Alternative to antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra on membrane permeability and inhibition of efflux activity and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its in vitro time-kill activity.

PubMed

Chakotiya, Ankita Singh; Tanwar, Ankit; Narula, Alka; Sharma, Rakesh Kumar

2016-09-01

The multi-drug resistance offered by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics can be attributed towards its propensity to develop biofilm, modification in cell membrane and to efflux antibacterial drugs. The present study explored the activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra and one of its pure compounds, glycyrrhizic acid against P. aeruginosa and their mechanism of action in terms of the effect on membrane permeability, efflux activity, and biofilm formation were determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by using broth dilution technique. The minimum bactericidal concentrations were assessed on agar plate. The MIC of the extract and glycyrrhizic acid was found to be 200 and 100 μg ml(-1), respectively. The MBC was found to be 800 and 400 μg ml(-1) in the case of extract and glycyrrhizic acid, respectively. Time -dependent killing efficacy was also estimated. Flowcytometric analysis with staining methods was used to determine the effect of extract and glycyrrhizic acid at 2 × MIC on different physiological parameters and compared it with the standard (antibiotic). The growth of P. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited by extract and the pure compound. The herbal extract and the glycyrrhic acid were also found to effective in targeting the physiological parameters of the bacteria that involve cell membrane permeabilization, efflux activity, and biofilm formation. This study reports the antipseudomonal action of Glycyrrhiza glabra and one of its compound and provides insight into their mode of action. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Natural Glycyrrhizic Acid-Tailored Light-Responsive Gelator.

PubMed

Fang, Heshu; Zhao, Xia; Lin, Yuan; Yang, Song; Hu, Jun

2018-05-04

The construction of stimuli-responsive materials by using naturally occurring molecules as building blocks has received increasing attention owing to their bioavailability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Herein, a symmetrical azobenzene-functionalized natural glycyrrhizic acid (trans-GAG) was synthesized and could form stable supramolecular gels in DMSO/H 2 O and MeOH/H 2 O. Owing to trans-cis isomerization, this gel exhibited typical light-responsive behavior that led to a reversible gel-sol transition accompanied by a variation in morphology and rheology. Additionally, this trans-GAG gel displayed a distinct injectable self-healing property and outstanding biocompatibility. This work provides a simple yet rational strategy to fabricate stimuli-responsive materials from naturally occurring, eco-friendly molecules. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

[Simultaneous determination of five active constitutents in Xiaochaihu Tang by HPLC].

PubMed

Liu, Qingchun; Zhao, Junning; Yan, Liangchun; Yi, Jinhai; Song, Jun

2010-03-01

To establish a HPLC-PDA method for the determination of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin and glycyrrhizic acid in Xiaochaihu Tang. A Symmetry Shield RP18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5.0 microm) was used with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.01% H3PO4 in gradient elution. The detection wavelength was 251 nm,the flow rate was 0.45 mL x min(-1) and the column temperature was maintained at 30 degrees C. The accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity and linearity of this method met the requirements. The contents of the five effective fractions were determined simultaneously. The method is rapid,simple and accurate and it can be suitable for the determination of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin and glycyrrhizic acid in Xiaochaihu Tang simultaneously.

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis of licorice based on the simultaneous determination of saponins and flavonoids.

PubMed

Jiang, Zhenzuo; Wang, Yuefei; Zheng, Yunfeng; Yang, Jing; Zhang, Lei

2016-08-01

Licorice is among the most popular herbal medicines and frequently used in traditional medicine, food products, and cosmetics. In China, only Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. are officially used and are usually processed with honey prior to use. To maintain the quality of commercially available herbal products, a simple, rapid, and reliable ultra high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed to investigate the major active constituents of commercially available licorice products. Nineteen components were accurately determined, including eight triterpenoid saponins, one triterpene, and ten flavonoids. Subsequently, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed to further explore and interpret the experimental data. The results indicated that liquiritin apioside may be considered as a candidate index for the quality control of licorice as well as 18β-glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin. In addition, both 18β-glycyrrhizic acid and licorice-saponin G2 can be used for discrimination between crude and honey-processed licorice. Furthermore, using 18β-glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin as markers, this work revealed that the quality of licorice products may have declined in recent years. This highlights the need for additional effort focused on good agricultural practice during the processing of licorice. In summary, this study provides a valuable reference for the quality assessment of licorice. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Preparation, characterization and in vivo assessment of the bioavailability of glycyrrhizic acid microparticles by supercritical anti-solvent process.

PubMed

Sui, Xiaoyu; Wei, Wei; Yang, Lei; Zu, Yuangang; Zhao, Chunjian; Zhang, Lin; Yang, Fengjian; Zhang, Zhonghua

2012-02-28

In this study, glycyrrhizic acid (GA) microparticles were successfully prepared using a supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process. Carbon dioxide and ethanol were used as the anti-solvent and solvent, respectively. The influences of several process parameters on the mean particle size (MPS), particle size distribution (PSD) and total yield were investigated. Processed particle sizes gradually decreased as temperature and solution flow rate increased. In addition, processed particle sizes increased from 119 to 205 nm as GA concentration increased. However, CO(2) flow rate did not significantly affect particle size. The optimized process conditions were applied, those included temperature (65 °C), pressure (250 bar), CO(2) and drug solution flow rate (15 and 8 mL min(-1)), drug concentration in ethanol (20 mg mL(-1)). Microparticles with a span of PSD ranging from 95 and 174 nm, MPS of 128 nm were obtained, and total yield was 63.5%. The X-ray diffraction patterns of glycyrrhizic acid microparticles show apparent amorphous nature. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy results show that no chemical structural changes occurred. The in vitro dissolution tests showed that the GA microparticles exhibited great enhancement of dissolution performance when compared to GA original drug. Furthermore, the in vivo studies revealed that the microparticles provided improved pharmacokinetic parameter after oral administration to rats as compared with original drug. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Glycyrrhizic Acid in the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Literature Review

PubMed Central

Li, Jian-yuan; Cao, Hong-yan; Cheng, Gen-hong; Sun, Ming-yu

2014-01-01

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a triterpene glycoside found in the roots of licorice plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra). GA is the most important active ingredient in the licorice root, and possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. GA coupled with glycyrrhetinic acid and 18-beta-glycyrrhetic acid was developed in China or Japan as an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antiallergic drug for liver disease. This review summarizes the current biological activities of GA and its medical applications in liver diseases. The pharmacological actions of GA include inhibition of hepatic apoptosis and necrosis; anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions; antiviral effects; and antitumor effects. This paper will be a useful reference for physicians and biologists researching GA and will open the door to novel agents in drug discovery and development from Chinese herbs. With additional research, GA may be more widely used in the treatment of liver diseases or other conditions. PMID:24963489

The mechanism of hydrothermal hydrolysis for glycyrrhizic acid into glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-mono-β-D-glucuronide in subcritical water.

PubMed

Fan, Rui; Li, Nan; Xu, Honggao; Xiang, Jun; Wang, Lei; Gao, Yanxiang

2016-01-01

To improve the bioactivity and sweetness properties of glycyrrhizic acid (GL), the hydrothermal hydrolysis of GL into glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-mono-β-D-glucuronide (GAMG) in subcritical water was investigated. The effects of temperature, time and their interaction on the conversion ratios were analyzed and the reactions were elaborated with kinetics and thermodynamics. The results showed that GL hydrothermal hydrolysis was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by reaction time and temperature, as well as their interaction, and could be fitted into first-order kinetics. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the hydrolysis of GL was endergonic and non-spontaneous. The hydrolytic pathways were composed of complex consecutive and parallel reactions. It was concluded that subcritical water may be a potential medium for producing GAMG and GA. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Solubilization and stabilization of macular carotenoids by water soluble oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

PubMed

Apanasenko, Irina E; Selyutina, Olga Yu; Polyakov, Nikolay E; Suntsova, Lyubov P; Meteleva, Elizaveta S; Dushkin, Alexander V; Vachali, Preejith; Bernstein, Paul S

2015-04-15

Xanthophyll carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein play a special role in the prevention and treatment of visual diseases. These carotenoids are not produced by the human body and must be consumed in the diet. On the other hand, extremely low water solubility of these carotenoids and their instability restrict their practical application as components of food or medicinal formulations. Preparation of supramolecular complexes of zeaxanthin and lutein with glycyrrhizic acid, its disodium salt and the natural polysaccharide arabinogalactan allows one to minimize the aforementioned disadvantages when carotenoids are used in food processing as well as for production of therapeutic formulations with enhanced solubility and stability. In the present study, the formation of supramolecular complexes was investigated by NMR relaxation, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and optical absorption techniques. The complexes increase carotenoid solubility more than 1000-fold. The kinetics of carotenoid decay in reactions with ozone molecules, hydroperoxyl radicals and metal ions were measured in water and organic solutions, and significant increases in oxidation stability of lutein and zeaxanthin in arabinogalactan and glycyrrhizin complexes were detected. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Complexation of phospholipids and cholesterol by triterpenic saponins in bulk and in monolayers.

PubMed

Wojciechowski, Kamil; Orczyk, Marta; Gutberlet, Thomas; Geue, Thomas

2016-02-01

The interactions between three triterpene saponins: α-hederin, hederacoside C and ammonium glycyrrhizate with model lipids: cholesterol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) are described. The oleanolic acid-type saponins (α-hederin and hederacoside C) were shown to form 1:1 complexes with lipids in bulk, characterized by stability constants in the range (4.0±0.2)·10(3)-(5.0±0.4)·10(4) M(-1). The complexes with cholesterol are generally stronger than those with DPPC. On the contrary, ammonium glycyrrhizate does not form complexes with any of the lipids in solution. The saponin-lipid interactions were also studied in a confined environment of Langmuir monolayers of DPPC and DPPC/cholesterol with the saponins present in the subphase. A combined monolayer relaxation, surface dilational rheology, fluorescence microscopy and neutron reflectivity (NR) study showed that all three saponins are able to penetrate pure DPPC and mixed DPPC/cholesterol monolayers. Overall, the effect of the saponins on the model lipid monolayers does not fully correlate with the lipid-saponin complex formation in the homogeneous solution. The best correlation was found for α-hederin, for which even the preference for cholesterol over DPPC observed in bulk is well reflected in the monolayer studies and the literature data on its membranolytic activity. Similarly, the lack of interaction of ammonium glycyrrhizate with both lipids is evident equally in bulk and monolayer experiments, as well as in its weak membranolytic activity. The combined bulk and monolayer results are discussed in view of the role of confinement in modulating the saponin-lipid interactions and possible mechanism of membranolytic activity of saponins. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Effect of multicomponent environment on intestinal permeability of puerarin in biopharmaceutics classification system of Chinese materia medica].

PubMed

Liu, Yang; Wang, Gang; Dong, Ling; Tang, Ming-Min; Zhu, Mei-Ling; Dong, Hong-Huant; Hou, Cheng-Bo

2014-12-01

The evaluation of permeability in biopharmaceutics classification system of Chinese materia medica (CMMBCS) requires multicomponent as a whole in order to conduct research, even in the study of a specific component, should also be put in the multicomponent environment. Based on this principle, the high content components in Gegen Qinlian decoction were used as multicomponent environmental impact factors in the experiment, and the relevant parameters of intestinal permeability about puerarin were measured with using in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model, to investigate and evaluate the intestinal permeability of puerarin with other high content components. The experimental results showed that different proportions of baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid and berberine had certain influence on intestinal permeability of puerarin, and glycyrrhizic acid could significantly inhibit the intestinal absorption of puerarin, moreover, high concentration of berberine could promote the absorption of puerarin. The research results indicated that the important research ideas of permeability evaluation in biopharmaceutics classification system of Chinese materia medica with fully considering the effects of other ingredients in multicomponent environment.

Application of an amine functionalized biopolymer in the colonic delivery of glycyrrhizin: a design and in vivo efficacy study.

PubMed

Kumar De, Amit; Datta, Sriparna; Mukherjee, Arup

2013-01-01

In our current study, a newer amine functionalized guar gum derivative was studied for its efficacy in colonic drug delivery. Glycyrrhizic acid mono-ammonium salt was used as the model drug. Drug-loaded microparticles were formulated by ionic crosslinking using sodium tripolyphosphate. The Scanning Electron Microscopic study revealed spherical particles of sizes from 4.9 ± 3.8 μm to 6.9 ± 3.9 μm. The FT-IR studies presented a possible interaction between the drug and the polymer. The drug was encapsulated in amorphous form as observed from the powder X-Ray Diffraction studies. A cumulative drug release study was carried out in simulated gastric, intestinal, and colonic fluids. The cumulative drug release studies presented a burst release followed by a sustained release of the drug in simulated colonic fluid containing rat cecal contents. The drug-polymer ratio was optimised using a 3(2) factorial design by taking the amounts of glycyrrhizic acid (X1) and guar gum alkyl amine (X2) as the independant variables. The percent cumulative drug release at 240 mins (Q240), 720 mins (Q720), and at 1,440 mins (Q1440) were considered as the dependant variables. The efficacy of the optimized formulation was studied in a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced rat colitis model. The tissue's nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and myeloperoxidase activities were found to be much lower in the microparticle-treated group compared to free drug-treated group. The histology of the colonic tissue from the treated group of animals revealed almost no infiltration of inflammatory cells in the tissue for the microparticle-treated group of animals. The synthesized amine derivative of guar gum was found to be better in vitro with a better in vivo efficacy in the colonic delivery of glycyrrhizic acid monoammonium salt and can be considered as a newer modified biopolymer for colonic drug delivery.

Protective effects of glycyrrhizic acid against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.

PubMed

Sun, Xue; Duan, Xingping; Wang, Changyuan; Liu, Zhihao; Sun, Pengyuan; Huo, Xiaokui; Ma, Xiaodong; Sun, Huijun; Liu, Kexin; Meng, Qiang

2017-07-05

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a predictive factor of death from many diseases. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the protective effect of glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a natural triterpene glycoside, on NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice, and further to elucidate the mechanisms underlying GA protection. GA treatment significantly reduced the relative liver weight, serum ALT, AST activities, levels of serum lipid, blood glucose and insulin. GA suppressed lipid accumulation in liver. Further mechanism investigation indicated that GA reduced hepatic lipogenesis via downregulating SREBP-1c, FAS and SCD1 expression, increased fatty acids β-oxidation via an increase in PPARα, CPT1α and ACADS, and promoted triglyceride metabolism through inducing LPL activity. Furthermore, GA reduced gluconeogenesis through repressing PEPCK and G6Pase, and increased glycogen synthesis through an induction in gene expression of PDase and GSK3β. In addition, GA increased insulin sensitivity through upregulating phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. In conclusion, GA produces protective effect against NAFLD, due to regulation of genes involved in lipid, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sweetener preference of C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice

PubMed Central

Bachmanov, Alexander A.; Tordoff, Michael G.; Beauchamp, Gary K.

2013-01-01

Previous studies have shown large differences in taste responses to several sweeteners between mice from the C57BL/6ByJ (B6) and 129P3/J (129) inbred strains. The goal of this study was to compare behavioral responses of the B6 and 129 mice to a wider variety of sweeteners. Seventeen sweeteners were tested using two-bottle preference tests with water. Three main patterns of strain differences were evident. First, sucrose, maltose, saccharin, acesulfame, sucralose and SC-45647 were preferred by both strains, but the B6 mice had lower preference thresholds and higher solution intakes. Second, the amino acids D-phenylalanine, D-tryptophan, L-proline and glycine were highly preferred by the B6 mice, but not by the 129 mice. Third, glycyrrhizic acid, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, thaumatin and cyclamate did not evoke strong preferences in either strain. Aspartame was neutral to all 129 mice and some B6 mice, but other B6 mice strongly preferred it. Thus, compared with the 129 mice, the B6 mice had higher preferences for sugars, sweet-tasting amino acids and several but not all non-caloric sweeteners. Glycyrrhizic acid, neohesperidin, thaumatin and cyclamate are not palatable to B6 or 129 mice. PMID:11555485

Glycyrrhizic acid alters Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus latency, triggering p53-mediated apoptosis in transformed B lymphocytes

PubMed Central

Curreli, Francesca; Friedman-Kien, Alvin E.; Flore, Ornella

2005-01-01

Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked with all clinical forms of Kaposi sarcoma and several lymphoproliferative disorders. Like other herpesviruses, KSHV becomes latent in the infected cells, expressing only a few genes that are essential for the establishment and maintenance of its latency and for the survival of the infected cells. Inhibiting the expression of these latent genes should lead to eradication of herpesvirus infection. All currently available drugs are ineffective against latent infection. Here we show, for the first time to our knowledge, that latent infection with KSHV in B lymphocytes can be terminated by glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid compound earlier shown to inhibit the lytic replication of other herpesviruses. We demonstrate that GA disrupts latent KSHV infection by downregulating the expression of latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and upregulating the expression of viral cyclin and selectively induces cell death of KSHV-infected cells. We show that reduced levels of LANA lead to p53 reactivation, an increase in ROS, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which result in G1 cell cycle arrest, DNA fragmentation, and oxidative stress–mediated apoptosis. Latent genes are involved in KSHV-induced oncogenesis, and strategies to interfere with their expression might prove useful for eradicating latent KSHV infection and have future therapeutic implications. PMID:15765147

Glycyrrhizic acid alters Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency, triggering p53-mediated apoptosis in transformed B lymphocytes.

PubMed

Curreli, Francesca; Friedman-Kien, Alvin E; Flore, Ornella

2005-03-01

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked with all clinical forms of Kaposi sarcoma and several lymphoproliferative disorders. Like other herpesviruses, KSHV becomes latent in the infected cells, expressing only a few genes that are essential for the establishment and maintenance of its latency and for the survival of the infected cells. Inhibiting the expression of these latent genes should lead to eradication of herpesvirus infection. All currently available drugs are ineffective against latent infection. Here we show, for the first time to our knowledge, that latent infection with KSHV in B lymphocytes can be terminated by glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid compound earlier shown to inhibit the lytic replication of other herpesviruses. We demonstrate that GA disrupts latent KSHV infection by downregulating the expression of latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and upregulating the expression of viral cyclin and selectively induces cell death of KSHV-infected cells. We show that reduced levels of LANA lead to p53 reactivation, an increase in ROS, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which result in G1 cell cycle arrest, DNA fragmentation, and oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Latent genes are involved in KSHV-induced oncogenesis, and strategies to interfere with their expression might prove useful for eradicating latent KSHV infection and have future therapeutic implications.

Protective effect of the combinations of glycyrrhizic, ferulic and cinnamic acid pretreatment on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

PubMed Central

GAO, YUQIN; HAO, JIPING; ZHANG, HONGKAO; QIAN, GUOQIANG; JIANG, RENWANG; HU, JING; WANG, JIANING; LEI, ZHANG; ZHAO, GUOPING

2015-01-01

The aim of this study was to find an effective drug cocktail pretreatment to protect myocardial tissue of the heart from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The mechanisms underlying the effects of the drug cocktail were subsequently explored in order to expand the application of Dang-gui-si-ni-tang (DGSN), a Traditional Chinese Medicine. The active components of DGSN in the serum following oral administration were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were then analyzed to show the effect of the active components in the treatment of myocardial I/R injury. An L16 (44) orthogonal experiment was utilized to determine the most effective cocktail mix and the mechanism underlying the effect of this mix on myocardial I/R injury was investigated. It was observed that FCG, a mixture of glycyrrhizic (50 mg/kg), cinnamic (200 mg/kg) and ferulic (300 mg/kg) acid, was the optimal drug cocktail present in DGSN. This was absorbed into the blood following oral administration and was shown to decrease MDA levels and increase the activity of SOD. In conclusion, the findings suggest that FCG, a combination of active ingredients in the DGSN decoction, can be absorbed into the blood and protect the myocardium from I/R injury. PMID:25574212

Glycyrrhizic Acid Promotes M1 Macrophage Polarization in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Associated with the Activation of JNK and NF-κB.

PubMed

Mao, Yulong; Wang, Baikui; Xu, Xin; Du, Wei; Li, Weifen; Wang, Youming

2015-01-01

The roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza species (licorice) have been widely used as natural sweeteners and herbal medicines. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice on macrophage polarization. Both phenotypic and functional activities of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated by GA were assessed. Our results showed that GA obviously increased the cell surface expression of CD80, CD86, and MHCII molecules. Meanwhile, GA upregulated the expression of CCR7 and the production of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and NO (the markers of classically activated (M1) macrophages), whereas it downregulated the expression of MR, Ym1, and Arg1 (the markers of alternatively activated (M2) macrophage). The functional tests showed that GA dramatically enhanced the uptake of FITC-dextran and E. coli K88 by BMDMs and decreased the intracellular survival of E. coli K88 and S. typhimurium. Moreover, we demonstrated that JNK and NF-κB activation are required for GA-induced NO and M1-related cytokines production, while ERK1/2 pathway exhibits a regulatory effect via induction of IL-10. Together, these findings indicated that GA promoted polarization of M1 macrophages and enhanced its phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity. The results expanded our knowledge about the role of GA in macrophage polarization.

Evaluation on the concentration change of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizic acid in different formulations of Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang by the tri-level infrared macro-fingerprint spectroscopy and the whole analysis method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Aoxue; Wang, Jingjuan; Guo, Yizhen; Xiao, Yao; Wang, Yue; Sun, Suqin; Chen, Jianbo

2018-03-01

As a kind of common prescriptions, Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang (SGT) contains two Chinese herbs with four different proportions which have different clinical efficacy because of their various components. In order to investigate the herb-herb interaction mechanisms, we used the method of tri-level infrared macro-fingerprint spectroscopy to evaluate the concentration change of active components of four SGTs in this research. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR) can recognize the multiple prescriptions directly and simultaneously. 2D-IR spectra enhance the spectral resolution and obtain much new information for discriminating the similar complicated samples of SGT. Furthermore, the whole analysis method from the analysis of the main components to the specific components and the relative content of the components may evaluate the quality of TCM better. Then we concluded that paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizic acid were the highest proportion in active ingredients in SGT-12:1 and the lowest one in SGT-12:12, which matched the HPLC-DAD results. It is demonstrated that the method composed by the tri-level infrared macro-fingerprint spectroscopy and the whole analysis can be applicable for effective, visual and accurate analysis and identification of very complicated and similar mixture systems of traditional Chinese medicine.

Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates myocardial ischemic injury by the regulation of inflammation and oxidative state.

PubMed

Xu, Chongli; Liang, Caihong; Sun, Weixin; Chen, Jiandong; Chen, Xiaohu

2018-01-01

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a bioactive triterpenoid saponin isolated from the roots of licorice plants ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ), has been shown to exert a variety of pharmacological activities and is considered to have potential therapeutic applications. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effect of GA on myocardial ischemia (MI) injury rats induced by isoproterenol (ISO), and explore the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. The rats were randomized into five groups: control, ISO, ISO+diltiazem (10 mg/kg), ISO+GA (10 mg/kg), and ISO+GA (20 mg/kg). Electrocardiogram and histopathological examination were performed. Markers of cardiac marker enzymes (creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase), oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde [MDA]), and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were also measured in each group. Proteins involved in NF-κB and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway were detected by Western blot. GA decreased the ST elevation induced by MI, decreased serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and increased serum superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde activities. Furthermore, GA increased the protein levels of Nrf-2 and HO-1 and downregulated the phosphorylation of IκB, and NF-κB p65 in ISO-induced MI. These observations indicated that GA has cardioprotective effects against MI, and these effects might be related to the activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 and inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway in the myocardium.

Preparation and characterization of mucoadhesive nanoparticles of poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) containing glycyrrhizic acid intended for vaginal administration.

PubMed

Aguilar-Rosas, Irene; Alcalá-Alcalá, Sergio; Llera-Rojas, Viridiana; Ganem-Rondero, Adriana

2015-01-01

Traditional vaginal preparations reside in the vaginal cavity for relatively a short period of time, requiring multiple doses in order to attain the desired therapeutic effect. Therefore, mucoadhesive systems appear to be appropriate to prolong the residence time in the vaginal cavity. In the current study, mucoadhesive nanoparticles based on poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA) intended for vaginal delivery of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) (a drug with well-known antiviral properties) were prepared and characterized. Nanoparticles were generated by a solvent displacement method. Incorporation of GA was performed during nanoprecipitation, followed by adsorption of drug once nanoparticles were formed. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, Z-potential, morphology, drug loading, interaction of GA with PVM/MA (by differential scanning calorimetry) and the in vitro interaction of nanoparticles with pig mucin (at two pH values, 3.6 and 5; with and without GA adsorbed). The preparation method led to nanoparticles of a mean diameter of 198.5 ± 24.3 nm, zeta potential of -44.8 ± 2.8 mV and drug loading of 15.07 ± 0.86 µg/mg polymer. The highest mucin interaction resulted at pH 3.6 for nanoparticles without GA adsorbed. The data obtained suggest the promise of using mucoadhesive nanoparticles of PVM/MA for intravaginal delivery of GA.

Optimization of Bioactive Ingredient Extraction from Chinese Herbal Medicine Glycyrrhiza glabra: A Comparative Study of Three Optimization Models

PubMed Central

Li, Xiaohong; Zhang, Yuyan

2018-01-01

The ultraviolet spectrophotometric method is often used for determining the content of glycyrrhizic acid from Chinese herbal medicine Glycyrrhiza glabra. Based on the traditional single variable approach, four extraction parameters of ammonia concentration, ethanol concentration, circumfluence time, and liquid-solid ratio are adopted as the independent extraction variables. In the present work, central composite design of four factors and five levels is applied to design the extraction experiments. Subsequently, the prediction models of response surface methodology, artificial neural networks, and genetic algorithm-artificial neural networks are developed to analyze the obtained experimental data, while the genetic algorithm is utilized to find the optimal extraction parameters for the above well-established models. It is found that the optimization of extraction technology is presented as ammonia concentration 0.595%, ethanol concentration 58.45%, return time 2.5 h, and liquid-solid ratio 11.065 : 1. Under these conditions, the model predictive value is 381.24 mg, the experimental average value is 376.46 mg, and the expectation discrepancy is 4.78 mg. For the first time, a comparative study of these three approaches is conducted for the evaluation and optimization of the effects of the extraction independent variables. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the combinational method of genetic algorithm and artificial neural networks provides a more reliable and more accurate strategy for design and optimization of glycyrrhizic acid extraction from Glycyrrhiza glabra. PMID:29887907

Modulation expression of tumor necrosis factor α in the radiation-induced lung injury by glycyrrhizic acid.

PubMed

Refahi, Soheila; Pourissa, Masoud; Zirak, Mohammad Reza; Hadadi, GholamHassan

2015-01-01

To evaluate the ability of glycyrrhizic acid (GLA) to reduce the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), release on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein production in the lungs using GLA in response to irradiation were studied. The animals were divided into four groups: No treatment (NT group), GLA treatment only (GLA group), irradiation only (XRT group), and GLA treatment plus irradiation (GLA/XRT group). Rats were killed at different time points. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of TNF-α in the lungs (compared with non-irradiated lungs). An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) assay was used to measure the TNF-α protein level. The TNF-α mRNA expression in the lungs of the XRT rats was clearly higher at all-time points compared to the NT rats. The TNF-α mRNA expression in the lungs of the GLA/XRT rats was lower at all-time points compared to the XRT rats. Release of the TNF-α on protein level in the lungs of the XRT rats increased at all-time points compared to the NT rats. In contrast to the XRT rats, the lungs of the GLA/XRT rats revealed a reduction on TNF-α protein level at 6 h after irradiation. This study has clearly showed the immediate down-regulation of the TNF-α mRNA and protein production in the lungs using GLA in response to irradiation.

Modulation expression of tumor necrosis factor α in the radiation-induced lung injury by glycyrrhizic acid

PubMed Central

Refahi, Soheila; Pourissa, Masoud; Zirak, Mohammad Reza; Hadadi, GholamHassan

2015-01-01

To evaluate the ability of glycyrrhizic acid (GLA) to reduce the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), release on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein production in the lungs using GLA in response to irradiation were studied. The animals were divided into four groups: No treatment (NT group), GLA treatment only (GLA group), irradiation only (XRT group), and GLA treatment plus irradiation (GLA/XRT group). Rats were killed at different time points. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of TNF-α in the lungs (compared with non-irradiated lungs). An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) assay was used to measure the TNF-α protein level. The TNF-α mRNA expression in the lungs of the XRT rats was clearly higher at all-time points compared to the NT rats. The TNF-α mRNA expression in the lungs of the GLA/XRT rats was lower at all-time points compared to the XRT rats. Release of the TNF-α on protein level in the lungs of the XRT rats increased at all-time points compared to the NT rats. In contrast to the XRT rats, the lungs of the GLA/XRT rats revealed a reduction on TNF-α protein level at 6 h after irradiation. This study has clearly showed the immediate down-regulation of the TNF-α mRNA and protein production in the lungs using GLA in response to irradiation. PMID:26170556

Optimization of Bioactive Ingredient Extraction from Chinese Herbal Medicine Glycyrrhiza glabra: A Comparative Study of Three Optimization Models.

PubMed

Yu, Li; Jin, Weifeng; Li, Xiaohong; Zhang, Yuyan

2018-01-01

The ultraviolet spectrophotometric method is often used for determining the content of glycyrrhizic acid from Chinese herbal medicine Glycyrrhiza glabra . Based on the traditional single variable approach, four extraction parameters of ammonia concentration, ethanol concentration, circumfluence time, and liquid-solid ratio are adopted as the independent extraction variables. In the present work, central composite design of four factors and five levels is applied to design the extraction experiments. Subsequently, the prediction models of response surface methodology, artificial neural networks, and genetic algorithm-artificial neural networks are developed to analyze the obtained experimental data, while the genetic algorithm is utilized to find the optimal extraction parameters for the above well-established models. It is found that the optimization of extraction technology is presented as ammonia concentration 0.595%, ethanol concentration 58.45%, return time 2.5 h, and liquid-solid ratio 11.065 : 1. Under these conditions, the model predictive value is 381.24 mg, the experimental average value is 376.46 mg, and the expectation discrepancy is 4.78 mg. For the first time, a comparative study of these three approaches is conducted for the evaluation and optimization of the effects of the extraction independent variables. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the combinational method of genetic algorithm and artificial neural networks provides a more reliable and more accurate strategy for design and optimization of glycyrrhizic acid extraction from Glycyrrhiza glabra .

[Simultaneous determination of principal components and related substances of raw material drug of ammonium glycyrrhizinate by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].

PubMed

Zhao, Yanyan; Liu, Liyan; Han, Yuanyuan; Li, Yueqiu; Wang, Yan; Shi, Minjian

2013-09-01

An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 18alpha-glycyrrhizic acid, 18beta-glycyrrhizinic acid, related substances A and B and drug quality standard by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was established. The assay was carried out on a Durashell-C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) with 10 mmol/L ammonium perchlorate (the pH value was adjusted to 8.20 with ammonia)-methanol (48:52, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.80 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. The column temperature was 50 degrees C and the injection volume was 10 microL. Under the separation conditions, the calibration curves of the analytes showed good linearities within the mass concentrations of 0.50 -100 mg/L (r > 0.999 9). The detection limits for 18alpha-glycyrrhizic acid, 18beta-glycyrrhizinic acid, related substances A and B were 0.15, 0.10, 0.10, 0.15 mg/L, respectively. The average recoveries were between 97.32% and 99.33% (n = 3) with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.05% and 1.06%. The method is sensitive, reproducible, and the results are accurate and reliable. The method can be used for the determination of principal components and related substances of ammonium glycyrrhizinate for the quality control of raw material drug of ammonium glycyrrhizinate.

The Mealiness and Quality of Herbal Medicine: Licorice for Example.

PubMed

Liu, Xueying; Hou, Weilong; Dou, Deqiang

2017-01-01

The morphological identification is an effective and simple quality evaluation method in Chinese drugs, and the traits of mealiness and color were widely used in the commercial market of Chinese drugs. The objective of this study was to explore the correlation between mealiness of herbal drugs and its quality; licorice was selected as an example. The mealiness of licorice was graded by its weight; meanwhile, the content of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection method; the content of polysaccharides, soluble sugars, pectin, total starch, amylose, and amylopectin was measured by colorimetric method; and the number and diameter of starch granule were observed by microscope. The results showed that the mealiness of licorice which collected from wild and cultivated plants is positively correlated with the content of glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, the ratio of amylose to total starch, and the number of starch granules whose diameter was over 5 μm. However, the mealiness is negatively correlated with the total starch. Further, the formation mechanism of starch granule was discussed. It is for the first time to report the positive correlation between the mealiness and the starch granule size, the ratio of amylose to total starch, which can provide rationality for the quality evaluation using the character of mealiness in herbal medicine. It is a convenient method to justify the quality of herbal medicine. To explore the correlation between mealiness of herbal drugs and its quality, licorice was selected as an example. The result indicated that the effective constituent is correlated with mealiness of licorice. Abbreviations Used: TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Piper sarmentosum is comparable to glycyrrhizic acid in reducing visceral fat deposition in adrenalectomised rats given dexamethasone.

PubMed

Fairus, A; Ima Nirwana, S; Elvy Suhana, M R; Tan, M H; Santhana, R; Farihah, H S

2013-01-01

Visceral obesity may be due to the dysregulation of cortisol production or metabolism that lead to metabolic disease. In adipose tissue, the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 regulates cortisol metabolism (11beta-HSD1). A previous study showed an increase in the visceral fat deposition in adrenalectomised rats given intramuscular dexamethasone. Glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) has been shown to reduce fat deposition because it is a known potent inhibitor of the 11beta-HSD1 enzyme. Piper sarmentosum (PS) is an edible medicinal plant commonly used in Asia as traditional medicine for treating diabetes, hypertension and joint pains. In this study, we determined the effects of PS extract on the disposition and morphology of perirenal adipocytes of adrenalectomised rats given intramuscular dexamethasone. A total of 21 male Spraque Dawley rats were adrenalectomised and given intramuscular dexamethasone, 120 μg/kg/day. These rats were further divided into three groups: adrenalectomised control (ADR+Dexa; n=7), GCA-treated (ADR+Dexa+GCA; dose=240 mg/kg/day; n=7) and PS-treated (ADR+Dexa+PS; dose=125 mg/kg/day; n=7) groups. The various treatments were given via gastric gavage following 2 weeks of adrenalectomy. Treatment with PS extract for 8 weeks showed decreased deposition of perirenal adipocytes which was similar to the GCA-treated group. However, PS-treated rats had thinner adipocyte membrane compared with that of the GCA-treated group. In conclusion, PS extract decreased perirenal fat deposition and reduced the diameter of the adipocyte membrane. However, the mechanisms of action needed further study.

Antibacterial Effects of Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Its Derivatives on Staphylococcus aureus

PubMed Central

Oyama, Kentaro; Kawada-Matsuo, Miki; Oogai, Yuichi; Hayashi, Tetsuya; Nakamura, Norifumi; Komatsuzawa, Hitoshi

2016-01-01

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in humans and causes serious problems due to antibiotic resistance. We investigated the antimicrobial effect of glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) and its derivatives against 50 clinical S. aureus strains, including 18 methicillin-resistant strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of GRA, dipotassium glycyrrhizate, disodium succinoyl glycyrrhetinate (GR-SU), stearyl glycyrrhetinate and glycyrrhetinyl stearate were evaluated against various S. aureus strains. Additionally, we investigated the bactericidal effects of GRA and GR-SU against two specific S. aureus strains. DNA microarray analysis was also performed to clarify the mechanism underlying the antibacterial activity of GR-SU. We detected the antimicrobial activities of five agents against S. aureus strains. GRA and GR-SU showed strong antibacterial activities compared to the other three agents tested. At a higher concentration (above 2x MIC), GRA and GR-SU showed bactericidal activity, whereas at a concentration of 1x MIC, they showed a bacteriostatic effect. Additionally, GRA and GR-SU exhibited a synergistic effect with gentamicin. The expression of a large number of genes (including transporters) and metabolic factors (carbohydrates and amino acids) was altered by the addition of GR-SU, suggesting that the inhibition of these metabolic processes may influence the degree of the requirement for carbohydrates or amino acids. In fact, the requirement for carbohydrates or amino acids was increased in the presence of either GRA or GR-SU. GRA and GR-SU exhibited strong antibacterial activity against several S. aureus strains, including MRSA. This activity may be partly due to the inhibition of several pathways involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. PMID:27820854

Glycyrrhizic acid attenuates growth of Leishmania donovani by depleting ergosterol levels.

PubMed

Dinesh, Neeradi; Neelagiri, Soumya; Kumar, Vinay; Singh, Sushma

2017-05-01

In the present study, glycyrrhizic acid (GA) the main component of Glycyrrhiza glabra was evaluated for its efficacy as antileishmanial agent and its mode of action explored. GA inhibits promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in a dose dependent manner at an IC 50 value of 34 ± 3.0 μM and 20 ± 4.2 μM respectively. GA was non-toxic against THP-1 macrophage host cell line. GA was found to inhibit recombinant Leishmania donovani HMG-CoA reductase (LdHMGR) enzyme at the half-maximum inhibitory concentration of 24 ± 4.3 μM indicating the sensitivity and specificity of GA towards the enzyme. However, GA could cause only 30% reduction in HMGR activity when measured in Leishmania promastigotes treated with 34 μM of GA. Interestingly western blot analysis revealed fivefold reduced HMGR expression in GLA treated promastigotes. To further study the mode of action of GA, we used transgenic parasites overexpressing LdHMGR. Results indicated that ∼2 fold resistance was exhibited by LdHMGR overexpressing promastigotes to GA with an IC 50 value of 74 μM compared to the wild type parasite. This explained the specific binding of GA to LdHMGR enzyme. There was ∼2 fold depletion in ergosterol levels in wild type promastigotes compared to the HMGR overexpressors. This data was further validated by exogenous supplementation of GA treated cells with ergosterol and 40% reversal of growth inhibition was observed. The results obtained suggested that GA kills the parasite by affecting sterol biosynthetic pathway, especially by inhibiting the L. donovani HMGR and altering ergosterol levels. The finding from the current study shows that GA is a potential antileishmanial chemotherapeutic agent. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rac1-Regulated Endothelial Radiation Response Stimulates Extravasation and Metastasis That Can Be Blocked by HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

PubMed Central

Hamalukic, Melanie; Huelsenbeck, Johannes; Schad, Arno; Wirtz, Stefan; Kaina, Bernd; Fritz, Gerhard

2011-01-01

Radiotherapy (RT) plays a key role in cancer treatment. Although the benefit of ionizing radiation (IR) is well established, some findings raise the possibility that irradiation of the primary tumor not only triggers a killing response but also increases the metastatic potential of surviving tumor cells. Here we addressed the question of whether irradiation of normal cells outside of the primary tumor augments metastasis by stimulating the extravasation of circulating tumor cells. We show that IR exposure of human endothelial cells (EC), tumor cells (TC) or both increases TC-EC adhesion in vitro. IR-stimulated TC-EC adhesion was blocked by the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin. Glycyrrhizic acid from liquorice root, which acts as a Sialyl-Lewis X mimetic drug, and the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 also reduced TC-EC adhesion. To examine the in vivo relevance of these findings, tumorigenic cells were injected into the tail vein of immunodeficient mice followed by total body irradiation (TBI). The data obtained show that TBI dramatically enhances tumor cell extravasation and lung metastasis. This pro-metastatic radiation effect was blocked by pre-treating mice with lovastatin, glycyrrhizic acid or NSC23766. TBI of mice prior to tumor cell transplantation also stimulated metastasis, which was again blocked by lovastatin. The data point to a pro-metastatic trans-effect of RT, which likely rests on the endothelial radiation response promoting the extravasation of circulating tumor cells. Administration of the widely used lipid-lowering drug lovastatin prior to irradiation counteracts this process, likely by suppressing Rac1-regulated E-selectin expression following irradiation. The data support the concern that radiation exposure might increase the extravasation of circulating tumor cells and recommend co-administration of lipid-lowering drugs to avoid this adverse effect of ionizing radiation. PMID:22039482

Simultaneous determination of 12 chemical constituents in the traditional Chinese Medicinal Prescription Xiao-Yao-San-Jia-Wei by HPLC coupled with photodiode array detection.

PubMed

Zhang, Hongmin; Chen, Shiwei; Qin, Feng; Huang, Xi; Ren, Ping; Gu, Xinqi

2008-12-15

An HPLC-photodiode array (PDA) detection method was established for the simultaneous determination of 12 components in Xiao-Yao-San-Jia-Wei (XYSJW): geniposide, puerarin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, liquiritin, hesperidin, naringin, paeonol, daidzein, glycyrrhizic acid, honokiol, and magnolol. These were separated in less than 70 min using a Waters Symmetry Shield RP 18 column with gradient elution using (A) acetonitrile, (B) water, and (C) acetic acid at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and with a PDA detector. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r(2)>0.9992) within the test ranges. The method was validated for specificity, accuracy, precision, and limits of detection. The proposed method enables in a single run the simultaneous identification and determination for quality control of 12 multi-structural components of XYSJW forming the basis of its therapeutic effect.

Determination the active compounds of herbal preparation by UHPLC-MS/MS and its application on the preclinical pharmacokinetics of pure ephedrine, single herbal extract of Ephedra, and a multiple herbal preparation in rats.

PubMed

Wang, Ju-Wen; Chiang, Meng-Hsuan; Lu, Chia-Ming; Tsai, Tung-Hu

2016-07-15

The herbal preparation Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang (MXGST) is a popular traditional Chinese formulation that has been used for the treatment of coughs and fevers. The potential active components of MXGST are ephedrine, amygdalin, and glycyrrhizic acid. The aim of this study was to develop a validated analytical method to measure these analytes in the herbal preparation MXGST using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to monitor m/z 166.1→148.1 for ephedrine ([M+H](+)), 475.2→163.0 for amygdalin ([M+NH4](+)), and 840.6→453.3 ([M+NH4](+)) for glycyrrhizic acid. The analytes were separated by a reverse phase C18 column (100×2.1mm, 2.6μm). The mobile phase consisted of 5mM ammonium acetate (0.1% formic acid) and 100% methanol (0.1% formic acid) with a linear gradient elution. Five brands of commercial pharmaceutical herbal products and a laboratory extract of MXGST were analyzed. Moreover, the modified UHPLC-MS/MS method was applied to the comparative pharmacokinetics of ephedrine in rats from the following three sources: (1) pure ephedrine, (2) an herbal extract of Ephedra, and (3) an herbal preparation of MXGST. Plasma samples from rats were prepared by protein precipitation, evaporation and reconstitution. The pharmacokinetic data showed that pure ephedrine was absorbed significantly faster than ephedrine of the Ephedra extract or the MXGST herbal preparation. However, the elimination half-life of ephedrine administered as the pure compound was 93.9±8.07min, but for ephedrine from the Ephedra extract and the MXGST, the half-lives were 133±17 and 247±57.6min, respectively. The area under the concentration curves (AUC) did not show significant differences among the three groups. These data suggest that the rest of the herbal ingredients in the Ephedra extract and the MXGST may provide a compensation effect that reduces the peak concentration of ephedrine and prolongs the elimination half-life. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An Unusual Case of Licorice-Induced Hypertensive Crisis.

PubMed

Ottenbacher, Ronovan; Blehm, Julie

2015-08-01

Black licorice induced hypertension is an uncommon cause of hypertension in modern times because newer types of licorice rarely use the active ingredients in licorice root in large quantities. However, certain licorices and candies still contain glycyrrhizic acid (GZA) in sufficient quantities to affect blood pressure and cause other health issues. A 65-year-old woman with previously well controlled hypertension on a single medication presented to the emergency room with acute, symptomatic hypertension with blood pressures running 200s/140s. Despite IV medications, her hypertension remained refractory to treatment. This prompted a hospital admission with treatment using nicardipine in the ICU. Her blood pressure was difficult to control without a short acting antihypertensive medication infusion. She required a seven-day hospitalization (five of which were in the ICU) until her symptoms and hypertension were controlled with a three-drug regimen. Labs were notable for potassium's running on the low side of normal and low levels of both renin (less than 0.6 with normal less than or equal to 0.6-3.0) and aldosterone (1.0 with normal 3-16 ng/dL). Ten days after discharge, she was having symptomatic hypotension and was seen in the clinic. She in fact was eating large amounts of Snaps licorice which uses its original 1930s recipe including licorice granules. Her licorice habit abruptly started six months prior and included a minimum of two to four boxes per day every day. The patient currently is doing well and is down to only two antihypertensive medications at lower doses. She has given up her licorice habit. Natural licorice is extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra root containing glycyrrhizin or glycyrrhizic acid (GZA). GZA inhibits the type 2 isoenzyme of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 β -HSD), which prevents local inactivation of cortisol, specifically in the renal collecting tubules. There is increased availability of cortisol to bind to renal mineralocorticoid receptors resulting in excess mineralocorticoid activity or pseudohyperaldosteronism. The patient may present with findings similar to primary aldosteronism: hypertension with sodium retention, edema, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and low plasma renin activity. Plasma aldosterone levels would be low (in primary aldosteronism it is elevated). Specific testing can be performed, but resolution of symptoms after the patient stops eating licorice strongly suggests the diagnosis.

[Scientific Evaluation of Crude Drugs and Kampo Medicines Using the Eastern Blotting Method and Its Application to Biological Metabolic Studies].

PubMed

Morinaga, Osamu

2018-01-01

　The scientific evaluation of crude drugs and kampo medicines (KMs) was demonstrated using the eastern blotting method with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against bioactive natural compounds. Scutellariae radix is one of the most important crude drugs used in KMs. Part of its pharmaceutical properties is due to the flavone glycoside baicalin (BI). A quantitative analysis method based on eastern blotting was developed for BI using an anti-BI MAb. A rapid, simple, sensitive, specific analytical system was subsequently established for BI with the eastern blotting technique using dot-blot and chemiluminescent methods. This system was useful as a high-throughput analytical method for the determination of BI in KMs as well as HPLC and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems. Furthermore, an eastern blotting method was applied to the biological metabolic study of glycyrrhizic acid (GL), the major active constituent of licorice, for investigation of metabolites of GL such as 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid (3MGA) because licorice causes pseudoaldosteronism as a side effect. This approach may make it possible to determine the pathogenic agents of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism.

Multi-parameters monitoring during traditional Chinese medicine concentration process with near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ronghua; Sun, Qiaofeng; Hu, Tian; Li, Lian; Nie, Lei; Wang, Jiayue; Zhou, Wanhui; Zang, Hengchang

2018-03-01

As a powerful process analytical technology (PAT) tool, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been widely used in real-time monitoring. In this study, NIR spectroscopy was applied to monitor multi-parameters of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Shenzhiling oral liquid during the concentration process to guarantee the quality of products. Five lab scale batches were employed to construct quantitative models to determine five chemical ingredients and physical change (samples density) during concentration process. The paeoniflorin, albiflorin, liquiritin and samples density were modeled by partial least square regression (PLSR), while the content of the glycyrrhizic acid and cinnamic acid were modeled by support vector machine regression (SVMR). Standard normal variate (SNV) and/or Savitzkye-Golay (SG) smoothing with derivative methods were adopted for spectra pretreatment. Variable selection methods including correlation coefficient (CC), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and interval partial least squares regression (iPLS) were performed for optimizing the models. The results indicated that NIR spectroscopy was an effective tool to successfully monitoring the concentration process of Shenzhiling oral liquid.

Study of an Acid-Free Technique for the Preparation of Glycyrrhetinic Acid from Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate in Subcritical Water.

PubMed

Lekar, Anna V; Borisenko, Sergey N; Vetrova, Elena V; Filonova, Olga V; Maksimenko, Elena V; Borisenko, Nikolai I; Minkin, Vladimir I

2015-11-01

The aim of this work was to study an application of a previously developed expedient acid-free technique for the preparation of glycyrrhetinic acid from ammonium glycyrrhizinate that requires no use of acids and toxic organic solvents. Subcritical water that serves as a reactant and a solvent was used in order to obtain glycyrrhetinic acid in good yields starting from ammonium glycyrrhizinate. It has been shown that variation of only one parameter of the process (temperature) allows alteration to thecomposition of the hydrolysis products. A new method was used for the synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrrhizic acid aglycone) and its monoglycoside. HPLC combined with mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy were used to determine the quantitative and qualitative compositions of the obtained products. The method developed for the production of glycyrrhetinic acid in subcritical water is environmentally friendly and faster than conventional hydrolysis methods that use acids and-expensive and toxic organic solvents. The proposed technique has a potential for the future development of inexpensive and environmentally friendly technologies for production of new pharmaceutical plant-based substances.

Transcriptome Analysis and Development of SSR Molecular Markers in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

PubMed Central

Liu, Yaling; Zhang, Pengfei; Song, Meiling; Hou, Junling; Qing, Mei; Wang, Wenquan; Liu, Chunsheng

2015-01-01

Licorice is an important traditional Chinese medicine with clinical and industrial applications. Genetic resources of licorice are insufficient for analysis of molecular biology and genetic functions; as such, transcriptome sequencing must be conducted for functional characterization and development of molecular markers. In this study, transcriptome sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform generated a total of 5.41 Gb clean data. De novo assembly yielded a total of 46,641 unigenes. Comparison analysis using BLAST showed that the annotations of 29,614 unigenes were conserved. Further study revealed 773 genes related to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites of licorice, 40 genes involved in biosynthesis of the terpenoid backbone, and 16 genes associated with biosynthesis of glycyrrhizic acid. Analysis of unigenes larger than 1 Kb with a length of 11,702 nt presented 7,032 simple sequence repeats (SSR). Sixty-four of 69 randomly designed and synthesized SSR pairs were successfully amplified, 33 pairs of primers were polymorphism in in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora Maxim. This study not only presents the molecular biology data of licorice but also provides a basis for genetic diversity research and molecular marker-assisted breeding of licorice. PMID:26571372

A review on the role of nutraceuticals as simple as se(2+) to complex organic molecules such as glycyrrhizin that prevent as well as cure diseases.

PubMed

Jose, Regi; Sajitha, G R; Augusti, K T

2014-04-01

Nutraceuticals are nutritional medicines which are present in edible food items. Most of them are antioxidants with various other biological properties viz, anti inflammatory, anti atherogenic, anticancer, anti viral, anti aging properties etc. They are as simple as minerals like Se(2+) to complex organic molecules such as glycyrrhizin (Ca(2+), K(+) salts of glycyrrhizic acid). They can prevent as well as cure various diseases. Most of the medical people are not aware of the importance of the nutraceuticals as such matters are not part of their text books. Many still think that vitamins are the major nutritional medicines. Actually other dietary principles like terpenes, carotenes, phytosterols, polyphenols, flavanoids, di and poly sulphides, their sulfoxides and their precursor amino acids are necessary to scavenge free radicals in the body which are reactive oxygen species to protect and maintain the vitamin levels in the body. They down regulate the activities of those enzymes which are increased in diseases and they increase those that remove oxidants and detoxify carcinogens. They are immune boosters too. Recently glucosinolates, non toxic alkaloids, certain proteins and even fiber are included in the list of nutraceuticals.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Major Constituents in Chinese Medical Preparation Lianhua-Qingwen Capsule by UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS

PubMed Central

Jia, Weina; Wang, Chunhua; Wang, Yuefei; Pan, Guixiang; Jiang, Miaomiao; Li, Zheng; Zhu, Yan

2015-01-01

Lianhua-Qingwen capsule (LQC) is a commonly used Chinese medical preparation to treat viral influenza and especially played a very important role in the fight against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003 in China. In this paper, a rapid ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS) method was established for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major constituents of LQC. A total of 61 compounds including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, anthraquinones, triterpenoids, iridoids, and other types of compounds were unambiguously or tentatively identified by comparing the retention times and accurate mass measurement with reference compounds or literature data. Among them, twelve representative compounds were further quantified as chemical markers in quantitative analysis, including salidroside, chlorogenic acid, forsythoside E, cryptochlorogenic acid, amygdalin, sweroside, hyperin, rutin, forsythoside A, phillyrin, rhein, and glycyrrhizic acid. The UPLC-DAD method was evaluated with linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, stability, repeatability, and recovery tests. The results showed that the developed quantitative method was linear, sensitive, and precise for the quality control of LQC. PMID:25654135

[Application of relative quality constant in grades evaluation of Glycyrrizae Radix et Rhizome pieces].

