and women (n = 253) engaged in illicit drug sales in San Francisco, California. The in-depth interviews from this NIDA-funded study were coded using the software NVivo to identify patterns and themes. We examine their interpretations of the risks of drug-selling and their narratives about gender differences in these risks. We find distinct discourses regarding the role of femininities and masculinities and male and female bodies in shaping risk as well as the nexus between gender, family, and risk for female drug sellers. PMID:25774919</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H42F..03H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H42F..03H"><span>Recent Advances in Hyporheic <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Science</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hester, E. T.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> exists beneath and adjacent to streams and rivers where surface water and groundwater interact. It provides unique habitat for aquatic organisms, can buffer surface water temperatures, and can be highly reactive, processing nutrients and improving water quality. The hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> is the subject of considerable research and the past year in WRR witnessed important conceptual advances. A key focus was rigorous evaluation of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> between surface water and groundwater that occurs within hyporheic sediments. Field observations indicate that greater <span class="hlt">mixing</span> occurs in the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> than in deeper groundwater, and this distinction has been explored by recent numerical modeling studies, but more research is needed to fully understand the causes. A commentary this year in WRR proposed that hyporheic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> is enhanced by a combination of fluctuating boundary conditions and multiscale physical and chemical spatial heterogeneity but confirmation is left to future research. This year also witnessed the boundaries of knowledge pushed back in a number of other key areas. Field quantification of hyporheic exchange and reactions benefited from advances including the use and interpretation of high frequency nutrient sensors, actively heater fiber optic sensors, isotope tracers, and geophysical methods such as electrical resistivity imaging. Conceptual advances were made in understanding the effects of unsteady environmental conditions (e.g., tides and storms) and preferential flow on hyporheic processes. Finally, hyporheic science is being brought increasingly to bear on applied issues such as informing nutrient removal crediting for stream restoration practices, for example in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27052662','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27052662"><span>Groundwater-surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> shifts ecological assembly processes and stimulates organic carbon turnover.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stegen, James C; Fredrickson, James K; Wilkins, Michael J; Konopka, Allan E; Nelson, William C; Arntzen, Evan V; Chrisler, William B; Chu, Rosalie K; Danczak, Robert E; Fansler, Sarah J; Kennedy, David W; Resch, Charles T; Tfaily, Malak</p> <p>2016-04-07</p> <p>Environmental transitions often result in resource mixtures that overcome limitations to microbial metabolism, resulting in biogeochemical hotspots and moments. Riverine systems, where groundwater <span class="hlt">mixes</span> with surface water (the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span>), are spatially complex and temporally dynamic, making development of predictive models challenging. Spatial and temporal variations in hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> microbial communities are a key, but understudied, component of riverine biogeochemical function. Here, to investigate the coupling among groundwater-surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, microbial communities and biogeochemistry, we apply ecological theory, aqueous biogeochemistry, DNA sequencing and ultra-high-resolution organic carbon profiling to field samples collected across times and locations representing a broad range of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> conditions. Our results indicate that groundwater-surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> stimulates heterotrophic respiration, alters organic carbon composition, causes ecological processes to shift from stochastic to deterministic and is associated with elevated abundances of microbial taxa that may degrade a broad suite of organic compounds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15694517','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15694517"><span>The public health roots of <span class="hlt">zoning</span>: in search of active living's legal genealogy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schilling, Joseph; Linton, Leslie S</p> <p>2005-02-01</p> <p>Improvements in the built environment and changes in land-use policy are promising approaches to increasing physical activity among a largely sedentary population. Opportunities for walking and cycling as part of daily life are important to increasing physical activity and improving health. Yet, local <span class="hlt">zoning</span> codes and related land-use regulations have made it difficult to create vibrant, <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use neighborhoods with well-connected streets and more compact development-the infrastructure necessary to support healthier rates of walking and cycling for transportation. To better understand the dynamic nature of land-use law and policy, and how policymakers might accomplish <span class="hlt">zoning</span> reform to encourage more physically active environments, this paper traces the public health roots of <span class="hlt">zoning</span> through a family tree of land-use legal doctrines. <span class="hlt">Zoning</span> and public health laws evolved from the same legal ancestors-the common law of public nuisance and the expansion of state police powers, both premised on protection of the public's health. When the U.S. Supreme Court approved <span class="hlt">zoning</span> in the 1926 case of Ambler Realty v. Village of Euclid, it nominally recognized the health basis of <span class="hlt">zoning</span>. But it went on to craft a new legal rationale focused more on protection of property rights and residential neighborhoods. Since Euclid, court decisions have given little consideration to the public health roots of <span class="hlt">zoning</span>. Given an emerging body of research demonstrating the importance of walking-friendly environments and the deference shown by the courts to the passage of <span class="hlt">zoning</span> laws, the courts are likely to support policymakers as they move to change <span class="hlt">zoning</span> systems conceived long ago. Legal, historical, and policy rationales support the modernization of <span class="hlt">zoning</span> and land use policies that allow sensible <span class="hlt">mixes</span> of land uses. <span class="hlt">Mixed</span> land uses make walking an attractive alternative to driving and support a more physically active and healthy citizenry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJE...104.1388S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJE...104.1388S"><span>A novel high-speed CMOS circuit based on a <span class="hlt">gang</span> of capacitors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sharroush, Sherif M.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>There is no doubt that complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits with wide fan-in suffers from the relatively sluggish operation. In this paper, a circuit that contains a <span class="hlt">gang</span> of capacitors sharing their charge with each other is proposed as an alternative to long N-channel MOS and P-channel MOS stacks. The proposed scheme is investigated quantitatively and verified by simulation using the 45-nm CMOS technology with VDD = 1 V. The time delay, area and power consumption of the proposed scheme are investigated and compared with the conventional static CMOS logic circuit. It is verified that the proposed scheme achieves 52% saving in the average propagation delay for eight inputs and that it has a smaller area compared to the conventional CMOS logic when the number of inputs exceeds three and a smaller power consumption for a number of inputs exceeding two. The impacts of process variations, component mismatches and technology scaling on the proposed scheme are also investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/13978','DOTNTL'); return false;" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/13978"><span>Evaluation of Superpave Gyratory Compaction of Hot <span class="hlt">Mix</span> Asphalt</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/index.do">DOT National Transportation Integrated Search</a></p> <p></p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>About 85 percent of hot <span class="hlt">mix</span> asphalt (HMA) by volume consist of mineral aggregate. One of the most important properties of the aggregate in a HMA <span class="hlt">mix</span> is the gradation. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of restricted <span class="hlt">zone</span> on volumetric ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MMTA...48.2274Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MMTA...48.2274Y"><span>Microstructure and Plastic Deformation of the As-Welded Invar Fusion <span class="hlt">Zones</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yao, D. J.; Zhou, D. R.; Xu, P. Q.; Lu, F. G.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>The as-welded Invar fusion <span class="hlt">zones</span> were fabricated between cemented carbides and carbon steel using a Fe-Ni Invar interlayer and laser welding method. Three regions in the as-welded Invar fusion <span class="hlt">zones</span> were defined to compare microstructures, and these were characterized and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The structure and plastic deformation mechanism for initial Invar Fe-Ni alloys and the as-welded Invar fusion <span class="hlt">zones</span> are discussed. (1) After undergoing high-temperature thermal cycles, the microstructure of the as-welded Invar fusion <span class="hlt">zones</span> contains γ-(Fe, Ni) solid solution (nickel dissolving in γ-Fe) with a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure and <span class="hlt">mixed</span> carbides (eutectic colonies, <span class="hlt">mixed</span> carbides between two adjacent grains). The <span class="hlt">mixed</span> carbides exhibited larger, coarser eutectic microstructures with a decrease in welding speed and an increase in heat input. (2) The structure of the initial Invar and the as-welded Invar is face-centered cubic γ-(Fe, Ni). (3) The as-welded Invar has a larger plastic deformation than initial Invar with an increase in local strain field and dislocation density. Slip deformation is propagated along the (111) plane. This finding helps us to understand microstructure and the formation of dislocation and plastic deformation when the Invar Fe-Ni alloy undergoes a high-temperature process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29754006','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29754006"><span>Time-varying <span class="hlt">mixed</span> logit model for vehicle merging behavior in work <span class="hlt">zone</span> merging areas.