Sample records for generations deterring human

  1. An Anthology: Rationale for a U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense (1969-1984).

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-04-01

    country against accidental attacks by other nations. The ability to avoid escalation into a massive nclear retaliation because of human error or...fact remains that unprotected humans or unhardened structures the popular suspicions generated in connection or communication facilities would be fatally...for resisting aggression and deterring conflict that are safer and more humane than exclusive reliance on the threat of nuclear retaliation. A

  2. Understanding the Effects of Host Evolution and Skin Bacteria Composition on Disease Vector Choices

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-04-14

    attractiveness of hosts to microbes suggests that if we are to develop a probiotic that deters mosquitoes that its value will depend greatly on the genome of the...influence of a single human gene on the attractiveness of hosts to microbes suggests that if we are to develop a probiotic that deters mosquitoes that

  3. How Bees Deter Elephants: Beehive Trials with Forest Elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in Gabon.

    PubMed

    Ngama, Steeve; Korte, Lisa; Bindelle, Jérôme; Vermeulen, Cédric; Poulsen, John R

    2016-01-01

    In Gabon, like elsewhere in Africa, crops are often sources of conflict between humans and wildlife. Wildlife damage to crops can drastically reduce income, amplifying poverty and creating a negative perception of wild animal conservation among rural people. In this context, crop-raiding animals like elephants quickly become "problem animals". To deter elephants from raiding crops beehives have been successfully employed in East Africa; however, this method has not yet been tested in Central Africa. We experimentally examined whether the presence of Apis mellifera adansonii, the African honey bee species present in Central Africa, deters forest elephants (Loxodonta Africana cyclotis) from feeding on fruit trees. We show for the first time that the effectiveness of beehives as deterrents of elephants is related to bee activity. Empty hives and those housing colonies of low bee activity do not deter elephants all the time; but beehives with high bee activity do. Although elephant disturbance of hives does not impede honey production, there is a tradeoff between deterrence and the quantity of honey produced. To best achieve the dual goals of deterring elephants and producing honey colonies must maintain an optimum activity level of 40 to 60 bee movements per minute. Thus, beehives colonized by Apis mellifera adansonii bees can be effective elephant deterrents, but people must actively manage hives to maintain bee colonies at the optimum activity level.

  4. How Bees Deter Elephants: Beehive Trials with Forest Elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in Gabon

    PubMed Central

    Ngama, Steeve; Korte, Lisa; Bindelle, Jérôme; Vermeulen, Cédric; Poulsen, John R.

    2016-01-01

    In Gabon, like elsewhere in Africa, crops are often sources of conflict between humans and wildlife. Wildlife damage to crops can drastically reduce income, amplifying poverty and creating a negative perception of wild animal conservation among rural people. In this context, crop-raiding animals like elephants quickly become “problem animals”. To deter elephants from raiding crops beehives have been successfully employed in East Africa; however, this method has not yet been tested in Central Africa. We experimentally examined whether the presence of Apis mellifera adansonii, the African honey bee species present in Central Africa, deters forest elephants (Loxodonta Africana cyclotis) from feeding on fruit trees. We show for the first time that the effectiveness of beehives as deterrents of elephants is related to bee activity. Empty hives and those housing colonies of low bee activity do not deter elephants all the time; but beehives with high bee activity do. Although elephant disturbance of hives does not impede honey production, there is a tradeoff between deterrence and the quantity of honey produced. To best achieve the dual goals of deterring elephants and producing honey colonies must maintain an optimum activity level of 40 to 60 bee movements per minute. Thus, beehives colonized by Apis mellifera adansonii bees can be effective elephant deterrents, but people must actively manage hives to maintain bee colonies at the optimum activity level. PMID:27196059

  5. Scale dependent behavioral responses to human development by a large predator, the puma.

    PubMed

    Wilmers, Christopher C; Wang, Yiwei; Nickel, Barry; Houghtaling, Paul; Shakeri, Yasaman; Allen, Maximilian L; Kermish-Wells, Joe; Yovovich, Veronica; Williams, Terrie

    2013-01-01

    The spatial scale at which organisms respond to human activity can affect both ecological function and conservation planning. Yet little is known regarding the spatial scale at which distinct behaviors related to reproduction and survival are impacted by human interference. Here we provide a novel approach to estimating the spatial scale at which a top predator, the puma (Puma concolor), responds to human development when it is moving, feeding, communicating, and denning. We find that reproductive behaviors (communication and denning) require at least a 4× larger buffer from human development than non-reproductive behaviors (movement and feeding). In addition, pumas give a wider berth to types of human development that provide a more consistent source of human interference (neighborhoods) than they do to those in which human presence is more intermittent (arterial roads with speeds >35 mph). Neighborhoods were a deterrent to pumas regardless of behavior, while arterial roads only deterred pumas when they were communicating and denning. Female pumas were less deterred by human development than males, but they showed larger variation in their responses overall. Our behaviorally explicit approach to modeling animal response to human activity can be used as a novel tool to assess habitat quality, identify wildlife corridors, and mitigate human-wildlife conflict.

  6. United States Air Force Statistical Digest, Fiscal Year 1966, Twenty First Edition

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1966-09-30

    Economic Repair "m.. Abnor- Normal Ene "", Flying Cause Ene "", Aban- MISSION, DESIGN,Tested Fair ""’ Storage AND SERIESum to De - Deter- Deter- Action... De - Wear Deter- Deter- on on on Non- mentor struc- and Iore- tors- Combat Combat Combat Combat Ene ""School tion Tear tion tion Mission Mission...AND SERIESFairum to De - .Deter- Deter- on on on Non- mentWearor strue- iora- tore- Combat Combat Combat Combat Ene "\\YandSchool tion tion tion Mission

  7. A pilot study of the photoprotective effect of almond phytochemicals in a 3D human skin equivalent

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    UV exposure causes oxidative stress, inflammation, erythema, and skin cancer. Alpha-Tocopherol (AT) and polyphenols (AP) present in almonds may serve as photoprotectants. Our objectives were to assess the feasibility of using a 3D human skin equivalent (HSE) in photoprotectant research and to deter...

  8. Reassurance Strategy: Incentives for Use and Conditions for Success

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-03-01

    Cold War, people hoped for a more peaceful world and expected a tremendous decrease in the frequency of war. However, war is still part of human life...war has been more common than peace.”7 It seems that the arguments of classical realists and neorealists are true in human history. They basically...states behave as they do is firmly rooted in human biological impulses: 4 Derek D. Smith, Deterring

  9. Expert judgment on markers to deter inadvertent human intrusion into the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Trauth, K.M.; Hora, S.C.; Guzowski, R.V.

    1993-11-01

    The expert panel identified basic principles to guide current and future marker development efforts: (1) the site must be marked, (2) message(s) must be truthful and informative, (3) multiple components within a marker system, (4) multiple means of communication (e.g., language, pictographs, scientific diagrams), (5) multiple levels of complexity within individual messages on individual marker system elements, (6) use of materials with little recycle value, and (7) international effort to maintain knowledge of the locations and contents of nuclear waste repositories. The efficacy of the markers in deterring inadvertent human intrusion was estimated to decrease with time, with the probabilitymore » function varying with the mode of intrusion (who is intruding and for what purpose) and the level of technological development of the society. The development of a permanent, passive marker system capable of surviving and remaining interpretable for 10,000 years will require further study prior to implementation.« less

  10. What exactly is an exact copy? And why it matters when trying to ban human reproductive cloning in Australia.

    PubMed

    Gogarty, B

    2003-04-01

    This paper examines the current Australian regulatory response to human reproductive cloning. The central consideration is the capacity of the current regulatory regime to effectively deter human cloning efforts. A legislative prohibition on human cloning must be both effective and clear enough to allow researchers to know what practices are acceptable. This paper asks whether the current Australian regime evinces these qualities and suggests that Australia should follow the example set in the UK by the enactment of the Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001.

  11. Toward Cyber Omniscience: Deterring Cyber Attacks by Hostile Individuals in 2035

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-02-17

    omniscience is a characteristic most often ascribed to God. Although omniscience is not considered humanly attainable, this essay has intentionally, but...New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2005. Library of Congress. ―Amazing Grace.‖ Lyrics and history of John Newton‘s Christian hymn. http

  12. Comparing Factors of Bachelor's Degree Attainment for First and Continuing Generation Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hoffman, Holly Gilbertson

    2014-01-01

    Colleges and universities have recently been under great pressure to increase institutional graduation rates, due to a surge in consumer demand for accountability and the use of graduation rates to deter nine effectiveness and funding. Many colleges may choose to achieve higher graduation rates by simply increasing selectivity. However, this…

  13. Pilot process for decolorizing/deodorizing commercial corn zein products

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Corn zein is the major protein component of ground corn, and co-products of the corn ethanol industry which includes distiller’s dried grains and corn gluten meal. Zein products generated from those materials all possess some degree of yellow color and off-odor that deters their usage in food syste...

  14. Measuring the reasons that discourage medical students from working in rural areas

    PubMed Central

    Goel, Sonu; Angeli, Federica; Singla, Neetu; Ruwaard, Dirk

    2018-01-01

    Abstract The sharply uneven distribution of human resources for health care across urban and rural areas has been a long-standing concern globally. The present study aims to develop and validate an instrument measuring the factors deterring final year students of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in 3 northern states of India, from working in rural areas. The medical student's de-motivation to work in rural India (MSDRI) scale was developed using extensive literature review followed by Delphi technique. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were assessed in terms of content validity, construct validity, data quality and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to identify the primary deterrents. Thirty-three items were generated from literature search followed by Delphi exercise. After assessing psychometric properties, the final instrument included 29 items whereas the EFA and CFA highlighted 5 main factors, namely lack of professional challenge, social segregation, socio-cultural gap, hostile professional environment, and lack of financial incentives as underpinning students’ demotivation towards working in rural areas. The MSDRI instrument is the first valid and reliable measure for identifying deterring factors for MBBS students to work in rural areas of India. The use of it may be very helpful for policymakers as well as healthcare organizations in formulating effective measures to encourage medical students to work in rural areas, which suffer from a chronic shortage of medical personnel. PMID:29480833

  15. Patterning N-type and S-type neuroblastoma cells with Pluronic F108 and ECM proteins.

    PubMed

    Corey, Joseph M; Gertz, Caitlyn C; Sutton, Thomas J; Chen, Qiaoran; Mycek, Katherine B; Wang, Bor-Shuen; Martin, Abbey A; Johnson, Sara L; Feldman, Eva L

    2010-05-01

    Influencing cell shape using micropatterned substrates affects cell behaviors, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Cell shape may also affect these behaviors in human neuroblastoma (NBL) cancer, but to date, no substrate design has effectively patterned multiple clinically important human NBL lines. In this study, we investigated whether Pluronic F108 was an effective antiadhesive coating for human NBL cells and whether it would localize three NBL lines to adhesive regions of tissue culture plastic or collagen I on substrate patterns. The adhesion and patterning of an S-type line, SH-EP, and two N-type lines, SH-SY5Y and IMR-32, were tested. In adhesion assays, F108 deterred NBL adhesion equally as well as two antiadhesive organofunctional silanes and far better than bovine serum albumin. Patterned stripes of F108 restricted all three human NBL lines to adhesive stripes of tissue culture plastic. We then investigated four schemes of applying collagen and F108 to different regions of a substrate. Contact with collagen obliterates the ability of F108 to deter NBL adhesion, limiting how both materials can be applied to substrates to produce high fidelity NBL patterning. This patterned substrate design should facilitate investigations of the role of cell shape in NBL cell behavior. Copyright 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  16. Patterning N-type and S-type Neuroblastoma Cells with Pluronic F108 and ECM Proteins

    PubMed Central

    Corey, Joseph M.; Gertz, Caitlyn C.; Sutton, Thomas J.; Chen, Qiaoran; Mycek, Katherine B.; Wang, Bor-Shuen; Martin, Abbey A.; Johnson, Sara L.; Feldman, Eva L.

    2009-01-01

    Influencing cell shape using micropatterned substrates affects cell behaviors, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Cell shape may also affect these behaviors in human neuroblastoma (NBL) cancer, but to date, no substrate design has effectively patterned multiple clinically important human NBL lines. In this study, we investigated whether Pluronic F108 was an effective anti-adhesive coating for human NBL cells and whether it would localize three NBL lines to adhesive regions of tissue culture plastic or collagen I on substrate patterns. The adhesion and patterning of an S-type line, SH-EP, and two N-type lines, SH-SY5Y and IMR-32, were tested. In adhesion assays, F108 deterred NBL adhesion equally as well as two anti-adhesive organofunctional silanes and far better than bovine serum albumin. Patterned stripes of F108 restricted all three human NBL lines to adhesive stripes of tissue culture plastic. We then investigated four schemes of applying collagen and F108 to different regions of a substrate. Contact with collagen obliterates the ability of F108 to deter NBL adhesion, limiting how both materials can be applied to substrates to produce high fidelity NBL patterning. This patterned substrate design should facilitate investigations of the role of cell shape in NBL cell behavior. PMID:19609877

  17. Conciliatory gestures promote forgiveness and reduce anger in humans.

    PubMed

    McCullough, Michael E; Pedersen, Eric J; Tabak, Benjamin A; Carter, Evan C

    2014-07-29

    Conflict is an inevitable component of social life, and natural selection has exerted strong effects on many organisms to facilitate victory in conflict and to deter conspecifics from imposing harms upon them. Like many species, humans likely possess cognitive systems whose function is to motivate revenge as a means of deterring individuals who have harmed them from harming them again in the future. However, many social relationships often retain value even after conflicts have occurred between interactants, so natural selection has very likely also endowed humans with cognitive systems whose function is to motivate reconciliation with transgressors whom they perceive as valuable and nonthreatening, notwithstanding their harmful prior actions. In a longitudinal study with 337 participants who had recently been harmed by a relationship partner, we found that conciliatory gestures (e.g., apologies, offers of compensation) were associated with increases in victims' perceptions of their transgressors' relationship value and reductions in perceptions of their transgressors' exploitation risk. In addition, conciliatory gestures appeared to accelerate forgiveness and reduce reactive anger via their intermediate effects on relationship value and exploitation risk. These results strongly suggest that conciliatory gestures facilitate forgiveness and reduce anger by modifying victims' perceptions of their transgressors' value as relationship partners and likelihood of recidivism.

  18. What exactly is an exact copy? And why it matters when trying to ban human reproductive cloning in Australia

    PubMed Central

    Gogarty, B

    2003-01-01

    This paper examines the current Australian regulatory response to human reproductive cloning. The central consideration is the capacity of the current regulatory regime to effectively deter human cloning efforts. A legislative prohibition on human cloning must be both effective and clear enough to allow researchers to know what practices are acceptable. This paper asks whether the current Australian regime evinces these qualities and suggests that Australia should follow the example set in the UK by the enactment of the Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001. PMID:12672887

  19. The Use of Flexible Staffing Arrangements in Core Production Jobs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gramm, Cynthia L.; Schnell, John F.

    2001-01-01

    A 1994-96 survey of Alabama human resource managers indicated that unions deterred the use of flexible arrangements; subcontracting was positively related to core employees' wages; and flexible staffing was associated with core employee hiring costs and low-cost production strategies. Core employees gained job security through use of flexible…

  20. 31 CFR 1025.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. 1025.520 Section 1025.520... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES Special Information Sharing... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of...

  1. 31 CFR 1025.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. 1025.520 Section 1025.520... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES Special Information Sharing... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of...

  2. 31 CFR 1025.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. 1025.520 Section 1025.520... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES Special Information Sharing... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of...

  3. 31 CFR 1025.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. 1025.520 Section 1025.520... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES Special Information Sharing... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for insurance companies. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of...

  4. 31 CFR 1028.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card systems. 1028.520...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS... information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card...

  5. 31 CFR 1028.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card systems. 1028.520...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS... information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card...

  6. 31 CFR 1028.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card systems. 1028.520...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS... information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card...

  7. 31 CFR 1028.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card systems. 1028.520...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS... information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for operators of credit card...

  8. 31 CFR 1021.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for casinos and card clubs. 1021.520 Section 1021... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.520 Special...

  9. 31 CFR 1021.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for casinos and card clubs. 1021.520 Section 1021... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.520 Special...

  10. 31 CFR 1021.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for casinos and card clubs. 1021.520 Section 1021... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.520 Special...

  11. 31 CFR 1021.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for casinos and card clubs. 1021.520 Section 1021... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.520 Special...

  12. 31 CFR 1024.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for mutual funds. 1024.520 Section 1024.520 Money... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR MUTUAL FUNDS Special Information Sharing Procedures... deter money laundering and terrorist activity for mutual funds. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter...

  13. A Model for Deterring the Determined Thief of Patron Property

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McKay, Richard

    2008-01-01

    Ongoing theft from library patrons may be the work of a determined thief, one who will not be deterred by the crimeproofing techniques that often stop less committed criminals. This type of theft can be deterred when the library staff makes their patrons aware that successful deterrence depends on them not abandoning their valuables. Other staff…

  14. Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis activity, spermatogenesis, and sperm function promote infertility in males with lead poisoning.

    PubMed

    Gandhi, Jason; Hernandez, Rafael J; Chen, Andrew; Smith, Noel L; Sheynkin, Yefim R; Joshi, Gargi; Khan, Sardar Ali

    2017-04-01

    Lead poisoning is a stealthy threat to human physiological systems as chronic exposure can remain asymptomatic for long periods of time before symptoms manifest. We presently review the biophysical mechanisms of lead poisoning that contribute to male infertility. Environmental and occupational exposure of lead may adversely affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, impairing the induction of spermatogenesis. Dysfunction at the reproductive axis, namely testosterone suppression, is most susceptible and irreversible during pubertal development. Lead poisoning also appears to directly impair the process of spermatogenesis itself as well as sperm function. Spermatogenesis issues may manifest as low sperm count and stem from reproductive axis dysfunction or testicular degeneration. Generation of excessive reactive oxygen species due to lead-associated oxidative stress can potentially affect sperm viability, motility, DNA fragmentation, membrane lipid peroxidation, capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and chemotaxis for sperm-oocyte fusion, all of which can contribute to deter fertilization. Reproductive toxicity has been tested through cross-sectional analysis studies in humans as well as in vivo and in vitro studies in animals.

  15. The Long War Concept: Using the Security Cooperation Marine Air Ground Task Force to Address Irregular Threats through Shaping and Deterrence

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-01-01

    8217 relationships and alliances and/or deter potenrlal advetsaries. • PlltlSE 1: Deter the Enem ~’, This phase focuses on deterring specific opponents by...destruction of the enem ~’ in ol’der to break the opponent’s will for organized resistance. StabIllty operations WIll also be conducted as needed to

  16. Technology and Research Requirements for Combating Human Trafficking: Enhancing Communication, Analysis, Reporting, and Information Sharing

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kreyling, Sean J.; West, Curtis L.; Olson, Jarrod

    2011-03-17

    DHS’ Science & Technology Directorate directed PNNL to conduct an exploratory study on the domain of human trafficking in the Pacific Northwest in order to examine and identify technology and research requirements for enhancing communication, analysis, reporting, and information sharing – activities that directly support efforts to track, identify, deter, and prosecute human trafficking – including identification of potential national threats from smuggling and trafficking networks. This effort was conducted under the Knowledge Management Technologies Portfolio as part of the Integrated Federal, State, and Local/Regional Information Sharing (RISC) and Collaboration Program.

  17. Deterring Spoilers: Peace Enforcement Operations and Political Settlements to Conflict

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-03-01

    Intrastate Conflict ( Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), 14. 5 include improving human rights standards, military codes of conduct, and the...Pamela Aall (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2001), 543. 6 different indicators. Peace support operations ( PSO ) is a general term...International Affairs 81 (2005): 325-39. Regan, Patrick M. Civil Wars and Foreign Powers: Outside Intervention in Intrastate Conflict. Ann Arbor

  18. The restorative logic of punishment: another argument in favor of weak selection.

    PubMed

    Baumard, Nicolas

    2012-02-01

    Strong reciprocity theorists claim that punishment has evolved to promote the good of the group and to deter cheating. By contrast, weak reciprocity suggests that punishment aims to restore justice (i.e., reciprocity) between the criminal and his victim. Experimental evidences as well as field observations suggest that humans punish criminals to restore fairness rather than to support group cooperation.

  19. Pupal vibratory signals of a group-living beetle that deter larvae

    PubMed Central

    Kojima, Wataru; Ishikawa, Yukio; Takanashi, Takuma

    2012-01-01

    Pupae of some insects produce sounds or vibrations, but the function of the sounds/vibrations has not been clarified in most cases. Recently, we found vibratory communication between pupae and larvae of a group-living beetle Trypoxylus dichotoma, which live in humus soil. The vibratory signals produced by pupae were shown to deter approaching larvae, thereby protecting themselves. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that pupal signals are mimics of vibratory noises associated with foraging of moles, the most common predators of T. dichotoma. Mole vibrations played back in laboratory experiments deterred larval approaches in the same way as pupal signals. These findings suggest that to deter conspecific larvae, pupae of T. dichotoma may have exploited a preexisting response of larvae to predator vibrations by emitting deceptive signals. PMID:22896788

  20. The path of least resistance: paying for antibiotics in non-human uses.

    PubMed

    Hollis, Aidan; Ahmed, Ziana

    2014-11-01

    Antibiotic resistance is a critical threat to human and animal health. Despite the importance of antibiotics, regulators continue to allow antibiotics to be used in low-value applications--subtherapeutic dosing in animals, and spraying tobacco plants for blue mold, for example--where the benefits are unlikely to outweigh the costs in terms of increased resistance. We explore the application of a user fee in non-human uses of antibiotics. Such a fee would efficiently deter low value uses while also providing funding to support the development of the urgently needed new antibiotics. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. IEEE Conference Record of 1980 Fourteenth Pulse Power Modulator Symposium, 3-5 June 1980.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-01-01

    attachment and generation coefficients, usually given volume can control the velocity of the streamer phase as a function of E/P. Data on experimentally ...more foils could be used if desired. The mechanical design for the electron beau Experimental Program controlled switch has two competing requirenmts...deter- mine the effect of the plasma conditioning as compared to the control tests. 2W C C TABLE I: SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE • ur EIIEIT

  2. Deterring and Responding to Asymmetrical Threats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2003-05-22

    adversary may not be willing to give up. 61 Maslow identified five levels that motivate human behavior: physiology, safety, belongingness, esteem , and self ...discussing regional powers this study assumed that self -preservation and rational thinking would prevent nuclear war. If, however, a radical regime...11th to kill 30,000 people, does any one doubt the terrorists would have not used them? If such actors exist and self -preservation is of a lesser value

  3. Deterrence in the Human Domain: A COIN Framework to Deterring Unconventional Warfare in Shaping Operations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-05-25

    Wilkinson US Army School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2017 Approved for...SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Advanced Military Studies Program 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S...adversary’s unconventional threat. To test this framework, this monograph analyzes a case study of how Russia will likely use unconventional forces and

  4. Social Integration and Divorce.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Booth, Alan; And Others

    1991-01-01

    Longitudinal data on over 1,300 married persons suggest that divorce was deterred by absence of divorce in reference group (normative integration) and was deterred for shorter marriages by more friends and organizational affiliations (communicative integration). Sharing friends and organization affiliations with spouse (functional integration) may…

  5. 31 CFR 1021.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.500 General. Casinos and card clubs are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering...

  6. 31 CFR 1021.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.500 General. Casinos and card clubs are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering...

  7. 31 CFR 1021.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.500 General. Casinos and card clubs are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering...

  8. 31 CFR 1021.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.500 General. Casinos and card clubs are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering...

  9. 49 CFR 543.9 - Terminating or modifying an exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXEMPTION FROM VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION... compliance with the parts-marking requirements of part 541 in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft... exemption has not been as effective as parts-marking in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft. (2...

  10. Deterring Violent Extremism in America by Utilizing Good Counter-Radicalization Practices from Abroad: A Policy Perspective

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-03-01

    offering rehabilitation programs to former extremists. This thesis provides a way ahead for American policy makers by sharing good practices in each of...and offering training to prevent terrorism from when individuals are young. Understanding that humans are fallible, American policy makers and...in the United Kingdom that provided trained Islamic scholars to offer advice about the true teaching of Islam.102 The hotline “El-Hatef el- Islami’s

  11. Government Activities to Detect, Deter and Disrupt Threats Enumerating from the Dark Web

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-09

    the surface selling web website, the Silk Road site offered a variety of illegal goods and served as a grant for the customer transaction. The...order to degrade human prosperity. Tor network, besides offering legal anonymity, services is an infrastructure for illicit online services which are... customer ordered illegal goods from the website located on the dark web and paid in Bitcoins. The money stays on the site wallet until the customer

  12. The Middle East in 2015: The Impact of Regional Trends in U.S. Strategic Planning

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2002-07-01

    longevity , the activation of a Syrian- Israeli track, or the American election cycle—will eliminate the need to provide economic assistance and investment...to do so. But the movement toward elected, albeit still largely consultative, bodies pioneered by Kuwait has been followed in more modest measure in...The trends described in these chapters reflect an appreciation of demography , the natural laws of economics, history, and the deter- mination of human

  13. Why Security Force Assistance Fails

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-05-26

    operations. During a period of fiscal austerity while the US military is relying on a rotational presence of forces to shape and deter conflict, the...period of fiscal austerity while the US military is relying on a rotational presence of forces to shape and deter conflict, the necessity of working

  14. An Intelligent Fingerprint-Biometric Image Scrambling Scheme

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khan, Muhammad Khurram; Zhang, Jiashu

    To obstruct the attacks, and to hamper with the liveness and retransmission issues of biometrics images, we have researched on the challenge/response-based biometrics scrambled image transmission. We proposed an intelligent biometrics sensor, which has computational power to receive challenges from the authentication server and generate response against the challenge with the encrypted biometric image. We utilized the FRT for biometric image encryption and used its scaling factors and random phase mask as the additional secret keys. In addition, we chaotically generated the random phase masks by a chaotic map to further improve the encryption security. Experimental and simulation results have shown that the presented system is secure, robust, and deters the risks of attacks of biometrics image transmission.

  15. Defining Deterrence in Cyberspace Working Toward a Framework to Integrate Cyber Deterrence

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-04-01

    The goal of deterrence is not to deter the use of a particular weapon. Rather, a nation deters undesirable behavior. Cyber warfare can produce three...associated limitations will not produce a strategically decisive result. Cyber warfare must be used in conjunction with other instruments of power to

  16. Aggressive Attitudes and Prevalence of Bullying Bystander Behavior in Middle School

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Datta, Pooja; Cornell, Dewey; Huang, Francis

    2016-01-01

    Separate lines of research find that proaggressive attitudes promote peer aggression and that bystanders play a pivotal role in deterring or facilitating bullying behavior. The current study hypothesized that proaggressive attitudes in middle school would deter students from standing up to bullying and encourage them to reinforce bullying…

  17. 75 FR 29812 - Petition for Exemption From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Volkswagen

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-27

    ... in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the parts marking requirements of... assemblies in motor vehicles related to performance. Volkswagen stated that it believes the immobilizer... deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the parts-marking requirements of the Theft Prevention...

  18. 31 CFR 1023.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for brokers or dealers in securities. 1023.520... securities. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter. (b) [Reserved] ...

  19. 31 CFR 1023.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for brokers or dealers in securities. 1023.520... securities. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter. (b) [Reserved] ...

  20. 31 CFR 1023.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for brokers or dealers in securities. 1023.520... securities. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter. (b) [Reserved] ...

  1. 31 CFR 1023.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES... to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for brokers or dealers in securities. 1023.520... securities. (a) Refer to § 1010.520 of this chapter. (b) [Reserved] ...

  2. Ethics of paid organ donation.

    PubMed

    Phadke, Kishore D; Anandh, Urmila

    2002-05-01

    As the waiting list of patients requiring organ transplantation grows, there is a subtle but noticeable shift in society towards accepting organs as a commodity which can be paid for. Although nowhere is the organ trade legal, the commerce of organs goes on in different parts of the world, especially in developing countries such as India. This is largely due to societal and governmental failure to implement the existing "transplant laws". It is high time the medical profession ceased being an accomplice to this unscrupulous trade, which exploits the poor, deters altruism retarding the living-related and cadaver transplant programs, commercializes the human body and jeopardizes human dignity.

  3. Eye-spots in Lepidoptera attract attention in humans

    PubMed Central

    Yorzinski, Jessica L.; Platt, Michael L.; Adams, Geoffrey K.

    2015-01-01

    Many prey species exhibit defensive traits to decrease their chances of predation. Conspicuous eye-spots, concentric rings of contrasting colours, are one type of defensive trait that some species exhibit to deter predators. We examined the function of eye-spots in Lepidoptera to determine whether they are effective at deterring predators because they resemble eyes (‘eye mimicry hypothesis’) or are highly salient (‘conspicuous signal hypothesis’). We recorded the gaze behaviour of men and women as they viewed natural images of butterflies and moths as well as images in which the eye-spots of these insects were modified. The eye-spots were modified by removing them, scrambling their colours, or replacing them with elliptical or triangular shapes that had either dark or light centres. Participants were generally more likely to look at, spend more time looking at and be faster to first fixate the eye-spots of butterflies and moths that were natural compared with ones that were modified, including the elliptical eye-spots with dark centres that most resembled eyes as well as the scrambled eye-spots that had the same contrast as the natural eye-spots. Participants were most likely to look at eye-spots that were numerous, had a large surface area and were located close to the insects' heads. Participants' pupils were larger when viewing eye-spots compared with the rest of the insects' body, suggesting a greater arousal when viewing eye-spots. Our results provide some support for the conspicuous signal hypothesis (and minimal support for the eye mimicry hypothesis) and suggest that eye-spots may be effective at deterring predators because they are highly conspicuous signals that draw attention. PMID:26543589

  4. Panacea or Perestroika: A Socio-Economic Analysis of the Equity and Efficiency Effects of Choice in Education

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1991-12-01

    better educational resources. Schools cannot be expected to win The War on Poverty, to defeat drugs, racism and sexism , when the school is but a...Equal Education Opportunity, Human Capital Theory 19 Ah$TPACT Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) This paper looks at the ...attainments at the primary and secondary level is obvious. The measures used by the National Center for Education Statistics to deter- mine the efficacy

  5. 31 CFR 1026.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities. 1026.520 Section 1026.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to...

  6. 31 CFR 1026.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities. 1026.520 Section 1026.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to...

  7. 31 CFR 1026.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities. 1026.520 Section 1026.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to...

  8. 31 CFR 1026.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for futures commission merchants and introducing brokers in commodities. 1026.520 Section 1026.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to...

  9. 31 CFR 1022.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money services businesses. 1022.520 Section 1022.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  10. 31 CFR 1022.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money services businesses. 1022.520 Section 1022.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  11. 31 CFR 1022.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money services businesses. 1022.520 Section 1022.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  12. 31 CFR 1022.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for money services businesses. 1022.520 Section 1022.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  13. Observing and Deterring Social Cheating on College Exams

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fendler, Richard J.; Yates, Michael C.; Godbey, Johnathan M.

    2018-01-01

    This research introduces a unique multiple choice exam design to observe and measure the degree to which students copy answers from their peers. Using data collected from the exam, an empirical experiment is conducted to determine whether random seat assignment deters cheating relative to a control group of students allowed to choose their seats.…

  14. Parents' Expectations about Childrearing after Divorce: Does Anticipating Difficulty Deter Divorce?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Poortman, Anne-Rigt; Seltzer, Judith A.

    2007-01-01

    Divorce is costly for parents because of the challenges of meeting children's economic and socioemotional needs after separation. Using the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,935), we investigate whether expected economic and parenting costs deter divorce. Mothers expect higher economic costs than fathers, whereas fathers expect…

  15. 50 CFR 18.34 - Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears. 18.34 Section 18.34 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MARINE MAMMALS Special Exceptions § 18.34...

  16. 50 CFR 18.34 - Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears. 18.34 Section 18.34 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MARINE MAMMALS Special Exceptions § 18.34...

  17. 50 CFR 18.34 - Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears. 18.34 Section 18.34 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MARINE MAMMALS Special Exceptions § 18.34...

  18. 50 CFR 18.34 - Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Guidelines for use in safely deterring polar bears. 18.34 Section 18.34 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE..., EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MARINE MAMMALS Special Exceptions § 18.34...

  19. Can Nuclear Terrorists be Deterred?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ferguson, Charles

    2005-04-01

    Conventional thinking since September 11, 2001, posits that nuclear-armed terrorists cannot be deterred. However, not all terrorist groups are alike. For instance, those that are strongly affiliated with a national territory or a constituency that can be held hostage are more likely to be self-deterred against using or even acquiring nuclear weapons. In contrast, international terrorist organizations, such as al Qaeda, or apocalyptic groups, such as Aum Shinrikyo, may welcome retaliatory nuclear strikes because they embrace martyrdom. Such groups may be immune to traditional deterrence, which threatens direct punishment against the group in question or against territory or people the terrorists' value. Although deterring these groups may appear hopeless, nuclear forensic techniques could provide the means to establish deterrence through other means. In particular, as long as the source of the nuclear weapon or fissile material could be identified, the United States could threaten a retaliatory response against a nation that did not provide adequate security for its nuclear weapons or weapons-usable fissile material. This type of deterrent threat could be used to compel the nation with lax security to improve its security to meet rigorous standards.