PubMed

Deng, Zhe; Jiao, Meng-Jiao; Zhang, Jun; Xian, Jing; Zhang, Qing; Chen, Chang; Wang, Yue-Sheng; Liu, An

2017-07-01

Quality constant evaluation is a comprehensive method for grades evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine pieces, but when it comes to Glycyrrizae Radix et Rhizome pieces, grades evaluation is diverged due to significant difference in contents of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid and unreasonable weight of index. To solve this problem, we have established a relative quality constant method in this paper to evaluate grades of Glycyrrizae Radix et Rhizome pieces. Twenty-nine batches of different quality samples were collected and tested, and finally, 17 batches of them were chosen as researcher objects. The results revealed that the range of the relative quality constant of these samples was from 1.78 to 11.49. When Glycyrrizae Radix et Rhizome pieces are divided into three grades: the relative quality constant of first grade is greater than or equal to 9.19; the second grade is greater than or equal to 5.75 but less than 9.19; while the third grade is less than 5.75. This research indicates that relative quality constant can divide the grades of herbal pieces in a scientific, reasonable, objective and specific way and remedy the shortage of quality constant perfectly. It provides a novel mode for grading pieces of Chinese medicine that contains multi-target ingredients. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Simultaneous quantification of multiple components in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Huangqi decoction.

PubMed

Zeng, Jia-Kai; Li, Yuan-Yuan; Wang, Tian-Ming; Zhong, Jie; Wu, Jia-Sheng; Liu, Ping; Zhang, Hua; Ma, Yue-Ming

2018-05-01

A rapid, sensitive and accurate UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of components of Huangqi decoction (HQD), such as calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, calycosin-glucuronide, liquiritin, formononetin-glucuronide, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, ononin, calycosin, isoliquiritigenin, formononetin, glycyrrhizic acid, astragaloside IV, cycloastragenol, and glycyrrhetinic acid, in rat plasma. After plasma samples were extracted by protein precipitation, chromatographic separation was performed with a C 18 column, using a gradient of methanol and 0.05% acetic acid containing 4mm ammonium acetate as the mobile phase. Multiple reaction monitoring scanning was performed to quantify the analytes, and the electrospray ion source polarity was switched between positive and negative modes in a single run of 10 min. Method validation showed that specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability for 14 components met the requirements for their quantitation in biological samples. The established method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of multiple components in rats after intragastric administration of HQD. The results clarified the pharmacokinetic characteristics of multiple components found in HQD. This research provides useful information for understanding the relation between the chemical components of HQD and their therapeutic effects. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Linear Ion Trap Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Shejin-Liyan Granule Supplements.

PubMed

Gu, Jifeng; Wu, Weijun; Huang, Mengwei; Long, Fen; Liu, Xinhua; Zhu, Yizhun

2018-04-11

A method for high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was developed and validated for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of Shejin-liyan Granule. According to the fragmentation mechanism and high-resolution MS data, 54 compounds, including fourteen isoflavones, eleven ligands, eight flavonoids, six physalins, six organic acids, four triterpenoid saponins, two xanthones, two alkaloids, and one licorice coumarin, were identified or tentatively characterized. In addition, ten of the representative compounds (matrine, galuteolin, tectoridin, iridin, arctiin, tectorigenin, glycyrrhizic acid, irigenin, arctigenin, and irisflorentin) were quantified using the validated HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS method. The method validation showed a good linearity with coefficients of determination (r²) above 0.9914 for all analytes. The accuracy of the intra- and inter-day variation of the investigated compounds was 95.0-105.0%, and the precision values were less than 4.89%. The mean recoveries and reproducibilities of each analyte were 95.1-104.8%, with relative standard deviations below 4.91%. The method successfully quantified the ten compounds in Shejin-liyan Granule, and the results show that the method is accurate, sensitive, and reliable.

Gap junction blockage promotes cadmium-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A derived from Buffalo rat liver cells.

PubMed

Hu, Di; Zou, Hui; Han, Tao; Xie, Junze; Dai, Nannan; Zhuo, Liling; Gu, Jianhong; Bian, Jianchun; Yuan, Yan; Liu, Xuezhong; Liu, Zongping

2016-03-01

Gap junctions mediate direct communication between cells; however, toxicological cascade triggered by nonessential metals can abrogate cellular signaling mediated by gap junctions. Although cadmium (Cd) is known to induce apoptosis in organs and tissues, the mechanisms that underlie gap junction activity in Cd-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A rat liver cells has yet to be established. In this study, we showed that Cd treatment decreased the cell index (a measure of cellular electrical impedance) in BRL 3A cells. Mechanistically, we found that Cd exposure decreased expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), increased expression of p-Cx43 and elevated intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration, corresponding to a decrease in gap junctional intercellular communication. Gap junction blockage pretreatment with 18β-glycyrrhizic acid (GA) promoted Cd-induced apoptosis, involving changes in expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and the mitochondrial transmembrane electrical potential (Δψm). Additionally, GA was found to enhance ERK and p38 activation during Cd-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, but had no significant effect on JNK activation. Our results indicated the apoptosis-related proteins and the ERK and p38 signaling pathways may participate in gap junction blockage promoting Cd-induced apoptosis in BRL 3A cells.

Rapid Analysis of Ingredients in Cream Using Ultrasonic Mist-Direct Analysis in Real-Time Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shimada, Haruo; Maeno, Katsuyuki; Kinoshita, Kazumasa; Shida, Yasuo

2017-07-01

A novel method for the simultaneous detection of ingredients in pharmaceutical applications such as creams and lotions was developed. An ultrasonic atomizer has been used to produce a mist containing ingredients. The analyte molecules in the mist can be ionized by using direct analysis in real time (DART) at lower temperature than traditionally used, and we thus solved the problem of normal DART-MS measurement using a high-temperature gas. Thereby, molecular-related ions of heat-unstable components and nonvolatile components became detectable. The deprotonated molecular ion of glycyrrhizic acid (m/z 821), which is unstable at high temperatures, was detected without pyrolysis by ultrasonic mist-DART-MS using unheated helium gas, although it was not detected by normal DART-MS using heated helium gas. The cationized molecular ions of derivatives of polyethylene glycol fatty acid monoesters, which are nonvolatile compounds, were also detected as m/z peaks observed from 800 to 2300. Although the protonated molecular ion of tocopherol acetate was not detected in ionization by ultrasonic mist, it was detected by ultrasonic mist-DART-MS even in the emulsion. It was not necessary to dissolve a sample completely to detect its ions. This method enabled us to obtain the composition of pharmaceutical applications simply and rapidly.

Development and validation of a sensitive and fast UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of seven bioactive compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of Guizhi-gancao decoction.

PubMed

Ji, Bin; Zhuo, Limeng; Yang, Bin; Wang, Yang; Li, Lin; Yu, Miao; Zhao, Yunli; Yu, Zhiguo

2017-04-15

Rapid, sensitive, selective and accurate UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and fully validated for simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, 2-methoxy cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritin in rat plasma after oral administration of Guizhi-gancao decoction. Plasma samples were processed with a simple protein precipitation technique using acetonitrile, followed by chromatographic separation using a Thermo Hypersil GOLD C 18 column. A 11.0min linear gradient elution was used at a flow rate of 0.2mL/min with a mobile phase of 0.1% acetic acid containing 0.2mM ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile. The analytes and internal standard, schisandrin, were detected using both positive and negative ion electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The developed method was validated for intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision whose values fell in the acceptable limits. Matrix effect was found to be minimal. Recovery efficiency of all the analytes was found to be >60%. Stability results showed that the analytes were stable at all the conditions. This validated method was successfully used to study the pharmacokinetics of multiple compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of Guizhi-gancao decoction. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers using acrylamide-β-cyclodextrin as a cofunctional monomer for the specific capture of tea saponins from the defatted cake extract of Camellia oleifera.

PubMed

Guo, Huiqin; Xiong, Jingjing; Ma, Wentian; Wu, Minghuo; Yan, Liushui; Li, Kexin; Liu, Yu

2016-11-01

Molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized using mixed tea saponins as a template and acrylamide-β-cyclodextrin as a cofunctional monomer for the specific binding and purification of tea saponins from the defatted cake extract of Camellia oleifera. The adsorption properties of the prepared polymers were systematically evaluated including adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and selective recognition characteristics. It showed that the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo first-order kinetic model (R 2 = 0.995) with an equilibrium time of 3 h, adsorption isotherm data fitted well with the Langmuir-Freundlich model (R 2 = 0.984) with an adsorption capacity of 14.23 mg/g. The relative selectivity coefficient (k´) in the presence of the analogues glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid were 1.16 and 17.21, respectively. The performance of the molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction materials was investigated and the results indicated that using acrylamide-β-cyclodextrin as a cofunctional monomer improved both the adsorption capacity and active sites stability of the imprinted polymers. The solid-phase extraction using the polymers as packing materials was subsequently applied for the separation of tea saponins in raw C. oleifera press extract, and targets were obtained with a purity reaching 89%. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Rapid screening of bioactive compounds from natural products by integrating 5-channel parallel chromatography coupled with on-line mass spectrometry and microplate based assays.

PubMed

Zhang, Yufeng; Xiao, Shun; Sun, Lijuan; Ge, Zhiwei; Fang, Fengkai; Zhang, Wen; Wang, Yi; Cheng, Yiyu

2013-05-13

A high throughput method was developed for rapid screening and identification of bioactive compounds from traditional Chinese medicine, marine products and other natural products. The system, integrated with five-channel chromatographic separation and dual UV-MS detection, is compatible with in vitro 96-well microplate based bioassays. The stability and applicability of the proposed method was validated by testing radical scavenging capability of a mixture of seven known compounds (rutin, dihydroquercetin, salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, glycyrrhizic acid, rubescensin A and tangeretin). Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied to the crude extracts of traditional Chinese medicine and a marine sponge from which 12 bioactive compounds were screened and characterized based on their anti-oxidative or anti-tumor activities. In particular, two diterpenoid derivatives, agelasine B and (-)-agelasine D, were identified for the first time as anti-tumor compounds from the sponge Agelas mauritiana, showing a considerable activity toward MCF-7 cells (IC50 values of 7.84±0.65 and 10.48±0.84 μM, respectively). Our findings suggested that the integrated system of 5-channel parallel chromatography coupled with on-line mass spectrometry and microplate based assays can be a versatile and high efficient approach for the discovery of active compounds from natural products. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Identification of a Multicomponent Traditional Herbal Medicine by HPLC-MS and Electron and Light Microscopy.

PubMed

Liu, Ju-Han; Cheng, Yung-Yi; Hsieh, Chen-Hsi; Tsai, Tung-Hu

2017-12-15

Commercial pharmaceutical herbal products have enabled people to take traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in a convenient and accessible form. However, the quantity and quality should be additionally inspected. To address the issue, a combination of chemical and physical inspection methods were developed to evaluate the amount of an herbal formula, Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang (XSLJZT), in clinical TCM practice. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method with electrospray ionization was developed to measure the herbal biomarkers of guanosine, atractylenolide III, glycyrrhizic acid, dehydrocostus lactone, hesperidin, and oleanolic acid from XSLJZT. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs and light microscopy photographs with Congo red and iodine-KI staining were used to identify the cellulose fibers and starch content. Furthermore, solubility analysis, swelling power test, and crude fiber analysis were contributed to measure the starch additive in pharmaceutical products. The results demonstrated large variations in the chemical components of different pharmaceutical brands. The SEM photographs revealed that the starch was oval, smooth, and granular, and that the raw herbal powder appears stripy, stretched, and filiform. The stained light microscopy photographs of all of the pharmaceutical products showed added starch and raw herbal powder as extenders. The developed chemical and physical methods provide a standard operating procedure for the quantity control of the herbal pharmaceutical products of XSLJZT.

Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates radiation-induced lung injury in mice

PubMed Central

Chen, Jinmei; Zhang, Weijian; Zhang, Lurong; Zhang, Jiemin; Chen, Xiuying; Yang, Meichun; Chen, Ting; Hong, Jinsheng

2017-01-01

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common complication of thoracic radiotherapy, but efficacious therapy for RILI is lacking. This study ascertained whether glycyrrhetinic acid (GA; a functional hydrolyzed product of glycyrrhizic acid, which is extracted from herb licorice) can protect against RILI and investigated its relationship to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smads signaling pathway. C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: a control group, a GA group and two irradiation (IR) groups. IR groups were exposed to a single fraction of X-rays (12 Gy) to the thorax and administered normal saline (IR + NS group) or GA (IR + GA group). Two days and 17 days after irradiation, histologic analyses were performed to assess the degree of lung injury, and the expression of TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad7 was recorded. GA administration mitigated the histologic changes of lung injury 2 days and 17 days after irradiation. Protein and mRNA expression of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3, and the mRNA level of Smad7, in lung tissue were significantly elevated after irradiation. GA decreased expression of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3 in lung tissue, but did not increase Smad7 expression. GA can protect against early-stage RILI. This protective effect may be associated with inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway. PMID:27672101

High-Mobility Group Box 1 Mediates Fibroblast Activity via RAGE-MAPK and NF-κB Signaling in Keloid Scar Formation.

PubMed

Kim, Jihee; Park, Jong-Chul; Lee, Mi Hee; Yang, Chae Eun; Lee, Ju Hee; Lee, Won Jai

2017-12-28

Emerging studies have revealed the involvement of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in systemic fibrotic diseases, yet its role in the cutaneous scarring process has not yet been investigated. We hypothesized that HMGB1 may promote fibroblast activity to cause abnormal cutaneous scarring. In vitro wound healing assay with normal and keloid fibroblasts demonstrated that HMGB1 administration promoted the migration of both fibroblasts with increased speed and a greater traveling distance. Treatment of the HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizic acid (GA) showed an opposing effect on both activities. To analyze the downstream mechanism, the protein levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, protein kinase B (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) were measured by western blot analysis. HMGB1 increased the expression levels of ERK1/2, AKT, and NF-κB compared to the control, which was suppressed by GA. HMGB1 promoted both normal and keloid fibroblasts migration to a degree equivalent to that achieved with TGF-β. We concluded that HMGB1 activates fibroblasts via the receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE)-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and NF-κB interaction signaling pathways. Further knowledge of the relationship of HMGB1 with skin fibrosis may lead to a promising clinical approach to manage abnormal scarring.

[About flavouring substances and flavouring preparations regulation in the field of manufacturing of flavourings and foodstuffs].

PubMed

Bagriantseva, O V; Shatrov, G N

2013-01-01

In article are given substantiation for modification of contemporary list of biologically active substances with undesirable toxicological qualities (namely included in this list of menthofuran, methyleugenol (4-Allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene), teucrin A, capsaicin, estragol1 (-Allyl-4-methoxybenzene) and excluded from the list of quinine, santonin, berberin) and developing the list of plants--natural sources of flavourings substances. The new criteria of European Union for including into the relevant for using in/on foodstuff list of flavouring substances, which was published in the Comission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 872/2012 concerning flavourings, listed the 11 flavouring substances for which have been established indexes of foodstuffs in manufacturing, which there are could using and criteria of their safety (caffeine, theobromine, neohesperidin dihydrocalcone, rebaudioside A, d-camphor, three quinine salts (FL 14.011, FL 14.152 and FL 14.155), glycyrrhizic acid and its ammoniated form, ammonium chloride, discussed the possibility of using R- and S-isomers of flavouring substances and L- and D-forms of aminoacids for preparing of flavours, are discussed. Improving of the system of safety using of flavourings in Russian Federation, harmonized with demands of European Union and FAQ/WHO, are, at first, connected with the necessity of reevaluation of the list flavouring substances, which could be use in/on foodstuff, developing of list of the plants--natural sources of flavourings substances and preparations and regulations of using flavourings preparations which can include biologically active substances.

Glycyrrhetinic acid exhibits strong inhibitory effects towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A3 and 2B7.

PubMed

Huang, Yin-Peng; Cao, Yun-Feng; Fang, Zhong-Ze; Zhang, Yan-Yan; Hu, Cui-Min; Sun, Xiao-Yu; Yu, Zhen-Wen; Zhu, Xu; Hong, Mo; Yang, Lu; Sun, Hong-Zhi

2013-09-01

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the inhibitory effects of liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid, which are the bioactive ingredients isolated from licorice. The results showed that glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited stronger inhibition towards all the tested UGT isoforms, indicating that the deglycosylation process played an important role in the inhibitory potential towards UGT isoforms. Furthermore, the inhibition kinetic type and parameters were determined for the inhibition of glycyrrhetinic acid towards UGT1A3 and UGT2B7. Data fitting using Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrated that the inhibition of UGT1A3 and UGT2B7 by glycyrrhetinic acid was best fit to competitive and noncompetitive type, respectively. The second plot using the slopes from Lineweaver-Burk plots versus glycyrrhetinic acid concentrations was employed to calculate the inhibition kinetic parameters (K(i)), and the values were calculated to be 0.2 and 1.7 μM for UGT1A3 and UGT2B7, respectively. All these results remind us the possibility of UGT inhibition-based herb-drug interaction. However, the explanation of these in vitro parameters should be paid more caution due to complicated factors, including the probe substrate-dependent UGT inhibition behaviour, environmental factors affecting the abundance of herbs' ingredients, and individual difference of pharmacokinetic factors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bioactive activities of natural products against herpesvirus infection.

PubMed

Son, Myoungki; Lee, Minjung; Sung, Gi-Ho; Lee, Taeho; Shin, Yu Su; Cho, Hyosun; Lieberman, Paul M; Kang, Hyojeung

2013-10-01

More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one human herpesvirus, which establish long-term latent infection for the life of the host. While anti-viral drugs exist that limit herpesvirus replication, many of these are ineffective against latent infection. Moreover, drug-resistant strains of herpesvirus emerge following chemotherapeutic treatment. For example, resistance to acyclovir and related nucleoside analogues can occur when mutations arise in either HSV thymidine kinase or DNA polymerases. Thus, there exists an unmet medical need to develop new anti-herpesvirus agents with different mechanisms of action. In this Review, we discuss the promise of anti-herpetic substances derived from natural products including extracts and pure compounds from potential herbal medicines. One example is Glycyrrhizic acid isolated from licorice that shows promising antiviral activity towards human gammaherpesviruses. Secondly, we discuss anti-herpetic mechanisms utilized by several natural products in molecular level. While nucleoside analogues inhibit replicating herpesviruses in lytic replication, some natural products can disrupt the herpesvirus latent infection in the host cell. In addition, natural products can stimulate immune responses against herpesviral infection. These findings suggest that natural products could be one of the best choices for development of new treatments for latent herpesvirus infection, and may provide synergistic anti-viral activity when supplemented with nucleoside analogues. Therefore, it is important to identify which natural products are more efficacious anti-herpetic agents, and to understand the molecular mechanism in detail for further advance in the anti-viral therapies.

Broad gap junction blocker carbenoxolone disrupts uterine preparation for embryo implantation in mice.

PubMed

Diao, Honglu; Xiao, Shuo; Howerth, Elizabeth W; Zhao, Fei; Li, Rong; Ard, Mary B; Ye, Xiaoqin

2013-08-01

Gap junctions have an important role in cell-to-cell communication, a process obviously required for embryo implantation. Uterine luminal epithelium (LE) is the first contact for an implanting embryo and is critical for the establishment of uterine receptivity. Microarray analysis of the LE from peri-implantation mouse uterus showed low-level expression of 19 gap junction proteins in preimplantation LE and upregulation of gap junction protein, beta 2 (GJB2, connexin 26, Cx26) in postimplantation LE. Time course study using in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence revealed upregulation of GJB2 in the LE surrounding the implantation site before decidualization. Similar dynamic expression of GJB2 was observed in the LE of artificially decidualized mice but not pseudopregnant mice. To determine the potential function of uterine gap junctions in embryo implantation, carbenoxolone (CBX), a broad gap junction blocker, was injected i.p. (100 mg/kg) or via local uterine fat pad (10 mg/kg) into pregnant mice on Gestation Day 3 at 1800 h, a few hours before embryo attachment to the LE. These CBX treatments disrupted embryo implantation, suggesting local effects of CBX in the uterus. However, i.p. injection of glycyrrhizic acid (100 mg/kg), which shares similar structure and multiple properties with CBX but is ineffective in blocking gap junctions, did not affect embryo implantation. Carbenoxolone also inhibited oil-induced artificial decidualization, concomitant with suppressed molecular changes and ultrastructural transformations associated with uterine preparation for embryo implantation, underscoring the adverse effect of CBX on uterine preparation for embryo implantation. These data demonstrate that uterine gap junctions are important for embryo implantation.

Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates radiation-induced lung injury in mice.

PubMed

Chen, Jinmei; Zhang, Weijian; Zhang, Lurong; Zhang, Jiemin; Chen, Xiuying; Yang, Meichun; Chen, Ting; Hong, Jinsheng

2017-01-01

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common complication of thoracic radiotherapy, but efficacious therapy for RILI is lacking. This study ascertained whether glycyrrhetinic acid (GA; a functional hydrolyzed product of glycyrrhizic acid, which is extracted from herb licorice) can protect against RILI and investigated its relationship to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smads signaling pathway. C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: a control group, a GA group and two irradiation (IR) groups. IR groups were exposed to a single fraction of X-rays (12 Gy) to the thorax and administered normal saline (IR + NS group) or GA (IR + GA group). Two days and 17 days after irradiation, histologic analyses were performed to assess the degree of lung injury, and the expression of TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad7 was recorded. GA administration mitigated the histologic changes of lung injury 2 days and 17 days after irradiation. Protein and mRNA expression of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3, and the mRNA level of Smad7, in lung tissue were significantly elevated after irradiation. GA decreased expression of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3 in lung tissue, but did not increase Smad7 expression. GA can protect against early-stage RILI. This protective effect may be associated with inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japan Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology.

Glycyrrhetinic acid suppressed hmgb1 release by up-regulation of Sirt6 in nasal inflammation.

PubMed

Chen, D; Bellussi, L M; Cocca, S; Wang, J; Passali, G C; Hao, X; Chen, L; Passali, D

2017-01-01

To extend our understanding of previous studies on the pathogenesis and mechanism of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), here we show that Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), one of the Sirtuin family members which are widely studied in aging, DNA repair, metabolism, inflammation and cancer, was expressed in normal nasal mucosa using immunohistochemical staining and Western blot assay. Sirt6 expression levels were decreased in CRSwNP tissue. Sirt6 expression levels were modulated by small interfering RNA transfection in human nasal epithelial cells (HNE). We found that depletion of Sirt6 suppressed the number of human nasal epithelial cell cilia, and dramatically induced HMGB1 translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm in the HNE cells. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GTA) are specific chemical compounds that may be isolated from the licorice plant. GTA has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity: it binds selectively to HMGB1 protein released extra-cellularly and inhibits its cytokine activities through a scavenger mechanism on the protein accumulation. In an in vitro study we used the 18-β-stereoisomer of GTA to enhance Sirt6 expression levels, inhibiting through this mechanism the translocation of HMGB1 protein from nucleus and reversing its extracellular accumulation stimulated by lipopolysaccharides. These findings reveal a previously unknown role for nasal mucosa steady-state conditions in the control of Sirt6 activity, and provide evidence for a relationship between HMGB1 and Sirt6 in CRSwNP, and promising benefits of glycyrrhetinic acid for CRSwNP patients.

[Optimize preparation of compound licorice microemulsion with D-optimal design].

PubMed

Ma, Shu-Wei; Wang, Yong-Jie; Chen, Cheng; Qiu, Yue; Wu, Qing

2018-03-01

In order to increase the solubility of essential oil in compound licorice microemulsion and improve the efficacy of the decoction for treating chronic eczema, this experiment intends to prepare the decoction into microemulsion. The essential oil was used as the oil phase of the microemulsion and the extract was used as the water phase. Then the microemulsion area and maximum ratio of water capacity was obtained by plotting pseudo-ternary phase diagram, to determine the appropriate types of surfactant and cosurfactant, and Km value-the mass ratio between surfactant and cosurfactant. With particle size and skin retention of active ingredients as the index, microemulsion prescription was optimized by D-optimal design method, to investigate the in vitro release behavior of the optimized prescription. The results showed that the microemulsion was optimal with tween-80 as the surfactant and anhydrous ethanol as the cosurfactant. When the Km value was 1, the area of the microemulsion region was largest while when the concentration of extract was 0.5 g·mL⁻¹, it had lowest effect on the particle size distribution of microemulsion. The final optimized formulation was as follows: 9.4% tween-80, 9.4% anhydrous ethanol, 1.0% peppermint oil and 80.2% 0.5 g·mL⁻¹ extract. The microemulsion prepared under these conditions had a small viscosity, good stability and high skin retention of drug; in vitro release experiment showed that microemulsion had a sustained-release effect on glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin, basically achieving the expected purpose of the project. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Spinal gap junctions: potential involvement in pain facilitation.

PubMed

Spataro, Leah E; Sloane, Evan M; Milligan, Erin D; Wieseler-Frank, Julie; Schoeniger, Diana; Jekich, Brian M; Barrientos, Ruth M; Maier, Steven F; Watkins, Linda R

2004-09-01

Glia are now recognized as important contributors in pathological pain creation and maintenance. Spinal cord glia exhibit extensive gap junctional connectivity, raising the possibility that glia are involved in the contralateral spread of excitation resulting in mirror image pain. In the present experiments, the gap junction decoupler carbenoxolone was administered intrathecally after induction of neuropathic pain in response to sciatic nerve inflammation (sciatic inflammatory neuropathy) or partial nerve injury (chronic constriction injury). In both neuropathic pain models, a low dose of carbenoxolone reversed mirror image mechanical allodynia, while leaving ipsilateral mechanical allodynia unaffected. Ipsilateral thermal hyperalgesia was briefly attenuated. Critically, blockade of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia was not observed in response to intrathecal glycyrrhizic acid, a compound similar to carbenoxolone in all respects but it does not decouple gap junctions. Thus, blockade of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia by carbenoxolone does appear to reflect an effect on gap junctions. Examination of carbenoxolone's effects on intrathecal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 showed that blockade of pain facilitation might result, at least in part, via suppression of interleukin-1 and, in turn, interleukin-6. These data provide the first suggestion that spread of excitation via gap junctions might contribute importantly to inflammatory and traumatic neuropathic pain. The current studies provide evidence for involvement of gap junctions in spinal cord pain facilitation. Intrathecal carbenoxolone, a gap junction decoupler, reversed neuropathy-induced mirror image pain and intrathecal gp120-induced allodynia. In addition, it decreased gp120-induced proinflammatory cytokines. This suggests gap junction activation might lead to proinflammatory cytokine release by distantly activated glia.

An automated method of on-line extraction coupled with flow injection and capillary electrophoresis for phytochemical analysis.

PubMed

Chen, Hongli; Ding, Xiuping; Wang, Min; Chen, Xingguo

2010-11-01

In this study, an automated system for phytochemical analysis was successfully fabricated for the first time in our laboratory. The system included on-line decocting, filtering, cooling, sample introducing, separation, and detection, which greatly simplified the sample preparation and shortened the analysis time. Samples from the decoction extract were drawn every 5 min through an on-line filter and a condenser pipe to the sample loop from which 20-μL samples were injected into the running buffer and transported into a split-flow interface coupling the flow injection and capillary electrophoresis systems. The separation of glycyrrhetinic acid (GTA) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) took less than 5 min by using a 10 mM borate buffer (adjusted pH to 8.8) and +10 kV voltage. Calibration curves showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (R) more than 0.9991. The intra-day repeatabilities (n = 5, expressed as relative standard deviation) of the proposed system, obtained using GTA and GA standards, were 1.1% and 0.8% for migration time and 0.7% and 0.9% for peak area, respectively. The mean recoveries of GTA and GA in the off-line extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch root were better than 99.0%. The limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of the proposed method were 6.2 μg/mL and 6.9 μg/mL for GTA and GA, respectively. The dynamic changes of GTA and GA on the decoction time were obtained during the on-line decoction process of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch root.

Comparative analysis of the main bioactive components of San-ao decoction and its series of formulations.

PubMed

Shu, Xiaoyun; Tang, Yuping; Jiang, Chenxue; Shang, Erxing; Fan, Xinshen; Ding, Anwei

2012-11-01

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was established for simultaneous determination of seven main bioactive components in San-ao decoction and its series of formulae (San-ao decoction, Wu-ao decoction, Qi-ao decoction and Jia-wei San-ao decoction). Seven compounds were analyzed simultaneously with a XTerra C(18) column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 µm) using a linear gradient elution of a mobile phase containing acetonitrile (A) and a buffer solution (0.02 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate and adjusted to pH 3 using phosphoric acid) (B); the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The sample was detected with DAD at 210, 254 and 360 nm and the column was maintained at 30 °C. All the compounds showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9984) in the tested concentration range. The precisions were evaluated by intra-day and inter-day tests, and relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values within the range of 0.83%–2.53% and 0.64%–2.77% were reported, respectively. The recoveries of the quantified compounds were observed to cover a range from 95.34% and 104.82% with R.S.D. values less than 2.72%. The validated method was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of seven main bioactive components including ephedrine (1), amygdalin (2), liquiritin (3), benzoic acid (4), isoliquiritin (5), formononetin (6) and glycyrrhizic acid (7) in San-ao decoction and its series of formulae. The results also showed a wide variation in the content of the identified active compounds in these samples, which could also be helpful to illustrate the drug interactions after some herbs combined in different formulations.

Simultaneous determination of five bioactive components in radix glycyrrhizae by pressurised liquid extraction combined with UPLC-PDA and UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS confirmation.

PubMed

Zhou, Shujun; Cao, Jiliang; Qiu, Feng; Kong, Weijun; Yang, Shihai; Yang, Meihua

2013-01-01

Glycyrrhizae species are popular ingredients of herbal medicine in most traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, and they mainly contain flavonoids and triterpene saponins. The contents of these bioactive compounds may vary in different batches and affect the therapeutic effects. Thus comprehensive quality control and monitoring of their herbal formulation are of paramount concern. To establish a rapid, effective pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) method to evaluate the quality of Glycyrrhizae species. Radix Glycyrrhizae was extracted by PLE using 70% ethanol at 100°C for 15 min during three static extraction cycles. Separation was performed using an UPLC system to quantify five bioactive compounds, namely liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid, in 12 batches of samples of different origins in China. Furthermore, the samples were analysed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) system to confirm the results. The calibration curves of all five analytes showed good linearity (R(2)  > 0.9997). Accuracy, precision and repeatability were all within required limits. The mean recoveries measured at the three concentrations were higher than 93.7% with RSDs lower than < 3.33% for the targets. The established PLE and UPLC-PDA method could serve as a rapid and effective method for quality evaluation of Radix Glycyrrhizae. The UPLC technique can be considered as an attractive alternative to HPLC in routine quality control of Chinese medicine, especially in situations where high sample throughput and fast analytical speed are required. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Comparatively evaluating the pharmacokinetic of fifteen constituents in normal and blood deficiency rats after oral administration of Xin-Sheng-Hua Granule by UPLC-MS/MS.

PubMed

Pang, Han-Qing; Tang, Yu-Ping; Cao, Yu-Jie; Tan, Ya-Jie; Jin, Yi; Shi, Xu-Qin; Huang, Sheng-Liang; Sun, Da-Zheng; Sun, Jin; Tang, Zhi-Shu; Duan, Jin-Ao

2017-09-01

Xin-Sheng-Hua Granule (XSHG), a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription, are clinically applied for the treatment of postpartum disease through nourishing blood and promoting blood circulation. In this investigation, a multi-constituents (trigonelline, stachydrine hydrochloride, hydroxysafflor yellow A, chlorogenic acid, amygdalin, leonurine, liquiritin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, glycyrrhizic acid, senkyunolide A, ligustilide, butylidenephthalide and glycyrrhetinic acid) pharmacokinetic study of XSHG was conducted for the first time. These fifteen constituents in both normal and blood deficiency rat plasma were monitored by using the established and validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS/MS) method. The samples were prepared through removing protein from plasma with three volumes of methanol. Sufficient separation of target constituents and internal standards (chloramphenicol and clarithromycin) was obtained on a Thermo Scientific Hypersil GOLD column (100mm×3mm, 1.9μm) within a 20min gradient elution (0.1% formic acid aqueous - acetonitrile). Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was applied to monitor target analytes in both positive and negative electrospray ionization. For the fifteen selected target analytes, this method was fully validated with excellent linearity (r≥0.9925), satisfactory intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD≤11.87%), as well as good accuracies (RE, between -12.84 and 11.69). And the stabilities, matrix effects and extraction recoveries of the rat plasma samples were also within acceptable limits (RSD<15%). Compared to normal group, the pharmacokinetics of major active constituents (except liquiritin and glycyrrhetinic acid) had significant differences (P<0.05) in the model rats, indicated that several metabolite enzymes activities could be altered at disease condition. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cardiorespiratory effects of gap junction blockade in the locus coeruleus in unanesthetized adult rats.

PubMed

Patrone, Luis G A; Bícego, Kênia Cardoso; Hartzler, Lynn K; Putnam, Robert W; Gargaglioni, Luciane H

2014-01-01

The locus coeruleus (LC) plays an important role in central chemoreception. In young rats (P9 or younger), 85% of LC neurons increase firing rate in response to hypercapnia vs. only about 45% of neurons from rats P10 or older. Carbenoxolone (CARB - gap junction blocker) does not affect the % of LC neurons responding in young rats but it decreases the % responding by half in older animals. We evaluated the participation of gap junctions in the CO2 ventilatory response in unanesthetized adult rats by bilaterally microinjecting CARB (300μM, 1mM or 3mM/100nL), glycyrrhizic acid (GZA, CARB analog, 3mM) or vehicle (aCSF - artificial cerebrospinal fluid) into the LC of Wistar rats. Bilateral gap junction blockade in LC neurons did not affect resting ventilation; however, the increase in ventilation produced by hypercapnia (7% CO2) was reduced by ∼25% after CARB 1mM or 3mM injection (1939.7±104.8mLkg(-1)min(-1) for the aCSF group and 1468.3±122.2mLkg(-1)min(-1) for 1mM CARB, P<0.05; 1939.7±104.8mLkg(-1)min(-1) for the aCSF group and 1540.9±68.4mLkg(-1)min(-1) for the 3mM CARB group, P<0.05) due largely to a decrease in respiratory frequency. GZA injection or CARB injection outside the LC (peri-LC) had no effect on ventilation under any conditions. The results suggest that gap junctions in the LC modulate the hypercapnic ventilatory response of adult rats. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oral administration of amphotericin B nanoparticles: antifungal activity, bioavailability and toxicity in rats.

PubMed

Radwan, Mahasen A; AlQuadeib, Bushra T; Šiller, Lidija; Wright, Matthew C; Horrocks, Benjamin

2017-11-01

Amphotericin B (AMB) is used most commonly in severe systemic life-threatening fungal infections. There is currently an unmet need for an efficacious (AMB) formulation amenable to oral administration with better bioavailability and lower nephrotoxicity. Novel PEGylated polylactic-polyglycolic acid copolymer (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) formulations of AMB were therefore studied for their ability to kill Candida albicans (C. albicans). The antifungal activity of AMB formulations was assessed in C. albicans. Its bioavalability was investigated in nine groups of rats (n = 6). Toxicity was examined by an in vitro blood hemolysis assay, and in vivo nephrotoxicity after single and multiple dosing for a week by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine (PCr) measurements. The MIC of AMB loaded to PLGA-PEG NPs against C. albicans was reduced two to threefold compared with free AMB. Novel oral AMB delivery loaded to PLGA-PEG NPs was markedly systemically available compared to Fungizone® in rats. The addition of 2% of GA to the AMB formulation significantly (p < 0.05) improved the bioavailability from 1.5 to 10.5% and the relative bioavailability was > 790% that of Fungizone®. The novel AMB formulations showed minimal toxicity and better efficacy compared to Fungizone®. No nephrotoxicity in rats was detected after a week of multiple dosing of AMB NPs based on BUN and PCr, which remained at normal levels. An oral delivery system of AMB-loaded to PLGA-PEG NPs with better efficacy and minimal toxicity was formulated. The addition of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) to AMB NPs formulation resulted in a significant oral absorption and improved bioavailability in rats.

Pretreatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics alters the pharmacokinetics of major constituents of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in rats after oral administration.

PubMed

Liu, Meng; Yuan, Jie; Hu, Wen-Juan; Ke, Chang-Qiang; Zhang, Yi-Fan; Ye, Yang; Zhong, Da-Fang; Zhao, Guang-Rong; Yao, Sheng; Liu, Jia

2018-05-17

The influence of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of major constituents of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction (SGD) in rats was investigated. The pharmacokinetic behaviors of paeoniflorin (PF), albiflorin (AF), liquiritin (LT), isoliquiritin (ILT), liquiritin apioside (LA), isoliquiritin apioside (ILA), and glycyrrhizic acid (GL), seven major constituents of SGD, as well as glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GL, were analyzed. A 1-week pretreatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin, metronidazole, neomycin, 1 g L -1 ; and vancomycin, 0.5 g L -1 ) via drinking water reduced plasma exposure of the major constituents. The AUC 0-24 h of PF and LT was significantly decreased by 28.7% and 33.8% (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005), respectively. Although the differences were not statistically significant, the AUC 0-24 h of AF, ILT, LA, ILA, and GL was decreased by 31.4%, 50.9%, 16.9%, 44.1%, and 37.0%, respectively, compared with the control group. In addition, the plasma GA exposure in the antibiotic-pretreated group was significantly lower (P < 0.005) than the control group. The in vitro stability of the major constituents of SGD in the rat intestinal contents with or without broad-spectrum antibiotics was also investigated. The major constituents were comparatively stable in the rat duodenum contents, and the biotransformation of GL mainly occurred in the rat colon contents. In summary, broad-spectrum antibiotics suppressed the absorption of the major constituents of SGD and significantly inhibited the biotransformation of GL to GA by suppressing the colon microbiota. The results indicated a potential clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) when SGD was administered with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Effect of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) tocotrienols on mesenteric adipose tissue deposition and the expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme (11β-HSD1) in adrenalectomized rats treated with dexamethasone.

PubMed

Azwan, K; Farihah, H S; Fairus, A; Elvy, M R

2015-01-01

A study was done to investigate the effect of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) tocotrienols on (1) rats mesenteric adipose tissue deposition (2) and 11β-HSD1 enzyme expression in mesenteric adipocyte. There is a necessity to find an inhibitor for the 11β-HSD1 enzyme which enhances the proliferation of mesenteric adipocyte tissue therefore curbing the onset of metabolic syndrome. A total of 35 male Spraque Dawley rats were divided into 5 different groups, i.e., a baseline control group (n=7), a sham operated group (n=7) and three experimental adrenalectomised groups (ADR) (n=21). Each of the experimental ADR group was given intramuscular dexamethasone (Dexa) with a dose of 120 μg/kg after 2 weeks post adrenalectomy and were divided into adrenalectomised control (n=7), Glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) treated (dose=120 mg/kg/day; n=7) and Palm Tocotrienol treated (dose=60 mg/kg/day; n=7) groups. These various treatments were given 6 days a week for 8 weeks via gastric gavage (following 2 weeks of adrenalectomy). Data is expressed as mean ± standard error mean (SEM), compared to each other using one-way analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test and then a t-test. The results show that palm tocotrienol tend to slightly increase mesenteric adipose tissue deposition in rats. However, palm tocotrienol was also found to have potential in inhibiting the expression of 11β-HSD1 enzyme in mesenteric adipocytes. This study suggests palm tocotrienol inhibits 11β-HSD1 enzyme expression and activity.

21 CFR 573.360 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS Food Additive Listing § 573.360 Disodium EDTA. The food additive disodium EDTA (disodium ethylenediaminetetraace- tate... food additive contains a minimum of 99 percent disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate...

21 CFR 573.360 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS Food Additive Listing § 573.360 Disodium EDTA. The food additive disodium EDTA (disodium ethylenediaminetetraace- tate... food additive contains a minimum of 99 percent disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate...

21 CFR 573.360 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS Food Additive Listing § 573.360 Disodium EDTA. The food additive disodium EDTA (disodium ethylenediaminetetraace- tate... food additive contains a minimum of 99 percent disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate...

21 CFR 573.360 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS Food Additive Listing § 573.360 Disodium EDTA. The food additive disodium EDTA (disodium ethylenediaminetetraace- tate... food additive contains a minimum of 99 percent disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate...

21 CFR 573.360 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS Food Additive Listing § 573.360 Disodium EDTA. The food additive disodium EDTA (disodium ethylenediaminetetraace- tate... food additive contains a minimum of 99 percent disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate...

Monitoring and evaluating the quality consistency of Compound Bismuth Aluminate tablets by a simple quantified ratio fingerprint method combined with simultaneous determination of five compounds and correlated with antioxidant activities.

PubMed

Liu, Yingchun; Liu, Zhongbo; Sun, Guoxiang; Wang, Yan; Ling, Junhong; Gao, Jiayue; Huang, Jiahao

2015-01-01

A combination method of multi-wavelength fingerprinting and multi-component quantification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detector (DAD) was developed and validated to monitor and evaluate the quality consistency of herbal medicines (HM) in the classical preparation Compound Bismuth Aluminate tablets (CBAT). The validation results demonstrated that our method met the requirements of fingerprint analysis and quantification analysis with suitable linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). In the fingerprint assessments, rather than using conventional qualitative "Similarity" as a criterion, the simple quantified ratio fingerprint method (SQRFM) was recommended, which has an important quantified fingerprint advantage over the "Similarity" approach. SQRFM qualitatively and quantitatively offers the scientific criteria for traditional Chinese medicines (TCM)/HM quality pyramid and warning gate in terms of three parameters. In order to combine the comprehensive characterization of multi-wavelength fingerprints, an integrated fingerprint assessment strategy based on information entropy was set up involving a super-information characteristic digitized parameter of fingerprints, which reveals the total entropy value and absolute information amount about the fingerprints and, thus, offers an excellent method for fingerprint integration. The correlation results between quantified fingerprints and quantitative determination of 5 marker compounds, including glycyrrhizic acid (GLY), liquiritin (LQ), isoliquiritigenin (ILG), isoliquiritin (ILQ) and isoliquiritin apioside (ILA), indicated that multi-component quantification could be replaced by quantified fingerprints. The Fenton reaction was employed to determine the antioxidant activities of CBAT samples in vitro, and they were correlated with HPLC fingerprint components using the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. In summary, the method of multi-wavelength fingerprints combined with antioxidant activities has been proved to be a feasible and scientific procedure for monitoring and evaluating the quality consistency of CBAT.

Inhibition of the interactions between eosinophil cationic protein and airway epithelial cells by traditional Chinese herbs.

PubMed

Chang, Hao-Teng; Tseng, Louis J; Hung, Ta-Jen; Kao, Blacky T; Lin, Wei-Yong; Fan, Tan-chi; Chang, Margaret Dah-Tsyr; Pai, Tun-Wen

2010-09-13

The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is cytotoxic to bacteria, viruses, parasites and mammalian cells. Cells are damaged via processes of pore formation, permeability alteration and membrane leaking. Some clinical studies indicate that ECP gathers in the bronchial tract of asthma sufferers, damages bronchial and airway epithelial cells, and leads to in breathing tract inflammation; therefore, prevention of the cytotoxicity caused by ECP may serve as an approach to treat airway inflammation. To achieve the purpose, reduction of the ECP-cell interactions is rational. In this work, the Chinese herbal combinative network was generated to predict and identify the functional herbs from the pools of prescriptions. It was useful to select the node herbs and to demonstrate the relative binding ability between ECP and Beas-2B cells with or withour herb treatments. Eighty three Chinese herbs and prescriptions were tested and five effective herbs and six prescription candidates were selected. On the basis of effective single-herbal drugs and prescriptions, a combinative network was generated. We found that a single herb, Gan-cao, served as a node connecting five prescriptions. In addition, Sheng-di-huang, Dang-guei and Mu-tong also appeared in five, four and three kinds of prescriptions, respectively. The extracts of these three herbs indeed effectively inhibited the interactions between ECP and Beas-2B cells. According to the Chinese herbal combinative network, eight of the effective herbal extracts showed inhibitory effects for ECP internalizing into Beas-2B cells. The major components of Gang-cao and Sheng-di-huang, glycyrrhizic acid and verbascose, respectively, reduced the binding affinity between ECP and cells effectively. Since these Chinese herbs reduced the binding affinity between ECP and cells and inhibited subsequent ECP entrance into cells, they were potential for mitigating the airway inflammation symptoms. Additionally, we mentioned a new concept to study the Chinese herbs using combinative network in the field of systems biology. The functional single herbs could be identified from the set of prescriptions.

40 CFR 721.7000 - Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.7000 Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and... substance identified generically as a polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide (P-91...

40 CFR 721.7000 - Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.7000 Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and... substance identified generically as a polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide (P-91...

40 CFR 721.7000 - Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.7000 Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and... substance identified generically as a polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide (P-91...

40 CFR 721.7000 - Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.7000 Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and... substance identified generically as a polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide (P-91...

40 CFR 721.7000 - Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.7000 Polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and... substance identified generically as a polymer of disodium maleate, allyl ether, and ethylene oxide (P-91...

Influence of disodium EDTA on the nucleation and growth of struvite and carbonate apatite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prywer, Jolanta; Olszynski, Marcin

2013-07-01

The effect of disodium EDTA, as an additive, on the crystallization of struvite and carbonate apatite was studied. The growth of struvite crystals and carbonate apatite occurred in the solution of artificial urine at 37 °C and at the condition emulating real urinary tract infection. The results demonstrate that the addition of disodium EDTA increases the induction time and decreases the growth efficiency compared to the baseline (without disodium EDTA). The struvite crystal mean and median diameters were found to decrease in the presence of disodium EDTA but the crystal morphology and habit remain almost unchanged. Disodium EDTA has demonstrated its potential to be further investigated in the presence of bacteria and in vivo conditions.

Comparative in vitro studies on disodium EDTA effect with and without Proteus mirabilis on the crystallization of carbonate apatite and struvite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prywer, Jolanta; Olszynski, Marcin; Torzewska, Agnieszka; Mielniczek-Brzóska, Ewa

2014-06-01

Effect of disodium EDTA (salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) on the crystallization of struvite and carbonate apatite was studied. To evaluate such an effect we performed an experiment of struvite and carbonate apatite growth from artificial urine. The crystallization process was induced by Proteus mirabilis to mimic the real urinary tract infection, which usually leads to urinary stone formation. The results demonstrate that disodium EDTA exhibits the effect against P. mirabilis retarding the activity of urease - an enzyme produced by these microorganisms. The spectrophotometric results demonstrate that, with and without P. mirabilis, the addition of disodium EDTA increases the induction time and decreases the growth efficiency compared to the baseline (without disodium EDTA). These results are discussed from the standpoint of speciation of complexes formed in the solution of artificial urine in the presence of disodium EDTA. The size of struvite crystals was found to decrease in the presence of disodium EDTA. However, struvite crystals are larger in the presence of bacteria while the crystal morphology and habit remain unchanged.

Calcium Free Asbestos for Fuel Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Snitzer, B. A.

1983-01-01

Organic-acid salt removes unwanted calcium without weakening asbestos. Asbestos mixed with disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (disodium EDTA) in water and agitated for 2 hours. After disodium EDTA solution is drained away, asbestos contains only 0.02 to 0.1 percent calcium. Fiber structure of asbestos unaffected.

21 CFR 73.2120 - Disodium EDTA-copper.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Disodium EDTA-copper. 73.2120 Section 73.2120 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2120 Disodium EDTA-copper. (a) Identity. The...

40 CFR 180.1121 - Boric acid and its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Boric acid and its salts, borax... salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric anhydride... its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric...

40 CFR 180.1121 - Boric acid and its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Boric acid and its salts, borax... salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric anhydride... its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric...

40 CFR 180.1121 - Boric acid and its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Boric acid and its salts, borax... salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric anhydride... its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric...

40 CFR 180.1121 - Boric acid and its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Boric acid and its salts, borax... salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric anhydride... its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric...

Diospyros rhodocalyx (Tako-Na), a Thai folk medicine, associated with hypokalemia and generalized muscle weakness: a case series.

PubMed

Othong, Rittirak; Trakulsrichai, Satariya; Wananukul, Winai

2017-11-01

Diospyros rhodocalyx (Tako-Na) is a Thai folk medicine purported to promote longevity, treat impotence, etc. We present patients with hypokalemia, weakness and hypertension after consuming Tako-Na tea. Case 1: A 61-year-old man was brought in nine hours after drinking 400-500 mL of Tako-Na tea. One handful of Tako-Na bark was boiled in water to make tea. He had vomiting and watery diarrhea six hours after drinking it. He took no medications and had no history of hypertension. The only remarkable vital sign was BP 167/90 mmHg. Physical examination revealed generalized muscle weakness. Laboratory findings were potassium 2.7 mmol/L, bicarbonate 24 mmol/L, and transtubular potassium gradient (TTKG) 5.6. He was discharged the next day with a BP 140/90 mmHg and potassium 4.2 mmol/L. Case 2: A 78-year-old man, a friend of case 1, also drank Tako-Na tea from the same pot at the same time as case 1. He also had vomiting and diarrhea six hours later. He took no medications despite past history of hypertension (baseline SBP 140-160). Initial BP was 230/70 mmHg. He also had muscle weakness. Laboratory findings were potassium 3.3 mmol/L, bicarbonate 24 mmol/L, TTKG 7.37 and normal thyroid function. He was also discharged the next day with a BP 148/70 mmHg and potassium 4.2 mmol/L. Case 3-7: These were patients reported to a poison center and their potassium concentrations were 1.4, 1.4, 3.3, 1.3 and 1.2 mmol/L, respectively. Three of them were intubated and case 3 died. Tako-Na contains betulin, betulinic acid, taraxerone, lupeol, and lupenone. Their structures are similar to glycyrrhetic acid, the active metabolite of glycyrrhizic acid found in licorice which is well known to cause pseudoaldosteronism. Glycyrrhetic acid is potent in inhibiting 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and causes pseudoaldosteronism. We hypothesize that the compounds in Tako-Na act in the same way as glycyrrhetic acid in producing pseudoaldosteronism.

[Comatose states: etiopathogenesis, experimental studies, treatment of hepatic coma].

PubMed

Strekalova, O S; Uchaĭkin, V F; Ipatova, O M; Torkhovskaia, T I; Medvedeva, N V; Storozhakov, G I; Archakov, A I

2009-01-01

The review presents the modern concepts on biochemical mechanisms of processes, that result in comatose states (CS), with emphasis on the search of new therapeutic approaches. CS of various origin causes severe suppression of brain cells functioning and stable unconsciousness. Numerous reasons of various CS are classified into two main groups: primary brain damages (ischemia, tumor, trauma) and secondary damages originating from system injuries in the body (endocrine, toxic e. c.). The most often primary CS is the hypoxic-ischemic one, as result of corresponding encephalopathy. Its mechanism is the brain cells "energy crisis"--because of decreased blood supply or its deficiency by energy substrates or/and by oxygen. Among secondary CS the substantial place takes hepatic coma as a consequence of hepatic encephalopathy in severe liver diseases--cirrhosis, acute liver failure, sharp intoxication. Its main reason is associated with exess of ammonia entering the brain tissue (it accumulates in blood because of lack of its removing by damaged hepatocytes). Ammonia reacts with glutamate in brain astrocytes and the product of this reaction, glutamine, induced osmotic imbalance, that results in change of form and functions of these important brain cells. It induces, in turn, neurons functions damages, changes in neurotransmission and cerebral blood flow and all these may give rise CS. The most of CS studies are carried out in human. Experimental models ofhepatic CS are reproduced mainly in rats, the most often by surgery methods. Other models included administration of thioacetamide or D-galactosamine, sometimes in combination with lipopolysaccharide. In earlier studies ammonia administration together with liver damages by ligation or by CCl4 was used. The main principles of hepatic coma treatment include the care of encephalopathy, detoxification, and liver treatment. Elaboration of new nanodrugs with increased penetration into tissues and cells, in particular, on the base of phospholipid nanoparticles, may increase substantially the therapeuti efficiency. One of such drug is thought to be a new hepatoprotective preparation phosphogliv--nanoparticles of soy phosphatidylcholine with glycyrrhizic acid. It is supposed, that the further development of phospholipid nanoforms, with minimal particle sizes, may reveal the more action in CS treatment.

The Hidden Side of Disodium Cromolyn: from Mast Cell Stabilizer to an Angiogenic Factor and Antitumor Agent.