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weng, Jinxian; Du, Gang; Li, Dan; Yu, Yao</p> <p>2018-08-01</p> <p>This study aims to develop a time-varying <span class="hlt">mixed</span> logit model for the vehicle merging behavior in work <span class="hlt">zone</span> merging areas during the merging implementation period from the time of starting a merging maneuver to that of completing the maneuver. From the safety perspective, vehicle crash probability and severity between the merging vehicle and its surrounding vehicles are regarded as major factors influencing vehicle merging decisions. Model results show that the model with the use of vehicle crash risk probability and severity could provide higher prediction accuracy than previous models with the use of vehicle speeds and gap sizes. It is found that lead vehicle type, through lead vehicle type, through lag vehicle type, crash probability of the merging vehicle with respect to the through lag vehicle, crash severities of the merging vehicle with respect to the through lead and lag vehicles could exhibit time-varying effects on the merging behavior. One important finding is that the merging vehicle could become more and more aggressive in order to complete the merging maneuver as quickly as possible over the elapsed time, even if it has high vehicle crash risk with respect to the through lead and lag vehicles. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA561785','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA561785"><span>Entrainment <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Characteristics and Entrainment Rates in Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers from DYCOMS-II</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>water and ozone across the EIL. The scalar variables from this flight (not shown) suggest significant horizontal variation in the free- troposphere ...near the cloud top where <span class="hlt">mixing</span> occurs between dry free- troposphere air and moist turbulent air. Although the concept of the entrainment <span class="hlt">zone</span> is...<span class="hlt">mixing</span> occurs between dry free- troposphere air and moist turbulent air. Although the concept of the entrainment <span class="hlt">zone</span> is clear, defining the top and</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552128','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552128"><span>Evaluation of anionic surfactant concentrations in US effluents and probabilistic determination of their combined ecological risk in <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McDonough, Kathleen; Casteel, Kenneth; Itrich, Nina; Menzies, Jennifer; Belanger, Scott; Wehmeyer, Kenneth; Federle, Thomas</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES), linear alkyl benzenesulfonates (LAS) and methyl ester sulfonates (MES) are anionic surfactants that are widely used in household detergents and consumer products resulting in over 1 million tons being disposed of down the drain annually in the US. A monitoring campaign was conducted which collected grab effluent samples from 44 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across the US to generate statistical distributions of effluent concentrations for anionic surfactants. The mean concentrations for AS, AES, LAS and MES were 5.03±4.5, 1.95±0.7, 15.3±19, and 0.35±0.13μg/L respectively. Since each of these surfactants consist of multiple homologues that differ in their toxicity, the concentration of each homologue measured in an effluent sample was converted into a toxic unit (TU) by normalizing to the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) derived from high tier effects data (mesocosm studies). The statistical distributions of the combined TUs in the effluents were used in combination with distributions of dilution factors for WWTP <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> to conduct a US-wide probabilistic risk assessment for the aquatic environment for each of the surfactants. The 90th percentile level of TUs for AS, AES, LAS and MES in <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> were 1.89×10 -2 , 2.73×10 -3 , 2.72×10 -2 , and 3.65×10 -5 under 7Q10 (lowest river flow occurring over a 7day period every 10years) low flow conditions. Because these surfactants have the same toxicological mode of action, the TUs were summed and the aquatic safety for anionic surfactants as a whole was assessed. At the 90th percentile level under the conservative 7Q10 low flow conditions the forecasted TUs were 4.21×10 -2 which indicates that there is a significant margin of safety for the class of anionic surfactants in US aquatic environments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA...49.1264W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA...49.1264W"><span>Correlation Between Intercritical Heat-Affected <span class="hlt">Zone</span> and Type IV Creep Damage <span class="hlt">Zone</span> in Grade 91 Steel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Yiyu; Kannan, Rangasayee; Li, Leijun</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A soft <span class="hlt">zone</span> in Cr-Mo steel weldments has been reported to accompany the infamous Type IV cracking, the highly localized creep damage in the heat-affected <span class="hlt">zone</span> of creep-resistant steels. However, the microstructural features and formation mechanism of this soft <span class="hlt">zone</span> are not well understood. In this study, using microhardness profiling and microstructural verification, the initial soft <span class="hlt">zone</span> in the as-welded condition was identified to be located in the intercritical heat-affected <span class="hlt">zone</span> of P91 steel weldments. It has a <span class="hlt">mixed</span> structure, consisting of Cr-rich re-austenitized prior austenite grains and fine Cr-depleted, tempered martensite grains retained from the base metal. The presence of these further-tempered retained grains, originating from the base metal, is directly responsible for the hardness reduction of the identified soft <span class="hlt">zone</span> in the as-welded condition. The identified soft <span class="hlt">zone</span> exhibits a high location consistency at three thermal stages. Local chemistry analysis and thermodynamic calculation show that the lower chromium concentrations inside these retained grains thermodynamically decrease their potentials for austenitic transformation during welding. Heterogeneous grain growth is observed in the soft <span class="hlt">zone</span> during postweld heat treatment. The mismatch of strengths between the weak Cr-depleted grains and strong Cr-rich grains enhances the creep damage. Local deformation of the weaker Cr-depleted grains accelerates the formation of creep cavities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006HyPr...20.2727S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006HyPr...20.2727S"><span>Multiple injected and natural conservative tracers quantify <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in a stream confluence affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schemel, Laurence E.; Cox, Marisa H.; Runkel, Robert L.; Kimball, Briant A.</p> <p>2006-08-01</p> <p>The acidic discharge from Cement Creek, containing elevated concentrations of dissolved metals and sulphate, <span class="hlt">mixed</span> with the circumneutral-pH Animas River over a several hundred metre reach (<span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>) near Silverton, CO, during this study. Differences in concentrations of Ca, Mg, Si, Sr, and SO42- between the creek and the river were sufficiently large for these analytes to be used as natural tracers in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. In addition, a sodium chloride (NaCl) tracer was injected into Cement Creek, which provided a Cl- reference tracer in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Conservative transport of the dissolved metals and sulphate through the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> was verified by mass balances and by linear <span class="hlt">mixing</span> plots relative to the injected reference tracer. At each of seven sites in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span>, five samples were collected at evenly spaced increments of the observed across-channel gradients, as determined by specific conductance. This created sets of samples that adequately covered the ranges of mixtures (<span class="hlt">mixing</span> ratios, in terms of the fraction of Animas River water, %AR). Concentratis measured in each <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> sample and in the upstream Animas River and Cement Creek were used to compute %AR for the reference and natural tracers. Values of %AR from natural tracers generally showed good agreement with values from the reference tracer, but variability in discharge and end-member concentrations and analytical errors contributed to unexpected outlier values for both injected and natural tracers. The median value (MV) %AR (calculated from all of the tracers) reduced scatter in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> plots for the dissolved metals, indicating that the MV estimate reduced the effects of various potential errors that could affect any tracer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED387572.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED387572.pdf"><span>The <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Problem in America: Formulating an Effective Federal Response. Hearing To Examine How the Federal Government Can Establish Effective Programs To Deter Youth Violence in America before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, Second Session.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.</p> <p></p> <p>The Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary convened to discuss the federal role in combating juvenile participation in <span class="hlt">gangs</span>. A proposed amendment to the crime bill being developed, described at the hearing by Senator Orrin G. Hatch (Utah), makes it a federal offense to engage in <span class="hlt">gang</span>-related crime and subjects…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4829693','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4829693"><span>Groundwater–surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> shifts ecological assembly processes and stimulates organic carbon turnover</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Stegen, James C.; Fredrickson, James K.; Wilkins, Michael J.; Konopka, Allan E.; Nelson, William C.; Arntzen, Evan V.; Chrisler, William B.; Chu, Rosalie K.; Danczak, Robert E.; Fansler, Sarah J.; Kennedy, David W.; Resch, Charles T.; Tfaily, Malak</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Environmental transitions often result in resource mixtures that overcome limitations to microbial metabolism, resulting in biogeochemical hotspots and moments. Riverine systems, where groundwater <span class="hlt">mixes</span> with surface water (the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span>), are spatially complex and temporally dynamic, making development of predictive models challenging. Spatial and temporal variations in hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> microbial communities are a key, but understudied, component of riverine biogeochemical function. Here, to investigate the coupling among groundwater–surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, microbial communities and biogeochemistry, we apply ecological theory, aqueous biogeochemistry, DNA sequencing and ultra-high-resolution organic carbon profiling to field samples collected across times and locations representing a broad range of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> conditions. Our results indicate that groundwater–surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> stimulates heterotrophic respiration, alters organic carbon composition, causes ecological processes to shift from stochastic to deterministic and is associated with elevated abundances of microbial taxa that may degrade a broad suite of organic compounds. PMID:27052662</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1253864-groundwatersurface-water-mixing-shifts-ecological-assembly-processes-stimulates-organic-carbon-turnover','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1253864-groundwatersurface-water-mixing-shifts-ecological-assembly-processes-stimulates-organic-carbon-turnover"><span>Groundwater–surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span> shifts ecological assembly processes and stimulates organic carbon turnover</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Stegen, James C.; Fredrickson, James K.; Wilkins, Michael J.; ...