  20. Time-Domain Method for Computing Forces and Moments Acting on Three Dimensional Surface-Piercing Ship Hulls with Forward Speed.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-09-01

    where 4BD represents the instantaneous effect of the body, while OFS represents the free surface disturbance generated by the body over all previous...acceleration boundary condition. This deter- mines the time-derivative of the body-induced component of the flow, 4BD (as well as OBD through integration...panel with uniform density ei acting over a surface of area Ai is replaced by a single point source with strength s i(t) - A i(a i(t n ) + (t-t n ) G( td

  1. New Generation of Satellite-Derived Ocean Thermal Structure for the Western North Pacific Typhoon Intensity Forecasting

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-10-26

    took 35% of error as a threshold to deter- mine whether the parameters derived by the REGWNP are of acceptable accuracy. Fig. 13 shows the applicable...2000. The interaction between Hurricane Opal (1995) and a warm core ring in the Gulf of Mexico. Monthly Weather Review 128, 1347–1365. Jacob, S.D...Hurricane Opal . Monthly Weather Review 128, 1366–1383. Stephens, C., Antonov, J.I., Boyer, T.P., Conkright, M.E., Locarnini, R.A., O’Brien, T.D., Carcia

  2. Prevention Research: Deterring Drug Abuse among Children and Adolescents. NIDA Research Monograph 63. A RAUS Review Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bell, Catherine S., Ed.; Battjes, Robert, Ed.

    Papers from the meeting "Prevention Research: Deterring Drug Abuse Among Children and Adolescents" which focused on social skills and social inoculation approaches and also included a contrasting cognitive-developmental approach are presented in this document. These papers are included: (1) "Overview of Drug Abuse Prevention Research," (Catherine…

  3. Outcomes of a Technology-Based Social Norms Intervention to Deter Alcohol Use in Freshman Residence Halls

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thombs, Dennis L.; Olds, R. Scott; Osborn, Cynthia J.; Casseday, Sarah; Glavin, Kevin; Berkowitz, Alan D.

    2007-01-01

    Objective: The authors tested a prototype intervention designed to deter alcohol use in residence halls. Participants: Approximately 384 freshmen participated in the study over a 2-year period. Methods: The authors devised a feedback method that assessed residents' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at night and allowed the readings to be retrieved…

  4. 31 CFR 1029.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan or finance companies. 1029.520 Section 1029.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  5. 31 CFR 1029.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan or finance companies. 1029.520 Section 1029.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  6. 31 CFR 1029.520 - Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and terrorist activity for loan or finance companies. 1029.520 Section 1029.520 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES...

  7. Policing of reproduction by hidden threats in a cooperative mammal.

    PubMed

    Cant, Michael A; Nichols, Hazel J; Johnstone, Rufus A; Hodge, Sarah J

    2014-01-07

    The evolution of cooperation in animal and human societies is associated with mechanisms to suppress individual selfishness. In insect societies, queens and workers enforce cooperation by "policing" selfish reproduction by workers. Insect policing typically takes the form of damage limitation after individuals have carried out selfish acts (such as laying eggs). In contrast, human policing is based on the use of threats that deter individuals from acting selfishly in the first place, minimizing the need for damage limitation. Policing by threat could in principle be used to enforce reproductive suppression in animal societies, but testing this idea requires an experimental approach to simulate reproductive transgression and provoke out-of-equilibrium behavior. We carried out an experiment of this kind on a wild population of cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) in Uganda. In this species, each group contains multiple female breeders that give birth to a communal litter, usually on the same day. In a 7-y experiment we used contraceptive injections to manipulate the distribution of maternity within groups, triggering hidden threats of infanticide. Our data suggest that older, socially dominant females use the threat of infanticide to deter selfish reproduction by younger females, but that females can escape the threat of infanticide by synchronizing birth to the same day as older females. Our study shows that reproduction in animal societies can be profoundly influenced by threats that remain hidden until they are triggered experimentally. Coercion may thus extend well beyond the systems in which acts of infanticide are common.

  8. Repellent and deterrent effects of SS220, Picaridin, and Deet suppress human blood feeding by Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Phlebotomus papatasi.

    PubMed

    Klun, Jerome A; Khrimian, Ashot; Debboun, Mustapha

    2006-01-01

    A series of behavioral tests with Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles stephensi Liston, mosquitoes, and the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli in the presence of Deet, SS220, and Picaridin topically applied to the skin of human volunteers showed that the insects were deterred from feeding on and repelled from surfaces emanating the compounds. When offered a 12- or 24-cm2 area of skin, one-half treated with compound and one-half untreated, the insects fed almost exclusively on untreated skin. The sand flies and mosquitoes did not at any time physically contact chemically treated surfaces. When treated and untreated skin areas were covered with cloth, insects contacted, landed, and bit only through cloth covering untreated skin. These observations provided evidence that the compounds deterred feeding and repelled insects from treated surfaces primarily as a result of olfactory sensing. When cloth, one-half untreated and one-half treated with chemical, was placed over untreated skin, insects only touched and specifically bit through the untreated cloth. This showed that the activity of the chemicals does not involve a chemical x skin interaction. In the presence of any of the three chemicals, no matter how they were presented to the insects, overall population biting activity was reduced by about one-half relative to controls. This reduction showed a true repellent effect for the compounds. Results clearly showed that Deet, SS220, and Picaridin exert repellent and deterrent effects upon the behavior of mosquitoes and sand flies. Heretofore, the combined behavioral effects of these compounds upon mosquito and sand fly behavior were unknown. Moreover, protection afforded by Deet, SS220, and Picaridin against the feeding of these three disease vectors on humans is mechanistically a consequence of the two chemical effects.

  9. Phytoestrogen signaling and symbiotic gene activation are disrupted by endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

    PubMed Central

    Fox, Jennifer E; Starcevic, Marta; Jones, Phillip E; Burow, Matthew E; McLachlan, John A

    2004-01-01

    Some organochlorine pesticides and other synthetic chemicals mimic hormones in representatives of each vertebrate class, including mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish. These compounds are called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Similarly, hormonelike signaling has also been observed when vertebrates are exposed to plant chemicals called phytoestrogens. Previous research has shown the mechanism of action for EDCs and phytoestrogens is as unintended ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER). Although pesticides have been synthesized to deter insects and weeds, plants produce phytoestrogens to deter herbivores, as attractant cues for insects, and as recruitment signals for symbiotic soil bacteria. Our data present the first evidence that some of the same organochlorine pesticides and EDCs known to disrupt endocrine signaling through ERs in exposed wildlife and humans also disrupt the phytoestrogen signaling that leguminous plants use to recruit Sinorhizobium meliloti soil bacteria for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Here we report that a variety of EDCs and pesticides commonly found in agricultural soils interfere with the symbiotic signaling necessary for nitrogen fixation, suggesting that the principles underlying endocrine disruption may have more widespread biological and ecological importance than had once been thought. PMID:15121509

  10. The virtues of gossip: reputational information sharing as prosocial behavior.

    PubMed

    Feinberg, Matthew; Willer, Robb; Stellar, Jennifer; Keltner, Dacher

    2012-05-01

    Reputation systems promote cooperation and deter antisocial behavior in groups. Little is known, however, about how and why people share reputational information. Here, we seek to establish the existence and dynamics of prosocial gossip, the sharing of negative evaluative information about a target in a way that protects others from antisocial or exploitative behavior. We present a model of prosocial gossip and the results of 4 studies testing the model's claims. Results of Studies 1 through 3 demonstrate that (a) individuals who observe an antisocial act experience negative affect and are compelled to share information about the antisocial actor with a potentially vulnerable person, (b) sharing such information reduces negative affect created by observing the antisocial behavior, and (c) individuals possessing more prosocial orientations are the most motivated to engage in such gossip, even at a personal cost, and exhibit the greatest reduction in negative affect as a result. Study 4 demonstrates that prosocial gossip can effectively deter selfishness and promote cooperation. Taken together these results highlight the roles of prosocial motivations and negative affective reactions to injustice in maintaining reputational information sharing in groups. We conclude by discussing implications for reputational theories of the maintenance of cooperation in human groups.

  11. Does the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals? Rational Choice, Self-Control, and Crime

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wright, Bradley R. E.; Caspi, Avshalom; Moffitt, Terrie E.; Paternoster, Ray

    2004-01-01

    Society's efforts to deter crime with punishment may be ineffective because those individuals most prone to commit crime often act impulsively, with little thought for the future, and so they may be unmoved by the threat of later punishment. Deterrence messages they receive, therefore, may fall on deaf ears. This article examines this issue by…

  12. What Deters Students from Studying Abroad? Evidence from Four European Countries and Its Implications for Higher Education Policy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Netz, Nicolai

    2015-01-01

    This study examines factors that deter students in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands from studying abroad. Using an adaptation of the Rubicon model of action phases, the path to gaining study abroad experience is conceptualised as a process involving two thresholds: the decision threshold and the realisation threshold. Theoretical…

  13. Influence ofAmaranthus hybridus L. allelochemics on oviposition behavior ofSpodoptera exigua andS. eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

    PubMed

    Mitchell, E R; Heath, R R

    1985-05-01

    Common pigweed,Amaranthus hybridus L., is a favorite host of the beet army worm (BAW),Spodoptera exigua L. Chemicals extracted from homogenized pigweed with distilled water, ethanol, or dichloromethane and sprayed back on pigweed deterred oviposition by the BAW. Similarly, water extracts of frass from conspecific larvae or southern armyworm (SAW) larvae,S. eridania (Cramer), fed pigweed leaves and sprayed back on pigweed plants also deterred BAW oviposition, thus confirming that deterrence was due to plant allelochemics rather than specific compounds associated with the metabolic or excretory products of the larvae. Confirmation of the presence of oviposition-deterring chemicals in pigweed was used to explain a previously observed seasonal displacement of BAW by SAW on pigweed in the field.

  14. Public Forum on Youth and Tobacco: Breaking the Cycle. Hearing on Examining Proposals To Deter Youth From Using Tobacco Products before the Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session (October 27, 1997).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources.

    This publication contains the testimony from a hearing on growth and tobacco use. Statements include: (1) Opening Statement of Senator Bill Frist; (2) Statements of a panel of teens, Brandi Battle, Washington, DC; Kellie Jolly, Tennessee; Nickita Bradley, Maryland; and Josh, Virginia; followed by discussion; (3) Discussion and prepared statements…

  15. No third-party punishment in chimpanzees

    PubMed Central

    Riedl, Katrin; Jensen, Keith; Call, Josep; Tomasello, Michael

    2012-01-01

    Punishment can help maintain cooperation by deterring free-riding and cheating. Of particular importance in large-scale human societies is third-party punishment in which individuals punish a transgressor or norm violator even when they themselves are not affected. Nonhuman primates and other animals aggress against conspecifics with some regularity, but it is unclear whether this is ever aimed at punishing others for noncooperation, and whether third-party punishment occurs at all. Here we report an experimental study in which one of humans' closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could punish an individual who stole food. Dominants retaliated when their own food was stolen, but they did not punish when the food of third-parties was stolen, even when the victim was related to them. Third-party punishment as a means of enforcing cooperation, as humans do, might therefore be a derived trait in the human lineage. PMID:22927412

  16. Generation of Micropatterned Substrates Using Micro Photopatterning

    PubMed Central

    Doyle, Andrew D.

    2010-01-01

    Micro photopatterning (µPP) has been developed to rapidly test and generate different patterns for extracellular matrix adsorption without being hindered with the process of making physical stamps through nanolithography techniques. It uses two-photon excitation guided through a point-scanning confocal microscope to locally photoablate poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) thin films in user-defined computer-controlled patterns. PVA thin films are ideal for surface blocking, being hydrophilic substrates that deter protein adsorption and cell attachment. Because gold substrates are not used during µPP, all live-cell fluorescent imaging techniques including total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of GFP–linked proteins can be performed with minimal loss of fluorescence signal. Furthermore, because µPP does not require physical stamps for pattern generation, multiple ECMs or other proteins can be localized within microns of each other. This unit details the setup of µPP as well as giving troubleshooting techniques. PMID:20013752

  17. A bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees

    Treesearch

    Daniel Saenz; Christopher S. Collins; Richard N. Conner

    1999-01-01

    We developed a bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta) from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) trees as an aesthetically pleasing, more cost-effective, and safer alternative to other snake excluder devices. We used a drawknife to carefully shave the bark around the circumference of 4 treatment trees in a l-m-wide band to...

  18. Joint Strategic Oversight Plan for Afghanistan Reconstruction FY13

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-07-01

    programs within its ministries and made progress in deterring corruption by investi­ gating, prosecuting, sanctioning or removing corrupt officials from...within its ministries and made progress in deterring corruption by investigat­ ing, prosecuting, sanctioning or removing corrupt officials from office...of oversight and Lodin’s credibility. • Department of Justice and the Justice Sector Support Program continued their suspension of training the

  19. Avoiding the nest : responses of field sparrows to the threat of nest predation

    Treesearch

    Dirk E. Burhans

    2000-01-01

    Nest predation is a major source of reproductive failure in birds (Ricklefs 1969, Martin 1992). Birds confronted with an enemy near the nest may use behaviors to deter the prospect of nest predation. The benefits of nest defense have been shown for many agressive species (Martin 1992), but smaller birds that cannot deter predators may need to resort to other behaviors...

  20. Deterring War or Courting Disaster: An Analysis of Nuclear Weapons in the Indian Ocean

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-03-01

    16 II. DETERRING WAR BETWEEN THE U.S. AND U.S.S.R. ...................................17 A. DETERRENCE THEORY AND THE...thesis will show, the literature and theory developed around the Cold War does not accommodate the relatively small size and relative inexperience of...and theory regarding sea-based nuclear weapons. Close examination of the Indian Ocean rivalries and the assumptions underpinning the belief in

  1. Five-year operational trial of verbenone to deter mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae); Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attack of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta).

    Treesearch

    R.A. Progar

    2005-01-01

    The antiaggregation pheromone verbenone was operationally tested for 5 yr to deter mass attack by the mountain pine beetle on lodgepole pine in campgrounds and administrative areas surrounding Redfish and Little Redfish Lakes at the Sawtooth National Recreation Area in central Idaho. Each year, five-gram verbenone pouches were evenly distributed (-10 m apart) within...

  2. Transition to Ada

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-02-01

    the relative cost effectiveness of Ada and C++ [10]. (An overview of the Air Force report is given in Appendix D.) Surprisingly, the study deter- mined ...support; 5 = excellent support), followed by a total score, a weighted sum of the rankings based on weights deter- mined by an expert panel: Category...International Conference Location: Britannia International Hotel, London Sponsor. Ada Language UK, Ltd. POC: Helen Byard, Administrator, Ada UK, P.O. 322, York

  3. New answers to an old problem: Social investment and coca crops in Colombia.

    PubMed

    Davalos, Eleonora

    2016-05-01

    For more than 30 years, the main strategy to control illicit coca crops has been forced eradication. Despite the importance of social investment and persistent poverty in areas where illicit crops are grown, there is no empirical evidence of the effect of social expenditures on preventing and reducing the expansion of illicit crops. This paper analyses how social investment in conjunction with eradication affects new coca crops. The model is tested using a dataset consisting of annual data for 440 contiguous municipalities that had coca in any year between 2001 and 2010. The analysis includes the two main techniques used to control illicit crops, manual eradication and aerial spraying. Aerial spraying is effective in deterring farmers from increasing the size of their new coca fields, but this effect is small. Social investment, in addition to generating social welfare, has a significant negative relationship with new coca crops, 0.09-hectare reduction in new coca crops per additional 50-cent spent in social investment (human capital and infrastructure) per inhabitant. Social investment emerges as a complementary and effective strategy to control illicit crops. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  4. Engaging the Nation’s Critical Infrastructure Sector to Deter Cyber Threats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-03-01

    is the component of CyberOps that extends cyber power beyond the defensive boundaries of the GIG to detect, deter, deny, and defeat adversaries... economy .16 DDOS attacks are based on multiple, malware infected personal computers, organized into networks called botnets, and are directed by...not condemn the actions of those involved. Of the two attacks on Estonia and Georgia, it was Estonia that had the greatest damage to its economy

  5. Biofouling and Design of a Biomimetic Hull-Grooming Tool

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-09-14

    have barred the use of organotin compounds such as tributyltin ( TBT ) and copper-based paints, which are currently used by the Navy and have become...copper into the water, killing the fouling organisms. There is new research in biomimetic polymers that deter fouling, but are non- toxic . These polymers...is new research in biomimetic polymers that deter fouling, but are non- toxic . These polymers are rigidly attached to the hull surface extending

  6. CBO’s 2011 Long-Term Budget Outlook

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-06-01

    asteroid strike. Other possibilities include an epidemic (whether on the scale of the 1918 pandemic flu, which killed roughly one out of every 150...AMT and the regular income tax and then pay the higher amount.7 The parameters that deter- mine the amount owed under the AMT are not indexed for...Compare with deficit. sustainable growth rate (SGR): The formula that deter- mines updates to payment rates for physicians under the Medicare program

  7. Providing support to nursing students in the clinical environment: a nursing standard requirement.

    PubMed

    Anderson, Carina; Moxham, Lorna; Broadbent, Marc

    2016-10-01

    This discussion paper poses the question 'What enables or deters Registered Nurses to take up their professional responsibility to support undergraduate nursing students through the provision of clinical education?'. Embedded within many nursing standards are expectations that Registered Nurses provide support and professional development to undergraduate nursing students undertaking clinical placements. Expectations within nursing standards that Registered Nurses provide support and professional development to nursing students are important because nursing students depend on Registered Nurses to help them to become competent practitioners. Contributing factors that enable and deter Registered Nurses from fulfilling this expectation to support nursing students in their clinical learning include; workloads, preparedness for the teaching role, confidence in teaching and awareness of the competency requirement to support students. Factors exist which can enable or deter Registered Nurses from carrying out the licence requirement to provide clinical education and support to nursing students.

  8. Exclusionary policies in urban development: Under-servicing migrant households in Brazilian cities

    PubMed Central

    Feler, Leo; Henderson, J. Vernon

    2012-01-01

    Localities in developed countries often enact regulations to deter low-income households from moving in. In developing countries, such restrictions lead to the emergence of informal housing sectors. To deter low-income migrants, localities in developing countries withhold public services to the informal housing sector. Using a large sample of Brazilian localities, we examine migration and exclusion, focusing on the public provision of water to small houses where low-income migrants are likely to live. Withholding water connections reduces the locality growth rate, particularly of low-education households. In terms of service provision, during dictatorship in Brazil, we find evidence of strategic exclusion, where localities appear to withhold services to deter in-migration. We also find evidence of strategic interactions among localities within metro areas in their setting of service levels: if one locality provides more services to migrant households, other localities respond by withholding service. PMID:22707807

  9. Satellite Relative Motion Control for MIT’s SPHERES Program

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-03-01

    rates of the SPHERES position and velocity are modeled. Section 2.5.2 illustrates how to deter- mine the quaternions and the angular rates to...velocity components are determined following the process described in Section 2.4.5. Once the feedback gains are deter- mined the switch line of the bang...Using Lasers in Space: Laser Orbital Debris Removal and Asteroid Deflection,” 2000. 17. Rogers, M. E., “Lasers in Space: Technological Options for

  10. What Deters Crime? Comparing the Effectiveness of Legal, Social, and Internal Sanctions Across Countries.

    PubMed

    Mann, Heather; Garcia-Rada, Ximena; Hornuf, Lars; Tafurt, Juan

    2016-01-01

    The question of what deters crime is of both theoretical and practical interest. The present paper focuses on what factors deter minor, non-violent crimes, i.e., dishonest actions that violate the law. Much research has been devoted to testing the effectiveness of legal sanctions on crime, while newer models also include social sanctions (judgment of friends or family) and internal sanctions (feelings of guilt). Existing research suggests that both internal sanctions and, to a lesser extent, legal sanctions deter crime, but it is unclear whether this pattern is unique to Western countries or robust across cultures. We administered a survey study to participants in China, Colombia, Germany, Portugal, and USA, five countries from distinct cultural regions of the world. Participants were asked to report the likelihood of engaging in seven dishonest and illegal actions, and were asked to indicate the probability and severity of consequences for legal, friend, family, and internal sanctions. Results indicated that across countries, internal sanctions had the strongest deterrent effects on crime. The deterrent effects of legal sanctions were weaker and varied across countries. Furthermore, the deterrent effects of legal sanctions were strongest when internal sanctions were lax. Unexpectedly, social sanctions were positively related to likelihood of engaging in crime. Taken together, these results suggest that the relative strengths of legal and internal sanctions are robust across cultures and dishonest actions.

  11. What Deters Crime? Comparing the Effectiveness of Legal, Social, and Internal Sanctions Across Countries

    PubMed Central

    Mann, Heather; Garcia-Rada, Ximena; Hornuf, Lars; Tafurt, Juan

    2016-01-01

    The question of what deters crime is of both theoretical and practical interest. The present paper focuses on what factors deter minor, non-violent crimes, i.e., dishonest actions that violate the law. Much research has been devoted to testing the effectiveness of legal sanctions on crime, while newer models also include social sanctions (judgment of friends or family) and internal sanctions (feelings of guilt). Existing research suggests that both internal sanctions and, to a lesser extent, legal sanctions deter crime, but it is unclear whether this pattern is unique to Western countries or robust across cultures. We administered a survey study to participants in China, Colombia, Germany, Portugal, and USA, five countries from distinct cultural regions of the world. Participants were asked to report the likelihood of engaging in seven dishonest and illegal actions, and were asked to indicate the probability and severity of consequences for legal, friend, family, and internal sanctions. Results indicated that across countries, internal sanctions had the strongest deterrent effects on crime. The deterrent effects of legal sanctions were weaker and varied across countries. Furthermore, the deterrent effects of legal sanctions were strongest when internal sanctions were lax. Unexpectedly, social sanctions were positively related to likelihood of engaging in crime. Taken together, these results suggest that the relative strengths of legal and internal sanctions are robust across cultures and dishonest actions. PMID:26903898

  12. The Use of Natural Pozzolan in Concrete as an Additive or Substitute for Cement

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-12-01

    identified opal and chert as the common forms of reactive silica. ERDC/CERL TR-11-46 4 For cracking and expansion to result from the ASR, the following combi...chemical composition of three natural pozzolanic samples was deter- mined through XRD analysis. In addition to these analyses, several addi- tional tests...reflected angle, which results in an inaccurate plot. The correct angle is required to deter- mine the correct composition. A very finely ground sample

  13. Advertising and generic market entry.

    PubMed

    Königbauer, Ingrid

    2007-03-01

    The effect of purely persuasive advertising on generic market entry and social welfare is analysed. An incumbent has the possibility to invest in advertising which affects the prescribing physician's perceived relative qualities of the brand-name and the generic version of the drug. Advertising creates product differentiation and can induce generic market entry which is deterred without differentiation due to strong Bertrand competition. However, over-investment in advertising can deter generic market entry under certain conditions and reduces welfare as compared to accommodated market entry.

  14. The golden mimicry complex uses a wide spectrum of defence to deter a community of predators

    PubMed Central

    Pekár, Stano; Petráková, Lenka; Bulbert, Matthew W; Whiting, Martin J; Herberstein, Marie E

    2017-01-01

    Mimicry complexes typically consist of multiple species that deter predators using similar anti-predatory signals. Mimics in these complexes are assumed to vary in their level of defence from highly defended through to moderately defended, or not defended at all. Here, we report a new multi-order mimicry complex that includes at least 140 different putative mimics from four arthropod orders including ants, wasps, bugs, tree hoppers and spiders. All members of this mimicry complex are characterised by a conspicuous golden body and an ant Gestalt, but vary substantially in their defensive traits. However, they were similarly effective at deterring predators - even mildly defended mimics were rarely eaten by a community of invertebrate and vertebrate predators both in the wild and during staged trials. We propose that despite the predominance of less defended mimics the three predatory guilds avoid the mimics because of the additive influence of the various defensive traits. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22089.001 PMID:28170317

  15. We all lost the Cold War

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lebow, R.N.; Stein, J.G.

    1994-12-31

    The purpose of the book is to use the experience of two actual Cold War crises to test the hypothesis that it was the U.S. strategy of deterrence that was primarily responsible for preventing war with the Soviet Union and teaching them that aggression would not pay. The two crises; the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and the Middle East crisis of 1973 have been widely interpreted as victories for U.S. deterence strategy. The authors draw on sources that were previously unavailable, both documents and interviews. The authors show that it was the fear of any nuclear use, not quantitativemore » assessments of the nuclear balance, that deterred both Soviet and American leaders in the two crises examined. Each side believed that the loss of even a single city was unacceptable. This implies that the benefits of nuclear weapons derive from their ability to annihilate cities. A policy of finite deterence would rely almost exclusively on this threat to civilians, raising further moral questions.« less

  16. Opportunities to deter transplant tourism exist before referral for transplantation and during the workup and management of transplant candidates.

    PubMed

    Gill, Jagbir; Diec, Olivier; Landsberg, David N; Rose, Caren; Johnston, Olwyn; Keown, Paul A; Gill, John S

    2011-05-01

    Transplant tourism is a global issue, and physicians in the developed world may be in a position to actively deter this practice. To examine such opportunities, we identified 93 residents of British Columbia, Canada who had a kidney graft through tourism and determined their previous interactions with our transplant programs. These patients were mainly ethnic minorities (90%) who traveled to their country of origin for transplantation. Many tourists were transplanted early in their disease course, with 27 having a preemptive transplant. Among the 65 tourists referred for transplant, 33 failed to complete the evaluation. All tourists who completed an evaluation were placed on a waiting list in British Columbia and, after waiting a median of 2 years, pursued tourism. Most of these patients (62%) had a potential living donor, but none had an approved donor, with 13 donors found medically unsuitable, 8 ABO incompatible, and 12 who did not complete their evaluation. Thus, strategies to deter tourism should start before the development of end-stage renal disease and should be part of pretransplant workup and wait-list management, focusing on patients not progressing through their evaluation, those with a declined living donor, and those facing longer wait times, as these groups appear to be at higher risks for transplant tourism. Further studies are needed to identify individuals at risk for transplant tourism and to define effective strategies to deter these individuals.

  17. Modulation of Human Allogeneic and Syngeneic Pluripotent Stem Cells and Immunological Implications for Transplantation

    PubMed Central

    Sackett, S.D.; Brown, M.E.; Tremmel, D.M.; Ellis, T.; Burlingham, W.J.; Odorico, J.S.

    2016-01-01

    Tissues derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising source of cells for building various regenerative medicine therapies; from simply transplanting cells to reseeding decellularized organs to reconstructing multicellular tissues. Although reprogramming strategies for producing iPSCs have improved, the clinical use of iPSCs is limited by the presence of unique human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, the main immunologic barrier to transplantation. In order to overcome the immunological hurdles associated with allogeneic tissues and organs, the generation of patient-histocompatible iPSCs (autologous or HLA-matched cells) provides an attractive platform for personalized medicine. However, concerns have been raised as to the fitness, safety and immunogenicity of iPSC derivatives because of variable differentiation potential of different lines and the identification of genetic and epigenetic aberrations that can occur during the reprogramming process. In addition, significant cost and regulatory barriers may deter commercialization of patient specific therapies in the short-term. Nonetheless, recent studies provide some evidence of immunological benefit for using autologous iPSCs. Yet, more studies are needed to evaluate the immunogenicity of various autologous and allogeneic human iPSC-derived cell types as well as test various methods to abrogate rejection. Here, we present perspectives of using allogeneic vs autologous iPSCs for transplantation therapies and the advantages and disadvantages of each related to differentiation potential, immunogenicity, genetic stability and tumorigenicity. We also review the current literature on the immunogenicity of syngeneic iPSCs and discuss evidence that questions the feasibility of HLA-matched iPSC banks. Finally, we will discuss emerging methods of abrogating or reducing host immune responses to PSC derivatives. PMID:26970668

  18. Modulation of human allogeneic and syngeneic pluripotent stem cells and immunological implications for transplantation.

    PubMed

    Sackett, S D; Brown, M E; Tremmel, D M; Ellis, T; Burlingham, W J; Odorico, J S

    2016-04-01

    Tissues derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising source of cells for building various regenerative medicine therapies; from simply transplanting cells to reseeding decellularized organs to reconstructing multicellular tissues. Although reprogramming strategies for producing iPSCs have improved, the clinical use of iPSCs is limited by the presence of unique human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, the main immunologic barrier to transplantation. In order to overcome the immunological hurdles associated with allogeneic tissues and organs, the generation of patient-histocompatible iPSCs (autologous or HLA-matched cells) provides an attractive platform for personalized medicine. However, concerns have been raised as to the fitness, safety and immunogenicity of iPSC derivatives because of variable differentiation potential of different lines and the identification of genetic and epigenetic aberrations that can occur during the reprogramming process. In addition, significant cost and regulatory barriers may deter commercialization of patient specific therapies in the short-term. Nonetheless, recent studies provide some evidence of immunological benefit for using autologous iPSCs. Yet, more studies are needed to evaluate the immunogenicity of various autologous and allogeneic human iPSC-derived cell types as well as test various methods to abrogate rejection. Here, we present perspectives of using allogeneic vs. autologous iPSCs for transplantation therapies and the advantages and disadvantages of each related to differentiation potential, immunogenicity, genetic stability and tumorigenicity. We also review the current literature on the immunogenicity of syngeneic iPSCs and discuss evidence that questions the feasibility of HLA-matched iPSC banks. Finally, we will discuss emerging methods of abrogating or reducing host immune responses to PSC derivatives. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. African bees to control African elephants

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vollrath, Fritz; Douglas-Hamilton, Iain

    2002-11-01

    Numbers of elephants have declined in Africa and Asia over the past 30 years while numbers of humans have increased, both substantially. Friction between these two keystone species is reaching levels which are worryingly high from an ecological as well as a political viewpoint. Ways and means must be found to keep the two apart, at least in areas sensitive to each species' survival. The aggressive African bee might be one such method. Here we demonstrate that African bees deter elephants from damaging the vegetation and trees which house their hives. We argue that bees can be employed profitably to protect not only selected trees, but also selected areas, from elephant damage.

  20. God's punishment and public goods : A test of the supernatural punishment hypothesis in 186 world cultures.

    PubMed

    Johnson, Dominic D P

    2005-12-01

    Cooperation towards public goods relies on credible threats of punishment to deter cheats. However, punishing is costly, so it remains unclear who incurred the costs of enforcement in our evolutionary past. Theoretical work suggests that human cooperation may be promoted if people believe in supernatural punishment for moral transgressions. This theory is supported by new work in cognitive psychology and by anecdotal ethnographic evidence, but formal quantitative tests remain to be done. Using data from 186 societies around the globe, I test whether the likelihood of supernatural punishment-indexed by the importance of moralizing "high gods"-is associated with cooperation.

  1. African bees to control African elephants.

    PubMed

    Vollrath, Fritz; Douglas-Hamilton, Iain

    2002-11-01

    Numbers of elephants have declined in Africa and Asia over the past 30 years while numbers of humans have increased, both substantially. Friction between these two keystone species is reaching levels which are worryingly high from an ecological as well as a political viewpoint. Ways and means must be found to keep the two apart, at least in areas sensitive to each species' survival. The aggressive African bee might be one such method. Here we demonstrate that African bees deter elephants from damaging the vegetation and trees which house their hives. We argue that bees can be employed profitably to protect not only selected trees, but also selected areas, from elephant damage.

  2. Effects of methoprene on oviposition by Aedes japonicus and Culex spp

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Butler, M.; Suom, C.; LeBrun, R.A.; Ginsberg, H.S.; Gettman, A.D.

    2006-01-01

    The mosquito larvicide methoprene is a juvenile growth hormone mimic that is widely used to control mosquitoes. This chemical disrupts normal mosquito development, drastically inhibiting emergence from the pupal to the adult stage. If the presence of methoprene attracts or deters mosquitoes from ovipositing it could have implications for mosquito control. This study evaluates whether methoprene attracts or deters mosquitoes likely to oviposit in catch basins. In a field experiment, methoprene formulated as liquid larvicide did not affect oviposition of either Culex spp. or Aedes japonicus in 19 liter plastic buckets.

  3. Rational design of p53, an intrinsically unstructured protein, for the fabrication of novel molecular sensors.

    PubMed

    Geddie, Melissa L; O'Loughlin, Taryn L; Woods, Kristen K; Matsumura, Ichiro

    2005-10-21

    The dominant paradigm of protein engineering is structure-based site-directed mutagenesis. This rational approach is generally more effective for the engineering of local properties, such as substrate specificity, than global ones such as allostery. Previous workers have modified normally unregulated reporter enzymes, including beta-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and beta-lactamase, so that the engineered versions are activated (up to 4-fold) by monoclonal antibodies. A reporter that could easily be "reprogrammed" for the facile detection of novel effectors (binding or modifying activities) would be useful in high throughput screens for directed evolution or drug discovery. Here we describe a straightforward and general solution to this potentially difficult design problem. The transcription factor p53 is normally regulated by a variety of post-translational modifications. The insertion of peptides into intrinsically unstructured domains of p53 generated variants that were activated up to 100-fold by novel effectors (proteases or antibodies). An engineered p53 was incorporated into an existing high throughput screen for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus protease, an arbitrarily chosen novel effector. These results suggest that the molecular recognition properties of intrinsically unstructured proteins are relatively easy to engineer and that the absence of crystal structures should not deter the rational engineering of this class of proteins.

  4. Simulatng Sawtooth Mixers For Biofouling Mitigation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Waters, James; Balazs, Anna

    2017-11-01

    We demonstrate how a ridged surface can be used to generate vortices that will break up clusters of cells as they form. This offers an appealing avenue for fouling mitigation, as it relies on a physical mechanism without unintended environmental consequences. By adjusting the shape of these ridges, we can increase the effectiveness of the surface across a range of shear values. We represent such a system computationally using a hybrid of bulk fluid simulated via the lattice Boltzmann method, and deformable vesicles, representing cells, simulated via that lattice spring method. This simulation methodology allows us to rapidly implement and test different surface patterns, and explore how their parameters can most effectively deter the accumulation of biofilms.

  5. Effects of pesticide applications and cultural controls on efficacy of control for adult Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on roses.