PubMed

Cimpean, Anca Maria; Raica, Marius

2016-12-01

Scattered data suggested that disodium cromolyn, well known as a mast cell stabilizer shows some effects on tumor cells and tumor-associated newly formed vascular networks. Most of these studies used tumor cell lines assessed by in vitro studies. Nor disodium cromolyn effects on melanoma cell lines were studied yet, neither its influence on recruited tumor blood vessels or angiogenic growth factors expression. We designed here a study regarding disodium cromolyn effects on A375 melanoma tumor cells implanted on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and on blood vessels recruited by the experimental melanoma in the absence of mast cells, knowing that within CAM, the existence of mast cells are not certified yet. We also assessed the role of disodium cromolyn on the expression of several angiogenic growth factors. Disodium cromoglycate differentially acts on tumor cells and blood vessels. Extensive necrotic areas of experimental melanoma together with an increased number of peritumor blood vessels were observed in treated specimens as compared with untreated tumors. Disodium cromolyn inhibited VEGF and PDGF-BB expression, and had no effects on EG VEGF expression between treated and non treated specimens in a mast cells free microenvironment. Our results sustain the direct antitumor effects of sodium cromolyn and suggest the involvement of several growth factors in the recruitment of tumor vessels by A375 melanoma tumor cells. The expression of growth factors is differentially influenced by sodium cromolyn treatment.

21 CFR 73.3129 - Disodium 1-amino-4-[[4-[(2-bromo-1-oxoallyl)amino]-2-sulphonatophenyl]amino]-9,10-dihydro-9,10...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Disodium 1-amino-4-[[4-[(2-bromo-1-oxoallyl)amino... Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Medical Devices § 73.3129 Disodium 1-amino-4-[[4-[(2-bromo-1...

21 CFR 73.2120 - Disodium EDTA-copper.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2120 Disodium EDTA-copper. (a) Identity. The... in the coloring of shampoos which are cosmetics. (d) Labeling requirements. The labeling of the color...

21 CFR 73.2120 - Disodium EDTA-copper.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2120 Disodium EDTA-copper. (a) Identity. The... in the coloring of shampoos which are cosmetics. (d) Labeling requirements. The labeling of the color...

21 CFR 73.2120 - Disodium EDTA-copper.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2120 Disodium EDTA-copper. (a) Identity. The... in the coloring of shampoos which are cosmetics. (d) Labeling requirements. The labeling of the color...

21 CFR 73.2120 - Disodium EDTA-copper.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION Cosmetics § 73.2120 Disodium EDTA-copper. (a) Identity. The... in the coloring of shampoos which are cosmetics. (d) Labeling requirements. The labeling of the color...

Toxicity of flavor enhancers to the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

PubMed

Zheng, Chunyan; Yang, Dongyu; Li, Zhiqiang; Xu, Yijuan

2018-04-11

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of flavor enhancers to the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). The flavor enhancers glycine, disodium guanylate, succinic acid disodium salt, monosodium glutamate (MSG), disodium inosinate, and L-alanine significantly increased the mortality of B. dorsalis flies. The mortality of flies that fed on glycine, disodium guanylate, succinic acid disodium salt, and MSG was greater than 90%. Additionally, fruit fly mortality increased with increases in both time and concentration. Glycine not only reduced the climbing ability of B. dorsalis but also affected the duration and frequency of its behavioral patterns (flight, walking, grooming and inactivity). Compared with adult flies in the control group, adult B. dorsalis flies that fed on glycine exhibited a significantly increased duration and frequency of inactivity and a decreased duration and frequency of both flight and walking. However, the effect of glycine on grooming activity was not significant. These findings demonstrate the toxic effects of flavor enhancers on B. dorsalis. Glycine also affected the behavior of adult flies at a low dose. Therefore, glycine has potentially toxic to insects and also likely to have a negative impact at sublethal concentrations.

21 CFR 155.120 - Canned green beans and canned wax beans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Disodium inosinate. (iv) Disodium guanylate. (v) Hydrolyzed vegetable protein. (vi) Autolyzed yeast extract... pack”, or if the pods are cut at both ends and are of substantially equal lengths, the words “asparagus...

Prediction of bioavailability of selected bisphosphonates using in silico methods towards categorization into a biopharmaceutical classification system.

PubMed

Biernacka, Joanna; Betlejewska-Kielak, Katarzyna; Kłosińska-Szmurło, Ewa; Pluciński, Franciszek A; Mazurek, Aleksander P

2013-01-01

The physicochemical properties relevant to biological activity of selected bisphosphonates such as clodronate disodium salt, etidronate disodium salt, pamidronate disodium salt, alendronate sodium salt, ibandronate sodium salt, risedronate sodium salt and zoledronate disodium salt were determined using in silico methods. The main aim of our research was to investigate and propose molecular determinants thataffect bioavailability of above mentioned compounds. These determinants are: stabilization energy (deltaE), free energy of solvation (deltaG(solv)), electrostatic potential, dipole moment, as well as partition and distribution coefficients estimated by the log P and log D values. Presented values indicate that selected bisphosphonates a recharacterized by high solubility and low permeability. The calculated parameters describing both solubility and permeability through biological membranes seem to be a good bioavailability indicators of bisphosphonates examined and can be a useful tool to include into Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) development.

21 CFR 172.135 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... levels prescribed, calculated as anhydrous calcium disodium EDTA: Food Limitation (parts per million) Use Aqueous multivitamin preparations 150 With iron salts as a stabilizer for vitamin B 12 in liquid... accelerator with sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid. Dressings, nonstandardized 75 Preservative. French...

21 CFR 172.135 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... following foods at not to exceed the levels prescribed, calculated as anhydrous calcium disodium EDTA: Food... vitamin B 12 in liquid multivitamin preparations. Canned black-eyed peas 145 Promote color retention... sausage 36 As a cure accelerator with sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid. Dressings, nonstandardized 75...

21 CFR 172.135 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... following foods at not to exceed the levels prescribed, calculated as anhydrous calcium disodium EDTA: Food... vitamin B 12 in liquid multivitamin preparations. Canned black-eyed peas 145 Promote color retention... sausage 36 As a cure accelerator with sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid. Dressings, nonstandardized 75...

21 CFR 172.120 - Calcium disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Calcium disodium EDTA. 172.120 Section 172.120 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD... Preservative. Fermented malt beverages 25 Antigushing agent. French dressing 75 Preservative. Legumes (all...

Transient Severe Motion Artifact Related to Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced Liver MRI: Frequency and Risk Evaluation at a German Institution.

PubMed

Well, Lennart; Rausch, Vanessa Hanna; Adam, Gerhard; Henes, Frank Oliver; Bannas, Peter

2017-07-01

Purpose  Varying frequencies (5 - 18 %) of contrast-related transient severe motion (TSM) imaging artifacts during gadoxetate disodium-enhanced arterial phase liver MRI have been reported. Since previous reports originated from the United States and Japan, we aimed to determine the frequency of TSM at a German institution and to correlate it with potential risk factors and previously published results. Materials and Methods  Two age- and sex-matched groups were retrospectively selected (gadoxetate disodium n = 89; gadobenate dimeglumine n = 89) from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI examinations in a single center. Respiratory motion-related artifacts in non-enhanced and dynamic phases were assessed independently by two readers blinded to contrast agents on a 4-point scale. Scores of ≥ 3 were considered as severe motion artifacts. Severe motion artifacts in arterial phases were considered as TSM if scores in all other phases were < 3. Potential risk factors for TSM were evaluated via logistic regression analysis. Results  For gadoxetate disodium, the mean score for respiratory motion artifacts was significantly higher in the arterial phase (2.2 ± 0.9) compared to all other phases (1.6 ± 0.7) (p < 0.05). The frequency of TSM was significantly higher with gadoxetate disodium (n = 19; 21.1 %) than with gadobenate dimeglumine (n = 1; 1.1 %) (p < 0.001). The frequency of TSM at our institution is similar to some, but not all previously published findings. Logistic regression analysis did not show any significant correlation between TSM and risk factors (all p > 0.05). Conclusion  We revealed a high frequency of TSM after injection of gadoxetate disodium at a German institution, substantiating the importance of a diagnosis-limiting phenomenon that so far has only been reported from the United States and Japan. In accordance with previous studies, we did not identify associated risk factors for TSM. Key Points:   · Gadoxetate disodium causes TSM in a relevant number of patients.. · The frequency of TSM is similar between the USA, Japan and Germany.. · To date, no validated risk factors for TSM could be identified.. Citation Format · Well L, Rausch VH, Adam G et al. Transient Severe Motion Artifact Related to Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced Liver MRI: Frequency and Risk Evaluation at a German Institution. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2017; 189: 651 - 660. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

21 CFR 172.135 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Disodium EDTA. 172.135 Section 172.135 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN.... Gefilte fish balls or patties in packing medium 1 50 Inhibit discoloration. Legumes (all cooked canned...

21 CFR 172.120 - Calcium disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Calcium disodium EDTA. 172.120 Section 172.120 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR... malt beverages 25 Antigushing agent. French dressing 75 Preservative. Legumes (all cooked canned, other...

21 CFR 172.135 - Disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Disodium EDTA. 172.135 Section 172.135 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN.... Gefilte fish balls or patties in packing medium 1 50 Inhibit discoloration. Legumes (all cooked canned...

21 CFR 522.161 - Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate aqueous suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... milligrams of dibasic sodium phosphate, 5 milligrams of sodium chloride, 0.1 milligram of disodium EDTA, 0.5 milligram of polysorbate 80, 9 milligrams of benzyl alcohol, 5 milligrams of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 1.8 milligrams of methylparaben, 0.2 milligram of propylparaben, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium...

21 CFR 522.161 - Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate aqueous suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... milligrams of dibasic sodium phosphate, 5 milligrams of sodium chloride, 0.1 milligram of disodium EDTA, 0.5 milligram of polysorbate 80, 9 milligrams of benzyl alcohol, 5 milligrams of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 1.8 milligrams of methylparaben, 0.2 milligram of propylparaben, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium...

21 CFR 522.161 - Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate aqueous suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... milligrams of dibasic sodium phosphate, 5 milligrams of sodium chloride, 0.1 milligram of disodium EDTA, 0.5 milligram of polysorbate 80, 9 milligrams of benzyl alcohol, 5 milligrams of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 1.8 milligrams of methylparaben, 0.2 milligram of propylparaben, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium...

21 CFR 522.161 - Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate aqueous suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate aqueous suspension. 522.161 Section 522.161 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION... milligram of polysorbate 80, 9 milligrams of benzyl alcohol, 5 milligrams of sodium carboxymethylcellulose...

Aspen flakeboard treated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate

Treesearch

Robert H. White; John Forsman; John R. Erickson

2008-01-01

In this project, we investigated mechanical properties and fire performance of aspen flakeboards manufactured with the fire-retardant chemical disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT). Flakeboards were prepared using two levels of adhesive loading (5% and 7% methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)) and three levels of fire-retardant treatments (6%, 9%, and 12%). DOT is a...

40 CFR 721.3820 - L-Glutamic acid, N-(1-oxododecyl)-, disodium salt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false L-Glutamic acid, N-(1-oxododecyl... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.3820 L-Glutamic acid, N-(1-oxododecyl)-, disodium salt. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as L-Glutamic...

21 CFR 74.101 - FD&C Blue No. 1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR... Blue No. 1 is principally the disodium salt of ethyl [4-[p-[ethyl (m-sulfobenzyl) amino]-α-(o... with smaller amounts of the isomeric disodium salts of ethyl [4-[p-[ethyl(p-sulfobenzyl) amino]-α-(o...

21 CFR 74.2101 - FD&C Blue No. 1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR...&C Blue No. 1 is principally the disodium salt of ethyl[4-[p-[ethyl(m-sulfobenzyl)amino]-α-(o... amounts of the isomeric disodium salts of ethyl[4-[p-[ethyl(p-sulfobenzyl)amino]-α-(o-sulfophenyl...

21 CFR 74.2101 - FD&C Blue No. 1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR...&C Blue No. 1 is principally the disodium salt of ethyl[4-[p-[ethyl(m-sulfobenzyl)amino]-α-(o... amounts of the isomeric disodium salts of ethyl[4-[p-[ethyl(p-sulfobenzyl)amino]-α-(o-sulfophenyl...

21 CFR 74.101 - FD&C Blue No. 1.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR... Blue No. 1 is principally the disodium salt of ethyl [4-[p-[ethyl (m-sulfobenzyl) amino]-α-(o... with smaller amounts of the isomeric disodium salts of ethyl [4-[p-[ethyl(p-sulfobenzyl) amino]-α-(o...

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Risk After Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Gadoxetate Disodium in Patients With Moderate to Severe Renal Impairment

PubMed Central

Lauenstein, Thomas; Ramirez-Garrido, Francisco; Kim, Young Hoon; Rha, Sung Eun; Ricke, Jens; Phongkitkarun, Sith; Boettcher, Joachim; Gupta, Rajan T.; Korpraphong, Pornpim; Tanomkiat, Wiwatana; Furtner, Julia; Liu, Peter S.; Henry, Maren; Endrikat, Jan

2015-01-01

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the risk of gadoxetate disodium in liver imaging for the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment. Materials and Methods We performed a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized, open-label phase 4 study in 35 centers from May 2009 to July 2013. The study population consisted of patients with moderate to severe renal impairment scheduled for liver imaging with gadoxetate disodium. All patients received a single intravenous bolus injection of 0.025-mmol/kg body weight of liver-specific gadoxetate disodium. The primary target variable was the number of patients who develop NSF within a 2-year follow-up period. Results A total of 357 patients were included, with 85 patients with severe and 193 patients with moderate renal impairment, which were the clinically most relevant groups. The mean time period from diagnosis of renal disease to liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was 1.53 and 5.46 years in the moderate and severe renal impairment cohort, respectively. Overall, 101 patients (28%) underwent additional contrast-enhanced MRI with other gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents within 12 months before the start of the study or in the follow-up. No patient developed symptoms conclusive of NSF within the 2-year follow-up. Conclusions Gadoxetate disodium in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment did not raise any clinically significant safety concern. No NSF cases were observed. PMID:25756684

40 CFR 180.1121 - Boric acid and its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Boric acid and its salts, borax (sodium borate decahydrate), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric oxide (boric anhydride), sodium borate and sodium metaborate; exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance. 180.1121 Section 180.1121 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

Efficacy of didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), and chlorothalonil (CTL) against common mold fungi

Treesearch

Jessie A. Micales-Glaeser; Jeffrey D. Lloyd; Thomas L. Woods

2004-01-01

The fungitoxic properties of four fungicides, alone and in combination, against four different mold fungi commonly associated with indoor air quality problems were evaluated on two different wood species and sheetrock. The fungicides were chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) (CTL) in a 40.4% aqueous dispersion, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) in...

Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Sodium Polyborates In MgCl 2 Solutions: Solubility Constant of Di-Sodium Hexaborate Tetrahydrate, and Implications For the Diagenetic Formation of Ameghinite

DOE PAGES

Xiong, Yongliang; Kirkes, Leslie; KNOX, Jandi; ...

2017-11-01

In this paper, solubility measurements were conducted for sodium polyborates in MgCl 2 solutions at 22.5 ± 0.5 °C. According to solution chemistry and XRD patterns, di-sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) dissolves congruently, and is the sole solubility-controlling phase, in a 0.01 mol/kg MgCl 2 solution: Na 2B 4O 7•10H 2O(cr) ⇌ 2Na + + 4B(OH) 4 + 2H + + H 2O(l). However, in a 0.1 mol/kg MgCl 2 solution borax dissolves incongruently and is in equilibrium with di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate: 2Na 2B 6O 10•4H 2O(cr) + 2Na + + 23H 2O(l) ⇌ 3Na 2B 4O 7•10H 2O(cr) + 2Hmore » +. In this study, the equilibrium constant (log K 0) for Reaction 2 at 25 °C and infinite dilution was determined to be –16.44 ± 0.13 (2σ) based on the experimental data and the Pitzer model for calculations of activity coefficients of aqueous species. In accordance with the log K 0 for Reaction 1 from a previous publication from this research group, and log K 0 for Reaction 2 from this study, the equilibrium constant for dissolution of di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate at 25 °C and at infinite dilution, Na 2B 6O 10•4H 2O(cr) + 10H 2O(l) ⇌ 2Na + + 6B(OH) 4 - + 4H + was derived to be –45.42 ± 0.16 (2σ). The equilibrium constants determined in this study can find applications in many fields. For example, in the field of nuclear waste management, the formation of di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate in brines containing magnesium will decrease borate concentrations, making less borate available for interactions with Am(III). In the field of experimental investigations, based on the equilibrium constant for Reaction 2, the experimental systems can be controlled in terms of acidity around neutral pH by using the equilibrium assemblage of borax and di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate at 25 °C. As salt lakes and natural brines contain both borate and magnesium as well as sodium, the formation of sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate may influence the chemical evolution of salt lakes and natural brines. Di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate is a polymorph of the mineral ameghinite [chemical formula Na 2B 6O 10•4H 2O; structural formula NaB 3O 3(OH) 4 or Na 2B 6O 6(OH) 8]. Finally, di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate could be a precursor of ameghinite and could be transformed when borate deposits are subject to diagenesis.« less

Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Sodium Polyborates In MgCl 2 Solutions: Solubility Constant of Di-Sodium Hexaborate Tetrahydrate, and Implications For the Diagenetic Formation of Ameghinite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xiong, Yongliang; Kirkes, Leslie; KNOX, Jandi

In this paper, solubility measurements were conducted for sodium polyborates in MgCl 2 solutions at 22.5 ± 0.5 °C. According to solution chemistry and XRD patterns, di-sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) dissolves congruently, and is the sole solubility-controlling phase, in a 0.01 mol/kg MgCl 2 solution: Na 2B 4O 7•10H 2O(cr) ⇌ 2Na + + 4B(OH) 4 + 2H + + H 2O(l). However, in a 0.1 mol/kg MgCl 2 solution borax dissolves incongruently and is in equilibrium with di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate: 2Na 2B 6O 10•4H 2O(cr) + 2Na + + 23H 2O(l) ⇌ 3Na 2B 4O 7•10H 2O(cr) + 2Hmore » +. In this study, the equilibrium constant (log K 0) for Reaction 2 at 25 °C and infinite dilution was determined to be –16.44 ± 0.13 (2σ) based on the experimental data and the Pitzer model for calculations of activity coefficients of aqueous species. In accordance with the log K 0 for Reaction 1 from a previous publication from this research group, and log K 0 for Reaction 2 from this study, the equilibrium constant for dissolution of di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate at 25 °C and at infinite dilution, Na 2B 6O 10•4H 2O(cr) + 10H 2O(l) ⇌ 2Na + + 6B(OH) 4 - + 4H + was derived to be –45.42 ± 0.16 (2σ). The equilibrium constants determined in this study can find applications in many fields. For example, in the field of nuclear waste management, the formation of di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate in brines containing magnesium will decrease borate concentrations, making less borate available for interactions with Am(III). In the field of experimental investigations, based on the equilibrium constant for Reaction 2, the experimental systems can be controlled in terms of acidity around neutral pH by using the equilibrium assemblage of borax and di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate at 25 °C. As salt lakes and natural brines contain both borate and magnesium as well as sodium, the formation of sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate may influence the chemical evolution of salt lakes and natural brines. Di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate is a polymorph of the mineral ameghinite [chemical formula Na 2B 6O 10•4H 2O; structural formula NaB 3O 3(OH) 4 or Na 2B 6O 6(OH) 8]. Finally, di-sodium hexaborate tetrahydrate could be a precursor of ameghinite and could be transformed when borate deposits are subject to diagenesis.« less

Edetate Disodium-Based Treatment for Secondary Prevention in Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients.

PubMed

Lamas, Gervasio A; Issa, Omar M

2016-02-01

An abundance of data, known for decades, is available linking metals, such as lead and cadmium, with cardiovascular disease. However, the idea that these toxic metals could be a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis did not become apparent clinically until the completion of the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy in 2012. This pivotal study was the first double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of its kind to demonstrate a clear improvement in cardiovascular outcomes with edetate disodium therapy in a secondary prevention, post-myocardial infarction population. This effect size was most striking in diabetic patients, where the efficacy of edetate disodium was comparable, if not superior, to that of current guideline-based therapies. Given the economic burden of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, the potential impact of this therapy could be enormous if the results of this study are replicated.

Early release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from neurons in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in vivo and in vitro

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Translocation of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from nucleus could trigger inflammation. Extracellular HMGB1 up-regulates inflammatory response in sepsis as a late mediator. However, little was known about its role in subarachnoid hemorrhage-inducible inflammation, especially in the early stage. This study aims to identify whether HMGB1 translocation occurred early after SAH and also to clarify the potential role of HMGB1 in brain injury following SAH. Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham group and SAH groups at 2 h, 12 h and on day 1, day 2. SAH groups suffered experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage by injection of 0.3 ml autoblood into the pre-chiasmatic cistern. Rats injected by recombinant HMGB1(rHMGB1) solution were divided into four groups according to different time points. Cultured neurons were assigned into control group and four hemoglobin (Hb) incubated groups. Mixed glial cells were cultured and stimulated in medium from neurons incubated by Hb. HMGB1 expression is measured by western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Downstream nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunit P65 and inflammatory factor Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were measured by western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Brain injury was evaluated by cleaved caspase-3 staining. Results Our results demonstrated HMGB1 translocation occurred as early as 2 h after experimental SAH with mRNA and protein level increased. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results indicated cytosolic HMGB1 was mainly located in neurons while translocated HMGB1 could also be found in some microglia. After subarachnoid injection of rHMGB1, NF-κB, downstream inflammatory response and cleaved caspase-3 were up-regulated in the cortex compared to the saline control group. In-vitro, after Hb incubation, HMGB1 was also rapidly released from neurons to medium. Incubation with medium from neurons up-regulated IL-1β in mixed glial cells. This effect could be inhibited by HMGB1 specific inhibitor glycyrrhizic acid (GA) treatment. Conclusion HMGB1 was released from neurons early after SAH onset and might trigger inflammation as an upstream inflammatory mediator. Extracellular HMGB1 contributed to the brain injury after SAH. These results might have important implications during the administration of specific HMGB1 antagonists early in order to prevent or reduce inflammatory response following SAH. PMID:24924349

21 CFR 73.3129 - Disodium 1-amino-4-[[4-[(2-bromo-1-oxoallyl)amino]-2-sulfonatophenyl]amino]-9,10-dihydro-9,10...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Disodium 1-amino-4-[[4-[(2-bromo-1-oxoallyl)amino]-2-sulfonatophenyl]amino]-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonate. 73.3129 Section 73.3129 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF...

21 CFR 73.3129 - Disodium 1-amino-4-[[4-[(2-bromo-1-oxoallyl)amino]-2-sulfonatophenyl]amino]-9,10-dihydro-9,10...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Disodium 1-amino-4-[[4-[(2-bromo-1-oxoallyl)amino]-2-sulfonatophenyl]amino]-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonate. 73.3129 Section 73.3129 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF...

Synthesis and cytotoxic analysis of some disodium 3beta,6beta-dihydroxysterol disulfates.

PubMed

Cui, Jianguo; Wang, Hui; Huang, Yanmin; Xin, Yi; Zhou, Aimin

2009-01-01

Disodium 3beta,6beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestane disulfate (1) was synthesized in 4 steps with a high overall yield from cholesterol. First, cholesterol (4a) was converted to cholest-4-en-3,6-dione (5a) via oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) and then 5a was reduced by NaBH(4) in the presence of NiCl(2) to produce cholest-3beta,6beta-diol (6a). The reaction of 6a with the triethylamine-sulfur trioxide complex generated diammonium 3beta,6beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestane disulfate (7a) and the treatment of 7a by cation exchange resin 732 (sodium form)(Na(+)) yielded the target steroid 1. Disodium 24-ethyl-3beta,6beta-dihydroxycholest-22-ene disulfate (2) and disodium 24-ethyl-3beta,6beta-dihydroxycholestane disulfate (3) were synthesized using a similar method. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against Sk-Hep-1 (human liver carcinoma cell line), H-292 (human lung carcinoma cell line), PC-3 (human prostate carcinoma cell line) and Hey-1B (human ovarian carcinoma cell line) cells was investigated. Our results indicate that presence of a cholesterol-type side chain at position 17 is necessary for their biological activity.

40 CFR 721.9790 - Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[5-[[4-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl) amino]- 6-[(3...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...]-, disodium salt, compd. with 2,2â²,2â³-nitrilo-tris[ethanol] (1:2); Benzenesulfonic acid, 5-[[4-[bis(2.... with 2,2â²,2â³-nitrilotris[ethanol] (1:2). 721.9790 Section 721.9790 Protection of Environment...]-, disodium salt, compd. with 2,2′,2″-nitrilo-tris[ethanol] (1:2); Benzenesulfonic acid, 5-[[4-[bis(2...

40 CFR 721.9790 - Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[5-[[4-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl) amino]- 6-[(3...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...]-, disodium salt, compd. with 2,2â²,2â³-nitrilo-tris[ethanol] (1:2); Benzenesulfonic acid, 5-[[4-[bis(2.... with 2,2â²,2â³-nitrilotris[ethanol] (1:2). 721.9790 Section 721.9790 Protection of Environment...]-, disodium salt, compd. with 2,2′,2″-nitrilo-tris[ethanol] (1:2); Benzenesulfonic acid, 5-[[4-[bis(2...

40 CFR 721.9790 - Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[5-[[4-[bis(2-hydroxypropyl) amino]- 6-[(3...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...]-, disodium salt, compd. with 2,2â²,2â³-nitrilo-tris[ethanol] (1:2); Benzenesulfonic acid, 5-[[4-[bis(2.... with 2,2â²,2â³-nitrilotris[ethanol] (1:2). 721.9790 Section 721.9790 Protection of Environment...]-, disodium salt, compd. with 2,2′,2″-nitrilo-tris[ethanol] (1:2); Benzenesulfonic acid, 5-[[4-[bis(2...

40 CFR 721.9795 - Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]-, disodium salt... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2â²-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino]-, disodium salt, substituted with dialkyl amines...

40 CFR 721.9795 - Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]-, disodium salt... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2â²-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino]-, disodium salt, substituted with dialkyl amines...

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in endodontics

PubMed Central

Mohammadi, Zahed; Shalavi, Sousan; Jafarzadeh, Hamid

2013-01-01

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent can bind to metals via four carboxylate and two amine groups. It is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a colorless, water-soluble solid, which is widely used to dissolve lime scale. It is produced as several salts, notably disodium EDTA and calcium disodium EDTA. EDTA reacts with the calcium ions in dentine and forms soluble calcium chelates. A review of the literature and a discussion of the different indications and considerations for its usage are presented. PMID:24966721

Molecular studies on di-sodium tartrate molecule

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Divya, P.; Jayakumar, S.; George, Preethamary; Shubashree, N. S.; Ahmed. M, Anees

2015-06-01

Structural characterization is important for the development of new material. The acoustical parameters such as Free Length, Internal Pressure have been measured from ultrasonic velocity, density for di sodium tartrate an optically active molecule at different temperatures using ultrasonic interferometer of frequency (2MHZ). The ultrasonic velocity increases with increase in concentration there is an increase in solute-solvent interaction. The stability constant had been calculated. SEM with EDAX studies has been done for Di-sodium tartrate an optically active molecule.

Determination of adenosine disodium triphosphate (ATP) using oxytetracycline-Eu 3+ as a fluorescence probe by spectrofluorimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hou, Faju; Miao, Yanhong; Jiang, Chongqiu

2005-10-01

A new spectrofluorimetric method was developed for determination of adenosine disodium triphosphate (ATP). We studied the interactions between oxytetracycline (OTC)-Eu 3+ complex and adenosine disodium triphosphate (ATP) by using UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. Using oxytetracycline (OTC)-Eu 3+ as a fluorescence probe, under the optimum conditions, ATP can remarkably enhance the fluorescence intensity of the OTC-Eu 3+ complex at λ = 612 nm and the enhanced fluorescence intensity of Eu 3+ ion is in proportion to the concentration of ATP. Optimum conditions for the determination of ATP were also investigated. The linear ranges for ATP are 8.00 × 10 -8-1.50 × 10 -6 mol L -1 with detection limits of 2.67 × 10 -9 mol L -1. This method is simple, practical and relatively free interference from coexisting substances and can be successfully applied to determination of ATP in samples. The mechanism of fluorescence enhancement between oxytetracycline (OTC)-Eu 3+ complex and ATP was also studied.

Effects of wet cleaning with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate on dust mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in carpet.

PubMed

Vyszenski-Moher, Diann L; Arlian, Larry G

2003-07-01

In a controlled laboratory study, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) applied to carpets with a carpet-cleaning machine at a rate of 509 ml DOT/8.15 liter H2O/100 m2 (two cups DOT/2 gal H2O/100 feet2) reduced survival and population growth of live Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus by > or = 98% compared with water-cleaned and uncleaned carpets at 8 wk postcleaning. Cleaning with DOT was more effective against D. pteronyssinus than D. farinae.

High-Yield Method for Dispersing Simian Kidneys for Cell Cultures

PubMed Central

de Oca, H. Montes; Probst, P.; Grubbs, R.

1971-01-01

A technique for dispersion of animal tissue cells is described. The proposed technique is based on the concomitant use of trypsin and disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA). The use of the two dispersing agents (trypsin and disodium EDTA) markedly enhances cell yield as compared with the standard cell dispersion methods. Moreover, significant reduction in the amount of time required for complete tissue dispersal, presence of a very low number of nonviable cells, less cell clumping, and more uniform monolayer formation upon cultivation compare favorably with the results usually obtained with the standard trypsinization technique. Images PMID:4993235

Thermosensitive chitosan gels containing calcium glycerophosphate.

PubMed

Skwarczynska, Agata L; Kuberski, Slawomir; Maniukiewicz, Waldemar; Modrzejewska, Zofia

2018-08-05

In this paper the properties of thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels, formulated with chitosan chloride with β-glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate and chitosan chloride with β-glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate enriched with calcium glycerophosphate, are presented. The study focused on the determination of the hydrogel structure after conditioning in water. The structure of the gels was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity of the gel structure was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and the thermal effects were determined based on DSC thermograms. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

I. Enabling Single-Chain Surfactants to Form Vesicles by Nonamphiphilic Liquid Crystals in Water II. Controlling Attachment and Ligand-Mediated Adherence of Candida albicans on Monolayers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varghese, Nisha

This dissertation describes a fundamental study of weak noncovalent interactions and surface forces that exist at the interfaces of various interacting moieties (small molecules or microbes), and its relevance to colloidal and material chemistry. Chapter 1 presents an emulsion system that enables single-chain anionic or nonionic surfactants to sequester and encapsulate certain water-soluble organic salts, leading to the formation of vesicles in water. The water-soluble organic salt in the system comprises of disodium cromoglycate crystals that are emulsified by surfactants in water to form stable liquid crystal droplets. The work provides an exception to the rule of geometric packing factor that dictates formation of micelles by the surfactants in water. Chapter 2 shows that the odd or even number of carbon atoms present in the aliphatic chain of surfactants affect the ability of surfactants to emulsify aqueous-based liquid crystals of disodium cromoglycate. Such an odd-even effect is frequently observed for solid state properties like melting point, heat of fusion and refractive index but is rarely observed for molecules present in solution. When mixed in water, anionic single-chain surfactants with odd number of carbon atoms emulsifies disodium cromoglycate to form liquid crystal droplets, while surfactants with even number of carbon atoms fail to emulsify disodium cromoglycate. Chapter 3 Bolaamphiphiles usually form vesicles only in extreme conditions or in the presence of surfactants. Here, we explore the co-assembly system of synthesized bolaamphiphiles and disodium cromoglycate in water. The combination of the self-assembly forces of the bolaamphiphile and self-associating property of disodium cromoglycate liquid crystals act together at the interface form a unique microemulsion of liquid crystal droplets of disodium cromoglycate embedded in liquid crystal phase. Chapter 4 describes a key event (adhesion) that precedes infections caused by Candida albicans. Adhesion of C. albicans to a surface is a complex process and is governed by nonspecific attachment or multiple ligand-receptor interactions. The work demonstrates that the multiple ligand-receptor interactions used by C. albicans for adherence to a surface can be individually studied using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) decorated with minimal motif of the ligands. The SAMs were also used to differentiate between the interactions of the two different morphological forms of C. albicans.. Chapter 5 presents a study on small molecules that were used to inhibit biofilm formed by C. albicans. The acyclic triazoles used in the study were not toxic to the C. albicans and were capable of inhibiting biofilm formed by C. albicans. The acyclic triazole can be used as promising candidates to design new antifungal agents. The chapter also reports the synthesis of squarylated homoserine lactones (SHLs) structural mimics of bacterial acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) to study the inhibitory effects of SHLs on fungal biofilm. The bacterial AHLs are known to repress the growth of C. albicans and control fungal biofilm in native host environment. The synthesized SHLs were non-toxic to C. albicans and failed to inhibit biofilm formed by C. albicans. . Chapter 6 uses gradient nanotopography combined with controlled surface chemistry to confine bacterial biofilm formed by Escherichia coli. The E. coli biofilm were confined within micrometer sized regions of hydrophobic SAMs surrounded by polyol-terminated SAMs. The study reveals that surface with higher topography enhances the ability of the bioinert SAMs to resist bacterial adherence to surface.

[Treatment of Paget's disease with diphosphonate (disodium ethydronate)].

PubMed

Caniggia, A; Gennari, C; Guideri, R; Vattimo, A; Nardi, P

1976-01-07

16 patients suffering from Paget's disease were studied before, during and after 3 or 6 month treatment with disodium ethydronate (EHDP) per os. An appreciable improvement in pain symptomatology was noted and at times an evident improvement in audiometry; from the metabolic viewpoint there was a fall in serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary excretion of calcium and hydroxyproline. A study of radiocalcium kinetics demonstrated a reduction in the exchangeable calcium pool and the fractional turnover rate. Histological examination following needle biopsy of the iliac crest showed evident diminution in the active bone cell population (osteoclasts, osteoblasts) and, in certain cases, appearance of osteoid borders.

Click strategy using disodium salts of amino acids improves the water solubility of plinabulin and KPU-300.

PubMed

Yakushiji, Fumika; Muguruma, Kyohei; Hayashi, Yoshiki; Shirasaka, Takuya; Kawamata, Ryosuke; Tanaka, Hironari; Yoshiwaka, Yushi; Taguchi, Akihiro; Takayama, Kentaro; Hayashi, Yoshio

2017-07-15

Plinabulin and KPU-300 are promising anti-microtubule agents; however, the low water solubility of these compounds (<0.1µg/mL) has limited their pharmaceutical advantages. Here, we developed five water-soluble derivatives of plinabulin and KPU-300 with a click strategy using disodium salts of amino acids. The mother skeleton, diketopiperazine (DKP), was transformed into a monolactim-type alkyne and a copper-catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) combined azides that was derived from amino acids as a water-solubilizing moiety. The conversion of carboxyl groups into disodium salts greatly improved the water solubility by 0.8 million times compared to the solubility of the parent molecules. In addition, the α-amino acid side chains of the water-solubilizing moieties affected both the water solubility and the half-lives of the compounds during enzymatic hydrolysis. Our effort to develop a variety of water-soluble derivatives using the click strategy has revealed that the replaceable water-solubilizing moieties can alter molecular solubility and stability under enzymatic hydrolysis. With this flexibility, we are approaching to the in vivo study using water-soluble derivative. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Severe Lead Toxicosis in a Lionhead Rabbit.

PubMed

Walter, Kristen M; Bischoff, Karyn; de Matos, Ricardo

2017-03-01

Lead toxicosis occurs in veterinary patients, with few reports involving rabbits, and no previous reports using oral calcium disodium EDTA. A 7-year-old male castrated Lionhead rabbit presented to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals (CUHA) for evaluation after a 2-day history of lethargy and a 2-week history of hyporexia. The patient had been observed pulling paint from the walls of the home, a house built circa 1900, in the months prior to presentation. The patient was moderately anemic with a hematocrit of 21% with red blood cell morphological changes consistent with lead toxicosis, including basophilic stippling, nucleated red blood cells, and polychromasia. Radiographic images of the abdomen revealed excessive accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract in a pattern consistent with gastric stasis and numerous small mineral to metallic opacities in the cecum. The blood lead concentration was 792 μg/dL, confirming the diagnosis of lead toxicosis with secondary gastrointestinal stasis. The rabbit was hospitalized for treatment with oral and subcutaneous calcium disodium EDTA for 4 days and then discharged home to the care of the owners. Severe lead toxicosis in a rabbit can be treated successfully with oral and subcutaneous calcium disodium EDTA and aggressive supportive treatment.

Allergenic Ingredients in Personal Hygiene Wet Wipes.

PubMed

Aschenbeck, Kelly A; Warshaw, Erin M

Wet wipes are a significant allergen source for anogenital allergic contact dermatitis. The aim of the study was to calculate the frequency of potentially allergenic ingredients in personal hygiene wet wipes. Ingredient lists from brand name and generic personal hygiene wet wipes from 4 large retailers were compiled. In the 54 personal hygiene wet wipes evaluated, a total of 132 ingredients were identified (average of 11.9 ingredients per wipe). The most common ingredients were Aloe barbadensis (77.8%), citric acid (77.8%), fragrance (72.2%), sorbic acid derivatives (63.0%), tocopherol derivatives (63.0%), glycerin (59.3%), phenoxyethanol (55.6%), disodium cocoamphodiacetate (53.7%), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (42.6%), propylene glycol (42.6%), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (40.7%), chamomile extracts (38.9%), sodium benzoate (35.2%), bronopol (22.2%), sodium citrate (22.2%), lanolin derivatives (20.4%), parabens (20.4%), polyethylene glycol derivatives (18.5%), disodium phosphate (16.7%), dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin (DMDM) (14.8%), and cocamidopropyl propylene glycol (PG)-dimonium chloride phosphate (11.1%). Of note, methylisothiazolinone (5.6%) was uncommon; methylchloroisothiazolinone was not identified in the personal hygiene wet wipes examined. There are many potential allergens in personal hygiene wet wipes, especially fragrance and preservatives.

21 CFR 181.29 - Stabilizers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

.... Ammonium citrate. Ammonium potassium hydrogen phosphate. Calcium glycerophosphate. Calcium phosphate.... Calcium stearate. Disodium hydrogen phosphate. Magnesium glycerophosphate. Magnesium stearate. Magnesium...

21 CFR 181.29 - Stabilizers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... glycerophosphate. Calcium phosphate. Calcium hydrogen phosphate. Calcium oleate. Calcium acetate. Calcium carbonate. Calcium ricinoleate. Calcium stearate. Disodium hydrogen phosphate. Magnesium glycerophosphate. Magnesium...

21 CFR 181.29 - Stabilizers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... glycerophosphate. Calcium phosphate. Calcium hydrogen phosphate. Calcium oleate. Calcium acetate. Calcium carbonate. Calcium ricinoleate. Calcium stearate. Disodium hydrogen phosphate. Magnesium glycerophosphate. Magnesium...

21 CFR 181.29 - Stabilizers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... glycerophosphate. Calcium phosphate. Calcium hydrogen phosphate. Calcium oleate. Calcium acetate. Calcium carbonate. Calcium ricinoleate. Calcium stearate. Disodium hydrogen phosphate. Magnesium glycerophosphate. Magnesium...

21 CFR 181.29 - Stabilizers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... glycerophosphate. Calcium phosphate. Calcium hydrogen phosphate. Calcium oleate. Calcium acetate. Calcium carbonate. Calcium ricinoleate. Calcium stearate. Disodium hydrogen phosphate. Magnesium glycerophosphate. Magnesium...

Effect of various electrolytes upon cardiac and skeletal musculature

PubMed Central

Selye, H.; Bajusz, E.

1959-01-01

In rats kept on a low-potassium diet that contains only maintenance levels of magnesium, cardiac necroses and muscular cramps were readily induced by the oral administration of sodium perchlorate or disodium hydrogen phosphate. The precipitation of these cardiac and skeletal muscle changes by sodium chlorate was prevented by the prophylactic administration of either potassium or magnesium chlorides. The protective effect of these chlorides against the cardiotoxic and convulsive effects of disodium hydrogen phosphate has already been demonstrated by our earlier experiments. Sodium sulphate produced cardiac necroses in rats maintained on the same diet, and both potassium and magnesium chlorides had a prophylactic action. Unlike sodium perchlorate, however, sodium sulphate produced no muscular cramps under these conditions. Equimolecular amounts of sodium given in the form of sodium chloride (instead of sodium perchlorate, sodium sulphate, or disodium hydrogen phosphate) did not cause cardiac necroses or muscular cramps in rats maintained on the potassium-deficient diet. As the same three sodium salts, namely the perchlorate, the sulphate, and the hydrogen phosphate, produced cardiac necroses in rats sensitized by either a potassium-deficient diet or by certain corticoids, it seems that the anion must play a decisive rôle, since equivalent amounts of NaCl are ineffective. PMID:13651583

In vitro inhibition of hyaluronidase by sodium copper chlorophyllin complex and chlorophyllin analogs

PubMed Central

McCook, John P; Dorogi, Peter L; Vasily, David B; Cefalo, Dustin R

2015-01-01

Background Inhibitors of hyaluronidase are potent agents that maintain hyaluronic acid homeostasis and may serve as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial agents. Sodium copper chlorophyllin complex is being used therapeutically as a component in anti-aging cosmeceuticals, and has been shown to have anti-hyaluronidase activity. In this study we evaluated various commercial lots of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to identify the primary small molecule constituents, and to test various sodium copper chlorophyllin complexes and their small molecule analog compounds for hyaluronidase inhibitory activity in vitro. Ascorbate analogs were tested in combination with copper chlorophyllin complexes for potential additive or synergistic activity. Materials and methods For hyaluronidase activity assays, dilutions of test materials were evaluated for hydrolytic activity of hyaluronidase by precipitation of non-digested hyaluronate by measuring related turbidity at 595 nm. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy was used to analyze and identify the primary small molecule constituents in various old and new commercial lots of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex. Results The most active small molecule component of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex was disodium copper isochlorin e4, followed by oxidized disodium copper isochlorin e4. Sodium copper chlorophyllin complex and copper isochlorin e4 disodium salt had hyaluronidase inhibitory activity down to 10 µg/mL. The oxidized form of copper isochlorin e4 disodium salt had substantial hyaluronidase inhibitory activity at 100 µg/mL but not at 10 µg/mL. Ascorbate derivatives did not enhance the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sodium copper chlorophyllin. Copper isochlorin e4 analogs were always the dominant components of the small molecule content of the commercial lots tested; oxidized copper isochlorin e4 was found in increased concentrations in older compared to newer lots tested. Conclusion These results support the concept of using the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to increase the hyaluronic acid level of the dermal extracellular matrix for the improvement of the appearance of aging facial skin. PMID:26300653

In vitro inhibition of hyaluronidase by sodium copper chlorophyllin complex and chlorophyllin analogs.

PubMed

McCook, John P; Dorogi, Peter L; Vasily, David B; Cefalo, Dustin R

2015-01-01

Inhibitors of hyaluronidase are potent agents that maintain hyaluronic acid homeostasis and may serve as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial agents. Sodium copper chlorophyllin complex is being used therapeutically as a component in anti-aging cosmeceuticals, and has been shown to have anti-hyaluronidase activity. In this study we evaluated various commercial lots of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to identify the primary small molecule constituents, and to test various sodium copper chlorophyllin complexes and their small molecule analog compounds for hyaluronidase inhibitory activity in vitro. Ascorbate analogs were tested in combination with copper chlorophyllin complexes for potential additive or synergistic activity. For hyaluronidase activity assays, dilutions of test materials were evaluated for hydrolytic activity of hyaluronidase by precipitation of non-digested hyaluronate by measuring related turbidity at 595 nm. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy was used to analyze and identify the primary small molecule constituents in various old and new commercial lots of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex. The most active small molecule component of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex was disodium copper isochlorin e4, followed by oxidized disodium copper isochlorin e4. Sodium copper chlorophyllin complex and copper isochlorin e4 disodium salt had hyaluronidase inhibitory activity down to 10 µg/mL. The oxidized form of copper isochlorin e4 disodium salt had substantial hyaluronidase inhibitory activity at 100 µg/mL but not at 10 µg/mL. Ascorbate derivatives did not enhance the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sodium copper chlorophyllin. Copper isochlorin e4 analogs were always the dominant components of the small molecule content of the commercial lots tested; oxidized copper isochlorin e4 was found in increased concentrations in older compared to newer lots tested. These results support the concept of using the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex to increase the hyaluronic acid level of the dermal extracellular matrix for the improvement of the appearance of aging facial skin.

In vivo percutaneous absorption of boron as boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate in humans: a summary.

PubMed

Wester, R C; Hui, X; Maibach, H I; Bell, K; Schell, M J; Northington, D J; Strong, P; Culver, B D

1998-01-01

Literature from the first half of this century reports concern for toxicity from topical use of boric acid, but assessment of percutaneous absorption has been impaired by lack of analytical sensitivity. Analytical methods in this study included inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, which now allows quantitation of percutaneous absorption of 10B in 10B-enriched boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) in biological matrices. This made it possible, in the presence of comparatively large natural dietary boron intakes for the in vivo segment of this study, to quantify the boron passing through skin. Human volunteers were dosed with 10B-enriched boric acid, 5.0%, borax, 5.0%, or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, 10% in aqueous solutions. Urinalysis, for boron and changes in boron isotope ratios, was used to measure absorption. Boric acid in vivo percutaneous absorption was 0.226 (SD = 0.125) mean percent dose, with flux and permeability constant (Kp) calculated at 0.009 microg/cm2/h and 1.9 x 10(-7) cm/h, respectively. Borax absorption was 0.210 (SD = 0.194) mean percent dose, with flux and Kp calculated at 0.009 microg/cm2/h and 1.8 x 10(-7) cm/h, respectively. DOT absorption was 0.122 (SD = 0.108) mean percent, with flux and Kp calculated at 0.01 microg/cm2/h and 1.0 x 10(-7) cm/h, respectively. Pretreatment with the potential skin irritant 2% sodium lauryl sulfate had no effect on boron skin absorption. These in vivo results show that percutaneous absorption of boron, as boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, through intact human skin is low and is significantly less than the average daily dietary intake. This very low boron skin absorption makes it apparent that, for the borates tested, the use of gloves to prevent systemic uptake is unnecessary. These findings do not apply to abraded or otherwise damaged skin.

Enhanced vasculotoxic metal excretion in post-myocardial infarction patients following a single edetate disodium-based infusion.

PubMed

Arenas, Ivan A; Navas-Acien, Ana; Ergui, Ian; Lamas, Gervasio A

2017-10-01

Toxic metals have been associated with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. We have hypothesized that enhanced excretion of vasculotoxic metals might explain the positive results of the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT). The purpose of this study was to determine whether a single infusion of the edetate disodium- based infusion used in TACT led to enhanced excretion of toxic metals known to be associated with cardiovascular events. Twenty six patients (post-MI, age > 50 years, serum creatinine ≤ 2.0mg/dL) were enrolled in this open-label study. Urinary levels of 20 toxic metals normalized to urinary creatinine concentrations were measured at baseline in overnight urine collections, for 6h following a placebo infusion of 500mL normal saline and 1.2% dextrose, and for 6h following a 3g edetate disodium-based infusion. Self-reported metal exposure, smoking status, food frequency, occupational history, drinking water source, housing and hobbies were collected at baseline by a metal exposure questionnaire. The mean age was 65 years (range 51-81 years). All patients were male. 50% had diabetes mellitus and 58% were former smokers. Mean (SD) serum creatinine was 0.95 (0.31) mg/dL. Toxic metals were detected in the baseline urine of >80% of patients. After placebo infusion there were no significant changes in total urinary metal levels. After edetate infusion, total urinary metal level increased by 71% compared to baseline (1500 vs. 2580µg/g creatinine; P<0.0001). The effect of edetate was particularly large for lead (3835% increase) and cadmium (633% increase). Edetate disodium-based infusions markedly enhanced the urinary excretion of lead and cadmium, toxic metals with established epidemiologic evidence and mechanisms linking them to coronary and vascular events. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Effects of pamidronate disodium (Bonin) combined with chemotherapy on bone pain in multiple myeloma].

PubMed

Leng, Yun; Chen, Shi-lun; Shi, Hong-zhi

2002-10-01

Objective. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of Disodium Pamidronate (Bonin) on bone pain in multiple myeloma. Method. 18 patients received only chemotherapy and 16 patients with addition of Bonin were compared. Result. The bone pain was significantly relieved both in chemotherapy alone group and in the combination group of Bonin with chemotherapy after treatment (P<0.01, as compared with before therapy). However, the effects of combination group were more dramatical than that of the other group (P<0.05). No obvious side-effects were observed except mild fever in one patient in the combination group. Conclusion. Bonin, as a safe and effective Bisphosphonates preparation, could relieve bone pain in multiple myeloma more effectively when combined with chemotherapy.

Chiral lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals composed of disodium cromoglycate doped with water-soluble chiral additives.

PubMed

Shirai, Tatsuya; Shuai, Min; Nakamura, Keita; Yamaguchi, Akihiro; Naka, Yumiko; Sasaki, Takeo; Clark, Noel A; Le, Khoa V

2018-02-28

We investigated the pitches of cholesteric liquid crystals prepared by mixing disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) in water with 5 different water-soluble chiral additives. The measurements are based on the Grandjean-Cano wedge cell method. Overall, the twisting effect is weak, and the shortest pitch of 2.9 ± 0.2 μm is obtained using trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline, by which the cholesteric sample is iridescent at certain viewing angles. Freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FFTEM) was also performed for the first time on both the nematic and cholesteric phases, revealing that stacked chromonic aggregates are very long, up to a few hundred nm, which explains why cholesteric chromonic liquid crystals hardly have pitches in the visible wavelength region.

Hydrogen bonding in the neutron structure of the mononucleotide 5'-UMP disodium salt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chitra, R.; Ranjan-Choudhury, R.; Ramanadham, M.

Disodium uridine 5'-monophosphate heptahydrate (5'-UMPNa2), Na2[C9H11N2O9P].7H2O, crystallises in space group C2221 with a=22.985, b=8.911 and c=19.494Å. A neutron beam of λ=1.216Å was used; Z=8 and V=3992.75Å3. Data consisted of 1785 unique reflections. Na ions were connected to the main molecule through water molecules and sugar oxygens. One of the Na ions occupied a special position, and the other at a general position was partially disordered. The uracil base was planar, and had anti conformation about the glycosidic bond. The sugar had C(2') endo conformation and was gauche-gauche.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium (III) with the Disodium Salt of (Ethylenediamine) tetraacetic Acid (Complexon III); DETERMINACION ESPECTROFOTOMETRICA DE CROMO (III) CON LA SAL DISODICA DEL ACIDO ETILEN-DIAMINO-TETRA-ACETICO (COMPLEXONA III)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cellini, R.F.; Valiente, E.A.

1956-01-01

A spectrophotometric method for Cr (III) determination is established: hot and weak acid solutions are treated by disodium (ethylenediamine)tetraacetic acid (complexoneIII) yielding a very stable violet chelate, which follows Beer's law between 1 and 7 gamma Cr(III)/ml. These concentrations are employed in the experiences of this work. The absorption spectrum of Cr(III)-complexone-III has two maximums at 396 and 538 m mu . The maximum at 538 mu m is utilized in this method. Time, temperature, pH, and complexone-III concentration are studied and the best experimental conditions are fixed. (auth)

Validation protocol of analytical procedures for quantification of drugs in polymeric systems for parenteral administration: dexamethasone phosphate disodium microparticles.

PubMed

Martín-Sabroso, Cristina; Tavares-Fernandes, Daniel Filipe; Espada-García, Juan Ignacio; Torres-Suárez, Ana Isabel

2013-12-15

In this work a protocol to validate analytical procedures for the quantification of drug substances formulated in polymeric systems that comprise both drug entrapped into the polymeric matrix (assay:content test) and drug released from the systems (assay:dissolution test) is developed. This protocol is applied to the validation two isocratic HPLC analytical procedures for the analysis of dexamethasone phosphate disodium microparticles for parenteral administration. Preparation of authentic samples and artificially "spiked" and "unspiked" samples is described. Specificity (ability to quantify dexamethasone phosphate disodium in presence of constituents of the dissolution medium and other microparticle constituents), linearity, accuracy and precision are evaluated, in the range from 10 to 50 μg mL(-1) in the assay:content test procedure and from 0.25 to 10 μg mL(-1) in the assay:dissolution test procedure. The robustness of the analytical method to extract drug from microparticles is also assessed. The validation protocol developed allows us to conclude that both analytical methods are suitable for their intended purpose, but the lack of proportionality of the assay:dissolution analytical method should be taken into account. The validation protocol designed in this work could be applied to the validation of any analytical procedure for the quantification of drugs formulated in controlled release polymeric microparticles. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

21 CFR 529.2464 - Ticarcillin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) Specifications. Each vial contains ticarcillin disodium powder equivalent to 6 grams of ticarcillin for... 6 grams daily by intrauterine infusion for 3 consecutive days during estrus. (2) Indications for use...