</p> <p>2016-04-07</p> <p>Environmental transition <span class="hlt">zones</span> are associated with geochemical gradients that overcome energy limitations to microbial metabolism, resulting in biogeochemical hot spots and moments. Riverine systems where groundwater <span class="hlt">mixes</span> with surface water (the hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span>) are spatially complex and temporally dynamic, making development of predictive models challenging. Spatial and temporal variations in hyporheic <span class="hlt">zone</span> microbial communities are a key, but understudied, component of riverine biogeochemical function. To investigate the coupling among groundwater-surface water <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, microbial communities, and biogeochemistry we applied ecological theory, aqueous biogeochemistry, DNA sequencing, and ultra-high resolution organic carbon profiling to field samples collected across times and locations representing amore » broad range of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> conditions. <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> of groundwater and surface water resulted in a shift from transport-driven stochastic dynamics to a deterministic microbial structure associated with elevated biogeochemical rates. While the dynamics of the hyporheic make predictive modeling a challenge, we provide new knowledge that can improve the tractability of such models.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH51D..04S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNH51D..04S"><span>Impacts of adaptive flood management strategies on the Socio-Hydrological system in <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> - <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin, Bangladesh</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sung, K.; Jeong, H.; Sangwan, N.; Yu, D. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Human societies have tried to prevent floods by building robust infrastructure such as levees or dams. However, some scholars raise a doubt to this approach because of a lack of adaptiveness to environmental and societal changes in a long-term. Thus, a growing number of studies now suggest adopting new strategies in flood management to reinforce an adapt capacity to the long-term flood risk. This study addresses this issue by developing a conceptual mathematical model exploring how flood management strategies effect to the dynamics human-flood interaction, ultimately the flood resilience in a long-term. Especially, our model is motivated by the community-based flood protection system in southwest coastal area in Bangladesh. We developed several conceptual flood management strategies and investigated the interplay between those strategies and community's capacity to cope with floods. We additionally analyzed how external disturbances (sea level rise, water tide level change, and outside economic development) alter the adaptive capacity to flood risks. The results of this study reveal that the conventional flood management has potential vulnerabilities as external disturbances increase. Our results also highlight the needs of the adaptive strategy as a new paradigm in flood management which is able to feedback to the social and hydrological conditions. These findings provide insights on the resilience-based, adaptive strategies which can build flood resilience under global change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......103L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.......103L"><span>Compositional <span class="hlt">Zoning</span> in Kilauea Olivine: A Geochemical Tool for Investigating Magmatic Processes at Hawaiian Volcanoes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lynn, Kendra J.</p> <p></p> <p>Olivine compositions and <span class="hlt">zoning</span> patterns have been widely used to investigate the evolution of magmas from their source to the Earthfs surface. Modeling the formation of compositional <span class="hlt">zoning</span> in olivine crystals has been used to retrieve timescales of magma residence, <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, and transit. This dissertation is composed of three projects that apply diffusion chronometry principles to investigate how <span class="hlt">zoned</span> olivine phenocrysts record magmatic processes at Hawaiian volcanoes. Olivine phenocrysts from K.lauea, the most active and thoroughly studied volcano in Hawaiei, are used to develop a better understanding of how Hawaiian olivine crystals record magmatic histories. This work begins by examining how crustal processes such as magma <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and diffusive reequilibration can modify olivine compositions inherited from growth in parental magmas (Chapter 2). Diffusive re-equilibration of Fe-Mg, Mn, and Ni in olivine crystals overprints the chemical relationships inherited during growth, which strongly impacts interpretations about mantle processes and source components. These issues are further complicated by sectioning effects, where small (400 ƒEm along the c-axis) olivine crystals are more susceptible to overprinting compared to large (800 ƒEm) crystals. Olivine compositions and <span class="hlt">zoning</span> patterns are then used to show that magmas during K.laueafs explosive Keanak.koei Tephra period (1500-1823 C.E.) were <span class="hlt">mixed</span> and stored in crustal reservoirs for weeks to months prior to eruption (Chapter 3). Fe-Mg disequilibrium between olivine rims and their surrounding glasses show that a late-stage <span class="hlt">mixing</span> event likely occurred hours to days prior to eruption, but the exact timescale is difficult to quantify using Fe-Mg and Ni diffusion. Lithium, a rapidly diffusing trace element in olivine, is modeled for the first time in a natural volcanic system to quantify this late-stage, short-duration <span class="hlt">mixing</span> event (Chapter 4). Lithium <span class="hlt">zoning</span> in olivine records both growth and diffusion processes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970017837','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970017837"><span><span class="hlt">Mixing</span> of Pure Air Jets with a Reacting Fuel-Rich Crossflow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Leong, M. Y.; Samuelsen, G. S.; Holdeman, J. D.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Jets in a crossflow play an integral role in practical combustion systems such as can and annular gas turbine combustors in conventional systems, and the Rich-burn/Quick-<span class="hlt">mix</span>/Lean-burn (RQL) combustor utilized in stationary applications and proposed for advanced subsonic and supersonic transports. The success of the RQL combustor rests with the performance of the quick-<span class="hlt">mixing</span> section that bridges the rich and lean <span class="hlt">zones</span>. The <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of jet air with a rich crossflow to bring the reaction to completion in the lean <span class="hlt">zone</span> must be performed rapidly and thoroughly in order to decrease the extent of near-stoichiometric fluid pocket formation. Fluid pockets at near-stoichiometric equivalence ratios are undesirable because the high temperatures attained accelerate pollutant formation kinetics associated with nitric oxide (NO). The present study develops a model experiment designed to reveal the processes that occur when jet air is introduced into hot effluent emanating from a fuel-rich reaction <span class="hlt">zone</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015131','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015131"><span>Petrologic constraints on rift-<span class="hlt">zone</span> processes - Results from episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Garcia, M.O.; Ho, R.A.; Rhodes, J.M.; Wolfe, E.W.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The Puu Oo eruption in the middle of Kilauea volcano's east rift <span class="hlt">zone</span> provides an excellent opportunity to utilize petrologic constraints to interpret rift-<span class="hlt">zone</span> processes. Emplacement of a dike began 24 hours before the start of the eruption on 3 January 1983. Seismic and geodetic evidence indicates that the dike collided with a magma body in the rift <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Most of the lava produced during the initial episode of the Puu Oo eruption is of hybrid composition, with petrographic and geochemical evidence of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> magmas of highly evllved and more mafic compositions. Some olivine and plagioclase grains in the hybrid lavas show reverse <span class="hlt">zoning</span>. Whole-rock compositional variations are linear even for normally compatible elements like Ni and Cr. Leastsquares <span class="hlt">mixing</span> calculations yield good residuals for major and trace element analyses for magma <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. Crystal fractionation calculations yield unsatisfactory residuals. The highly evolved magma is similar in composition to the lava from the 1977 eruption and, at one point, vents for these two eruptions are only 200 m apart. Possibly both the 1977 lava and the highly evolved component of the episode 1 Puu Oo lava were derived from a common body of rift-<span class="hlt">zone</span>-stored magma. The more mafic <span class="hlt">mixing</span> component may be represented by the most mafic lava from the January 1983 eruption; it shows no evidence of magma <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. The dike that was intruded just prior to the start of the Puu Oo eruption may have acted as a hydraulic plunger causing <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of the two rift-<span class="hlt">zone</span>-stored magmas. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JASTP.168...80U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JASTP.168...80U"><span>Modeling of tropospheric NO2 column over different climatic <span class="hlt">zones</span> and land use/land cover types in South Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>ul-Haq, Zia; Rana, Asim Daud; Tariq, Salman; Mahmood, Khalid; Ali, Muhammad; Bashir, Iqra</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We have applied regression analyses for the modeling of tropospheric NO2 (tropo-NO2) as the function of anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and some important meteorological parameters such as temperature (Temp), precipitation (Preci), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), cloud fraction (CLF) and outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) over different climatic <span class="hlt">zones</span> and land use/land cover types in South Asia during October 2004-December 2015. Simple linear regression shows that, over South Asia, tropo-NO2 variability is significantly linked to AOD, WS, NOx, Preci and CLF. Also <span class="hlt">zone</span>-5, consisting of tropical monsoon areas of eastern India and Myanmar, is the only study <span class="hlt">zone</span> over which all the selected parameters show their influence on tropo-NO2 at statistical significance levels. In stepwise multiple linear modeling, tropo-NO2 column over landmass of South Asia, is significantly predicted by the combination of RH (standardized regression coefficient, β = - 49), AOD (β = 0.42) and NOx (β = 0.25). The leading predictors of tropo-NO2 columns over <span class="hlt">zones</span> 1-5 are OLR, AOD, Temp, OLR, and RH respectively. Overall, as revealed by the higher correlation coefficients (r), the multiple regressions provide reasonable models for tropo-NO2 over South Asia (r = 0.82), <span class="hlt">zone</span>-4 (r = 0.90) and <span class="hlt">zone</span>-5 (r = 0.93). The lowest r (of 0.66) has been found for hot semi-arid region in northwestern Indus-<span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Basin (<span class="hlt">zone</span>-2). The highest value of β for urban area AOD (of 0.42) is observed for megacity Lahore, located in warm semi-arid <span class="hlt">zone</span>-2 with large scale crop-residue burning, indicating strong influence of aerosols on the modeled tropo-NO2 column. A statistical significant correlation (r = 0.22) at the 0.05 level is found between tropo-NO2 and AOD over Lahore. Also NOx emissions appear as the highest contributor (β = 0.59) for modeled tropo-NO2 column over megacity Dhaka.