    PubMed

    Vitullo, Justin M; Sadof, Clifford S

    2007-02-01

    Cultural and chemical controls were evaluated to determine their ability to deter feeding by Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), on floribunda type roses, Rosa 'Acadia Sunrise'. Roses were arranged in field plots and exposed to resident adult beetle populations. Cultural controls were designed to block the feeding-induced aggregation response by manually removing beetles and/ or damaged blooms from rose plants. Azadirachtin, carbaryl, and imidacloprid were evaluated in field and laboratory trials. In no-choice laboratory assays, foliar applications of azadirachtin caused low rates of morbidity to adult beetles and were unable to deter feeding. Foliar-applied carbaryl and soil-applied imidacloprid caused high rates of morbidity and reduced feeding injury. In the field, foliar sprays of azadirachtin and carbaryl, deterred feeding on foliage under low beetle pressure (maximum of 29% defoliation in untreated controls), when applied weekly after first beetle flight or every 2 wk after 5% injury was reached. A single foliar application of these materials at the 5% injury level did not significantly reduce peak defoliation. Soil applications of imidacloprid also deterred foliar feeding in the field. Blooms were more difficult to protect with both foliar- and soil-applied insecticides with only weekly application of foliar insecticides providing significant reductions in bloom injury. Removing beetles and/or blooms provided marginally greater reductions in leaf and flower injury. This suggests that blocking the feeding-induced aggregation response of Japanese beetles can provide only modest levels of control in roses where both flowers and feeding-induced volatiles recruit beetles to plants.

  6. Salient eyes deter conspecific nest intruders in wild jackdaws (Corvus monedula).

    PubMed

    Davidson, Gabrielle L; Clayton, Nicola S; Thornton, Alex

    2014-02-01

    Animals often respond fearfully when encountering eyes or eye-like shapes. Although gaze aversion has been documented in mammals when avoiding group-member conflict, the importance of eye coloration during interactions between conspecifics has yet to be examined in non-primate species. Jackdaws (Corvus monedula) have near-white irides, which are conspicuous against their dark feathers and visible when seen from outside the cavities where they nest. Because jackdaws compete for nest sites, their conspicuous eyes may act as a warning signal to indicate that a nest is occupied and deter intrusions by conspecifics. We tested whether jackdaws' pale irides serve as a deterrent to prospecting conspecifics by comparing prospectors' behaviour towards nest-boxes displaying images with bright eyes (BEs) only, a jackdaw face with natural BEs, or a jackdaw face with dark eyes. The jackdaw face with BEs was most effective in deterring birds from making contact with nest-boxes, whereas both BE conditions reduced the amount of time jackdaws spent in proximity to the image. We suggest BEs in jackdaws may function to prevent conspecific competitors from approaching occupied nest sites.

  7. A systematic review of the factors affecting choice of surgery as a career.

    PubMed

    Peel, John K; Schlachta, Christopher M; Alkhamesi, Nawar A

    2018-02-01

    Interest in surgical careers among medical students has declined over the past decade. Multiple explanations have been offered for why top students are deterred or rejected from surgical programs, though no consensus has emerged. We conducted a review of the literature to better characterize what factors affect the pursuit of a surgical career. We searched PubMed and EMBASE and performed additional reference checks. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Newcastle-Ottawa Education scores were used to evaluate the included data. Our search identified 122 full-text, primary articles. Analysis of this evidence identified 3 core concepts that impact surgical career decision-making: gender, features of surgical education, and student "fit" in the culture of surgery. Real and perceived gender discrimination has deterred female medical students from entering surgical careers. In addition, limited exposure to surgery during medical school and differences between student and surgeon personality traits and values may deter students from entering surgical careers. We suggest that deliberate and visible effort to include women and early-career medical students in surgical settings may enhance their interest in carreers in surgery.

  8. Fluorescent blue lights, injecting drug use and related health risk in public conveniences: findings from a qualitative study of micro-injecting environments.

    PubMed

    Parkin, Stephen; Coomber, Ross

    2010-07-01

    This paper presents findings relating to injecting drug users' experiences and opinions of public toilets illuminated with fluorescent blue lights and presents an empirical assessment of the intended deterrent effect of such installations. Data analysis identified that blue lights deterred less than half the sample interviewed. Furthermore over half (18/31) of the sample were prepared to inject in conditions specifically designed to deter injecting practice. Of these, 11 respondents were completely undeterred and 7 individuals were only partially deterred by blue light environments. These findings are discussed within the interpretative frameworks of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of habitus and symbolic violence. The authors conclude that fluorescent blue lights contribute towards the development of situated resistance by injecting drug users within a public injecting habitus; a resistance that produces and reproduces drug-related harm and is a behaviour that opposes the symbolic violence of harm reduction intervention. The paper concludes with suggestions for theory-driven practical intervention that may seek to disrupt the harmful elements of the public injecting habitus. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Effects of tannins on fruit selection in three southern African frugivorous birds.

    PubMed

    Zungu, Manqoba M; Downs, Colleen T

    2015-02-01

    Tannins are common secondary compounds in plant material and are known for their ability to bind to protein which reduces nitrogen availability in the diet. In fruits, these compounds are responsible for their astringency which is thought to result in reduced food intake. In this study, the repellent effects of tannins were examined in three species of frugivorous birds: red-winged starlings Onychognathus morio, speckled mousebirds Colius striatus and Cape white-eyes Zosterops virens. Birds were fed artificial fruit diets containing varying levels of tannins in paired choice tests with the amount of food eaten by birds used to determine preference. Red-winged starlings were attracted to the control diet, indifferent to the medium tannin diet and deterred by the high tannin diet whereas speckled mousebirds and Cape white-eyes were not deterred at all concentrations. The discrepancy in the results was attributed to differences in taste sensitivity, tolerance levels and detoxification mechanisms of secondary compounds between species. Because fruit selection and ultimately fruit removal rates affect plant community composition, the disparity in the results suggests that frugivorous birds do not contribute equally to plant community dynamics. However, plant secondary compounds in fruits are diverse and their effects are similarly diverse and there is potential that different groups of secondary compounds generate disparate effects. Similar studies on other types of secondary compounds may thus contribute towards a broader understanding of the role of secondary compounds in mediating fruit-frugivore interactions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  10. Video Tracking Protocol to Screen Deterrent Chemistries for Honey Bees.

    PubMed

    Larson, Nicholas R; Anderson, Troy D

    2017-06-12

    The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is an economically and agriculturally important pollinator that generates billions of dollars annually. Honey bee colony numbers have been declining in the United States and many European countries since 1947. A number of factors play a role in this decline, including the unintentional exposure of honey bees to pesticides. The development of new methods and regulations are warranted to reduce pesticide exposures to these pollinators. One approach is the use of repellent chemistries that deter honey bees from a recently pesticide-treated crop. Here, we describe a protocol to discern the deterrence of honey bees exposed to select repellent chemistries. Honey bee foragers are collected and starved overnight in an incubator 15 h prior to testing. Individual honey bees are placed into Petri dishes that have either a sugar-agarose cube (control treatment) or sugar-agarose-compound cube (repellent treatment) placed into the middle of the dish. The Petri dish serves as the arena that is placed under a camera in a light box to record the honey bee locomotor activities using video tracking software. A total of 8 control and 8 repellent treatments were analyzed for a 10 min period with each treatment was duplicated with new honey bees. Here, we demonstrate that honey bees are deterred from the sugar-agarose cubes with a compound treatment whereas honey bees are attracted to the sugar-agarose cubes without an added compound.

  11. International approaches to driving under the influence of cannabis: A review of evidence on impact.

    PubMed

    Watson, Tara Marie; Mann, Robert E

    2016-12-01

    There are knowledge gaps regarding the effectiveness of different approaches designed to prevent and deter driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC). Policymakers are increasingly interested in evidence-based responses to DUIC as numerous jurisdictions worldwide have legally regulated cannabis or are debating such regulation. We contribute a comprehensive review of international literature on countermeasures that address DUIC, and identify where and how such measures have been evaluated. The following databases were systematically searched from 1995 to present: Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, and Criminal Justice Abstracts. Hand searching of relevant documents, internet searches for grey literature, and review of ongoing email alerts were conducted to capture any emerging literature and relevant trends. Numerous international jurisdictions have introduced a variety of measures designed to deter DUIC. Much interest has been generated regarding non-zero per se laws that set fixed legal limits for tetrahydrocannabinol and/or its metabolites detected in drivers. Other approaches include behavioural impairment laws, zero-tolerance per se laws, roadside drug testing, graduated licensing system restrictions, and remedial programs. However, very few evaluations have appeared in the literature. Although some promising results have been reported (e.g., roadside testing), it is premature to draw firm conclusions regarding the broader impacts of general deterrent approaches to DUIC. This review points to the need for a long-term commitment to rigorously evaluate, using multiple methods, the impact of general and specific deterrent DUIC countermeasures. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. Opioids with abuse-deterrent properties: A regulatory and technological overview.

    PubMed

    Haddox, J David

    Three concurrent public health problems coexist in the United States: endemic nonmedical use/misuse of opioid analgesics, epidemic overdose fatalities involving opioid analgesics, and endemic chronic pain in adults. These intertwined issues comprise an opioid crisis that has spurred the development of formulations of opioids with abuse-deterrent properties and label claims (OADP). To reduce abuse and misuse of prescription opioids, the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a formal Guidance to drug developers that delineates four categories of testing to generate data sufficient for a description of a product's abuse-deterrent properties, along with associated claims, in its Full Prescribing Information (FPI). This article reviews the epidemiology of the crisis as background for the development of OADP, summarizes the FDA Guidance for Industry regarding abuse-deterrent technologies, and provides an overview of some technologies that are currently employed or are under study for incorporation into OADP. Such technologies include physical and chemical barriers to abuse, combined formulations of opioid agonists and antagonists, inclusion of aversive agents, use of delivery systems that deter abuse, development of new molecular entities and prodrugs, and formulation of products that include some combination of these approaches. Opioids employing these novel technologies are one part of a comprehensive intervention strategy that can deter abuse of prescription opioid analgesics without creating barriers to the safe use of prescription opioids. The maximal public health contribution of OADP will probably occur only when all opioids have FDA-recognized abuse-deterrent properties and label claims.

  13. Use of the human calvaria and skull as alms bowls and drinking vessels by Aghori ascetics in present-day India.

    PubMed

    Bosmia, Anand N; Griessenauer, Christoph J; Tubbs, R Shane

    2013-10-01

    The purpose of this article is to discuss the use of the human calvaria and skull as alms bowls and drinking vessels by a sect of Hindu ascetics in present-day India known as the Aghoris. The authors attempt to explain the rationale behind the Aghoris' use of the human calvaria and skull in this manner. A review of the literature using standard search engines was conducted to obtain information about the history and philosophy of the Aghori ascetics. Multiple academic references confirm the persistence of the practice of using the human calvaria and skull as alms bowls and drinking vessels among Aghori ascetics in present-day India. This practice is inspired by the Aghoris' monistic philosophy, a principle of which is that observance of social convention deters the individual soul in its journey towards liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. Certain anatomical features of the human body have had religious significance in the past. Multiple academic references concerning the Aghoris argue that religious significance continues to be ascribed to certain components of human anatomy. In the case of the Aghoris, these components are the calvaria and skull.

  14. Factors in life science textbooks that may deter girls' interest in science

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Potter, Ellen F.; Rosser, Sue V.

    In order to examine factors that may deter girls' interest in science, five seventh-grade life science textbooks were analyzed for sexism in language, images, and curricular content, and for features of activities that have been found to be useful for motivating girls. Although overt sexism was not apparent, subtle forms of sexism in the selection of language, images, and curricular content were found. Activities had some features useful to girls, but other features were seldom included. Teachers may wish to use differences that were found among texts as one basis for text selection.

  15. Audited credential delegation: a usable security solution for the virtual physiological human toolkit.

    PubMed

    Haidar, Ali N; Zasada, Stefan J; Coveney, Peter V; Abdallah, Ali E; Beckles, Bruce; Jones, Mike A S

    2011-06-06

    We present applications of audited credential delegation (ACD), a usable security solution for authentication, authorization and auditing in distributed virtual physiological human (VPH) project environments that removes the use of digital certificates from end-users' experience. Current security solutions are based on public key infrastructure (PKI). While PKI offers strong security for VPH projects, it suffers from serious usability shortcomings in terms of end-user acquisition and management of credentials which deter scientists from exploiting distributed VPH environments. By contrast, ACD supports the use of local credentials. Currently, a local ACD username-password combination can be used to access grid-based resources while Shibboleth support is underway. Moreover, ACD provides seamless and secure access to shared patient data, tools and infrastructure, thus supporting the provision of personalized medicine for patients, scientists and clinicians participating in e-health projects from a local to the widest international scale.

  16. Audited credential delegation: a usable security solution for the virtual physiological human toolkit

    PubMed Central

    Haidar, Ali N.; Zasada, Stefan J.; Coveney, Peter V.; Abdallah, Ali E.; Beckles, Bruce; Jones, Mike A. S.

    2011-01-01

    We present applications of audited credential delegation (ACD), a usable security solution for authentication, authorization and auditing in distributed virtual physiological human (VPH) project environments that removes the use of digital certificates from end-users' experience. Current security solutions are based on public key infrastructure (PKI). While PKI offers strong security for VPH projects, it suffers from serious usability shortcomings in terms of end-user acquisition and management of credentials which deter scientists from exploiting distributed VPH environments. By contrast, ACD supports the use of local credentials. Currently, a local ACD username–password combination can be used to access grid-based resources while Shibboleth support is underway. Moreover, ACD provides seamless and secure access to shared patient data, tools and infrastructure, thus supporting the provision of personalized medicine for patients, scientists and clinicians participating in e-health projects from a local to the widest international scale. PMID:22670214

  17. Reading color barcodes using visual snakes.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Schaub, Hanspeter

    2004-05-01

    Statistical pressure snakes are used to track a mono-color target in an unstructured environment using a video camera. The report discusses an algorithm to extract a bar code signal that is embedded within the target. The target is assumed to be rectangular in shape, with the bar code printed in a slightly different saturation and value in HSV color space. Thus, the visual snake, which primarily weighs hue tracking errors, will not be deterred by the presence of the color bar codes in the target. The bar code is generate with the standard 3 of 9 method. Using this method,more » the numeric bar codes reveal if the target is right-side-up or up-side-down.« less

  18. Second-career CNAs in nursing homes: tapping an underused resource.

    PubMed

    Pennington, Karen; Congdon, Joann G; Magilvy, Joan K

    2007-06-01

    The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics, work perceptions, and factors influencing employment of second-career certified nursing assistants (CNAs) in nursing homes. The qualitative descriptive design included a purposeful sample of 17 participants from 5 nursing homes. Data generation consisted of demographic surveys and audiotaped interviews that were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for emerging themes. Four themes were identified: negative first impressions of the work did not deter second-career CNAs, second-career CNAs lived out personal ideals and values through their work, positive relationships and job benefits retained second-career CNAs, and second-career CNAs expressed hopes for transforming nursing homes. Results revealed a group of committed, mature workers to fill labor shortages in an essential health care setting.

  19. Stigma of mental illness and substance misuse in sub-Saharan African migrants: A qualitative study.

    PubMed

    McCann, Terence V; Renzaho, Andre; Mugavin, Janette; Lubman, Dan I

    2018-06-01

    Stigma of mental illness and substance misuse can deter help seeking, especially in immigrants who are often reluctant to seek help early for these issues. The aim of the present study was to explore the stigma experience surrounding mental illness and substance misuse, and its implications for improving help seeking, for youths and parents from sub-Saharan African immigrant communities. A qualitative, descriptive design was used. Individual interviews were undertaken with 28 youths, and focus group discussions were held with 41 parents and community leaders in Melbourne, Australia. The findings indicated that public stigma and self-stigma were common and deterred participants' help seeking within sub-Saharan African communities. There was concern about the consequences of disclosure. Personal shame, fear of community rejection, and being labelled a 'lunatic' deterred help seeking. Programmes are needed to address stigma, promote help seeking, and increase mental health knowledge. Mental health nurses and other clinicians in the mental health and alcohol and other drug fields can make an important contribution. Steps are needed to employ more sub-Saharan African immigrant clinicians to help increase help seeking from their communities. © 2017 Australian College of Mental Health Nurses Inc.

  20. Ground squirrel tail-flag displays alter both predatory strike and ambush site selection behaviours of rattlesnakes.

    PubMed

    Barbour, Matthew A; Clark, Rulon W

    2012-09-22

    Many species approach, inspect and signal towards their predators. These behaviours are often interpreted as predator-deterrent signals--honest signals that indicate to a predator that continued hunting is likely to be futile. However, many of these putative predator-deterrent signals are given when no predator is present, and it remains unclear if and why such signals deter predators. We examined the effects of one such signal, the tail-flag display of California ground squirrels, which is frequently given both during and outside direct encounters with northern Pacific rattlesnakes. We video-recorded and quantified the ambush foraging responses of rattlesnakes to tail-flagging displays from ground squirrels. We found that tail-flagging deterred snakes from striking squirrels, most likely by advertising squirrel vigilance (i.e. readiness to dodge a snake strike). We also found that tail-flagging by adult squirrels increased the likelihood that snakes would leave their ambush site, apparently by elevating the vigilance of nearby squirrels which reduces the profitability of the ambush site. Our results provide some of the first empirical evidence of the mechanisms by which a prey display, although frequently given in the absence of a predator, may still deter predators during encounters.

  1. Youth are more sensitive to price changes in cigarettes than adults.

    PubMed Central

    Ding, Alexander

    2003-01-01

    Virtually all smoking begins in our population's youth and remains as a habit into those smokers' elder years. If we desire to halt smoking in its infancy, we should seek to deter and induce cessation in the youth years. It has been cited that taxation is an effective means to deter smoking at all ages, particularly efficacious in the youth population. This paper explores the merits of this method of preventative medicine, and intends to investigate differences between the price elasticity of cigarette demand between various cohorts, particularly the adult versus the youth population. We use a two-variable log-log, ordinary least-squares econometric regression to determine the extent that price alterations have on participation rates and quantity smoked. Our results show that youth are quite responsive to price increases showing a decrease of 14 percent prevalence in smoking for a 10 percent increase in price; whereas, the adult population is relatively less responsive to such price changes, exhibiting nearly a 2 percent decrease in prevalence for a 10 percent increase in price. We conclude that taxation is an effective means of socially-enacted preventative medicine in deterring youth smoking. PMID:15369626

  2. A systematic review of the factors affecting choice of surgery as a career

    PubMed Central

    Peel, John K.; Schlachta, Christopher M.; Alkhamesi, Nawar A.

    2018-01-01

    Background Interest in surgical careers among medical students has declined over the past decade. Multiple explanations have been offered for why top students are deterred or rejected from surgical programs, though no consensus has emerged. Methods We conducted a review of the literature to better characterize what factors affect the pursuit of a surgical career. We searched PubMed and EMBASE and performed additional reference checks. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Newcastle–Ottawa Education scores were used to evaluate the included data. Results Our search identified 122 full-text, primary articles. Analysis of this evidence identified 3 core concepts that impact surgical career decision-making: gender, features of surgical education, and student “fit” in the culture of surgery. Conclusion Real and perceived gender discrimination has deterred female medical students from entering surgical careers. In addition, limited exposure to surgery during medical school and differences between student and surgeon personality traits and values may deter students from entering surgical careers. We suggest that deliberate and visible effort to include women and early-career medical students in surgical settings may enhance their interest in carreers in surgery. PMID:29368678

  3. Responses of seagrass to anthropogenic and natural disturbances do not equally translate to its consumers.

    PubMed

    Tomas, Fiona; Martínez-Crego, Begoña; Hernán, Gema; Santos, Rui

    2015-11-01

    Coastal communities are under threat from many and often co-occurring local (e.g., pollution, eutrophication) and global stressors (e.g., climate change), yet understanding the interactive and cumulative impacts of multiple stressors in ecosystem function is far from being accomplished. Ecological redundancy may be key for ecosystem resilience, but there are still many gaps in our understanding of interspecific differences within a functional group, particularly regarding response diversity, that is, whether members of a functional group respond equally or differently to anthropogenic stressors. Herbivores are critical in determining plant community structure and the transfer of energy up the food web. Human disturbances may alter the ecological role of herbivory by modifying the defense strategies of plants and thus the feeding patterns and performance of herbivores. We conducted a suite of experiments to examine the independent and interactive effects of anthropogenic (nutrient and CO2 additions) and natural (simulated herbivory) disturbances on a seagrass and its interaction with two common generalist consumers to understand how multiple disturbances can impact both a foundation species and a key ecological function (herbivory) and to assess the potential existence of response diversity to anthropogenic and natural changes in these systems. While all three disturbances modified seagrass defense traits, there were contrasting responses of herbivores to such plant changes. Both CO2 and nutrient additions influenced herbivore feeding behavior, yet while sea urchins preferred nutrient-enriched seagrass tissue (regardless of other experimental treatments), isopods were deterred by these same plant tissues. In contrast, carbon enrichment deterred sea urchins and attracted isopods, while simulated herbivory only influenced isopod feeding choice. These contrasting responses of herbivores to disturbance-induced changes in seagrass help to better understand the ecological functioning of seagrass ecosystems in the face of human disturbances and may have important implications regarding the resilience and conservation of these threatened ecosystems. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  4. The effectiveness of the department of defense's field manual 3-11 in detecting, deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA): perceptions of security personnel.

    PubMed

    Alakpa, George Edafese; Collins, John W

    2015-01-01

    The department of defense's FM 3-11 is among the military's field manuals for preparing for, reacting to and recovering from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attacks. Since post 9-11, U.S. military service members have been deployed in the global war on terrorism. This study attempted to determine the effectiveness of the FM 3-11 in detecting, deterring or preventing a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA) terrorist breach at an entry control point (ECP). This time-specific, cross-sectional study disseminated a validated survey tool with Cronbach's α > 0.82 to respondents who have had antiterrorism training and combat ECP experience. The return rate was greater than 75.0 %; however, many of the respondents failed to meet the inclusion criteria. Consequently, only 26 questionnaires were included in the sample. The results revealed that while over 60.0 % of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that biointelligence, the deployment of biodetectors and the use of biowarning systems could be effective in preventing an ECP breach by a terrorist with a bioagent, the use of protective equipment and immunization to decontaminate service members or other TTPs would never prevent a breach. A large percentage of respondents claimed that soldiers at the ECP lacked the devices or the knowledge to detect an HBBA at an ECP, and 72.0 % suggested modifying current ECP TTPs to include education, training and equipment for security personnel at military base ECPs. If obtained from appropriate sources and communicated to the personnel at the ECP in an effective or timely manner, the possible effectiveness of certain TTPs in the FM 3-11, specifically FM 3-11.86 (intelligence), might increase.

  5. Frequency modulation for a wind turbine blade-mounted ultrasonic bat deterrent

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Carlson, Daniel; Dowling, Zara; Sievert, Paul; Modarres-Sadeghi, Yahya

    2017-11-01

    Progress on developing a bat deterrent device for placement on the rotating blades of a wind turbine is presented. The mechanisms by which bat larynxes generate ultrasound is studied and reproduced experimentally. In previous iterations, flow-induced oscillations have been used to generate ultrasonic frequencies within the 20-70 kHz range: a range which laboratory studies have shown can deter bats from an area. However, the present work considers mechanisms which result in frequency modulation within the higher harmonics, an acoustic signal closer to what bats naturally avoid. Results discussed include the effects of spanwise tension on the flapwise oscillation of a pseudo larynx in flow, and how shifting the flapwise natural frequency allows frequency modulation. The net effect is a device effective within the range of wind speeds encountered along the length of a rotating wind turbine blade. The authors wish to acknowledge support by the National Science Foundation Offshore Wind Energy IGERT at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Grant Number 1068864.

  6. Approaches Toward Deterring Chinese Aggression in the South China Sea

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-09

    60 Military ..................................................................................................................... 61 Economic ...68 Economic Development .........................................................................................69 COA 1 Summary...Diplomatic Efforts .................................................................................................74 Economic Activity

  7. Explaining Human Recreational Use of ‘pesticides’: The Neurotoxin Regulation Model of Substance Use vs. the Hijack Model and Implications for Age and Sex Differences in Drug Consumption

    PubMed Central

    Hagen, Edward H.; Roulette, Casey J.; Sullivan, Roger J.

    2013-01-01

    Most globally popular drugs are plant neurotoxins or their close chemical analogs. These compounds evolved to deter, not reward or reinforce, consumption. Moreover, they reliably activate virtually all toxin defense mechanisms, and are thus correctly identified by human neurophysiology as toxins. Acute drug toxicity must therefore play a more central role in drug use theory. We accordingly challenge the popular idea that the rewarding and reinforcing properties of drugs “hijack” the brain, and propose instead that the brain evolved to carefully regulate neurotoxin consumption to minimize fitness costs and maximize fitness benefits. This perspective provides a compelling explanation for the dramatic changes in substance use that occur during the transition from childhood to adulthood, and for pervasive sex differences in substance use: because nicotine and many other plant neurotoxins are teratogenic, children, and to a lesser extent women of childbearing age, evolved to avoid ingesting them. However, during the course of human evolution many adolescents and adults reaped net benefits from regulated intake of plant neurotoxins. PMID:24204348

  8. Immune Reconstitution Reactions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Negative Patients

    PubMed Central

    Scharschmidt, Tiffany C.; Amerson, Erin H.; Rosenberg, Oren S.; Jacobs, Richard A.; McCalmont, Timothy H.; Shinkai, Kanade

    2013-01-01

    Background Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a phenomenon initially described in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Upon initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy, recovery of cellular immunity triggers inflammation to a preexisting infection or antigen that causes paradoxical worsening of clinical disease. A similar phenomenon can occur in human immunodeficiency virus–negative patients, including pregnant women, neutropenic hosts, solidorgan or stem cell transplant recipients, and patients receiving tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Observations We report a case of leprosy unmasking and downgrading reaction after stem cell transplantation that highlights some of the challenges inherent to the diagnosis of IRIS, especially in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection, as well as review the spectrum of previously reported cases of IRIS reactions in this population. Conclusions The mechanism of immune reconstitution reactions is complex and variable, depending on the underlying antigen and the mechanism of immunosuppression or shift in immune status. Use of the term IRIS can aid our recognition of an important phenomenon that occurs in the setting of immunosuppression or shifts in immunity but should not deter us from thinking critically about the distinct processes that underlie this heterogeneous group of conditions. PMID:23324760

  9. Simulated seal scarer sounds scare porpoises, but not seals: species-specific responses to 12 kHz deterrence sounds

    PubMed Central

    Hermannsen, Line; Beedholm, Kristian

    2017-01-01

    Acoustic harassment devices (AHD) or ‘seal scarers’ are used extensively, not only to deter seals from fisheries, but also as mitigation tools to deter marine mammals from potentially harmful sound sources, such as offshore pile driving. To test the effectiveness of AHDs, we conducted two studies with similar experimental set-ups on two key species: harbour porpoises and harbour seals. We exposed animals to 500 ms tone bursts at 12 kHz simulating that of an AHD (Lofitech), but with reduced output levels (source peak-to-peak level of 165 dB re 1 µPa). Animals were localized with a theodolite before, during and after sound exposures. In total, 12 sound exposures were conducted to porpoises and 13 exposures to seals. Porpoises were found to exhibit avoidance reactions out to ranges of 525 m from the sound source. Contrary to this, seal observations increased during sound exposure within 100 m of the loudspeaker. We thereby demonstrate that porpoises and seals respond very differently to AHD sounds. This has important implications for application of AHDs in multi-species habitats, as sound levels required to deter less sensitive species (seals) can lead to excessive and unwanted large deterrence ranges on more sensitive species (porpoises). PMID:28791155

  10. Motivating Factors and Potential Deterrents to Blood Donation in High School Aged Blood Donors

    PubMed Central

    Phan-Tang, Michelle

    2016-01-01

    Background. To ensure an adequate supply of blood, collection centers must design campaigns that successfully recruit and maintain an active donor pool. Understanding factors that motivate and deter individuals from donating may help centers develop targeted recruitment campaigns. These factors among high school aged blood donors have not yet been fully investigated. Study Design and Methods. A voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to student donors at high school mobile blood drives. The survey instrument asked the students to rate several potential motivating factors in their importance in the decision to donate blood and several potential deterring factors in their future decision whether or not to donate blood again. The survey also asked the students to rate the desirability of several potential incentives. Results. Motivating factors that reflected prosocial, empathetic, and altruistic thoughts and beliefs were rated highly by students. Pain from phlebotomy was most commonly chosen as potential deterrent. Movie tickets and cookies/snacks at the drive were rated as the most attractive incentives. Conclusion. High school aged blood donors are similar to other donor groups in their expressed motives for donating blood. This group may be unique in the factors that deter them from donating and in their preferences for different incentives. PMID:27293985

  11. Ground squirrel tail-flag displays alter both predatory strike and ambush site selection behaviours of rattlesnakes

    PubMed Central

    Barbour, Matthew A.; Clark, Rulon W.

    2012-01-01

    Many species approach, inspect and signal towards their predators. These behaviours are often interpreted as predator-deterrent signals—honest signals that indicate to a predator that continued hunting is likely to be futile. However, many of these putative predator-deterrent signals are given when no predator is present, and it remains unclear if and why such signals deter predators. We examined the effects of one such signal, the tail-flag display of California ground squirrels, which is frequently given both during and outside direct encounters with northern Pacific rattlesnakes. We video-recorded and quantified the ambush foraging responses of rattlesnakes to tail-flagging displays from ground squirrels. We found that tail-flagging deterred snakes from striking squirrels, most likely by advertising squirrel vigilance (i.e. readiness to dodge a snake strike). We also found that tail-flagging by adult squirrels increased the likelihood that snakes would leave their ambush site, apparently by elevating the vigilance of nearby squirrels which reduces the profitability of the ambush site. Our results provide some of the first empirical evidence of the mechanisms by which a prey display, although frequently given in the absence of a predator, may still deter predators during encounters. PMID:22787023

  12. The utility of human sciences in nursing inquiry.

    PubMed

    Pratt, Maria

    2012-01-01

    This paper targets novice nurse researchers to highlight how the perspectives of human sciences are useful in understanding people's experiences. There is a need to address the utility of human sciences or the humanistic philosophy that values the understanding of subjective experiences in nursing, given that the mainstream development of nursing knowledge is still influenced by the positivist and post-positivist research paradigms. Discussion papers on Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology, human sciences, and qualitative research were accessed through the databases Cinahl and Medline over the past 30 years. Seminal works on phenomenology were addressed in this paper. Using Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology as a commonly referenced human philosophy and methodology, this paper discusses how Heidegger's (1962) perspective may be used in nursing practice and research. Van Manen's (1990) descriptions of phenomenological science are discussed to address the perspective's value in nursing inquiry and to reveal the biases associated with this humanistic approach. The limitations of human sciences should not deter nurse researchers from using this type of nursing inquiry as it can provide an important framework in nursing research, practice and knowledge development. The author's perspective as a graduate student highlights the importance of human sciences in exploring the experiences of people vital in the delivery of nursing practice. However, researchers wishing to undertake humanistic inquiry should learn the philosophical and methodological underpinnings of their chosen humanistic approach.

  13. Trends & Controversies: Sociocultural Predictive Analytics and Terrorism Deterrence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sanfilippo, Antonio P.; McGrath, Liam R.

    2011-08-12

    The use of predictive analytics to model terrorist rhetoric is highly instrumental in developing a strategy to deter terrorism. Traditional (e.g. Cold-War) deterrence methods are ineffective with terrorist groups such as al Qaida. Terrorists typically regard the prospect of death or loss of property as acceptable consequences of their struggle. Deterrence by threat of punishment is therefore fruitless. On the other hand, isolating terrorists from the community that may sympathize with their cause can have a decisive deterring outcome. Without the moral backing of a supportive audience, terrorism cannot be successfully framed as a justifiable political strategy and recruiting ismore » curtailed. Ultimately, terrorism deterrence is more effectively enforced by exerting influence to neutralize the communicative reach of terrorists.« less

  14. Deterring Rearrests for Drinking and Driving

    PubMed Central

    Eldred, Lindsey; McCutchan, Sabrina; Platt, Alyssa

    2016-01-01

    This study assesses why some individuals are re-arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). Using longitudinal data from North Carolina containing information on arrests and arrest outcomes, we test hypotheses that individuals prosecuted and convicted of DWI are less likely to be re-arrested for DWI. We allow for possible endogeneity of prosecution and conviction outcomes by using instrumental variables for the prosecutor’s prosecution rate and the judge’s conviction rate. With a three-year follow-up, the probability of DWI re-arrest was reduced by 6.6 percent if the person was prosecuted for DWI and, for those prosecuted, by 24.5 percent if convicted on this charge. Prosecution and conviction for DWI deters re-arrest for DWI. PMID:28626266

  15. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  16. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  17. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  18. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  19. 32 CFR 2001.51 - Technical security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Surveillance Countermeasures and TEMPEST necessary to detect or deter exploitation of classified information..., TEMPEST Countermeasures for Facilities, and SPB Issuance 6-97, National Policy on Technical Surveillance...

  20. Can I Work with and Help Others in This Field? How Communal Goals Influence Interest and Participation in STEM Fields

    PubMed Central

    Boucher, Kathryn L.; Fuesting, Melissa A.; Diekman, Amanda B.; Murphy, Mary C.