Gateways to clinical trials.

PubMed

Tomillero, A; Moral, M A

2009-10-01

[Methoxy-11c]PD-153035; Afamelanotide, Agalsidase beta, Alemtuzumab, Alkaline phosphatase, Amlodipine, Anecortave acetate, Apixaban, Aripiprazole, Atomoxetine hydrochloride; Bevacizumab, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Botulinum toxin type B, Brimonidine tartrate/timolol maleate, Brivudine; Canakinumab, Cetuximab, Chlorotoxin, Cinaciguat; Dapagliflozin, Decitabine, Duloxetine hydrochloride; Elagolix sodium, Eplerenone, Eritoran tetrasodium, Escitalopram oxalate, Etoricoxib, Ezetimibe; Fospropofol disodium; G-207, Gabapentin enacarbil, Gefitinib, Golimumab; Human plasmin; Inotuzumab ozogamicin, Insulin glargine, Insulin glulisine, Istaroxime, Ixabepilone; KLH; Levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone; Miglustat, Mitumprotimut-T, MP-470; Oblimersen sodium, Olmesartan medoxomil; P53-SLP, PAN-811, Patupilone, Pazopanib hydrochloride, PC-515, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Pegylated arginine deiminase 20000, Pemetrexed disodium, Plitidepsin, Pregabalin; Rasagiline mesilate, Rotigotine; SCH-697243, Sirolimus-eluting stent, Sumatriptan succinate/naproxen sodium, Sunitinib malate; Tadalafil, Tapentadol hydrochloride, TMC-207; V-211, Valganciclovir hydrochloride; Zolpidem tartrate. Copyright 2009 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved.

Quenching characteristics of bathocuproinedisulfonic acid, disodium salt in aqueous solution and copper sulfate plating solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koga, Toshiaki; Hirakawa, Chieko; Takeshita, Michinori; Terasaki, Nao

2018-04-01

Bathocuproinedisulfonic acid, disodium salt (BCS) is generally used to detect Cu(I) through a color reaction. We newly found BCS fluorescence in the visible blue region in an aqueous solution. However, the fluorescence mechanism of BCS is not well known, so we should investigate its fundamental information. We confirmed that the characteristics of fluorescence are highly dependent on the molecular concentration and solvent properties. In particular, owing to the presence of the copper compound, the fluorescence intensity extremely decreases. By fluorescence quenching, we observed that a copper compound concentration of 10-6 mol/L or less could easily be measured in an aqueous solution. We also observed BCS fluorescence in copper sulfate plating solution and the possibility of detecting monovalent copper by fluorescence reabsorption.

Phases and structures of sunset yellow and disodium cromoglycate mixtures in water.

PubMed

Yamaguchi, Akihiro; Smith, Gregory P; Yi, Youngwoo; Xu, Charles; Biffi, Silvia; Serra, Francesca; Bellini, Tommaso; Zhu, Chenhui; Clark, Noel A

2016-01-01

We study phases and structures of mixtures of two representative chromonic liquid crystal materials, sunset yellow FCF (SSY) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), in water. A variety of combinations of isotropic, nematic (N), and columnar (also called M) phases are observed depending on their concentrations, and a phase diagram is made. We find a tendency for DSCG-rich regions to show higher-order phases while SSY-rich regions show lower-order ones. We observe uniform mesophases only when one of the materials is sparse in the N phases. Their miscibility in M phases is so low that essentially complete phase separation occurs. X-ray scattering and spectroscopy studies confirm that SSY and DSCG molecules do not mix when they form chromonic aggregates and neither do their aggregates when they form M phases.

Adverse allergic reactions to linear ionic gadolinium-based contrast agents: experience with 194, 400 injections.

PubMed

Aran, S; Shaqdan, K W; Abujudeh, H H

2015-05-01

To report the authors' experience with the administration of four gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA; gadopentetate dimeglumine, gadofosveset trisodium, gadoxetate disodium and gadobenate dimeglumine) in a large study population at a single, large academic medical centre. The institutional review board approved this retrospective study in which data in the electronic incident reporting system were searched. A total of 194, 400 intravenous administrations of linear ionic GBCAs were assessed for the incidence of adverse reactions and risk factors from 1 January 2007 to 14 January 2014. The severity of reactions (mild, moderate, and severe), patient type (outpatients, inpatients, and emergency), examination type, and treatment options were also investigated. In total, 204/194400 (0.1%) patients (mean age 45.7 ± 14.9) showed adverse reactions, consisting of 6/746 (0.80%), 10/3200 (0.31%), 14/6236 (0.22%) and 174/184218 (0.09%), for gadofosveset trisodium, gadoxetate disodium, gadobenate dimeglumine, and gadopentetate dimeglumine, respectively. An overall significant difference was found between different GBCAs regarding the total number of reactions (p < 0.0001). When comparing the GBCAs together, significant differences were found between gadofosveset trisodium versus gadopentetate dimeglumine (p < 0.0001), gadofosveset trisodium versus gadobenate dimeglumine (p = 0.0051), gadoxetate disodium versus gadopentetate dimeglumine (p < 0.0001) and gadopentetate dimeglumine versus gadobenate dimeglumine (p = 0.0013). Rate of reaction was higher in females (F: 146/113187, 0.13%/M: 58/81213, 0.07%; p < 0.0001). Rate of reactions was higher in outpatient (180/158885, 0.11%), emergency (10/10413, 0.10%), and inpatients (14/25102, 0.05%), respectively (p < 0.0001). Most of the patients had mild symptoms 171/204 (83.8%). Abdomen-pelvis, liver, and thoracic examinations had highest rates of reactions (0.17 versus 0.16 versus 0.15). The overall rate of adverse reaction to GBCAs was 0.1%. The rates of reactions were highest in gadofosveset trisodium with (0.80%), followed by gadoxetate disodium (0.31%), gadobenate dimeglumine (0.22%) and gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.09%). Copyright © 2015 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization of Severe Arterial Phase Respiratory Motion Artifact on Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced MRI - Assessment of Interrater Agreement and Reliability.

PubMed

Ringe, Kristina Imeen; Luetkens, Julian A; Fimmers, Rolf; Hammerstingl, Renate Maria; Layer, Günter; Maurer, Martin H; Nähle, Claas Philip; Michalik, Sabine; Reimer, Peter; Schraml, Christina; Schreyer, Andreas G; Stumpp, Patrick; Vogl, Thomas J; Wacker, Frank K; Willinek, Winfried; Kukuk, Guido Mattias

2018-04-01

 To assess the interrater agreement and reliability of experienced abdominal radiologists in the characterization and grading of arterial phase gadoxetate disodium-related respiratory motion artifact on liver MRI.  This prospective multicenter study was initiated by the working group for abdominal imaging within the German Roentgen Society (DRG), and approved by the local IRB of each participating center. 11 board-certified radiologists independently reviewed 40 gadoxetate disodium-enhanced liver MRI datasets. Motion artifacts in the arterial phase were assessed on a 5-point scale. Interrater agreement and reliability were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Kendall coefficient of concordance (W), with p < 0.05 deemed significant.  The ICC for interrater agreement and reliability were 0.983 (CI 0.973 - 0.990) and 0.985 (CI 0.978 - 0.991), respectively (both p < 0.0001), indicating excellent agreement and reliability. Kendall's W for interrater agreement was 0.865. A severe motion artifact, defined as a mean motion score ≥ 4 in the arterial phase was observed in 12 patients. In these specific cases, a motion score ≥ 4 was assigned by all readers in 75 % (n = 9/12 cases).  Differentiation and grading of arterial phase respiratory motion artifact is possible with a high level of inter-/intrarater agreement and interrater reliability, which is crucial for assessing the incidence of this phenomenon in larger multicenter studies.   · Inter- and intrarater agreement for motion artifact scoring is excellent among experienced readers.. · Interrater reliability for motion artifact scoring is excellent among experienced readers.. · Characterization of severe motion artifacts proved feasible in this multicenter study.. · Ringe KI, Luetkens JA, Fimmers R et al. Characterization of Severe Arterial Phase Respiratory Motion Artifact on Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced MRI - Assessment of Interrater Agreement and Reliability. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2017; 190: 341 - 347. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Greener and cheaper

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Laifa; Yu, Yan

2017-11-01

Using cheap organic material as the cathode and abundant sodium as the charge carrier is attractive for sustainable battery technologies. Now, highly reversible four-sodium storage in a nano-sized disodium rhodizonate organic cathode is achieved.

Chelation for Coronary Heart Disease

MedlinePlus

... also turn to chelation therapy using disodium EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid), a controversial complementary health ... and answers about two trials of an EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid) chelation therapy regimen for ...

Graphene oxide wrapped croconic acid disodium salt for sodium ion battery electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Chao; Zhu, Yujie; Xu, Yunhua; Liu, Yihang; Gao, Tao; Wang, Jing; Wang, Chunsheng

2014-03-01

Croconic acid disodium salt (CADS), a renewable or recyclable organic compound, is investigated as an anode material in sodium ion battery for the first time. The pristine micro-sized CADS delivers a high capacity of 246.7 mAh g-1, but it suffers from fast capacity decay during charge/discharge cycles. The detailed investigation reveals that the severe capacity loss is mainly attributed to the pulverization of CADS particles induced by the large volume change during sodiation/desodiation rather than the generally believed dissolution of CADS in the organic electrolyte. Minimizing the particle size can effectively suppress the pulverization, thus improving the cycling stability. Wrapping CADS with graphene oxide by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis can enhance the integration and conductivity of CADS electrodes, thus providing a high capacity of 293 mAh g-1.

Pemetrexed Disodium in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Leptomeningeal Metastases

ClinicalTrials.gov

2017-03-15

Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors; Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Lymphoproliferative Disorder; Metastatic Cancer; Multiple Myeloma and Plasma Cell Neoplasm; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Precancerous Condition; Secondary Myelofibrosis; Unspecified Adult Solid Tumor, Protocol Specific

Scale converters. [Dissolution of scale deposits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rybacki, R.L.

1979-04-03

A water-soluble maleate salt, preferably disodium maleate, is described as a scale solubilizer. Such salts convert scale into a water-soluble compound without the conventional step of employing either an acid wash or a sequestering agent. 10 claims.

Methoxyamine, Cisplatin, and Pemetrexed Disodium in Treating Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors or Mesothelioma That Cannot Be Removed by Surgery or Mesothelioma That Is Refractory to Pemetrexed Disodium and Cisplatin or Carboplatin

ClinicalTrials.gov

2018-04-23

Advanced Malignant Solid Neoplasm; Advanced Peritoneal Malignant Mesothelioma; Advanced Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma; Recurrent Peritoneal Malignant Mesothelioma; Recurrent Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma; Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7; Stage III Ovarian Cancer AJCC v6 and v7; Stage III Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7; Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7; Stage IIIA Ovarian Cancer AJCC v6 and v7; Stage IIIB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7; Stage IIIB Ovarian Cancer AJCC v6 and v7; Stage IIIC Ovarian Cancer AJCC v6 and v7; Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7; Stage IV Ovarian Cancer AJCC v6 and v7; Stage IV Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7; Thymoma; Unresectable Solid Neoplasm

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Hydroquinone Derivative: Disodium p-Phenylene Diisostearyl Diphosphate.

PubMed

Hisama, Masayoshi; Matsuda, Sanae; Arai, Junichi; Masui, Katsunobu; Yamamura, Haruo

2015-01-01

A novel amphiphilic hydroquinone derivative having a C18 alkyl chain phosphate attached to the hydroquinone (HQ) moiety was chemically synthesized. The thermal stability, distribution between organic and aqueous phases, and in vitro skin permeability were evaluated. This HQ derivative was identified as disodium p-phenylene diisostearyl diphosphate (HQ-2P2IS) by UV, infrared, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Product HQ-2P2IS was obtained in good yield (56%), and it exhibited satisfactory stability in neutral solution, comparable to that of HQ. Its skin permeability was also higher than that of HQ. HQ-2P2IS is susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis by tissue phosphatase, which releases HQ in the skin tissues. Thus, these characteristics indicate that the novel hydroquinone derivative presented herein, i.e., HQ-2P2IS, may serve as an effective pro-hydroquinone for skin care applications.

21 CFR 172.535 - Disodium inosinate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION... of water of crystallization. (b) The food additive is used as a flavoring adjuvant in food. ...

21 CFR 172.120 - Calcium disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., flavor, and/or product clarity. Dressings, nonstandardized 75 Preservative. Dried lima beans (cooked... Antigushing agent. French dressing 75 Preservative. Legumes (all cooked canned, other than dried lima beans, pink beans, and red beans) 365 Promote color retention. Mayonnaise 75 Do. Mushrooms (cooked canned) 200...

Simultaneous (68)Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/MRI with gadoxetate disodium in patients with neuroendocrine tumor.

PubMed

Hope, Thomas A; Pampaloni, Miguel Hernandez; Nakakura, Eric; VanBrocklin, Henry; Slater, James; Jivan, Salma; Aparici, Carina Mari; Yee, Judy; Bergsland, Emily

2015-08-01

To evaluate a simultaneous PET/MRI approach to imaging patients with neuroendocrine tumor using a combination of (68)Ga-DOTA-TOC as a PET contrast agent and gadoxetate disodium as a hepatobiliary MRI contrast agent. Ten patients with neuroendocrine tumor with known or suspected hepatic disease were imaged using a (68)Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/CT immediately followed by a 3.0T time-of-flight PET/MRI, using a combined whole body and liver specific imaging. The presence of lesions and DOTA-TOC avidity were assessed on CT, PET from PET/CT, diffusion weighted imaging, hepatobiliary phase imaging (HBP), and PET from PET/MRI. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) in hepatic lesions and nodal metastases were compared between PET/CT and PET/MRI, as were detection rates using each imaging approach. A total of 101 hepatic lesions were identified, 47 of which were DOTA-TOC avid and able to be individually measured on both PET/CT and PET/MRI. HBP imaging had a higher sensitivity for detection of hepatic lesions compared to CT or PET (99% vs. 46% and 64%, respectively; p values <0.001). There was a strong correlation between SUVmax of liver lesions obtained with PET/CT compared to PET/MR imaging (Pearson's correlation = 0.91). For nodal disease, CT had a higher sensitivity compared to whole body MRI (p = 0.015), although PET acquired from PET/MRI detected slightly more lesions compared to PET from PET/CT. A simultaneous PET/MRI using both (68)Ga-DOTA-TOC and gadoxetate disodium was successful in whole body staging of patients with neuroendocrine tumor. HBP imaging had an increased detection rate for hepatic metastases.

Efficacy and safety of disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphates in men with moderate dyslipidemia

PubMed Central

Trip, Mieke D.; Pritchard, P. Haydn; Tam, Patrick; Lukic, Tatjana; de Sain-van der Velden, Monique G.; de Barse, Martina; Kastelein, John J. P.

2008-01-01

Objective This study investigated the efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a novel cholesterol absorption inhibitor, FM-VP4, comprising disodium ascorbyl sitostanol phosphate (DASP) and disodium ascorbyl campestanol phosphate (DACP). Methods In phase 1, 30 men received a single dose of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, or 2,000 mg FM-VP4 or placebo. In phase 2, 100 men were treated with 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg/day of FM-VP4 or placebo for 4 weeks. Results The drug was well tolerated at each single or multiple dose level. After 4 weeks of treatment, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels changed by 2.7% in the placebo group and by 2.9%, −4.2%, and −4.6% in the 100, 200, and 800 mg/day groups, respectively, which was not statistically significant. However, 400 mg/day of FM-VP4 significantly decreased LDL-C by 6.5% (p=0.02). Phase 1 showed that DACP and DASP were absorbed into plasma with a median tmax of 12 h for both components, and clearance was slow with a mean t1/2λ of 57 h. During 4 weeks of treatment, steady state was reached by approximately 8 days. Conclusion This study demonstrated that up to 800 mg/day of FM-VP4 is safe and well tolerated for at least 4 weeks. Furthermore, the higher doses significantly reduced LDL-C by 7% compared with baseline or by 10% compared with placebo, with the maximum effect reached at 400 mg/day. PMID:18320185

Functional gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

PubMed

Hinrichs, Heiko; Hinrichs, Jan B; Gutberlet, Marcel; Lenzen, Henrike; Raatschen, Hans-Juergen; Wacker, Frank; Ringe, Kristina I

2016-04-01

To assess the value of variable flip angle-based T1 liver mapping on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) for evaluation of global and segmental liver function, and determine a possible correlation with disease severity. Sixty-one patients (19 female, 42 male; mean age 41 years) with PSC were included in this prospective study. T1 mapping was performed using a 3D-spoiled GRE sequence (flip angles 5°, 15°, 20°, 30°) before, 16 (HP1) and 132 min (HP2) after contrast injection. T1 values were measured and compared (Wilcoxon-Test) by placing ROIs in each liver segment. The mean reduction of T1 relaxation time at HP1 and HP2 was calculated and correlated with liver function tests (LFTs), MELD, Mayo Risk and Amsterdam Scores (Spearman correlation). Significant changes of T1 relaxation times between non-enhanced and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI at HP1 and HP2 could be observed in all liver segments (p < 0.0001). A significant correlation of T1 reduction could be observed with LFTs, MELD and Mayo Risk Score (p < 0.05). T1 mapping of the liver using a variable flip angle-based sequence is a feasible technique to evaluate liver function on a global level, and may be extrapolated on a segmental level in patients with PSC. • T1 mapping enables evaluation of global liver function in PSC. • T1 relaxation time reduction correlates with the MELD and MayoRisk Score. • Extrapolated, T1 mapping may allow for segmental evaluation of liver function.

Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced MRI to Differentiate Dysplastic Nodules and Grade of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation With Histopathology.

PubMed

Channual, Stephanie; Tan, Nelly; Siripongsakun, Surachate; Lassman, Charles; Lu, David S; Raman, Steven S

2015-09-01

The objective of our study was to determine quantitative differences to differentiate low-grade from high-grade dysplastic nodules (DNs) and low-grade from high-grade hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) using gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI. A retrospective study of 149 hepatic nodules in 127 consecutive patients who underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI was performed. MRI signal intensities (SIs) of the representative lesion ROI and of ROIs in liver parenchyma adjacent to the lesion were measured on unenhanced T1-weighted imaging and on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the arterial, portal venous, delayed, and hepatobiliary phases. The relative SI of the lesion was calculated for each phase as the relative intensity ratio as follows: [mass SI / liver SI]. Of the 149 liver lesions, nine (6.0%) were low-grade DNs, 21 (14.1%) were high-grade DNs, 83 (55.7%) were low-grade HCCs, and 36 (24.2%) were high-grade HCCs. The optimal cutoffs for differentiating low-grade DNs from high-grade DNs and HCCs were an unenhanced to arterial SI of ≥ 0 or a relative SI on T2-weighted imaging of ≤ 1.5, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 99.2% and accuracy of 88.6%. The optimal cutoffs for differentiating low-grade HCCs from high-grade HCCs were a relative hepatobiliary SI of ≤ 0.5 or a relative T2 SI of ≥ 1.5, with a PPV of 81.0% and an accuracy of 60.5%. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI allows quantitative differentiation of low-grade DNs from high-grade DNs and HCCs, but significant overlap was seen between low-grade HCCs and high-grade HCCs.

21 CFR 175.210 - Acrylate ester copolymer coating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... polymerized copolymer of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid applied in emulsion form to... of the polymer and in the preparation and application of the emulsion may include substances named in... amount required as a preservative in emulsion defoamer. Disodium hydrogen phosphate Do. Formaldehyde...

21 CFR 172.120 - Calcium disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., nonstandardized 75 Preservative. Dried lima beans (cooked canned) 310 Promote color retention. Egg product that is... cooked canned, other than dried lima beans, pink beans, and red beans) 365 Promote color retention... pie filling 100 Promote color retention. Pink beans (cooked canned) 165 Promote color retention...

21 CFR 172.120 - Calcium disodium EDTA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., nonstandardized 75 Preservative. Dried lima beans (cooked canned) 310 Promote color retention. Egg product that is... cooked canned, other than dried lima beans, pink beans, and red beans) 365 Promote color retention... pie filling 100 Promote color retention. Pink beans (cooked canned) 165 Promote color retention...

Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine under possible primitive earth conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rao, M.; Eichberg, J.; Oro, J.

1982-01-01

Using a primitive earth evaporating pond model, the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine was accomplished when a reaction mixture of choline chloride and disodium phosphatidate, in the presence of cyanamide and traces of acid, was evaporated and heated at temperatures ranging from 25 to 100 C for 7 hours. Optimum yields of about 15% were obtained at 80 C. Phosphatidylcholine was identified by chromatographic, chemical and enzymatic degradation methods. On enzymatic hydrolysis with phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C, lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphorylcholine were formed, respectively. Alkaline hydrolysis gave glycerophosphorylcholine. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine as the major compound was accompanied by the formation of lysophosphatidylcholine in smaller amounts. Cyanamide was found to be essential for the formation of phosphatidylcholine, and only traces of HCl, of the order of that required to convert the disodium phosphatidate to free phosphatidic acid were found necessary for the synthesis. This work suggests that phosphatidylcholine, which is an essential component of most biological membranes, could have been synthesized on the primitive earth.

Creatine phosphate disodium salt protects against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity by increasing calumenin.

PubMed

Wang, Yu; Sun, Ying; Guo, Xin; Fu, Yao; Long, Jie; Wei, Cheng-Xi; Zhao, Ming

2018-06-01

Inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced apoptosis may be a new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. Creatine phosphate disodium salt (CP) has been reported to have cardiovascular protective effect, but its effects on ERS are unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanism by which CP exerts its cardioprotection in doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiomyocytes injury. In our study, neonatal rats cardiomyocytes (NRC) was randomly divided into control group, model group, and treatment group. The cell viability and apoptosis were detected. grp78, grp94, and calumenin of the each group were monitored. To investigate the role of calumenin, Dox-induced ERS was compared in control and down-regulated calumenin cardiomyocytes. Our results showed that CP decreased Dox-induced apoptosis and relieved ERS. We found calumenin increased in Dox-induced apoptosis with CP. ERS effector C/EBP homologous protein was down-regulated by CP and it was influenced by calumenin. CP could protect NRC by inhibiting ERS, this mechanisms may be associated with its increasing of calumenin.

Heavy Metals, Cardiovascular Disease, and the Unexpected Benefits of Edetate Disodium Chelation Therapy

PubMed Central

Lamas, Gervasio A.; Navas-Acien, Ana; Mark, Daniel B.; Lee, Kerry L.

2016-01-01

This review summarizes evidence from 2 lines of research previously thought unrelated: the unexpectedly positive results of the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT), and a body of epidemiological data showing that accumulation of biologically active metals, such as lead and cadmium, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Considering these 2 areas of work together may lead to the identification of new, modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We examine the history of chelation up through the report of TACT. We then describe work connecting higher metal levels in the body with the future risk of cardiovascular disease. We conclude by presenting a brief overview of a newly planned National Institutes of Health trial, TACT2, in which we will attempt to replicate the findings of TACT and to establish that removal of toxic metal stores from the body is a plausible mechanistic explanation for the benefits of edetate disodium treatment. PMID:27199065

A Pictorial Review of Hepatobiliary Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Hepatocyte-Specific Contrast Agents: Uses, Findings, and Pitfalls of Gadoxetate Disodium and Gadobenate Dimeglumine.

PubMed

Scali, Elena P; Walshe, Triona; Tiwari, Hina Arif; Harris, Alison C; Chang, Silvia D

2017-08-01

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a well-established role as a highly specific and accurate modality for characterizing benign and malignant focal liver lesions. In particular, contrast-enhanced MRI using hepatocyte-specific contrast agents (HSCAs) improves lesion detection and characterization compared to other imaging modalities and MRI techniques. In this pictorial review, the mechanism of action of gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents, with a focus on HSCAs, is described. The clinical indications, protocols, and emerging uses of the 2 commercially available combined contrast agents available in the United States, gadoxetate disodium and gadobenate dimeglumine, are discussed. The MRI features of these agents are compared with examples of focal hepatic masses, many of which have been obtained within the same patient therefore allowing direct lesion comparison. Finally, the pitfalls in the use of combined contrast agents in liver MRI are highlighted. Copyright © 2016 Canadian Association of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

21 CFR 175.210 - Acrylate ester copolymer coating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., and methacrylic acid applied in emulsion form to molded virgin fiber and heat-cured to an insoluble... application of the emulsion may include substances named in this paragraph, in an amount not to exceed that... emulsion defoamer. Disodium hydrogen phosphate Do. Formaldehyde Glyceryl monostearate Methyl cellulose...

21 CFR 175.210 - Acrylate ester copolymer coating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., and methacrylic acid applied in emulsion form to molded virgin fiber and heat-cured to an insoluble... application of the emulsion may include substances named in this paragraph, in an amount not to exceed that... emulsion defoamer. Disodium hydrogen phosphate Do. Formaldehyde Glyceryl monostearate Methyl cellulose...

21 CFR 175.210 - Acrylate ester copolymer coating.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., and methacrylic acid applied in emulsion form to molded virgin fiber and heat-cured to an insoluble... application of the emulsion may include substances named in this paragraph, in an amount not to exceed that... emulsion defoamer. Disodium hydrogen phosphate Do. Formaldehyde Glyceryl monostearate Methyl cellulose...

76 FR 6335 - Sodium and Potassium Salts of N-alkyl (C8

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-04

...): Solvents such as alcohols and hydrocarbons; surfactants such as polyoxyethylene polymers and fatty acids... metabolites are not systemically toxic and would be rapidly conjugated and excreted. The SSNA surfactants (mono and di-sodium propionates) may be conjugated and excreted directly. Alternatively, the tertiary...

Pemetrexed disodium in combination with cisplatin versus other cytotoxic agents or supportive care for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

PubMed

Green, J; Dundar, Y; Dodd, S; Dickson, R; Walley, T

2007-01-24

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive malignancy whose incidence is expected to increase in the United Kingdom, Western Europe, and Australia over the next 20 years as a result of occupational exposure to asbestos fibres. Surgery is feasible in only a small proportion of cases, and radiotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy are used in palliation. Pemetrexed is the first and only chemotherapy agent that has been granted a marketing approval for use in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of chemo-naïve patients with unresectable MPM. To examine evidence on the clinical effectiveness of pemetrexed disodium used in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma in chemotherapy naïve patients compared with other cytotoxic agents used alone or in combination, or supportive care. CENTRAL (Issue 2, 2005), EMBASE (1980-2005), MEDLINE (1980-2005), HTA database (1990-2005), Web of Knowledge (1990-2005) and handsearching (including reference lists of retrieved articles and the pharmaceutical company submission to to NICE), up to October 2005. Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) where the use of pemetrexed disodium in combination with cisplatin is compared with other cytotoxic agents, or supportive care for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (or non-RCTs, in the absence of RCT data ). Outcomes included overall survival, tumour response, progression-free survival, toxicity and quality of life. Data extraction and quality assessment of included trials was completed independently. Trial data and quality assessment were tabulated and presented narratively. One RCT involving 448 patients and comparing pemetrexed plus cisplatin versus cisplatin alone for the treatment of unresectable malignant mesothelioma was included in the review. In the intention-to-treat study population, the median survival was statistically significantly longer in the combination arm of pemetrexed plus cisplatin when compared with the cisplatin alone arm. (12.1 and 9.3 months, respectively, p=0.002). The incidence of grade 3/4 toxicities was higher in the combination arm compared with the cisplatin alone arm. Pemetrexed disodium in combination with cisplatin and with folic acid and vitamin B(12 )supplementation may improve survival when used in combination with cisplatin in good performance status patients. Further studies including patients with poor performance status are needed in order to generalise the treatment findings. Further studies are also needed into the optimum chemotherapy, and a clear definition of what constitutes best supportive care.

21 CFR 74.1333 - D&C Red No. 33.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... acid diazotization of aniline is coupled with 4-hydroxy-5-amino-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid in an... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR... Red No. 33 is principally the disodium salt of 5-amino-4-hydroxy-3-(phenylazo)-2,7...

21 CFR 74.1333 - D&C Red No. 33.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... acid diazotization of aniline is coupled with 4-hydroxy-5-amino-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid in an... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR... Red No. 33 is principally the disodium salt of 5-amino-4-hydroxy-3-(phenylazo)-2,7...

Fire and bending properties of blockboard with fire retardant treated veneers

Treesearch

T. Laufenberg; N. Ayrilmis; R. White

2006-01-01

This study evaluated fire and bending properties of blockboards with various fire retardant treated veneers. Blockboards were manufactured using untreated fir strips and sandwiched between treated ekaba veneers at final assembly. The veneers were treated with either boric acid (BA), disodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT), alumina trihydrate (ATH), or a BA/DOT mixture....

A commercial application of fire retardants to dry-formed hardboards

Treesearch

Gary C. Meyers; Carlton A. Holmes

1977-01-01

Based on laboratory performance with a number of fire-retardant chemicals, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate-boric acid and dicyandiamide-phosphoric acid-formaldehyde were selected for treating fiber and making 4 foot by 8-foot dry-formed hardboards on a commercial production line. The boards were evaluated for performance under exposure to fire, strength, dimensional...

21 CFR 74.340 - FD&C Red No. 40.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... more than 0.3 percent. 4-Amino-5-methoxy-o- toluenesulfonic acid, not more than 0.2 percent. Disodium... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR...-naphthalenesulfonic acid. (2) Color additive mixtures for food use (including dietary supplements) made with FD&C Red...

21 CFR 74.340 - FD&C Red No. 40.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... more than 0.3 percent. 4-Amino-5-methoxy-o- toluenesulfonic acid, not more than 0.2 percent. Disodium... Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR...-naphthalenesulfonic acid. (2) Color additive mixtures for food use (including dietary supplements) made with FD&C Red...

21 CFR 74.1306 - D&C Red No. 6.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false D&C Red No. 6. 74.1306 Section 74.1306 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR... medium with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid. The resulting dye precipitates as the disodium salt...

21 CFR 74.1306 - D&C Red No. 6.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false D&C Red No. 6. 74.1306 Section 74.1306 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR... medium with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid. The resulting dye precipitates as the disodium salt...

21 CFR 74.1306 - D&C Red No. 6.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false D&C Red No. 6. 74.1306 Section 74.1306 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL LISTING OF COLOR... medium with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid. The resulting dye precipitates as the disodium salt...

MRI With Gadoxetate Disodium in Measuring Tumors in Patients With Liver Cancer

ClinicalTrials.gov

2015-10-14

Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Advanced Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma; BCLC Stage 0 Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma; BCLC Stage A Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma; BCLC Stage B Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma; BCLC Stage C Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma; BCLC Stage D Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Localized Non-Resectable Adult Liver Carcinoma; Localized Resectable Adult Liver Carcinoma

A field method for the determination of calcium and magnesium in limestone and dolomite

USGS Publications Warehouse

Shapiro, Leonard; Brannock, Walter Wallace

1957-01-01

The method is an adaptation of a procedure described by Betz and Noll1 in 1950. Calcium and magnesium are determined by visual titration using Versene (disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate) with Murexide (ammonium purpurate) as the indicator for calcium and Eriochrome Black T as the indicator for magnesium.

Isolation and identification of a novel bacterium, Lactobacillus sakei subsp. dgh strain 5, and optimization of growth condition for highest antagonistic activity.

PubMed

Tashakor, Amin; Hosseinzadehdehkordi, Mahshid; Emruzi, Zeynab; Gholami, Dariush

2017-05-01

In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus sakei strain DGH5 from raw beef meat. This bacterium plays an inhibitory effect against food-spoiling bacteria and food-borne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive and pathogenic bacterium. Lactobacillus sakei strain DGH5 was identified through both phenotypical and biochemical tests accompanied with 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Among all the sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous forms, we selected the most potent compounds to optimize the condition for the highest antagonistic activity. Among the sugars, polygalacturonic acid demonstrated to improve the antagonistic activity. Ammonium nitrate demonstrated to be suitable nitrogen sources. Amongst phosphorous sources, disodium hydrogen phosphate had the greatest antagonistic effect. According to Taguchi's orthogonal array, temperature, disodium hydrogen phosphate and soy Peptone had significant effect on antagonistic activity. Furthermore, mean comparisons showed that the optimum conditions achieved at pH 6.0, 25 °C temperature, 1.5% (w/v) Na 2 HPO 4 and 0.5% (w/v) peptone. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-performance sodium–organic battery by realizing four-sodium storage in disodium rhodizonate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Minah; Hong, Jihyun; Lopez, Jeffrey

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for grid-scale applications need active materials that combine a high energy density with sustainability. Given the high theoretical specific capacity 501 mAh g -1, and Earth abundance of disodium rhodizonate (Na 2C 6O 6), it is one of the most promising cathodes for SIBs. However, substantially lower reversible capacities have been obtained compared with the theoretical value and the understanding of this discrepancy has been limited. In this paper, we reveal that irreversible phase transformation of Na 2C 6O 6 during cycling is the origin of the deteriorating redox activity of Na 2C 6O 6. The active-particlemore » size and electrolyte conditions were identified as key factors to decrease the activation barrier of the phase transformation during desodiation. Finally, on the basis of this understanding, we achieved four-sodium storage in a Na 2C 6O 6 electrode with a reversible capacity of 484 mAh g -1, an energy density of 726 Wh kg -1 cathode, an energy efficiency above 87% and a good cycle retention.« less

High-performance sodium–organic battery by realizing four-sodium storage in disodium rhodizonate

DOE PAGES

Lee, Minah; Hong, Jihyun; Lopez, Jeffrey; ...

2017-10-09

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for grid-scale applications need active materials that combine a high energy density with sustainability. Given the high theoretical specific capacity 501 mAh g -1, and Earth abundance of disodium rhodizonate (Na 2C 6O 6), it is one of the most promising cathodes for SIBs. However, substantially lower reversible capacities have been obtained compared with the theoretical value and the understanding of this discrepancy has been limited. In this paper, we reveal that irreversible phase transformation of Na 2C 6O 6 during cycling is the origin of the deteriorating redox activity of Na 2C 6O 6. The active-particlemore » size and electrolyte conditions were identified as key factors to decrease the activation barrier of the phase transformation during desodiation. Finally, on the basis of this understanding, we achieved four-sodium storage in a Na 2C 6O 6 electrode with a reversible capacity of 484 mAh g -1, an energy density of 726 Wh kg -1 cathode, an energy efficiency above 87% and a good cycle retention.« less

High-performance sodium-organic battery by realizing four-sodium storage in disodium rhodizonate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Minah; Hong, Jihyun; Lopez, Jeffrey; Sun, Yongming; Feng, Dawei; Lim, Kipil; Chueh, William C.; Toney, Michael F.; Cui, Yi; Bao, Zhenan

2017-11-01

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for grid-scale applications need active materials that combine a high energy density with sustainability. Given the high theoretical specific capacity 501 mAh g-1, and Earth abundance of disodium rhodizonate (Na2C6O6), it is one of the most promising cathodes for SIBs. However, substantially lower reversible capacities have been obtained compared with the theoretical value and the understanding of this discrepancy has been limited. Here, we reveal that irreversible phase transformation of Na2C6O6 during cycling is the origin of the deteriorating redox activity of Na2C6O6. The active-particle size and electrolyte conditions were identified as key factors to decrease the activation barrier of the phase transformation during desodiation. On the basis of this understanding, we achieved four-sodium storage in a Na2C6O6 electrode with a reversible capacity of 484 mAh g-1, an energy density of 726 Wh kg-1cathode, an energy efficiency above 87% and a good cycle retention.

Calorimetric and Diffractometric Evidence for the Sequential Crystallization of Buffer Components and the Consequential pH Swing in Frozen Solutions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sundaramurthi, Prakash; Shalaev, Evgenyi; Suryanarayanan, Raj

2010-06-22

Sequential crystallization of succinate buffer components in the frozen solution has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry (both laboratory and synchrotron sources). The consequential pH shifts were monitored using a low-temperature electrode. When a solution buffered to pH < pK{sub a2} was cooled from room temperature (RT), the freeze-concentrate pH first increased and then decreased. This was attributed to the sequential crystallization of succinic acid, monosodium succinate, and finally disodium succinate. When buffered to pH > pK{sub a2}, the freeze-concentrate pH first decreased and then increased due to the sequential crystallization of the basic (disodium succinate) followedmore » by the acidic (monosodium succinate and succinic acid) buffer components. XRD provided direct evidence of the crystallization events in the frozen buffer solutions, including the formation of disodium succinate hexahydrate [Na{sub 2}(CH{sub 2}COO){sub 2} {center_dot} 6H{sub 2}O]. When the frozen solution was warmed in a differential scanning calorimeter, multiple endotherms attributable to the melting of buffer components and ice were observed. When the frozen solutions were dried under reduced pressure, ice sublimation was followed by dehydration of the crystalline hexahydrate to a poorly crystalline anhydrate. However, crystalline succinic acid and monosodium succinate were retained in the final lyophiles. The pH and the buffer salt concentration of the prelyo solution influenced the crystalline salt content in the final lyophile. The direction and magnitude of the pH shift in the frozen solution depended on both the initial pH and the buffer concentration. In light of the pH-sensitive nature of a significant fraction of pharmaceuticals (especially proteins), extreme care is needed in both the buffer selection and its concentration.« less

Charge transfer complexes of adenosine-5‧-monophosphate and cytidine-5‧-monophosphate with water-soluble cobalt(II) Schiff base complexes in aqueous solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boghaei, Davar M.; Gharagozlou, Mehrnaz

2006-01-01

Water-soluble cobalt(II) tetradentate Schiff base complexes have been shown to form charge transfer (CT) complexes with a series of nucleoside monophosphates including adenosine-5‧-monophosphate (AMP) and cytidine-5‧-monophosphate (CMP). The investigated water-soluble cobalt(II) Schiff base complexes are (i) disodium[{bis(5-sulfo-salicylaldehyde)-o-phenylenediiminato}cobalt(II)], Na2[Co(SO3-salophen)] (1); (ii) disodium[{bis(5-sulfo-salicylaldehyde)-4,5-dimethyl-o-phenylenediiminato}cobalt(II)], Na2[Co(SO3-sal-4,5-dmophen)] (2) and (iii) disodium[{bis(4-methoxy-5-sulfo-salicylaldehyde)-4,5-dimethyl-o-phenylenediiminato}cobalt(II)], Na2[Co(SO3-4-meosal-4,5-dmophen)] (3). The formation constant and thermodynamic parameters for charge transfer complex formation of water-soluble cobalt(II) Schiff base complexes with nucleoside monophosphates were determined spectrophotometrically in aqueous solution at constant ionic strength (I = 0.2 mol dm-3 KNO3) under physiological condition (pH 7.0) and at various temperatures between 288 and 308 K. The stoichiometry has been found to be 1:1 (water-soluble cobalt(II) Schiff base complex: nucleoside monophosphate) in each case. Our spectroscopic and thermodynamic results show that the interaction of water-soluble cobalt(II) Schiff base complexes with the investigated nucleoside monophosphates occurs mainly through the phosphate group. The trend of the interaction according to the cobalt(II) Schiff base complexes due to electronic and steric factors is as follows: Na2[Co(SO3-salophen)] > Na2[Co(SO3-sal-4,5-dmophen)] > Na2[Co(SO3-4-meosal-4,5-dmophen)]. Also the trend of the interaction of a given cobalt(II) Schiff base complex according to the nucleoside monophosphate is as follows: CMP > AMP.

Comparative evaluation of successive extracts of leaf and stem bark of Albizzia lebbeck for mast cell stabilization activity.

PubMed

Shashidhara, S; Bhandarkar, Anant V; Deepak, M

2008-06-01

Successive chloroform, methanol and water extracts of bark and leaves of Albizzia lebbeck were tested for its in vitro mast cell stabilizing effect against compound 48/80. Methanolic extract of leaf and methanolic and water extracts of bark have shown maximum activity comparable to that of disodium chromoglycate.

Atezolizumab, Pemetrexed Disodium, Cisplatin, and Surgery With or Without Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage I-III Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma

ClinicalTrials.gov

2018-06-26

Biphasic Mesothelioma; Epithelioid Mesothelioma; Stage I Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7; Stage IA Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7; Stage IB Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7; Stage II Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7; Stage III Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7

ASSESSMENT OF BORIC ACID AND BORAX USING THE IEHR EVALUATIVE PROCESS FOR ASSESSING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF AGENTS

EPA Science Inventory

This document presents an evaluation of the reproductive and developmental effects of boric acid, H3803 (CAS Registry No. 10043-35-3) and disodium tetraborate decehydrate or borax, Na2B4O2O(CAS Registry No. 1303-96-4). he element, boron, does not exist naturally. oron always exis...

Results of the Second U.S. Manned Suborbital Space Flight, July 21, 1961

DTIC Science & Technology

1961-07-21

Alpha - ketoglutaric ...... Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg . .............................. Isocitric ............... 0 to 10...M.: An Accurate Method for the Determination of Blood Urea Nitrogen by Direct Nesslerization. Jour. Biol. Chem., vol. 143, 1942, pp. 531-544. Calcium ...DIEHL, H., and FI.LINGBOE, J. L.: Indicator for Titration of Calcium in Presence of Magnesium With Disodium. Dihy- drogen Ethylene

Physical and mechanical properties and fire, decay, and termite resistance of treated oriented strandboard

Treesearch

Nadir Ayrilmis; S Nami Kartal; Theodore L. Laufenberg; Jerrold E. Winandy; Robert H. White

2005-01-01

This study evaluated the effects of a number of chemicals on the physical and mechanical properties and fire, decay, and termite resistance of oriented strandboard (OSB) panels. Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), boric acid (BA), melamine phosphate (MP), and a BA/DOT mixture were sprayed onto the furnish at varying concentrations. The panels were tested for...

40 CFR 180.910 - Inert ingredients used pre- and post-harvest; exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., carrier Lactic acid Solvent Lactic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester (CAS Reg. No. 6283-86-9) Solvent Lactic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, (2S)- (CAS Reg. No. 186817-80-1) Solvent Lactic acid, n-propyl ester, (S); (CAS... agent Thiosulfuric acid, disodium salt, pentahydrate. (CAS Reg. No. 10102-17-7) Do. d-Alpha tocopherol...

21 CFR 74.1261 - D&C Orange No. 11.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false D&C Orange No. 11. 74.1261 Section 74.1261 Food... COLOR ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION Drugs § 74.1261 D&C Orange No. 11. (a) Identity. (1) The color additive D&C Orange No. 11 is a mixture consisting principally of the disodium salts of 4′,5...

Laboratory evaluation of borate:amine:copper derivatives In wood for fungal decay protection

Treesearch

George Chen

2011-01-01

This study aimed to evaluate borate:amine:copper derivatives in wood for fungal decay protection as well as the permanence of copper and boron in wood. Each of four derivatives of borate:amine:copper prevented fungal decay in wood. Disodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax):amine:copper derivatives with 0.61-0.63% retention after water leaching prevented decay by...

Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification in two siblings: failure of treatment with diphosphonate.

PubMed Central

Stuart, G; Wren, C; Bain, H

1990-01-01

Two siblings with idiopathic infantile arterial calcification are reported. The fetal and postnatal echocardiographic features were a large pericardial effusion, thickened pulmonary and aortic valves, poor pulsation of the descending aorta, and calcification of the great vessels. In one patient calcification was first detected at 33 weeks' gestation. Despite treatment with disodium etidronate both children died. Images PMID:2118367

Dynamic NMR of Intramolecular Exchange Processes in EDTA Complexes of Sc[superscript 3+], Y[superscript 3+], and La[superscript 3+

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ba, Yong; Han, Steven; Ni, Lily; Su, Tony; Garcia, Andres

2006-01-01

Dynamic NMR makes use of the effect of chemical exchanges on NMR spectra to study kinetics and thermodynamics. An advanced physical chemistry lab experiment was developed to study the intramolecular exchange processes of EDTA (the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) metal complexes. EDTA is an important chelating agent, used in…

"Off-the-Shelf" K2-EDTA for Calcific Band Keratopathy.

PubMed

Lee, Marco E; Ouano, Dean P; Shapiro, Brett; Fong, Andrew; Coroneo, Minas T

2018-07-01

To explore the effectiveness of "off-the-shelf" dipotassium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2-EDTA) as an alternative to sodium EDTA as chelation therapy in removal of calcific band keratopathy (CBK). This study was a retrospective case series involving 4 patients with CBK who underwent superficial keratectomy and subsequent chelation therapy with K2-EDTA in a single center (Coastal Eye Clinic) by the same surgeon. Visual acuity and symptomatic relief were the main outcomes measured in our study. All 4 participants in this study were female with an average age of 80.3 years. Three of the patients with reasonable baseline visual acuity experienced improved visual acuity at 1 month. The other patient with multiple ocular comorbidities and severely reduced visual potential reported symptomatic pain relief at 1-month follow-up after the intervention. K2-EDTA seems to be an effective alternative to disodium EDTA in its ability to clear calcific plaques and restore visual function. Because of the logistical difficulties associated with acquiring disodium EDTA, and the relative abundance of K2-EDTA in health-care facilities, we believe that our findings warrant further investigation into its use as a more accessible and cost-effective chelating agent in CBK.

Behavior of heavy metals in human urine and blood following calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate injection: observations in metal workers.

PubMed

Sata, F; Araki, S; Murata, K; Aono, H

1998-06-12

To evaluate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (CaEDTA) on the behavior of 8 heavy metals in human urine and blood, CaEDTA was administered for 1 h by intravenous injection to 18 male metal foundry workers, whose blood lead concentrations (PbB) were between 16 and 59 (mean 34) microg/dl. Significant increases were found in urinary excretion of manganese, chromium, lead, zinc, and copper after the start of CaEDTA injection. Urinary chromium excretion reached a maximal level within 1 h after the start of injection, while urinary manganese, lead, and zinc excretion reached their highest concentrations between 1 and 2 h. Urinary copper excretion reached the highest level between 2 and 4 h. The rapid increases in urinary excretion of five metals were different from the "circadian rhythms," which are the normal, daily variations in renal glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and excretory mechanisms. Plasma lead concentrations were highest 1.5 h after the start of the 1-h injection, while plasma zinc concentration became lowest 5 h after the start of CaEDTA injection. Data suggest that manganese and chromium absorbed in human tissues might be mobilized by CaEDTA.

Yolk-Shell Porous Microspheres of Calcium Phosphate Prepared by Using Calcium L-Lactate and Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate Disodium Salt: Application in Protein/Drug Delivery.

PubMed

Ding, Guan-Jun; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Qi, Chao; Sun, Tuan-Wei; Wu, Jin; Chen, Feng

2015-06-26

A facile and environmentally friendly approach has been developed to prepare yolk-shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate by using calcium L-lactate pentahydrate (CL) as the calcium source and adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) as the phosphate source through the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The effects of the concentration of CL, the microwave hydrothermal temperature, and the time on the morphology and crystal phase of the product are investigated. The possible formation mechanism of yolk-shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate is proposed. Hemoglobin from bovine red cells (Hb) and ibuprofen (IBU) are used to explore the application potential of yolk-shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate in protein/drug loading and delivery. The experimental results indicate that the as-prepared yolk-shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate have relatively high protein/drug loading capacity, sustained protein/drug release, favorable pH-responsive release behavior, and a high biocompatibility in the cytotoxicity test. Therefore, the yolk-shell porous microspheres of calcium phosphate have promising applications in various biomedical fields such as protein/drug delivery. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Orodispersible films in individualized pharmacotherapy: The development of a formulation for pharmacy preparations.

PubMed

Visser, J Carolina; Woerdenbag, Herman J; Crediet, Stefan; Gerrits, Edwin; Lesschen, Marjan A; Hinrichs, Wouter L J; Breitkreutz, Jörg; Frijlink, Henderik W

2015-01-15

Orodispersible films (ODFs) are promising drug delivery systems for customized small scale pharmacy preparations. The aim of the present study was to develop a versatile casting solution suitable for the extemporaneous production of ODFs to which active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be added. Different combinations of film forming agents and other excipients and different casting heights were tested for their suitability for production of ODFs. The best suitable casting solution contained hypromellose, carbomer, glycerol, disodium EDTA and trometamol. This casting solution was used to prepare ODFs containing water-soluble APIs (enalapril maleate and prednisolone disodium phosphate) and a poorly water-soluble API (diazepam) for which ethanol 96% was used as co-solvent.The water-soluble APIs as well as ethanol influenced the viscosity of the casting solution, mechanical properties and disintegration time of the ODFs. All ODFs containing API met the requirements on uniformity of mass and uniformity of content set by the European Pharmacopoeia (2014) (Ph. Eur.) 8th edition. In conclusion, ODFs of good pharmaceutical quality can be prepared on small scale. Hereby opening the perspective of using ODFs for individualized pharmacotherapy. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Studies of levels of biogenic amines in meat samples in relation to the content of additives.

PubMed

Jastrzębska, Aneta; Kowalska, Sylwia; Szłyk, Edward

2016-01-01

The impact of meat additives on the concentration of biogenic amines and the quality of meat was studied. Fresh white and red meat samples were fortified with the following food additives: citric and lactic acids, disodium diphosphate, sodium nitrite, sodium metabisulphite, potassium sorbate, sodium chloride, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (propyl gallate) and butylated hydroxyanisole. The content of spermine, spermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, tryptamine and 2-phenylethylamine was determined by capillary isotachophoretic methods in meat samples (fresh and fortified) during four days of storage at 4°C. The results were applied to estimate the impact of the tested additives on the formation of biogenic amines in white and red meat. For all tested meats, sodium nitrite, sodium chloride and disodium diphosphate showed the best inhibition. However, cadaverine and putrescine were characterised by the biggest changes in concentration during the storage time of all the additives. Based on the presented data for the content of biogenic amines in meat samples analysed as a function of storage time and additives, we suggest that cadaverine and putrescine have a significant impact on meat quality.

In vivo percutaneous absorption of boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate in humans compared to in vitro absorption in human skin from infinite and finite doses.

PubMed

Wester, R C; Hui, X; Hartway, T; Maibach, H I; Bell, K; Schell, M J; Northington, D J; Strong, P; Culver, B D

1998-09-01

Literature from the first half of this century report concern for toxicity from topical use of boric acid, but assessment of percutaneous absorption has been impaired by lack of analytical sensitivity. Analytical methods in this study included inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry which now allows quantitation of percutaneous absorption of 10B in 10B-enriched boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) in biological matrices. This made it possible, in the presence of comparatively large natural dietary boron intakes for the in vivo segment of this study, to quantify the boron passing through skin. Human volunteers were dosed with 10B-enriched boric acid, 5.0%, borax, 5.0%, or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, 10%, in aqueous solutions. Urinalysis, for boron and changes in boron isotope ratios, was used to measure absorption. Boric acid in vivo percutaneous absorption was 0.226 (SD = 0.125) mean percentage dose, with flux and permeability constant (Kp) calculated at 0.009 microgram/cm2/h and 1.9 x 10(-7) cm/h, respectively. Borax absorption was 0.210 (SD = 0.194) mean percentage of dose, with flux and Kp calculated at 0.009 microgram/cm2/h and 1.8 x 10(-7) cm/h, respectively. DOT absorption was 0.122 (SD = 0.108) mean percentage, with flux and Kp calculated at 0.01 microgram/cm2/h and 1.0 x 10(-7) cm/h, respectively. Pretreatment with the potential skin irritant 2% sodium lauryl sulfate had no effect on boron skin absorption. In vitro human skin percentage of doses of boric acid absorbed were 1.2 for a 0.05% solution, 0.28 for a 0.5% solution, and 0.70 for a 5.0% solution. These absorption amounts translated into flux values of, respectively, 0.25, 0.58, and 14.58 micrograms/cm2/h and permeability constants (Kp) of 5.0 x 10(-4), 1.2 x 10(-4), and 2.9 x 10(-4) cm/h for the 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0% solutions. The above in vitro doses were at infinite, 1000 microliters/cm2 volume. At 2 microliters/cm2 (the in vivo dosing volume), flux decreased some 200-fold to 0.07 microgram/cm2/h and Kp of 1.4 x 10(-6) cm/h, while percentage of dose absorbed was 1.75%. Borax dosed at 5.0%/1000 microliters/cm2 had 0.41% dose absorbed, flux at 8.5 micrograms/cm2/h, and Kp was 1.7 x 10(-4) cm/h. Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) dosed at 10%/1000 microliters/cm2 was 0.19% dose absorbed, flux at 7.9 micrograms/cm2/h, and Kp was 0.8 x 10(-4) cm/h. These in vitro results from infinite doses (1000 microliters/cm2) were 1000-fold greater than those obtained in the companion in vivo study. The results from the finite (2 microliters/cm2) dosing were closer (10-fold difference) to the in vivo results. General application of infinite dose percutaneous absorption values for risk assessment is questioned by these results. These in vivo results show that percutaneous absorption of boron, as boric acid, borax, and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, through intact human skin, is low and is significantly less than the average daily dietary intake. This very low boron skin absorption makes it apparent that, for the borates tested, the use of gloves to prevent systemic uptake is unnecessary. These findings do not apply to abraded or otherwise damaged skin.