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=peer+AND+pressure+OR+peer+AND+influence&pg=6&id=ED546955','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=peer+AND+pressure+OR+peer+AND+influence&pg=6&id=ED546955"><span>On the Relationship between Bonding Theory and Youth <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Resistance in U.S. 8th Graders: Competing Structural Equation Models with Latent Structure Indirect Effects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Vander Horst, Anthony</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In a study of 5285 8th graders from the <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Resistance and Education Training (G.R.E.A.T.) research, this study applied Travis Hirschi's social bonding theory to examine the curriculum's efficacy in increasing conventional bonding (friends with positive peers, succeeding at education etc.) and decreasing non-conventional bonding (drug…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C33D1232R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C33D1232R"><span>The Contribution to High Asia Runoff from Ice and Snow (CHARIS): Understanding the source and trends of cryospheric contributions to the water balance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rittger, K.; Armstrong, R. L.; Bair, N.; Racoviteanu, A.; Brodzik, M. J.; Hill, A. F.; Wilson, A. M.; Khan, A. L.; Ramage, J. M.; Khalsa, S. J. S.; Barrett, A. P.; Raup, B. H.; Painter, T. H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Contribution to High Asia Runoff from Ice and Snow, or CHARIS, project is systematically assessing the role that glaciers and seasonal snow play in the freshwater resources of Central and South Asia. The study area encompasses roughly 3 million square kilometers of the Himalaya, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Pamir and Tien Shan mountain ranges that drain to five major rivers: the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span>, Indus, Amu Darya and Syr Darya. We estimate daily snow and glacier ice contributions to the water balance. Our automated partitioning method generates daily maps of 1) snow over ice (SOI), 2) exposed glacier ice (EGI), 3) debris covered glacier ice (DGI) and 4) snow over land (SOL) using fractional snow cover, snow grain size, and annual minimum ice and snow from the 500 m MODIS-derived MODSCAG and MODICE products. Maps of snow and ice cover are validated using high-resolution (30 m) maps of snow, ice, and debris cover from Landsat. The probability of detection is 0.91 and precision is 0.85 for MODICE. We examine trends in annual and monthly snow and ice maps and use daily maps as inputs to a calibrated temperature-index model and an uncalibrated energy balance model, ParBal. Melt model results and measurements of isotopes and specific ions used as an independent validation of melt modeling indicate a sharp geographic contrast in the role of snow and ice melt to downstream water supplies between the arid Tien Shan and Pamir ranges of Central Asia, where melt water dominates dry season flows, and the monsoon influenced central and eastern Himalaya where rain controls runoff. We also compare melt onset and duration from the melt models to the Calibrated, Enhanced Resolution Passive Microwave Brightness Temperature Earth Science Data Record. Trend analysis of annual and monthly area of permanent snow and ice (the union of SOI and EGI) for 2000 to 2016 shows statistically significant negative trends in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> basins. There are no statistically significant</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810046669&hterms=plague&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dplague','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810046669&hterms=plague&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dplague"><span>A variable <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-length ratio for convection theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chan, K. L.; Wolff, C. L.; Sofia, S.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>It is argued that a natural choice for the local <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length in the <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-length theory of convection has a value proportional to the local density scale height of the convective bubbles. The resultant variable <span class="hlt">mixing</span>-length ratio (the ratio between the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length and the pressure scale height) of this theory is enhanced in the superadiabatic region and approaches a constant in deeper layers. Numerical tests comparing the new <span class="hlt">mixing</span> length successfully eliminate most of the density inversion that typically plagues conventional results. The new approach also seems to indicate the existence of granular motion at the top of the convection <span class="hlt">zone</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29161538','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29161538"><span>Analysis of crash proportion by vehicle type at traffic analysis <span class="hlt">zone</span> level: A <span class="hlt">mixed</span> fractional split multinomial logit modeling approach with spatial effects.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Jaeyoung; Yasmin, Shamsunnahar; Eluru, Naveen; Abdel-Aty, Mohamed; Cai, Qing</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>In traffic safety literature, crash frequency variables are analyzed using univariate count models or multivariate count models. In this study, we propose an alternative approach to modeling multiple crash frequency dependent variables. Instead of modeling the frequency of crashes we propose to analyze the proportion of crashes by vehicle type. A flexible <span class="hlt">mixed</span> multinomial logit fractional split model is employed for analyzing the proportions of crashes by vehicle type at the macro-level. In this model, the proportion allocated to an alternative is probabilistically determined based on the alternative propensity as well as the propensity of all other alternatives. Thus, exogenous variables directly affect all alternatives. The approach is well suited to accommodate for large number of alternatives without a sizable increase in computational burden. The model was estimated using crash data at Traffic Analysis <span class="hlt">Zone</span> (TAZ) level from Florida. The modeling results clearly illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework for crash proportion analysis. Further, the Excess Predicted Proportion (EPP)-a screening performance measure analogous to Highway Safety Manual (HSM), Excess Predicted Average Crash Frequency is proposed for hot <span class="hlt">zone</span> identification. Using EPP, a statewide screening exercise by the various vehicle types considered in our analysis was undertaken. The screening results revealed that the spatial pattern of hot <span class="hlt">zones</span> is substantially different across the various vehicle types considered. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377968','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377968"><span>Effect of lambda cyhalothrin on Calothrix sp. (GUEco 1001), an autochthonous cyanobacterium of rice fields of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> floodplain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gupta, Kiran; Baruah, P P</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Pesticide contamination in the rice fields has manifested into a serious global environmental concern. Application of pesticides in the rice fields has deleterious effects on non-target organisms including nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria which help to maintain the rice field fertility. In the present research endeavor, the effect of lambda cyhalothrin (5% EC), a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, has been studied on the growth and pigments content of Calothrix sp. (GUEco 1001), an indigenous strain isolated from rice grown areas of <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> floodplain. To study the toxic effect of lambda cyhalothrin, the test organism was exposed to varying concentrations of the insecticide i.e., 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, and 160 ppm based upon the determination of LC50 for a period of 20 days. The result obtained in the laboratory showed a progressive decrease in the growth and pigments content by the test organism with increasing concentrations of the lambda cyhalothrin against time dose-dependent manner. At high dose (160 ppm), the test organism showed significant decrease in dry weight biomass (54.5%), chlorophyll-a (68%), carotenoids (38%), phycocyanin (80%), and nitrogen contents (55%) over the control. A little but insignificant stimulatory effect on growth and chlorophyll-a contents was recorded in 20 ppm treatment of the insecticide that, however, was reversed in case of carotenoids and phycocyanin contents.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28708625','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28708625"><span>Calculation method for steady-state pollutant concentration in <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zones</span> considering variable lateral diffusion coefficient.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Wen; Wu, Zhouhu; Song, Zhiwen</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Prediction of the pollutant <span class="hlt">mixing</span> <span class="hlt">zone</span> (PMZ) near the discharge outfall in Huangshaxi shows large error when using the methods based on the constant lateral diffusion assumption. The discrepancy is due to the lack of consideration of the diffusion coefficient variation. The variable lateral diffusion coefficient is proposed to be a function of the longitudinal distance from the outfall. Analytical solution of the two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation of a pollutant is derived and discussed. Formulas to characterize the geometry of the PMZ are derived based on this solution, and a standard curve describing the boundary of the PMZ is obtained by proper choices of the normalization scales. The change of PMZ topology due to the variable diffusion coefficient is then discussed using these formulas. The criterion of assuming the lateral diffusion coefficient to be constant without large error in PMZ geometry is found. It is also demonstrated how to use these analytical formulas in the inverse problems including estimating the lateral diffusion coefficient in rivers by convenient measurements, and determining the maximum allowable discharge load based on the limitations of the geometrical scales of the PMZ. Finally, applications of the obtained formulas to onsite PMZ measurements in Huangshaxi present excellent agreement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCHyd.213....1S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCHyd.213....1S"><span>Simultaneous influence of indigenous microorganism along with abiotic factors controlling arsenic mobilization in <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> floodplain, India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sathe, Sandip S.; Mahanta, Chandan; Mishra, Pushpanjali</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>In the dynamic cycling of oxic and anoxic aqueous alluvial aquifer environments, varying Arsenic (As) concentrations are controlled by both abiotic and biotic factors. Studies have shown a significant form of toxic As (III) being released through the reductive dissolution of iron-oxy/hydroxide minerals and microbial reduction mechanisms, which leads to a serious health concern. The present study was performed in order to assess the abiotic and biotic factors influencing As release into the alluvial aquifer groundwater in <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> floodplain, India. The groundwater chemistry, characterization of the sediments, isolation, identification and characterization of prominent As releasing indigenous bacterium were conducted. The measured solid and liquid phases of total As concentration were ranged between 0.02 and 17.2 mg kg-1 and 8 to 353 μg L-1, respectively. The morphology and mineralogy showed the presence of detrital and authigenic mineral assemblages whereas primary and secondary As bearing Realgar and Claudetite minerals were identified, respectively. Furthermore, significant non-labile As fraction was found associated with the amorphous oxides of Fe, Mn and Al. The observed groundwater chemistry and sediment color, deduced a sub-oxic reducing aquifer conditions in As-contaminated regions. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing results of the isolated bacterium showed the prominent Pseudomonas aeruginosa responsible for the mobilization of As, reducing condition, biomineralization and causing grey color to the sediments at the shallower and deeper aquifers in the study area. These findings suggest that microbial metabolic activities are equally responsible in iron-oxy/hydroxide reductive dissolution, controlling As mobilization in dynamic fluvial flood plains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3945454','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3945454"><span>Achieving a Healthy <span class="hlt">Zoning</span> Policy in Baltimore: Results of a Health Impact Assessment of the TransForm Baltimore <span class="hlt">Zoning</span> Code Rewrite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Greiner, Amelia; Fichtenberg, Caroline M.; Feingold, Beth J.; Ellen, Jonathan M.; Jennings, Jacky M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Objectives The social determinants of health (SDH) include factors apart from genes and biology that affect population health. <span class="hlt">Zoning</span> is an urban planning tool that influences neighborhood built environments. We describe the methods and results of a health impact assessment (HIA) of a rezoning effort in Baltimore, Maryland, called TransForm Baltimore. We highlight findings specific to physical activity, violent crime, and obesity. Methods We conducted a multistage HIA of TransForm Baltimore using HIA practice guidelines. Key informant interviews identified focus areas for the quantitative assessment. A literature review and a <span class="hlt">zoning</span> code analysis evaluated potential impacts on neighborhood factors including physical activity, violent crime, and obesity. We estimated potential impacts in high- and low-poverty neighborhoods. The findings resulted in recommendations to improve the health-promoting potential of TransForm Baltimore. Results <span class="hlt">Mixed</span>-use and transit-oriented development were key goals of TransForm Baltimore. Health impacts identified by stakeholders included walkability and healthy communities. For Baltimore residents, we estimated that (1) the percentage of people living in districts allowing <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-use and off-premise alcohol outlets would nearly triple, (2) 18% would live in transit-oriented development <span class="hlt">zones</span>, and (3) all residents would live in districts with new lighting and landscaping guidelines. Limiting the concentration of off-premise alcohol outlets represented an opportunity to address health promotion. Conclusions Changes to Baltimore's <span class="hlt">zoning</span> code could improve population health including decreasing violent crime. HIAs are an important platform for applying SDH to public health practice. This HIA specifically linked municipal <span class="hlt">zoning</span> policy with promoting healthier neighborhoods. PMID:24179284</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940017285','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940017285"><span>Comparison of <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> Calculations for Reacting and Non-Reacting Flows in a Cylindrical Duct</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Oechsle, V. L.; Mongia, H. C.; Holdeman, J. D.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>A production 3-D elliptic flow code has been used to calculate non-reacting and reacting flow fields in an experimental <span class="hlt">mixing</span> section relevant to a rich burn/quick <span class="hlt">mix</span>/lean burn (RQL) combustion system. A number of test cases have been run to assess the effects of the variation in the number of orifices, mass flow ratio, and rich-<span class="hlt">zone</span> equivalence ratio on the flow field and <span class="hlt">mixing</span> rates. The calculated normalized temperature profiles for the non-reacting flow field agree qualitatively well with the normalized conserved variable isopleths for the reacting flow field indicating that non-reacting <span class="hlt">mixing</span> experiments are appropriate for screening and ranking potential rapid <span class="hlt">mixing</span> concepts. For a given set of jet momentum-flux ratio, mass flow ratio, and density ratio (J, MR, and DR), the reacting flow calculations show a reduced level of <span class="hlt">mixing</span> compared to the non-reacting cases. In addition, the rich-<span class="hlt">zone</span> equivalence ratio has noticeable effect on the <span class="hlt">mixing</span> flow characteristics for reacting flows.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27230696','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27230696"><span>Reducing Physical Risk Factors in Construction Work Through a Participatory Intervention: Protocol for a <span class="hlt">Mixed</span>-Methods Process Evaluation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ajslev, Jeppe; Brandt, Mikkel; Møller, Jeppe Lykke; Skals, Sebastian; Vinstrup, Jonas; Jakobsen, Markus Due; Sundstrup, Emil; Madeleine, Pascal; Andersen, Lars Louis</p> <p>2016-05-26</p> <p>Previous research has shown that reducing physical workload among workers in the construction industry is complicated. In order to address this issue, we developed a process evaluation in a formative <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-methods design, drawing on existing knowledge of the potential barriers for implementation. We present the design of a <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-methods process evaluation of the organizational, social, and subjective practices that play roles in the intervention study, integrating technical measurements to detect excessive physical exertion measured with electromyography and accelerometers, video documentation of working tasks, and a 3-phased workshop program. The evaluation is designed in an adapted process evaluation framework, addressing recruitment, reach, fidelity, satisfaction, intervention delivery, intervention received, and context of the intervention companies. Observational studies, interviews, and questionnaires among 80 construction workers organized in 20 work <span class="hlt">gangs</span>, as well as health and safety staff, contribute to the creation of knowledge about these phenomena. At the time of publication, the process of participant recruitment is underway. Intervention studies are challenging to conduct and evaluate in the construction industry, often because of narrow time frames and ever-changing contexts. The <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-methods design presents opportunities for obtaining detailed knowledge of the practices intra-acting with the intervention, while offering the opportunity to customize parts of the intervention.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ChPhB..19k0514G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ChPhB..19k0514G"><span>System dynamics of behaviour-evolutionary <span class="hlt">mix</span>-game models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gou, Cheng-Ling; Gao, Jie-Ping; Chen, Fang</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>In real financial markets there are two kinds of traders: one is fundamentalist, and the other is a trend-follower. The <span class="hlt">mix</span>-game model is proposed to mimic such phenomena. In a <span class="hlt">mix</span>-game model there are two groups of agents: Group 1 plays the majority game and Group 2 plays the minority game. In this paper, we investigate such a case that some traders in real financial markets could change their investment behaviours by assigning the evolutionary abilities to agents: if the winning rates of agents are smaller than a threshold, they will join the other group; and agents will repeat such an evolution at certain time intervals. Through the simulations, we obtain the following findings: (i) the volatilities of systems increase with the increase of the number of agents in Group 1 and the times of behavioural changes of all agents; (ii) the performances of agents in both groups and the stabilities of systems become better if all agents take more time to observe their new investment behaviours; (iii) there are two-phase <span class="hlt">zones</span> of market and non-market and two-phase <span class="hlt">zones</span> of evolution and non-evolution; (iv) parameter configurations located within the cross areas between the <span class="hlt">zones</span> of markets and the <span class="hlt">zones</span> of evolution are suited for simulating the financial markets.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1395S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1395S"><span>Delineation of marine ecosystem <span class="hlt">zones</span> in the northern Arabian Sea during winter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shalin, Saleem; Samuelsen, Annette; Korosov, Anton; Menon, Nandini; Backeberg, Björn C.; Pettersson, Lasse H.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The spatial and temporal variability of marine autotrophic abundance, expressed as chlorophyll concentration, is monitored from space and used to delineate the surface signature of marine ecosystem <span class="hlt">zones</span> with distinct optical characteristics. An objective <span class="hlt">zoning</span> method is presented and applied to satellite-derived Chlorophyll a (Chl a) data from the northern Arabian Sea (50-75° E and 15-30° N) during the winter months (November-March). Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to statistically delineate the Chl a into <span class="hlt">zones</span> with similar surface distribution patterns and temporal variability. The PCA identifies principal components of variability and the CA splits these into <span class="hlt">zones</span> based on similar characteristics. Based on the temporal variability of the Chl a pattern within the study area, the statistical clustering revealed six distinct ecological <span class="hlt">zones</span>. The obtained <span class="hlt">zones</span> are related to the Longhurst provinces to evaluate how these compared to established ecological provinces. The Chl a variability within each <span class="hlt">zone</span> was then compared with the variability of oceanic and atmospheric properties viz. <span class="hlt">mixed</span>-layer depth (MLD), wind speed, sea-surface temperature (SST), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), nitrate and dust optical thickness (DOT) as an indication of atmospheric input of iron to the ocean. The analysis showed that in all <span class="hlt">zones</span>, peak values of Chl a coincided with low SST and deep MLD. The rate of decrease in SST and the deepening of MLD are observed to trigger the algae bloom events in the first four <span class="hlt">zones</span>. Lagged cross-correlation analysis shows that peak Chl a follows peak MLD and SST minima. The MLD time lag is shorter than the SST lag by 8 days, indicating that the cool surface conditions might have enhanced <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, leading to increased primary production in the study area. An analysis of monthly climatological nitrate values showed increased concentrations associated with the deepening of the <span class="hlt">mixed</span> layer. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol15/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol15-part63-appE.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title40-vol15/pdf/CFR-2012-title40-vol15-part63-appE.pdf"><span>40 CFR Appendix E to Part 63 - Monitoring Procedure for Nonthoroughly <span class="hlt">Mixed</span> Open Biological Treatment Systems at Kraft Pulp...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>.... II. Definitions Biological treatment unit = wastewater treatment unit designed and operated to... last <span class="hlt">zone</span> in the series and ending with the first <span class="hlt">zone</span>. B. Data Collection Requirements This method is based upon modeling the nonthoroughly <span class="hlt">mixed</span> open biological treatment unit as a series of well-<span class="hlt">mixed</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WRR....53.8654C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WRR....53.8654C"><span>Concentration-Discharge Relations in the Critical <span class="hlt">Zone</span>: Implications for Resolving Critical <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Structure, Function, and Evolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chorover, Jon; Derry, Louis A.; McDowell, William H.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Critical <span class="hlt">zone</span> science seeks to develop mechanistic theories that describe critical <span class="hlt">zone</span> structure, function, and long-term evolution. One postulate is that hydrogeochemical controls on critical <span class="hlt">zone</span> evolution can be inferred from solute discharges measured down-gradient of reactive flow paths. These flow paths have variable lengths, interfacial compositions, and residence times, and their <span class="hlt">mixing</span> is reflected in concentration-discharge (C-Q) relations. Motivation for this special section originates from a U.S. Critical <span class="hlt">Zone</span> Observatories workshop that was held at the University of New Hampshire, 20-22 July 2015. The workshop focused on resolving mechanistic CZ controls over surface water chemical dynamics across the full range of lithogenic (e.g., nonhydrolyzing and hydrolyzing cations and oxyanions) and bioactive solutes (e.g., organic and inorganic forms of C, N, P, and S), including dissolved and colloidal species that may cooccur for a given element. Papers submitted to this special section on "concentration-discharge relations in the critical <span class="hlt">zone</span>" include those from authors who attended the workshop, as well as others who responded to the open solicitation. Submissions were invited that utilized information pertaining to internal, integrated catchment function (relations between hydrology, biogeochemistry, and landscape structure) to help illuminate controls on observed C-Q relations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC43A1057D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC43A1057D"><span>Differential Rate of Deforestation in Two Adjoining Indian River Basins: Does Resource Availability Matters?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Das, P.; Behera, M. D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Deforestation is one of the key factors of global climate change by altering the surface albedo reduces the evapotranspiration and surface roughness leads to warming in tropical regions. River basins are always subjected to LULC changes, especially decline in forest cover to give way for agricultural expansion, urbanisation, industrialisation etc. We generated LULC maps at three decadal intervals i.e., 1985, 1995 and 2005 in two major river basins of India using Landsat data employing on-screen visual image interpretation technique. In Rain-fed, Mahanadi river basin (MRB), 30.64% forest cover in 1985 was reduced to 30.13% in 2005, wherein glacier-fed, <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> river basin (BRB) this change was 63.44% to 62.32% during 1985 to 2005. Though conversion of forest land for agricultural activities was the major LULC changes in both the basins, the rate was more than two times higher in BRB than MRB. Scrub land in few <span class="hlt">zones</span> acted as an intermediate class for <span class="hlt">mixed</span> forest conversion to cropland land in both the basins. Analysing the drivers, in deforestation we observed the proximity <span class="hlt">zones</span> around habitat and socio-economic drivers contributed higher compared to topographic, edaphic and climate. Using Dyna-CLUE modelling approach, we have predicted the LULC for 2025. For validation, comparing the predicted result with actual LULC of 2005, we obtained > 97% modeling accuracy; therefore it is expected that the Dyna-CLUE model has very well predicted the LULC for the year 2025. The predicted LULC of 2025 captured the similar trend of deforestation around 0.52% in MRB and 1.18% in BRB during 2005 to 2025. Acting as early warning, and with the past 2-decadal change analysis this study is believed to help the land use planners for improved regional planning to create balanced ecosystem, especially in a changing climate. On the basis of driver analysis, we believe that availability of more forest resources in <span class="hlt">Brahmaputra</span> River basin provided extra liberty for higher</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...105.5997K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...105.5997K"><span>The chemically <span class="hlt">zoned</span> 1949 eruption on La Palma (Canary Islands): Petrologic evolution and magma supply dynamics of a rift <span class="hlt">zone</span> eruption</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klügel, Andreas; Hoernle, Kaj A.; Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich; White, James D. L.</p> <p>2000-03-01</p> <p>The 1949 rift <span class="hlt">zone</span> eruption along the Cumbre Vieja ridge on La Palma involved three eruptive centers, 3 km spaced apart, and was chemically and mineralogically <span class="hlt">zoned</span>. Duraznero crater erupted tephrite for 14 days and shut down upon the opening of Llano del Banco, a fissure that issued first tephrite and, after 3 days, basanite. Hoyo Negro crater opened 4 days later and erupted basanite, tephrite, and phonotephrite, while Llano del Banco continued to issue basanite. The eruption ended with Duraznero erupting basanite with abundant crustal and mantle xenoliths. The tephrites and basanites from Duraznero and Llano del Banco show narrow compositional ranges and define a bimodal suite. Each batch ascended and evolved separately without significant intermixing, as did the Hoyo Negro basanite, which formed at lower degrees of melting. The magmas fractionated clinopyroxene +olivine±kaersutite±Ti-magnetite at 600-800 MPa and possibly 800-1100 MPa. Abundant reversely <span class="hlt">zoned</span> phenocrysts reflect <span class="hlt">mixing</span> with evolved melts at mantle depths. Probably as early as 1936, Hoyo Negro basanite entered the deep rift system at 200-350 MPa. Some shallower pockets of this basanite evolved to phonotephrite through differentiation and assimilation of wall rock. A few months prior to eruption, a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> event in the mantle may have triggered the final ascent of the magmas. Most of the erupted tephrite and basanite ascended from mantle depths within hours to days without prolonged storage in crustal reservoirs. The Cumbre Vieja rift <span class="hlt">zone</span> differs from the rift <span class="hlt">zones</span> of Kilauea volcano (Hawaii) in lacking a summit caldera or a summit reservoir feeding the rift system and in being smaller and less active with most of the rift magma solidifying between eruptions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20145313','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20145313"><span>Simultaneous injection-effective <span class="hlt">mixing</span> analysis of palladium.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Teshima, Norio; Noguchi, Daisuke; Joichi, Yasutaka; Lenghor, Narong; Ohno, Noriko; Sakai, Tadao; Motomizu, Shoji</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>A novel concept of simultaneous injection-effective <span class="hlt">mixing</span> analysis (SIEMA) is proposed, and a SIEMA method applied to the spectrophotometric determination of palladium using a water-soluble chromogenic reagent has been demonstrated. The flow configuration of SIEMA is a hybrid format of flow injection analysis (FIA), sequential injection analysis (SIA) and multicommutation in flow-based analysis. Sample and reagent solutions are aspirated into each holding coil through each solenoid valve by a syringe pump, and then the <span class="hlt">zones</span> are simultaneously dispensed (injected) into a <span class="hlt">mixing</span> coil by reversed flow toward a detector through a confluence point. This results in effective <span class="hlt">mixing</span> and rapid detection with low reagent consumption.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19..307S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19..307S"><span>Surface atmosphere exchange in dry and a wet regime over the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> valley: a comprehensive investigation with direct observations and numerical simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sathyanadh, Anusha; Prabhakaran, Thara; Karipot, Anandakumar</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Land atmosphere interactions in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> Valley basin is a topic of significant importance as it is most vulnerable region due to extreme weather, air pollution, etc. The complete energy balance observations over this region was conducted as part of the CAIPEEX-IGOC (Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment - Integrated Ground based Observational Campaign) experiment for an entire year. These observations give first insight into the partitioning of energy in this vulnerable environment during the dry and wet regimes, which are typically part of the intraseasonal oscillations during the Indian monsoon season. These transitions wet-dry and dry-wet are poorly represented in GCMs and is the motivation for the detailed investigation here. Observations conducted with micrometeorological tower instrumented with eddy covariance sensors, radiation balance, soil heat flux measurements, microwave radiometer, sodar, radiosonde data are used in the present study. A set of numerical investigations of different Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) schemes is also carried out to investigate features of the diurnal cycle during the wet and dry regimes. General behaviour of both local and nonlocal PBL schemes found from the investigation is to accomplish enhanced <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, leading to a deeper PBL in the valley. However, observations give clear evidence of residual boundary layer characterised by a weak stratification, playing a key role in the exchange of PBL air mass with that of free atmosphere. Impact of changes in parameterization and controlling factors on the PBL height are investigated. Case studies for a dry phase during the incidence of a heat wave and a wet phase during a land depression are presented. Observed diurnal features of the surface meteorological parameters including the surface energy budget components were well captured by local and nonlocal PBL schemes during both the cases. Vertical profiles of temperature, <span class="hlt">mixing</span> ratio and winds from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...835..224A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...835..224A"><span>Inflow, Outflow, Yields, and Stellar Population <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> in Chemical Evolution Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andrews, Brett H.; Weinberg, David H.; Schönrich, Ralph; Johnson, Jennifer A.