    2017-01-01

    Although science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines as a whole have made advances in gender parity and greater inclusion for women, these increases have been smaller or nonexistent in computing and engineering compared to other fields. In this focused review, we discuss how stereotypic perceptions of computing and engineering influence who enters, stays, and excels in these fields. We focus on communal goal incongruity–the idea that some STEM disciplines like engineering and computing are perceived as less aligned with people's communal goals of collaboration and helping others. In Part 1, we review the empirical literature that demonstrates how perceptions that these disciplines are incongruent with communal goals can especially deter women and girls, who highly endorse communal goals. In Part 2, we extend this perspective by reviewing accumulating evidence that perceived communal goal incongruity can deter any individual who values communal goals. Communal opportunities within computing and engineering have the potential to benefit first generation college students, underrepresented minority students, and communally-oriented men (as well as communally-oriented women). We describe the implications of this body of literature: describing how opting out of STEM in order to pursue fields perceived to encourage the pursuit of communal goals leave the stereotypic (mis)perceptions of computing and engineering unchanged and exacerbate female underrepresentation. In Part 3, we close with recommendations for how communal opportunities in computing and engineering can be highlighted to increase interest and motivation. By better integrating and publically acknowledging communal opportunities, the stereotypic perceptions of these fields could gradually change, making computing and engineering more inclusive and welcoming to all. PMID:28620330

  1. Effect of some pulverised plant materials on the developmental stages of fish beetle, Dermestes maculatus Degeer in smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during storage.

    PubMed

    Fasakin, E A; Aberejo, B A

    2002-11-01

    The effectiveness of pulverised plant materials; Tithonium diversifolia, Afromomum melegueta, Nicotiana tabacum, Monodora myristica and Piper guineense as ovicidal, larvicidal and adult deterents of fish beetle (Dermestes maculatus) in smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during storage were evaluated. Leaves of T. diversifolia, N. tabacum and seeds of A. melegueta, M. myristica and P. guineese were dried and pulverised into powder. Adults and larvae of third generation (F3) of D. maculatus were introduced into Kilner jars containing disinfested fish samples. Pulverised plant materials were applied to the surface of the fish samples at 10% (w/w) and monitored for 40 days, while egg hatchability of the insects was monitored for seven days. The result showed that all the plant materials had varying degree of insecticidal activities. Pulverised powder of P. guineense and A. melegueta were the most effective and significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited egg hatchability and adult emergence of D. maculatus in smoked catfish. N. tabacum gave the lowest insecticidal effect on adults, larvae and eggs of D. maculatus. However, the larvae of D. maculatus were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the plant materials. The percentage weight loss in fish treated with P. guineense and A. melegueta were minimal compared with the untreated fish sample. The result of this study showed that pulverised plant materials obtained from P. guineense and A. melegueta could be used to deter egg hatchability and adult emergence of D. maculatus in smoked catfish during storage. This could also reduce percentage losses due to insect infestation on smoked fish during storage.

  2. Deprotonation effect of tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile buffer gas dopant in ion mobility spectrometry.

    PubMed

    Fernandez-Maestre, Roberto; Meza-Morelos, Dairo; Wu, Ching

    2016-06-15

    When dopants are introduced into the buffer gas of an ion mobility spectrometer, spectra are simplified due to charge competition. We used electrospray ionization to inject tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile (F, 2-furonitrile or 2-furancarbonitrile) as a buffer gas dopant into an ion mobility spectrometer coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Density functional theory was used for theoretical calculations of dopant-ion interaction energies and proton affinities, using the hybrid functional X3LYP/6-311++(d,p) with the Gaussian 09 program that accounts for the basis set superposition error; analytes structures and theoretical calculations with Gaussian were used to explain the behavior of the analytes upon interaction with F. When F was used as a dopant at concentrations below 1.5 mmol m(-3) in the buffer gas, ions were not observed for α-amino acids due to charge competition with the dopant; this deprotonation capability arises from the production of a dimer with a high formation energy that stabilized the positive charge and created steric hindrance that deterred the equilibrium with analyte ions. F could not completely strip other compounds of their charge because they either showed steric hindrance at the charge site that deterred the approach of the dopant (2,4-lutidine, and DTBP), formed intramolecular bonds that stabilized the positive charge (atenolol), had high proton affinity (2,4-lutidine, DTBP, valinol and atenolol), or were inherently ionic (tetraalkylammonium ions). This selective deprotonation suggests the use of F to simplify spectra of complex mixtures in ion mobility and mass spectrometry in metabolomics, proteomics and other studies that generate complex spectra with thousands of peaks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  3. Strategic parenting, birth order, and school performance.

    PubMed

    Hotz, V Joseph; Pantano, Juan

    2015-10-01

    Fueled by new evidence, there has been renewed interest about the effects of birth order on human capital accumulation. The underlying causal mechanisms for such effects remain unsettled. We consider a model in which parents impose more stringent disciplinary environments in response to their earlier-born children's poor performance in school in order to deter such outcomes for their later-born offspring. We provide robust empirical evidence that school performance of children in the National Longitudinal Study Children (NLSY-C) declines with birth order as does the stringency of their parents' disciplinary restrictions. When asked how they will respond if a child brought home bad grades, parents state that they would be less likely to punish their later-born children. Taken together, these patterns are consistent with a reputation model of strategic parenting.

  4. Strategic parenting, birth order, and school performance

    PubMed Central

    Pantano, Juan

    2015-01-01

    Fueled by new evidence, there has been renewed interest about the effects of birth order on human capital accumulation. The underlying causal mechanisms for such effects remain unsettled. We consider a model in which parents impose more stringent disciplinary environments in response to their earlier-born children’s poor performance in school in order to deter such outcomes for their later-born offspring. We provide robust empirical evidence that school performance of children in the National Longitudinal Study Children (NLSY-C) declines with birth order as does the stringency of their parents’ disciplinary restrictions. When asked how they will respond if a child brought home bad grades, parents state that they would be less likely to punish their later-born children. Taken together, these patterns are consistent with a reputation model of strategic parenting. PMID:26366045

  5. Use of electrical barriers to deter movement of round goby

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Savino, Jacqueline F.; Jude, David J.; Kostich, Melissa J.; Coutant, Charles C.

    2001-01-01

    An electrical barrier was chosen as a possible means to deter movement of round goby Neogobius melanostomus. Feasibility studies in a 2.1-m donut-shaped tank determined the electrical parameters necessary to inhibit round goby from crossing the 1-m stretch of the benthic, electrical barrier. Increasing electrical pulse duration and voltage increased effectiveness of the barrier in deterring round goby movement through the barrier. Differences in activity of round goby during daytime and nocturnal tests did not change the effectiveness of the barrier. In field verification studies, an electrical barrier was placed between two blocking nets in the Shiawassee River, Michigan. The barrier consisted of a 6-m wide canvas on which were laid four cables carrying the electrical current. Seven experiments were conducted, wherein 25 latex paint-marked round goby were introduced upstream of the electrical barrier and recovered 24 h later upstream, on, and downstream of the barrier. During control studies, round goby moved across the barrier within 20 min from release upstream. With the barrier on and using the prescribed electrical settings shown to inhibit passage in the laboratory, the only marked round goby found below the barrier were dead. At reduced pulse durations, a few round goby (mean one/test) were found alive, but debilitated, below the barrier. The electrical barrier could be incorporated as part of a program in reducing movement of adult round goby through artificial connections between watersheds.

  6. Family-centered program deters substance use, conduct problems, and depressive symptoms in black adolescents.

    PubMed

    Brody, Gene H; Chen, Yi-fu; Kogan, Steven M; Yu, Tianyi; Molgaard, Virginia K; DiClemente, Ralph J; Wingood, Gina M

    2012-01-01

    The present research addressed the following important question in pediatric medicine: Can participation in a new family-centered preventive intervention, the Strong African American Families-Teen (SAAF-T) program, deter conduct problems, substance use, substance use problems, and depressive symptoms among rural black adolescents across 22 months? Data were collected from 502 black families in rural Georgia, assigned randomly to SAAF-T or an attention control condition. The prevention condition consisted of 5 consecutive meetings at community facilities with separate, concurrent sessions for caregivers and adolescents followed by a caregiver-adolescent session in which families practiced skills they learned in the separate sessions. Adolescents self-reported conduct problem behaviors, substance use, substance use problems, and depressive symptoms at ages 16 years (pretest) and 17 years 10 months (long-term assessment). Adolescents who participated in SAAF-T evinced lower increases in conduct problem behavior, substance use, substance use problems, and depressive symptom frequencies than did adolescents in the attention control condition across the 22 months between pretest and long-term assessment. This is the first study to demonstrate efficacy in a prevention program designed to deter conduct problems, substance use, substance use problems, and depressive symptoms among rural black adolescents. Because SAAF-T is a manualized, structured program, it can be easily disseminated to public health agencies, schools, churches, boys' and girls' clubs, and other community organizations.

  7. 32 CFR 223.3 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... characteristics. (e) Information. Any fact or concept regardless of the physical form or characteristics of the... material control measures designed to deter, prevent, detect, and respond to unauthorized possession, use...

  8. 78 FR 12420 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-22

    ... of Special Information Sharing Procedures to Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity. Abstract... efficiency and effectiveness of its anti-money laundering and counter- terrorist financing policies. Affected...

  9. 31 CFR 1021.530 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.530 [Reserved] ...

  10. 31 CFR 1021.530 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.530 [Reserved] ...

  11. 31 CFR 1021.530 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.530 [Reserved] ...

  12. 31 CFR 1021.530 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.530 [Reserved] ...

  13. Responsible Rail and Deterring Deficiency Act

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Rep. Denham, Jeff [R-CA-10

    2014-01-16

    House - 01/17/2014 Referred to the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  14. 77 FR 19417 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-30

    ..., Attention: Desk Officer for Treasury, New Executive Office Building, Room 10235, Washington, DC 20503, or... label applications to prevent consumer deception and to deter falsification of unfair advertising...

  15. 31 CFR 1023.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and...

  16. 31 CFR 1023.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and...

  17. 31 CFR 1023.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and...

  18. 31 CFR 1023.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... and Finance (Continued) FINANCIAL CRIMES ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and...

  19. Pesticide risks around the home (image)

    MedlinePlus

    Pesticides are substances which kill or deter unwanted pests, such as insects or rodents. These substances can ... avoid an accidental ingestion is to keep all pesticides out of the reach of children.

  20. Synthetic cis-jasmone exposure induces wheat and barley volatiles that repel the pest cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L.

    PubMed

    Delaney, Kevin J; Wawrzyniak, Maria; Lemańczyk, Grzegorz; Wrzesińska, Danuta; Piesik, Dariusz

    2013-05-01

    The plant semiochemical cis-jasmone primes/induces plant resistance that deters herbivores and attracts natural enemies. We studied the induction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in winter wheat and spring barley after exposure of plants to three synthetic cis-jasmone doses (50 μl of 1, 100, and 1 × 10(4) ng μl(-1)) and durations of exposure (1, 3, and 6 h). Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus, adult behavioral responses were examined in a Y-tube olfactometer to cis-jasmone induced plant VOC bouquets and to two synthetic blends of VOCs (3 green leaf volatiles (GLVs); 4 terpenes + indole). In both cereals, eight VOCs [(Z)-3-hexanal, (Z)-3-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexanyl acetate, (Z)-β-ocimene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, (E)-ß-farnesene, and indole] were induced 100- to 1000-fold after cis-jasmone exposure. The degree of induction in both cereals was usually positively and linearly associated with increasing exposure dose and duration. However, VOC emission rate was only ~2-fold greater from plants exposed to the highest vs. lowest cis-jasmone exposure doses (1 × 10(4) difference) or durations (6-fold difference). Male and female O. melanopus were deterred by both cereal VOC bouquets after plant exposure to the high cis-jasmone dose (1 × 10(4) ng μl(-1)), while females were also deterred after plant exposure to the low dose (1 ng μl(-1)) but attracted to unexposed plant VOC bouquets. Both O. melanopus sexes were repelled by terpene/indole and GLV blends at two concentrations (25 ng · min(-1); 125 ng · min(-1)), but attracted to the lowest dose (1 ng · min(-1)) of a GLV blend. It is possible that the biologically relevant low cis-jasmone dose has ecological activity and potential for inducing field crop VOCs to deter O. melanopus.

  1. Tool Support for Parametric Analysis of Large Software Simulation Systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schumann, Johann; Gundy-Burlet, Karen; Pasareanu, Corina; Menzies, Tim; Barrett, Tony

    2008-01-01

    The analysis of large and complex parameterized software systems, e.g., systems simulation in aerospace, is very complicated and time-consuming due to the large parameter space, and the complex, highly coupled nonlinear nature of the different system components. Thus, such systems are generally validated only in regions local to anticipated operating points rather than through characterization of the entire feasible operational envelope of the system. We have addressed the factors deterring such an analysis with a tool to support envelope assessment: we utilize a combination of advanced Monte Carlo generation with n-factor combinatorial parameter variations to limit the number of cases, but still explore important interactions in the parameter space in a systematic fashion. Additional test-cases, automatically generated from models (e.g., UML, Simulink, Stateflow) improve the coverage. The distributed test runs of the software system produce vast amounts of data, making manual analysis impossible. Our tool automatically analyzes the generated data through a combination of unsupervised Bayesian clustering techniques (AutoBayes) and supervised learning of critical parameter ranges using the treatment learner TAR3. The tool has been developed around the Trick simulation environment, which is widely used within NASA. We will present this tool with a GN&C (Guidance, Navigation and Control) simulation of a small satellite system.

  2. 31 CFR 1021.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.540 Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions...

  3. 31 CFR 1021.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.540 Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions...

  4. 31 CFR 1021.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.540 Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions...

  5. 31 CFR 1021.540 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... CASINOS AND CARD CLUBS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity for Casinos and Card Clubs § 1021.540 Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions...

  6. The nuclear issue: where do we go from here?.

    PubMed

    Rotblat, Joseph

    2003-01-01

    The drive for the elimination of nuclear weapons is going badly and there is currently little support from the general public. The United States Nuclear Posture Review incorporates nuclear capability into conventional war planning. The Stockpile Stewardship Program is designed to maintain nuclear weapon capability. The US is planning an essentially new earth-penetrating nuclear weapon and is prepared to test this in the national interest if thought necessary. These policies could stimulate nuclear proliferation by others, do nothing to deter terrorism, promote persisting polarization of the world, are a clear breach of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and rest world security on a continued balance of terror. A renewed mass campaign to counteract all this, on legal and moral grounds in particular, is urgently needed. IPPNW and kindred organizations must restore sanity in our policies and humanity to our actions.

  7. Stories from Lake Volta: the lived experiences of trafficked children in Ghana.

    PubMed

    Hamenoo, Emma Seyram; Sottie, Cynthia Akorfa

    2015-02-01

    Child trafficking is one of the worst forms of child maltreatment and is often difficult to recognize when it happens intra-country. This paper presents the narratives of children on their experiences as victims of trafficking in fishing communities along the Volta Lake in the Volta region of Ghana. The narratives were co-constructed with the children through child-friendly participatory approaches which involved drawings, writing, and in-depth interviews. The stories reflect the magnitude of maltreatment trafficked children suffer, which ranges from physical to psychological and emotional. The authors recommend commitment by the government to the implementation of the Human Trafficking Act to deter child traffickers. Further studies on the living conditions of rescued children and the need to implement strategies to prevent re-trafficking are suggested. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Holding Individuals Accountable and Deterring Money Laundering Act

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Rep. Waters, Maxine [D-CA-43

    2013-10-23

    House - 01/09/2014 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  9. Lamprey Tagging

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Colotelo, Alison; Deters, Kate

    2017-05-26

    Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed a super-small acoustic tracking tag designed just for juvenile lamprey. In this video, PNNL researcher Alison Colotelo describes how she and her colleague Kate Deters inject young lamprey with the PNNL tag.

  10. Deter Cyber Theft Act of 2014

    THOMAS, 113th Congress

    Sen. Levin, Carl [D-MI

    2014-05-22

    Senate - 05/22/2014 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  11. Does Tribolium brevicornis Cuticular Chemistry Deter Cannibalism and Predation of Pupae?

    PubMed Central

    Alabi, T; Dean, J; Michaud, JP; Verheggen, F; Lognay, G; Haubruge, E

    2011-01-01

    The cuticular hydrocarbons of insects are species-specific and often function as semiochemicals. The activity of Tribolium brevicornis cuticular hydrocarbons as feeding deterrents that ostensibly function to prevent pupal cannibalism and predation was evaluated. The cuticular hydrocarbons of T. brevicornis pupae were characterized and flour disk bioassays conducted with individual and combined extract components incorporated into artificial diets on which Tribolium adults fed for six days. Feeding by T. brevicornis and T. castaneum on flour disks containing cuticular extracts of T. brevicornis pupae resulted in reduced consumption and weight loss relative to feeding on control flour disks. In both cases, feeding deterrence indices exceeded 80% suggesting that T. brevicornis cuticular hydrocarbons could function to deter cannibalism and predation of pupae by larvae and adult beetles. Sixteen different cuticular hydrocarbons were identified in T. brevicornis pupal extracts. Eight of the commercially available linear alkanes were tested individually in feeding trials with eight Tribolium species. One compound (C28) significantly reduced the amount of food consumed by three species compared to control disks, whereas the compounds C25, C26, and C27 elicited increased feeding in some species. Four other compounds had no effect on consumption for any species. When four hydrocarbon mixtures were tested for synergistic deterrence on T. brevicornis and T. castaneum, none significantly influenced consumption. Our results indicate that the cuticular chemistry of T. brevicornis pupae could serve to deter predation by conspecific and congeneric beetles. PMID:22224957

  12. Coral snakes predict the evolution of mimicry across New World snakes.

    PubMed

    Davis Rabosky, Alison R; Cox, Christian L; Rabosky, Daniel L; Title, Pascal O; Holmes, Iris A; Feldman, Anat; McGuire, Jimmy A

    2016-05-05

    Batesian mimicry, in which harmless species (mimics) deter predators by deceitfully imitating the warning signals of noxious species (models), generates striking cases of phenotypic convergence that are classic examples of evolution by natural selection. However, mimicry of venomous coral snakes has remained controversial because of unresolved conflict between the predictions of mimicry theory and empirical patterns in the distribution and abundance of snakes. Here we integrate distributional, phenotypic and phylogenetic data across all New World snake species to demonstrate that shifts to mimetic coloration in nonvenomous snakes are highly correlated with coral snakes in both space and time, providing overwhelming support for Batesian mimicry. We also find that bidirectional transitions between mimetic and cryptic coloration are unexpectedly frequent over both long- and short-time scales, challenging traditional views of mimicry as a stable evolutionary 'end point' and suggesting that insect and snake mimicry may have different evolutionary dynamics.

  13. Coral snakes predict the evolution of mimicry across New World snakes

    PubMed Central

    Davis Rabosky, Alison R.; Cox, Christian L.; Rabosky, Daniel L.; Title, Pascal O.; Holmes, Iris A.; Feldman, Anat; McGuire, Jimmy A.

    2016-01-01

    Batesian mimicry, in which harmless species (mimics) deter predators by deceitfully imitating the warning signals of noxious species (models), generates striking cases of phenotypic convergence that are classic examples of evolution by natural selection. However, mimicry of venomous coral snakes has remained controversial because of unresolved conflict between the predictions of mimicry theory and empirical patterns in the distribution and abundance of snakes. Here we integrate distributional, phenotypic and phylogenetic data across all New World snake species to demonstrate that shifts to mimetic coloration in nonvenomous snakes are highly correlated with coral snakes in both space and time, providing overwhelming support for Batesian mimicry. We also find that bidirectional transitions between mimetic and cryptic coloration are unexpectedly frequent over both long- and short-time scales, challenging traditional views of mimicry as a stable evolutionary ‘end point' and suggesting that insect and snake mimicry may have different evolutionary dynamics. PMID:27146100

  14. Detection of infrasound and linear acceleration in fishes.

    PubMed

    Sand, O; Karlsen, H E

    2000-09-29

    Fishes have an acute sensitivity to extremely low-frequency linear acceleration, or infrasound, even down to below 1 Hz. The otolith organs are the sensory system responsible for this ability. The hydrodynamic noise generated by swimming fishes is mainly in the infrasound range, and may be important in courtship and prey predator interactions. Intense infrasound has a deterring effect on some species, and has a potential in acoustic barriers. We hypothesize that the pattern of ambient infrasound in the oceans may be used for orientation in migratory fishes, and that pelagic fishes may detect changes in the surface wave pattern associated with altered water depth and distant land formations. We suggest that the acute sensitivity to linear acceleration could be used for inertial guidance, and to detect the relative velocity of layered ocean currents. Sensitivity to infrasound may be a widespread ability among aquatic organisms, and has also been reported in cephalopods and crustaceans.

  15. Detection of infrasound and linear acceleration in fishes.

    PubMed Central

    Sand, O; Karlsen, H E

    2000-01-01

    Fishes have an acute sensitivity to extremely low-frequency linear acceleration, or infrasound, even down to below 1 Hz. The otolith organs are the sensory system responsible for this ability. The hydrodynamic noise generated by swimming fishes is mainly in the infrasound range, and may be important in courtship and prey predator interactions. Intense infrasound has a deterring effect on some species, and has a potential in acoustic barriers. We hypothesize that the pattern of ambient infrasound in the oceans may be used for orientation in migratory fishes, and that pelagic fishes may detect changes in the surface wave pattern associated with altered water depth and distant land formations. We suggest that the acute sensitivity to linear acceleration could be used for inertial guidance, and to detect the relative velocity of layered ocean currents. Sensitivity to infrasound may be a widespread ability among aquatic organisms, and has also been reported in cephalopods and crustaceans. PMID:11079418

  16. Entrepreneurs and Informal Finance in Kenya

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-09-01

    have created uncertainty, hurt prospects for growth in tourism , and potentially deterred foreign investors. Agriculture, which contributes greatly to...and age-groups organized around a certain sport , 132 Kimuyu, “Rotating Saving and Credit,” 1300

  17. Regulatory aviation medicine : its philosophies and limitations.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1982-09-01

    The application of aviation medicine is relatively standardized throughout the world, both in civil and military operations. Substantial differences exist, however, in the way different countries, or even different agencies in the same country, deter...

  18. Security Package for the VAX

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Marks, V. J.; Benigue, C. E.

    1983-01-01

    Four programs deal with intruders and resource managment. Package available from COSMIC provides DEC VAX-11/780 with certain "deterent" security features. Although packages is not comprehensive security system, of interest for any VAX installation where security is concern.

  19. Nuclear Forensics at Los Alamos National Laboratory

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kinman, William Scott; Steiner, Robert Ernest; Lamont, Stephen Philip

    Nuclear forensics assists in responding to any event where nuclear material is found outside of regulatory control; a response plan is presented and a nuclear forensics program is undergoing further development so that smugglers are sufficiently deterred.

  20. Characterization of the Ground Paprika Samples Using Raman Spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gucsik, A.; Veres, M.; Himics, L.; Rigó, I.

    2017-11-01

    Micro-Raman spectroscopy as a powerful technique can be used in food industry, especially in the ground pepper or paprika characterization in order to deter-mine the paprika sample’s origin as well as their quality.

  1. Effectiveness and efficiencies in police traffic services programs

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1982-03-01

    Traffic law violations were causative factors in about 90 percent of all motor vehicle crashes. Primary responsibility for deterring traffic law violations and for apprehending violators of these laws rest with State, county and municipal police agen...

  2. Assessment of changes in DWI enforcement/level

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1991-01-01

    The report summarizes a study of the long term experience of six law enforcement agencies with enforcement programs coupled with public information and education (PI&E) designed to deter driving while intoxicated (DWI). Six communities were identifie...

  3. Counseling the Coronary Patient

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Semmler, Caryl; Semmler, Maynard

    1974-01-01

    The article discusses counseling sessions designed to a) help the coronary patient adjust to cardiovascular disease, b) diminish patient anxieties and fears, and c) educate the patient and family members on controlling risk factors to deter another coronary attack. (JS)

  4. Deterring Online Advertising Fraud through Optimal Payment in Arrears

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Edelman, Benjamin

    Online advertisers face substantial difficulty in selecting and supervising small advertising partners: Fraud can be well-hidden, and limited reputation systems reduce accountability. But partners are not paid until after their work is complete, and advertisers can extend this delay both to improve detection of improper partner practices and to punish partners who turn out to be rule-breakers. I capture these relationships in a screening model with delayed payments and probabilistic delayed observation of agents’ types. I derive conditions in which an advertising principal can set its payment delay to deter rogue agents and to attract solely or primarily good-type agents. Through the savings from excluding rogue agents, the principal can increase its profits while offering increased payments to good-type agents. I estimate that a leading affiliate network could have invoked an optimal payment delay to eliminate 71% of fraud without decreasing profit.

  5. Smokeless tobacco in Canada: deterring market development

    PubMed Central

    Wyckham, R.

    1999-01-01

    DATA SOURCES—A review of the literature identified demographic, cultural, and marketing variables related to the uptake and continuation of smokeless tobacco use. Government and industry data on production, marketing, and consumption of smokeless tobacco products are presented.
METHODS—The Canadian and American markets are compared in terms of prevalence, consumption per capita, and marketing practices. Lessons to be learned from the well-orchestrated development of the American market in the past 30 years are examined. Canadian tobacco regulations are described. Strategies by which the increased exploitation of the Canadian smokeless tobacco market can be deterred are discussed.
CONCLUSIONS—A long-term, independently financed strategy built around a national smokeless tobacco de-marketing organisation with a constellation of private local institutions is suggested as a means of combating smokeless tobacco marketing efforts.


Keywords: smokeless tobacco; marketing; Canada PMID:10629248

  6. A Brinkmanship Game Theory Model of Terrorism

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Melese, Francois

    This study reveals conditions under which a world leader might credibly issue a brinkmanship threat of preemptive action to deter sovereign states or transnational terrorist organizations from acquiring weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The model consists of two players: the United Nations (UN) “Principal,” and a terrorist organization “Agent.” The challenge in issuing a brinkmanship threat is that it needs to be sufficiently unpleasant to deter terrorists from acquiring WMD, while not being so repugnant to those that must carry it out that they would refuse to do so. Two “credibility constraints” are derived. The first relates to the unknown terrorist type (Hard or Soft), and the second to acceptable risks (“blowback”) to the World community. Graphing the incentive-compatible Nash equilibrium solutions reveals when a brinkmanship threat is credible, and when it is not - either too weak to be effective, or unacceptably dangerous to the World community.

  7. Parametric Analysis of a Hover Test Vehicle using Advanced Test Generation and Data Analysis

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gundy-Burlet, Karen; Schumann, Johann; Menzies, Tim; Barrett, Tony

    2009-01-01

    Large complex aerospace systems are generally validated in regions local to anticipated operating points rather than through characterization of the entire feasible operational envelope of the system. This is due to the large parameter space, and complex, highly coupled nonlinear nature of the different systems that contribute to the performance of the aerospace system. We have addressed the factors deterring such an analysis by applying a combination of technologies to the area of flight envelop assessment. We utilize n-factor (2,3) combinatorial parameter variations to limit the number of cases, but still explore important interactions in the parameter space in a systematic fashion. The data generated is automatically analyzed through a combination of unsupervised learning using a Bayesian multivariate clustering technique (AutoBayes) and supervised learning of critical parameter ranges using the machine-learning tool TAR3, a treatment learner. Covariance analysis with scatter plots and likelihood contours are used to visualize correlations between simulation parameters and simulation results, a task that requires tool support, especially for large and complex models. We present results of simulation experiments for a cold-gas-powered hover test vehicle.

  8. Comparative Evaluation of a Silicone Membrane as an Alternative to Skin for Testing Mosquito Repellents.

    PubMed

    Agramonte, Natasha M; Gezan, Salvador A; Bernier, Ulrich R

    2017-05-01

    Repellents prevent mosquito bites and help reduce mosquito-borne disease, a global public health issue. Laboratory-based repellent bioassays predict the ability of compounds to deter mosquito feeding, but the variety of repellent bioassays and statistical analysis methods makes it difficult to compare results across methodologies. The most realistic data are collected when repellents are applied on the skin; however, this method exposes volunteers to chemicals and mosquito bites. Silicone membranes were investigated as an alternative to human skin in assays of repellent efficacy. Results from module system bioassays conducted in vitro with a silicone membrane were compared with in vivo bioassays conducted with N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (referred to as DEET), 1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropylester (referred to as Picaridin), ethyl 3-[acetyl(butyl)amino]propanoate (referred to as IR3535), and para-menthane-3,8-diol (referred to as PMD) applied directly on the skin of the leg. No significant difference in mosquito feeding was found when comparing skin and volunteer-worn membrane controls using blood; however, feeding was significantly lower in unworn membrane controls using either 10% sucrose or blood, indicating that worn membranes are a possible surrogate for untreated human skin. Pooled data from six volunteers were used to generate dose-response curves of blood-feeding activity. Results from skin-applied repellents were modeled to determine if membranes could provide a predictive correlate for skin. Goodness-of-fit comparisons indicated that the nonlinear dose-response curves for the skin and membrane differed significantly for DEET and Picaridin, but did not differ significantly for IR3535 and PMD. With knowledge of the dose-response relationships and further modifications to this system, the membrane-based tests could be used for standardized repellent testing with infected vectors. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2016. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.

  9. Is there an effective approach to deterring students from plagiarizing?

    PubMed

    Bilic-Zulle, Lidija; Azman, Josip; Frkovic, Vedran; Petrovecki, Mladen

    2008-03-01

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of plagiarism detection software and penalty for plagiarizing in detecting and deterring plagiarism among medical students. The study was a continuation of previously published research in which second-year medical students from 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 school years were required to write an essay based on one of the four scientific articles offered by the instructor. Students from 2004/2005 (N = 92) included in present study were given the same task. Topics of two of the four articles were considered less complex, and two were more complex. One less and one more complex articles were available only as hardcopies, whereas the other two were available in electronic format. The students from 2001/2002 (N = 111) were only told to write an original essay, whereas the students from 2002/2003 (N = 87) were additionally warned against plagiarism, explained what plagiarism was, and how to avoid it. The students from 2004/2005 were warned that their essays would be examined by plagiarism detection software and that those who had plagiarized would be penalized. Students from 2004/2005 plagiarized significantly less of their essays than students from the previous two groups (2% vs. 17% vs. 21%, respectively, P < 0.001). Over time, students more frequently choose articles with more complex subjects (P < 0.001) and articles in electronic format (P < 0.001) as a source for their essays, but it did not influence the rate of plagiarism. Use of plagiarism detection software in evaluation of essays and consequent penalties had effectively deterred students from plagiarizing.

  10. Lichen palatability depends on investments in herbivore defence.

    PubMed

    Gauslaa, Yngvar

    2005-03-01

    Lichens are well-suited organisms for experimental herbivory studies because their secondary compounds, assumed to deter grazing, can be non-destructively extracted. Thalli of 17 lichen species from various habitats were cut in two equal parts; compounds were extracted from one part by acetone, the other served as a control. These two pieces were offered as a paired choice to the generalist herbivore snail Cepaea hortensis. Control thalli of all lichens were consumed at a low rate regardless of their investments in acetone-extractable lichen compounds; naturally compound-deficient lichen species were not preferred compared to those with high contents. However, for extracted thalli, there was a highly significant positive correlation between rate of consumption and the extracted compound contents. These data imply that herbivore defence has evolved in different directions in different lichens. Studied members of Parmeliaceae, common in oligotrophic habitats, have high contents of carbon-rich acetone-soluble compounds; these lichens became highly palatable to snails subsequent to acetone rinsing. Extracted lichen compounds were applied to pieces of filter paper and fed to snails. Extracts from members of the Parmeliaceae significantly deterred feeding on paper. Such data suggest that generalist herbivores may have shaped evolution in the widespread and highly diverse Parmeliaceae towards high investments in lichen compounds. On the other hand, lichens belonging to the Physciaceae and Teloschistales, common in nutrient-enriched habitats, are deficient in, or have low concentrations of, lichen compounds. Such lichens did not become more palatable after acetone rinsing. The orange anthraquinone compound parietin, restricted to the Teloschistales, and which has previously been found to protect against excess light, did not deter grazing.

  11. Growing up in a permissive household: what deters at-risk adolescents from heavy drinking?

    PubMed

    Tucker, Joan S; Ellickson, Phyllis L; Klein, David J

    2008-07-01

    This study identified psychosocial factors that may deter adolescents living in permissive households from heavy drinking in Grades 9 and 11. Longitudinal data were obtained from 710 youth who completed surveys from Grades 7 to 11. Permissive household was defined based on adolescent reports of whether the parents (1) would be upset if the adolescent drank or used marijuana, (2) knew their child's whereabouts when the adolescent was away from home, and (3) set curfews. Frequency of heavy drinking in the last 30 days was the number of days the adolescent had at least three alcoholic drinks. Three quarters of adolescents from permissive households reported heavy drinking at Grade 9, with less frequent heavy drinking among those who concurrently reported less exposure to peer and adult drinking, less peer approval of drinking, weaker positive beliefs about drinking, a stronger academic orientation, higher resistance self-efficacy, and less delinquency. Further, social influences and alcohol beliefs predicted the frequency of heavy drinking 2 years later among adolescents from permissive households. Although most of these factors were also relevant for adolescents from nonpermissive households, social influences, alcohol beliefs and resistance self-efficacy were stronger predictors of heavy drinking at Grade 9 among youth from permissive households. Growing up in a permissive household was associated with heavy drinking. Nonetheless, several psychosocial factors were associated with less frequent heavy drinking even within this at-risk population. Alcohol prevention programs that target pro-drinking peer and adult influences, positive attitudes toward drinking, and resistance self-efficacy may be particularly important in deterring heavy drinking among adolescents living in permissive households.

  12. Report: State Enforcement of Clean Water Act Dischargers Can Be More Effective

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Report #2001-P-00013, August 14, 2001. We believe that state enforcement programs could be much more effective in deterring noncompliance with discharge permits and, ultimately, improving the quality of the nation’s water.

  13. Rochester rail link feasibility study

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2003-01-01

    The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of connecting Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport to Rochester International Airport with a high-speed rail line to move passengers and cargo. The primary goal of this study is to deter...