21 CFR 74.2705 - FD&C Yellow No. 5.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... salt, not more than 0.2 percent. 4,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, disodium salt, not more than 0.2 percent. Ethyl or methyl 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3...-sulfophenyl)azo]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (CAS Reg. No. 1934-21-0). To manufacture the additive, 4...

Concurrent determination of total serum calcium and magnesium by thermometric titration with ethylenediaminetetraacetate.

PubMed

Callicott, R H; Carr, P W

1976-07-01

Total serum calcium and magnesium may be determined in one thermometric titration, with disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate as the titrant. A 1-ml serum sample is diluted with 1 ml of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer (pH 8) and titrated at a constant rate with a motorized syringe buret. Results by the thermometric method compared well with those by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Performance Characteristics of Borate Fatty Acid Formulations as Mold Inhibitors

Treesearch

Robert D. Coleman; Vina Yang; Carol A. Clausen

2013-01-01

The combination of boric acid (BA) or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) and a fatty acid (FA) such as heptanoic, octanoic, and nonanoic acids (C7–C9) is an effective treatment solution for protecting wood structures against mold. BA or DOT alone have substantial potency against insects and decay fungi, but have negligible or no mold inhibitor activity. However,...

Integrated Protection Against Lyctid Beetle Infestations Part II. - Laboratory Dip-Diffusion Treatment of Unseasoned Banak (Virola spp.) Lumber with Boron Compounds

Treesearch

Lonnie H. Williams; Joe K. Mauldin

1985-01-01

A manufacturer of conventional moulding wanted a method that would prevent lyctid beetle damage to banak (Virola spp.) wood throughout the period from initial cutting in Brazil until final mouldings were in use. Because complete penetration of wood may be obtained, unseasoned banak wood was treated by dip-diffusion with disodium octaborate...

Use of potassium chloride and flavor enhancers in low sodium Cheddar cheese.

PubMed

Grummer, J; Bobowski, N; Karalus, M; Vickers, Z; Schoenfuss, T

2013-03-01

We investigated use of potassium chloride (KCl) to maintain both the salty flavor and to replace the preservative effects of salt when reducing the sodium content in natural cheese. Because salt replacers can affect flavor because of inherent off-flavors, such as bitter and metallic, we examined the use of flavor enhancers for their ability to modulate some of these undesirable sensory effects. Stirred-curd Cheddar-style cheese was manufactured using 2 cheese-making procedures (different curd knife sizes and target salting titratable acidities), in duplicate. Curd was salted with sodium chloride (NaCl) or 60% reduced sodium blends of NaCl and KCl (2 different sources). Curd was also salted at a 60% reduced sodium rate with NaCl and KCl with added flavor enhancers. A hydrolyzed vegetable protein/yeast extract blend, a natural "potassium-blocking type" flavor, disodium inosinate, or disodium guanylate were each blended with the reduced sodium salt blend and added to curd at the salting step. The resulting blocks of cheese were aged for 5 mo and evaluated monthly for chemical, microbial, and sensory differences. At 5 mo of aging, we measured liking for the cheeses using a consumer panel. Overall, cheeses were well liked by the consumer panel, and the scores of reduced sodium cheese with 2 different KCl sources were not different from those of the full-sodium control. The addition of flavor enhancers to Cheddar curd had mixed results, with one improving the consumer flavor liking only slightly over KCl, and one (disodium inosinate) significantly reducing consumer flavor liking scores, presumably due to the amount of umami flavor it contributed. Potassium chloride replacement salts sourced from different manufacturers affected the chemical and flavor properties of cheese, and changes to pH and temperature targets may be necessary to yield cheese with the moisture and pH targets desired. The cheese-making procedure used also influenced flavors observed, which resulted in higher levels of brothy flavor in cheese made with smaller curd knives and a higher target salting titratable acidity. This effect resulted in lower consumer liking scores. Copyright © 2013 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Case study to examine the effects of a growing-season burn and annosum root disease on mortality in a longleaf pine stand

Treesearch

Michelle M. Cram; Dan Shea; Ken Forbus

2010-01-01

A case study of a growing-season burn in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) stand affected by annosum root disease was conducted at Savannah River Site, SC. The project utilized a longleaf pine stand from a 1995 evaluation of a stump applicator system. The Tim-bor® (disodium octaborate tetrahydrate) and no stump treatment blocks (NST) were...

Role of neurotensin in radiation-induced hypothermia in rats

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kandasamy, S.B.; Hunt, W.A.; Harris, A.H.

1991-05-01

The role of neurotensin in radiation-induced hypothermia was examined. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of neurotensin produced dose-dependent hypothermia. Histamine appears to mediate neurotensin-induced hypothermia because the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate and antihistamines blocked the hypothermic effects of neurotensin. An ICV pretreatment with neurotensin antibody attenuated neurotensin-induced hypothermia, but did not attenuate radiation-induced hypothermia, suggesting that radiation-induced hypothermia was not mediated by neurotensin.

Syntheses, structures, thermal stabilities and luminescence of two new lead sulfonates with phosphonate, carboxylate and pyridine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Ruibiao; Hu, Shengmin; Wu, Xintao

2014-05-01

Hydrothermal reactions of Pb2+ ion with disodium 4,4'-bis(2-sulfonatostyryl)biphenyl (Na2L1), 4-pyridyl-CH2N(CH2COOH)(CH2PO3 H2) (H3L2) and 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy) afforded two new lead sulfonates, namely, [Pb4(L1)2(HL2)2(H2O)

Evaluation of liver function using gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) enhanced MR imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamada, Akira; Hara, Takeshi; Li, Feng; Doi, Kunio

2010-03-01

Indocyanine green (ICG) is widely used for its clearance test in the evaluation of liver function. Gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is a targeted MR contrast agent partially taken up by hepatocytes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of an estimation of the liver function corresponding to plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green (ICG-PDR) by use of the signal intensity of the liver alone in Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR imaging (EOB-MRI). We evaluated fourteen patients who had EOB-MRI and ICG clearance test within 1 month. 2D-GRE T1 weighted images were obtained at pre contrast, 3 min (equilibrium phase) and 20 min (hepatobiliary phase) after the intravenous administration of Gd-EOB-DTPA, and the mean signal intensity of the liver was measured. The correlation between ICG-PDR and many parameters derived from the signal intensity of the liver in EOB-MRI was evaluated. The correlation coefficient between ICG-PDR and many parameters derived from the signal intensity of the liver in EOBMRI was low and not significant. The estimation of the liver function corresponding to ICG-PDR by use of the signal intensity of the liver alone in EOB-MRI would not be reliable.

Surfactants, Aromatic and Isoprenoid Compounds, and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors Suppress Staphylococcus aureus Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1▿

PubMed Central

McNamara, Peter J.; Syverson, Rae Ellen; Milligan-Myhre, Kathy; Frolova, Olga; Schroeder, Sarah; Kidder, Joshua; Hoang, Thanh; Proctor, Richard A.

2009-01-01

Menstrual toxic shock syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening illness manifest through the actions of Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). Previous studies have shown that tampon additives can influence staphylococcal TSST-1 production. We report here on the TSST-1-suppressing activity of 34 compounds that are commonly used additives in the pharmaceutical, food, and perfume industries. Many of the tested chemicals had a minimal impact on the growth of S. aureus and yet were potent inhibitors of TSST-1 production. The TSST-1-reducing compounds included surfactants with an ether, amide, or amine linkage to their fatty acid moiety (e.g., myreth-3-myristate, Laureth-3, disodium lauroamphodiacetate, disodium lauramido monoethanolamido, sodium lauriminodipropionic acid, and triethanolamine laureth sulfate); aromatic compounds (e.g. phenylethyl and benzyl alcohols); and several isoprenoids and related compounds (e.g., terpineol and menthol). The membrane-targeting and -altering effects of the TSST-1-suppressing compounds led us to assess the activity of molecules that are known to inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis (e.g., cerulenin, triclosan, and hexachlorophene). These compounds also reduced S. aureus TSST-1 production. This study suggests that more additives than previously recognized inhibit the production of TSST-1. PMID:19223628

Phenolic sodium sulphates of Frankenia laevis L.

PubMed

Hussein, S A M

2004-04-01

Four new phenolic anionic conjugates have been isolated from the whole plant aqueous alcohol extract of Frankenia laevis L. Their structures were established, mainly on the basis of ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic evidence, as gallic acid-3-methyl ether-5-sodium sulphate, acetophenone-4-methyl ether-2-sodium sulphate, ellagic acid-3,3'-dimethyl ether-4,4'-di-sodium sulphate and ellagic acid-3-methyl ether-4-sodium sulphate.

40 CFR Appendix A-2 to Part 50 - Reference Method for the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Pararosaniline Method)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... rate and the sampling time. The concentration of SO2 in the ambient air is computed and expressed in... tetracetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) and phosphoric acid,(10, 12) and ozone by time delay.(10) Up to 60 µg Fe... requirements of section 7 of 40 CFR part 58, appendix E (Teflon ® or glass with residence time less than 20 sec...

40 CFR Appendix A to Part 50 - Reference Method for the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Pararosaniline Method)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... sampling time. The concentration of SO2 in the ambient air is computed and expressed in micrograms per... tetracetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) and phosphoric acid,(10, 12) and ozone by time delay.(10) Up to 60 µg Fe... requirements of section 7 of 40 CFR part 58, appendix E (Teflon ® or glass with residence time less than 20 sec...

40 CFR Appendix A-2 to Part 50 - Reference Method for the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Pararosaniline Method)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... rate and the sampling time. The concentration of SO2 in the ambient air is computed and expressed in... tetracetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) and phosphoric acid,(10, 12) and ozone by time delay.(10) Up to 60 µg Fe... requirements of section 7 of 40 CFR part 58, appendix E (Teflon ® or glass with residence time less than 20 sec...

40 CFR Appendix A-2 to Part 50 - Reference Method for the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Pararosaniline Method)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... rate and the sampling time. The concentration of SO2 in the ambient air is computed and expressed in... tetracetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) and phosphoric acid,(10, 12) and ozone by time delay.(10) Up to 60 µg Fe... requirements of section 7 of 40 CFR part 58, appendix E (Teflon ® or glass with residence time less than 20 sec...

40 CFR Appendix A-2 to Part 50 - Reference Method for the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Pararosaniline Method)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... rate and the sampling time. The concentration of SO2 in the ambient air is computed and expressed in... tetracetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) and phosphoric acid,(10, 12) and ozone by time delay.(10) Up to 60 µg Fe... requirements of section 7 of 40 CFR part 58, appendix E (Teflon ® or glass with residence time less than 20 sec...

Role of Neurotensin in Radiation-Induced Hypothermia in Rats

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

radiation-in- appears to mediate neurotensin-induced hylothemnia becaus duced hypothermia and to elucidate the mechanisms in- th mas cell stabilizer...of neurotensin an- tibody alone had no effect on body temperature. An ICV administration of the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromo- 30 3 120glycate...David Kopf Instruments. No. 320) A single cannula was in- pear to be centrally mediated (4. 5). H- stamine has been serteil aseptically into the

Nivolumab, Cisplatin, and Pemetrexed Disodium or Gemcitabine Hydrochloride in Treating Patients With Stage I-IIIA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer That Can Be Removed by Surgery

ClinicalTrials.gov

2018-03-02

Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; Stage IA Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Stage IB Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Stage II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; Stage IIA Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Stage IIB Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

[Protection against laryngotracheobronchial obstruction and anaphylaxis with ketotifen and DSCG (disodium chromoglycate) in patients with food allergy].

PubMed

De Luca, L

1988-01-01

The authors studied in 30 allergic children to foods the protection of fall of spirometric flow (FEV1) after food challenge, caused by ketotifen and DSCG. The first showed a greater number of total protection = 60% in comparison with DSCG = 53.3%. The supply of both drugs at the same time showed a great amplification of protective action: total protection 73.3%, partial 20%; amount of two protections = 93.3%.

Characterization of Air Particles Giving False Responses with Biological Detectors

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-07-01

Particle size distril)ution of SM particles 63 20- Scanning electron micrographs of typical aggregates of 21. SM bacteria 64 22. Scanning electron...for calcite (density = 2.75) were recalculated for bacteria (density ca 1.15). Both sets of size data are plotted in figure 13. The particle sizes given...Preceding page blank -23- Table 2. Particulate Substances Giving a CL Response >10 mV Algae Disodium phosphate Kelp Dandruff Sheep manure Lemon powder

Fosfomycin residues in colostrum: Impact on morpho-physiology and microbiology of suckling piglets.

PubMed

Fernández Paggi, M B; Martínez, G; Diéguez, S N; Pérez Gaudio, D S; Decundo, J M; Riccio, M B; Amanto, F A; Tapia, M O; Soraci, A L

2018-06-01

Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic widely used in pig farms for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections. In this study, the elimination of disodium fosfomycin in colostrum/milk of the sow and the impact of this antibiotic on the microbiota and intestinal morpho-physiology of suckling piglets were analyzed. The average amount of fosfomycin eliminated in colostrum (after administration of 15 mg/kg IM) during the first 10 hr postpartum was 0.85 μg/ml, and the mean residual amount ingested by the piglets was 0.26 mg/kg. The elimination profile of fosfomycin concentrations in colostrum occurs at a time of profound changes in the morpho-physiology of the gastrointestinal tract of the piglet. However, the studied concentrations did not produce imbalances on the microbiota or on the morpho-physiology of the gastrointestinal tract of the piglet. Concentrations of fosfomycin were maintained in the mammary gland above the MIC for more than 8 hr for pathogenic bacteria of productive importance. This would indicate that fosfomycin may be considered safe for the specific treatment of bacterial infectious processes in sows during the peri- and postpartum period. This first study with disodium fosfomycin stimulates awareness in the proper use of antimicrobials at farrowing. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A Reduced Graphene Oxide/Disodium Terephthalate Hybrid as a High-Performance Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Cao, Tengfei; Lv, Wei; Zhang, Si-Wei; Zhang, Jun; Lin, Qiaowei; Chen, Xiangrong; He, Yanbing; Kang, Fei-Yu; Yang, Quan-Hong

2017-11-21

As a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage systems, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are experiencing a rapid development. Organic conjugated carboxylic acid anodes not only have tailorable electrochemical properties but also are easily accessible. However, the low stability and electrical conductivity hamper their practical applications. In this study, disodium terephthalate (Na 2 TP), the most favorable organic conjugated carboxylic acid anode material for SIBs, was proposed to integrate with graphene oxide (GO) by an anti-solvent precipitation process, which ensures the uniform and tight coating of GO on the Na 2 TP surface. GO is electrochemically reduced during the first several cycles of the electrochemical measurement, which buffers the volume change and improves the electrical conductivity of Na 2 TP, resulting in a better cyclic and rate performance. The incorporation of only 5 wt % GO onto Na 2 TP leads to a reversible capability of 235 mA h g -1 after 100 cycles at a current rate of 0.1 C, which is the best among the state of the art organic anodes for SIBs. The one-step synthesis together with the low costs of the raw materials show a promise for the scalable preparation of anode materials for practical SIBs. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Diagnostic capability of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced liver MRI for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with multi-detector CT.

PubMed

Toyota, Naoyuki; Nakamura, Yuko; Hieda, Masashi; Akiyama, Naoko; Terada, Hiroaki; Matsuura, Noriaki; Nishiki, Masayo; Kono, Hirotaka; Kohno, Hiroshi; Irei, Toshimitsu; Yoshikawa, Yukinobu; Kuraoka, Kazuya; Taniyama, Kiyomi; Awai, Kazuo

2013-09-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic capability of gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB)-MRI for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with multidetector CT (MDCT). Fifty patients with 57 surgically proven HCCs who underwent Gd-EOB-MRI and MDCT from March 2008 to June 2011 were evaluated. Two observers evaluated MR and CT on a lesion-by-lesion basis. We analyzed sensitivity by grading on a 5-point scale, the degree of arterial enhancement and the differences in histological grades in the diffusion-weighted images (DWI). The results showed that the sensitivity of Gd-EOB-MRI was higher than that of MDCT especially for HCCs that were 1 cm in diameter or smaller. The hepatobiliary phase was useful for the detecting of small HCC. We had few cases in which it was difficult to judge HCC in the arterial enhancement between MRI and MDCT. In the diffusion-weighted image, well differentiated HCC tended to show a low signal intensity, and poorly differentiated HCC tended to show a high signal intensity. In moderately differentiated HCC's, the mean diameter of the high signal intensity group was larger than that of the low signal intensity group (24.5 mm vs. 15.8 mm). In conclusion, Gd-EOB-MRI tended to show higher sensitivity compared to MDCT in the detection of HCC.

Taurine suppresses osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells induced by beta-glycerophosphate disodium, dexamethasone and ascorbic acid via the ERK pathway.

PubMed

Feng, Xiang; Li, Jian-ming; Liao, Xiao-bo; Hu, Ye-rong; Shang, Bao-peng; Zhang, Zhi-yuan; Yuan, Ling-qing; Xie, Hui; Sheng, Zhi-feng; Tang, Hao; Zhang, Wei; Gu, Lu; Zhou, Xin-min

2012-10-01

Aortic valve calcification (AVC) is an active process characterized by osteoblastic differentiation of the aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). Taurine is a free β-amino acid and plays important physiological roles including protective effect of cardiovascular events. To evaluate the possible role of taurine in AVC, we isolated human AVICs from patients with type A dissection without leaflet disease. We demonstrated that the cultured AVICs express SM α-actin, vimentin and taurine transporter (TAUT), but not CD31, SM-myosin or desmin. We also established the osteoblastic differentiation model of the AVICs induced by pro-calcific medium (PCM) containing β-glycerophosphate disodium, dexamethasone and ascorbic acid in vitro. The results showed that taurine attenuated the PCM-induced osteoblastic differentiation of AVICs by decreasing the alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity/expression and the expression of the core binding factor α1 (Cbfα1) in a dose-dependent manner (reaching the maximum protective effect at 10 mM), and taurine (10 mM) inhibited the mineralization level of AVICs in the form of calcium content significantly. Furthermore, taurine activated the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway via TAUT, and the inhibitor of ERK (PD98059) abolished the effect of taurine on both ALP activity/expression and Cbfα1 expression. These results suggested that taurine could inhibit osteoblastic differentiation of AVIC via the ERK pathway.

Multiclass method for the quantification of 92 veterinary antimicrobial drugs in livestock excreta, wastewater, and surface water by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Gao, Jinfang; Cui, Yonghui; Tao, Yanfei; Huang, Lingli; Peng, Dapeng; Xie, Shuyu; Wang, Xu; Liu, Zhenli; Chen, Dongmei; Yuan, Zonghui

2016-11-01

A simple multiresidue method was developed for detecting and quantifying 92 veterinary antimicrobial drugs from eight classes (β-lactams, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, lincomycins, macrolides, chloramphenicols, and pleuromutilin) in livestock excreta and water by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The feces samples were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (80:20, v/v) and edetate disodium, followed by a cleanup using solid-phase extraction with an amino cartridge. Water samples were purified with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid-phase extraction column. Urine samples were extracted with acetonitrile and edetate disodium. Detection of veterinary antimicrobial drugs was achieved by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode. The recovery values of veterinary antimicrobial drugs in feces, urine, and water samples were 75-99, 85-110, and 85-101% and associated relative standard deviations were less than 15, 10, and 8%, respectively. The limits of quantification in feces, urine, and water samples were 0.5-1, 0.5-1, and 0.01-0.05 μg/L, respectively. This method was applied to determine real samples obtained from local farms and provides reliable quantification and identification results of 92 veterinary antimicrobial drugs in livestock excreta and water. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

[Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate prevention of chemotherapy-induced liver damage during initial treatment of patients with gastrointestinal tumors].

PubMed

Yan, Yulan; Mo, Yongsen; Zhang, Dongmei

2015-03-01

To investigate the preventive effect of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate against acute drug-induced liver damage from initial chemotherapy treatment in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. A total of 216 cases with early stage gastric cancer and indications for systemic chemotherapy that had been diagnosed with gastrointestinal malignant tumors by pathology in our hospital were enrolled for study during the period of January 2011 to June 2013.Using a prospective randomized controlled study design,differences were assessed between groups treated with glycyrrhizic acid magnesium (experimental group; n=114) or glutathione (control group; n=102) and the FOLFOX regimen (n=104) or the XELOX regimen (n=112).Patients in the FOLFOX group received intravenous infusion of L-OHP (85 mg/m²) at day 1,followed by a bolus injection of 5-FU (400 mg/m²) at days 1-2 and continuous intravenous infusion of 5-FU (600 mg/m²) for 22 h at days 1-2,with one cycle comprising 2 weeks. Patients in the XELOX group received intravenous infusion of L-OHP (130 mg/m²) at day 1, followed by capecitabine (1 000 mg/m²) oral twice a day at days 1-14,with one cycle comprising 3 weeks.In the first cycle of chemotherapy,serum was extracted from the patients at 1 day before chemotherapy and 1 week after chemotherapy.An automated biochemistry analyzer was used to measure alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Differences between groups were statistically analyzed by the t-test and x² test. Among the total 216 cases treated with chemotherapy,40 showed hepatic biochemical abnormalities (12 cases in the experimental group, 28 cases in the control group), and the effect of prevention was significantly different between the two groups (10.53% vs. 27.25%; x² =10.219, P less than 0.005).The acute and subacute hepatic toxicity reaction degrees for the experimental and the control groups were: 0:94.78% vs. 88.2%; 1:5.3% vs. 11.8% (x² =6.99, P < 0.01). One week after chemotherapy, the liver biochemical indexes in the experimental group (ALT:35.93 ± 8.33 U/L; AST:24.84 ±2.91 U/L; TBil:13.29 ± 5.89 mumol/L; ALP:125.1 ± 53.61 U/L) were statically different from those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The liver biochemical indexes before and after chemotherapy were also significantly different between the experimental group (ALT:13.18t3.23 U/L; AST:5.39 ± 2.57 U/L; TBil:2.79 ± 0.23 mumol/L; ALP:52.08 ± 4.83 U/L) and the control group (all P < 0.05).One week after chemotherapy in the experimental group, the groups treated with the FOLFOX regimen or the XELOX regimen showed no statistical differences in the liver biochemical indexes.One week after chemotherapy in the control group, though, the groups treated with the FOLFOX regimen showed significantly lower AST (26.24 ± 3.50 U/L vs. 29.80 ± 6.57 U/L, t=-2.431, P < 0.05),but the residual liver biochemical indexes were not significantly different.In the experimental group, the FOLFOX group showed significantly lower ALP (53.44 ± 2.47 U/L vs. 56.58 ± 6.70 U/L, t =-2.201, P < 0.05), AST (6.48 ± 3.15U/L vs. 9.88 ± 4.57 U/L, t =-5.223, P < 0.05), but the residual liver biochemical index was not significantly different. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate is an effective drug for the prevention of drug-induced liver damage after initial chemotherapy in patients with early stage gastrointestinal cancer.

Effect of disodium EDTA chelation regimen on cardiovascular events in patients with previous myocardial infarction: the TACT randomized trial.

PubMed

Lamas, Gervasio A; Goertz, Christine; Boineau, Robin; Mark, Daniel B; Rozema, Theodore; Nahin, Richard L; Lindblad, Lauren; Lewis, Eldrin F; Drisko, Jeanne; Lee, Kerry L

2013-03-27

Chelation therapy with disodium EDTA has been used for more than 50 years to treat atherosclerosis without proof of efficacy. To determine if an EDTA-based chelation regimen reduces cardiovascular events. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial randomized trial enrolling 1708 patients aged 50 years or older who had experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) at least 6 weeks prior and had serum creatinine levels of 2.0 mg/dL or less. Participants were recruited at 134 US and Canadian sites. Enrollment began in September 2003 and follow-up took place until October 2011 (median, 55 months). Two hundred eighty-nine patients (17% of total; n=115 in the EDTA group and n=174 in the placebo group) withdrew consent during the trial. Patients were randomized to receive 40 infusions of a 500-mL chelation solution (3 g of disodium EDTA, 7 g of ascorbate, B vitamins, electrolytes, procaine, and heparin) (n=839) vs placebo (n=869) and an oral vitamin-mineral regimen vs an oral placebo. Infusions were administered weekly for 30 weeks, followed by 10 infusions 2 to 8 weeks apart. Fifteen percent discontinued infusions (n=38 [16%] in the chelation group and n=41 [15%] in the placebo group) because of adverse events. The prespecified primary end point was a composite of total mortality, recurrent MI, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for angina. This report describes the intention-to-treat comparison of EDTA chelation vs placebo. To account for multiple interim analyses, the significance threshold required at the final analysis was P = .036. Qualifying previous MIs occurred a median of 4.6 years before enrollment. Median age was 65 years, 18% were female, 9% were nonwhite, and 31% were diabetic. The primary end point occurred in 222 (26%) of the chelation group and 261 (30%) of the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82 [95% CI, 0.69-0.99]; P = .035). There was no effect on total mortality (chelation: 87 deaths [10%]; placebo, 93 deaths [11%]; HR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.70-1.25]; P = .64), but the study was not powered for this comparison. The effect of EDTA chelation on the components of the primary end point other than death was of similar magnitude as its overall effect (MI: chelation, 6%; placebo, 8%; HR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.54-1.11]; stroke: chelation, 1.2%; placebo, 1.5%; HR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.34-1.76]; coronary revascularization: chelation, 15%; placebo, 18%; HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.64-1.02]; hospitalization for angina: chelation, 1.6%; placebo, 2.1%; HR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.35-1.47]). Sensitivity analyses examining the effect of patient dropout and treatment adherence did not alter the results. Among stable patients with a history of MI, use of an intravenous chelation regimen with disodium EDTA, compared with placebo, modestly reduced the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, many of which were revascularization procedures. These results provide evidence to guide further research but are not sufficient to support the routine use of chelation therapy for treatment of patients who have had an MI. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00044213.

Effect of disodium EDTA chelation regimen on cardiovascular events in patients with previous myocardial infarction: The TACT Randomized Trial

PubMed Central

Lamas, Gervasio A.; Goertz, Christine; Boineau, Robin; Mark, Daniel B.; Rozema, Theodore; Nahin, Richard L.; Lindblad, Lauren; Lewis, Eldrin F.; Drisko, Jeanne; Lee, Kerry L.

2014-01-01

Context Chelation therapy with disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) has been used for over 50 years to treat atherosclerosis without proof of efficacy. Objective To determine if an EDTA-based chelation regimen reduces cardiovascular events. Design and Setting Double-blind placebo-controlled 2×2 factorial multicenter randomized trial. NIH Funding was approved in August 2002. The first patient was enrolled in September 2003, and the last follow-up took place in October 2011. Median follow-up was 55 months. Participants were recruited from 134 US and Canadian clinical sites. Participants 1708 patients, age 50 or older and at least 6 weeks post myocardial infarction, with a serum creatinine <2.0 mg/dL. 289 patients (17% of total; 115 in the EDTA group and 174 in the placebo group) withdrew consent for continued follow-up over the course of the trial. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive 40 infusions of a 500 mL chelation solution (containing 3 grams of disodium EDTA, 7 grams of ascorbate, B-vitamins, electrolytes, procaine, and heparin) versus placebo, and to an oral vitamin and mineral regimen or an oral placebo. Infusions were administered weekly for 30 weeks, followed by 10 infusions 2 to 8 weeks apart. Patients received 55,222 infusions. 15% discontinued infusions for adverse events. Main outcome measure The pre-specified primary endpoint was a composite of total mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for angina. Followup for clinical events began upon randomization. This report describes the intent-to-treat comparison of EDTA chelation versus placebo. To account for multiple interim analyses, the significance threshold required at the final analysis was p=0.036. Results The qualifying myocardial infarction occurred a median of 4.6 years before enrollment. Median age was 65 years, 18% were female, 9% were nonwhite, 31% were diabetic. 83% had prior coronary revascularization, and 73% were on statins. The primary endpoint occurred in 222 (26%) of the chelation group and 261 (30%) of the placebo group (hazard ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.69–0.99, p=0.035). There was no effect on total mortality (chelation: 87 deaths (10%) placebo 93 (11%): hazard ratio (HR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.70–1.25, p=0.64), but the study was not powered for this comparison. The effect of EDTA chelation on the components of the primary endpoint other than death was of similar magnitude as its overall effect (myocardial infarction HR 0.77 95% confidence interval (0.54,1.11); stroke HR 0.77 95% confidence interval (0.34, 1.76); coronary revascularization HR 0.81 95% confidence interval (0.64, 1.02); hospitalization for angina HR 0.72 95% confidence interval (0.35, 1.47). Extensive sensitivity analyses examining the effect of patient drop out and varying treatment compliance did not alter the study’s conclusions. Conclusions and Relevance In stable patients with a history of MI, the use of an intravenous chelation regimen with disodium EDTA, compared with placebo, modestly reduced the risk of a composite of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, many of which were revascularization procedures. These results provide evidence to guide further research but are not, by themselves, sufficient to support the routine use of chelation therapy for treatment of post-MI patients. PMID:23532240

Availability and Use of Medical Isotopes in Canada - Performed as part of a Radiological Terrorism Risk Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-01

placenta localization 1. Chromic chloride 2. Chromium disodium edetate 3. Labeled human serum albumin 4. Sodium chromate labeled red blood cells...orally 4. Iodinated fibrinogen, i.v. or in vitro 5. Iodinated human serum albumin (IHSA) 6. Iodinated levothyroxine , i.v. or in vitro 7...Iodinated liothyronine, in vitro 8. Iodinated povidone, i.v. 9. Iodinated rose Bengal, i.v. 10. Sodium iodide, orally or i.v. 5. 0.74 MBq (0.02 mCi

Bimanes and Related Heterocycles as Laser Dyes

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-10

the bimane 19 as a yel- was acidified (dilute hydrochloric acid ) to precipi- low crystalline solid, 0.22 g (25%), mp 214-215°C, tate a trace amount...treatment 2,6-diethyl (PMDEP-BF2), and 2,6-disulfonic acid of a pyrromethene with boron trifluoride . Charac- (isolated as the disodium salt PMPDS-BF2... Chlorine was obtained acid (85%, 320 mL). The mixture was heated at from Matheson Gas Products, Secaccus, NJ. Nitro- 180°C for 30 min and poured into aqueous

A case of lead poisoning due to snooker chalk

PubMed Central

Dargan, P; Evans, P; House, I; Jones, A

2000-01-01

A 3 year, 9 month old child with pica presented with a blood lead concentration of 1.74 µmol/l (360 µg/l). The source of poisoning was snooker chalk (lead content 7200 µg/g). She was treated with intravenous calcium disodium edetate chelation. Thirty months later her blood lead was 0.39 µmol/l (80 µg/l). This case illustrates the need to be vigilant for more unusual causes of lead poisoning in the home.

 PMID:11087293

Disodium cromoglycate may act as a novel adjuvant for UV-attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine in mouse model.

PubMed

Li, Xi; Wu, Yifan; Huang, Shiguang; Lu, Fangli

2018-06-01

We have proven the beneficial effects during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection when mast cells were inhibited by disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Here we investigated the adjuvant effect of DSCG on the protective efficacy of UV-attenuated T. gondii (UV-Tg) vaccine. Mice were infected with 10 2 Tg alone or infected with 10 2 Tg plus DSCG (Tg + DSCG), immunized with 10 5 UV-Tg and challenged with 10 2 Tg (UV-Tg + Tg) or immunized with 10 5 UV-Tg plus DSCG and challenged with 10 2 Tg (UV-Tg + DSCG + Tg). Compared to Tg group, Tg + DSCG, UV-Tg + Tg, and UV-Tg + DSCG + Tg showed significantly prolonged survival times, decreased parasite burdens, reduced liver histopathologies, and increased levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and IL-17 in the livers and spleens by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Compared to UV-Tg + Tg, UV-Tg + DSCG + Tg had significantly longer survival time, lower tissue parasite burden and histopathological score, and higher levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and IL-17 in the livers or spleens. Our data suggest that DSCG may play an adjuvant role in the immunization induced by UV-attenuated T. gondii in mice, by promoting cellular immune response against T. gondii challenge. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental lead intoxication in dogs: a comparison of blood lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid following intoxication and chelation therapy.

PubMed Central

Green, R A; Selby, L A; Zumwalt, R W

1978-01-01

Intravenous lead administration to dogs produced an acute syndrome of lead intoxication charcterized by depression, vomiting, anorexia and weight loss. The effect of chelation therapy with calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, penicillamine or both was determined by serially monitoring changes in blood lead and urine delta-aminolevulinic acid. Following therapy, blood lead values were significantly lower in chelated dogs than non-treated lead exposed dogs on days 7 and 10. Urine delta-aminolevulinic acid at day 7 was significantly higher in untreated lead exposed dogs than in other groups. There was no significant difference in blood lead or urine delta-aminolevulinic acid between lead intoxicated dogs which underwent the indicated chelation therapy protocols. There was, however, a trend for higher urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in those intoxicated dogs undergoing calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate therapy as opposed to those undergoing penicilamine therapy. There was no significant correlation between blood lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid previous to lead exposure. However, after lead exposure significant correlation was present at days 4, 7, 10 and 14. Certain lead exposed dogs following chelation therapy were noted to have normal blood lead levels but elevated urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid suggesting that blood lead does not always correlate with metabolic effects of lead in the body. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid was therefore recommended as an additional laboratory parameter which improved assessment of lead exposure in dogs, particularly in determining adequacy of chelation therapy. PMID:667707

One-stop-shop preoperative evaluation for living liver donors with gadoxetic acid disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: efficiency and additional benefit.

PubMed

Xie, Shuangshuang; Liu, Chenhao; Yu, Zichuan; Ren, Tao; Hou, Jiancun; Chen, Lihua; Huang, Lixiang; Cheng, Yue; Ji, Qian; Yin, Jianzhong; Zhang, Longjiang; Shen, Wen

2015-12-01

To explore the efficiency, cost, and time for examination of one-stop-shop gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preoperative evaluation for parent donors by comparing with multidetector computer tomography combined with conventional MR cholangiopancreatography (MDCT-MRCP). Forty parent donors were evaluated with MDCT-MRCP, and the other 40 sex-, age-, and weight-matched donors with Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI. Anatomical variations and graft volume determined by pre- and intra-operative findings, costs and time for imaging were recorded. Image quality was ranked on a 4-point scale and compared between both groups. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI provided better image quality than MDCT-MRCP for the depiction of portal veins and bile ducts by both reviewers (p < 0.05), hepatic veins by one reviewer (p < 0.05), rather hepatic arteries by both reviewers (p < 0.01). Sixty-nine living donors proceeded to liver donation with all anatomical findings accurately confirmed by intra-operative findings. The "in-room" time of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI was 12 min longer than MDCT-MRCP. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI was cheaper than MDCT-MRCP (US$519.72 vs. US$631.85). One-stop-shop Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI has similar diagnostic accuracy as MDCT-MRCP and can provide additional benefit in terms of costs and convenience in preoperative evaluation for parent donors. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Disodium N,N-bis-(dithiocarboxy)ethanediamine: synthesis, performance, and mechanism of action toward trace ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid copper (II).

PubMed

Xiao, Xiao; Ye, Maoyou; Yan, Pingfang; Qiu, Yiqin; Sun, Shuiyu; Ren, Jie; Dai, Yongkang; Han, Dajian

2016-10-01

A new effective multi-dithiocarbamate heavy metal precipitant, disodium N,N-bis-(dithiocarboxy) ethanediamine (BDE), was synthesized by mixing ethanediamine with carbon disulfide under alkaline conditions, and it was utilized for removing trace ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid copper (II) (EDTA-Cu) from wastewater. Its structure was confirmed by ultraviolet spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. The removal performance of EDTA-Cu by BDE was evaluated according to BDE dosage, initial concentration, pH, and reaction time through single-factor experiments. With the optimized conditions of a pH range of 3-9, dosage ratio of BDE/Cu of 1:1, PAM dosage of 1 mg/L, and reaction time of 4 min, the removal efficiency of Cu(2+) was more than 98 % from simulated wastewater containing EDTA-Cu with initial concentrations of 5-100 mg/L. Treatment of actual EDTA-Cu wastewater showed that BDE performed superior effectiveness, and the average residential concentration of Cu(2+) was 0.115 mg/L. Besides, the stability of chelated precipitate and the reaction mechanism of BDE and EDTA-Cu were also introduced. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and semi-dynamic leaching test (SDLT) indicated that the chelated precipitate was non-hazardous and stable in weak acid and alkaline conditions. The BDE reacts with EDTA-Cu at a stoichiometric ratio, and the removal of Cu(2+) was predominantly achieved through the replacement reaction of BDE and EDTA-Cu.

Effect of the Antioxidant Supplement Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt (BioPQQ™) on Cognitive Functions.

PubMed

Itoh, Yuji; Hine, Kyoko; Miura, Hiroshi; Uetake, Tatsuo; Nakano, Masahiko; Takemura, Naohiro; Sakatani, Kaoru

2016-01-01

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a quinone compound first identified in 1979. It has been reported that rats fed a PQQ-supplemented diet showed better learning ability than controls, suggesting that PQQ may be useful for improving memory in humans. In the present study, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study to examine the effect of PQQ disodium salt (BioPQQ™) on cognitive functions was conducted with 41 elderly healthy subjects. Subjects were orally given 20 mg of BioPQQ™ per day or placebo, for 12 weeks. For cognitive functions, selective attention by the Stroop and reverse Stroop test, and visual-spatial cognitive function by the laptop tablet Touch M, were evaluated. In the Stroop test, the change of Stroop interference ratios (SIs) for the PQQ group was significantly smaller than for the placebo group. In the Touch M test, the stratification analyses dividing each group into two groups showed that only in the lower group of the PQQ group (initial score<70), did the score significantly increase. Measurements of physiological parameters indicated no abnormal blood or urinary adverse events, nor adverse internal or physical examination findings at any point in the study. The preliminary experiment using near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) suggests that cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex was increased by the administration of PQQ. The results suggest that PQQ can prevent reduction of brain function in aged persons, especially in attention and working memory.

Evaluation of the impact of tromethamine edetate disodium dihydrate on antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilm in vitro.

PubMed

Pye, Charlotte C; Singh, Ameet; Weese, J Scott

2014-04-01

Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been documented in canine otic isolates. An increase in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for specific antibiotics has been noted for biofilm-embedded bacteria. Tromethamine edetate disodium dihydrate buffered to pH 8 with tromethamine hydrochloride and deionized water (Triz-EDTA(®)) has been documented to potentiate bactericidal activity when used in combination with topical antibiotics, but the impact on biofilm-embedded bacteria is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Triz-EDTA(®) use on in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilm-embedded P. aeruginosa. Biofilm formation was documented using a microtitre plate assay. Broth microdilution was used to assess the MIC of neomycin, polymyxin B, enrofloxacin and gentamicin for the biofilm-embedded bacteria. The microtitre plate assay was again used to assess the MIC of neomycin, polymyxin B, enrofloxacin and gentamicin for biofilm-embedded bacteria with added Triz-EDTA(®). Thirty-one isolates from dogs with otitis were tested. Addition of Triz-EDTA(®) significantly reduced MICs for neomycin (P < 0.003) and gentamicin (P < 0.02) but not for polymyxin B (P = 0.3). Enrofloxacin MICs increased in the presence of Triz-EDTA (P < 0.036). Triz-EDTA(®) may be a useful adjunctive treatment for chronic cases of Pseudomonas otitis where biofilms may have developed, if gentamicin or neomycin is to be used as a topical treatment. In vivo study is required to confirm this effect. © 2014 ESVD and ACVD.

Mechanism of oxidation of 3-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium salt with oxygen in subcritical water.

PubMed

Imbierowicz, Mirosław

2017-06-01

The article presents the results of studies on the oxidation mechanism of 3-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium salt (R-salt) with oxygen in subcritical water. To this aim, a series of experiments were carried out which showed that at a temperature of 413 K and pH > 9 the oxidation reaction of a substrate with oxygen was relatively quick and after approximately 40 min the R-salt oxidation yield exceeded 95%. In an acidic medium (pH < 7), the rate of R-salt oxidation is small. In order to identify the mechanism of R-salt oxidation, experiments were carried out at 413-569 K in solutions with pH = 10.0 and at partial oxygen pressure p O2  = 1.73 MPa. As a result of these experiments, a stable oxidation product was isolated from the reaction mixture and subjected to spectroscopic analysis. The analysis of H NMR of this product proved that a stable intermediate product of R-salt oxidation was 4-sulfophthalic acid sodium salt. The results of the experiments have shown that destructive oxidation of R-salt can easily be obtained at a temperature of 413 K, but satisfactory reduction of TOC in wastewater containing this substrate requires the use of very high temperature: at 569 K only 60% reduction of TOC was achieved. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Downregulation of mucosal mast cell activation and immune response in diarrhoea-irritable bowel syndrome by oral disodium cromoglycate: A pilot study

PubMed Central

Lobo, Beatriz; Ramos, Laura; Martínez, Cristina; Guilarte, Mar; González-Castro, Ana M; Alonso-Cotoner, Carmen; Pigrau, Marc; de Torres, Inés; Rodiño-Janeiro, Bruno K; Salvo-Romero, Eloisa; Fortea, Marina; Pardo-Camacho, Cristina; Guagnozzi, Danila; Azpiroz, Fernando

2017-01-01

Background and goal Diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) exhibits intestinal innate immune and mucosal mast cell (MC) activation. MC stabilisers have been shown to improve IBS symptoms but the mechanism is unclear. Our primary aim was to investigate the effect of oral disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on jejunal MC activation and specific innate immune signalling pathways in IBS-D, and secondarily, its potential clinical benefit. Study Mucosal MC activation (by ultrastructural changes, tryptase release and gene expression) and innate immune signalling (by protein and gene expression) were quantified in jejunal biopsies from healthy (HS; n = 16) and IBS-D subjects after six months of either treatment with DSCG (600 mg/day, IBS-D-DSCG group; n = 18) or without treatment (IBS-D-NT group; n = 25). All IBS-D patients recorded abdominal pain and bowel habits at baseline and in the last 10 days prior to jejunal sampling. Results IBS-D-NT exhibited significant MC activation and over-expression of immune-related genes as compared to HS, whereas in IBS-D-DSCG MC activity and gene expression were similar to HS. Furthermore, DSCG significantly reduced abdominal pain and improved stool consistency. Conclusion Oral DSCG modulates mucosal immune activity and improves gut symptoms in IBS-D patients. Future placebo-controlled clinical trials are needed for confirmation of clinical benefit of DSCG for IBS-D. PMID:29026603

Declining blood lead levels and cognitive changes in moderately lead-poisoned children.

PubMed

Ruff, H A; Bijur, P E; Markowitz, M; Ma, Y C; Rosen, J F

1993-04-07

To determine whether chelation therapy or biochemical changes during a lead-lowering intervention was associated with changes in cognitive functioning of moderately lead-poisoned children. It was hypothesized that cognitive performance would improve as blood lead level declined over time. Short-term intervention study with measures obtained before and after intervention. Hospital specialty clinic and university research center. A total of 154 previously untreated children referred to clinic with blood lead levels between 1.21 and 2.66 mumol/L (25 and 55 micrograms/dL) at time of enrollment. Ages ranged from 13 to 87 months. Enrolled children were treated with edetate calcium disodium (EDTA) if eligible and/or with orally administered iron supplement if iron deficient. For all children, housing inspections and abatement procedures were performed as necessary. Score on Bayley Mental Development Scale or Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th edition). There was no effect of edetate calcium disodium treatment per se. In the short term (7 weeks), changes in blood lead levels were not related to changes in cognitive scores. In the long term (6 months), however, changes in performance were significantly related to changes in blood lead level, even after controlling for confounding variables. The standardized score increased 1 point for every decrease of 0.14 mumol/L (3 micrograms/dL) in blood lead level. The results suggest an association between decreases in blood lead level and cognitive improvements in moderately lead-poisoned children.

Automatic photometric titrations of calcium and magnesium in carbonate rocks

USGS Publications Warehouse

Shapiro, L.; Brannock, W.W.

1955-01-01

Rapid nonsubjective methods have been developed for the determination of calcium and magnesium in carbonate rocks. From a single solution of the sample, calcium is titrated directly, and magnesium is titrated after a rapid removal of R2O3 and precipitation of calcium as the tungstate. A concentrated and a dilute solution of disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate are used as titrants. The concentrated solution is added almost to the end point, then the weak solution is added in an automatic titrator to determine the end point precisely.

Anti-microbial and skin wound dressing application of molecular iodine nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viswanathan, Kaliyaperumal; Bharathi Babu, Divya; Jayakumar, Gomathi; Dhinakar Raj, Gopal

2017-10-01

In this study, iodine nanoparticles were synthesized without use of any stabilizer by a new co-precipitation process using polyvinyl pyrolidone, calcium lactate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and iodine solution as precursor and the reaction was catalyzed by sodium hydroxide. Ten mg of the synthesized nanoparticles killed 95% of bacteria and inhibited 90% of bio film formation. Assays on membrane disintegration activities of the nanoparticles indicated that these nanoparticles destroyed the extracellular membrane of the bacteria. The wound healing application evaluated using mice model showed that it was hastened by iodine nanoparticles.

The Ability of PAS, Acetylsalicylic Acid and Calcium Disodium EDTA to Protect Against the Toxic Effects of Manganese on Mitochondrial Respiration in Gill of Crassostrea virginica.

PubMed

Crawford, Sherine; Davis, Kiyya; Saddler, Claudette; Joseph, Jevaun; Catapane, Edward J; Carroll, Margaret A

2011-01-01

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal that at excessive levels in brain causes Manganism, a condition similar to Parkinson's disease. Previously we showed that Mn had a neurotoxic effect on the dopaminergic, but not serotonergic, innervation of the lateral ciliated cells in the gill of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. While the mechanism of action of Mn toxicity is not completely understood, studies suggest that Mn toxicity may involve mitochondrial damage and resulting neural dysfunction in the brain's dopaminergic system. In this study we utilized micro-batch chambers and oxygen probes to measure oyster gill mitochondrial respiration in the presence of Mn and potential Mn blockers. The addition of Mn to respiring mitochondria caused a dose dependent decrease in mitochondrial O(2) consumption. Pretreating mitochondria with calcium disodium EDTA (caEDTA), p aminosalicylic acid (PAS) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) before Mn additions, provided full protection against the toxic effects of Mn. While mitochondrial pretreatment with any of the 3 drugs effectively blocked Mn toxicity, none of the drugs tested was able to reverse the decrease in mitochondrial O(2) consumption seen in Mn treated mitochondria. The study found that high levels of Mn had a toxic effect on gill mitochondrial O(2) consumption and that this effect could be blocked by the drugs caEDTA, PAS and ASA. C. virginica continues to be a good model with which to investigate the mechanism that underlies manganese neurotoxcity and in the pharmacological study of drugs to treat or prevent Manganism.

The Ability of PAS, Acetylsalicylic Acid and Calcium Disodium EDTA to Protect Against the Toxic Effects of Manganese on Mitochondrial Respiration in Gill of Crassostrea virginica

PubMed Central

Crawford, Sherine; Davis, Kiyya; Saddler, Claudette; Joseph, Jevaun; Catapane, Edward J.; Carroll, Margaret A.

2011-01-01

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal that at excessive levels in brain causes Manganism, a condition similar to Parkinson's disease. Previously we showed that Mn had a neurotoxic effect on the dopaminergic, but not serotonergic, innervation of the lateral ciliated cells in the gill of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica. While the mechanism of action of Mn toxicity is not completely understood, studies suggest that Mn toxicity may involve mitochondrial damage and resulting neural dysfunction in the brain’s dopaminergic system. In this study we utilized micro-batch chambers and oxygen probes to measure oyster gill mitochondrial respiration in the presence of Mn and potential Mn blockers. The addition of Mn to respiring mitochondria caused a dose dependent decrease in mitochondrial O2 consumption. Pretreating mitochondria with calcium disodium EDTA (caEDTA), p aminosalicylic acid (PAS) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) before Mn additions, provided full protection against the toxic effects of Mn. While mitochondrial pretreatment with any of the 3 drugs effectively blocked Mn toxicity, none of the drugs tested was able to reverse the decrease in mitochondrial O2 consumption seen in Mn treated mitochondria. The study found that high levels of Mn had a toxic effect on gill mitochondrial O2 consumption and that this effect could be blocked by the drugs caEDTA, PAS and ASA. C. virginica continues to be a good model with which to investigate the mechanism that underlies manganese neurotoxcity and in the pharmacological study of drugs to treat or prevent Manganism. PMID:21977482

Controllable continuous sub-tenon drug delivery of dexamethasone disodium phosphate to ocular posterior segment in rabbit.

PubMed

Huang, Xuetao; Liu, Shaogang; Yang, Yezhen; Duan, Yiqin; Lin, Ding

2017-11-01

Corticosteroids have been used for treatment of posterior segment eye diseases, but the delivery of drug to the posterior segments is still a problem to resolve. In our study, we explore the feasibility of Sub-tenon's Controllable Continuous Drug Delivery to ocular posterior segment. Controllable continuous sub-tenon drug delivery (CCSDD) system, intravenous injections (IV) and sub-conjunctival injections (SC) were used to deliver dexamethasone disodium phosphate (DEXP) in rabbits, the dexamethasone concentration was measured in the ocular posterior segment tissue by Shimadzu LC-MS 2010 system at different time points in 24 h after first dose injection. Levels of dexamethasone were significantly higher at 12, 24 h in CCSDD than two other approaches, and at 3, 6 h in CCSDD than IV in vitreous body (p < 0.01); at 6, 12, 24 h in CCSDD than two other approaches, and at 1, 3 h in CCSDD than IV in retinal/choroidal compound (p < 0.01); at 3, 6, 12, 24 h in CCSDD than two other approaches, and at 1 h in CCSDD than IV in sclera (p < 0.05). The AUC 0-24 in CCSDD group is higher than two other groups in all ocular posterior segment tissue. Our results demonstrated that dexamethasone concentration could be sustained moderately higher in the posterior segment by CCSDD than SC and IV, indicating that CCSDD might be a therapeutic alternative to treat a variety of intractable posterior segment diseases.

Effects of calcium disodium EDTA and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on tissue concentrations of lead for use in treatment of calves with experimentally induced lead toxicosis.

PubMed

Meldrum, James B; Ko, Kam W

2003-06-01

To compare the efficacy of calcium disodium EDTA (CaNa2EDTA) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in reducing concentrations of lead in selected tissues for use in treatment of calves with experimentally induced lead toxicosis. 19 sexually intact male Holstein calves that weighed 35 to 60 kg. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups: group 1, control calves; group 2, lead only; group 3, lead and EDTA; group 4, lead and DMSA; and group 5, lead, EDTA, and DMSA. Calves in groups 2 to 5 were dosed daily with lead (5 mg/kg, PO) for 10 days. Doses of EDTA (100 mg/kg) and DMSA (25 mg/kg) were administered IV once daily for 4 consecutive days beginning on day 11. Effects of the chelators on lead concentrations in the liver, kidneys, testes, muscles, bones, and brain were compared among the various groups. Compared with the effects of EDTA, DMSA greatly reduced lead concentrations in renal and hepatic tissues. We did not detect significant differences for the effects of EDTA or DMSA on lead concentrations in the testes; there was an adverse interaction of EDTA with DMSA that caused an increase in lead concentrations in the testes. DMSA is much more effective than EDTA in removing lead from renal and hepatic tissues in calves. Use of DMSA in calves with lead intoxication appears to be a viable treatment option. Combining DMSA and EDTA as a treatment modality in calves did not offer any advantages.