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Chemical evolution models are powerful tools for interpreting stellar abundance surveys and understanding galaxy evolution. However, their predictions depend heavily on the treatment of inflow, outflow, star formation efficiency (SFE), the stellar initial mass function, the SN Ia delay time distribution, stellar yields, and stellar population <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. Using flexCE, a flexible one-<span class="hlt">zone</span> chemical evolution code, we investigate the effects of and trade-offs between parameters. Two critical parameters are SFE and the outflow mass-loading parameter, which shift the knee in [O/Fe]-[Fe/H] and the equilibrium abundances that the simulations asymptotically approach, respectively. One-<span class="hlt">zone</span> models with simple star formation histories follow narrow tracks in [O/Fe]-[Fe/H] unlike the observed bimodality (separate high-α and low-α sequences) in this plane. A <span class="hlt">mix</span> of one-<span class="hlt">zone</span> models with inflow timescale and outflow mass-loading parameter variations, motivated by the inside-out galaxy formation scenario with radial <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, reproduces the two sequences better than a one-<span class="hlt">zone</span> model with two infall epochs. We present [X/Fe]-[Fe/H] tracks for 20 elements assuming three different supernova yield models and find some significant discrepancies with solar neighborhood observations, especially for elements with strongly metallicity-dependent yields. We apply principal component abundance analysis to the simulations and existing data to reveal the main correlations among abundances and quantify their contributions to variation in abundance space. For the stellar population <span class="hlt">mixing</span> scenario, the abundances of α-elements and elements with metallicity-dependent yields dominate the first and second principal components, respectively, and collectively explain 99% of the variance in the model. flexCE is a python package available at https://github.com/bretthandrews/flexCE.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMMR14A..05S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMMR14A..05S"><span>Experimental constraints and theoretical bases for microstructural damage in plate boundary shear <span class="hlt">zones</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Skemer, P. A.; Cross, A. J.; Bercovici, D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>(Ultra)mylonites from plate boundary shear <span class="hlt">zones</span> are characterized by severe grain-size reduction and well-<span class="hlt">mixed</span> mineral phases. The evolution from relatively undeformed tectonite protoliths to highly deformed (ultra)mylonites via the formation of new grain and phase boundaries is described as microstructural `damage.' Microstructural damage is important for two reasons: grain-size reduction is thought to result in significant rheological weakening, while phase <span class="hlt">mixing</span> inhibits mechanical recovery and preserves the <span class="hlt">zone</span> of weakness to be reactivated repeatedly throughout the tectonic cycle. Grain-size reduction by dynamic recrystallization has been studied extensively in both geologic and engineered materials, yet the progressive <span class="hlt">mixing</span> of mineral phases during high pressure/temperature shear - the other essential element of damage or mylonitization - is not well understood. In this contribution we present new experimental results and theory related to two distinct phase <span class="hlt">mixing</span> processes. First, we describe high strain torsion experiments on calcite and anhydrite mixtures and a simple geometric <span class="hlt">mixing</span> model related to the stretching and thinning of monophase domains. Second, we describe a grain-switching mechanism that is driven by the surface-tension driven migration of newly formed interphase triple junctions. Unlike dynamic recrystallization, which occurs at relatively small strains, both phase <span class="hlt">mixing</span> mechanisms described here appear to require extremely large strains, a prediction that is consistent with geologic observations. These data suggest that ductile shear <span class="hlt">zones</span> experience long, transient intervals of microstructural evolution during which rheology is not at steady state. Microstructural damage may be interpreted as the product of several interconnected physical processes, which are collectively essential to the preservation of long-lived, Earth-like plate tectonics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.1411T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HESS...22.1411T"><span>Land-use change may exacerbate climate change impacts on water resources in the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tsarouchi, Gina; Buytaert, Wouter</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Quantifying how land-use change and climate change affect water resources is a challenge in hydrological science. This work aims to quantify how future projections of land-use and climate change might affect the hydrological response of the Upper <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> river basin in northern India, which experiences monsoon flooding almost every year. Three different sets of modelling experiments were run using the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model (LSM) and covering the period 2000-2035: in the first set, only climate change is taken into account, and JULES was driven by the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) outputs of 21 models, under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), whilst land use was held fixed at the year 2010. In the second set, only land-use change is taken into account, and JULES was driven by a time series of 15 future land-use pathways, based on Landsat satellite imagery and the Markov chain simulation, whilst the meteorological boundary conditions were held fixed at years 2000-2005. In the third set, both climate change and land-use change were taken into consideration, as the CMIP5 model outputs were used in conjunction with the 15 future land-use pathways to force JULES. Variations in hydrological variables (stream flow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture) are calculated during the simulation period. Significant changes in the near-future (years 2030-2035) hydrologic fluxes arise under future land-cover and climate change scenarios pointing towards a severe increase in high extremes of flow: the multi-model mean of the 95th percentile of streamflow (Q5) is projected to increase by 63 % under the combined land-use and climate change high emissions scenario (RCP8.5). The changes in all examined hydrological components are greater in the combined land-use and climate change experiment. Results are further presented in a water resources context, aiming to address potential implications of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29636619','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29636619"><span>Accommodating Grief on Twitter: An Analysis of Expressions of Grief Among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involved Youth on Twitter Using Qualitative Analysis and Natural Language Processing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Patton, Desmond Upton; MacBeth, Jamie; Schoenebeck, Sarita; Shear, Katherine; McKeown, Kathleen</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>There is a dearth of research investigating youths' experience of grief and mourning after the death of close friends or family. Even less research has explored the question of how youth use social media sites to engage in the grieving process. This study employs qualitative analysis and natural language processing to examine tweets that follow 2 deaths. First, we conducted a close textual read on a sample of tweets by Gakirah Barnes, a <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved teenaged girl in Chicago, and members of her Twitter network, over a 19-day period in 2014 during which 2 significant deaths occurred: that of Raason "Lil B" Shaw and Gakirah's own death. We leverage the grief literature to understand the way Gakirah and her peers express thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at the time of these deaths. We also present and explain the rich and complex style of online communication among <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved youth, one that has been overlooked in prior research. Next, we overview the natural language processing output for expressions of loss and grief in our data set based on qualitative findings and present an error analysis on its output for grief. We conclude with a call for interdisciplinary research that analyzes online and offline behaviors to help understand physical and emotional violence and other problematic behaviors prevalent among marginalized communities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5888812','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5888812"><span>Accommodating Grief on Twitter: An Analysis of Expressions of Grief Among <span class="hlt">Gang</span> Involved Youth on Twitter Using Qualitative Analysis and Natural Language Processing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Patton, Desmond Upton; MacBeth, Jamie; Schoenebeck, Sarita; Shear, Katherine; McKeown, Kathleen</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>There is a dearth of research investigating youths’ experience of grief and mourning after the death of close friends or family. Even less research has explored the question of how youth use social media sites to engage in the grieving process. This study employs qualitative analysis and natural language processing to examine tweets that follow 2 deaths. First, we conducted a close textual read on a sample of tweets by Gakirah Barnes, a <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved teenaged girl in Chicago, and members of her Twitter network, over a 19-day period in 2014 during which 2 significant deaths occurred: that of Raason “Lil B” Shaw and Gakirah’s own death. We leverage the grief literature to understand the way Gakirah and her peers express thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at the time of these deaths. We also present and explain the rich and complex style of online communication among <span class="hlt">gang</span>-involved youth, one that has been overlooked in prior research. Next, we overview the natural language processing output for expressions of loss and grief in our data set based on qualitative findings and present an error analysis on its output for grief. We conclude with a call for interdisciplinary research that analyzes online and offline behaviors to help understand physical and emotional violence and other problematic behaviors prevalent among marginalized communities. PMID:29636619</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19658574','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19658574"><span>Human group formation in online guilds and offline <span class="hlt">gangs</span> driven by a common team dynamic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Johnson, Neil F; Xu, Chen; Zhao, Zhenyuan; Ducheneaut, Nicolas; Yee, Nicholas; Tita, George; Hui, Pak Ming</p> <p>2009-06-01</p> <p>Quantifying human group dynamics represents a unique challenge. Unlike animals and other biological systems, humans form groups in both real (offline) and virtual (online) spaces-from potentially dangerous street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> populated mostly by disaffected male youths to the massive global guilds in online role-playing games for which membership currently exceeds tens of millions of people from all possible backgrounds, age groups, and genders. We have compiled and analyzed data for these two seemingly unrelated offline and online human activities and have uncovered an unexpected quantitative link between them. Although their overall dynamics differ visibly, we find that a common team-based model can accurately reproduce the quantitative features of each simply by adjusting the average tolerance level and attribute range for each population. By contrast, we find no evidence to support a version of the model based on like-seeking-like (i.e., kinship or "homophily").