  14. Determine feasible and acceptable age 21 support programs

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1990-09-01

    The objective of this project was to identify programs which are feasible, acceptable, and effective in deterring adolescent drinking. To begin the project, information was collected on 22 prevention programs using a wide range of approaches. Next, a...

  15. Automated enforcement : a compendium of worldwide evaluations of results

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2007-03-01

    Excessive speeding, red-light-running, and other high-risk behaviors are often associated with crash fatalities and injuries in the United States. Traditional law enforcement alone is not enough to deter high-risk driving behaviors. Automated enforce...

  16. Street Intersection Characteristics and Their Impacts on Perceived Bicycling Safety

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2018-01-01

    Safety concern is one of the core issues that deter people from bicycling in the US. Earlier studies have explored the associations between intersection design characteristics and bicyclist safety perceptions. Research shows that there are significan...

  17. Securing Mitigation as Injunctive Relief in Certain Civil Enforcement Settlements (2nd edition)

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    To ensure that EPA's environmental enforcement efforts not only correct and deter illegal conduct but maximize the redress of its consequences, this memorandum is intended to strongly encourage case teams to seek mitigation.

  18. AGU Council adopts position statement on scientific expression

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Landau, Elizabeth; Uhlenbrock, Kristan

    2011-09-01

    On 17 August the AGU Council voted to adopt an American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement on free and open communication of scientific findings as an official position of AGU. The statement appears below. Recent attacks on scientists who present facts that are controversial or politically charged, such as in cases involving climate science, have sparked action by AGU and other scientific societies, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Open communication and collaboration are essential to the scientific process and must not be deterred by politics, media, or faith. In a recent letter to the New York Times, AGU president Michael McPhaden stated that “misguided attempts to suppress scientific research, particularly through political pressure, will not make climate change or the role human activity plays in it magically disappear. It will, however, make the objective knowledge needed to inform good policy decisions disappear.”

  19. Alcohol-Impaired Driving and Perceived Risks of Legal Consequences.

    PubMed

    Sloan, Frank A; McCutchan, Sabrina A; Eldred, Lindsey M

    2017-02-01

    Driving while impaired (DWI) is a threat to public health. Codified legal sanctions are a widely implemented strategy to reduce DWI. However, it is unclear that sanctioning affects individual risk perceptions so as to deter alcohol-impaired driving. Using survey data collected from individual drivers, police, and defense attorneys specializing in DWI in 8 U.S. cities, we investigated whether risk perceptions about legal consequences for alcohol-impaired driving, both the risk of being stopped if driving while alcohol-impaired and receiving specific penalties following a DWI, deter alcohol-impaired driving. First, we analyzed how different drivers' risk perceptions about being pulled over and facing criminal sanctions related to their self-reported alcohol-impaired driving in the year following the interview at which risk perceptions were elicited. Second, using data from an experimental module in which individual's risk perceptions were randomly updated by the interview, we analyzed how each driver's beliefs about his or her own future alcohol-impaired driving responded to randomly generated increases in the apprehension probability and sanction magnitude. Higher probabilities as estimated by the individuals of being pulled over corresponded to less alcohol-impaired driving in both analyses. Conversely, there was no statistical relationship between perceptions of criminal sanctions for DWI and alcohol-impaired driving with 1 exception-a small significant negative relationship between duration of jail time following a DWI conviction and alcohol-impaired driving. Perceptions regarding the threat of being apprehended for alcohol-impaired driving were related to actual self-reported driving, while perceived sanctions following a DWI conviction for DWI generally were unrelated to either actual self-reported alcohol-impaired driving or the person's estimate of probability that he or she would drive while alcohol-impaired in the following year. Increasing certainty of apprehension by increasing police staffing and/or conducting sobriety checks is a more effective strategy for reducing alcohol-impaired driving than legislating increased penalties for DWI. Copyright © 2017 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.

  20. Alcohol-Impaired Driving and Perceived Risks of Legal Consequences

    PubMed Central

    Sloan, Frank A.; McCutchan, Sabrina A.; Eldred, Lindsey M.

    2016-01-01

    Background Driving while impaired (DWI) is a threat to public health. Codified legal sanctions are a widely-implemented strategy to reduce DWI. However, it is unclear that sanctioning affects individual risk perceptions so as to deter alcohol-impaired driving. Methods Using survey data collected from individual drivers, police, and defense attorneys specializing in DWI in eight U.S. cities, we investigated whether risk perceptions about legal consequences for alcohol-impaired driving, both the risk of being stopped if driving while alcohol-impaired and receiving specific penalties following a DWI, deter alcohol-impaired driving. First, we analyzed how different drivers’ risk perceptions about being pulled over and facing criminal sanctions related to their self-reported alcohol-impaired driving in the year following the interview at which risk perceptions were elicited. Second, using data from an experimental module in which individual’s risk perceptions were randomly updated by the interview, we analyzed how each driver’s beliefs about his or her own future alcohol-impaired driving responded to randomly-generated increases in the apprehension probability and sanction magnitude. Results Higher probabilities as estimated by the individuals of being pulled over corresponded to less alcohol-impaired driving in both analyses. Conversely, there was no statistical relationship between perceptions of criminal sanctions for DWI and alcohol-impaired driving with one exception—a small significant negative relationship between duration of jail time following a DWI conviction and alcohol-impaired driving. Conclusions Perceptions regarding the threat of being apprehended for alcohol-impaired driving were related to actual self-reported driving, while perceived sanctions following a DWI conviction for DWI generally were unrelated to either actual self-reported alcohol-impaired driving or the person’s estimate of probability that s/he would drive while alcohol-impaired in the following year. Increasing certainty of apprehension by increasing police staffing and/or conducting sobriety checks is a more effective strategy for reducing alcohol-impaired driving than legislating increased penalties for DWI. PMID:28056493

  1. Measurements of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis: A methodological review

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Gluconeogenesis is a complex metabolic process that involves multiple enzymatic steps regulated by myriad factors, including substrate concentrations, the redox state, activation and inhibition of specific enzyme steps, and hormonal modulation. At present, the most widely accepted technique to deter...

  2. Identifying Characteristics of Airline Frequent-Fliers in Australia: Implications for Market Segmentation, Target Marketing, and Product Differentiation

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1998-01-01

    Airlines can cultivate new business, enjoy repeat patronage through progressively attractive awards given directly to frequent fliers, deter emerging airlines from entering established markets, and compile the demographic profiles and travel characte...

  3. Native American Healing Traditions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Portman, Tarrell A. A.; Garrett, Michael T.

    2006-01-01

    Indigenous healing practices among Native Americans have been documented in the United States since colonisation. Cultural encapsulation has deterred the acknowledgement of Native American medicinal practices as a precursor to folk medicine and many herbal remedies, which have greatly influenced modern medicine. Understanding Native American…

  4. 17 CFR 37.203 - Rule enforcement program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... shall establish and enforce trading, trade processing, and participation rules that will deter abuses... practices prohibited. A swap execution facility shall prohibit abusive trading practices on its markets by members and market participants. Swap execution facilities that permit intermediation shall prohibit...

  5. Culvert Length and Interior Lighting Impacts to Topeka Shiner Passage

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-11-01

    Culverts can act as barriers to fish passage for a number of reasons including insufficient water depth or excess velocity. In addition, concern is being raised over behavioral barriers where culvert conditions elicit an avoidance response that deter...

  6. Neuromolecular basis of repellent action

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Physical contact is not required for insect repellents to affect mosquito behavior; DEET not only interferes with the detection of host and oviposition sites suggesting the involvement of the olfactory pathway, but it also deters feeding, perhaps indicating involvement of the gustatory sense. Howev...

  7. Combining enforcement and public information to deter DWI : the experience of three communities

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1990-04-01

    This report summarizes the results of three field tests of the concept of combining enforcement with public information and education (PI&E) activities to achieve general deterrence of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Test communities were Clearwater...

  8. Centromere synteny among Brachypodium, wheat, and rice

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Rice, wheat and Brachypodium are plant genetic models with variable genome complexity and basic chromosome numbers, representing two subfamilies of the Poaceae. Centromeres are prominent chromosome landmarks, but their fate during this convoluted chromosome evolution has been more difficult to deter...

  9. Strategic advertising plans to deter drunk driving

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1996-12-01

    Primary objective for this study was to identify and profile subpopulations at highest risk for drinking and driving, and persons who may be in a position to intervene in their drinking and driving behavior. A related objective was to explore media m...

  10. Rutherford's war

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Campbell, John

    2016-02-01

    Seagulls, sea lions and the comic-book hero Professor Radium were all recruited to fight the threat of submarines during the First World War. But as John Campbell explains, it was Ernest Rutherford who led the way a century ago in using acoustics to deter these deadly craft.

  11. Develop and test messages to deter drinking and driving

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1998-04-01

    This document summarizes the results of a study which developed pilot media messages to support and/or encourage anti-DWI norms. The target audience for these messages was individuals 18-25 years of age. Initially, focus groups were held in the Bosto...

  12. Evaluation of crack-sealing milled pavement in the effort to reduce transverse cracking.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2015-01-01

    To determine if crack sealing milled pavement prior to overlay will deter the : migration of transverse cracking, or have an effect on pavement performance, : when compared to an adjacent milled pavement that receives no crack sealing : treatment.

  13. Examination of the feasibility of alcohol interlocks for motorcycles.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-06-01

    In 2011 some 30 percent of the 4,612 motorcycle operators involved in fatal crashes had blood alcohol concentrations : (BACs) of .08 g/dL or higher. Although alcohol ignition interlocks are a common sanction to deter impaired driving, : they are not ...

  14. 14 CFR 293.10 - Exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs will, by notice, issue and periodically update a list... REGULATIONS INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Exemption From Filing Tariffs § 293.10 Exemption. (a) Air... carriers of the Parties; (ii) Whether the country's Government has disapproved or deterred U.S. carrier...

  15. 14 CFR 293.10 - Exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs will, by notice, issue and periodically update a list... REGULATIONS INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Exemption From Filing Tariffs § 293.10 Exemption. (a) Air... carriers of the Parties; (ii) Whether the country's Government has disapproved or deterred U.S. carrier...

  16. 14 CFR 293.10 - Exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs will, by notice, issue and periodically update a list... REGULATIONS INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Exemption From Filing Tariffs § 293.10 Exemption. (a) Air... carriers of the Parties; (ii) Whether the country's Government has disapproved or deterred U.S. carrier...

  17. 14 CFR 293.10 - Exemption.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs will, by notice, issue and periodically update a list... REGULATIONS INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION Exemption From Filing Tariffs § 293.10 Exemption. (a) Air... carriers of the Parties; (ii) Whether the country's Government has disapproved or deterred U.S. carrier...

  18. The Battered-Woman Syndrome: Contributing Factors and Remedial Interventions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mullen, Roseland McG; Carroll, Marguerite R.

    1983-01-01

    Discusses factors that deter counselors in responding to wife abuse. Characteristics of the abused wife are outlined. Strategies used in helping abused women are discussed, including support groups, feminist-oriented counseling, and exploring the possibility of ending the relationship. (Author/JAC)

  19. Regulatory and legal review of automated and connected truck platooning technology.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-05-01

    Commercial truck platooning is a relatively novel concept in Texas and around the country. This white paper : presents the results of a review of state and federal code to identify regulatory and legislative hurdles that : may delay or deter platooni...

  20. The Runaway Crisis: Is Family Therapy the Answer?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ostensen, Kay Wickett

    1981-01-01

    Presents research on the relationship of two family counseling models (one with temporary foster placement, one without) to the recidivism of runaway teenagers. Research shows the Brief Family Intervention counseling model to be a statistically viable tool in deterring repeated runaway episodes. (Author)

  1. Desensitisation to cigarette package graphic health warnings: a cohort comparison between London and Singapore

    PubMed Central

    Ratneswaran, Culadeeban; Chisnall, Ben; Li, Mingyue; Tan, Sarah; Douiri, Abdel; Anantham, Devanand; Steier, Joerg

    2016-01-01

    Objectives We compared 2 sociocultural cohorts with different duration of exposure to graphic health warning labels (GHWL), to investigate a possible desensitisation to their use. We further studied how a differing awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks could be used to prevent this. Setting Structured interviews of patients from the general respiratory department were undertaken between 2012 and 2013 in 2 tertiary hospitals in Singapore and London. Participants 266 participants were studied, 163 Londoners (35% smokers, 54% male, age 52±18 years) and 103 Singaporeans (53% smokers, p=0.003; 78% male, p<0.001; age 58±15 years, p=0.012). Main outcomes and measures 50 items assessed demographics, smoking history, knowledge and the deterring impact of smoking-associated risks. After showing 10 GHWL, the impact on emotional response, cognitive processing and intended smoking behaviour was recorded. Results Singaporeans scored lower than the Londoners across all label processing constructs, and this was consistent for the smoking and non-smoking groups. Londoners experienced more ‘disgust’ and felt GHWL were more effective at preventing initiation of, or quitting, smoking. Singaporeans had a lower awareness of lung cancer (82% vs 96%, p<0.001), despite ranking it as the most deterring consequence of smoking. Overall, ‘blindness’ was the least known potential risk (28%), despite being ranked as more deterring than ‘stroke’ and ‘oral cancer’ in all participants. Conclusions The length of exposure to GHWL impacts on the effectiveness. However, acknowledging the different levels of awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks within different sociocultural cohorts could be used to maintain their impact. PMID:27798017

  2. Desensitisation to cigarette package graphic health warnings: a cohort comparison between London and Singapore.

    PubMed

    Ratneswaran, Culadeeban; Chisnall, Ben; Li, Mingyue; Tan, Sarah; Douiri, Abdel; Anantham, Devanand; Steier, Joerg

    2016-10-24

    We compared 2 sociocultural cohorts with different duration of exposure to graphic health warning labels (GHWL), to investigate a possible desensitisation to their use. We further studied how a differing awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks could be used to prevent this. Structured interviews of patients from the general respiratory department were undertaken between 2012 and 2013 in 2 tertiary hospitals in Singapore and London. 266 participants were studied, 163 Londoners (35% smokers, 54% male, age 52±18 years) and 103 Singaporeans (53% smokers, p=0.003; 78% male, p<0.001; age 58±15 years, p=0.012). 50 items assessed demographics, smoking history, knowledge and the deterring impact of smoking-associated risks. After showing 10 GHWL, the impact on emotional response, cognitive processing and intended smoking behaviour was recorded. Singaporeans scored lower than the Londoners across all label processing constructs, and this was consistent for the smoking and non-smoking groups. Londoners experienced more 'disgust' and felt GHWL were more effective at preventing initiation of, or quitting, smoking. Singaporeans had a lower awareness of lung cancer (82% vs 96%, p<0.001), despite ranking it as the most deterring consequence of smoking. Overall, 'blindness' was the least known potential risk (28%), despite being ranked as more deterring than 'stroke' and 'oral cancer' in all participants. The length of exposure to GHWL impacts on the effectiveness. However, acknowledging the different levels of awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks within different sociocultural cohorts could be used to maintain their impact. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

  3. Non-violent threats and promises among closed-market drug dealers.

    PubMed

    Dickinson, Timothy

    2017-04-01

    An unintended consequence of drug prohibitions is that they often fail to absolutely deter potential drug dealers and users and instead restrictively deter them. One way in which dealers sometimes alter their behaviour in response to these prohibitions is by using violent forms of social control to prevent their customers from committing careless behaviour or from becoming police informants. Many dealers, however, are reluctant to use violent forms of social control for various reasons. Little research has explored how these dealers use nonviolent threats and promises to prevent these behaviours among their customers and how these forms of social control then influence their perceptions of the risk of formal punishment. To perform this examination, this paper employs information gathered through semi-structured interviews with 33 unincarcerated illicit drug sellers operating in and around St. Louis, Missouri. This group of drug dealers relied on threats of nonviolent outcomes to prevent their customers from behaving carelessly before, during, and after drug transactions and used implicit promises of continued rewards to dissuade customers from providing information to the police. They presumed that these measures reduced the likelihood of their customers committing these actions. This then decreased their perceptions of the risks of selling illicit drugs. The present findings suggest that an unintended impact of drug prohibitions is that they sometimes restrictively deter drug dealers instead of preventing them from selling illicit drugs. They also suggest that restrictive deterrence among drug dealers can take the shape of social control. The findings also indicate that friendship norms can serve to inoculate dealers against the threat of formal punishment. Finally, the study suggests that levels of drug market violence may be related more to the nature of the relationships between drug market participants and their cultures. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  4. Hormophysa triquerta polyphenol, an elixir that deters CXCR4- and COX2-dependent dissemination destiny of treatment-resistant pancreatic cancer cells

    PubMed Central

    Aravindan, Sheeja; Ramraj, Satishkumar; Kandasamy, Kathiresan; Thirugnanasambandan, Somasundaram S.; Somasundaram, Dinesh Babu; Herman, Terence S.; Aravindan, Natarajan

    2017-01-01

    Therapy-resistant pancreatic cancer (PC) cells play a crucial role in tumor relapse, recurrence, and metastasis. Recently, we showed the anti-PC potential of an array of seaweed polyphenols and identified efficient drug deliverables. Herein, we investigated the benefit of one such deliverable, Hormophysa triquerta polyphenol (HT-EA), in regulating the dissemination physiognomy of therapy-resistant PC cells in vitro,and residual PC in vivo. Human PC cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), with/without HT-EA pre-treatment were examined for the alterations in the tumor invasion/metastasis (TIM) transcriptome (93 genes, QPCR-profiling). Utilizing a mouse model of residual PC, we investigated the benefit of HT-EA in the translation regulation of crucial TIM targets (TMA-IHC). Radiation activated 30, 50, 15, and 38 TIM molecules in surviving Panc-1, Panc-3.27, BxPC3, and MiaPaCa-2 cells. Of these, 15, 44, 12, and 26 molecules were suppressed with HT-EA pre-treatment. CXCR4 and COX2 exhibited cell-line-independent increases after IR, and was completely suppressed with HT-EA, across all PC cells. HT-EA treatment resulted in translational repression of IR-induced CXCR4, COX2, β-catenin, MMP9, Ki-67, BAPX, PhPT-1, MEGF10, and GRB10 in residual PC. Muting CXCR4 or COX2 regulated the migration/invasion potential of IR-surviving cells, while forced expression of CXCR4 or COX2 significantly increased migration/invasion capabilities of PC cells. Further, treatment with HT-EA significantly inhibited IR-induced and CXCR4/COX2 forced expression-induced PC cell migration/invasion. This study (i) documents the TIM blueprint in therapy-resistant PC cells, (ii) defines the role of CXCR4 and COX2 in induced metastatic potential, and (iii) recognizes the potential of HT-EA in deterring the CXCR4/COX2-dependent dissemination destiny of therapy-resistant residual PC cells. PMID:27974694

  5. Hormophysa triquerta polyphenol, an elixir that deters CXCR4- and COX2-dependent dissemination destiny of treatment-resistant pancreatic cancer cells.

    PubMed

    Aravindan, Sheeja; Ramraj, Satishkumar; Kandasamy, Kathiresan; Thirugnanasambandan, Somasundaram S; Somasundaram, Dinesh Babu; Herman, Terence S; Aravindan, Natarajan

    2017-01-24

    Therapy-resistant pancreatic cancer (PC) cells play a crucial role in tumor relapse, recurrence, and metastasis. Recently, we showed the anti-PC potential of an array of seaweed polyphenols and identified efficient drug deliverables. Herein, we investigated the benefit of one such deliverable, Hormophysa triquerta polyphenol (HT-EA), in regulating the dissemination physiognomy of therapy-resistant PC cells in vitro,and residual PC in vivo. Human PC cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), with/without HT-EA pre-treatment were examined for the alterations in the tumor invasion/metastasis (TIM) transcriptome (93 genes, QPCR-profiling). Utilizing a mouse model of residual PC, we investigated the benefit of HT-EA in the translation regulation of crucial TIM targets (TMA-IHC). Radiation activated 30, 50, 15, and 38 TIM molecules in surviving Panc-1, Panc-3.27, BxPC3, and MiaPaCa-2 cells. Of these, 15, 44, 12, and 26 molecules were suppressed with HT-EA pre-treatment. CXCR4 and COX2 exhibited cell-line-independent increases after IR, and was completely suppressed with HT-EA, across all PC cells. HT-EA treatment resulted in translational repression of IR-induced CXCR4, COX2, β-catenin, MMP9, Ki-67, BAPX, PhPT-1, MEGF10, and GRB10 in residual PC. Muting CXCR4 or COX2 regulated the migration/invasion potential of IR-surviving cells, while forced expression of CXCR4 or COX2 significantly increased migration/invasion capabilities of PC cells. Further, treatment with HT-EA significantly inhibited IR-induced and CXCR4/COX2 forced expression-induced PC cell migration/invasion. This study (i) documents the TIM blueprint in therapy-resistant PC cells, (ii) defines the role of CXCR4 and COX2 in induced metastatic potential, and (iii) recognizes the potential of HT-EA in deterring the CXCR4/COX2-dependent dissemination destiny of therapy-resistant residual PC cells.

  6. Punishment and spite, the dark side of cooperation

    PubMed Central

    Jensen, Keith

    2010-01-01

    Causing harm to others would hardly seem to be relevant to cooperation, other than as a barrier to it. However, because selfish individuals will exploit cooperators, functional punishment is an effective mechanism for enforcing cooperation by deterring free-riding. Although functional punishment can shape the social behaviour of others by targeting non-cooperative behaviour, it can also intimidate others into doing almost anything. Second-party functional punishment is a self-serving behaviour at the disposal of dominant individuals who can coerce others into behaving cooperatively, but it need not do so. Third-party and altruistic functional punishment are less likely to be selfishly motivated and would seem more likely to maintain norms of cooperation in large groups. These forms of functional punishment may be an essential part of non-kin cooperation on a scale exhibited only by humans. While punitive sentiments might be the psychological force behind punitive behaviours, spiteful motives might also play an important role. Furthermore, functionally spiteful acts might not be maladaptive; reckoning gains relative to others rather than in absolute terms can lead to hyper-competitiveness, which might also be an important part of human cooperation, rather than just an ugly by-product. PMID:20679108

  7. Identification of parental program structures for deterring adolescent drinking and driving. Volume 2, Literature review

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1989-11-01

    The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of developing programs for assisting parents in preventing driving after drinking among their children. This report contains results from a literature review conducted in order to identify ...

  8. Prioritization of Ecosystem Services Research: Tampa Bay Demonstration Project.

    EPA Science Inventory

    The Tampa Bay Ecosystem Services Demonstration Project (TBESDP) is a component of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Ecosystem Services Research Program. The principal objectives of TBESDP are (1) to quantify the ecosystem services of the Tampa Bay watershed, (2) to deter...

  9. 49 CFR 1549.101 - Acceptance, screening, and transfer of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY CERTIFIED CARGO SCREENING PROGRAM Operations § 1549.101 Acceptance, screening, and transfer of cargo. (a) Preventing or... facilities, equipment, and procedures described in its security program to prevent or deter the carriage...

  10. Commercial Skills Test Information Management System (CSTIMS) final report and self-sustainability plan.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-03-01

    The Commercial Skills Test Information Management System (CSTIMS) was developed as a Web-based, software-as-a-service system to prevent and deter fraud perpetrated by third-party commercial drivers license (CDL) examiners in the portion of the CDL...

  11. 31 CFR 1028.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS Special Information... credit card systems are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering... credit card systems should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information...

  12. 31 CFR 1028.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS Special Information... credit card systems are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering... credit card systems should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information...

  13. 31 CFR 1028.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS Special Information... credit card systems are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering... credit card systems should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information...

  14. 31 CFR 1028.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR OPERATORS OF CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS Special Information... credit card systems are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering... credit card systems should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information...

  15. 49 CFR 1546.203 - Acceptance and screening of checked baggage.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... foreign air carrier must refuse to transport any individual's checked baggage or property if the...) TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY FOREIGN AIR... deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each foreign air carrier must use the procedures...

  16. Inference of soil hydrologic parameters from electronic soil moisture records

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Soil moisture is an important control on hydrologic function, as it governs vertical fluxes from and to the atmosphere, groundwater recharge, and lateral fluxes through the soil. Historically, the traditional model parameters of saturation, field capacity, and permanent wilting point have been deter...

  17. Do ICBMs Have a Future

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-06-01

    21st century signaled the beginning of a cultural shift towards stopping terror organizations. The initial problem was how to stop the attacks from...hardly deter militias such as the Taliban, or terrorists such as those who attacked New York, Washington, London, Madrid, and Mumbai in recent

  18. 33 CFR 104.265 - Security measures for access control.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Security measures for access... SECURITY MARITIME SECURITY MARITIME SECURITY: VESSELS Vessel Security Requirements § 104.265 Security... security measures to: (1) Deter the unauthorized introduction of dangerous substances and devices...

  19. Report: EPA Can Better Reduce Risks From Illegal Pesticides by Effectively Identifying Imports for Inspection and Sampling

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Report #17-P-0412, September 28, 2017. Low rates of inspections and sampling can create a risk that the EPA may not be identifying and deterring the import of pesticides harmful to people or the environment.

  20. Using temperature sweeps to investigate rheology of bioplastics

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    As part of research on extrusion of proteins for food fortification, the viscoelastic properties and microstructure of 20 percent solutions of calcium caseinate (CC), egg albumin (EA), fish protein isolate (FPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), wheat gluten (WG), and whey protein isolate (WPI) were deter...

  1. Athletic Involvement and Adolescent Delinquency

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Miller, Kathleen E.; Melnick, Merrill J.; Barnes, Grace M.; Sabo, Don; Farrell, Michael P.

    2007-01-01

    Although conventional wisdom suggests that organized sport deters delinquency by building character, structuring adolescents' time, and providing incentives for socially approved behavior, the empirical evidence to date has been mixed. Based on a sample of approximately 600 Western New York adolescents, the present study examined how self-reported…

  2. DISCOVERING SPATIO-TEMPORAL MODELS OF THE SPREAD OF WEST NILE VIRUS

    EPA Science Inventory

    Understanding interactions among pathogens, hosts, and the environment is important in developing rapid response to disease outbreak. To facilitate the development of control strategies during an outbreak, we have developed a tool for utilizing data to its maximum extent to deter...

  3. 31 CFR 1023.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information... in securities are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and... securities should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information sharing...

  4. 31 CFR 1023.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information... in securities are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and... securities should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information sharing...

  5. 31 CFR 1023.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information... in securities are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and... securities should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information sharing...

  6. 31 CFR 1023.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR BROKERS OR DEALERS IN SECURITIES Special Information... in securities are subject to the special information sharing procedures to deter money laundering and... securities should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of this chapter for special information sharing...

  7. Potential implications of acoustic stimuli as a non-physical barrier to silver carp and bighead carp

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Murchy, Kelsie; Cupp, Aaron R.; Amberg, Jon J.; Vetter, Brooke J.; Fredricks, Kim; Gaikowski, Mark; Mensinger, Allen F.

    2017-01-01

    The effectiveness of an acoustic barrier to deter the movement of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) and bighead carp, H. nobilis (Richardson) was evaluated. A pond (10 m × 5 m × 1.2 m) was divided in half by a concrete-block barrier with a channel (1 m across) allowing fish access to each side. Underwater speakers were placed on each side of the barrier opening, and an outboard motor noise (broadband sound; 0.06–10 kHz) was broadcast to repel carp that approached within 1 m of the channel. Broadband sound was effective at reducing the number of successful crossings in schools of silver carp, bighead carp and a combined school. Repulsion rates were 82.5% (silver carp), 93.7% (bighead carp) and 90.5% (combined). This study demonstrates that broadband sound is effective in deterring carp and could be used as a deterrent in an integrated pest management system.

  8. President to sign FACE bill aimed at deterring antiabortion violence.

    PubMed

    1994-05-23

    Both houses of the US Congress have approved the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE) which, when it is signed into law by President Clinton, will become the first freestanding legislation in US history to protect abortion rights. The aim of the bill is to deter violence aimed at providers of abortion services and at abortion seekers while protecting the free speech rights of antiabortion protesters. The bill makes it a federal offense to use or threaten to use force or to physically obstruct or destroy property in an attempt to interfere with access to reproductive health services. Fines and penalties range from $10,000 and 6 months in jail to $250,000 and 3 years in jail. In addition, the bill provides for civil remedies; affected clinics and individuals as well as the US attorney general and state attorneys general will be able to sue protestors who commit acts prohibited by FACE for compensatory and punitive damages. Plaintiffs will also be able to obtain federal injunctions against such protestors.

  9. How can the uptake of cervical cytology screening be improved?

    PubMed

    Perry, M A

    Cervical cancer remains a killer, despite a screening programme designed to detect cases in the early stages of development. A number of factors appear to influence a woman's decision to attend for a smear test. This literature review considers these factors, and whether nurses can play a part in reducing the death rate by dispelling the misapprehensions and misinformation that deter vulnerable women from attending. There is a great need for modification and improvement of the present screening programme if all women who are at risk from cervical cancer are to be encouraged to attend for screening. The attitude of those who conduct smear tests is often crucial in gaining women's confidence--an unpleasant experience might deter a patient from attending again. Other barriers to attendance include administrative errors and lack of knowledge. Given the impact of mass advertising and health promotion campaigns in other areas, such as smoking cessation, there is clearly a need for a similar strategy to be applied to cervical screening.

  10. Elucidating the substrate specificities of acyl-lipid thioesterases from diverse plant taxa.

    PubMed

    Kalinger, Rebecca S; Pulsifer, Ian P; Rowland, Owen

    2018-06-01

    Acyl-ACP thioesterase enzymes, which cleave fatty acyl thioester bonds to release free fatty acids, contribute to much of the fatty acid diversity in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a family of four single hot-dog fold domain, plastid-localized acyl-lipid thioesterases (AtALT1-4) generate medium-chain (C6-C14) fatty and β-keto fatty acids as secondary metabolites. These volatile products may serve to attract insect pollinators or deter predatory insects. Homologs of AtALT1-4 are present in all plant taxa, but are nearly all uncharacterized. Despite high sequence identity, AtALT1-4 generate different lipid products, suggesting that ALT homologs in other plants also have highly varied activities. We investigated the catalytic diversity of ALT-like thioesterases by screening the substrate specificities of 15 ALT homologs from monocots, eudicots, a lycophyte, a green microalga, and the ancient gymnosperm Gingko biloba, via expression in Escherichia coli. Overall, these enzymes had highly varied substrate preferences compared to one another and to AtALT1-4, and could be classified into four catalytic groups comprising members from diverse taxa. Group 1 ALTs primarily generated 14:1 β-keto fatty acids, Group 2 ALTs produced 6-10 carbon fatty/β-keto fatty acids, Group 3 ALTs predominantly produced 12-14 carbon fatty acids, and Group 4 ALTs mainly generated 16 carbon fatty acids. Enzymes in each group differed significantly in the quantities of lipids and types of minor products they generated in E. coli. Medium-chain fatty acids are used to manufacture insecticides, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels, and ALT-like proteins are ideal candidates for metabolic engineering to produce specific fatty acids in significant quantities. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  11. RNA silencing in the life cycle of soybean: multiple restriction systems and spatiotemporal variation associated with plant architecture.

    PubMed

    Mori, Ayumi; Sato, Hiroshi; Kasai, Megumi; Yamada, Tetsuya; Kanazawa, Akira

    2017-06-01

    The expression of transgenes introduced into a plant genome is sometimes suppressed by RNA silencing. Although local and systemic spread of RNA silencing have been studied, little is known about the mechanisms underlying spatial and temporal variation in transgene silencing between individual plants or between plants of different generations, which occurs seemingly stochastically. Here, we analyzed the occurrence, spread, and transmission of RNA silencing of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene over multiple generations of the progeny of a single soybean transformant. Observation of GFP fluorescence in entire plants of the T 3 -T 5 generations indicated that the initiation and subsequent spread of GFP silencing varied between individuals, although this GFP silencing most frequently began in the primary leaves. In addition, GFP silencing could spread into the outer layer of seed coat tissues but was hardly detectable in the embryos. These results are consistent with the notion that transgene silencing involves its reset during reproductive phase, initiation after germination, and systemic spread in each generation. GFP silencing was absent in the pulvinus, suggesting that its cortical cells inhibit cell-to-cell spread or induction of RNA silencing. The extent of GFP silencing could differ between the stem and a petiole or between petiolules, which have limited vascular bundles connecting them and thus deter long-distant movement of silencing. Taken together, these observations indicate that the initiation and/or spread of RNA silencing depend on specific features of the architecture of the plant in addition to the mechanisms that can be conserved in higher plants.

  12. Data Mining Techniques to Estimate Plutonium, Initial Enrichment, Burnup, and Cooling Time in Spent Fuel Assemblies

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Trellue, Holly Renee; Fugate, Michael Lynn; Tobin, Stephen Joesph

    The Next Generation Safeguards Initiative (NGSI), Office of Nonproliferation and Arms Control (NPAC), National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored a multi-laboratory, university, international partner collaboration to (1) detect replaced or missing pins from spent fuel assemblies (SFA) to confirm item integrity and deter diversion, (2) determine plutonium mass and related plutonium and uranium fissile mass parameters in SFAs, and (3) verify initial enrichment (IE), burnup (BU), and cooling time (CT) of facility declaration for SFAs. A wide variety of nondestructive assay (NDA) techniques were researched to achieve these goals [Veal, 2010 andmore » Humphrey, 2012]. In addition, the project includes two related activities with facility-specific benefits: (1) determination of heat content and (2) determination of reactivity (multiplication). In this research, a subset of 11 integrated NDA techniques was researched using data mining solutions at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for their ability to achieve the above goals.« less

  13. A Drosophila Gustatory Receptor Required for Strychnine Sensation

    PubMed Central

    Lee, Youngseok; Moon, Seok Jun; Wang, Yijin

    2015-01-01

    Strychnine is a potent, naturally occurring neurotoxin that effectively protects plants from animal pests by deterring feeding behavior. In insects, such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, bitter-tasting aversive compounds are detected primarily through a family of gustatory receptors (GRs), which are expressed in gustatory receptor neurons. We previously described multiple GRs that eliminate the behavioral avoidance to all bitter compounds tested, with the exception of strychnine. Here, we report the identity of a strychnine receptor, referred to as GR47a. We generated a mutation in Gr47a and found that it eliminated strychnine repulsion and strychnine-induced action potentials. GR47a was narrowly tuned, as the responses to other avoidance compounds were unaffected in the mutant animals. This analysis supports an emerging model that Drosophila GRs fall broadly into two specificity classes—one class is comprised of core receptors that are broadly required, whereas the other class, which includes GR47a, consists of narrowly tuned receptors that define chemical specificity. PMID:26187906

  14. Remote Sensing of Mars: Detection of Impact Craters on the Mars Global Surveyor DTM by Integrating Edge- and Region-Based Algorithms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Athanassas, C. D.; Vaiopoulos, A.; Kolokoussis, P.; Argialas, D.