Preparation of the 3-monosulphates of cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid.

PubMed Central

Haslewood, E S; Haslewood, G A

1976-01-01

1. The 3-sulphates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids were prepared as crystalline disodium salts. 2. The method described shows that it is possible to prepare specific sulphate esters of polyhydroxy bile acids and to remove protecting acyl groups without removing the sulphate. 3. A study of bile acid sulphate solvolysis showed that none of the usual methods give the original bile acid in major yield in a single step. 4. An understanding of the preparation, properties and methods of solvolysis of bile acid sulphates is basic for investigations of cholestasis and liver disease. PMID:938488

Effects of lodoxamide (LOD), disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate sodium salt (NAAGA) on ocular active anaphylaxis.

PubMed

Goldschmidt, P; Luyckx, J

1996-04-01

LOD, DSCG and NAAGA eye-drops were evaluated on experimentally-induced ocular active anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Twelve animals per group were sensitized with egg albumin i.p. and challenged on the surface of the eye 14 days later. Two days before challenge, animals were treated with LOD, DSCG or NAAGA 4 times a day. Permeability indexes were calculated after intracardiac injection of Evans Blue. No effect on ocular active anaphylaxis was found with LOD nor with DSCG. NAAGA was able to significantly reduce blood-eye permeability indexes.

Resistance of insecticide-treated foam board insulation against the eastern subterranean termite and the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

PubMed

Su, Nan-Yao; Ban, Paul; Scheffrahn, Rudolf H

2003-10-01

Three foam board types, one untreated control, one containing 2,000 ppm disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), and one containing 1,000 ppm deltamethrin, were exposed to field populations of the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), and the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. There was no significant difference in termite damage between foam boards treated with 2,000 ppm DOT and the untreated control. Form boards containing 1,000 ppm deltamethrin were not damaged by R. flavipes, whereas only minor damage occurred after exposure to C. formosanus.

Polyimides containing pendent trifluoromethyl groups

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Havens, S. J.; Hergenrother, P. M.

1993-01-01

Several new polyimides containing trifluoromethyl groups were prepared from the reaction of various aromatic dianhydrides and two new diamines containing trifluoromethyl groups, 4,4'-bis(3-amino-5-trifluoromethylphenoxy)biphenyl and l,4-bis(3-amino-5-trifluoromethylphenoxy)benzene. The diamines were prepared from the aromatic nucleophilic displacement of the disodium salts of 4,4'-biphenol or hydroquinone with 3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride followed by hydrogenation of the resultant dinitro compounds. The thermally cured polyimides exhibited glass transition temperatures between 186 and 262 C. By thermogravimetric analysis, the polyimides exhibited 5 percent weight losses at 484-527 C in nitrogen and 452-506 C in air.

[Susceptibility of enterococci to natural and synthetic iron chelators].

PubMed

Lisiecki, Paweł; Mikucki, Jerzy

2002-01-01

A total of 79 strains of enterococci belonging to 10 species were tested for susceptibility to natural and synthetic iron chelators. All strains produced siderophores. These enterococci were susceptible to three synthetic iron chelators only: 8-hydroxyquinoline, disodium versenate (EDTA) and o-phenanthroline. They were resistant to all other synthetic chelators: ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA), nitrilotriacetate, 2,2'-bipiridyl, salicylic acid, 8-hydroxy-5-sulphonic acid and to all natural chelators: ovotransferrine, human apotransferrine, horse apoferritine, desferrioxamine B, ferrichrome and rhodotorulic acid. The relations between susceptibility/resistance, iron assimilation and structure and stability constants of iron chelators were discussed.

A double-blind, randomized, comparative study of the use of a combination of uridine triphosphate trisodium, cytidine monophosphate disodium, and hydroxocobalamin, versus isolated treatment with hydroxocobalamin, in patients presenting with compressive neuralgias.

PubMed

Goldberg, Henrique; Mibielli, Marco Antonio; Nunes, Carlos Pereira; Goldberg, Stephanie Wrobel; Buchman, Luiz; Mezitis, Spyros Ge; Rzetelna, Helio; Oliveira, Lisa; Geller, Mauro; Wajnsztajn, Fernanda

2017-01-01

This paper reports on the results of treatment of compressive neuralgia using a combination of nucleotides (uridine triphosphate trisodium [UTP] and cytidine monophosphate disodium [CMP]) and vitamin B 12 . To assess the safety and efficacy of the combination of nucleotides (UTP and CMP) and vitamin B 12 in patients presenting with neuralgia arising from neural compression associated with degenerative orthopedic alterations and trauma, and to compare these effects with isolated administration of vitamin B 12 . A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, consisting of a 30-day oral treatment period: Group A (n=200) receiving nucleotides + vitamin B 12, and Group B (n=200) receiving vitamin B 12 alone. The primary study endpoint was the percentage of subjects presenting pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores ≤20 at end of study treatment period. Secondary study endpoints included the percentage of subjects presenting improvement ≥5 points on the patient functionality questionnaire (PFQ); percentage of subjects presenting pain reduction (reduction in VAS scores at study end in relation to pretreatment); and number of subjects presenting adverse events. The results of this study showed a more expressive improvement in efficacy evaluations among subjects treated with the combination of nucleotides + vitamin B 12 , with a statistically significant superiority of the combination in pain reduction (evidenced by VAS scores). There were adverse events in both treatment groups, but these were transitory and no severe adverse event was recorded during the study period. Safety parameters were maintained throughout the study in both treatment groups. The combination of uridine, cytidine, and vitamin B 12 was safe and effective in the treatment of neuralgias arising from neural compression associated with degenerative orthopedic alterations and trauma.

Effect of glycine on pH changes and protein stability during freeze-thawing in phosphate buffer systems.

PubMed

Pikal-Cleland, Katherine A; Cleland, Jeffrey L; Anchordoquy, Thomas J; Carpenter, John F

2002-09-01

Previous studies have established that the selective precipitation of a less soluble buffer component during freezing can induce a significant pH shift in the freeze concentrate. During freezing of sodium phosphate solutions, crystallization of the disodium salt can produce a pH decrease as great as 3 pH units which can dramatically affect protein stability. The objective of our study was to determine how the presence of glycine (0-500 mM), a commonly used bulking agent in pharmaceutical protein formulations, affects the pH changes normally observed during freezing in sodium phosphate buffer solutions and to determine whether these pH changes contribute to instability of model proteins in glycine/phosphate formulations. During freezing in sodium phosphate buffers, the presence of glycine significantly influenced the pH. Glycine at the lower concentrations (< or = 50 mM) suppressed the pH decrease normally observed during freezing in 10 and 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, possibly by reducing the nucleation rate of salt and thereby decreasing the extent of buffer salt crystallization. The presence of glycine at higher concentration (> 100 mM) in the sodium phosphate buffer resulted in a more complete crystallization of the disodium salt as indicated by the frozen pH values closer to the equilibrium value (pH 3.6). Although high concentrations of glycine can facilitate more buffer salt crystallization and these pH shifts may prove to be potentially damaging to the protein, glycine, in its amorphous state, can also act to stabilize a protein via the preferential exclusion mechanism. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss Inc.

Features of acute liver congestion on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI in a rat model: Role of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A1.

PubMed

Shimizu, Akira; Kobayashi, Akira; Motoyama, Hiroaki; Sakai, Hiroshi; Yamada, Akira; Yoshizawa, Akihiko; Momose, Masanobu; Kadoya, Masumi; Miyagawa, Shin-ichi

2015-09-01

To evaluate the features of hepatic congestion on gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the mechanisms responsible for the radiological findings in a rat model of partial liver congestion. A conventional T1 -weighted spin-echo sequence of the liver was performed using a 1.5T magnetic resonance imager with an 80-mm magnetic aperture for animal studies. We induced regional congestion using partial left lateral hepatic vein ligation (n = 5) and evaluated the following in both congestive liver (CL) and noncongestive liver (non-CL): 1) chronological changes in the relative enhancement (RE) up to 60 minutes after Gd-EOB-DTPA administration, and 2) mRNA and protein expression of rat organic anion transporting protein 1a1 (Oatp1a1). The RE in the CL reached a small peak (18%) at 5 minutes, corresponding to approximately half of the value observed in the non-CL, then slowly decreased in a linear manner thereafter. The degree of RE in the CL was significantly lower than that in the non-CL for up to 30 minutes (P < 0.05). An immunohistological examination showed that Oatp1a1 protein expression was downregulated in the CL. The mRNA level of Oatp1a1 in the CL was significantly upregulated, compared with that in control rat liver (P = 0.046), whereas no significant difference was observed between the CL and the non-CL (P = 0.698). The reduced signal intensity in the CL on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI could be explained by the decreased uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA via Oatp1a1 protein in the congestive area. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Chelant-assisted phytoextraction and accumulation of Zn by Zea mays.

PubMed

Gheju, M; Stelescu, I

2013-10-15

Zea mays plants were exposed to soils with concentrations of Zn ranging from 64 to 1800 mg kg(-1) dw, and the efficiency of three selected chelating agents (trisodium citrate (CI), disodium oxalate (OX) and disodium dihydrogen ethylene-diamine-tetraacetate (EDTA)) in enhancing metal phytoextraction was compared. Zn concentration in plant tissues increased in conjunction with the metal concentration of the soil. EDTA was found to be the most efficient chelating amendment, increasing concentrations of Zn in shoots from 88 mg kg(-1) dw, at 64 mg kg(-1) dw soil, to 8026 mg kg(-1) dw at 1800 mg kg(-1) dw soil. The overall orders of BCFs and TFs which resulted from this study are: EDTA > H2O > OX > CI, and EDTANa2 > OX > CI > H2O, respectively. The more effective uptake of Zn by plants for the control treatment (distilled water only) than for CI and OX was attributed to the neutral or slightly alkaline pH of the two chelant irrigation solutions. Instead, EDTA had a favorable effect on Zn uptake from soil due to its additive chelating and acidifying properties. Among the three chelants, only EDTA significantly increased the Zn phytoextraction potential of Z. mays, while CI and OX induced a low metal uptake from soil by plants. Although Z. mays has a lower Zn accumulation capacity than the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens, it could be considered as a potential phytoremediator of soils with elevated Zn concentrations, especially when metal pollution extends to depths greater than 20 cm. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Why the NIH Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) Should Be Abandoned

PubMed Central

Atwood, Kimball C.; Woeckner, Elizabeth; Baratz, Robert S.; Sampson, Wallace I.

2008-01-01

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) was begun in 2003 and is expected to be completed in 2009. It is a trial of office-based, intravenous disodium ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (Na2EDTA) as a treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD). A few case series in the 1950s and early 1960s had found Na2EDTA to be ineffective for CAD or peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Nevertheless, a few hundred physicians, almost all of whom advocate other dubious treatments, continued to peddle chelation as an office treatment. They claim that chelation dramatically improves symptoms and prolongs life in 80% to 90% of patients. In response, academics performed 4 controlled trials during the 1990s. None favored chelation, but chelationists repudiated those findings. We have investigated the method and the trial. We present our findings in 4 parts: history, origin and nature of the TACT, state of the evidence, and risks. We present evidence that chelationists and their organization, the American College for Advancement in Medicine, used political connections to pressure the NIH to fund the TACT. The TACT protocols justified the trial by misrepresenting case series and by ignoring evidence of risks. The trial employs nearly 100 unfit co-investigators. It conflates disodium EDTA and another, somewhat safer drug. It lacks precautions necessary to minimize risks. The consent form reflects those shortcomings and fails to disclose apparent proprietary interests. The trial's outcome will be unreliable and almost certainly equivocal, thus defeating its stated purpose. We conclude that the TACT is unethical, dangerous, pointless, and wasteful. It should be abandoned. PMID:18596934

Hydrothermal synthesis of novel Mn3O4 nano-octahedrons with enhanced supercapacitors performances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Hao; Zhao, Ting; Yan, Chaoyi; Ma, Jan; Li, Chunzhong

2010-10-01

Uniform and single-crystalline Mn3O4 nano-octahedrons have been successfully synthesized by a simple ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) assisted hydrothermal route. The octahedron structures exhibit a high geometric symmetry with smooth surfaces and the mean side length of square base of octahedrons is ~160 nm. The structure is reckoned to provide superior functional properties and the nano-size achieved in the present work is noted to further facilitate the material property enhancement. The formation process was proposed to begin with a ``dissolution-recrystallization'' which is followed by an ``Ostwald ripening'' mechanism. The Mn3O4 nano-octahedrons exhibited an enhanced specific capacitance of 322 F g-1 compared with the truncated octahedrons with specific capacitances of 244 F g-1, making them a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.Uniform and single-crystalline Mn3O4 nano-octahedrons have been successfully synthesized by a simple ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) assisted hydrothermal route. The octahedron structures exhibit a high geometric symmetry with smooth surfaces and the mean side length of square base of octahedrons is ~160 nm. The structure is reckoned to provide superior functional properties and the nano-size achieved in the present work is noted to further facilitate the material property enhancement. The formation process was proposed to begin with a ``dissolution-recrystallization'' which is followed by an ``Ostwald ripening'' mechanism. The Mn3O4 nano-octahedrons exhibited an enhanced specific capacitance of 322 F g-1 compared with the truncated octahedrons with specific capacitances of 244 F g-1, making them a promising electrode material for supercapacitors. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: TEM images; EDTA-2Na reaction details. See DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00257g

Validity of fluorexon disodium versus sodium fluorescein for use in Goldmann tonometry.

PubMed

Ng, Loretta T; Tong, Judy W; De Land, Paul N

2006-07-01

To evaluate the safety, validity, and comfort of 0.35% fluorexon disodium and 0.4% benoxinate (Flura-Safe) compared with the gold standard of 0.25% sodium fluorescein and 0.4% benoxinate for Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT). This was a double-masked, randomized, crossover clinical trial. Subjects received either the standard or study formulation for GAT on visit 1 and the other formulation 1 week later. At each visit, tonometer mire quality, adequacy of fluorescence, ease of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, the IOP value, and anesthetizing efficacy of the formulation were assessed. Subjects graded general comfort, soreness and irritation, and burning and stinging of each formulation at 1 and 5 minutes after drop instillation. Sixty-seven subjects completed the study. The mean IOP was 13.9 +/- 2.7 with fluorexon and 13.9 +/- 2.8 mm Hg with fluorescein OD and 14.0 +/- 2.8 with fluorexon and 13.9 +/- 2.5 mm Hg with fluorescein OS. The measurements with the 2 formulations were highly correlated for OD and OS, and the differences between the 2 measurements were not clinically significant. There was also no significant difference between the 2 drops in mire clarity, adequacy of fluorescence, or corneal anesthesia. However, fluorexon was statistically more comfortable (P = 0.039) and caused less stinging and burning (P = 0.014) at 1 minute versus the fluorescein formulation. Not only was the new fluorexon product accurate and effective in GAT, it was also statistically more comfortable and had a less stinging and burning effect at 1 minute after drop instillation than the traditional fluorescein formulation. Because fluorexon is less likely to stain soft contact lenses, this may be the dye-anesthetic formulation of choice for practices that routinely perform GAT.

Sustained release ophthalmic formulations of pilocarpine.

PubMed

Deshpande, S G; Shirolkar, S

1989-03-01

The bioavailability of drugs from conventional ophthalmic formulations is low. To optimize the therapy, sustained release ophthalmic dosage forms are warranted. Hydrogels such as sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, Carbopol-940, Carbopol-941 and Lutrol-FC-127 increase the duration of action of various drugs. Gels containing pilocarpine were prepared and evaluated by measuring the intensity and duration of miotic response in albino rabbits. Carbopol-940 gels, being the best of those used, were studied further for the effect of its concentration and of additives (benzalkonium chloride, phenylmercuric nitrate, chlorbutol and disodium edetate), autoclaving at 121 degrees C for 30 min and irradiation with gamma rays (2.5 Mrad), on the end product.

Natural-abundance 17O NMR spectra of some inorganic and biologically important phosphates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerothanassis, Ioannis P.; Sheppard, Norman

A number of optimization techniques were employed to obtain 17O NMR spectra at natural abundance for a variety of inorganic and orgnic phosphates and polyphosphates. 17O chemical shifts and some JPO coupling constants are reported for the orthophosphate series of ions from H 3PO 4 to PO 43-, the pyrophosphate ion, P 2O 74-, the linear tripolyphosphate ion, P 3O 105-, and the cyclic trimetaphosphate ion, P 3O 93-; and for disodium DL-α-glycerophosphate and monosodium adenosine monophosphate. 17O- depleted water enables much improved results to be obtained in acqueous solutions.

[Immunological aspects of ulcerative colitis. Treatment with disodium cromoglycate].

PubMed

Cavallini, L; Marchi, S; Spisni, L; Li Calzi, M

1980-01-01

The various components of the normal intestinal immunological system have been examined, i.e. immunocompetent cells (isolated and in clusters) and humoral factors. The modifications observed in this system during ulcerous colitis are then analysed, mention being made of the various pathogenetic interpretations that have been put forward to explain this condition. The pharmacology and action mechanism of DSCG are then examined. This drug has been in use for some years in the treatment of a number of extraintestinal and immuno-allergic based conditions and, recently, of some enteropathis attributed to food allergies. The reported results of using DSCG in ulcerous colitis are then reviewed. They would appear to be fairly encouraging.

Effects of a Quaternary Ammonium Compound on Escherichia coli1

PubMed Central

Ceglowski, W. S.; Lear, S. A.

1962-01-01

Increasing amounts of tetradecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TAC) were lethal to an increasing proportion of an actively growing culture of Escherichia coli. The loss of nucleic acid material by actively growing E. coli did not appear to play a major role in the lethal effect. It was found that lag-phase cells were more sensitive than logarithmic-phase cells to the lethal effect of TAC. The effect of TAC on the lysozyme sensitivity of the test organism was compared with that obtained using disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). Although TAC was found to render the test organism susceptible to lysozyme, the degree of lysis never reached that attained with EDTA. PMID:14019586

Practical use and pitfalls of hepatocyte-specific contrast agents (HSCAs) for pediatric hepatic and biliary magnetic resonance imaging.

PubMed

Ayyala, Rama S; Anupindi, Sudha A; Callahan, Michael J

2017-02-01

Magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used to evaluate for hepatic and biliary pathology in the pediatric population. Recently, there has been increased use of hepatocyte-specific contrast agents (HSCAs), such as Gadoxetate disodium in children. Traditionally, HSCAs have been used to characterize focal liver lesions. However, these agents can also be used to problem solve specific hepatic or biliary diagnostic dilemmas. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the practical uses of HSCA in children with both hepatic and biliary indications, and review the corresponding imaging findings. We will highlight the diagnostic uses of HSCA in children, as well as pitfalls encountered.

Fabrication of chitosan single-component microcapsules with a micrometer-thick and layered wall structure by stepwise core-mediated precipitation.

PubMed

Han, Yuanyuan; Tong, Weijun; Zhang, Yuying; Gao, Changyou

2012-02-27

Incubation of CaCO(3) microparticles in chitosan (CS) solution at pH 5.2 and following with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) treatment resulted in CS single-component microcapsules with an ultra-thick wall structure. Repeating the incubation caused stepwise increase of wall thickness and finally resulted in CS microcapsules with a layered structure. This unique method is mediated by precipitation of CS on the CaCO(3) particles as a result of pH increase caused by the partial dissolution of CaCO(3) . The obtained CS capsules are stable at neutral pH. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of the individual stereoisomers of 3-[methyl(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)amino]-1-indanone, a potent mast cell stabilising agent.

PubMed

Byrne, Adam J; Barlow, James W; Walsh, John J

2011-02-15

Each stereoisomer of 3-[methyl(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)amino]-1-indanone, 1a-d, was prepared and evaluated in vitro for its ability to prevent mediator release induced by different degranulating agents from rodent mast cells and also in vivo against passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The manner in which the stereoisomers prevented direct membrane activation was found to be highly dependent on the stereochemistry of the individual isomers. Stereoisomer 1b was the most active isomer in vivo, exhibiting superior activity to disodium cromoglycate. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Organic anodes and sulfur/selenium cathodes for advanced Li and Na batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Chao

To address energy crisis and environmental pollution induced by fossil fuels, there is an urgent demand to develop sustainable, renewable, environmental benign, low cost and high capacity energy storage devices to power electric vehicles and enhance clean energy approaches such as solar energy, wind energy and hydroenergy. However, the commercial Li-ion batteries cannot satisfy the critical requirements for next generation rechargeable batteries. The commercial electrode materials (graphite anode and LiCoO 2 cathode) are unsustainable, unrenewable and environmental harmful. Organic materials derived from biomasses are promising candidates for next generation rechargeable battery anodes due to their sustainability, renewability, environmental benignity and low cost. Driven by the high potential of organic materials for next generation batteries, I initiated a new research direction on exploring advanced organic compounds for Li-ion and Na-ion battery anodes. In my work, I employed croconic acid disodium salt and 2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone disodium salt as models to investigate the effects of size and carbon coating on electrochemical performance for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. The results demonstrate that the minimization of organic particle size into nano-scale and wrapping organic materials with graphene oxide can remarkably enhance the rate capability and cycling stability of organic anodes in both Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. To match with organic anodes, high capacity sulfur and selenium cathodes were also investigated. However, sulfur and selenium cathodes suffer from low electrical conductivity and shuttle reaction, which result in capacity fading and poor lifetime. To circumvent the drawbacks of sulfur and selenium, carbon matrixes such as mesoporous carbon, carbonized polyacrylonitrile and carbonized perylene-3, 4, 9, 10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride are employed to encapsulate sulfur, selenium and selenium sulfide. The resulting composites exhibit exceptional electrochemical performance owing to the high conductivity of carbon and effective restriction of polysulfides and polyselenides in carbon matrix, which avoids shuttle reaction.

Studies on preparation of medium fat liquid dairy whitener from buffalo milk employing ultrafiltration process.

PubMed

Khatkar, Sunil Kumar; Gupta, Vijay Kumar; Khatkar, Anju Boora

2014-09-01

A study was conducted to develop good quality medium fat liquid dairy whitener from buffalo milk employing ultrafiltration (UF) process. The buffalo skim milk was UF concentrated to 4.05 to 4.18 (23.63 ± 0.30 % TS) fold and standardized to 10 % fat (on Dry Matter Basis) (i.e. formulation) and homogenized at 175.76 kg/cm(2). The addition of 0.4 % mixture of monosodium and disodium phosphate (2:1 w/w) improved the heat stability of homogenized formulation to an optimum of 66 min. The bland flavour of homogenized formulation with added 0.4 % mixture of monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate (2:1 w/w) and 18 % sugar (on DMB) (i.e. medium fat liquid dairy whitener) was improved significantly (P < 0.01) with the addition of 0.2 % potassium chloride, but heat stability of medium fat liquid dairy whitener got reduced substantially (i.e. 19 min). With subsequent heat treatment to 85 °C for 5 min, heat stability of medium fat liquid dairy whitener got improved to reasonable level of 27 min. Whitening ability in terms of L* value of medium fat liquid dairy whitener in both tea and coffee was significantly (P < 0.01) better when homogenized at 175.76 kg/cm(2) vis-à-vis 140.61 kg/cm(2). Standardized medium fat liquid dairy whitener had significantly (P < 0.01) greater protein content (i.e. approximately 2.43 times) compared to market dairy whitener samples. At 2 % solids level, standardized medium fat liquid dairy whitener in tea/coffee fetched significantly (P < 0.01) better sensory attributes and instrumental whitening ability compared to market sample at 3 % solids level. There could be clear 33 % solids quantity saving in case of developed product compared to market dairy whitener sample.

Pharmacokinetic and tolerability of i.m. disodium clodronate 200 mg/lidocaine 1%, given twice monthly, in comparison with i.m. disodium clodronate 100 mg/lidocaine 1%, given weekly, in healthy postmenopausal female patients.

PubMed

Radicioni, Milko; Cremonesi, Giovanni; Baraldi, Enrica; Leuratti, Chiara; Mariotti, Fabrizia

2013-04-01

Clodronate is a bisphosphonate effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Non-adherence to bisphosphonates, however, is a major issue in clinical practice. Simplifying dose regimens may increase compliance. To assess bioequivalence between an intramuscular (i.m.) clodronate 200 mg/lidocaine 1% twice-a-month formulation and a clodronate 100 mg/lidocaine 1% weekly formulation in 32 postmenopausal women. In this double-blind, randomized, two-way crossover study, test and reference formulations were administered in single dose, with a 2-week wash-out between administrations. The primary endpoint was clodronic acid cumulative excretion in the first 24 hours after injection (Xu0-24h). Cumulative excretion in the 72 hours post-dose (Xu0-72h) and maximum excretion rate (Ratemax) were also evaluated. Bioequivalence was assumed if the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric means ratios of the dose-normalized parameters were within the 80.00 - 125.00% range. Local tolerability was evaluated. Mean Xu0-24h values were 114.03 ±23.13 mg and 55.22 ±9.73 mg for clodronate 200 mg and 100 mg. The 90% CIs for dose-normalized Xu0-24h, Xu0-72h and Ratemax ere 95 -110%, 94 -107% and 95 - 113%. Local tolerability of both treatments was good. The differences in pain intensity between formulations were not sigificantly different at most assessment times. Headache was the only treatment-related adverse event. Bioequivalence of the two formulations was confirmed in terms of dose-normalized rate and amount of clodronic acid excretion. This result, together with the favorable tolerability of the novel 200 mg formulation, suggests the possibility of reducing the number of i.m. administrations from once-a-week to twice-a-month.

Hydroxyapatite hierarchically nanostructured porous hollow microspheres: rapid, sustainable microwave-hydrothermal synthesis by using creatine phosphate as an organic phosphorus source and application in drug delivery and protein adsorption.

PubMed

Qi, Chao; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Lu, Bing-Qiang; Zhao, Xin-Yu; Zhao, Jing; Chen, Feng; Wu, Jin

2013-04-22

Hierarchically nanostructured porous hollow microspheres of hydroxyapatite (HAP) are a promising biomaterial, owing to their excellent biocompatibility and porous hollow structure. Traditionally, synthetic hydroxyapatite is prepared by using an inorganic phosphorus source. Herein, we report a new strategy for the rapid, sustainable synthesis of HAP hierarchically nanostructured porous hollow microspheres by using creatine phosphate disodium salt as an organic phosphorus source in aqueous solution through a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The as-obtained products are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen sorptometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM and TEM micrographs show that HAP hierarchically nanostructured porous hollow microspheres consist of HAP nanosheets or nanorods as the building blocks and DLS measurements show that the diameters of HAP hollow microspheres are within the range 0.8-1.5 μm. The specific surface area and average pore size of the HAP porous hollow microspheres are 87.3 m(2) g(-1) and 20.6 nm, respectively. The important role of creatine phosphate disodium salt and the influence of the experimental conditions on the products were systematically investigated. This method is facile, rapid, surfactant-free and environmentally friendly. The as-prepared HAP porous hollow microspheres show a relatively high drug-loading capacity and protein-adsorption ability, as well as sustained drug and protein release, by using ibuprofen as a model drug and hemoglobin (Hb) as a model protein, respectively. These experiments indicate that the as-prepared HAP porous hollow microspheres are promising for applications in biomedical fields, such as drug delivery and protein adsorption. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Technical report: gadoxetate-disodium-enhanced 2D R2* mapping: a novel approach for assessing bile ducts in living donors.

PubMed

Fazeli Dehkordy, Soudabeh; Fowler, Kathryn J; Wolfson, Tanya; Igarashi, Saya; Lamas Constantino, Carolina P; Hooker, Jonathan C; Hong, Cheng W; Mamidipalli, Adrija; Gamst, Anthony C; Hemming, Alan; Sirlin, Claude B

2017-10-31

Gadoxetate-disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced 3D T1- weighted (T1w) MR cholangiography (MRC) is an efficient method to evaluate biliary anatomy due to T1 shortening of excreted contrast in the bile. A method that exploits both T1 shortening and T2* effects may produce even greater bile duct conspicuity. The aim of our study is to determine feasibility and compare the diagnostic performance of two-dimensional (2D) T1w multi-echo (ME) spoiled gradient-recalled-echo (SPGR) derived R2* maps against T1w MRC for bile duct visualization in living liver donor candidates. Ten potential living liver donor candidates underwent pretransplant 3T MRI and were included in our study. Following injection of Gd-EOBDTPA and a 20-min delay, 3D T1w MRC and 2D T1w ME SPGR images were acquired. 2D R2* maps were generated inline by the scanner assuming exponential decay. The 3D T1w MRC and 2D R2* maps were retrospectively and independently reviewed in two separate sessions by three radiologists. Visualization of eight bile duct segments was scored using a 4-point ordinal scale. The scores were compared using mixed effects regression model. Imaging was tolerated by all donors and R2* maps were successfully generated in all cases. Visualization scores of 2D R2* maps were significantly higher than 3D T1w MRC for right anterior (p = 0.003) and posterior (p = 0.0001), segment 2 (p < 0.0001), segment 3 (p = 0.0001), and segment 4 (p < 0.0001) ducts. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced 2D R2* mapping is a feasible method for evaluating the bile ducts in living donors and may be a valuable addition to the living liver donor MR protocol for delineating intrahepatic biliary anatomy.

Desloratadine citrate disodium injection, a potent histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, inhibits chemokine production in ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis guinea pig model and histamine-induced human nasal epithelial cells via inhibiting the ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B signal cascades.

PubMed

Chen, Meiling; Xu, Shuhong; Zhou, Peipei; He, Guangwei; Jie, Qiong; Wu, Yulin

2015-11-15

Chemokines have chemotactic properties on leukocyte subsets whose modulation plays a pivotal role in allergic inflammatory processes. Our present study was designed to investigate the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties of desloratadine citrate disodium injection (DLC) and elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-allergic effects of DLC were evaluated based on allergic symptoms, serological marker production and histological changes of the nasal mucosa in guinea pigs model of allergic rhinitis. The anti-inflammatory properties and molecular mechanisms of DLC were explored by studying the regulation of a set of chemokines and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, after DLC treatment in guinea pigs model of allergic rhinitis in vivo and histamine-activated human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) in vitro. In vivo model in guinea pigs, DLC alleviated the rhinitis symptoms, inhibited inflammatory cells infiltration in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and histamine, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed, and presumably secreted (RANTEs) and interleukin (IL)-8 release in sera and P-ERK1/2 and NF-κB activation in nasal mucosa. In vitro, DLC markedly inhibited histamine-induced production of MCP-1, RANTEs and IL-8 and suppressed c-Raf, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) and ERK1/2 activation in HNECs. These results provide evidence that DLC possesses potent anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties. The mechanism of action underlying DLC in allergic inflammation appears to be inhibition of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, in addition to blocking of the NF-κB pathway. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Methoxyamine, Pemetrexed Disodium, Cisplatin, and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage IIIA-IV Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

ClinicalTrials.gov

2018-04-24

Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Stage III Large Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7; Stage III Lung Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7; Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7; Stage IIIA Large Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7; Stage IIIA Lung Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7; Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7; Stage IIIB Large Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7; Stage IIIB Lung Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7; Stage IIIB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7; Stage IV Large Cell Lung Carcinoma AJCC v7; Stage IV Lung Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7; Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer AJCC v7

Safety Assessment of Alkyl PEG Sulfosuccinates as Used in Cosmetics.

PubMed

Johnson, Wilbur; Heldreth, Bart; Bergfeld, Wilma F; Belsito, Donald V; Hill, Ronald A; Klaassen, Curtis D; Liebler, Daniel C; Marks, James G; Shank, Ronald C; Slaga, Thomas J; Snyder, Paul W; Andersen, F Alan

2015-09-01

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of alkyl polyethylene glycol (PEG) sulfosuccinates, which function in cosmetics mostly as surfactants/cleansing agents. Although these ingredients may cause ocular and skin irritation, dermal penetration is unlikely because of the substantial polarity and molecular size of these ingredients. The Panel considered the negative oral carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity data on chemically related laureths (PEG lauryl ethers) and negative repeated dose toxicity and skin sensitization data on disodium laureth sulfosuccinate supported the safety of these alkyl PEG sulfosuccinates in cosmetic products, but. The CIR Expert Panel concluded that the alkyl PEG sulfosuccinates are safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating. © The Author(s) 2015.

Efficient white light generation from 2,3-diphenyl-1,2-dihydro-quinoxaline complex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dwivedi, Y.; Kant, S.; Rai, R. N.; Rai, S. B.

2010-11-01

In this article, we report two organic materials dispersed in transparent poly (methyl methacrylate) matrix for efficient white light simulation under different optical excitations. A newly synthesized complex of benzoin and o-phenyldiamine is observed to be white on illumination with a blue LED. A new concept of white light emitting tube is also demonstrated. A mixture of 2,2″-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyldi-2,1-ethenediyl)-bis-benzenesulfonic acid disodium salt and complex is optimized to emit white light extended in the violet region on 355 nm laser excitation. The optical quality of the emitted white light is adjudged by the CIE coordinate, correlated color temperature and color rendition index in both the cases.

Synthesis, characterization and spectroscopic properties of the hydrazodye and new hydrazodye-metal complexes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouhdada, M.; EL Amane, M.

2017-12-01

The hydrazodye (L) [disodium (7-hydroxyl-8-phenylazo-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonate)] is prepared and characterized by infrared 1H,13C, NMR and UV-visible spectra. The spectral data of the ligand (L) existing predominantly in the hydrazones form. Reaction of the hydrazodye (L) with Cd2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ chloride gave two series of metal complexes with general formula [ML2 (OH2)2]2Cl and [ML2 (caf)2]2Cl. Their complexes were identified by FTIR, UV-visible spectra, 1H, 13C, NMR, EPR, XRD and molar conductance. The molar conductance reveals that the new series of metal complexes are non-electrolytes. The postulated octahedral structure of the obtained complexes is also proposed on spectroscopic data analysis.

Disodium tris­(dioxidomolybdenum) bis­(diarsenate)

PubMed Central

Jouini, Raja; Zid, Mohamed Faouzi; Driss, Ahmed

2012-01-01

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, Na2(MoO2)3(As2O7)2, is composed of two cyclic MoAs2O11 units and an MoO6 corner-sharing octa­hedron. The anionic framework can be decomposed into two types of layers, viz. MoO2As2O7 and Mo2As2O14, which use mixed Mo—O—As and As—O—Mo bridges to achieve a new three-dimensional structure with two types of large channels in which the Na+ cations are located. Two O atoms are disordered and are located in two positions close to their initial positions with occupancy ratios of 0.612 (17):0.388 (17) and 0.703 (12):0.298 (12). PMID:22589750

Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Iron-Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application for Efficient Nickel Ion Removal from Aqueous Samples

PubMed Central

Serra, Antonio; Monteduro, Anna Grazia; Padmanabhan, Sanosh Kunjalukkal; Licciulli, Antonio; Bonfrate, Valentina; Salvatore, Luca; Calcagnile, Lucio

2017-01-01

Mixed iron-manganese oxide nanoparticles, synthesized by a simple procedure, were used to remove nickel ion from aqueous solutions. Nanostructures, prepared by using different weight percents of manganese, were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, selected area diffraction, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Adsorption/desorption isotherm curves demonstrated that manganese inclusions enhance the specific surface area three times and the pores volume ten times. This feature was crucial to decontaminate both aqueous samples and food extracts from nickel ion. Efficient removal of Ni2+ was highlighted by the well-known dimethylglyoxime test and by ICP-MS analysis and the possibility of regenerating the nanostructure was obtained by a washing treatment in disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution. PMID:28804670

Polyhydroxylated sulfated steroids derived from 5α-cholestanes as antiviral agents against herpes simplex virus.

PubMed

Pujol, Carlos A; Sepúlveda, Claudia S; Richmond, Victoria; Maier, Marta S; Damonte, Elsa B

2016-07-01

Twelve polyhydroxylated sulfated steroids synthesized from a 5α-cholestane skeleton with different substitutions in C-2, C-3 and C-6 were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) by a virus plaque reduction assay. Four compounds elicited a selective inhibitory effect against HSV. The disodium salt of 2β,3α-dihydroxy-6E-hydroximine-5α-cholestane-2,3-disulfate, named compound 7, was the most effective inhibitor of HSV-1, HSV-2 and pseudorabies virus (PrV) strains, including acyclovir-resistant variants, in human and monkey cell lines. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrated that compound 7 did not affect the initial steps of virus entry but inhibited a subsequent event in the infection process of HSV.

Strong bases. Directed ortho-meta'- and meta-meta'-dimetalations: a template base approach to deprotonation.

PubMed

Martínez-Martínez, Antonio J; Kennedy, Alan R; Mulvey, Robert E; O'Hara, Charles T

2014-11-14

The regioselectivity of deprotonation reactions between arene substrates and basic metalating agents is usually governed by the electronic and/or coordinative characteristics of a directing group attached to the benzene ring. Generally, the reaction takes place in the ortho position, adjacent to the substituent. Here, we introduce a protocol by which the metalating agent, a disodium-monomagnesium alkyl-amide, forms a template that extends regioselectivity to more distant arene sites. Depending on the nature of the directing group, ortho-meta' or meta-meta' dimetalation is observed, in the latter case breaking the dogma of ortho metalation. This concept is elaborated through the characterization of both organometallic intermediates and electrophilically quenched products. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The role of disodium pamidronate in the management of bone pain due to malignancy.

PubMed

Groff, L; Zecca, E; De Conno, F; Brunelli, C; Boffi, R; Panzeri, C; Cazzaniga, M; Ripamonti, C

2001-07-01

A number of controlled studies have recently demonstrated the role of disodium pamidronate in the prevention of skeletal complications in patients with metastatic bone disease due to breast cancer and multiple myeloma. They have also shown that it relieves pain and is well tolerated. The aim of this open prospective study was to evaluate the acceptability of a new schedule of pamidronate infusion and to assess pain, analgesic consumption and the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) in patients with metastatic bone pain treated with pamidronate in association or not with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy. Patients with different types of cancer and at least one painful bone metastasis were treated with two cycles of 60 mg intravenous (iv) pamidronate weekly for three consecutive doses, with a 3-week interval between the two cycles (six infusions over 7 weeks), followed by one infusion every 3 weeks for a total of 24 infusions. Two hundred patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 94 received at least the first six infusions; 25 patients received all 24 infusions. Pamidronate was well tolerated in the majority of the patients both during the first six infusions and during the whole study period. In the patients under study, pain intensity decreased compared with T0 after the first two infusions (second week of treatment). The mean equivalent daily dose of oral morphine required ranged from 21.5 to 41.5 mg/day and was low and stable during the study. For the patients who remained in the study, the KPS remained around 70 during the whole treatment period and intrasubject analysis showed a substantial stability of the KPS within each subject. A first fracture occurred within 321 days in 25% of the whole population under study. Pamidronate represents a further valid therapy to add to an already consolidated list of therapies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and orthopaedic intervention in the pain management of patients with bone metastases. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the role of pamidronate and the appropriate schedule in patients with advanced or terminal cancer who are no longer being treated with oncological therapies.

Osmotolerance in Escherichia coli Is Improved by Activation of Copper Efflux Genes or Supplementation with Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids.

PubMed

Xiao, Mengyong; Zhu, Xinna; Fan, Feiyu; Xu, Hongtao; Tang, Jinlei; Qin, Ying; Ma, Yanhe; Zhang, Xueli

2017-04-01

Improvement in the osmotolerance of Escherichia coli is essential for the production of high titers of various bioproducts. In this work, a cusS mutation that was identified in the previously constructed high-succinate-producing E. coli strain HX024 was investigated for its effect on osmotolerance. CusS is part of the two-component system CusSR that protects cells from Ag(I) and Cu(I) toxicity. Changing cusS from strain HX024 back to its original sequence led to a 24% decrease in cell mass and succinate titer under osmotic stress (12% glucose). When cultivated with a high initial glucose concentration (12%), introduction of the cusS mutation into parental strain Suc-T110 led to a 21% increase in cell mass and a 40% increase in succinate titer. When the medium was supplemented with 30 g/liter disodium succinate, the cusS mutation led to a 120% increase in cell mass and a 492% increase in succinate titer. Introducing the cusS mutation into the wild-type strain ATCC 8739 led to increases in cell mass of 87% with 20% glucose and 36% using 30 g/liter disodium succinate. The cusS mutation increased the expression of cusCFBA , and gene expression levels were found to be positively related to osmotolerance abilities. Because high osmotic stress has been associated with deleterious accumulation of Cu(I) in the periplasm, activation of CusCFBA may alleviate this effect by transporting Cu(I) out of the cells. This hypothesis was confirmed by supplementing sulfur-containing amino acids that can chelate Cu(I). Adding methionine or cysteine to the medium increased the osmotolerance of E. coli under anaerobic conditions. IMPORTANCE In this work, an activating Cus copper efflux system was found to increase the osmotolerance of E. coli In addition, new osmoprotectants were identified. Supplementation with methionine or cysteine led to an increase in osmotolerance of E. coli under anaerobic conditions. These new strategies for improving osmotolerance will be useful for improving the production of chemicals in industrial bioprocesses. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

The influence of oxalate-promoted growth of saponite and talc crystals

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schumann, Dirk; Hartman, Hyman; Eberl, Dennis D.; Sears, S. Kelly; Hesse, Reinhard; Vali, Hojatollah

2013-01-01

The intercalating growth of new silicate layers or metal hydroxide layers in the interlayer space of other clay minerals is known from various mixed-layer clay minerals such as illite-smectite (I-S), chlorite-vermiculite, and mica-vermiculite. In a recent study, the present authors proposed that smectite-group minerals can be synthesized from solution as new 2:1 silicate layers within the low-charge interlayers of rectorite. That study showed how oxalate catalyzes the crystallization of saponite from a silicate gel at low temperatures (60ºC) and ambient pressure. As an extension of this work the aim of the present study was to test the claim that new 2:1 silicate layers can be synthesized as new intercalating layers in the low-charge interlayers of rectorite and whether oxalate could promote such an intercalation synthesis. Two experiments were conducted at 60ºC and atmospheric pressure. First, disodium oxalate solution was added to a suspension of rectorite in order to investigate the effects that oxalate anions have on the structure of rectorite. In a second experiment, silicate gel of saponitic composition (calculated interlayer charge −0.33 eq/O10(OH)2) was mixed with a suspension of rectorite and incubated in disodium oxalate solution. The synthesis products were extracted after 3 months and analyzed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The treatment of ultrathin sections with octadecylammonium (nC = 18) cations revealed the presence of 2:1 layer silicates with different interlayer charges that grew from the silicate gel. The oxalate-promoted nucleation of saponite and talc crystallites on the rectorite led to the alteration and ultimately to the destruction of the rectorite structure. The change was documented in HRTEM lattice-fringe images. The crystallization of new 2:1 layer silicates also occurred within the expandable interlayers of rectorite but not as new 2:1 silicate layers parallel to the previous 2:1 silicate layers. Instead, they grew independently of any orientation predetermined by the rectorite crystal substrate and their crystallization was responsible for the destruction of the rectorite structure.

Fluorescence and chemiluminescence behavior of distyrylbenzene bearing two arms of dipicolylaminomethyl groups: Interactions with zinc ion and ATP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Motoyoshiya, Jiro; Wada, Jun-ya; Itoh, Keiko; Wakabayashi, Kazuaki; Maruyama, Takayuki; Ono, Kazuki; Fukasawa, Kota; Fujimoto, Tetsuya; Akaiwa, Yuji; Nonaka, Eiji

2018-04-01

The absorption and fluorescence spectral study of the distyrylbenzene bearing two arms of the dipicolylaminomethyl groups, the effective ligands for Zn2+, was studied in the presence of Zn2+ and ATP. Upon complexation of the distyrylbenzene with zinc ions in acetonitrile, enhancement of the fluorescence intensity was observed due to inhibition of intramolecular PET (photo-induced electron transfer) quenching, but no effect was found in aqueous media because the equilibrium laid to the free form of the ligands. In contrast, the addition of ATP disodium salt was effective to enhance the fluorescence intensity of the combination of the distyrylbenzne and Zn2+ in aqueous media. This assembly was applied to the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system and a significant increase in the intensity was observed, which provides a potential detection for ATP by chemiluminescence.

How to study picosecond solvation dynamics using fluorescent probes with small Stokes shifts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silori, Yogita; Dey, Shivalee; De, Arijit K.

2018-02-01

Xanthene dyes have wide ranging applications as fluorescent probes in analytical, biochemical and medical contexts. Being cationic/anionic in nature, the solvation dynamics of xanthene dyes confined within a negatively/positively charged interface are very interesting. Unfortunately, the floppy structure and small Stokes shift render any xanthene dye unsuitable for use as a solvation probe. Using di-sodium fluorescein, we present our work on the picosecond solvation dynamics of bulk and confined water (at pH = 9.2). We also propose a new methodology for studying picosecond solvation dynamics using any fluorescent dye with a small Stokes shift. We discuss how scattering contributions can be effectively removed, and propose an alternative way of defining zero time of solvation. Finally, we demonstrate the tuning location of the probe within confinement.

Hydroxyapatite coatings produced on commercially pure titanium by micro-arc oxidation.

PubMed

Huang, Yong; Wang, Yingjun; Ning, Chengyun; Nan, Kaihui; Han, Yong

2007-09-01

A porous hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on commercially pure titanium was prepared by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in electrolytic solution containing calcium acetate and beta-glycerol phosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (beta-GP). The thickness, phase, composition morphology and biocompatibility of the oxide coating were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS) and cell culture. The thickness of the MAO film was about 20 microm, and the coating was porous and uneven without any apparent interface to the titanium substrates. The result of XRD showed that the porous coating was made up of HA film. The favorable osteoblast cell affinity gives HA film good biocompatibility. HA coatings are expected to have significant uses for medical applications such as dental implants and artificial bone joints.

DUE (drug usage evaluation) of ticarcillin and clavulanate potassium: determining appropriate and cost-effective therapeutic options.

PubMed

Lomaestro, B M; Lesar, T S

1988-11-01

The initial 46 patients who were prescribed the combination drug ticarcillin disodium and clavulanate potassium in a 640-bed teaching hospital were evaluated to determine the potential usefulness of the drug in the institution. The review revealed frequent use of the drug for inappropriate indications and in situations for which less expensive antimicrobials were appropriate. The results demonstrate that an increase in costs can occur when an agent that is being considered for formulary addition--because of its cost-saving potential--is not used as expected. In order to optimally utilize the clinical or cost advantages of newer antimicrobials, a program of prescriber education, drug use controls or guidelines, and a concurrent monitoring program may be required and should be implemented at the time of initial drug use within an institution.

Hydrothermal synthesis of novel Mn(3)O(4) nano-octahedrons with enhanced supercapacitors performances.

PubMed

Jiang, Hao; Zhao, Ting; Yan, Chaoyi; Ma, Jan; Li, Chunzhong

2010-10-01

Uniform and single-crystalline Mn(3)O(4) nano-octahedrons have been successfully synthesized by a simple ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) assisted hydrothermal route. The octahedron structures exhibit a high geometric symmetry with smooth surfaces and the mean side length of square base of octahedrons is ∼160 nm. The structure is reckoned to provide superior functional properties and the nano-size achieved in the present work is noted to further facilitate the material property enhancement. The formation process was proposed to begin with a "dissolution-recrystallization" which is followed by an "Ostwald ripening" mechanism. The Mn(3)O(4) nano-octahedrons exhibited an enhanced specific capacitance of 322 F g(-1) compared with the truncated octahedrons with specific capacitances of 244 F g(-1), making them a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.

Exploration of tetrahedral structures in silicate cathodes using a motif-network scheme

PubMed Central

Zhao, Xin; Wu, Shunqing; Lv, Xiaobao; Nguyen, Manh Cuong; Wang, Cai-Zhuang; Lin, Zijing; Zhu, Zi-Zhong; Ho, Kai-Ming

2015-01-01

Using a motif-network search scheme, we studied the tetrahedral structures of the dilithium/disodium transition metal orthosilicates A2MSiO4 with A = Li or Na and M = Mn, Fe or Co. In addition to finding all previously reported structures, we discovered many other different tetrahedral-network-based crystal structures which are highly degenerate in energy. These structures can be classified into structures with 1D, 2D and 3D M-Si-O frameworks. A clear trend of the structural preference in different systems was revealed and possible indicators that affect the structure stabilities were introduced. For the case of Na systems which have been much less investigated in the literature relative to the Li systems, we predicted their ground state structures and found evidence for the existence of new structural motifs. PMID:26497381

Preclinical animal acute toxicity studies of new developed MRI contrast agent based on gadolinium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nam, I. F.; Zhuk, V. V.

2015-04-01

Acute toxicity test of new developed MRI contrast agent based on disodium salt of gadopentetic acid complex were carried out on Mus musculus and Sprague Dawley rats according to guidelines of preclinical studies [1]. Groups of six animals each were selected for experiment. Death and clinical symptoms of animals were recorded during 14 days. As a result the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for female mice is 2.8 mM/kg of body weight, male mice - 1.4 mM/kg, female rats - 2.8 mM/kg, male rats - 5.6 mM/kg of body weight. No Observed Adverse Effect Dose (NOAEL) for female mice is 1.4 mM/kg, male mice - 0.7 mM/kg, male and female rats - 0.7 mM/kg. According to experimental data new developed MRI contrast agent based on Gd-DTPA complex is low-toxic.

Assessment of boric acid and borax using the IEHR evaluative process for assessing human developmental and reproductive toxicity of agents

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moore, J.A.

This document presents an evaluation of the reproductive and developmental effects of boric acid, H3BO3 (CAS Registry No. 10043-35-3) and disodium tetraborate decahydrate or borax, Na2B4O2O(CAS Registry No. 1303-96-4). The element, boron, does not exist naturally. In dilute aqueous solution and at physiological pH (7.4), the predominant species in undissociated boric acid (greater than 98%), irrespective of whether the initial material was boric acid of borax. Therefore, it is both useful and correct to compare exposures and dosages to boric acid and borax in terms of `boron equivalents`, since both materials form equivalent species in dilute aqueous solution with similarmore » systemic effects. In order to be clear in this document, the term `boron` will refer to `boron equivalents` or percent boron in boric acid and borax.« less

Assessment of the body burden of chelatable lead: a model and its application to lead workers.

PubMed Central

Araki, S; Ushio, K

1982-01-01

A hypothetical model was introduced to estimate the body burden of chelatable lead from the mobilisation yield of lead by calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (CaEDTA). It was estimated that, on average, 14 and 19% of the body burden was mobilised into the urine during the 24 hours after an injection of 53.4 mumol (20 mg) and 107 mumol (40 mg) CaEDTA per kg bodyweight, respectively. The body burden of chelatable lead ranged from 4 mumol (0.8 mg) to 120 mumol (24.9 mg) (mean 37 mumol (7.7 mg) in lead workers with blood lead concentrations of 0.3-2.9 mumol/kg (6-60 microgram/100 g) (mean 1.4 mumol/kg (29 microgram/100 g)). There were linear relationships between blood lead concentrations and body burden of chelatable lead on a log scale. PMID:6802167

Neurotoxicity of dental amalgam is mediated by zinc.

PubMed

Lobner, D; Asrari, M

2003-03-01

The use of dental amalgam is controversial largely because it contains mercury. We tested whether amalgam caused toxicity in neuronal cultures and whether that toxicity was caused by mercury. In this study, we used cortical cell cultures to show for the first time that amalgam causes nerve cell toxicity in culture. However, the toxicity was not blocked by the mercury chelator, 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate (DMPS), but was blocked by the metal chelator, calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaEDTA). DMPS was an effective mercury chelator in this system, since it blocked mercury toxicity. Of the components that comprise amalgam (mercury, zinc, tin, copper, and silver), only zinc neurotoxicity was blocked by CaEDTA. These results indicate that amalgam is toxic to nerve cells in culture by releasing zinc. While zinc is known to be neurotoxic, ingestion of zinc is not a major concern because zinc levels in the body are tightly regulated.

Mixed organic brain syndrome as a manifestation of systemic mastocytosis.