</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvE..79f6117J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvE..79f6117J"><span>Human group formation in online guilds and offline <span class="hlt">gangs</span> driven by a common team dynamic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Neil F.; Xu, Chen; Zhao, Zhenyuan; Ducheneaut, Nicolas; Yee, Nicholas; Tita, George; Hui, Pak Ming</p> <p>2009-06-01</p> <p>Quantifying human group dynamics represents a unique challenge. Unlike animals and other biological systems, humans form groups in both real (offline) and virtual (online) spaces—from potentially dangerous street <span class="hlt">gangs</span> populated mostly by disaffected male youths to the massive global guilds in online role-playing games for which membership currently exceeds tens of millions of people from all possible backgrounds, age groups, and genders. We have compiled and analyzed data for these two seemingly unrelated offline and online human activities and have uncovered an unexpected quantitative link between them. Although their overall dynamics differ visibly, we find that a common team-based model can accurately reproduce the quantitative features of each simply by adjusting the average tolerance level and attribute range for each population. By contrast, we find no evidence to support a version of the model based on like-seeking-like (i.e., kinship or “homophily”).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C51B0969B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C51B0969B"><span>Ocean stratification reduces melt rates at the grounding <span class="hlt">zone</span> of the Ross Ice Shelf</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Begeman, C. B.; Tulaczyk, S. M.; Marsh, O.; Mikucki, J.; Stanton, T. P.; Hodson, T. O.; Siegfried, M. R.; Powell, R. D.; Christianson, K. A.; King, M. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Ocean-driven melting of ice shelves is often invoked as the primary mechanism for triggering ice loss from Antarctica. However, due to the difficulty in accessing the sub-ice-shelf ocean cavity, the relationship between ice-shelf melt rates and ocean conditions is poorly understood, particularly near the transition from grounded to floating ice, known as the grounding <span class="hlt">zone</span>. Here we present the first borehole oceanographic observations from the grounding <span class="hlt">zone</span> of Antarctica's largest ice shelf. Contrary to predictions that tidal currents near grounding <span class="hlt">zones</span> should <span class="hlt">mix</span> the water column, driving high ice-shelf melt rates, we find a stratified sub-ice-shelf water column. The vertical salinity gradient dominates stratification over a weakly unstable vertical temperature gradient; thus, stratification takes the form of a double-diffusive staircase. These conditions limit vertical heat fluxes and lead to low melt rates in the ice-shelf grounding <span class="hlt">zone</span>. While modern grounding <span class="hlt">zone</span> melt rates may presently be overestimated in models that assume efficient tidal <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, the high sensitivity of double-diffusive staircases to ocean freshening and warming suggests future melt rates may be underestimated, biasing projections of global sea-level rise.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663889-inflow-outflow-yields-stellar-population-mixing-chemical-evolution-models','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663889-inflow-outflow-yields-stellar-population-mixing-chemical-evolution-models"><span>Inflow, Outflow, Yields, and Stellar Population <span class="hlt">Mixing</span> in Chemical Evolution Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Andrews, Brett H.; Weinberg, David H.; Schönrich, Ralph</p> <p></p> <p>Chemical evolution models are powerful tools for interpreting stellar abundance surveys and understanding galaxy evolution. However, their predictions depend heavily on the treatment of inflow, outflow, star formation efficiency (SFE), the stellar initial mass function, the SN Ia delay time distribution, stellar yields, and stellar population <span class="hlt">mixing</span>. Using flexCE, a flexible one-<span class="hlt">zone</span> chemical evolution code, we investigate the effects of and trade-offs between parameters. Two critical parameters are SFE and the outflow mass-loading parameter, which shift the knee in [O/Fe]–[Fe/H] and the equilibrium abundances that the simulations asymptotically approach, respectively. One-<span class="hlt">zone</span> models with simple star formation histories follow narrow tracksmore » in [O/Fe]–[Fe/H] unlike the observed bimodality (separate high- α and low- α sequences) in this plane. A <span class="hlt">mix</span> of one-<span class="hlt">zone</span> models with inflow timescale and outflow mass-loading parameter variations, motivated by the inside-out galaxy formation scenario with radial <span class="hlt">mixing</span>, reproduces the two sequences better than a one-<span class="hlt">zone</span> model with two infall epochs. We present [X/Fe]–[Fe/H] tracks for 20 elements assuming three different supernova yield models and find some significant discrepancies with solar neighborhood observations, especially for elements with strongly metallicity-dependent yields. We apply principal component abundance analysis to the simulations and existing data to reveal the main correlations among abundances and quantify their contributions to variation in abundance space. For the stellar population <span class="hlt">mixing</span> scenario, the abundances of α -elements and elements with metallicity-dependent yields dominate the first and second principal components, respectively, and collectively explain 99% of the variance in the model. flexCE is a python package available at https://github.com/bretthandrews/flexCE.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1815P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.1815P"><span>Relating rheology to geometry in large-scale natural shear <span class="hlt">zones</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Platt, John</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The geometry and width of the ductile roots of plate boundary scale faults are very poorly understood. Some field and geophysical data suggests widths of tens of km in the lower crust, possibly more in the upper mantle. Other observations suggest they are much narrower. Dip slip shear <span class="hlt">zones</span> may flatten out and merge into <span class="hlt">zones</span> of subhorizontal lower crustal or asthenospheric flow. The width of a ductile shear <span class="hlt">zone</span> is simply related to relative velocity and strain rate. Strain rate is related to stress through the constitutive relationship. Can we constrain the stress, and do we understand the rheology of materials in ductile shear <span class="hlt">zones</span>? A lot depends on how shear <span class="hlt">zones</span> are initiated. If they are localized by pre-existing structures, width and/or rheology may be inherited, and we have too many variables. If shear <span class="hlt">zones</span> are localized primarily by shear heating, initial shear stress has to be very high (> 1 GPa) to overcome conductive heat loss, and very large feedbacks (both positive and negative) make the system highly unstable. Microstructural weakening requires a minimum level of stress to cause deformation and damage in surrounding rock, thereby buffering the stress. Microstructural weakening leads to grain-size sensitive creep, for which we have constitutive laws, but these are complicated by phase <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in polyphase materials, by viscous anisotropy, by hydration, and by changes in mineral assemblage. Here are some questions that need to be addressed. (1) If grain-size reduction by dynamic recrystallization results in a switch to grain-size sensitive creep (GSSC) in a stress-buffered shear <span class="hlt">zone</span>, does dynamic recrystallization stop? Does grain growth set in? If grain-size is still controlled by dislocation processes, then the effective stress exponent for GSSC is 4-5, even though the dominant mechanism may be diffusion and/or grain-boundary sliding (GBS). (2) Is phase <span class="hlt">mixing</span> in ultramylonites primarily a result of GBS + neighbour switching, creep cavitation and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23A1534Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23A1534Z"><span>The Mighty <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> and its Journey Through the Silk City: A Case Study of Water Quality and its Impact on Health in Bhagalpur, Bihar, India, using Machine Learning, GIS & Remote Sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zaman, B.; Kumar, N.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>River <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> with an approximate stretch of 2525 km serves about 40% of India's population across 11 states, one of which is Bihar. The district Bhagalpur is located in the eastern part of Bihar and extends between the north latitudes of 25°03'40" and 25°30'00" and east longitudes of 86°30'00" and 87°29'45" encompassing approximately 66 km stretch of the <span class="hlt">Ganges</span>. It forms a part of the mid- Gangetic alluvium plain covering an area of 2570 km2. The total population of the district stands at 3.03 million with a population density of 743 per km2. <span class="hlt">Ganges</span> is a life line of millions of people with utmost religious significance but its banks have become a dumping ground for untreated urban sewage, industrial waste, disposal of solid corpses etc. which has led to severe environmental issues and as reported by the Central Ground water Board, the southern part of the city is affected by arsenic contamination in ground water (> 50 mg/L as per WHO norm). The municipal corporation is trying to cope up. This study aims at a comprehensive analysis of water quality along the entire 66 km stretch of the river. The methodology would involve dividing the stretch into 1 km sub-study areas and collection of 10 water samples from each stretch. Samples will also be collected at disposal points from industries especially the silk manufacturing units, sewage disposal points, cremation grounds, pesticide disposal points. A high resolution remotely sensed imagery of the city would be used and the multi-class relevance vector machine (MCRVM) would be used to broadly classify the landuse/landcover and this synoptic view of the city would facilitate the understanding of the urban environment. In conjunction, a standard questionnaire on health along with GPS locations would be collected from sample population inhabiting the demarcated stretches. Analysis would include physical, chemical and bacteriological tests on water samples. The results would bring forth the water quality and check for</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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