    2018-03-01

    This study integrates two different computer vision approaches, namely the circular Hough transform (CHT) and the determinant of Hessian (DoH), to detect automatically the largest number possible of craters of any size on the digital terrain model (DTM) generated by the Mars Global Surveyor mission. Specifically, application of the standard version of CHT to the DTM captured a great number of craters with diameter smaller than 50 km only, failing to capture larger craters. On the other hand, DoH was successful in detecting craters that were undetected by CHT, but its performance was deterred by the irregularity of the topographic surface encompassed: strongly undulated and inclined (trended) topographies hindered crater detection. When run on a de-trended DTM (and keeping the topology unaltered) DoH scored higher. Current results, although not optimal, encourage combined use of CHT and DoH for routine crater detection undertakings.

  15. Effects of a statewide antismoking campaign on mass media messages and smoking beliefs.

    PubMed

    Murray, D M; Prokhorov, A V; Harty, K C

    1994-01-01

    BACKGROUND. In 1985, The Minnesota Legislature initiated a long-term and broad-based program to deter adolescent tobacco use. The initiative was funded by higher taxes on tobacco products and combined school-based programming, mass-media campaigns, and local community grants. The Minnesota-Wisconsin Adolescent Tobacco-Use Research Project was designed to evaluate this effort by monitoring adolescent tobacco use and related factors in Minnesota and Wisconsin from 1986 to 1990. The results presented in this paper indicate that the Minnesota initiative dramatically increased Minnesota schoolchildren's reported exposure to the anti-smoking messages in the mass media but had little effect on smoking-related beliefs or smoking behaviors. CONCLUSIONS. These results, together with the findings from other recent studies, suggest that even dramatic increases in exposure to anti-tobacco messages in the mass-media, in the absence of a substantial and sustained school-based tobacco prevention measures, may be insufficient to generate reductions in adolescent tobacco use.

  16. Challenges and opportunities in developing and marketing vaccines for OIE List A and emerging animal diseases.

    PubMed

    Gay, C G; Salt, J; Balaski, C

    2003-01-01

    Veterinary pharmaceutical products generated 14.5 billion U.S. Dollars (USD) in worldwide sales in 2000, with biological products contributing 16.2 percent or 2.3 billion USD. The leading biological products were foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines, with 284 million USD in sales, representing 26.4 percent of the entire livestock biological business. Despite the potential opportunities for the biologicals industry, non-vaccination policies and undefined control and eradication strategies have deterred the private sector from significant investments in the research and development of vaccines against List A diseases. The primary research focus remains vaccines for infectious diseases that have an impact on current domestic herd health management systems. Changing the vaccine paradigm, investing in new technologies, and creating the future by integrating into key alliances with producers and regulatory authorities will be paramount in protecting our poultry and livestock industries against highly infectious diseases and potential acts of bioterrorism.

  17. Enrolling in Science and Engineering Academic Programs—Motivating and Deterring Factors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pomazan, Valentina; Mihalaşcu, Doina; Petcu, Lucian C.; Gîrtu, Mihai A.

    2010-01-01

    We report the results of the student responses to a survey aiming to determine the factors influencing the young generation in choosing a career in science and technology. The goal of the study is twofold: to identify the motives that determine students to enroll in university programs in science and technology and to engage in applied science and engineering careers and to discover the barriers that manifest at different age levels, preventing students from making such choices. The study was conducted at the Ovidius University and the "Energetic" Technical High School, both in Constanta, Romania, with samples of 257 and 106 students respectively, based on a 38 item online questionnaire. The samples selected from the student population allow for a wide range of analyses with respect to gender, family and educational background, field of study, etc. We discuss the role of the raw models, parents, educators, and we comment on ways to increase student enrollment in science and engineering.

  18. Issues concerning the adoption of an administrative per se statute by the Commonwealth of Virginia.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1989-01-01

    The most effective measures to deter drunken driving are legal actions that provide for certain, serious, and swift sanctions. An administrative per se statute that summarily revokes or suspends a driver's license for a DUI offense satisfies these cr...

  19. Incest: A Laughing Matter.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mulhern, Sherrill

    1990-01-01

    The Chulupi Indians of Paraguay use a humorous tale containing an incest sequence to transmit information and approved social attitudes toward incest to members of their culture. Accounts of incestuous rape need to be included in United States prevention programs to deter this destructive form of child sexual abuse. (JDD)

  20. Deterrence and Engagement: A Blended Strategic Approach to a Resurgent Russia

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-04-15

    increasing the alliances’ hard power projection to contain and deter further aggression. This strategic approach represents an extreme pendulum ...This strategic approach represents an extreme pendulum swing that is a polar opposite of the U.S. administration’s 2009 approach to ‘Reset’ relations

  1. Semiannual Report to Congress on the Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-10-11

    deterred by airline and airport security procedures cannot be determined with certainty. However, the number of firearms detected at passenger screening... airport security measures continue to provide increased safety and protection to air travelers, aircraft crewmembers, air carrier aircraft, and air

  2. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  3. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  4. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  5. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  6. 49 CFR 38.85 - Between-car barriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Between-car barriers. 38.85 Section 38.85... SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES Light Rail Vehicles and Systems § 38.85 Between-car barriers. Where..., deter or warn individuals from inadvertently stepping off the platform between cars. Appropriate devices...

  7. National Defense on the High Frontier.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Graham, Daniel O.

    1983-01-01

    A new American defense policy based on satellites which can track down and destroy Soviet missiles is less expensive and more workable than is commonly believed. Such a policy would provide a greater margin of safety than the present policy of deterence based on mutually assured destruction. (IS)

  8. 75 FR 19946 - Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-16

    ... of records in the system: Delete entry and replace with ``Individual's name, organizational and home..., contact listing files, organizational telephone directories, and listing of office personnel.'' [[Page... are used to control access to the system data, and procedures are in place to deter and detect...

  9. Taiwan: America’s Next War?

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1998-04-08

    7. 29 Megatrends China, Beijing: Hauling Publishing House, May 1996, as cited in Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with...other economic interests in Asia  To prevent, deter and reduce the threat of nuclear, biological , and chemical (NBC) attacks on the U.S. and its

  10. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... provided in its security program. Such methods may include TSA-approved x-ray systems, explosives detection systems, explosives trace detection, explosives detection canine teams certified by TSA, or a physical...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a...

  11. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... provided in its security program. Such methods may include TSA-approved x-ray systems, explosives detection systems, explosives trace detection, explosives detection canine teams certified by TSA, or a physical...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a...

  12. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... provided in its security program. Such methods may include TSA-approved x-ray systems, explosives detection systems, explosives trace detection, explosives detection canine teams certified by TSA, or a physical...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a...

  13. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... provided in its security program. Such methods may include TSA-approved x-ray systems, explosives detection systems, explosives trace detection, explosives detection canine teams certified by TSA, or a physical...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a...

  14. 7 CFR 3201.61 - Animal repellents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Animal repellents. 3201.61 Section 3201.61... Designated Items § 3201.61 Animal repellents. (a) Definition. Products used to aid in deterring animals that... animal repellents. By that date, Federal agencies that have the responsibility for drafting or reviewing...

  15. 7 CFR 3201.61 - Animal repellents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Animal repellents. 3201.61 Section 3201.61... Designated Items § 3201.61 Animal repellents. (a) Definition. Products used to aid in deterring animals that... animal repellents. By that date, Federal agencies that have the responsibility for drafting or reviewing...

  16. 7 CFR 3201.61 - Animal repellents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Animal repellents. 3201.61 Section 3201.61... Designated Items § 3201.61 Animal repellents. (a) Definition. Products used to aid in deterring animals that... animal repellents. By that date, Federal agencies that have the responsibility for drafting or reviewing...

  17. 27 CFR 19.966 - Security.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Security. 19.966 Section 19.966 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF... and Security § 19.966 Security. Proprietors shall provide security adequate to deter the unauthorized...

  18. 49 CFR 1548.9 - Acceptance of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... program. (b) Refusal to transport. Each indirect air carrier must refuse to offer for transport on an..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY INDIRECT AIR CARRIER SECURITY § 1548.9 Acceptance of cargo. (a) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each indirect air...

  19. 31 CFR 1024.500 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY RULES FOR MUTUAL FUNDS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity § 1024.500 General. Mutual funds are subject to the... forth and cross referenced in this subpart. Mutual funds should also refer to subpart E of part 1010 of...

  20. 76 FR 11668 - Minimum Capital

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-03

    ... Finance Agency The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA), Public Law 110-289, 122 Stat. 2654...) ensure profitability in their new books of business without deterring market participation or hindering market recovery; and (c) minimize losses on the mortgages already on their books. D. The Proposed Rule On...

  1. Watershed Central: Dynamic Collaboration for Improving Watershed Management (Philadelphia)

    EPA Science Inventory

    The Watershed Central web and wiki pages will be presented and demonstrated real-time as part of the overview of Web 2.0 collaboration tools for watershed management. The presentation portion will discuss how EPA worked with watershed practitioners and within the Agency to deter...

  2. 31 CFR 103.100 - Information sharing between Federal law enforcement agencies and financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist... money laundering—(1) In general. A law enforcement agency investigating terrorist activity or money... suspected based on credible evidence of engaging in, terrorist activity or money laundering; include enough...

  3. HALONITROMETHANE DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS: CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND MAMMALIAN CELL CYTOTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY

    EPA Science Inventory

    Halonitromethanes are drinking water disinfection by-products that have recently received a high priority for health effects research from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Our purpose was to identify and synthesize where necessary the mixed halonitromethanes and to deter...

  4. Social Construction of Cervical Cancer Screening among Panamanian Women

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Calvo, Arlene; Brown, Kelli McCormack; McDermott, Robert J.; Bryant, Carol A.; Coreil, Jeanine; Loseke, Donileen

    2012-01-01

    Background: Understanding how "health issues" are socially constructed may be useful for creating culturally relevant programs for Hispanic/Latino populations. Purpose: We explored the constructed meanings of cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening among Panamanian women, as well as socio-cultural factors that deter or encourage…

  5. Joint Services Electronics Program Progress Report.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-09-30

    method has been successfully applied to scattering by submerged targets and to partially buried targets I0 . Other applications of our computational...The AES analyzer will enable us to detect possible contaminants on the sub- strate surface prior to MBR groqh as we have already done and to deter

  6. Social and religious dimensions of unwanted pregnancy: an Islamic perspective.

    PubMed

    Kasule, O H

    2003-03-01

    The concept of 'unwanted pregnancy' is a recent in human history and is associated with social stresses of modern life. The purposes of the law, maqasid al shari'at, and its principles, qawa'id a shari'at, focus on preventing 'unwanted pregnancy', protecting the rights of the fetus and infant, and mitigating the adverse effects of 'unwanted pregnancy' by social measures. 'Unwanted pregnancy' is associated with general social determinants (hedonistic life styles, sexual transgression, addiction to drugs, fear of poverty, and low female status) and specific antecedent causes (sexual crimes, egoistic greed, maternal/fetal disease, and gender discrimination). It is prevented by sexual hygiene, marriage, contraception, deterring sexual crimes, and raising the status of women. The adverse sequelae of 'unwanted pregnancy' (feticide, infanticide, or child abuse and neglect) can be prevented by defending the basic human right of the fetus and infant to life, promoting social institutions for child welfare (nuclear family, extended family, foster care, and open adoption). Closed adoption is forbidden by Law but care in a foster home is allowed and is encouraged if the nuclear and extended families are unwilling or are unable to care for children. Abortion at any stage of pregnancy is a crime against humanity. It is not a solution to the problem but is part of the problem. It will encourage more 'unwanted pregnancies'.

  7. Punitive Damages in Civil Rights Actions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Frels, Kelly

    Punitive damages have been permitted in certain cases to deter wrongdoers from similar conduct in the future. The Supreme Court decision in the case of "Smith vs. Wade" set the standard for the award of punitive damages by permitting punitive award on varying standards of negligence, gross negligence, recklessness, or other culpable…

  8. Addressing Interstate Ethnic Tensions In the Pacific Through Cooperative Sea Lane Strategy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-04-01

    political stability and secure, open Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) for continued economic development and therefore, the United States must deter conflict and reassure allies within a complex, geopolitical environment rife with ethnic mistrust and successfully welcome a rising but fragile, economic and military

  9. Does the Exclusionary Rule Exclude Justice?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jensen, D. Lowell

    1983-01-01

    The exclusionary rule, which prevents the use of evidence gathered illegally, was developed to deter police misconduct. Its use has expanded so far that it seriously hinders justice. Examples are given of cases where evidence gathered in good faith was excluded. Changes suggested by the Reagan administration should be adopted. (IS)

  10. Job Satisfaction among Minnesota High School Principals

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heyd, Steven DuWayne

    2010-01-01

    It has been reported the demands of the high school principalship in the United States has deterred qualified candidates from accepting the position. The purpose of this study was to investigate levels of job satisfaction among Minnesota high school principals within a potentially dwindling supply of qualified candidates as reported in other…

  11. 75 FR 12559 - Statement of Organization, Functions and Delegations of Authority

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-16

    ... National, State and local professional organizations to promote quality assurance efforts and deter fraud... publishes State Board compliance reports; (3) conducts audits to ensure validity of data in the banks; (4) develops programs of research on trends in data, quality assurance, risk management, medical liability and...

  12. Identification of parental program structures for deterring adolescent drinking and driving. Volume 1, Report on focus groups with parents

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1989-11-01

    The objective of this project was to determine the feasibility of developing programs to assist parents in preventing driving after drinking among their children. The project began with a literature review to learn what information about developing p...

  13. 75 FR 6254 - Petition for Exemption From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Mazda

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-08

    ... From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Mazda AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety... in accordance with 49 CFR part 543, Exemption from the Theft Prevention Standard. This petition is... equipment is likely to be as effective in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the...

  14. Use of a School Referendum to Deter Teen-Age Tobacco Use.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Males, Mike

    1992-01-01

    Montana's school tobacco referendum includes youth in decisions regarding tobacco and health, demonstrating peer disapproval of tobacco use. The referendum, which asked students whether vendors should refuse tobacco sales to minors, follows the example of the Bozeman, Montana, school district in which secondary students and staff supported tobacco…

  15. Photodegradation of emamectin benzoate and its influence on efficacy against the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Emamectin benzoate is a novel insecticide with characteristics of translaminar movement into plant leaf tissue. The compound was derived from the avermectin family and improved with thermal stability, greater water solubility, and a broader spectrum of insecticidal activity than avermectin. To deter...

  16. Applying Deterrence Strategy to Agents of Asymmetrical Threats

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-09-01

    decapitating, which might be viewed as “deter by crushing” on an individual level. One drawback , however, may be that the collateral damage spawns...well as determining if the course is the right one.347 A pendulum swing to state-level conflicts, a substantial shift to terrorism motivated by

  17. Student Searches, Urinalysis and Drug Dogs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stader, David L.

    A review of legal decisions provides thought-provoking considerations for administrators who want to deter drug use on campus. The United States Supreme Court has recognized that even a limited search of students is a substantial invasion of privacy, but also that school officials need to maintain school discipline. Guidelines for the…

  18. Annual Report to the Congress, Fiscal Year 1988, Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense. Executive Summary.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1988-01-01

    these threats are not merely isolated occurrences. Terrorism is increasingly transnacional and state-supported. Drug trafficking is increasingly...deter- rence and defense through their presence abroad and by our capability to deploy them from the continental United States (CONUS) to crisis areas

  19. Examining Willingness to Attack Critical Infrastructure Online and Offline

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Holt, Thomas J.; Kilger, Max

    2012-01-01

    The continuing adoption of technologies by the general public coupled with the expanding reliance of critical infrastructures connected through the Internet has created unique opportunities for attacks by civilians and nation-states alike. Although governments are increasingly focusing on policies to deter nation-state level attacks, it is unclear…

  20. 48 CFR 3.701 - Purpose.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... competitive advantage in the award of a Federal agency procurement contract; and (b) A means to deter similar... information or source selection information in exchange for a thing of value or to give anyone a competitive advantage in the award of a Federal agency procurement contract, or similar misconduct; or (2) An agency...

  1. Evaluating the use of red light running photographic enforcement using collisions and red light running violations ; Final Report

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2004-12-01

    The issue of red light running (RLR) has long been a problem throughout the United States. : There is considerable debate within the general public and public agencies regarding the use of : photographic enforcement to deter red light violations. Man...

  2. A Case Study on Multiple-Choice Testing in Anatomical Sciences

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Golda, Stephanie DuPont

    2011-01-01

    Objective testing techniques, such as multiple-choice examinations, are a widely accepted method of assessment in gross anatomy. In order to deter cheating on these types of examinations, instructors often design several versions of an examination to distribute. These versions usually involve the rearrangement of questions and their corresponding…

  3. Current Developments in DETER Cybersecurity Testbed Technology

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-08

    management on PlanetLab [12], such as Plush and Nebula [4], PlMan [19], Stork [20], pShell [21], Planetlab Application Manager [22], parallel open...SSH tools [23], plDist [24], Nixes [25], PLDeploy [26] and vxargs [27]. With the exception of Plush and Nebula , these tools are all low-level

  4. 77 FR 38017 - Regulation Strengthening Accountability of Attorneys and Non-Attorney Representatives Appearing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-26

    ... disciplinary action for misconduct based upon good cause. The proposed rule will assist the Department in maintaining the integrity of its proceedings by deterring misconduct by those who appear before it in... application of sanctions for misconduct, (ii) identifies possible sanctions for misconduct including...

  5. Vasoconstrictive responses of lambs grazing endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass paddocks

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The AR6 novel endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) produces ergovaline that deters against the African black beetle, but also causes vasoconstriction that restricts an animal’s ability to dissipate body heat. An experiment was conducted with 3, 0.10-ha pastures of ‘Extreme’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium per...

  6. Associations between urban landscape characteristics and Body Mass Index

    EPA Science Inventory

    Obesity is one of the major public-health concerns in many countries today. In the United States, more than 70% of the U.S. adults aged 20 and over are overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity has been grown rapidly during the last three decades. Obesity prevalence is deter...

  7. Relating the Military: A Public Affairs Perspective of the All-Volunteer Force

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-01-01

    the President had reinterpreted the formerly-assumed US responsibility to deter the Soviet Union from worldwide hegemony . o Nixon believed his...wanting "a few good men" and as demanding toughness; physical capabilities; and offering masculinity , prestige, and physical action. The Navy image was

  8. An Assessment of Small Submarines and Encapsulation of Ballistic Missiles--Phase 2 Survey

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-11-01

    capsules will tend to offset the reduced investment costs of the submarine. It would be necessary to deter- mine total sytem costs (including RDT&E...missile basing concepts and missile performance characteristics required to counter potential Soviet strategic offensive forces and ABM proliferation

  9. Toxin content of commercial castor cultivars

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The castor plant Ricinus communis L. is the source of castor oil which has numerous uses and is a key chemical feedstock for an array of products from polymers to cosmetics. Although castor was once widely grown throughout the world, the presence of the toxic protein ricin has deterred the re-introd...

  10. Exploration of conditions for microwave roasting of almonds

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Almond roasting is an energy-intensive process that is usually performed via hot-air convection. Microwave roasting could be a more energy-efficient alternative to hot-air roasting, but microwave roasting of almonds has not yet been thoroughly explored. Thus, the purpose of this study was to deter...

  11. Exploration of conditions for microwave roasting of almonds (abstract)

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Almond roasting is an energy-intensive process that is usually performed via hot-air convection. Microwave roasting could be a more energy-efficient alternative to hot-air roasting, but microwave roasting of almonds has not yet been thoroughly explored. Thus, the purpose of this study was to deter...

  12. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  13. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  14. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  15. The toxicity of Poison Dart Frog alkaloids against the Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta)

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Hundreds of alkaloids, representing over 20 structural classes, have been identified from the skin of neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae). These alkaloids are derived from arthropod prey of the frogs, and are generally are believed to deter vertebrate predators. We developed a method to put ind...

  16. The need for a paradigm shift in toxicology xx.

    EPA Science Inventory

    This manuscript briefly reviews the impact of the NAS report “Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy” and it’s potential impact on the field of toxicology. ). This report provides a strategic and tactical framework for attaining the goals of deter...

  17. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  18. 10 CFR 26.406 - Fitness monitoring.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fitness monitoring. 26.406 Section 26.406 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.406 Fitness monitoring. (a...) Licensees and other entities shall implement a fitness monitoring program to deter substance abuse and...

  19. 78 FR 12623 - Insurer Reporting Requirements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-25

    ... NHTSA's regulation requiring motor vehicle insurers to submit information on the number of thefts and recoveries of insured vehicles and actions taken by the insurer to deter or reduce motor vehicle theft. NHTSA..., which requires insurers to submit information about the make, model, and year of all vehicle thefts, the...

  20. Best Practices in Juvenile Accountability: Overview. JAIBG Bulletin.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Beyer, Marty

    This bulletin examines the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) program, which asserts that juvenile offenders should be held accountable for their crimes as a matter of basic justice and to prevent and deter delinquency. It reviews the developmental perspective shaping…

  1. On the determination of Toxoplasma gondii virulence in mice

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most successful pathogens on earth, capable of infecting mammals and birds. Numerous papers and reports are published on isolation of T .gondii from various natural sources worldwide. The house mouse (Mus musculus) has been used as the laboratory animal model to deter...

  2. Barriers to Mammography among Inadequately Screened Women

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stoll, Carolyn R. T.; Roberts, Summer; Cheng, Meng-Ru; Crayton, Eloise V.; Jackson, Sherrill; Politi, Mary C.

    2015-01-01

    Mammography use has increased over the past 20 years, yet more than 30% of women remain inadequately screened. Structural barriers can deter individuals from screening, however, cognitive, emotional, and communication barriers may also prevent mammography use. This study sought to identify the impact of number and type of barriers on mammography…

  3. Identification of the ubiquitous antioxidant tripeptide glutathione as a fruit fly semiochemical

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Many insects mark their oviposition sites with a host marking pheromone (HMP) to deter other females from over-exploiting these sites for egg-laying. Previous studies have identified and used HMPs to manage certain fruit fly species. However, few examples are known for African indigenous fruit flie...

  4. Post-partum anaphylaxis: universal but successful management protocol should not deter appreciation of underlying etio-pathogenesis plethora.

    PubMed

    Gupta, Deepak; Rubens, Andrew; Marjanovic, Milos

    2012-03-30

    Post-partum Anaphylaxis in mothers is extremely rare and has been reported secondary to initiation of the breast-feeding. However, we hereby report the occurrence of post-partum anaphylaxis in a post-partum patient in the absence of the initiated breast-feeding.

  5. 31 CFR 103.110 - Voluntary information sharing among financial institutions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity § 103.110 Voluntary.... 5312(a)(2) that is required under this part to establish and maintain an anti-money laundering program... suspects may involve possible terrorist activity or money laundering. (2) Notice requirement. A financial...

  6. 75 FR 6560 - Financial Crimes Enforcement Network; Expansion of Special Information Sharing Procedures To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-10

    ...; Expansion of Special Information Sharing Procedures To Deter Money Laundering and Terrorist Activity AGENCY... continuing effort to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of its anti-money laundering and counter...-5332, to promote the prevention, detection, and prosecution of international money laundering and the...

  7. 75 FR 20925 - Petition for Approval of Alternate Odometer Disclosure Requirements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-22

    ... the online instructions for accessing the dockets. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Andrew DiMarsico... provisions to limit odometer fraud and assure that the purchaser of a motor vehicle knows the true mileage of... statements did not necessarily deter odometer fraud employing altered documents, discarded titles, and title...

  8. Deterrents to Women's Participation in Continuing Professional Development

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chuang, Szu-Fang

    2015-01-01

    This study was designed to explore and define key factors that deter women from participating in continuing professional development (CPD) in the workplace. Four dimensions of deterrents that are caused by women's social roles, gender inequality and gender dimensions are discussed: family and time constraints, cost and work constraints, lack of…

  9. Banded cucumber beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) resistance in romaine lettuce: understanding latex chemistry

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Many plants subjected to herbivore damage exude latex, a rich source of biochemicals, which play important roles in host plant resistance. Our previous studies showed that fresh latex from Valmaine, a resistant cultivar of romaine lettuce Lactuca sativa L., applied to artificial diet is highly deter...

  10. Reducing Plagiarism by Using Online Software: An Experimental Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kose, Ozgur; Arikan, Arda

    2011-01-01

    This action research attempts to explore the perceptions of Turkish university students on plagiarism while evaluating the effectiveness of an online application used to deter plagiarism. The participants were 40 first year university students studying in two different sections of an academic writing class. The findings show that the participants…

  11. Motivating Faculty to Use Multimedia as a Lecture Tool.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sammons, Martha C.

    1994-01-01

    Describes factors that motivate as well as factors that deter faculty in using multimedia workstations connected to peripherals and projection systems for classroom presentations. Based on a faculty survey, current use of multimedia at Wright State University is explained, including a universitywide project and a liberal arts project using…

  12. Deterring Russia’s Revanchist Ambitions in the Baltic Republics

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-02-16

    John Hindon and Patrick Salmon , The Baltic Nations and Europe, (NY: Longman, 1994), 193. / Also, supported by Purs, 105. 18 Eugene R. Wittkopf and...Knopf, 2014), 272. Hindon, John. and Patrick Salmon , The Baltic Nations and Europe, (NY: Longman, 1994), 193. / Also, seen in Purs, 105. Kasekamp

  13. Off-Stream Watering Systems and Partial Barriers as a Strategy to Maximize Cattle Production and Minimize Time Spent in the Riparian Area

    PubMed Central

    Rawluk, Ashley A.; Crow, Gary; Legesse, Getahun; Veira, Douglas M.; Bullock, Paul R.; González, Luciano A.; Dubois, Melanie; Ominski, Kim H.

    2014-01-01

    Simple Summary The implementation of off-stream waterers (OSW) may reduce the amount of time cattle spend in riparian areas, thus minimizing impacts such as removal of vegetation, soil compaction, and deterioration in water quality. Furthermore, when used with natural barriers as a partial exclusion method, these management strategies may offer a cost-effective alternative to completely excluding cattle via streambank fencing. This study was conducted to determine the impact of OSW and barriers on animal performance and watering behavior. The presence of OSW had no significant effect on cow and calf weights averaged over the grazing season. Although the results were not consistent over the periods and locations, the data provided some indication of the efficacy of the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area. Cattle watered at the OSW when available, but they did not use the OSW exclusively. The observed inconsistency may, in part, be attributed to the environmental conditions present during this field trial. Abstract A study was conducted in 2009 at two locations in Manitoba (Killarney and Souris), Canada to determine the impact of off-stream waterers (OSW) with or without natural barriers on (i) amount of time cattle spent in the 10 m buffer created within the riparian area, referred to as the riparian polygon (RP), (ii) watering location (OSW or stream), and (iii) animal performance measured as weight gain. This study was divided into three 28-day periods over the grazing season. At each location, the pasture—which ranged from 21.0 ha to 39.2 ha in size—was divided into three treatments: no OSW nor barriers (1CONT), OSW with barriers along the stream bank to deter cattle from watering at the stream (2BARR), and OSW without barriers (3NOBARR). Cattle in 2BARR spent less time in the RP in Periods 1 (p = 0.0002), 2 (p = 0.1116), and 3 (p < 0.0001) at the Killarney site compared to cattle in 3NOBARR at the same site. Cattle in 2BARR at the Souris site spent more time in the RP in Period 1 (p < 0.0001) and less time in Period 2 (p = 0.0002) compared to cattle in 3NOBARR. Cattle did use the OSW, but not exclusively, as watering at the stream was still observed. The observed inconsistency in the effectiveness of the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area between periods and locations may be partly attributable to the environmental conditions present during this field trial as well as difference in pasture size and the ability of the established barriers to deter cattle from using the stream as a water source. Treatment had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on cow and calf weights averaged over the summer period. These results indicate that the presence of an OSW does not create significant differences in animal performance when used in extensive pasture scenarios such as those studied within the present study. Whereas the barriers did not consistently discourage watering at the stream, the results provide some indication of the efficacy of the OSW as well as the natural barriers on deterring cattle from the riparian area. PMID:26479006

  14. Citizens, farmers fight huge transmission lines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Brummer, J.

    1982-02-01

    Opposition to high tension power lines with a 20-story towers is growing as coalitions of farmers and advocates of safe energy respond with legal intervention and sabotage, and sometimes with success. Examples of citizen action are the efforts opposing a 450 kilovolt direct current line connecting the US with Quebec Hydro and another opposing a 500 kilovolt alternating current line from Georgia Power Co.'s nuclear plants to Florida. The opposition derives partly from evidence of health hazards to humans and adverse effects on livestock. High voltage lines are felt to symbolize a utility and regulatory failure to assess the recentmore » decline in power demand. It is stated that administration efforts to outlaw organized resistence will not deter the opposition, which cites instances of ground shock, aborted and stillborn cattle, physical irritants, and other phenomena. The General Assembly to Stop the Powerline (GASP) objects to the guinea pig position forced upon residents by the utilities. 6 references. (DCK)« less

  15. Effectiveness of lethal, directed wolf-depredation control in Minnesota

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Harper, E.K.; Paul, W.J.; Mech, L.D.; Weisberg, S.

    2008-01-01

    Wolf (Canis lupus) depredations on livestock in Minnesota, USA, are an economic problem for many livestock producers, and depredating wolves are lethally controlled. We sought to determine the effectiveness of lethal control through the analysis of data from 923 government-verified wolf depredations from 1979 to 1998. We analyzed the data by 1) assessing the correlations between the number of wolves killed in response to depredations with number of depredations the following year at state and local levels, and 2) the time to the next depredation. No analysis indicated that trapping wolves substantially reduced the following year's depredations at state or local levels. However, more specific analyses indicated that in certain situations, killing wolves was more effective than no action (i.e., not trapping). For example, trapping and killing adult males decreased the re-depredation risk. At sheep farms, killing wolves was generally effective. Attempting to trap, regardless of the results, seemed more effective at reducing depredations than not trapping, suggesting that mere human activity near depredation sites might deter future depredations.

  16. Caloric restriction in the presence of attractive food cues: external cues, eating, and weight.

    PubMed

    Polivy, Janet; Herman, C Peter; Coelho, Jennifer S

    2008-08-06

    A growing body of research on caloric restriction (CR) in many species of laboratory animals suggests that underfeeding leads to better health and longevity in the calorically-restricted animal (e.g., see [[34]. J.P. Pinel, S. Assanand and D.R. Lehman, (2000). Hunger, eating and ill health. Am Psychol, 55, 1105-1116.], for a review). Although some objections have been raised by scientists concerned about negative psychological and behavioral sequelae of such restriction, advocates of CR continue to urge people to adopt sharply reduced eating regimes in order to increase their longevity. Yet very few people are even attempting to reap the benefits of such restriction. The present paper explores one factor that may deter many humans from drastically reducing their food consumption--the presence of abundant, attractive food cues in the environment. Research on the influence of food cues on food-related behaviors is reviewed to demonstrate that the presence of food cues makes restriction of intake more difficult.

  17. Reducing stigma in reproductive health.

    PubMed

    Cook, Rebecca J; Dickens, Bernard M

    2014-04-01

    Stigmatization marks individuals for disgrace, shame, and even disgust-spoiling or tarnishing their social identities. It can be imposed accidentally by thoughtlessness or insensitivity; incidentally to another purpose; or deliberately to deter or punish conduct considered harmful to actors themselves, others, society, or moral values. Stigma has permeated attitudes toward recipients of sexual and reproductive health services, and at times to service providers. Resort to contraceptive products, to voluntary sterilization and abortion, and now to medically assisted reproductive care to overcome infertility has attracted stigma. Unmarried motherhood has a long history of shame, projected onto the "illegitimate" (bastard) child. The stigma of contracting sexually transmitted infections has been reinvigorated with HIV infection. Gynecologists and their professional associations, ethically committed to uphold human dignity and equality, especially for vulnerable women for whom they care, should be active to guard against, counteract, and relieve stigmatization of their patients and of related service providers. Copyright © 2014 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Induction of virulence factors in Giardia duodenalis independent of host attachment

    PubMed Central

    Emery, Samantha J.; Mirzaei, Mehdi; Vuong, Daniel; Pascovici, Dana; Chick, Joel M.; Lacey, Ernest; Haynes, Paul A.