PubMed

Rogers, M P; Bloomingdale, K; Murawski, B J; Soter, N A; Reich, P; Austen, K F

1986-01-01

Systemic mastocytosis is a disease characterized by an excessive accumulation of mast cells, and associated with skin lesions, flushing, diarrhea, tachycardia, and psychiatric manifestations. In order to define more clearly the psychiatric manifestations, ten patients with this disorder underwent unstructured psychiatric interviews and a battery of psychologic testing. Both revealed a pattern of cognitive and affective changes in the majority of these patients, best categorized as an atypical or mixed organic brain syndrome. The cognitive changes consisted of diminished attention and memory, and the affective changes of anger, irritability, and, to a lesser extent, depression. These manifestations fluctuated with the level of disease activity, and appeared in some cases to respond to histamine antagonists and disodium cromoglycate, medications used to control the excessive mast cell activity. It is important for psychiatrists to be aware that mental status changes can represent psychiatric manifestations of mastocytosis, a readily treatable medical disorder.

Effect of additives on the purification of urease

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, X.; Wang, J.; Ulrich, J.

2015-12-01

The effect of additives on the purification of proteins was investigated. The target protein studied here is the enzyme urease. Studies on the purification of urease from jack bean meal were carried out. 32% (v/v) acetone was utilized to extract urease from the jack bean meal. Further purification by crystallization with the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol and EDTA disodium salt dehydrate was carried out. It was found out that the presence of additives can affect the selectivity of the crystallization. Increases in both purity and yield of the urease after crystallization were observed in the presence of additives, which were proven using both SDS-PAGE and activity. Urease crystals with a yield of 69.9% and a purity of 85.1% were obtained in one crystallization step in the presence of additives. Furthermore, the effect of additives on the thermodynamics and kinetics of urease crystallization was studied.

Quadriplegia due to lead-contaminated opium--case report.

PubMed

Beigmohammadi, Mohammad Taghi; Aghdashi, Moosa; Najafi, Atabak; Mojtahedzadeh, Mojtaba; Karvandian, Kassra

2008-10-01

Utilization of lead-contaminated opium may lead to severe motor neuron impairment and quadriplegia. Forty years oriented old male, opium addict, was admitted to the ICU, with headache, nausea and abdominal pain, and weakness in his lower and upper extremities without definitive diagnosis. The past medical and occupational history was negative. Laboratory investigation showed; anemia (Hb 7.7 g/dl), slightly elevated liver function tests, elevated total bilirubin, and ESR. Abdominal sonography and brain CT scan were normal. EMG and NCV results and neurologic examination were suggestive for Guillain-Barre. He underwent five sessions of plasmapheresis. Blood lead level was > 200 microg/dl. He received dimercaprol (BAL) and calcium disodium edetate (CaEDTA) for two five days session. Upon discharge from ICU all laboratory tests were normal and blood lead level was reduced, but he was quadriplegic. The delayed treatment of lead poisoning may lead to irreversible motor neuron defect.

Photosensitized Reduction of Carbon Dioxide in Solution Using Noble-Metal Clusters for Electron Transfer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toshima, Naoki; Yamaji, Yumi; Teranishi, Toshiharu; Yonezawa, Tetsu

1995-03-01

Carbon dioxide was reduced to methane by visible-light irradiation of a solution composed of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(III) as photosensitizer, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt as sacrificial reagent, methyl viologen as electron relay, and a colloidal dispersion of polymer-protected noble-metal clusters, prepared by alcohol-reduction, as catalyst. Among the noble-metal clusters examined, Pt clusters showed the highest activity for the formation of methane as well as hydrogen. In order to improve the activity, oxidized clusters and bimetallic clusters were also applied. For example, the CH4 yield in 3-h irradiation increased from 51 x 10-3 μmol with unoxidized Pt clusters to 72 x 10-3 μmol with partially oxidized ones. In the case of Pt/Ru bimetalic systems, the improvement of the catalytic activity by air treatment was much greater than in case of monometallic clusters.

Aluminium Involvement in Neurotoxicity

PubMed Central

Fulgenzi, Alessandro; Vietti, Daniele; Ferrero, Maria Elena

2014-01-01

The aetiology of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) seems to involve susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Toxic metals are considered major environmental pollutants. Following our study of a case of multiple sclerosis (MS) improvement due to removal of aluminium (Al) and other toxic metals, we have examined the possible relationship between Al intoxication and ND. We used the slow intravenous treatment with the chelating agent EDTA (calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) (chelation test) to remove Al and detected it in the urine collected from the patients for 12 hours. Patients affected by MS represented 85.6% of total ND. Al was present in 44.8% of cases comprehensive of ND and healthy patients. Al levels were significantly higher in ND patients than in healthy subjects. We here show that treatment of patients affected by Al burden with ten EDTA chelation therapies (EDTA intravenous administration once a week) was able to significantly reduce Al intoxication. PMID:25243176

Exploration of tetrahedral structures in silicate cathodes using a motif-network scheme

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Xin; Wu, Shunqing; Lv, Xiaobao; ...

2015-10-26

Using a motif-network search scheme, we studied the tetrahedral structures of the dilithium/disodium transition metal orthosilicates A 2MSiO 4 with A = Li or Na and M = Mn, Fe or Co. In addition to finding all previously reported structures, we discovered many other different tetrahedral-network-based crystal structures which are highly degenerate in energy. In addition, these structures can be classified into structures with 1D, 2D and 3D M-Si-O frameworks. A clear trend of the structural preference in different systems was revealed and possible indicators that affect the structure stabilities were introduced. For the case of Na systems which havemore » been much less investigated in the literature relative to the Li systems, we predicted their ground state structures and found evidence for the existence of new structural motifs.« less

Mutations in SLC39A14 disrupt manganese homeostasis and cause childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia.

PubMed

Tuschl, Karin; Meyer, Esther; Valdivia, Leonardo E; Zhao, Ningning; Dadswell, Chris; Abdul-Sada, Alaa; Hung, Christina Y; Simpson, Michael A; Chong, W K; Jacques, Thomas S; Woltjer, Randy L; Eaton, Simon; Gregory, Allison; Sanford, Lynn; Kara, Eleanna; Houlden, Henry; Cuno, Stephan M; Prokisch, Holger; Valletta, Lorella; Tiranti, Valeria; Younis, Rasha; Maher, Eamonn R; Spencer, John; Straatman-Iwanowska, Ania; Gissen, Paul; Selim, Laila A M; Pintos-Morell, Guillem; Coroleu-Lletget, Wifredo; Mohammad, Shekeeb S; Yoganathan, Sangeetha; Dale, Russell C; Thomas, Maya; Rihel, Jason; Bodamer, Olaf A; Enns, Caroline A; Hayflick, Susan J; Clayton, Peter T; Mills, Philippa B; Kurian, Manju A; Wilson, Stephen W

2016-05-27

Although manganese is an essential trace metal, little is known about its transport and homeostatic regulation. Here we have identified a cohort of patients with a novel autosomal recessive manganese transporter defect caused by mutations in SLC39A14. Excessive accumulation of manganese in these patients results in rapidly progressive childhood-onset parkinsonism-dystonia with distinctive brain magnetic resonance imaging appearances and neurodegenerative features on post-mortem examination. We show that mutations in SLC39A14 impair manganese transport in vitro and lead to manganese dyshomeostasis and altered locomotor activity in zebrafish with CRISPR-induced slc39a14 null mutations. Chelation with disodium calcium edetate lowers blood manganese levels in patients and can lead to striking clinical improvement. Our results demonstrate that SLC39A14 functions as a pivotal manganese transporter in vertebrates.

Mutations in SLC39A14 disrupt manganese homeostasis and cause childhood-onset parkinsonism–dystonia

PubMed Central

Tuschl, Karin; Meyer, Esther; Valdivia, Leonardo E.; Zhao, Ningning; Dadswell, Chris; Abdul-Sada, Alaa; Hung, Christina Y.; Simpson, Michael A.; Chong, W. K.; Jacques, Thomas S.; Woltjer, Randy L.; Eaton, Simon; Gregory, Allison; Sanford, Lynn; Kara, Eleanna; Houlden, Henry; Cuno, Stephan M.; Prokisch, Holger; Valletta, Lorella; Tiranti, Valeria; Younis, Rasha; Maher, Eamonn R.; Spencer, John; Straatman-Iwanowska, Ania; Gissen, Paul; Selim, Laila A. M.; Pintos-Morell, Guillem; Coroleu-Lletget, Wifredo; Mohammad, Shekeeb S.; Yoganathan, Sangeetha; Dale, Russell C.; Thomas, Maya; Rihel, Jason; Bodamer, Olaf A.; Enns, Caroline A.; Hayflick, Susan J.; Clayton, Peter T.; Mills, Philippa B.; Kurian, Manju A.; Wilson, Stephen W.

2016-01-01

Although manganese is an essential trace metal, little is known about its transport and homeostatic regulation. Here we have identified a cohort of patients with a novel autosomal recessive manganese transporter defect caused by mutations in SLC39A14. Excessive accumulation of manganese in these patients results in rapidly progressive childhood-onset parkinsonism–dystonia with distinctive brain magnetic resonance imaging appearances and neurodegenerative features on post-mortem examination. We show that mutations in SLC39A14 impair manganese transport in vitro and lead to manganese dyshomeostasis and altered locomotor activity in zebrafish with CRISPR-induced slc39a14 null mutations. Chelation with disodium calcium edetate lowers blood manganese levels in patients and can lead to striking clinical improvement. Our results demonstrate that SLC39A14 functions as a pivotal manganese transporter in vertebrates. PMID:27231142

Cold urticaria: inhibition of cold-induced histamine release by doxantrazole.

PubMed

Bentley-Phillips, C B; Eady, R A; Greaves, M W

1978-10-01

Thirteen patients with cold urticaria were studied to assess the effect of the systemic drug doxantrazole, which has actions resembling disodium cromoglycate, on cold evoked histamine release. The patients, all of whom developed an immediate local whealing response after cooling of the forearm, demonstrated release of histamine into venous blood draining that forearm. Following doxantrazole treatment, significant suppression of histamine release occurred. In some but not all patients this was accompanied by diminution of urtication in response to cooling. A double-blind study was carried out in 3 subjects, all of whom showed diminished cold-stimulated histamine release after doxantrazole. Two of these showed clinical improvement. Doxantrazole had no effect on erythema due to intradermal histamine, but did suppress the erythematous reaction to intradermal injection of compound 48/80. Our results suggest that doxantrazole or related anti-allergic agents might be useful in the treatment of cold urticaria.

Effect of disodium/calcium malate or supplementation on growth performance, carcass quality, ruminal fermentation products, and blood metabolites of heifers.

PubMed

Carrasco, C; Medel, P; Fuentetaja, A; Ranilla, M J; Carro, M D

2016-10-01

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of malate salts and culture on growth performance, carcass quality, ruminal fermentation products, and blood metabolites in heifers raised under southern Europe practical farm conditions. A total of 108 Charolaise cross heifers (214 ± 27.3 kg BW and 6.4 ± 1.1 mo of age) were housed in 18 pens of 6 animals each and used in a 114-d feedlot study. There was a totally randomized experimental design, and 6 pens were assigned to each of the following experimental diets: a control (no supplementation), the control plus 4 g of disodium/calcium malate mixture per kilogram of concentrate (2.12 g malate/kg), and the control plus 0.15 g of CBS 493.94 per kilogram of concentrate (1.5 × 10 cfu/kg). The control diet consisted of wheat-barley-based pelleted concentrate (32% starch, DM basis) and full-length barley straw. Concentrate and straw were fed separately ad libitum (5% orts) in an 88:12 ratio. On Days 0, 56, and 114, ruminal fluid and blood samples were obtained from each heifer between 2 and 2.5 h after the morning feeding by ruminocentesis and tail venipuncture, respectively. Body weight, concentrate ADFI, and G:F were recorded at 28, 56, 84, and 114 d. At slaughter, hot carcass weight and yield and carcass classification were determined in 2 representative heifers per pen (12 animals per dietary treatment). Supplementation with malate salts or did not affect concentrate ADFI ( = 0.98), ADG ( = 0.74), or G:F ( = 0.50) at any time during the experiment. At slaughter, there were no differences in carcass weight ( = 0.86), classification ( = 0.18), or carcass yield ( = 0.84) among experimental groups. Also, there were no differences treatments on ruminal pH ( = 0.24), ruminal fermentation products ( = 0.69, = 0.88, and = 0.93 for total VFA, NH-N, and lactate, respectively), and blood metabolites ( = 0.96, = 0.82, and = 0.15 for glucose, urea N, and lactate, respectively). In conclusion, under the feeding and management conditions of this study, diet supplementation with malate salts or did not have any significant effects on growth performance, carcass quality, ruminal fermentation products, and blood metabolites.

Chiral symmetry breaking by spatial confinement in tactoidal droplets of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals

PubMed Central

Tortora, Luana; Lavrentovich, Oleg D.

2011-01-01

In many colloidal systems, an orientationally ordered nematic (N) phase emerges from the isotropic (I) melt in the form of spindle-like birefringent tactoids. In cases studied so far, the tactoids always reveal a mirror-symmetric nonchiral structure, sometimes even when the building units are chiral. We report on chiral symmetry breaking in the nematic tactoids formed in molecularly nonchiral polymer-crowded aqueous solutions of low-molecular weight disodium cromoglycate. The parity is broken by twisted packing of self-assembled molecular aggregates within the tactoids as manifested by the observed optical activity. Fluorescent confocal microscopy reveals that the chiral N tactoids are located at the boundaries of cells. We explain the chirality induction as a replacement of energetically costly splay packing of the aggregates within the curved bipolar tactoidal shape with twisted packing. The effect represents a simple pathway of macroscopic chirality induction in an organic system with no molecular chirality, as the only requirements are orientational order and curved shape of confinement. PMID:21402929

In vitro growth inhibition of mastitis causing bacteria by phenolics and metal chelators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chew, B.P.; Tjoelker, L.W.; Tanaka, T.S.

1985-11-01

Antimicrobial activities of three phenolic compounds and four metal chelators were tested at 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm in vitro against four major mastitis-causing bacteria, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, and Escherichia coli. Overall, butylated hydroxyanisole and tert-butylhydroquinone showed the greatest antimicrobial activity. These phenolics were bactericidal at 250 to 500 ppm against all four bacteria tested. The butylated hydroxytoluene was bactericidal against the gram-positive bacteria but was ineffective against the coliforms. At 250 ppm, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was bactericidal against the gram-positive bacteria but much less effective against the gram-negatives. However, diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid was more growth inhibitorymore » than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid against the gram-negative bacteria and especially against Escherichia coli. All other compounds were generally much less effective or ineffective against all four microorganisms. Therefore, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tert-butylhydroquinone, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid may have practical implications in the prevention or treatment of bovine mastitis.« less

Growth and characterization of Na2Mo2O7 crystal scintillators for rare event searches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pandey, Indra Raj; Kim, H. J.; Kim, Y. D.

2017-12-01

Disodium dimolybdate (Na2Mo2O7) crystals were grown using the Czochralski technique. The thermal characteristics of the compound were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The crystal structure of the grown sample was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Luminescence properties were measured at room and low temperatures, using a light emitting diode (LED) source. Very weak luminescence was observed at room temperature; however, the luminescence intensity was enhanced at low temperatures. The crystal's transmittance spectrum was measured for estimating its optical quality and energy band gap. The grown crystal exhibited a luminescence light yield of 55% compared with CaMoO4 crystals at 10 K, when excited by a 280-nm-wavelength LED source, but does not have the drawbacks of radioactive Ca isotopes. These results suggest that at cryogenic temperatures, Na2Mo2O7 crystal scintillators are promising for the detection of dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay of 100Mo.

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of naphazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Iranifam, Mortaza; Sorouraddin, Mohammad H

2014-02-01

A simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method was developed for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride (NPZ). The method is based on the enhancing effect of NPZ on the weak CL signal from the reaction of KIO4 with H2 O2 . Experimental parameters that affected the CL signal, including the pH of the KIO4 solution, concentrations of KIO4 , H2 O2 and disodium-EDTA and flow rate were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the increment of CL intensity was linearly proportional to the concentration of NPZ in the range 5.0 × 10(-6) to 70 × 10(-6) mol/L. The detection limit was 1.0 × 10(-6) mol/L and the relative standard deviation for 50 × 10(-6) mol/L NPZ solution was 2.8% (n = 11). In addition, a high throughput of 120 samples/h was achieved. The utility of this method was demonstrated by determining NPZ in pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The role of preservatives in the conjunctival toxicity of subconjunctival gentamicin injection.

PubMed Central

Pande, M.; Ghanchi, F.

1992-01-01

Subconjunctival gentamicin was identified as the cause of conjunctival chemosis and capillary closure in a recent study conducted in this department. The gentamicin preparation used in the study contained preservatives. The current prospective study was set up to investigate the role of preservatives in the conjunctival toxicity of subconjunctival gentamicin. Seventy five patients undergoing cataract surgery were enrolled in the study. They were split into three groups of 25 each. Group A patients were given a subconjunctival injection of a preservative-free aqueous solution of gentamicin at the end of the cataract procedure. Group B patients were given a subconjunctival injection of gentamicin containing sodium metabisulphite and disodium edetate as preservatives at the end of the cataract procedure. Group C was the control group where patients were not given any subconjunctival injection. The incidence of severity of conjunctival chemosis were observed in the three groups. The difference between groups A and B patients who received preservative-free gentamicin and gentamicin with preservatives respectively was significant (p < 0.02). PMID:1390493

Phaeochromocytoma with hypercortisolism and hypercalcaemia.

PubMed

Edafe, Ovie; Webster, Jonathan; Fernando, Malee; Vinayagam, Ragu; Balasubramanian, Sabapathy P

2015-10-07

We report a case of phaeochromocytoma associated with hypercortisolism and hypercalcaemia in a 62-year-old man. The patient presented to clinic, with a 3-year history of exertional headaches, and a 4-month history of increasing fatigue, sweating and palpitations, loss of appetite and weight, and sleepiness. He did not have a medical, family or social history that could account for these symptoms. 24 h urinary catecholamines, plasma metanephrines, 24 h urinary cortisol and adjusted serum calcium, were elevated. Overnight low-dose dexamethasone suppression test did not suppress morning plasma cortisol. Serum intact parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide were low, and adrenocorticotropic hormone was normal. The patient was treated with intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride and disodium pamidronate to control hypercalcaemia. CT showed a 10 cm left adrenal mass. Following inpatient treatment with phenoxybenzamine, he underwent a left adrenectomy and histology confirmed a phaeochromocytoma. Postoperatively, he required long-term steroids for contralateral adrenal suppression. Adjusted serum calcium returned to normal postoperatively. 2015 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Metabolic Factors Affecting Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake by Activated Sludge

PubMed Central

Boughton, William H.; Gottfried, Richard J.; Sinclair, Norval A.; Yall, Irving

1971-01-01

Activated sludges obtained from the Rilling Road plant located at San Antonio, Tex., and from the Hyperion treatment plant located at Los Angeles, Calif., have the ability to remove all of the orthophosphate normally present in Tucson sewage within 3 hr after being added to the waste water. Phosphorus removal was independent of externally supplied sources of energy and ions, since orthophosphate and 32P radioactivity were readily removed from tap water, glass-distilled water, and deionized water. Phosphorus uptake by Rilling sludge in the laboratory appears to be wholly biological, as it has an optimum pH range (7.7 to 9.7) and an optimum temperature range (24 to 37 C). It was inhibited by HgCl2, iodoacetic acid, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, NaN3, and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (compounds that affect bacterial membrane permeability, sulfhydryl enzymes, and adenosine triphosphate synthesis). Uptake was inhibited by 1% NaCl but was not affected by 10−3m ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (a chelating agent for many metallic ions). PMID:5002140

Gateways to clinical trials.

PubMed

Tomillero, A; Moral, M A

2009-06-01

(+)-Dapoxetine hydrochloride; Abatacept, Adalimumab, Agalsidase beta, Alemtuzumab, Alglucosidase alfa, Aliskiren fumarate, Ambrisentan, Amlodipine, Aripiprazole, Atrasentan, Azacitidine, Azelnidipine; Belotecan hydrochloride, Bevacizumab, Bilastine, Biphasic insulin aspart, Bortezomib, Bosentan; Caspofungin acetate, CG-100649, Cinacalcet hydrochloride, Clindamycin phosphate/ benzoyl peroxide; Dasatinib, Denosumab, Duloxetine hydrochloride, Dutasteride, Dutasteride/tamsulosin; Ecogramostim, Eculizumab, Eltrombopag olamine, EndoTAG-1, Erlotinib hydrochloride, Everolimus, Exenatide, Ezetimibe; FAHF-2, Fondaparinux sodium; Gefitinib, Golimumab; HEV-239, HSV-TK; Imatinib mesylate, Indium 111 ((111)In) ibritumomab tiuxetan, Influenza vaccine(surface antigen, inactivated, prepared in cell culture), Insulin glargine; Kisspeptin-54; Lidocaine/prilocaine, Lomitapide; Maraviroc, Mirodenafil hydrochloride, MK-8141, MVA-Ag85A; Nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate; Olmesartan medoxomil; Paclitaxel-eluting stent, Pegfilgrastim, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Pemetrexed disodium, Pitavastatin calcium, Prasugrel; Recombinant human relaxin H2, RHAMM R3 peptide, Rivaroxaban, Rosuvastatin calcium, RRz2; Sagopilone, Salinosporamide A, SB-509, Serlopitant, Sirolimus-eluting stent, Sorafenib, Sunitinib malate; Tadalafil, Temsirolimus, Teriparatide, TG-4010, Tositumomab/iodine (I131) tositumomab; Velusetrag Hydrochloride; Ximelagatran; Yttrium 90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan. Copyright 2009 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved.

Poly[[di-μ-aqua-(μ-4-formyl-2-meth­oxy­phenol­ato)disodium] 4-formyl-2-meth­oxy­phenolate

PubMed Central

Asghar, Muhammad Nadeem; Şahin, Onur; Arshad, Muhammad Nadeem; Mazhar, Uzma; Khan, Islam Ullah; Büyükgüngör, Orhan

2010-01-01

In the title coordination polymer, {[Na2(C8H7O3)(H2O)4](C8H7O3)}n, all the non-H atoms except the water O atoms lie on a crystallographic mirror plane. One sodium cation is bonded to four water O atoms and one vanillinate O atom in a distorted square-based pyramidal arrangement; the other Na+ ion is six-coordinated by four water O atoms and two vanillinate O atoms in an irregular geometry. One of the vanillinate anions is directly bonded to two sodium ions, whilst the other only inter­acts with the polymeric network by way of hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, a two-dimensional polymeric array is formed; this is reinforced by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate R 2 1(6) and R 2 2(20) loops. PMID:21579628

In vitro stabilization of a low-tin bone-imaging agent (99mTc-Sn-HEDP) by ascorbic acid.

PubMed

Tofe, A J; Francis, M D

1976-09-01

The presence of oxidants in the 99mTc-pertechnetate and of oxygen in diagnostic kits containing low concentrations of Sn(II) has a detrimental effect upon in vitro and in vivo stability. Maintaining a nitrogen atmosphere or increasing the Sn(II) concentration inhibits the formation of 99mTcO4-. However, the latter remedy is likely to cause uptake in the reticuloendothelial system and has been associated with false positive or negative brain scans. We used ascorbic acid (an antioxidant) to ensure the in vitro stability with the low-Sn(II) bone agent disodium etidronate. In vitro stability studies by instant thin-layer chromatography, using high-acitivity generators and "instant pertechnetate," yielded less than 2% free pertechnetate at 24 hr after preparation. Distribution studies in guinea pigs show neither altered distribution of the bone agent nor abnormal distribution of ascorbic acid, suggesting its sole function as a noncomplexing stabilizer.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mauldin, J.K.; Kard, B.M.

Minimum retentions of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) needed in slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. variety elliottii, wood to provide maximum protection against 2 species of subterranean termites were determined in choice and no-choice laboratory tests. Efficacy criteria for DOT were greater or equal to 90% termite mortality and equal to or less than 5% loss in weight of treated wooden blocks. For termites fed only DOT-treated wood, 0.10 and 0.30% boric acid equivalent (BAE, percentage of boric acid based on dry weight of wood, assuming all boron is present as boric acid) protected wood from the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermesmore » flavipes (Kollar), and Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, respectively. When termites had a choice between treated or nontreated wooden blocks were not in contact with soil or exposed to rain, a BAE of 0.30% protected the wood from naturally occuring Reticulitermes sp. for 18 mo. In wooden structures under constant pressure from subterranean termites, concentrations greater than 0.54% BAE may be required to protect wood, especially against C. formosanus.« less

Determination of residual fluoroquinolones in honey by liquid chromatography using metal chelate affinity chromatography.

PubMed

Yatsukawa, Yoh-Ichi; Ito, Hironobu; Matsuda, Takahiro; Nakamura, Munetomo; Watai, Masatoshi; Fujita, Kazuhiro

2011-01-01

A new analytical method for the simultaneous determination of seven fluoroquinolones, namely, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin, especially in dark-colored honey, has been developed. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics were extracted from samples with MacIlvaine buffer solution (pH 4.0) containing EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. The extracts were treated with both a polymeric cartridge and a metal chelate affinity column preloaded with ferric ion (Fe3+). LC separation with fluorescence detection was performed at 40 degrees C using an Inertsil ODS-4 analytical column (150 x 4.6 mm, 3 microm). The mobile phase was composed of 20 mM/L citrate buffer solution (pH 3.1)-acetonitrile mixture (70 + 30, v/v) containing 1 mM/L sodium dodecyl sulfate. Lomefloxacin was used as an internal standard. The developed method was validated according to the criteria of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Decision limits and detection capabilities were below 2.9 and 4.4 microg/kg, respectively.

Effect of pH adjustment, homogenization and diafiltration on physicochemical, reconstitution, functional and rheological properties of medium protein milk protein concentrates (MPC70).

PubMed

Meena, Ganga Sahay; Singh, Ashish Kumar; Gupta, Vijay Kumar; Borad, Sanket; Arora, Sumit; Tomar, Sudhir Kumar

2018-04-01

Poor solubility is the major limiting factor in commercial applications of milk protein concentrates (MPC) powders. Retentate treatments such as pH adjustment using disodium phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ), also responsible for calcium chelation with homogenization and; its diafiltration with 150 mM NaCl solution were hypothesized to improve the functional properties of treated MPC70 powders. These treatments significantly improved the solubility, heat stability, water binding, dispersibility, bulk density, flowability, buffer index, foaming and emulsifying capacity of treated powders over control. Rheological behaviour of reconstituted MPC solutions was best explained by Herschel Bulkley model. Compared to rough, large globular structures with dents in control; majorly intact, separate, smaller particles of smooth surface, without any aggregation were observed in SEM micrograph of treated powders. Applied treatments are easy, cost-effective and capable to improve functional properties of treated powders that could replace control MPC70 powder in various food applications where protein functionality is of prime importance.

Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Celluloses on Water-catalyzed Self-degradation of 200-degree C-heated Alkali-Activated Cement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sugama T.; Pyatina, T.

2012-05-01

We investigated the usefulness of sodium carboxymethyl celluloses (CMC) in promoting self-degradation of 200°C-heated sodium silicate-activated slag/Class C fly ash cementitious material after contact with water. CMC emitted two major volatile compounds, CO2 and acetic acid, creating a porous structure in cement. CMC also reacted with NaOH from sodium silicate to form three water-insensitive solid reaction products, disodium glycolate salt, sodium glucosidic salt, and sodium bicarbonate. Other water-sensitive solid reaction products, such as sodium polysilicate and sodium carbonate, were derived from hydrolysates of sodium silicate. Dissolution of these products upon contact with water generated heat that promoted cement’s self-degradation. Thus,more » CMC of high molecular weight rendered two important features to the water-catalyzed self-degradation of heated cement: One was the high heat energy generated in exothermic reactions in cement; the other was the introduction of extensive porosity into cement.« less

Heavy Metals, Cardiovascular Disease, and the Unexpected Benefits of Chelation Therapy.

PubMed

Lamas, Gervasio A; Navas-Acien, Ana; Mark, Daniel B; Lee, Kerry L

2016-05-24

This review summarizes evidence from 2 lines of research previously thought to be unrelated: the unexpectedly positive results of TACT (Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy), and a body of epidemiological data showing that accumulation of biologically active metals, such as lead and cadmium, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Considering these 2 areas of work together may lead to the identification of new, modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We examine the history of chelation up through the report of TACT. We then describe work connecting higher metal levels in the body with the future risk of cardiovascular disease. We conclude by presenting a brief overview of a newly planned National Institutes of Health trial, TACT2, in which we will attempt to replicate the findings of TACT and to establish that removal of toxic metal stores from the body is a plausible mechanistic explanation for the benefits of edetate disodium treatment. Copyright © 2016 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biodesulfurization of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates and pH control of bioleaching solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Xiao-rong; Jiang, Sheng-cai; Liu, Yan-jun; Li, Hui; Wang, Hua-jun

2013-10-01

Vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates were desulfurized with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( A. ferrooxidans). The sulfur content of the concentrates was reduced from 0.69wt% to 0.14wt% after bioleaching for 15 d with a 10% pulp density at 30°C. Maintaining a stable pH value during biodesulfurization was critical because of high acid consumption, resulting from a combination of nonoxidative and oxidative dissolution of pyrrhotite in acid solution. It is discovered that the citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer of pH 2.0 can control the solution pH value smoothly in the optimal range of 2.0-3.0 for A. ferrooxidans growth. Using the buffer in the volume fraction range of 5.0%-15.0% stimulates A. ferrooxidans growth and improves the biodesulfurization efficiency. Compared with the buffer-free control case, the maximum increase of biodesulfurization rate is 29.7% using a 10.0vol% buffer. Bioleaching provides an alternative process for desulfurization of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite ores.

The biochemical characterization, stabilization studies and the antiproliferative effect of bromelain against B16F10 murine melanoma cells.

PubMed

São Paulo Barretto Miranda, Íngara Keisle; Fontes Suzart Miranda, Anderson; Souza, Fernanda Vidigal Duarte; Vannier-Santos, Marcos André; Pirovani, Carlos Priminho; Pepe, Iuri Muniz; Rodowanski, Ivanoé João; Ferreira, Katiúcia Tícila de Souza Eduvirgens; Mendes Souza Vaz, Luciano; de Assis, Sandra Aparecida

2017-06-01

The current study aims to extract bromelain from different parts (stem, crown, peels, pulp and leaves) of Ananas comosus var. comosus AGB 772; to determine of optimum pH and temperature; to test bromelain stability in disodium EDTA and sodium benzoate, and to investigate its pharmacological activity on B16F10 murine melanoma cells in vitro. The highest enzymatic activity was found in bromelain extracted from the pulp and peel. The optimum bromelain pH among all studied pineapple parts was 6.0. The optimum temperature was above 50 °C in all bromelain extracts. The fluorescence analysis confirmed the stability of bromelain in the presence of EDTA and sodium benzoate. Bromelain was pharmacologically active against B16F10 melanoma cells and it was possible verifying approximately 100% inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Since bromelain activity was found in different parts of pineapple plants, pineapple residues from the food industry may be used for bromelain extraction.

Effect of tartarate and citrate based food additives on the micellar properties of sodium dodecylsulfate for prospective use as food emulsifier.

PubMed

Banipal, Tarlok S; Kaur, Harjinder; Kaur, Amanpreet; Banipal, Parampaul K

2016-01-01

Citrate and tartarate based food preservatives can be used to enhance the emulsifying properties of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) based micellar system and thus making it appropriate for food applications. Exploration of interactions between the two species is the key constraint for execution of such ideas. In this work various micellar and thermodynamic parameters of SDS like critical micellar concentration (CMC), standard Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔG(0)mic.) etc. have been calculated in different concentrations of disodium tartarate (DST) and trisodium citrate (TSC) in the temperature range (288.15-318.15)K from the conductivity and surface tension measurements. The parameters obtained from these studies reveal the competitive nature of both the additives with SDS for available positions at the air/water interface. TSC is found to be more effective additive in order to make SDS micellar system better for its potential applications as food emulsifier. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spectrophotometric determination of uric acid and some redeterminations of its solubility

USGS Publications Warehouse

Norton, D.R.; Plunkett, M.A.; Richards, F.A.

1954-01-01

The present study was initiated in order to develop a rapid and accurate method for the determination of uric acid in fresh, brackish, and sea water. It was found that the spectrophotometric determination of uric acid based upon its reaction with arsenophosphotungstic acid reagent in the presence of cyanide ion meets this objective. The absorbancy of the blue complex was measured at 890 m??. Slight variations from Beer's law were generally found. The results show the effects of pH, reaction time, concentration of reagents, and temperature upon color development and precipitate formation. Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediamine tetraacetate (Versene) was used as a buffering and complexirig agent. The results are significant in that they give the absorption spectrum of the blue complex and the effects of variables upon its absorbancy. Studies were made with the method to determine the stability of reagents and standard solutions and to determine the rate of bacterial decomposition of uric acid. Measurements of the solubility of uric acid are reported.

Preparation of curcumin self-micelle solid dispersion with enhanced bioavailability and cytotoxic activity by mechanochemistry.

PubMed

Zhang, Qihong; Polyakov, Nikolay E; Chistyachenko, Yulia S; Khvostov, Mikhail V; Frolova, Tatjana S; Tolstikova, Tatjana G; Dushkin, Alexandr V; Su, Weike

2018-11-01

An amorphous solid dispersion (SD) of curcumin (Cur) with disodium glycyrrhizin (Na 2 GA) was prepared by mechanical ball milling. Curcumin loaded micelles were self-formed by Na 2 GA when SD dissolved in water. The physical properties of Cur SD in solid state were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, and scanning electron microscope. The characteristics of the sample solutions were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC, UV-visible spectroscopy, 1 H NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation LC, and transmission electron microscopy. In vitro cytotoxic tests demonstrated that Cur SD induced higher cytotoxicity against glioblastoma U-87 MG cells than free Cur. Besides, an improvement of membrane permeability of Cur SD was confirmed by parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Further pharmacokinetic study of this SD formulation in rat showed a significant ∼19-fold increase of bioavailability as comparing to free Cur. Thus, Cur SD provide a more potent and efficacious formulation for Cur oral delivery.

A novel procedure for purification of uridine 5'-monophosphate based on adsorption methodology using a hyper-cross-linked resin.

PubMed

Wu, Jinglan; Zhu, Hui; Liu, Yanan; Zhou, Jingwei; Zhuang, Wei; Jiao, Pengfei; Ke, Xu; Ying, Hanjie

2015-05-01

The conventional ion exchange process used for recovery of uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) from the enzymatic hydrolysate of RNA is environmentally harmful and cost intensive. In this work, an innovative benign process, which comprises adsorption technology and use of a hyper-cross-linked resin as a stationary phase is proposed. The adsorption properties of this kind of resin in terms of adsorption equilibrium as well as kinetics were evaluated. The influences of the operating conditions, i.e., initial UMP concentration, feed flow rate, and bed height on the breakthrough curves of UMP in the fixed bed system were investigated. Subsequently, a chromatographic column model was established and validated for the prediction of the experimentally attained breakthrough curves of UMP and the main impurity component (phosphate ion) with a real enzymatic hydrolysate of RNA as a feed mixture. At the end of this paper, the crystallization of UMP was carried out. The purity of the final product (uridine 5'-monophosphate disodium, UMPNa2) of over 99.5 % was obtained.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Craswell, P.W.; Price, J.; Boyle, P.D.

EDTA (calcium disodium edetate) lead mobilization and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) finger bone lead tests were done in 42 patients with chronic renal failure and without persisting lead intoxication. Nineteen of 23 patients with gout and 8 of 19 without gout had positive EDTA lead mobilization tests. Those patients with gout excreted significantly more excess lead chelate than those without gout. In the gout group 17 patients denied any childhood or industrial exposure to lead. They had a greater number of positive tests and excreted significantly more excess lead chelate than 14 patients with neither gout nor lead exposure. These resultsmore » confirm that gout in the presence of chronic renal failure is a useful marker of chronic lead poisoning. Of 27 patients with positive lead mobilization tests, only 13 had elevated XRF finger bone lead concentrations (sensitivity 48%). Three of 15 patients with negative lead mobilization tests had elevated XRF finger bone lead concentrations (specificity 80%). Although the XRF finger bone lead test is a convenient noninvasive addition to the diagnostic evaluation of patients with chronic renal failure and gout, its application is limited due to the lack of sensitivity of the method.« less

Effective immobilization of alcohol dehydrogenase on carbon nanoscaffolds for ethanol biofuel cell.

PubMed

Umasankar, Yogeswaran; Adhikari, Bal-Ram; Chen, Aicheng

2017-12-01

An efficient approach for immobilizing alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) while enhancing its electron transfer ability has been developed using poly(2-(trimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (MADQUAT) cationic polymer and carbon nanoscaffolds. The carbon nanoscaffolds were comprised of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) wrapped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The ADH entrapped within the MADQUAT that was present on the carbon nanoscaffolds exhibited a high electron exchange capability with the electrode through its cofactor β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate and β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced disodium salt hydrate (NAD + /NADH) redox reaction. The advantages of the carbon nanoscaffolds used as the support matrix and the MADQUAT employed for the entrapment of ADH versus physisorption were demonstrated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Our experimental results showed a higher electron transfer, electrocatalytic activity, and rate constant for MADQUAT entrapped ADH on the carbon nanoscaffolds. The immobilization of ADH using both MADQUAT and carbon nanoscaffolds exhibited strong potential for the development of an efficient bio-anode for ethanol powered biofuel cells. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new BSH-conjugated chlorin derivatives as agents for both photodynamic therapy and boron neutron capture therapy of cancer.

PubMed

Asano, Ryuji; Nagami, Amon; Fukumoto, Yuki; Miura, Kaori; Yazama, Futoshi; Ito, Hideyuki; Sakata, Isao; Tai, Akihiro

2014-11-01

New disodium mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (BSH)-conjugated chlorin derivatives 11, 12, 16 and 20 as agents for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer were synthesized. The in vivo biodistribution and clearance of 11, 12, 16 and 20 were investigated in tumor-bearing mice. Compounds 12 and 16 showed good tumor-selective accumulation among the four derivatives. The time to maximum accumulation of compound 16 in tumor tissue was one-fourth of that of compound 12, and clearance from normal tissues of compound 16 was similar to that of compound 12. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of PDT using 16, which has twice as many boron atoms as 12, was evaluated by measuring tumor growth rates in tumor-bearing mice with 660 nm light-emitting diode irradiation at 6h after injection of 16. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited by PDT using 16. These results suggested that 16 is a good candidate for both PDT and BNCT of cancer. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Food and Drug Administration-approved asthma therapeutic agent impacts amyloid β in the brain in a transgenic model of Alzheimer disease.

PubMed

Hori, Yukiko; Takeda, Shuko; Cho, Hansang; Wegmann, Susanne; Shoup, Timothy M; Takahashi, Kazue; Irimia, Daniel; Elmaleh, David R; Hyman, Bradley T; Hudry, Eloise

2015-01-23

Interfering with the assembly of Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides from monomer to oligomeric species and fibrils or promoting their clearance from the brain are targets of anti-Aβ-directed therapies in Alzheimer disease. Here we demonstrate that cromolyn sodium (disodium cromoglycate), a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug already in use for the treatment of asthma, efficiently inhibits the aggregation of Aβ monomers into higher-order oligomers and fibrils in vitro without affecting Aβ production. In vivo, the levels of soluble Aβ are decreased by over 50% after only 1 week of daily intraperitoneally administered cromolyn sodium. Additional in vivo microdialysis studies also show that this compound decreases the half-life of soluble Aβ in the brain. These data suggest a clear effect of a peripherally administered, Food and Drug Administration-approved medication on Aβ economy, supporting further investigation of the potential long-term efficacy of cromolyn sodium in Alzheimer disease. © 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

In vitro BMP-2 peptide release from thiolated chitosan based hydrogel.

PubMed

Liu, Xujie; Yu, Bo; Huang, Qianli; Liu, Rui; Feng, Qingling; Cai, Qiang; Mi, Shengli

2016-12-01

Thiolated chitosan based thermo-sensitive hydrogel is a water soluble system and the existing thiol groups are beneficial for the delivery of cysteine-rich peptides. In the present study, a kind of thiolated chitosan, i.e. chitosan-4-thio-butylamidine (CS-TBA) conjugate was characterized and used to prepare CS-TBA/hydroxyapatite (HA)/beta-glycerophosphate disodium (β-GP) thermo-sensitive hydrogel. The cysteine terminated peptide 24 (P24) containing residues 73-92 of the knuckle epitope of BMP-2 (N→C: KIPKASSVPTELSAISTLYLSGGC) was synthesized and characterized. The release behavior of P24 from CS-TBA based hydrogel was investigated in vitro. The thiol groups in CS-TBA may react with thiol groups in P24, thus decreases the P24 release rate and maintains the peptide release for a longer time compared with unmodified chitosan based hydrogel. Moreover, the bioactivity of P24 is preserved during release process. These results indicate that P24 loaded CS-TBA based thermosensitive hydrogel is a potential material for minimally invasive surgery of bone repair. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Extraction behavior of metallic contaminants and soil constituents from contaminated soils.

PubMed

Tokunaga, S; Park, S W; Ulmanu, M

2005-06-01

With an aim of developing an effective remediation technology for soils contaminated by heavy metals and metalloids, the extraction behavior of metallic contaminants as well as those of soil constituents was studied on a laboratory scale. Three contaminated soils collected from a former metal recycling plant were examined. These three soils were found to be contaminated by As, Cu, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn as compared to the non-contaminated soil. The pH-dependent extraction behavior of various elements from the soils was measured in a wide pH range and categorized into three groups. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3, sodium citrate, sodium tartrate, disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were evaluated as extractants for removing contaminants from the soils. Extraction behavior of the soil constituents was also studied. The efficiency of the extraction was evaluated by the Japanese content and leaching tests. The stabilization of Pb remaining in the soil after the extraction process was conducted by the addition of iron(III) and calcium chloride.

[Processing and characterization of fried beans varieties Pinto 114, Suave 85 and Tórtola Inia].

PubMed

Hurtado, M L; Escobar, B; Estévez, A M

2001-06-01

The objective of this study was develop a snack product based on fried beans. For this purpose, three bean varieties were used: Pinto 114, Suave 85 and Tórtola Inia. The beans were treated with two soaking solutions, EDTA disodium salt and a mixture of NaOH/water, to determine if they had some effect on the product's final quality. On the other hand, before the beans were fried, some grains were given thermal treatment (blanched), leaving the other ones without this process (raw); this also had an effect on the final quality of the fried beans. Physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of the final fried products were determined. For three beans varieties, the blanched products had higher water content, higher oil absorption, lower protein content and larger water activity. The soaking solutions had no effect on the quality of manufactured products. The sensory analysis determined that the best treatment for Pinto 114 and Tórtola Inia was NaOH/water-raw grain, and EDTA raw grain for Suave 85.

Fabrication of carbonate apatite blocks from set gypsum based on dissolution-precipitation reaction in phosphate-carbonate mixed solution.

PubMed

Nomura, Shunsuke; Tsuru, Kanji; Maruta, Michito; Matsuya, Shigeki; Takahashi, Ichiro; Ishikawa, Kunio

2014-01-01

Carbonate apatite (CO3Ap), fabricated by dissolution-precipitation reaction based on an appropriate precursor, is expected to be replaced by bone according to bone remodeling cycle. One of the precursor candidates is gypsum because it shows self-setting ability, which then enables it to be shaped and molded. The aim of this study, therefore, was to fabricate CO3Ap blocks from set gypsum. Set gypsum was immersed in a mixed solution of 0.4 mol/L disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) and 0.4 mol/L sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) at 80-200°C for 6-48 h. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that CO3Ap block was fabricated by dissolution-precipitation reaction in Na2HPO4-NaHCO3 solution using set gypsum in 48 h when the temperature was 100°C or higher. Conversion rate to CO3Ap increased with treatment temperature. CO3Ap block containing a larger amount of carbonate was obtained when treated at lower temperature.

Utility of eosin Y as a complexing reagent for the determination of citalopram hydrobromide in commercial dosage forms by fluorescence spectrophotometry.

PubMed

Azmi, Syed Najmul Hejaz; Al-Fazari, Ahlam; Al-Badaei, Munira; Al-Mahrazi, Ruqiya

2015-12-01

An accurate, selective and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of citalopram hydrobromide in commercial dosage forms. The method was based on the formation of a fluorescent ion-pair complex between citalopram hydrobromide and eosin Y in the presence of a disodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid buffer solution of pH 3.4 that was extractable in dichloromethane. The extracted complex showed fluorescence intensity at λem = 554 nm after excitation at 259 nm. The calibration curve was linear over at concentrations of 2.0-26.0 µg/mL. Under optimized experimental conditions, the proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The effect of common excipients used as additives was tested and the tolerance limit calculated. The limit of detection for the proposed method was 0.121 μg/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of citalopram hydrobromide in commercial dosage forms. The results were compared with the reference RP-HPLC method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Electrochemical characterization of repaglinide and its determination in human plasma using liquid chromatography with dual-channel coulometric detection.

PubMed

Jirovský, David; Bartošová, Zdenka; Skopalová, Jana; Maier, Vítezslav

2010-12-01

A simple, fast and sensitive HPLC method employing dual-channel coulometric detection for the determination of repaglinide in human plasma is presented. The assay involved extraction of repaglinide by ethyl acetate and isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography with dual-channel coulometric detection. The mobile phase composition was 50mM disodium hydrogen phosphate/acetonitrile (60:40, v/v), pH of the mobile phase 7.5 set up with phosphoric acid. For all analyses, the first cell working potential was +380mV, the second was +750mV (vs. Pd/H(2)). Calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 5-500nmolL(-1). Rosiglitazone was used as an internal standard. The limit of detection (LOD) was established at 2.8nmolL(-1), and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) at 8.5nmolL(-1). The developed method was applied to human plasma samples spiked with repaglinide at therapeutical concentrations. It was confirmed that the method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies or therapeutic monitoring. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural Stability and Electronic Properties of Na2C6O6 for a Rechargeable Sodium-ion Battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamashita, Tomoki; Fujii, Akihiro; Momida, Hiroyoshi; Oguchi, Tamio

2014-03-01

Sodium-ion batteries have been explored as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries owing to a significant advantage of a natural abundance of sodium. Recently, it has been reported that disodium rhodizonate, Na2C6O6, exhibit good electrochemical properties and cycle performance as a minor-metal free organic cathode for sodium-ion batteries. However, its crystal structures during discharge/charge cycle still remain unclear. In this work, we theoretically propose feasible crystal structures of Na2+xC6O6 using first principles calculations. A structural phase transition has been found: Na4C6O6 has a different C6O6 packing arrangement from Na2C6O6. Electronic structures of Na2+xC6O6 during discharge/charge cycle are also discussed. Our predictions could be the key to understanding the discharge/charge process of Na2C6O6. Supported by MEXT program ``Elements Strategy Initiative to Form Core Rersearch Center'' (since 2012), MEXT; Ministry of Education Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.

Extraction of fumonisins B1 and B2 from white rice flour and their stability in white rice flour, cornstarch, cornmeal, and glucose.

PubMed

Kim, Eun-Kyung; Scott, Peter M; Lau, Ben P-Y; Lewis, David A

2002-06-05

To extract fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) from Thai white rice flour, different solvent mixtures, temperatures, pH values, and addition of enzymes or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) were examined. Three extractions with 0.1 M Na2EDTA achieved the highest recoveries. Initial recoveries of fumonisins added to white rice flour, cornstarch, cornmeal, and glucose varied with commodity. Fumonisins disappeared in Thai white rice flour after 12 h, but 55% remained in another white rice flour. With cornstarch 20-30% fumonisins remained after 24 h; only 43% of 14C-labeled FB1 materials extracted from cornstarch was eluted with methanol from an immunoaffinity column. Fumonisins were stable in cornmeal for 24 h but only approximately 50% remained after 30 days. With glucose, 25% of FB1 and FB2 remained 24 h after addition; N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)FB(1) andN-(carboxymethyl)FB(1) were detected in lower amounts than residual FB(1) after 3 months.

IMP improves water-holding capacity, physical and sensory properties of heat-induced gels from porcine meat.

PubMed

Nakamura, Yukinobu; Migita, Koshiro; Okitani, Akihiro; Matsuishi, Masanori

2014-05-01

Water-holding capacity (WHC) of heat-induced pork gels was examined. The heat-induced gels were obtained from meat homogenates prepared by adding nine volumes of 0.3-0.5 mol/L NaCl solutions containing 9-36 mmol/L disodium inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) or 9 mmol/L tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (KPP) to minced pork. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the WHC to the same level as attained by KPP. Physical and sensory properties of heat-induced gels were also examined. The heat-induced gels were prepared from porcine meat homogenates containing 0.3 mol/L NaCl and 9-36 mmol/L IMP or 9 mmol/L KPP. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the values of hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and springiness, measured with a Tensipresser, and several organoleptic scores to the same level as the score attained by KPP. Thus, it is concluded that IMP is expected to be a practical substitute for pyrophosphates to improve the quality of sausages. © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Ratiometric fluorescence detection of superoxide anion based on AuNPs-BSA@Tb/GMP nanoscale coordination polymers.

PubMed

Liu, Nan; Hao, Juan; Cai, Keying; Zeng, Mulan; Huang, Zhenzhong; Chen, Lili; Peng, Bingxian; Li, Ping; Wang, Li; Song, Yonghai

2018-02-01

A novel ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor for superoxide anion (O 2 •- ) detection was designed with gold nanoparticles-bovine serum albumin (AuNPs-BSA)@terbium/guanosine monophosphate disodium (Tb/GMP) nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) (AuNPs-BSA@Tb/GMP NCPs). The abundant hydroxyl and amino groups of AuNPs-BSA acted as binding points for the self-assembly of Tb 3+ and GMP to form core-shell AuNPs-BSA@Tb/GMP NCP nanosensors. The obtained probe exhibited the characteristic fluorescence emission of both AuNPs-BSA and Tb/GMP NCPs. The AuNPs-BSA not only acted as a template to accelerate the growth of Tb/GMP NCPs, but also could be used as the reference fluorescence for the detection of O 2 •- . The resulting AuNPs-BSA@Tb/GMP NCP ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor for the detection of O 2 •- demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity with a wide linear response range (14 nM-10 μM) and a low detection limit (4.7 nM). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Comparative study of porous hydroxyapatite/chitosan and whitlockite/chitosan scaffolds for bone regeneration in calvarial defects

PubMed Central

Zhou, Ding; Qi, Chao; Chen, Yi-Xuan; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Sun, Tuan-Wei; Chen, Feng; Zhang, Chang-Qing

2017-01-01

Hydroxyapatite (HAP; Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and whitlockite (WH; Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12) are widely utilized in bone repair because they are the main components of hard tissues such as bones and teeth. In this paper, we synthesized HAP and WH hollow microspheres by using creatine phosphate disodium salt as an organic phosphorus source in aqueous solution through microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. Then, we prepared HAP/chitosan and WH/chitosan composite membranes to evaluate their biocompatibility in vitro and prepared porous HAP/chitosan and WH/chitosan scaffolds by freeze drying to compare their effects on bone regeneration in calvarial defects in a rat model. The experimental results indicated that the WH/chitosan composite membrane had a better biocompatibility, enhancing proliferation and osteogenic differentiation ability of human mesenchymal stem cells than HAP/chitosan. Moreover, the porous WH/chitosan scaffold can significantly promote bone regeneration in calvarial defects, and thus it is more promising for applications in tissue engineering such as calvarial repair compared to porous HAP/chitosan scaffold. PMID:28435251

A novel thermo-sensitive hydrogel based on thiolated chitosan/hydroxyapatite/beta-glycerophosphate.

PubMed

Liu, Xujie; Chen, Yan; Huang, Qianli; He, Wei; Feng, Qingling; Yu, Bo

2014-09-22

In order to get a water-soluble in situ gel-forming system, a thiolated chitosan, chitosan-4-thio-butylamidine (CS-TBA) conjugate was synthesized and used to replace the unmodified chitosan in the application of the in situ gel-forming system. A novel thermo-sensitive hydrogel was prepared based on CS-TBA/hydroxyapatite (HA)/beta-glycerophosphate disodium (β-GP). The gel formation, rheological properties, morphology, degradation, cytotoxicity, as well as protein release process of the novel gel system were investigated in this study. The CS-TBA/HA/β-GP gel showed a higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″) and a decreased bovine serum albumin (BSA) release rate which was maintained the protein release for a longer time compared with the unmodified chitosan (CS)/HA/β-GP gel, due to the existence of thiol groups and/or disulfide bonds. The CS-TBA/HA/β-GP gel has a porous structure with a uniform distribution of nano-hydroxyapatite, an appropriate degradation rate and low cytotoxicity, showing potential applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of lipid substances activating the ileal brake in the rat.