    2016-01-01

    Giardia duodenalis is responsible for the majority of parasitic gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Host-parasite interaction models in vitro provide insights into disease and virulence and help us to understand pathogenesis. Using HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) as a model we have demonstrated that initial sensitisation by host secretions reduces proclivity for trophozoite attachment, while inducing virulence factors. Host soluble factors triggered up-regulation of membrane and secreted proteins, including Tenascins, Cathepsin-B precursor, cystatin, and numerous Variant-specific Surface Proteins (VSPs). By comparison, host-cell attached trophozoites up-regulated intracellular pathways for ubiquitination, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification and production of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). We reason that these results demonstrate early pathogenesis in Giardia involves two independent host-parasite interactions. Motile trophozoites respond to soluble secreted signals, which deter attachment and induce expression of virulence factors. Trophozoites attached to host cells, in contrast, respond by up-regulating intracellular pathways involved in clearance of ROS, thus anticipating the host defence response. PMID:26867958

  19. Social media microblogs as an HPV vaccination forum.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Chupei; Gotsis, Marientina; Jordan-Marsh, Maryalice

    2013-11-01

    The 2006 US FDA approval of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine brought new hope for cancer prevention. Gardasil and Cervarix are widely available vaccines that can deter HPV infection, which causes 70% of cervical cancer. Acceptance of vaccination varies due to a lack of HPV awareness and HPV vaccine knowledge. Recent observations of the Chinese microblog "SinaWeibo" suggest a new approach to engage health professionals and consumer website bloggers. Websites that present the latest fashion, fitness or beauty news and ways to obtain "deals" have created informative blogs or online communities that appeal to female users. Some users raise health questions of their peers. Health professionals, as website bloggers, can introduce vaccine news or respond to conversations between bloggers and their followers. By transforming medical vocabulary into ordinary chat, microblogs may promote efficiency in vaccine education and communication. A web-based, interactive social media-microblog could offer an ideal platform to speed up information dissemination and increase targeted communication.

  20. Social media microblogs as an HPV vaccination forum

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Chupei; Gotsis, Marientina; Jordan-Marsh, Maryalice

    2013-01-01

    The 2006 US FDA approval of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine brought new hope for cancer prevention. Gardasil and Cervarix are widely available vaccines that can deter HPV infection, which causes 70% of cervical cancer. Acceptance of vaccination varies due to a lack of HPV awareness and HPV vaccine knowledge. Recent observations of the Chinese microblog “SinaWeibo” suggest a new approach to engage health professionals and consumer website bloggers. Websites that present the latest fashion, fitness or beauty news and ways to obtain “deals” have created informative blogs or online communities that appeal to female users. Some users raise health questions of their peers. Health professionals, as website bloggers, can introduce vaccine news or respond to conversations between bloggers and their followers. By transforming medical vocabulary into ordinary chat, microblogs may promote efficiency in vaccine education and communication. A web-based, interactive social media-microblog could offer an ideal platform to speed up information dissemination and increase targeted communication. PMID:23842072

  1. The evolution of anti-social punishment in optional public goods games

    PubMed Central

    Rand, David G.; Nowak, Martin A.

    2011-01-01

    Cooperation, where one individual incurs a cost to help another, is a fundamental building block of the natural world and of human society. It has been suggested that costly punishment can promote the evolution of cooperation, with the threat of punishment deterring free-riders. Recent experiments, however, have revealed the existence of ‘anti-social’ punishment, where non-cooperators punish cooperators. While various theoretical models find that punishment can promote the evolution of cooperation, these models a priori exclude the possibility of anti-social punishment. Here we extend the standard theory of optional public goods games to include the full set of punishment strategies. We find that punishment no longer increases cooperation, and that selection favors substantial levels of anti-social punishment for a wide range of parameters. Furthermore, we conduct behavioral experiments, which lead to results that are consistent with our model predictions. As opposed to an altruistic act that promotes cooperation, punishment is mostly a self-interested tool for protecting oneself against potential competitors. PMID:21847108

  2. The Gravity of High-Skilled Migration Policies.

    PubMed

    Czaika, Mathias; Parsons, Christopher R

    2017-04-01

    Combining unique, annual, bilateral data on labor flows of highly skilled immigrants for 10 OECD destinations between 2000 and 2012, with new databases comprising both unilateral and bilateral policy instruments, we present the first judicious cross-country assessment of policies aimed to attract and select high-skilled workers. Points-based systems are much more effective in attracting and selecting high-skilled migrants than requiring a job offer, labor market tests, and shortage lists. Offers of permanent residency, while attracting the highly skilled, overall reduce the human capital content of labor flows because they prove more attractive to non-high-skilled workers. Bilateral recognition of diploma and social security agreements foster greater flows of high-skilled workers and improve the skill selectivity of immigrant flows. Conversely, double taxation agreements deter high-skilled migrants, although they do not alter overall skill selectivity. Our results are robust to a variety of empirical specifications that account for destination-specific amenities, multilateral resistance to migration, and the endogeneity of immigration policies.

  3. HIV seroprevalence among street-recruited injection drug and crack cocaine users in 16 US municipalities.

    PubMed Central

    Kral, A H; Bluthenthal, R N; Booth, R E; Watters, J K

    1998-01-01

    OBJECTIVES: This study deter- mined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among street-recruited injection drug users and crack cocaine smokers. METHODS: An analysis was performed on HIV serologies and risk behaviors of 6402 injection drug users and 3383 crack smokers in 16 US municipalities in 1992 and 1993. RESULTS: HIV seroprevalence was 12.7% among injection drug users and 7.5% among crack smokers. Most high-seroprevalence municipalities (>25%) were located along the eastern seaboard of the United States. In high-seroprevalence municipalities, but not in others, HIV seroprevalence was higher for injection drug users than for crack smokers. Among injection drug users, cocaine injection, use of speedballs (cocaine or amphetamines with heroin), and sexual risk behaviors were independently associated with HIV infection. Among crack smokers, sexual risk behaviors were associated with HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Injection drug users and crack smokers are at high risk for HIV infection. PMID:9584014

  4. Self-organization of punishment in structured populations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Perc, Matjaž; Szolnoki, Attila

    2012-04-01

    Cooperation is crucial for the remarkable evolutionary success of the human species. Not surprisingly, some individuals are willing to bear additional costs in order to punish defectors. Current models assume that, once set, the fine and cost of punishment do not change over time. Here we show that relaxing this assumption by allowing players to adapt their sanctioning efforts in dependence on the success of cooperation can explain both the spontaneous emergence of punishment and its ability to deter defectors and those unwilling to punish them with globally negligible investments. By means of phase diagrams and the analysis of emerging spatial patterns, we demonstrate that adaptive punishment promotes public cooperation through the invigoration of spatial reciprocity, the prevention of the emergence of cyclic dominance, or the provision of competitive advantages to those that sanction antisocial behavior. The results presented indicate that the process of self-organization significantly elevates the effectiveness of punishment, and they reveal new mechanisms by means of which this fascinating and widespread social behavior could have evolved.

  5. High HIV Prevalence, Suboptimal HIV Testing, and Low Knowledge of HIV-Positive Serostatus Among Injection Drug Users in St. Petersburg, Russia

    PubMed Central

    Toussova, Olga V.; Verevochkin, Sergei V.; Barbour, Russell; Heimer, Robert; Kozlov, Andrei P.

    2011-01-01

    The purpose of this analysis was to estimate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and testing patterns among injection drug users (IDUs) in St. Petersburg, Russia. HIV prevalence among 387 IDUs in the sample was 50%. Correlates of HIV-positive serostatus included unemployment, recent unsafe injections, and history/current sexually transmitted infection. Seventy-six percent had been HIV tested, but only 22% of those who did not report HIV-positive serostatus had been tested in the past 12 months and received their test result. Correlates of this measure included recent doctor visit and having been in prison or jail among men. Among the 193 HIV-infected participants, 36% were aware of their HIV-positive serostatus. HIV prevalence is high and continuing to increase in this population. Adequate coverage of HIV testing has not been achieved, resulting in poor knowledge of positive serostatus. Efforts are needed to better understand motivating and deterring factors for HIV testing in this setting. PMID:18843531

  6. Effect of Paper Color and Question Order on Exam Performance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tal, Ilanit R.; Akers, Katherine G.; Hodge, Gordon K.

    2008-01-01

    To deter cheating, teachers commonly use exams printed on differently colored paper or with varied question orders. Previous studies, however, reported that paper color and question order affect exam performance and suggested that teachers should adjust students' scores accordingly and discontinue the use of alternate exam forms. We conducted 2…

  7. Portrayals of Bullying in Children's Picture Books and Implications for Bibliotherapy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moulton, Emily; Heath, Melissa Allen; Prater, Mary Anne; Dyches, Tina Taylor

    2011-01-01

    Bullying, a serious issue in today's schools, negatively impacts children. This article summarizes research and emphasizes the need for effective tools, such as bibliotherapy, to deter bullying. To assist professionals in selecting books for bibliotherapy, 38 bully-themed children's K-3 picture books ranked 1-4 by "The Horn Book Guide"…

  8. A Method for Atomic Layer Deposition of Complex Oxide Thin Films

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-12-01

    characterization. Fourth, the phase of the crystallized film was analyzed in detail to deter- mine behavior of the films post-annealing. XRD was used extensively for...Schneider. Stacking of ceramic in- verse opals with different lattice constants. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 95(7):2226–2235, July 2012. [52

  9. Expanded Kill Chain Analysis of Manned-Unmanned Teaming for Future Strike Operations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-09-01

    the BLUEFORCE targeting and engagement kill chain to deter- mine areas of improvement or capability development to the chain. Opportunities exist to...systems integrated roadmap, FY2013 - 2038,” Department of Defense, Washington, DC, Tech. Rep. 14-S-0553, 2013. [7] B. Opall -Rome. (2014, Aug. 12). Israeli

  10. Learning Curves: Expanding the Constituency for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, Fall 2005

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sen, Rinku; Fellner, Kim

    2005-01-01

    Support in the United States for comprehensive sexuality education is overwhelming. Yet a small, vocal opposition and increasingly hostile public policy have deterred its implementation in many communities across the country. The chasm between community needs and public policy prompted the Ms. Foundation for Women and the David and Lucille Packard…

  11. An Empirical Assessment of the "Above the Influence" Advertising Campaign

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Scheier, Lawrence M.; Grenard, Jerry L.; Holtz, Kristen D.

    2011-01-01

    This study evaluated the efficacy of "Above the Influence" (ATI), a national media-based health persuasion campaign to deter youth drug use. The campaign uses public service anti-drug prevention messages and targets youth between the ages of 14 and 16, a period of heightened susceptibility to peer influences. The evaluation utilized mall…

  12. An Analysis of Evaluative Comments in Teachers' Online Discussions of Representations of Practice

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chieu, Vu Minh; Kosko, Karl W.; Herbst, Patricio G.

    2015-01-01

    It has been common to use video records of instruction in teacher professional development, but participants have rarely been encouraged to evaluate teachers and students' actions in those records, allegedly because evaluation deters from the development of a professional discourse. In this study, we inspected teachers' online discussions of…

  13. Life cycle assessment for emerging materials: case study of a garden bed constructed from lumber produced with three different copper treatments

    EPA Science Inventory

    Although important data and methodological challenges facing LCA and emerging materials exist, this LCA captures material and process changes that are important drivers of environmental impacts. LCA methods need to be amended to reflect properties of emerging materials that deter...

  14. 76 FR 2444 - Petition for Exemption From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Ford Motor Company

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-13

    ... From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Ford Motor Company AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety... vehicle line in accordance with 49 CFR Part 543, Exemption from the Theft Prevention Standard. This... standard equipment is likely to be as effective in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance...

  15. 76 FR 12220 - Petition for Exemption From the Federal Motor Vehicle Motor Theft Prevention Standard; Jaguar...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-04

    ... From the Federal Motor Vehicle Motor Theft Prevention Standard; Jaguar Land Rover AGENCY: National... 543, Exemption from the Theft Prevention Standard. This petition is granted because the agency has... effective in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the parts-marking requirements of...

  16. Callicarpenal and Intermedeol: Two Natural Arthropod Feeding Deterrent and Repellent Compounds Identified from the Southern Folk Remedy Plant, Callicarpa americana

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    In previous studies on the American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), it was demonstrated that callicarpenal and intermedeol were responsible for the arthropod repellent and feeding deterrent activity of this folk remedy. Both compounds showed significant bite-deterring activity against Aedes aeg...

  17. Proposition 187: An Effective Measure To Deter Undocumented Migration to California?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alarcon, Rafael

    In 1994, California voters approved Proposition 187, which prohibits provision of publicly funded education and social services to undocumented immigrants, and which requires public schools to verify the legal status of students and their parents. This paper examines socioeconomic and immigration trends leading to the emergence of Proposition 187,…

  18. Minimizing the chaos following the loss of article 59: suggestions for a necessary discussion

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    We believe that the decision at the 2011 Melbourne Botanical Congress to suppress the dual nomenclature for pleomorphic fungi was premature since the great majority of fungal genera still remain inadequately typified and need molecularly based revisions. We deplore the move from a clearly rule-deter...

  19. Is Undergraduate Debt an Impediment to Postgraduate Enrolment in England?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wakeling, Paul; Hampden-Thompson, Gillian; Hancock, Sally

    2017-01-01

    Changes to undergraduate student funding arrangements in England have prompted concerns that increased indebtedness will deter graduates from postgraduate study. While it is clear that student debt has increased substantially in recent years, international evidence is equivocal on whether such debt is a deterrent to further study and there is…

  20. The Negotiations On German Reunification and Their Impact On Relations Between Russia and the West

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-06-09

    the Baltic states as a deterrence mechanism against possible Russian aggression ( Watkins 2016). The Deputy Minister of Defense of Poland contributed...article/ 2007/02/12/AR2007021200555.html. Watkins , Thomas. 2016. “Four NATO Battalions to Go to Eastern Europe to Deter Russia.” Military, July 8

  1. Boot Camp Prisons as Masculine Organizations: Rethinking Recidivism and Program Design

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lutze, Faith E.; Bell, Cortney A.

    2005-01-01

    A number of studies have tested the effectiveness of boot camp prisons in reducing recidivism and results indicate that they have not been as successful as originally anticipated. While no two programs are comparable in terms of programming and treatment, most programs utilize a hypermasculine paramilitary prison structure to deter, punish, and…

  2. Strategic Personality and the Effectiveness of Nuclear Deterrence: Deterring Iraq and Iran

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-09-01

    ES-1 I. NUCLEAR DETERRENCE AND THREAT REDUCTION IN THE ERA OF THE “KOSOVO SYNDROME ...without the Kosovo Syndrome ? ................................... 106 Appendix A: The Strategic Personality Types...the United States from intervening in their future internal ethnic, religious, political, or regional disputes. The rise of this “Kosovo Syndrome

  3. Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used to culture channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The use of biofloc technology production systems continues to increase in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Recent research demonstrated that outdoor biofloc systems can be used to produce high yields of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). However, studies have not yet been performed to deter...

  4. A comparison of corn residue and its biochar on soil C and plant growth

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Biochar amendment can be beneficial to soils because it contains mostly recalcitrant forms of C, and biochar contributes base cations that can remedy nutrient deficiencies on acid soils. However, the benefits of biochars on neutral or calcareous soils needs to be assessed. In order to properly deter...

  5. Government Collection of Private Information: Background and Issues Related to the USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-12-23

    3 History of Congressional Action ...term is defined in Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Namely, government action constitutes a search when it intrudes upon a person’s “reasonable...eavesdropping deter vigorous citizen dissent and discussion of Government action in private conversation. For private dissent, no less than open public

  6. Cyberprints: Identifying Cyber Attackers by Feature Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Blakely, Benjamin A.

    2012-01-01

    The problem of attributing cyber attacks is one of increasing importance. Without a solid method of demonstrating the origin of a cyber attack, any attempts to deter would-be cyber attackers are wasted. Existing methods of attribution make unfounded assumptions about the environment in which they will operate: omniscience (the ability to gather,…

  7. 49 CFR 1544.205 - Acceptance and screening of cargo.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) Preventing or deterring the carriage of any explosive or incendiary. Each aircraft operator operating under a... operator operating under a full program or a full all-cargo program, or a twelve-five program in an all... program, before loading it on its aircraft. (c) Control. Each aircraft operator operating under a full...

  8. Passive Sampling to Capture the Spatial Variability of Coarse Particles by Composition in Cleveland, OH

    EPA Science Inventory

    Passive samplers deployed at 25 sites for three week-long intervals were used to characterize spatial variability in the mass and composition of coarse particulate matter (PM10-2.5) in Cleveland, OH in summer 2008. The size and composition of individual particles deter...

  9. 49 CFR 232.607 - Inspection and testing requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... car in a train has traveled since receiving a Class I brake test by a qualified mechanical inspector... restricts access to the train and provides sufficient security to deter vandalism. (c) Cars added en route. (1) Each freight car equipped with an ECP brake system that is added to a freight train operating in...

  10. 49 CFR 232.607 - Inspection and testing requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... car in a train has traveled since receiving a Class I brake test by a qualified mechanical inspector... restricts access to the train and provides sufficient security to deter vandalism. (c) Cars added en route. (1) Each freight car equipped with an ECP brake system that is added to a freight train operating in...

  11. 49 CFR 232.607 - Inspection and testing requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... car in a train has traveled since receiving a Class I brake test by a qualified mechanical inspector... restricts access to the train and provides sufficient security to deter vandalism. (c) Cars added en route. (1) Each freight car equipped with an ECP brake system that is added to a freight train operating in...

  12. 27 CFR 6.4 - Jurisdictional limits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ..., wine, or malt beverages from such industry member to the exclusion in whole or in part of products sold or offered for sale by other persons in interstate or foreign commerce; and (2) If: (i) The... inducement is to prevent, deter, hinder or restrict other persons from selling or offering for sale any such...

  13. 27 CFR 6.4 - Jurisdictional limits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ..., wine, or malt beverages from such industry member to the exclusion in whole or in part of products sold or offered for sale by other persons in interstate or foreign commerce; and (2) If: (i) The... inducement is to prevent, deter, hinder or restrict other persons from selling or offering for sale any such...

  14. 27 CFR 6.4 - Jurisdictional limits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ..., wine, or malt beverages from such industry member to the exclusion in whole or in part of products sold or offered for sale by other persons in interstate or foreign commerce; and (2) If: (i) The... inducement is to prevent, deter, hinder or restrict other persons from selling or offering for sale any such...

  15. Talking to Youth about Drugs: What Do Late Adolescents Say about Parental Strategies?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Miller-Day, Michelle

    2008-01-01

    This research, comprised of 2 studies, extends current knowledge of parent-child communication about drugs. The first study developed a typology of parental strategies used to deter children's substance use. The second study examined relationships among the parental strategies identified in the first study, which included family communication…

  16. Big Field, Small Potatoes: An Empirical Assessment of EPA's Self-Audit Policy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pfaff, Alexander; Sanchirico, Chris William

    2004-01-01

    Environmental self-auditing is said to deserve and require encouragement. Although firms can audit themselves more cheaply and effectively than regulators, they are deterred for fear that information they uncover will be used against them. To reduce this disincentive, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Audit Policy lowers punitive fines…

  17. 78 FR 22773 - Regulation Strengthening Accountability of Attorneys and Non-Attorney Representatives Appearing...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-17

    ... misconduct based upon good cause. The rule will assist the Department in maintaining the integrity of its proceedings by deterring misconduct by those who appear before it in antidumping duty (AD) and countervailing... misconduct. The Department received a number of comments on its proposed rule, which can be accessed using...

  18. 75 FR 8171 - Privacy Act of 1974, as Amended; Proposed System of Records and Routine Use Disclosures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-23

    ... applicable to this system of records entitled, the Administrative Law Judge/Public Alleged Misconduct... committed misconduct; and Provide us with management information to document, monitor, and track complaints..., and to assist us in deterring recurring incidences of ALJ bias or misconduct. B. Collection and...

  19. Social Disorganization Theory and Crime Rates on California Community College Campuses

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ravalin, Tamara; Tevis, Tenisha

    2017-01-01

    Recent media attention concerning the escalation of crime on college campuses has created a sense of urgency to address how crime will impact the largest community college system in the United States, California Community Colleges. Crime can deter academic success and social engagement. This study utilizes social disorganization theory to examine…

  20. 32 CFR 505.4 - Collecting personal information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... language that is explicit, easily understood, and not so lengthy as to deter an individual from reading it... records notice(s). If none, the language to be used is: “Routine Use(s): None. However the ‘Blanket... requested information; (ii) Within the body with a notation of its location below the title; (iii) On the...

  1. 32 CFR 505.4 - Collecting personal information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... language that is explicit, easily understood, and not so lengthy as to deter an individual from reading it... records notice(s). If none, the language to be used is: “Routine Use(s): None. However the ‘Blanket... requested information; (ii) Within the body with a notation of its location below the title; (iii) On the...

  2. 32 CFR 505.4 - Collecting personal information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... language that is explicit, easily understood, and not so lengthy as to deter an individual from reading it... records notice(s). If none, the language to be used is: “Routine Use(s): None. However the ‘Blanket... requested information; (ii) Within the body with a notation of its location below the title; (iii) On the...

  3. Inhibition of snowshoe hare succinate dehydrogenase activity as a mechanism of deterrence for papyriferic acid in birch

    Treesearch

    Jennifer Sorensen Forbey; Xinzhu Pu; Dong Xu; Knut Kielland; John Bryant

    2011-01-01

    The plant secondary metabolite papyriferic acid (PA) deters browsing by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) on the juvenile developmental stage of the Alaska paper birch (Betula neoalaskana). However, the physiological mechanism that reduces browsing remains unknown. We used pharmacological assays and molecular modeling to test the...

  4. Factors Deterring Schools from Mixed Attainment Teaching Practice

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Taylor, Becky; Francis, Becky; Archer, Louise; Hodgen, Jeremy; Pepper, David; Tereshchenko, Antonina; Travers, Mary-Claire

    2017-01-01

    Mixed-attainment teaching has strong support from research and yet English schools are far more likely to teach students in "ability" groups. Although research has considered some of the specific benefits of mixed-attainment grouping, there has been little attention to the reasons schools avoid it. This article explores data from the…

  5. Family and Religious Characteristics' Influence on Delinquency Trajectories from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Petts, Richard J.

    2009-01-01

    This study takes a life-course approach to examine whether family and religious characteristics influence individual-level delinquency trajectories from early adolescence through young adulthood. Based on data from the NLSY79, results suggest that residing with two parents deters youths from becoming delinquent and that supportive parenting…

  6. Maternal Parenting Style and Delinquency by Race and the Moderating Effect of Structural Disadvantage

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mowen, Thomas J.; Schroeder, Ryan D.

    2018-01-01

    Contemporary research suggests authoritative parenting is the most effective parenting style in deterring juvenile delinquency. Some research has found there are differences in parenting style between racial groups due to structural disadvantage faced by marginalized individuals. Yet, relatively little is known about how racial differences in…

  7. Utility of wire cages, tree shelters, and repellants to minimize herbivory to oak by white-tailed deer

    Treesearch

    James N. Kochenderfer; W.Mark Ford

    2008-01-01

    We evaluated the efficacy of exclusion cages and commercially available repellants in deterring white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herbivory on northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and chestnut oak (Q. montana) stump sprouts and planted red oak seedlings following a commercial clearcut harvest in West...

  8. Deterring Russian Aggression in the Baltic States: What it Takes to Win

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-03-01

    and prevent the use of armed force to coerce the free people of Europe or to alter established borders. In this context, “winning” means putting in...station and predeployment training, is absolutely necessary. All of this will cost money . As the new Administration, the Pentagon, and Congress

  9. The Effect of Guided Imagery and Internal Visualization on Learning

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-01-01

    existance) of - . memory traces, and how retrival cues operate, to name a few. The lack of a single theory or a coherent approach has not deterred movement...and function (Subtask 3) to a 31% gain over the control group for information emphasizing the rote memory of sequential data (Subtask 1). Overall, the

  10. Competitive release and outbreaks of non-target pests associated with transgenic Bt cotton

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    This study tests a competitive release hypothesis that Helicoverpa zea larval herbivory will 1) deter oviposition and increase leaving rates of the stink bugs, Euchistus servus and Nezara viridula and that 2) that these effects will be stronger for E. servus than for N. viridula. By spatially separa...

  11. Discovery of a dhurrin QTL in sorghum bicolor: colocalization of dhurrin biosynthesis and a novel stay-green QTL

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Dhurrin [(S)-p-hydroxymandelonitrile-ß-D-glucopyranoside] is a cyanogenic glucoside produced by (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and is generally considered a natural defense compound capable of producing the toxin hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to deter animal herbivory. Recently, high levels of leaf dhurrin h...

  12. Dress-Related Responses to the Columbine Shootings: Other-Imposed and Self-Designed.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ogle, Jennifer Paff; Eckman, Molly

    2002-01-01

    An inductive content analysis approach was used to examine 155 dress-related newspaper articles following the Columbine High School shootings in 1999. Analysis revealed two dress-related responses: (1) other-imposed regulation to protect students and deter them from expressing hatred and (2) self-designed acts of resistance for grieving. (Contains…

  13. Deferred but Not Deterred: A Middle School Manifesto

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lounsbury, John H.

    2009-01-01

    In this article, the author provides a historical perspective on the middle level movement, examines its past successes and failures, and envisions future improvements. The middle school movement has been a prime target for those forces that do not share the belief middle level advocates hold about the importance of a democratic, student-centered…

  14. 77 FR 67535 - 2012-2014 Enterprise Housing Goals

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-13

    ... 20 percent in this final rule. \\18\\ See The Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University...;Prices of new books are listed in the first FEDERAL REGISTER issue of each #0;week. #0; #0; #0; #0;#0... on their books; (b) ensure profitability in the new book of business without deterring market...

  15. 49 CFR 232.607 - Inspection and testing requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... car in a train has traveled since receiving a Class I brake test by a qualified mechanical inspector... restricts access to the train and provides sufficient security to deter vandalism. (c) Cars added en route. (1) Each freight car equipped with an ECP brake system that is added to a freight train operating in...

  16. 49 CFR 232.607 - Inspection and testing requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... car in a train has traveled since receiving a Class I brake test by a qualified mechanical inspector... restricts access to the train and provides sufficient security to deter vandalism. (c) Cars added en route. (1) Each freight car equipped with an ECP brake system that is added to a freight train operating in...

  17. Dynamic predictive model for growth of Bacillus cereus from spores in cooked beans

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Kinetic growth data of Bacillus cereus from spores in cooked beans at several isothermal conditions (between 10 to 49C) were collected. Samples were inoculated with approximately 2 log CFU/g of heat-shocked (80C/10 min) spores and stored at isothermal temperatures. B. cereus populations were deter...

  18. The FOI (Freedom of Information) Act Gets Teeth.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Karam, Edward

    When the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 was amended, despite President Ford's veto, expectations for improved access to federal agency records were high. This report details the manner in which information seekers, particularly members of the media, were deterred from using the act by nine loopholes in the 1966 law. In addition, the process…

  19. Clinical prediction of fall risk and white matter abnormalities: a diffusion tensor imaging study

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The Tinetti scale is a simple clinical tool designed to predict risk of falling by focusing on gait and stance impairment in elderly persons. Gait impairment is also associated with white matter (WM) abnormalities. Objective: To test the hypothesis that elderly subjects at risk for falling, as deter...

  20. School Problems and Learning about Crime and Justice Systems: Principals' Views.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bartsch, Robert A.; Cheurprakobkit, Sutham

    2002-01-01

    Examines the attitudes of Texas junior high/middle school and high school principals (n=207). Focuses on the severity of four school problems and the possibility of five criminology and criminal justice concepts. States that these are important for students to learn about to deter school crime. Includes references. (CMK)

  1. Post-partum anaphylaxis: universal but successful management protocol should not deter appreciation of underlying etio-pathogenesis plethora

    PubMed Central

    Gupta, Deepak; Rubens, Andrew; Marjanovic, Milos

    2012-01-01

    Post-partum Anaphylaxis in mothers is extremely rare and has been reported secondary to initiation of the breast-feeding. However, we hereby report the occurrence of post-partum anaphylaxis in a post-partum patient in the absence of the initiated breast-feeding. PMID:24765442

  2. Parents and Peers as Social Influences to Deter Antisocial Behavior

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cook, Emily C.; Buehler, Cheryl; Henson, Robert

    2009-01-01

    Growth curve analyses were used to investigate parents' and peers' influence on adolescents' choice to abstain from antisocial behavior in a community-based sample of 416 early adolescents living in the Southeastern United States. Participants were primarily European American (91%) and 51% were girls. Both parents and peers were important…

  3. Deterring Iran’s Use of Offensive Cyber: A Case Study

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-10-01

    departments, such as Sharif University of Technology, began to hold hacking competitions to identify potential recruits.26 Dr . Hassan Abbasi, as well-known...that discovered it—to use social networking sites such as LinkedIn and Facebook to target hundreds of U.S. officials and their connections in order

  4. National Infrastructure Protection Plan: Partnering to Enhance Protection and Resiliency

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    US Department of Homeland Security, 2009

    2009-01-01

    The overarching goal of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) is to build a safer, more secure, and more resilient America by preventing, deterring, neutralizing, or mitigating the effects of deliberate efforts by terrorists to destroy, incapacitate, or exploit elements of our Nation's critical infrastructure and key resources (CIKR)…

  5. 76 FR 41557 - Petition for Exemption From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Mazda

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-14

    ... From the Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard; Mazda AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety... document grants in full the Mazda Motor Corporation (Mazda) petition for an exemption of the CX-5 vehicle... equipment is likely to be as effective in reducing and deterring motor vehicle theft as compliance with the...

  6. The influence of physiological status on age prediction of Anopheles arabiensis using near infra-red spectroscopy

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Determining the age of malaria vectors is essential for evaluating the impact of interventions that reduce the survival of wild mosquito populations and for estimating changes in vectorial capacity. Near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) is a simple and non-destructive method that has been used to deter...

  7. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hamlet, Jason; Pierson, Lyndon; Bauer, Todd

    Supply chain security to detect, deter, and prevent the counterfeiting of networked and stand-alone integrated circuits (ICs) is critical to cyber security. Sandia National Laboratory researchers have developed IC ID to leverage Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and strong cryptographic authentication to create a unique fingerprint for each integrated circuit. IC ID assures the authenticity of ICs to prevent tampering or malicious substitution.

  8. Repellency to ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of extracts of nigella sativa L.(Ranunculaceae) and the anti-inflammatory DogsBestFriend™

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Motivated by observations that the canine anti-inflammatory cream DogsBestFriend™ (DBF) appeared to deter flies, mosquitoes, and ticks from treated animals, repellent efficacy bioassays using four species of ticks were conducted with three extracts of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), a constituent...

  9. The Effects of Minor Constituents in Calcium Silicate Insulation on the Corrosion of Underground Heat Distribution Systems.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-05-01

    distribution systems were ob- ride content per unit weight of insulation was deter- tained from Johns - Manville , Pabco, and Owens- mined as the ratio...either adding more distilled-deionized water to the Aecomecial oraoh milly ana-yzedias-received samples of Johns - Manville . Owens-Corning, suspension, or

  10. Myths and Realities of Minimum Force in British Counterinsurgency Doctrine and Practice

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-03-01

    into a cinema .127 The list goes on. Administratively, the local civil authorities did little to deter security forces from fighting the...the bandits.” This puts in a nutshell the problem of how to convince somebody who thinks like this without descending to Japanese methods. On the

  11. An Occupational Interest Survey for Hospitality Management Positions.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Johnson County Community Coll., Overland Park, KS.

    As part of a study sponsored by the National Food Brokers Association, a survey of Johnson County Community College (JCCC) students was conducted to determine their perceptions of hospitality management and the factors that might deter them from choosing careers in that field. The survey instrument, distributed in the college commons by members of…

  12. Characterizing and mapping resistance in synthetic-derived wheat to Rhizoctonia root rot in a green bridge environment

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia species is an economically important soilborne disease of spring planted wheat in growing regions of the Pacific Northwest (PNW). The main method of controlling the disease currently is through tillage, which deters farmers from adopting the benefits of minimal tillage...

  13. Protection from livestock fails to deter shrub proliferation in a desert landscape with a history of heavy grazing

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Desertification is often characterized by the replacement of mesophytic grasses with xerophytic shrubs. Livestock grazing is considered a key driver of shrub encroachment, although most evidence is anecdotal or confounded by other factors. Mapping of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) shrubs in and...

  14. Feeding deterrent compounds to the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman in Rose-of-Sharon,Hibiscus syriacus L.

    PubMed

    Bird, T G; Hedin, P A; Burks, M L

    1987-05-01

    The Rose-of-Sharon,Hibiscus syriacus (L.), can be a significant alternate host plant for the boll weevil,Anthonomus gradis (Boh.). Boll weevils are known to be deterred from feeding and ovipositing in the buds unless the calyx is removed. This investigation was initiated to identify calyx allelochemicals that deter feeding with the eventual strategy of breeding for cotton lines high in these allelochemicals in the appropriate tissues. The feeding deterrency of calyx tissue from the buds of Rose-of-Sharon for the boll weevil was confirmed. The most active deterrent fraction was found to contain mostly fatty acids and their methyl esters. Saturated fatty acids and their methyl esters were generally found to be stimulatory, while the unsaturated species were found to be deterrent. Higher quantities of the fatty acids, particularly the unsaturated species, were found in Rose-of-Sharon calyx tissue than in the buds without calyx. This supports the hypothesis developed through the isolational work and testing of standards that the unsaturated fatty acids are significant deterrents of boll weevil feeding.

  15. Maternally derived chemical defences are an effective deterrent against some predators of poison frog tadpoles (Oophaga pumilio).

    PubMed

    Stynoski, Jennifer L; Shelton, Georgia; Stynoski, Peter

    2014-05-01

    Parents defend their young in many ways, including provisioning chemical defences. Recent work in a poison frog system offers the first example of an animal that provisions its young with alkaloids after hatching or birth rather than before. But it is not yet known whether maternally derived alkaloids are an effective defence against offspring predators. We identified the predators of Oophaga pumilio tadpoles and conducted laboratory and field choice tests to determine whether predators are deterred by alkaloids in tadpoles. We found that snakes, spiders and beetle larvae are common predators of O. pumilio tadpoles. Snakes were not deterred by alkaloids in tadpoles. However, spiders were less likely to consume mother-fed O. pumilio tadpoles than either alkaloid-free tadpoles of the red-eyed treefrog, Agalychnis callidryas, or alkaloid-free O. pumilio tadpoles that had been hand-fed with A. callidryas eggs. Thus, maternally derived alkaloids reduce the risk of predation for tadpoles, but only against some predators. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

  16. Independent and Interactive Effects of Smoking Bans and Tobacco Taxes on a Cohort of US Young Adults.

    PubMed

    Vuolo, Mike; Kelly, Brian C; Kadowaki, Joy

    2016-02-01

    We examined the mutual effects of smoking bans and taxes on smoking among a longitudinal cohort of young adults. We combined a repository of US tobacco policies at the state and local level with the nationally representative geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (2004-2011) from ages 19 to 31 years and Census data, to examine the impact of tobacco policies on any current and daily pack smoking. The analytic sample amounts to 19,668 observations among 4341 individuals within 487 cities. For current smoking, we found significant effects for comprehensive smoking bans, but not excise taxes. We also found an interaction effect, with bans being most effective in locales with no or low taxes. For daily pack smoking, we found significant effects for taxes, but limited support for bans. Social smoking among young adults is primarily inhibited by smoking bans, but excise taxes only deter such smoking in the absence of a ban. Heavy smokers are primarily deterred by taxes. Although both policies have an impact on young adult smoking behaviors, their dual presence does not intensify each policy's efficacy.

  17. On sanction-goal justifications: How and why deterrence justifications undermine rule compliance.

    PubMed

    Mooijman, Marlon; van Dijk, Wilco W; van Dijk, Eric; Ellemers, Naomi

    2017-04-01

    Authorities frequently justify their sanctions as attempts to deter people from rule breaking. Although providing a sanction justification seems appealing and harmless, we propose that a deterrence justification decreases the extent to which sanctions are effective in promoting rule compliance. We develop a theoretical model that specifies how and why this occurs. Consistent with our model, 5 experiments demonstrated that-compared with sanctions provided without a justification or sanctions provided with a just-deserts justification-sanction effectiveness decreased when sanctions were justified as attempts to deter people from rule breaking. This effect was mediated by people feeling distrusted by the authority. We further demonstrated that (a) the degree to which deterrence fostered distrust was attenuated when the sanction was targeted at others (instead of the participant) and (b) the degree to which distrust undermined rule compliance was attenuated when the authority was perceived as legitimate. We discuss the practical implications for authorities tasked with promoting rule compliance, and the theoretical implications for the literature on sanctions, distrust, and rule compliance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

  18. Strategies to promote a climate of academic integrity and minimize student cheating and plagiarism.

    PubMed

    Scanlan, Craig L

    2006-01-01

    Student academic misconduct is a growing problem for colleges and universities, including those responsible for preparing health professionals. Although the implementation of honor codes has had a positive impact on this problem, further reduction in student cheating and plagiarism can be achieved only via a comprehensive strategy that promotes an institutional culture of academic integrity. Such a strategy must combine efforts both to deter and detect academic misconduct, along with fair but rigorous application of sanctions against such behaviors. Methods useful in preventing or deterring dishonest behaviors among students include early integrity training complemented with course-level reinforcement, faculty role-modeling, and the application of selected testing/assignment preventive strategies, including honor pledges and honesty declarations. Giving students more responsibility for oversight of academic integrity also may help address this problem and better promote the culture needed to uphold its principles. Successful enforcement requires that academic administration provide strong and visible support for upholding academic integrity standards, including the provision of a clear and fair process and the consistent application of appropriate sanctions against those whose conduct is found to violate these standards.

  19. Deterring watermark collusion attacks using signal processing techniques

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lemma, Aweke N.; van der Veen, Michiel

    2007-02-01

    Collusion attack is a malicious watermark removal attack in which the hacker has access to multiple copies of the same content with different watermarks and tries to remove the watermark using averaging. In the literature, several solutions to collusion attacks have been reported. The main stream solutions aim at designing watermark codes that are inherently resistant to collusion attacks. The other approaches propose signal processing based solutions that aim at modifying the watermarked signals in such a way that averaging multiple copies of the content leads to a significant degradation of the content quality. In this paper, we present signal processing based technique that may be deployed for deterring collusion attacks. We formulate the problem in the context of electronic music distribution where the content is generally available in the compressed domain. Thus, we first extend the collusion resistance principles to bit stream signals and secondly present experimental based analysis to estimate a bound on the maximum number of modified versions of a content that satisfy good perceptibility requirement on one hand and destructive averaging property on the other hand.

  20. Environmental enrichment facilitates cocaine-cue extinction, deters reacquisition of cocaine self-administration and alters AMPAR GluA1 expression and phosphorylation.

    PubMed

    Gauthier, Jamie M; Lin, Amy; Nic Dhonnchadha, Bríd Á; Spealman, Roger D; Man, Heng-Ye; Kantak, Kathleen M

    2017-01-01

    This study investigated the combination of environmental enrichment (EE) with cocaine-cue extinction training on reacquisition of cocaine self-administration. Rats were trained under a second-order schedule for which responses were maintained by cocaine injections and cocaine-paired stimuli. During three weekly extinction sessions, saline was substituted for cocaine but cocaine-paired stimuli were presented. Rats received 4-h periods of EE at strategic time points during extinction training, or received NoEE. Additional control rats received EE or NoEE without extinction training. One week later, reacquisition of cocaine self-administration was evaluated for 15 sessions, and then GluA1 expression, a cellular substrate for learning and memory, was measured in selected brain regions. EE provided both 24 h before and immediately after extinction training facilitated extinction learning and deterred reacquisition of cocaine self-administration for up to 13 sessions. Each intervention by itself (EE alone or extinction alone) was ineffective, as was EE scheduled at individual time points (EE 4 h or 24 h before, or EE immediately or 6 h after, each extinction training session). Under these conditions, rats rapidly reacquired baseline rates of cocaine self-administration. Cocaine self-administration alone decreased total GluA1 and/or pSer845GluA1 expression in basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Extinction training, with or without EE, opposed these changes and also increased total GluA1 in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus. EE alone increased pSer845GluA1 and EE combined with extinction training decreased pSer845GluA1 in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. EE might be a useful adjunct to extinction therapy by enabling neuroplasticity that deters relapse to cocaine self-administration. © 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.

  1. The volatile emission of Eurosta solidaginis primes herbivore-induced volatile production in Solidago altissima and does not directly deter insect feeding

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    Background The induction of plant defenses in response to herbivory is well documented. In addition, many plants prime their anti-herbivore defenses following exposure to environmental cues associated with increased risk of subsequent attack, including induced volatile emissions from herbivore-damaged plant tissues. Recently, we showed in both field and laboratory settings that tall goldenrod plants (Solidago altissima) exposed to the putative sex attractant of a specialist gall-inducing fly (Eurosta solidaginis) experienced less herbivory than unexposed plants. Furthermore, we observed stronger induction of the defense phytohormone jasmonic acid in exposed plants compared to controls. These findings document a novel class of plant-insect interactions mediated by the direct perception, by plants, of insect-derived olfactory cues. However, our previous study did not exclude the possibility that the fly emission (or its residue) might also deter insect feeding via direct effects on the herbivores. Results Here we show that the E. solidaginis emission does not (directly) deter herbivore feeding on Cucurbita pepo or Symphyotrichum lateriflorum plants—which have no co-evolutionary relationship with E. solidaginis and thus are not expected to exhibit priming responses to the fly emission. We also document stronger induction of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) in S. altissima plants given previous exposure to the fly emission relative to unexposed controls. No similar effect was observed in maize plants (Zea mays), which have no co-evolutionary relationship with E. solidaginis. Conclusions Together with our previous findings, these results provide compelling evidence that reduced herbivory on S. altissima plants exposed to the emission of male E. solidaginis reflects an evolved plant response to olfactory cues associated with its specialist herbivore and does not involve direct effects of the fly emission on herbivore feeding behavior. We further discuss mechanisms by which the priming of HIPV responses documented here might contribute to enhanced S. altissima defense against galling. PMID:24947749

  2. Donor human milk bank data collection in north america: an assessment of current status and future needs.

    PubMed

    Brownell, Elizabeth A; Lussier, Mary M; Herson, Victor C; Hagadorn, James I; Marinelli, Kathleen A

    2014-02-01

    The Human Milk Banking Association of North America (HMBANA) is a nonprofit association that standardizes and facilitates the establishment and operation of donor human milk (DHM) banks in North America. Each HMBANA milk bank in the network collects data on the DHM it receives and distributes, but a centralized data repository does not yet exist. In 2010, the Food and Drug Administration recognized the need to collect and disseminate systematic, standardized DHM bank data and suggested that HMBANA develop a DHM data repository. This study aimed to describe data currently collected by HMBANA DHM banks and evaluate feasibility and interest in participating in a centralized data repository. We conducted phone interviews with individuals in different HMBANA milk banks and summarized descriptive statistics. Eight of 13 (61.5%) sites consented to participate. All respondents collected donor demographics, and half (50%; n = 4) rescreened donors after 6 months of continued donation. The definition of preterm milk varied between DHM banks (≤ 32 to ≤ 40 weeks). The specific computer program used to house the data also differed. Half (50%; n = 4) indicated that they would consider participation in a centralized repository. Without standardized data across all HMBANA sites, the creation of a centralized data repository is not yet feasible. Lack of standardization and transparency may deter implementation of donor milk programs in the neonatal intensive care unit setting and hinder benchmarking, research, and quality improvement initiatives.

  3. Why Do Model Tropical Cyclones Grow Progressively in Size and Decay in Intensity after Reaching Maturity

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-08-17

    the distribution of azimuthally-averaged diabatic heating rate derived from the MM5 output. The coefficients of this equation are deter- mined by the...contributions to the intensification of Hurricane Opal as diagnosed from a GFDL model forecast. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1866–1881. Montgomery, M. T., M. E

  4. Running Simulations without Ruining Your Life: Simple Ways to Incorporate Active Learning into Your Teaching

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Glazier, Rebecca A.

    2011-01-01

    Despite the growing availability and popularity of simulations and other active teaching techniques, many instructors may be deterred from using simulations because of the potentially high costs involved. Instructors could spend a preponderance of their time and resources developing and executing simulations, but such an approach is not necessary.…

  5. Practices of and Roadblocks to Teacher Leadership in the United Arab Emirates' Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Al-Taneiji, Shaikah; Ibrahim, Ali

    2017-01-01

    This study investigates teachers' perceptions of their leadership practices in United Arab Emirates schools and the contextual and personal factors which support or deter them from becoming teacher leaders. The study used a mixed research design. First, a self-administered questionnaire was completed by 937 teachers in one big city in the UAE.…

  6. Can Games Help Creative Writing Students to Collaborate on Story-Writing Tasks?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jackson, David

    2017-01-01

    Story writing is a complex semantic and creative task, and the difficulty of managing it is made greater by attempting to write in collaboration with others. This complication can deter students from experimenting with collaboration before mastering their own practice in relative privacy. Such reticence is in spite of the fact that there are many…

  7. An Evaluation of American Board Teacher Certification: Progress and Plans

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Glazerman, Steven; Tuttle, Christina

    2006-01-01

    Education policymakers have long sought to establish teaching standards that will measure new or continuing teachers against these standards. The problem is, existing methods for certifying teachers have been criticized for being either so onerous as to deter good candidates or so lax as to keep weak teachers in the profession. To provide another…

  8. Teachers' Perceptions of Principals' Motivating Language and Public School Climates in Kuwait

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alqahtani, Abdulmuhsen Ayedh

    2015-01-01

    Research has shown that the overall climate in a school can encourage or deter learning. One significant factor promoting a positive climate is the use of motivational language by school leaders. This article presents empirical evidence of teachers' perceptions of motivational language used by school principals and the effects of this language on…

  9. Evaluation of Androgen Receptor Function in Prostate Cancer Prognosis and Therapeutic Stratification

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-01

    the DoD, CDMRP, PC073614 to SS and AD. We thank Thuy Nguyen and Petra Hirschmann for excellent technical support. REFERENCES 1 Siegel R, Naishadham D...3991-4002; PMID:19520778; http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/ en.2009-0573 33. Martin DN, Starks AM, Ambs S. Biological deter- minants of health disparities

  10. What Lies Ahead for America's Children and Their Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Finn, Chester E., Jr., Ed.; Sousa, Richard, Ed.

    2014-01-01

    The coming decade holds immense potential for dramatic improvement in US education and in the achievement of American children--provided that people seize the opportunities at hand and are not deterred by the obstacles to change. In this volume, members of the Hoover Institution's Koret Task Force on K-12 Education examine both the potential gains…

  11. Irregular Warfare (IW) Joint Operating Concept (JOC), Version 1.0

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-09-11

    disruptive challenges. Key portions of the guidance relating to IW include: • Improving proficiency against irregular challenges. • Redefining past...12 Remarks at the Joint Worldwide Planning Conference, Edelweiss Conference Center Garmisch, Germany, 30 November...Requirements associated with GWOT and IW include: • Steady-state – deter and defend against external transnational terrorist attacks, enable

  12. New Rules Will Push Colleges to Rethink Tactics against Student Pirates

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lipka, Sara

    2009-01-01

    Colleges have deployed various tactics over the years to deter illegal file sharing, usually of commercial music and movies, by their students. This month, the U.S. Department of Education will begin crafting regulations that specify strategies, a prospect that is making some campus officials wonder if plans they have already invested in will pass…

  13. Good for the Goose, Good for the Gander; A Coast Guard Model for the Thousand-Ship Navy

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-10-23

    deterring those who threaten them. On receiving the Department of State’s 2002 George Schultz Service Award, then Coast Guard Commandant Admiral James...for Homeland Security, Washington, D.C.: Office of Homeland Security, 2002. Vego, Milan , “Major Operations in the Littorals: NWC 1008,” U.S. Naval

  14. Teaching the Interactionist Model of Ethics: Two Brief Case Studies

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tomlinson, Edward C.

    2009-01-01

    This article draws on the interactionist model of ethics as a framework to help students answer two key questions they will confront in their future careers: (a) How can I, as a professional manager, deter clearly unethical behavior among my subordinates? and (b) How can I avoid engaging in clearly unethical behavior myself? For each of these…

  15. Ambiguity as Deliberate Strategy: The "De-Politicized" Discourse of National Identity in the Taiwanese Citizenship Curriculum

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hung, Cheng-Yu

    2016-01-01

    This article aims to investigate how the discourse on national identity is approached in the new Taiwanese citizenship curriculum. The differing opinions on Taiwan's relationship with China and the constant threat from this rising superpower have deterred the explicit promotion of either a Taiwanese or Chinese identity. The new curriculum follows…

  16. Making The Case: A Fact Sheet on Children and Youth on Out-of-School Time

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wellesley Centers for Women, 2006

    2006-01-01

    Research on school-age children (those between the ages of 5 and 12) indicates that an estimated 4 million regularly spend time without adult supervision. There is growing evidence that quality out-of-school opportunities matter, complementing environments created by schools and families and providing important "nutrients" that deter failure and…

  17. The Cost of Freedom: Speech in the Courtroom.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brownlee, Don; Brownlee, Suzan

    The political trials of the past two decades have shown the misuse and abuse of judicial summary contempt power in limiting individual liberty. The primary justification offered for use of the contempt power has been the need to deter obstruction of the administration of justice. The trials of the Chicago 7 and the Black Panthers were intricately…

  18. Youth Civic Engagement: An Institutional Turn. Circle Working Paper 45

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Levine, Peter, Ed.; Youniss, James

    2006-01-01

    The papers in this collection were written by an interdisciplinary group to address two main questions: What conditions deter young 'involvement in politics and civic life? What reforms could enhance youth engagement? Most of the contributors met face-to-face in Washington, DC in March 2005 to discuss their papers and the general issue of youth…

  19. Does Correct Answer Distribution Influence Student Choices When Writing Multiple Choice Examinations?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Carnegie, Jacqueline A.

    2017-01-01

    Summative evaluation for large classes of first- and second-year undergraduate courses often involves the use of multiple choice question (MCQ) exams in order to provide timely feedback. Several versions of those exams are often prepared via computer-based question scrambling in an effort to deter cheating. An important parameter to consider when…

  20. Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used for the culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The use of biofloc technology production systems continues to increase in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Recent research demonstrated that outdoor biofloc systems can be used to produce high yields of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). However, studies have not yet been performed to deter...

  1. Government Collection of Private Information: Background and Issues Related to the USA PATRIOT Act Reauthorization

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-03-02

    3 History of Congressional Action ...discussed in this report have the potential to constitute a search as that term is defined in Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Namely, government action ...unchecked surveillance power. Nor must the fear of unauthorized official eavesdropping deter vigorous citizen dissent and discussion of Government action in

  2. Parental Monitoring during Early Adolescence Deters Adolescent Sexual Initiation: Discrete-Time Survival Mixture Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Huang, David Y. C.; Murphy, Debra A.; Hser, Yih-Ing

    2011-01-01

    We used discrete-time survival mixture modeling to examine 5,305 adolescents from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth regarding the impact of parental monitoring during early adolescence (ages 14-16) on initiation of sexual intercourse and problem behavior engagement (ages 14-23). Four distinctive parental-monitoring groups were…

  3. Preventing School Bullying: Should Schools Prioritize an Authoritative School Discipline Approach over Security Measures?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gerlinger, Julie; Wo, James C.

    2016-01-01

    A common response to school violence features the use of security measures to deter serious and violent incidents. However, a second approach, based on school climate theory, suggests that schools exhibiting authoritative school discipline (i.e., high structure and support) might more effectively reduce school disorder. We tested these approaches…

  4. Protracted Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Effects upon Primate Performance

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1977-12-01

    61 G. Dosimetry ................................ ............. 74 NTiS Whife Sectle ) U A N O U C E D JUSTIFICATION...AECL facility. Standard dosimetry techniques were utilized during radiation expo- sur.. In addition, extensive preexposure calibration was conducted...During each of the epochs, the five basic variables were deter- mined. These calculations were accomplished on an analog computer, Electronics Associates

  5. Maritime security report number 3. September 1996 [U.S. Coast Guard issues passenger vessel and terminal security inspection regulations; international perspectives on maritime security; first Inter-American course on port security

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1996-09-01

    While most issues of the Maritime Security Report deal with the security situation in geographic area, the articles in this issue deal with publications, training courses, and policy developments which contribute to deterring opportunities for crimin...

  6. Web-PE: Internet-Delivered Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-10-01

    order to meet the growing demand for effective and efficient treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) in a timely manner. Web-treatments...posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) in a timely manner. Effective EBTs for PTSD are available, but barriers to accessing care can deter military...Exposure, combat, psychological treatment, military, psychotherapy, trauma, posttraumatic stress , posttraumatic stress disorder 16. SECURITY

  7. 17 CFR Appendix B to Part 37 - Guidance on Compliance With Core Principles

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ..., resources and authority to detect and deter abuses by effectively and affirmatively enforcing its rules... privileges but having no, or only nominal equity, in the facility and non-member market participants or, in... transparent to the member or market participant. Core Principle 3 of section 5a(d) of the Act: MONITORING OF...

  8. Volatile profile of aromatic and non-aromatic rice cultivars using SPME/GC-MS

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is enjoyed by many people as a staple food because of its flavor and texture. Some cultivars, like scented rice, are preferred over others due to their distinctive aroma and flavor. The volatile profile of rice has been explored by many investigators, some of whom have deter...

  9. Anointing chemicals and ectoparasites: responses by ticks and mosquitoes to Citrus (Rutaceae) peel exudates and monoterpene constituents

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Some birds and mammals rub their feathers or fur with the fruits or leaves of Citrus spp. or other Rutaceae, presumably to deter ectoparasites. We measured avoidance and other responses by the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) to lemon peel exudate a...

  10. Synomones of two sympatric species deter attack by the pine engraver, Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

    Treesearch

    John H. Borde; D.R. Delvin; Dan R. Miller

    1991-01-01

    The capture of pine engravers, Ips pini (Say), in ipdienol-baited, multiple-funnel traps in British Columbia was significantly reduced when devices releasing ipsenol or verbenone were placed in the traps. These results suggest that ipsenol and verbenone are synomones release by Ips latidens (LeC.) and the mountain pine beetle,

  11. JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Life Sciences

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1989-01-05

    Anticholinesterase Activity of Unsaturated Choline Phosphate Analogs [Yu. G. Gololobov, L. F. Kasukhin, et al; DOKLADY AKADEMIINAUK UKRAINSKOY SSR...studied. Figures 3; references 11:11 Russian. JPRS-ULS-89-001 5 January 1989 Biochemistry Anticholinesterase Activity of Unsaturated Choline...acid vinyl esters containing a quaternary atom of nitrogen or phosphorus were studied to deter- mine the anticholinesterase activity of unsaturated

  12. Turbidity alters pre-mating social interactions between native and invasive stream fishes

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Glotzbecker, Gregory J.; Ward, Jessica L.; Walters, David M.; Blum, Michael J.

    2015-01-01

    These findings suggest that elevated turbidity can increase pre-mating social interactions between native and invasive species, which could result in greater hybridisation and promote the genetic assimilation of native species following species introductions. Thus, integrating knowledge of species behaviour into conservation and management planning can help deter the establishment and spread of invasive species.

  13. What Preservice Teachers Can Learn from One Jim Crow Community Engagement Program

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Garry, Vanessa

    2017-01-01

    The discriminatory practices against African Americans during the Jim Crow era in St. Louis, Missouri did not deter Dr. Ruth Harris, the first African American female president of Stowe Teachers College (STC) in St. Louis, from accepting the challenge of leading the African American teachers' college from 1940 to 1954. Her appointment to President…

  14. Integrated planning for United Action in Phase Zero

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-05-24

    Allocations by Country Category and Objective .............. 24 Figure 9 - USAID Funtional Bureau DCHA Organization...interagency activities are performed to dissuade or deter potential adversaries and to assure or solidify relationships with friends and allies. They...Shaping Operations, it must be recognized that a cluster of capabilities are described as central for both and found in each. The relationship

  15. Understanding chain-of-custody certification in the Appalachian hardwood region: Primary manufacturers' practices and perceptions

    Treesearch

    Iris B. Montague

    2011-01-01

    Many obstacles may deter hardwood manufacturers from obtaining chain-of-custody certification. Because the hardwood and softwood forest products industries have many differences between them, current certification systems may not fit the unique demographics of the hardwood industry. For this reason, it is important to understand chain-of-custody certification as it...

  16. In-School Suspension: An Effective Deterent of Student Misbehavior or Just Another Form of Discipline

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roach, William Farris, Jr.

    2012-01-01

    This qualitative study sought to better understand the lived experiences of students, teachers, and administrators with regards to the In-School Suspension program. This study was grounded in a theoretical framework which included basic concepts of behaviorism and social exchange theory. With these theories this research study sought to explain…

  17. An Evaluation of in Vivo Desensitization and Video Modeling to Increase Compliance with Dental Procedures in Persons with Mental Retardation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Conyers, Carole; Miltenberger, Raymond G.; Peterson, Blake; Gubin, Amber; Jurgens, Mandy; Selders, Andrew; Dickinson, Jessica; Barenz, Rebecca

    2004-01-01

    Fear of dental procedures deters many individuals with mental retardation from accepting dental treatment. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of two procedures, in vivo desensitization and video modeling, for increasing compliance with dental procedures in participants with severe or profound mental retardation. Desensitization…

  18. The Law and Juvenile Justice for People of Color in Elementary and Secondary Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brown, Frank; Russo, Charles J.; Hunter, Richard C.

    2002-01-01

    Recent crime control laws have negatively impacted children of color, imposing a form of social control. Increased laws and punishments have not deterred juvenile delinquents but rather increased the number of criminals. Recommends teaching children about the justice system through education on the Constitution, thus encouraging them to obey the…

  19. Effects of Long Duration Noise Exposure on Hearing and Health

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1975-11-01

    experiments. What we want to do is to deter- mine the exposure that will produce a measurable hair cell loss. The only trouble is that this isn’t the...Bristol Britannia built by Canadalr Limited of Montreal, has been in operation with the Canadian Forces (CF) since 1957 as a long-range maritime patrol

  20. School-Police Partnership Effectiveness in Urban Schools: An Analysis of New York City's Impact Schools Initiative

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brady, Kevin P.; Balmer, Sharon; Phenix, Deinya

    2007-01-01

    Despite nationwide decreases in school crime and violence, a relatively high and increasing number of students report feeling unsafe at school. In response, some school officials are implementing school-police partnerships, especially in urban areas, as an effort to deter criminal activity and violence in schools. This article examines the initial…

  1. Determinants of Preventive Health Behavior in Relation to Cervical Cancer Screening among the Female Population of Belgrade

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Matejic, Bojana; Vukovic, Dejana; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Kesic, Vesna; Markovic, Milica

    2011-01-01

    Identifying the factors that deter or stimulate the women to participate in screening activities is very important in order to design effective education and motivation strategies, particularly in the countries without an organized system. The study employed a case-control design. The participants were recruited in four primary health care…

  2. Deterring Drinking and Driving: The Australian Approach.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Berger, Dale E.; Berger, Peggy M.

    This paper begins by noting that recent efforts in the United States to reduce the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving have not been very effective and suggests that for efforts to be effective, they must raise the actual risk of punishment to a level that cannot be ignored by potential offenders. It then describes an effective system of…

  3. Utilizing Data on Academic Dishonesty at the University of New Mexico

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kloeppel, Kimmerly M.

    2011-01-01

    Academic integrity (AI) and academic dishonesty (AD) have been intensified areas of concern in higher education. This research study explored issues of students' AD at the University of New Mexico (UNM). With the rise in academic dishonesty, this study was conducted with the intention of determining how AD can be deterred or discouraged. Students…

  4. Israel’s Survival Instincts and the Dangers of Nuclear Weapons in Iranian Hands

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2008-01-01

    December 2005 when he argued in a speech to a conference of Islamic countries in Saudi Arabia that if Euro- peans established Israel out of guilt over the...deter a nuclear-armed Iran would be misplaced. The “Sadat” Military Option Israel’s military operations offer no panacea or easy solution to the

  5. 76 FR 28036 - Request for Comments and Announcement of Workshop on Standard-Setting Issues

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-13

    ... negotiated ex post? To what extent do concerns about antitrust liability deter ex ante disclosure or... reflects not only the ex ante market value of the patented invention, but also added value associated with...''). Third, they may require or allow ex ante disclosure of specific licensing terms as part of the standard...

  6. Peer Assessment in the Classroom Using Mobile Devices

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pellowe, William; Holster, Trevor; Lake, J.

    2014-01-01

    Peer feedback can engage the learning process, but collecting the survey data into a usable format can be time-consuming, which can deter classroom teachers from undertaking the kind of in-depth analysis for classroom research. To overcome this detriment, and in order to research the effects of learning by assessing, we created a peer feedback…

  7. Science Is Women's Work: Photos and Biographies of American Women in the Sciences.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gallop, Nancy

    Girls show an early interest in science, but are deterred from pursuing science careers as they get older due to society's stereotypes. This text identifies the many women in history who have made significant contributions to all scientific fields. The volume features the biographies of Maria Mitchell (Astronomer); Ellen Richards (Chemist,…

  8. The Role of Prevention in Deterring Teachers Bullied by Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mitchell, Linda Hunt

    2016-01-01

    Few past studies discuss the subject of bullying by students with their teachers as targets. Examining preventative measures to gain a more thorough understanding of the complex, behavioral issue needs to be addressed. As a starting point the purpose of this study is to examine the scope of the problem as well as the various preventative…

  9. 75 FR 30033 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office of Management and Budget Review...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-28

    ... intentionally contaminate the food supply would be deterred from entering the food production chain. Two, if FDA... might be used against them, from starting a business in the food supply chain. Persons who might... facilities that might be affected by a deliberate or accidental contamination of the food supply. Description...

  10. In Their Own Words: A Qualitative Study of the Reasons Australian University Students Plagiarize

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Devlin, Marcia; Gray, Kathleen

    2007-01-01

    The ways in which universities and individual academics attempt to deter and respond to student plagiarism may be based on untested assumptions about particular or primary reasons for this behaviour. Using a series of group interviews, this qualitative study gathered the views of 56 Australian university students on the possible reasons for…

  11. 76 FR 11980 - Stakeholder Input: Listening Session to Provide Information and Solicit Suggestions for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-04

    ... organisms to the surrounding water. Coatings used to deter organism growth on vessel hulls can release heavy metals and/or other biocides, which can lead to acute or chronic toxicity in non-targeted organisms. Bilgewater can contain oils, dissolved heavy metals, and other chemical constituents that can result in toxic...

  12. It's Easier than You Think! Exploring an Outdoor Pedagogy for Teaching Science

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hainsworth, Mark

    2018-01-01

    As well as providing a valuable and enjoyable experience for pupils, outdoor learning also enhances and contextualises learning in science by helping pupils understand science concepts. Teachers' lack of confidence in which aspects of the science curriculum they can actually teach outdoors deters them from venturing outside the classroom for…

  13. State of Outrage: Immigrant-Related Legislation and Education in Arizona

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Powers, Jeanne M.; Williams, Tiffany R.

    2012-01-01

    In April 2010, Arizona made national headlines when Governor Jan Brewer signed SB 1070, the "Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act" which was aimed at deterring illegal immigration to Arizona. SB 1070 is the most prominent of a series of laws and other state policies targeting immigrants in Arizona that date back to the…

  14. Determination of the Partition Coefficients of Organophosphorus Compounds Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-12-01

    have claimed an advantage to deter- mining values of k’ in 100% aqueous mobile phases by extrapolation of linear plots of log k’ vs. percent organic...im parti- cle size chemically bonded octadecylsilane (ODS) packing ( Alltech Econo- sphere). As required, this column was saturated with I-octanol by in

  15. Physical Fitness and the Stress Process

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ensel, Walter M.; Lin, Nan

    2004-01-01

    In the current paper we focus on the role of physical fitness in the life stress process for both psychological and physical well-being. The major research question posed in the current study is: Does physical fitness deter distress in a model containing the major components of the life stress process? That is, do individuals who exercise show…

  16. Public School Practices for Violence Prevention and Reduction: 2003-04. Issue Brief. NCES 2007-010

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jekielek, Susan; Brown, Brett; Marin, Pilar; Lippman, Laura

    2007-01-01

    School violence can lead to a disruptive and threatening environment, physical injury, and emotional stress, all of which can be obstacles to student achievement. Educators have responded to the perceived threat of school violence by implementing programs designed to prevent, deter, and respond to the potential for violence in schools. In…

  17. A Drosophila Gustatory Receptor Required for Strychnine Sensation.

    PubMed

    Lee, Youngseok; Moon, Seok Jun; Wang, Yijin; Montell, Craig

    2015-09-01

    Strychnine is a potent, naturally occurring neurotoxin that effectively protects plants from animal pests by deterring feeding behavior. In insects, such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, bitter-tasting aversive compounds are detected primarily through a family of gustatory receptors (GRs), which are expressed in gustatory receptor neurons. We previously described multiple GRs that eliminate the behavioral avoidance to all bitter compounds tested, with the exception of strychnine. Here, we report the identity of a strychnine receptor, referred to as GR47a. We generated a mutation in Gr47a and found that it eliminated strychnine repulsion and strychnine-induced action potentials. GR47a was narrowly tuned, as the responses to other avoidance compounds were unaffected in the mutant animals. This analysis supports an emerging model that Drosophila GRs fall broadly into two specificity classes-one class is comprised of core receptors that are broadly required, whereas the other class, which includes GR47a, consists of narrowly tuned receptors that define chemical specificity. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  18. Optimizing Micromixer Surfaces To Deter Biofouling.

    PubMed

    Waters, James T; Liu, Ya; Li, Like; Balazs, Anna C

    2018-03-07

    Using computational modeling, we show that the dynamic interplay between a flowing fluid and the appropriately designed surface relief pattern can inhibit the fouling of the substrate. We specifically focus on surfaces that are decorated with three-dimensional (3D) chevron or sawtooth "micromixer" patterns and model the fouling agents (e.g., cells) as spherical microcapsules. The interaction between the imposed shear flow and the chevrons on the surface generates 3D vortices in the system. We pinpoint a range of shear rates where the forces from these vortices can rupture the bonds between the two mobile microcapsules near the surface. Notably, the patterned surface offers fewer points of attachment than a flat substrate, and the shear flows readily transport the separated capsules away from the layer. We contrast the performance of surfaces that encompass rectangular posts, chevrons, and asymmetric sawtooth patterns and thereby identify the geometric factors that cause the sawtooth structure to be most effective at disrupting the bonding between the capsules. By breaking up nascent clusters of contaminant cells, these 3D relief patterns can play a vital role in disrupting the biofouling of surfaces immersed in flowing fluids.

  19. Coordinated Community Intervention for Domestic Violence: The Effects of Arrest and Prosecution on Recidivism of Woman Abuse Perpetrators.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tolman, Richard M.; Weisz, Arlene

    1995-01-01

    Reports results of a study on the effectiveness of a coordinated community intervention to reduce domestic violence in DuPage County, IL. Logistic regression analysis indicated that arrest significantly deterred subsequent domestic violence incidents over an 18-month follow-up period, especially with those with a previous history of police…

  20. Promoting a Culture of Integrity: A Study of Faculty and Student Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty at a Large Public Midwestern University

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stevens, Tanisha N.

    2012-01-01

    Research reveals that reducing academic misconduct requires an understanding of factors that influence the two key stakeholders in the epidemic: students who engage in academically dishonest behaviors and faculty who are charged with the responsibility of reporting and deterring the behavior (e.g., Prenshaw, Straughan & Albers-Miller, 2000).…

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