PubMed Central

Brown, N J; Read, N W; Richardson, A; Rumsey, R D; Bogentoft, C

1990-01-01

Studies were carried out in 36 adult male rats to determine the characteristics of lipid substances which, after infusion into the ileum, slow the stomach to caecum transit time of the head of a bean meal in the rat. Stomach to caecum transit time was measured by environmental hydrogen analysis. Ileal infusion of a range of free fatty acids including petroselinic, oleic, myristoleic, erucic, linoleic, and linolenic all significantly slowed stomach to caecum transit time, as did the detergents (sodium bis (2-ethyl hexyl) sulphosuccinate and sodium linoleyl sulphate), the triglyceride corn oil, and the phospholipid lecithin. Although the lipid soluble deconjugated bile acid deoxycholic acid slowed stomach to caecum transit time, the water soluble conjugated bile acid taurocholic acid accelerated it. Infusion of the lipid alcohol oleyl alcohol and the calcium chelating agent disodium edetate (EDTA) into the ileum did not delay the passage of the meal through the stomach and small intestine. The diversity of lipid substances activating the ileal brake suggest a nonspecific effect by lipid soluble substances that can penetrate cell membranes. The lack of effect of EDTA suggested that calcium binding was not important. PMID:2128071

ZnS Buffer Layers Grown by Modified Chemical Bath Deposition for CIGS Solar Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Dongchan; Ahn, Heejin; Shin, Hyundo; Um, Youngho

2018-03-01

ZnS thin films were prepared by the chemical bath deposition method using disodium ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid and hexamethylenetetramine as complexing agents in acidic conditions. The film prepared using a preheated S-ion source showed full surface coverage, but some clusters were found that were generated by the cluster-by-cluster reaction mechanism. On the other hand, the film prepared without this source had a uniform, dense, and smooth surface and showed fewer clusters than the film prepared using a preheated S-ion source. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra showed the energy core levels of Zn, O, and S components, and Zn-OH bonding decreased on the film using the preheated S-ion source. Especially, various binding energy peaks were found in the Zn 2p 3/2 spectrum by Gaussian function fitting, and no peak corresponding to Zn-OH bonding was found for the film prepared using a preheated S-ion source. Moreover, the x-ray diffraction spectrum of the ZnS thin film using a non-preheated S-ion source showed amorphous or nanoscale crystallinity, but the emission peaks indicated that the structure of the film using preheated S-ion source was zincblende.

Microwave hydrothermal transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate nanospheres and application in protein adsorption.

PubMed

Qi, Chao; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Chen, Feng

2014-03-26

Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate are the main components of biominerals. Among all of the forms of biominerals, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) are the most important forms because they play a pivotal role in the process of biomineralization and are the precursors to the crystalline polymorphs. In this work, we first synthesized ACC in vitro using adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) as the stabilizer and investigated the transformation of the ACC under microwave hydrothermal conditions, and ACC/ACP composite nanospheres and carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) nanospheres were successfully prepared. In this novel strategy, ATP has two main functions: it serves as the stabilizer for ACC and the phosphorus source for ACP and CHA. Most importantly, the morphology and the size of the ACC precursor can be well-preserved after microwave heating, so it provides a new method for the preparation of calcium phosphate nanostructured materials using phosphorus-containing biomolecule-stabilized ACC as the precursor. Furthermore, the as-prepared ACC/ACP composite nanospheres have excellent biocompatibility and high protein adsorption capacity, indicating that they are promising for applications in biomedical fields such as drug delivery and protein adsorption.

[Physical and chemical stability of fortified ophtalmic ready-to-use solutions: review of literature].

PubMed

Sourdeau, P; Evrard, J-M; Remy, G; Hecq, J-D

2012-03-01

Ophtalmic infections and inflammations are often encountered during hospitalization. They require the preparation of "fortified" ophtalmic solutions, i.e. pharmaceutical ophtalmic solutions which are hyperconcentrated in active substance. The data of physicochemical stabilities are modified and it is therefore essential to gather the results of the various publications devoted to this subject. In 2006, an initial literature review was undertaken to identify the molecules mostly used in the preparation of fortified ophtalmic solutions in hospital. A second review of the literature in 2010 has enriched the knowledge about it. Two new drugs have entered the summary table: amikacin and ticarcillin disodium. Date on 12 molecules already known in 2006 were updated to improve clinical practices. A review of the literature was undertaken in order to collect the results of the molecules mostly used for the preparation of the fortified ophtalmic solutions in hospitals. A summary table, indicating the active substance, its concentration, the assay method, the storage temperature and physicochemical modifications, presents all the results. This review of literature makes it possible to match stability and validity period to these preparations. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Anomalous surface behavior of hydrated guanidinium ions due to ion pairing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ekholm, Victor; Vazdar, Mario; Mason, Philip E.; Bialik, Erik; Walz, Marie-Madeleine; Öhrwall, Gunnar; Werner, Josephina; Rubensson, Jan-Erik; Jungwirth, Pavel; Björneholm, Olle

2018-04-01

Surface affinity of aqueous guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) is compared to that of aqueous tetrapropylammonium chloride (TPACl) upon addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) or disodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The experimental results have been acquired using the surface sensitive technique X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on a liquid jet. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to produce radial distribution functions and surface density plots. The surface affinities of both TPA+ and Gdm+ increase upon adding NaCl to the solution. With the addition of Na2SO4, the surface affinity of TPA+ increases, while that of Gdm+ decreases. From the results of MD simulations it is seen that Gdm+ and SO4 2 - ions form pairs. This finding can be used to explain the decreased surface affinity of Gdm+ when co-dissolved with SO4 2 - ions. Since SO4 2 - ions avoid the surface due to the double charge and strong water interaction, the Gdm+-SO4 2 - ion pair resides deeper in the solutions' bulk than the Gdm+ ions. Since TPA+ does not form ion pairs with SO4 2 -, the TPA+ ions are instead enriched at the surface.

ZnS Buffer Layers Grown by Modified Chemical Bath Deposition for CIGS Solar Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Dongchan; Ahn, Heejin; Shin, Hyundo; Um, Youngho

2018-07-01

ZnS thin films were prepared by the chemical bath deposition method using disodium ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid and hexamethylenetetramine as complexing agents in acidic conditions. The film prepared using a preheated S-ion source showed full surface coverage, but some clusters were found that were generated by the cluster-by-cluster reaction mechanism. On the other hand, the film prepared without this source had a uniform, dense, and smooth surface and showed fewer clusters than the film prepared using a preheated S-ion source. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra showed the energy core levels of Zn, O, and S components, and Zn-OH bonding decreased on the film using the preheated S-ion source. Especially, various binding energy peaks were found in the Zn 2 p 3/2 spectrum by Gaussian function fitting, and no peak corresponding to Zn-OH bonding was found for the film prepared using a preheated S-ion source. Moreover, the x-ray diffraction spectrum of the ZnS thin film using a non-preheated S-ion source showed amorphous or nanoscale crystallinity, but the emission peaks indicated that the structure of the film using preheated S-ion source was zincblende.

Gas sniffing as a form of substance abuse.

PubMed

Remington, G; Hoffman, B F

1984-02-01

The authors review the existing literature on inhalation of gasoline fumes, highlighting the acute and chronic physical and psychological effects. The clinical picture of gas sniffing includes visual hallucinations, changes in consciousness, euphoria, nystagmus, dizziness, weakness and tremors. There is the possibility of rapid recovery, sudden death or brain damage with chronic abuse. When leaded gasoline is abused then blood and urine lead levels and erythrocytic delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) levels may be helpful. Although the treatment of acute and chronic gas sniffing syndromes is often supportive and non-specific, when lead levels are high chelated therapy is indicated including British anti-lewisite, calcium disodium versenate or D-penicillamine. We also report our findings on an isolated native Indian population where intentional gas sniffing has reached epidemic proportions. Ten percent of the total population and 25% of the children between 5 and 15 years of age had been identified as gasoline inhalation abusers. In this population, the most important etiological factors included environmental, family and cultural components. The authors emphasize the need to correct the family and social deficiencies in such communities if the incidence of gas sniffing is to be decreased.

Investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of phosphocalcic bone substitute using the chemical wet method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alimi, Latifa; Bahloul, Lynda; Azzi, Afef; Guerfi, Souad; Ismail, Fadhel; Chaoui, Kamel

2018-05-01

Selection of calcium phosphate base materials in reconstructive bone surgery is justified by the surprising similarities in chemical compositions with human bones. The closest to natural apatite material is the hydroxyapatite (HAp) which has a chemical composition based on calcium and phosphate (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). In this study, HAp is synthesized using the wet precipitation method from hydrated calcium chloride (CaCl2,12H2O) and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate di-hydrate (HNa2PO4,2H2O). The powder is calcinated at 900°C and 1200°C in order to compare with sintered condition at 1150°C. Vickers microhardness tests and X-ray diffraction analyzes are used for the characterization of the crystalline material. Mechanical properties (Hv, σe, σr, and KC) and the degree of crystallinity (Xc) are discussed according to heat treatment temperatures. Results indicate that heat treating the powder at 1200°C increased crystallinity up to 72%. At the same time, microhardness increased with temperature and even outmatched the sintered case at 1150°C. Fracture toughness is ameliorated with increasing heat treatment temperature by more than two folds.

Crystal structure of poly[di­aqua­bis­(μ5-benzene-1,3-di­carboxyl­ato)(N,N-di­methyl­formamide)­cadmium(II)disodium(I)

PubMed Central

Sangsawang, Matimon; Chainok, Kittipong; Wannarit, Nanthawat

2017-01-01

The title compound, [CdNa2(C8H4O4)2(C3H7NO)(H2O)2]n or [CdNa2(1,3-bdc)2(DMF)(H2O)2]n, is a new CdII–NaI heterobimetallic coordination polymer. The asymmetric unit consists of one CdII atom, two NaI atoms, two 1,3-bdc ligands, two coordinated water mol­ecules and one coordinated DMF mol­ecule. The CdII atom exhibits a seven-coordinate geometry, while the NaI atoms can be considered to be penta­coordinate. The metal ions and their symmetry-related equivalents are connected via chelating–bridging carboxyl­ate groups of the 1,3-bdc ligands to generate a three-dimensional framework. In the crystal, there are classical O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the coordinated water mol­ecules and the 1,3-bdc carboxyl­ate groups and π–π stacking between the benzene rings of the 1,3-bdc ligands present within the frameworks. PMID:29152332

Formation and bioactivity of HA nanorods on micro-arc oxidized zirconium.

PubMed

Zhang, Lan; Zhu, Shaoyu; Han, Yong; Xiao, Chengzhang; Tang, Wu

2014-10-01

A microporous and CaO partially stabilized zirconia (Ca-PSZ) coating covered with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanorods is fabricated on Zr substrate by a hybrid approach of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and hydrothermal treatment (HT). The effect of P ions in HT solution on the density and morphology of HA was investigated; the hydrophilicity and apatite-forming ability of the Ca-PSZ coating with HA nanorods were also examined. High-density HA nanorods (with a mean diameter of 50 nm and length of 450 nm) grow on the Ca-PSZ coating after HT in a solution containing 0.002 M β-glycerophosphate disodium (β-GP). However, only a few of coarse-grained HA crystallites grow in the MAOed pores after HT in distilled water or in an ammonia aqueous solution with an initial pH value equal to the solution containing 0.002 M β-GP. P ions in the HT solution are thought to significantly promote the formation of HA nanorods. The Ca-PSZ coating covered with HA nanorods displays good hydrophilicity and excellent apatite-inducing ability, and the induced apatite prefers to nucleate on the basal-faceted surfaces of HA nanorods. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elution of uranium and transition metals from amidoxime-based polymer adsorbents for sequestering uranium from seawater

DOE PAGES

Pan, Horng-Bin; Kuo, Li-Jung; Miyamoto, Naomi; ...

2015-11-30

High-surface-area amidoxime and carboxylic acid grafted polymer adsorbents developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory were tested for sequestering uranium in a flowing seawater flume system at the PNNL-Marine Sciences Laboratory. FTIR spectra indicate that a KOH conditioning process is necessary to remove the proton from the carboxylic acid and make the sorbent effective for sequestering uranium from seawater. The alkaline conditioning process also converts the amidoxime groups to carboxylate groups in the adsorbent. Both Na 2CO 3 H 2O 2 and hydrochloric acid elution methods can remove ~95% of the uranium sequestered by the adsorbent after 42 days of exposuremore » in real seawater. The Na 2CO 3 H 2O 2 elution method is more selective for uranium than conventional acid elution. Iron and vanadium are the two major transition metals competing with uranium for adsorption to the amidoxime-based adsorbents in real seawater. Tiron (4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt, 1 M) can remove iron from the adsorbent very effectively at pH around 7. The coordination between vanadium (V) and amidoxime is also discussed based on our 51V NMR data.« less

Supercritical impregnation and optical characterization of loaded foldable intraocular lenses using supercritical fluids.

PubMed

Bouledjouidja, Abir; Masmoudi, Yasmine; Li, Yanfeng; He, Wei; Badens, Elisabeth

2017-10-01

To prepare drug-loaded intraocular lenses (IOLs) used to combine cataract surgery with postoperative complication treatment through supercritical impregnation while preserving their optical properties. Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation & Procédés Propres, Marseille, France, and He University Eye Hospital, Liaoning Province, China. Experimental study. Supercritical impregnations of commercial foldable IOLs used in cataract surgery with ciprofloxacin (an antibiotic) and dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt (an antiinflammatory drug) were performed in a noncontinuous mode. Impregnation amounts were determined through drug-release kinetic studies. The optical characterizations of IOLs were determined by evaluating the dioptric power and the imaging quality by determining the modulating transfer function (MTF) at a specified spatial frequency according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 11979-2:2014). Transparent IOLs presenting an effective impregnation were obtained with a prolonged drug delivery during approximately 10 days. Optical characterizations (dioptric powers and MTF values) show preserved optical properties after supercritical treatment/impregnation. Supercritical treatments/impregnations do not damage the optical properties of IOLs and are therefore adequate for the preparation of delivery devices used for cataract surgery. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Validated stability-indicating densitometric thin-layer chromatography: application to stress degradation studies of minocycline.

PubMed

Jain, Nilu; Jain, Gaurav Kumar; Ahmad, Farhan Jalees; Khar, Roop Krishen

2007-09-19

A simple, stability-indicating high-performance thin-layer liquid chromatographic (HPTLC) method for analysis of minocycline was developed and validated. The densitometric analysis was carried out at 345 nm using methanol-acetonitrile-isopropyl alcohol-water (5:4:0.5:0.5, v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. The method employed TLC aluminium plates pre-coated with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. To achieve good result, plates were sprayed with a 10% (w/v) solution of disodium ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), the pH of which was adjusted to 9.0. Compact spots of minocycline were found at R(f) = 0.30+/-0.02. For proposed procedure, linearity (r = 0.9997), limit of detection (3.7 ng spot(-1)), recovery (99.23-100.16%), and precision (% R.S.D. < or = 0.364) was found to be satisfactory. The drug undergoes acidic and basic degradation, oxidation and photodegradation. All the peaks of degradation products were well resolved from the pure drug with significantly different R(f) values. The acidic and alkaline degradation kinetics of minocycline, evaluated using this method, is found to be of first order.

Quercetin and Its Anti-Allergic Immune Response.

PubMed

Mlcek, Jiri; Jurikova, Tunde; Skrovankova, Sona; Sochor, Jiri

2016-05-12

Quercetin is the great representative of polyphenols, flavonoids subgroup, flavonols. Its main natural sources in foods are vegetables such as onions, the most studied quercetin containing foods, and broccoli; fruits (apples, berry crops, and grapes); some herbs; tea; and wine. Quercetin is known for its antioxidant activity in radical scavenging and anti-allergic properties characterized by stimulation of immune system, antiviral activity, inhibition of histamine release, decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, leukotrienes creation, and suppresses interleukin IL-4 production. It can improve the Th1/Th2 balance, and restrain antigen-specific IgE antibody formation. It is also effective in the inhibition of enzymes such as lipoxygenase, eosinophil and peroxidase and the suppression of inflammatory mediators. All mentioned mechanisms of action contribute to the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of quercetin that can be effectively utilized in treatment of late-phase, and late-late-phase bronchial asthma responses, allergic rhinitis and restricted peanut-induced anaphylactic reactions. Plant extract of quercetin is the main ingredient of many potential anti-allergic drugs, supplements and enriched products, which is more competent in inhibiting of IL-8 than cromolyn (anti-allergic drug disodium cromoglycate) and suppresses IL-6 and cytosolic calcium level increase.

The potentiation of the antimicrobial activities of cutting fluid preservatives by EDTA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Izzat, I.N.; Bennett, E.O.

1978-01-01

The potentiation of the antimicrobial activities of cutting fluid preservatives by EDTA was confirmed in experiments in which 500 ppm of the disodium salt of EDTA was used in combination with 12 different metalworking fluids containing 500 ppm of o-phenylphenol, tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane, hexahydro- 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine alone or complexed with iodine, hexahydro- 1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine, 1-(3-chloroallyl)- 3,5,7-triaza- 1-azoniaadamantane hydrochloride, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, 4-(2-nitrobutyl) morpholine and 4,4-(2-ethyl-2-nitrotrimethylene) dimorpholine, or the sodium salt of 2-pyridinethiol- 1-oxide as a preservative. Based on a previous observation that the proper selection of the hydraulic fluid employed in the cutting machine is a major factor in controlling rancidity, the possibility of spoilagemore » control by treating the fluid with EDTA alone was also demonstrated; the EDTA had a greater beneficial effect with a synthetic coolant than with an oil emulsion. Published data on the effects of EDTA indicate that it poses no significant water pollution problems upon disposal, exhibits a low order of animal toxicity, and rarely causes human allergies. Tables and 65 references.« less

Allergenic Ingredients in Facial Wet Wipes.

PubMed

Aschenbeck, Kelly A; Warshaw, Erin M

Allergic contact dermatitis commonly occurs on the face. Facial cleansing wipes may be an underrecognized source of allergens. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of potentially allergenic ingredients in facial wet wipes. Ingredient lists from name brand and generic facial wipes from 4 large retailers were analyzed. In the 178 facial wipes examined, a total of 485 ingredients were identified (average, 16.7 ingredients per wipe). Excluding botanicals, the top 15 potentially allergenic ingredients were glycerin (64.0%), fragrance (63.5%), phenoxyethanol (53.9%), citric acid (51.1%), disodium EDTA (44.4%), sorbic acid derivatives (39.3%), tocopherol derivatives (38.8%), polyethylene glycol derivatives (32.6%), glyceryl stearate (31.5%), sodium citrate (29.8%), glucosides (27.5%), cetearyl alcohol (25.8%), propylene glycol (25.3%), sodium benzoate (24.2%), and ceteareth-20 (23.6%)/parabens (23.6%). Of note, methylisothiazolinone (2.2%) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (1.1%) were uncommon. The top potential allergens of botanical origin included Aloe barbadensis (41.0%), chamomile extracts (27.0%), tea extracts (21.3%), Cucumis sativus (20.2%), and Hamamelis virginiana (10.7%). Many potential allergens are present in facial wet wipes, including fragrances, preservatives, botanicals, glucosides, and propylene glycol.

Formation of chelating agent driven anodized TiO2 nanotubular membrane and its photovoltaic application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banerjee, Subarna; Misra, Mano; Mohapatra, Susanta K.; Howard, Cameron; Mohapatra, Srikanta K.; Kamilla, Sushanta K.

2010-04-01

Titania (TiO2) nanotubular arrays provide an exciting material for dye sensitizing solar cells (DSSC) because of their large surface area, lower recombination losses, and fast charge transport properties along the nanotubes. In this paper, design of a next generation DSSC using a TiO2 nanotubular membrane is discussed. A single step, green process is developed to produce stable large area, free-standing TiO2 nanotubular films (in a short time, 30-60 min) by anodizing Ti using an organic electrolyte, containing disodium salt of ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (Na2[H2EDTA]) as complexing agent, and subsequent drying. Transparent, crack-free TiO2 films, 20-41 µm thick containing ordered hexagonal TiO2 nanotubes are achieved by this process. Films having a geometrical area up to 16.5 cm2 with pore openings of 182 nm have been obtained. These films have been etched to form membranes which provide an exciting prospect for front side illuminated DSSC with good mass and photon transport properties as well as wettability. A photovoltaic efficiency of 2.7% is achieved using a front side illuminated DSSC compared to 1.77% using back side illumination.

Formation of chelating agent driven anodized TiO(2) nanotubular membrane and its photovoltaic application.

PubMed

Banerjee, Subarna; Misra, Mano; Mohapatra, Susanta K; Howard, Cameron; Mohapatra, Srikanta K; Kamilla, Sushanta K

2010-04-09

Titania (TiO(2)) nanotubular arrays provide an exciting material for dye sensitizing solar cells (DSSC) because of their large surface area, lower recombination losses, and fast charge transport properties along the nanotubes. In this paper, design of a next generation DSSC using a TiO(2) nanotubular membrane is discussed. A single step, green process is developed to produce stable large area, free-standing TiO(2) nanotubular films (in a short time, 30-60 min) by anodizing Ti using an organic electrolyte, containing disodium salt of ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (Na(2)[H(2)EDTA]) as complexing agent, and subsequent drying. Transparent, crack-free TiO(2) films, 20-41 microm thick containing ordered hexagonal TiO(2) nanotubes are achieved by this process. Films having a geometrical area up to 16.5 cm(2) with pore openings of 182 nm have been obtained. These films have been etched to form membranes which provide an exciting prospect for front side illuminated DSSC with good mass and photon transport properties as well as wettability. A photovoltaic efficiency of 2.7% is achieved using a front side illuminated DSSC compared to 1.77% using back side illumination.

Effects of ICG concentration and particle diameter on photophysical properties of ICG-doped nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crovisier, Jason; Bahmani, Baharak; Saleh, Reema; Vullev, Valentine; Anvari, Bahman

2014-03-01

The variety of nanoparticles developed by numerous investigators has presented a diverse platform for various optical imaging applications in biomedicine. We have previously reported that the FDA-approved chromophore Indocyanine Green (ICG) can be successfully encapsulated by cross-linked poly-allylamine hydrochloride (PAH)-Disodium Monophosphate (Na2HPO4) to form a nanoparticle for near-infrared imaging applications. The diameter of the constructs is dependent on the charge ratio between the polymer and salt used to encapsulate the chromophore. Modifications of the synthesis methods can alter the photophysical properties of the capsules, either through the adjustment of the charge ratio between PAH and Na2HPO4 or concentration of ICG successfully impregnated into the capsule. Through understanding the effects of tuning the nanoparticle properties, the photophysical characteristics of the constructs can be optimized. Here we present the results of adjusting the diameter of the nanoparticle and amount of ICG on the hydrodynamic diameters, absorption and fluorescence characteristics, and the relative fluorescence quantum yield. Optimizing the photophysical properties of the constructs can lead to increased imaging sensitivity and contrast for potential translational applications, including tumor imaging, which may utilize these nanoconstructs.

Chelation therapy to prevent diabetes-associated cardiovascular events.

PubMed

Diaz, Denisse; Fonseca, Vivian; Aude, Yamil W; Lamas, Gervasio A

2018-05-24

For over 60 years, chelation therapy with disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, edetate) had been used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) despite lack of scientific evidence for efficacy and safety. The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) was developed and received funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to ascertain the safety and efficacy of chelation therapy in patients with CVD. This pivotal trial demonstrated an improvement in outcomes in postmyocardial infarction (MI) patients. Interestingly, it also showed a particularly large reduction in CVD events and all-cause mortality in the prespecified subgroup of patients with diabetes. The TACT results may support the concept of metal chelation to reduce metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions that promote the formation of advanced glycation end products, a precursor of diabetic atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the epidemiological and basic evidence linking toxic metal accumulation and diabetes-related CVD, supported by the salutary effects of chelation in TACT. If the ongoing NIH-funded TACT2, in diabetic post-MI patients, proves positive, this unique therapy will enter the armamentarium of endocrinologists and cardiologists seeking to reduce the atherosclerotic risk of their diabetic patients.

Isolation of chicken taste buds for real-time Ca2+ imaging.

PubMed

Kudo, Ken-ichi; Kawabata, Fuminori; Nomura, Toumi; Aridome, Ayumi; Nishimura, Shotaro; Tabata, Shoji

2014-10-01

We isolated chicken taste buds and used a real-time Ca2+ imaging technique to investigate the functions of the taste cells. With RT-PCR, we found that isolated chicken taste bud-like cell subsets express chicken gustducin messenger RNA. Immunocytochemical techniques revealed that the cell subsets were also immunopositive for chicken gustducin. These results provided strong evidence that the isolated cell subsets contain chicken taste buds. The isolated cell subsets were spindle-shaped and approximately 61-75 μm wide and 88-98 μm long, and these characteristics are similar to those of sectional chicken taste buds. Using Ca2+ imaging, we observed the buds' response to 2 mmol/L quinine hydrochloride (a bitter substance) and their response to a mixture of 25 mmol/L L-glutamic acid monopotassium salt monohydrate and 1 mmol/L inosine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt, umami substances. The present study is the first morphological demonstration of isolated chicken taste buds, and our results indicate that the isolated taste buds were intact and functional approaches for examining the taste senses of the chicken using Ca2+ imaging can be informative. © 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Preclinical evaluations of norcantharidin-loaded intravenous lipid microspheres with low toxicity.

PubMed

Lin, Xia; Zhang, Bo; Zhang, Keru; Zhang, Yu; Wang, Juan; Qi, Na; Yang, Shenshen; He, Haibing; Tang, Xing

2012-12-01

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic preclinical evaluation of norcantharidin (NCTD)-loaded intravenous lipid microspheres (NLM). Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, antitumor efficacy and drug safety assessment (including acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, hemolysis testing, intravenous stimulation and injection anaphylaxis) of NLM were carried out in comparison with the commercial product disodium norcantharidate injection (NI). The pharmacokinetics of NLM in rats was similar to that of NI, and a non-linear correlation was observed between AUC and dose. A comparable antitumor efficacy of NLM and NI was observed in mice inoculated with A549, BEL7402 and BCAP-37 cell lines. It was worth noting that the NLM produced a lower drug concentration in heart compared with NI, and significantly reduced the cardiac and renal toxicity. The LD(50) of NLM was twice higher than that of NI. In NLM, over 80% of NCTD was loaded in the lipid phase or bound with phospholipids. Thus, NCTD was sequestered by direct contacting with body fluids and largely avoided distribution into tissues, consequently leading to significantly reduced cardiac and renal toxicity. These preclinical results suggested that NLM could be a useful potential carrier for parenteral administration of NCTD, while providing a superior safety profile.

KIT D816V Positive Acute Mast Cell Leukemia Associated with Normal Karyotype Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

PubMed

Lopes, Marta; Teixeira, Maria Dos Anjos; Casais, Cláudia; Mesquita, Vanessa; Seabra, Patrícia; Cabral, Renata; Palla-García, José; Lau, Catarina; Rodrigues, João; Jara-Acevedo, Maria; Freitas, Inês; Vizcaíno, Jose Ramón; Coutinho, Jorge; Escribano, Luis; Orfao, Alberto; Lima, Margarida

2018-01-01

Mast cell (MC) leukemia (MCL) is extremely rare. We present a case of MCL diagnosed concomitantly with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). A 41-year-old woman presented with asthenia, anorexia, fever, epigastralgia, and diarrhea. She had a maculopapular skin rash, hepatosplenomegaly, retroperitoneal adenopathies, pancytopenia, 6% blast cells (BC) and 20% MC in the peripheral blood, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, cholestasis, hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and increased serum tryptase (184  μ g/L). The bone marrow (BM) smears showed 24% myeloblasts, 17% promyelocytes, and 16% abnormal toluidine blue positive MC, and flow cytometry revealed 12% myeloid BC, 34% aberrant promyelocytes, a maturation blockage at the myeloblast/promyelocyte level, and 16% abnormal CD2-CD25+ MC. The BM karyotype was normal, and the KIT D816V mutation was positive in BM cells. The diagnosis of MCL associated with AML was assumed. The patient received corticosteroids, disodium cromoglycate, cladribine, idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside, high-dose cytosine arabinoside, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The outcome was favorable, with complete hematological remission two years after diagnosis and one year after HSCT. This case emphasizes the need of an exhaustive laboratory evaluation for the concomitant diagnosis of MCL and AML, and the therapeutic options.

Inhibitory effects of incadronate on the progression of rat experimental periodontitis by porphyromonas gingivalis infection.

PubMed

Tani-Ishii, Nobuyuki; Minamida, Genshi; Saitoh, Daisuke; Chieda, Keiko; Omuro, Hiromasa; Sugaya, Akira; Hamada, Nobushiro; Takahashi, Yusuke; Kiyohara, Shiro; Kashima, Isamu; Teranaka, Toshio; Umemotot, Toshio

2003-05-01

Incadronate (YM175, disodium cycloheptylaminomethylenediphosphonate monohydrate), a bisphosphonate, has been suggested to prevent the bone resorption associated with periodontitis by inhibiting osteoclast activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of incadronate in preventing periodontal destruction in rats with Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis. Periodontitis was induced in 35 Wister rats by inoculating P. gingivalis into the oral cavity and feeding the rats a soft diet for 4 weeks. Incadronate or placebo was administered to the oral cavity of the rats 2 days per week for 2, 4, or 8 weeks. P. gingivalis infection resulted in destruction of the periodontal ligament, reduced bone density, and caused inflammatory cell migration. Radiographic, morphometric, and histological results showed that incadronate had the ability to increase the bone mineral density (quantum level score; cortex 518.9 [placebo 612.8]; sponge 579.8 [placebo 672.0]) and to prevent periodontal ligament destruction (width 0.16 mm [placebo 0.20 mm]; area 0.36 mm2 [placebo 0.54 mm2]) after 8 weeks' administration. Furthermore, the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration in gingival tissue was significantly decreased. These results showed that incadronate inhibits bone resorption and PMN migration in P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis.

Development and validation of stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatography method to analyze gatifloxacin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical preparations.

PubMed

Aljuffali, Ibrahim A; Kalam, Mohd Abul; Sultana, Yasmin; Imran, Ahamad; Alshamsan, Aws

2015-01-01

Quantitative determination of gatifloxacin in tablets, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and eye-drops using a very simple and rapid chromatographic technique was validated and developed. Formulations were analyzed using a reverse phase SUPELCO® 516 C-18-DB, 50306-U, HPLC column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and a mobile phase consisting of disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer:acetonitrile (75:25, v/v) and with orthophosphoric acid pH was adjusted to 3.3 The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and analyte concentrations were measured using a UV-detector at 293 nm. The analyses were performed at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Gatifloxacin was separated in all the formulations within 2.767 min. There were linear calibration curves over a concentration range of 4.0-40 μg.mL(-1) and correlation coefficients of 0.9998 with an average recovery above 99.91%. Detection of analyte from different dosage forms at the same Rt indicates the specificity and stability of the developed method.

The structure, bond strength and apatite-inducing ability of micro-arc oxidized tantalum and their response to annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Cuicui; Wang, Feng; Han, Yong

2016-01-01

In this study, the tantalum oxide coatings were formed on pure tantalum (Ta) by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in electrolytic solutions of calcium acetate and β-glycerophosphate disodium, and the effect of the applied voltage on the microstructure and bond strength of the MAO coatings was systematically investigated. The effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure, bond strength and apatite-inducing ability of the MAO coatings formed at 350 and 450 V was also studied. The study revealed that during the preparation of tantalum oxide coatings on Ta substrate by MAO, the applied voltage considerably affected the phase components, morphologies and bond strength of the coatings, but had little effect on surface chemical species. After annealing treatment, newly formed CaTa4O11 phase mainly contributed to the much more stronger apatite-inducing ability of the annealed tantalum oxide coatings than those that were not annealed. The better apatite-inducing ability of the MAO coatings formed at 450 V compared to those formed at 350 V was attributed to the less amorphous phase and more crystalline phase as well as more Ca and P contained in the MAO coatings with increasing the applied voltage.

Brushite foams--the effect of Tween® 80 and Pluronic® F-127 on foam porosity and mechanical properties.

PubMed

Unosson, Johanna; Montufar, Edgar B; Engqvist, Håkan; Ginebra, Maria-Pau; Persson, Cecilia

2016-01-01

Resorbable calcium phosphate based bone void fillers should work as temporary templates for new bone formation. The incorporation of macropores with sizes of 100 -300 µm has been shown to increase the resorption rate of the implant and speed up bone ingrowth. In this work, macroporous brushite cements were fabricated through foaming of the cement paste, using two different synthetic surfactants, Tween® 80 and Pluronic® F-127. The macropores formed in the Pluronic samples were both smaller and less homogeneously distributed compared with the pores formed in the Tween samples. The porosity and compressive strength (CS) were comparable to previously developed hydroxyapatite foams. The cement foam containing Tween, 0.5M citric acid in the liquid, 1 mass% of disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate mixed in the powder and a liquid to powder ratio of 0.43 mL/g, showed the highest porosity values (76% total and 56% macroporosity), while the CS was >1 MPa, that is, the hardened cement could be handled without rupture of the foamed structure. The investigated brushite foams show potential for future clinical use, both as bone void fillers and as scaffolds for in vitro bone regeneration. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The oxidation of organic additives in the positive vanadium electrolyte and its effect on the performance of vanadium redox flow battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Tam D.; Whitehead, Adam; Scherer, Günther G.; Wai, Nyunt; Oo, Moe O.; Bhattarai, Arjun; Chandra, Ghimire P.; Xu, Zhichuan J.

2016-12-01

Despite many desirable properties, the vanadium redox flow battery is limited, in the maximum operation temperature that can be continuously endured, before precipitation begins in the positive electrolyte. Many additives have been proposed to improve the thermal stability of the charged positive electrolyte. However, we have found that the apparent stability, revealed in laboratory testing, is often simply an artifact of the test method and arises from the oxidation of the additive, with corresponding partial reduction of V(V) to V(IV). This does not improve the stability of the electrolyte in an operating system. Here, we examined the oxidation of some typical organic additives with carboxyl, alcohol, and multi-functional groups, in sulfuric acid solutions containing V(V). The UV-vis measurements and titration results showed that many compounds reduced the state-of-charge (SOC) of vanadium electrolyte, for example, by 27.8, 88.5, and 81.9% with the addition of 1%wt of EDTA disodium salt, pyrogallol, and ascorbic acid, respectively. The cell cycling also indicated the effect of organic additives on the cell performance, with significant reduction in the usable charge capacity. In addition, a standard screening method for thermally stable additives was introduced, to quickly screen suitable additives for the positive vanadium electrolyte.

Deaths associated with hypocalcemia from chelation therapy--Texas, Pennsylvania, and Oregon, 2003-2005.

PubMed

2006-03-03

Chelating agents bind lead in soft tissues and are used in the treatment of lead poisoning to enhance urinary and biliary excretion of lead, thus decreasing total lead levels in the body. During the past 30 years, environmental and dietary exposures to lead have decreased substantially, resulting in a considerable decrease in population blood lead levels (BLLs) and a corresponding decrease in the number of patients requiring chelation therapy. Chelating agents also increase excretion of other heavy metals and minerals, such as zinc and, in certain cases, calcium. This report describes three deaths associated with chelation-therapy--related hypocalcemia that resulted in cardiac arrest. Several drugs are used in the treatment of lead poisoning, including edetate disodium calcium (CaEDTA), dimercaperol (British anti-Lewisite), D-penicillamine, and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer). Health-care providers who are unfamiliar with chelating agents and are considering this treatment for lead poisoning should consult an expert in the chemotherapy of lead poisoning. Hospital pharmacies should evaluate whether continued stocking of Na2EDTA is necessary, given the established risk for hypocalcemia, the availability of less toxic alternatives, and an ongoing safety review by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Health-care providers and pharmacists should ensure that Na2EDTA is not administered to children during chelation therapy.

Lead poisoning in whooper and tundra swans.

PubMed

Nakade, Tetsuya; Tomura, Yoshihiro; Jin, Kazuo; Taniyama, Hiroyuki; Yamamoto, Mutsuki; Kikkawa, Aya; Miyagi, Kunitaro; Uchida, Eiji; Asakawa, Mitsuhiko; Mukai, Takeshi; Shirasawa, Masahiko; Yamaguchi, Mamoru

2005-01-01

Six weak whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) and two weak tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) were found at Swamp Miyajima (Hokkaido, Japan) in May 1998. Anorexia, depression, green watery feces, pale conjunctiva, and anemia were observed. Radiographs showed from six to 38 suspected lead pellets in the gizzard. Blood lead concentrations were 2.5-6.7 microg/g (mean+/-SD=4.6+/-1.14 microg/g) on day 1. After blood collection, the birds were treated with calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaEDTA) given intravenously and force fed. Despite treatment, seven birds died the next day. Green, bile-stained livers and pale or green kidneys were observed on necropsy. Microscopically, bile pigment was widespread in the liver and acid-fast intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in renal tubular epithelium. Lead concentrations in livers and kidneys were 14.0-30.4 microg/g and 30.2-122 microg/g wet weight, respectively. Only one bird survived and this whooper swan continued to be treated with CaEDTA and activated charcoal. No lead shot was observed in the proventriculus and gizzard by radiography on day 64 and the blood lead concentration decreased from 2.9 microg/g to 0.09 microg/g during that same period. After 4 mo of rehabilitation, the whooper swan was returned to the wild. Lead intoxication continues to be a problem at Swamp Miyajima.

Mobilisation of heavy metals into the urine by CaEDTA: relation to erythrocyte and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators.

PubMed

Araki, S; Aono, H; Murata, K

1986-09-01

To investigate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (CaEDTA) on the urinary excretion, erythrocyte, and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators of seven heavy metals, CaEDTA was administered by intravenous infusion to 20 workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper. The workers' blood lead concentrations ranged from 22 to 59 micrograms/dl (mean 38 micrograms/dl (1.8 mumol/l]. The 24 hour urinary excretion of metals after CaEDTA administration (mobilisation yield) was on average 13 times the background excretion for lead, 11 times for zinc, 3.8 times for manganese, 3.4 times for cadmium, 1.3 times for copper, and 1.1 times for chromium; no significant increase was found for mercury. The mobilisation yield of lead (MPb) was significantly correlated with whole blood and erythrocyte concentrations and the urinary excretion of lead but not with its plasma concentration; similarly, the mobilisation yield of cadmium was significantly correlated with its erythrocyte concentration. In addition, MPb was significantly correlated with intra-erythrocytic enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and urinary coproporphyrin excretion. The relation between the mobilisation yield of heavy metals and their body burden (and toxic signs) is discussed in the light of these findings.

Mobilisation of heavy metals into the urine by CaEDTA: relation to erythrocyte and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators.

PubMed Central

Araki, S; Aono, H; Murata, K

1986-01-01

To investigate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (CaEDTA) on the urinary excretion, erythrocyte, and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators of seven heavy metals, CaEDTA was administered by intravenous infusion to 20 workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper. The workers' blood lead concentrations ranged from 22 to 59 micrograms/dl (mean 38 micrograms/dl (1.8 mumol/l]. The 24 hour urinary excretion of metals after CaEDTA administration (mobilisation yield) was on average 13 times the background excretion for lead, 11 times for zinc, 3.8 times for manganese, 3.4 times for cadmium, 1.3 times for copper, and 1.1 times for chromium; no significant increase was found for mercury. The mobilisation yield of lead (MPb) was significantly correlated with whole blood and erythrocyte concentrations and the urinary excretion of lead but not with its plasma concentration; similarly, the mobilisation yield of cadmium was significantly correlated with its erythrocyte concentration. In addition, MPb was significantly correlated with intra-erythrocytic enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and urinary coproporphyrin excretion. The relation between the mobilisation yield of heavy metals and their body burden (and toxic signs) is discussed in the light of these findings. PMID:3092853

Immunological effects of CaEDTA injection: observations in two lead workers.

PubMed

Sata, F; Araki, S; Sakai, T; Nakata, A; Yamashita, K; Morita, Y; Tanigawa, T; Miki, A

1997-12-01

To evaluate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (CaEDTA) injection on human immune system in relation to exposure to lead, we administered CaEDTA by intravenous injection for 1 hr three times (three consecutive days) a week to two male lead workers. They had been engaged in recycling lead for 31 and 22 years, aged 61 and 53 years (workers 1 and 2), respectively. Before the treatment of CaEDTA, their blood lead concentrations (PbB) were 81 and 68 micrograms/dl, respectively. The administration of CaEDTA had been carried out to worker 1 for 10 weeks and to worker 2 for 6 weeks. A significant decrease in PbB between before and after three-times CaEDTA injection was found in both workers. Significant increases in IgG, IgA, IgM, CD8+, and CD57+ cells were found in worker 1. A significant increase in IgD was found in worker 2. During the study period, IgG in worker 1 and CD4+ cells in worker 2 were gradually increasing. There was a significant negative correlation between IgG and PbB in worker 1. It is suggested that the immunological function such as antibody formation in lead workers might be improved by CaEDTA injection.

Irritant and sensitizing potential of eight surfactants commonly used in skin cleansers: an evaluation of 105 patients.

PubMed

Corazza, Monica; Lauriola, Maria Michela; Bianchi, Anna; Zappaterra, Mario; Virgili, Annarosa

2010-01-01

Irritation from surfactants contained in detergents is a frequent adverse reaction to cosmetics. Sensitization to surfactants is also possible. In the literature, comparative studies about irritant and sensitizing potential of different surfactants are heterogeneous and inconclusive about the best molecules to use. We compared the irritant and sensitizing potential of some surfactants that are usual components in marketed synthetic detergents (syndets) to obtain practical information regarding commonly used detergents. We patch-tested eight surfactants of the different types (anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and non-ionic) in 105 patients. Assessment of allergic reactions of tested surfactants was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group; assessment of irritant power followed the amended Draize classification. None of the eight surfactants in our series gave positive allergic reactions. Only cocamidopropyl betaine from the Italian standard (Società Italiana di Dermatologia Allergologica, Professionale e Ambientale [SIDAPA]) series gave five positive reactions among 105 patients. None of the eight studied surfactants induced skin irritation. The most tolerated are two new mild anionics (sodium cocoyl glutamate and sodium lauroyl oat amino acids) and an amphoteric agent (disodium cocoamphodiacetate). From this study, we deduce that cosmetic companies' efforts to search for and market new products with very mild surfactants have been generally successful.

ATP-stabilized amorphous calcium carbonate nanospheres and their application in protein adsorption.

PubMed

Qi, Chao; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Lu, Bing-Qiang; Zhao, Xin-Yu; Zhao, Jing; Chen, Feng; Wu, Jin

2014-05-28

Calcium carbonate is a common substance found in rocks worldwide, and is the main biomineral formed in shells of marine organisms and snails, pearls and eggshells. Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is the least stable polymorph of calcium carbonate, which is so unstable under normal conditions that it is difficult to be prepared in vitro because it rapidly crystallizes to form one of the more stable polymorphs in aqueous solution. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of highly stable ACC nanospheres in vitro using adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) as a stabilizer. The effect of ATP on the stability of ACC nanospheres is investigated. Our experiments show that ATP plays an unique role in the stabilization of ACC nanospheres in aqueous solution. Moreover, the as-prepared ACC nanospheres are highly stable in phosphate buffered saline for a relatively long period of time (12 days) even under relatively high concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. The cytotoxicity tests show that the as-prepared highly stable ACC nanospheres have excellent biocompatibility. The highly stable ACC nanospheres have high protein adsorption capacity, implying that they are promising for applications in biomedical fields such as drug delivery and protein adsorption. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: historical, ethical, and legal issues associated with prescribing.

PubMed

Faiman, Beth; Pillai, Aiswarya Lekshmi Pillai Chandran; Benghiac, Ana Gabriela

2013-01-01

The long-term effects of many drugs are unknown. Established risks are communicated to patients who participate in clinical trials during the informed consent process. However, unknown and unanticipated side effects of medications may occur years after treatment. Patients with metastatic bone cancer experience an imbalance between tumor cells and the bone marrow microenvironment. Increased cytokine release, osteoclastic activity, and uncoupled osteoblastic activity lead to weakened bone structure and osteolytic lesions. The bisphosphonates are a class of drugs available in IV and oral formulations to treat and prevent bone loss and decrease the risk of skeletal-related events. Intravenous bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid and pamidronate disodium are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of bone pain and hypercalcemia of malignancy and the prevention of painful bone fractures in patients with metastatic bone cancer. Oral bisphosphonates such as alendronate, risedronate, and etidronate are used to reduce the risk of skeletal fractures in patients with osteoporosis and in breast cancer. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a rare but painful complication of treatment characterized by infection, exposed bone, and poor wound healing. In this article, we discuss BRONJ and identify past, present, and future ethical and legal issues surrounding bisphosphonate administration.

Surface properties, crystallinity and optical properties of anodised titanium in mixture of β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) and calcium acetate (CA)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chuan, Lee Te, E-mail: gd130079@siswa.uthm.edu.my; Abdullah, Hasan Zuhudi, E-mail: hasan@uthm.edu.my; Idris, Maizlinda Izwana, E-mail: izwana@uthm.edu.my

Anodic oxidation is an electrochemical method for the production of ceramic films on a metallic substrate. It had been widely used to deposit the ceramic coatings on the metals surface. This method has been widely used in surface modification of biomaterials especially for dental implants. In this study, the surface morphology, crystallinity and optical properties of titanium foil was modified by anodising in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). The experiments were carried out at high voltage (350 V), different anodising time (5 and 10 minutes) and current density (10-70 mA.cm{sup −2}) at room temperature. Anodisedmore » titanium was characterised by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and UV-Vis spectrometry. The result of the experiment showed that surface morphology, crystallinity and optical properties depended strongly on the current density and anodising time. More porous surface and large amount of anatase and rutile was produced at higher current density and longer anodising time. Apart from that, it is also revealed that the energy band gap of anodised titanium increases as the increase in current density due to the presence of anatase and rutile TiO{sub 2}.« less

Pamidronate Disodium for Palliative Therapy of Feline Bone-Invasive Tumors

PubMed Central

Wypij, Jackie M.; Heller, David A.

2014-01-01

This study sought to quantify in vitro antiproliferative effects of pamidronate in feline cancer cells and assess feasibility of use of pamidronate in cats by assessing short-term toxicity and dosing schedule in cats with bone-invasive cancer. A retrospective pilot study included eight cats with bone invasive cancer treated with intravenous pamidronate. In vitro, pamidronate reduced proliferation in feline cancer cells (P < 0.05). One cat treated with pamidronate in combination with chemotherapy and two cats treated with pamidronate as a single agent after failing prior therapy had subjective clinically stable disease; median progression free interval in these cats from initial pamidronate treatment was 81 days. Three cats developed azotemia while undergoing various treatment modalities including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pamidronate. Median overall survival was 116.5 days for all cats and 170 days for cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Median progression free survival was 55 days for all cats and 71 days for cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Pamidronate therapy appears feasible for administration in cancer bearing cats with aggressive bone lesions in the dose range of 1-2 mg/kg every 21–28 days for multiple treatments. No acute or short-term toxicity was directly attributable to pamidronate. PMID:25013741

Synthetic aspects, spectral, thermal studies and antimicrobial screening on bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S‧)antimony(III) complexes with oxo or thio donor ligands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chauhan, H. P. S.; Carpenter, Jaswant; Joshi, Sapana

2014-09-01

The bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S‧)antimony(III) complexes have been obtained by the reaction of chloro bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S‧)antimony(III) with corresponding oxo or thio donor ligands such as sodium benzoate 1, sodium thioglycolate 2, phenol 3, sodium 1-propanethiolate 4, potassium thioacetate 5, sodium salicylate 6, ethane-1,2-dithiolate 7 and disodium oxalate 8. These complexes have been characterized by the physicochemical [melting point, molecular weight determination and elemental analysis (C, H, N, S and Sb)], spectral [UV-Visible, FT-IR, far IR, NMR (1H and 13C)], thermogravimetric (TG & DTA) analysis, ESI-Mass and powder X-ray diffraction studies. Thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes confirmed the final decomposition product as highly pure antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) and powder X-ray diffraction studies show that the complexes are in lower symmetry with monoclinic crystal lattice and nano-ranged particle size (11.51-20.82 nm). The complexes have also been screened against some bacterial and fungal strains for their antibacterial and antifungal activities and compared with standard drugs. These show that the complexes have greater activities against some human pathogenic bacteria and fungi than the activities of standard drugs.

Mast Cells Regulate Wound Healing in Diabetes

PubMed Central

Tellechea, Ana; Leal, Ermelindo C.; Kafanas, Antonios; Auster, Michael E.; Kuchibhotla, Sarada; Ostrovsky, Yana; Tecilazich, Francesco; Baltzis, Dimitrios; Zheng, Yongjun; Carvalho, Eugénia; Zabolotny, Janice M.; Weng, Zuyi; Petra, Anastasia; Patel, Arti; Panagiotidou, Smaro; Pradhan-Nabzdyk, Leena; Theoharides, Theoharis C.

2016-01-01

Diabetic foot ulceration is a severe complication of diabetes that lacks effective treatment. Mast cells (MCs) contribute to wound healing, but their role in diabetes skin complications is poorly understood. Here we show that the number of degranulated MCs is increased in unwounded forearm and foot skin of patients with diabetes and in unwounded dorsal skin of diabetic mice (P < 0.05). Conversely, postwounding MC degranulation increases in nondiabetic mice, but not in diabetic mice. Pretreatment with the MC degranulation inhibitor disodium cromoglycate rescues diabetes-associated wound-healing impairment in mice and shifts macrophages to the regenerative M2 phenotype (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, nondiabetic and diabetic mice deficient in MCs have delayed wound healing compared with their wild-type (WT) controls, implying that some MC mediator is needed for proper healing. MCs are a major source of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mouse skin, but the level of VEGF is reduced in diabetic mouse skin, and its release from human MCs is reduced in hyperglycemic conditions. Topical treatment with the MC trigger substance P does not affect wound healing in MC-deficient mice, but improves it in WT mice. In conclusion, the presence of nondegranulated MCs in unwounded skin is required for proper wound healing, and therapies inhibiting MC degranulation could improve wound healing in diabetes. PMID:27207516

Chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel as a promising ocular drug delivery system: preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation.

PubMed

Chen, Xingwei; Li, Xinru; Zhou, Yanxia; Wang, Xiaoning; Zhang, Yanhui; Fan, Yating; Huang, Yanqing; Liu, Yan

2012-11-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of in situ thermosensitive hydrogel based on chitosan in combination with disodium α-d-Glucose 1-phosphate (DGP) for ocular drug delivery system. Aqueous solution of chitosan/DGP underwent sol-gel transition as temperature increased which was flowing sol at room temperature and then turned into non-flowing hydrogel at physiological temperature. The properties of gels were characterized regarding gelation time, gelation temperature, and morphology. The sol-to-gel phase transition behaviors were affected by the concentrations of chitosan, DGP and the model drug levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LD). The developed hydrogel presented a characteristic of a rapid release at the initial period followed by a sustained release and remarkably enhanced the cornea penetration of LD. The results of ocular irritation demonstrated the excellent ocular tolerance of the hydrogel. The ocular residence time for the hydrogel was significantly prolonged compared with eye drops. The drug-loaded hydrogel produced more effective anti-allergic conjunctivitis effects compared with LD aqueous solution. These results showed that the chitosan/DGP thermosensitive hydrogel could be used as an ideal ocular drug delivery system in terms of the suitable sol-gel transition temperature, mild pH environment in the hydrogel as well as the organic solvent free.

The Syk kinase as a therapeutic target in leukemia and lymphoma.

PubMed

Efremov, Dimitar G; Laurenti, Luca

2011-05-01

The B-cell receptor (BCR) delivers antigen-dependent and -independent signals that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several common B-cell malignancies. Agents that can efficiently block BCR signaling have recently been developed and are currently being evaluated as novel targeted therapies. Among these, agents that inhibit the Syk kinase appear particularly promising in preclinical and early clinical studies. The manuscript provides an overview of recent findings that implicate Syk and the BCR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of several common lymphoid malignancies. It outlines preclinical and early clinical experiences with the Syk inhibitor fostamatinib disodium (R788) and discusses various options for further clinical development of this compound. Inhibitors of Syk or other components of the BCR signaling pathway are emerging as an exciting novel class of agents for the treatment of common B-cell malignancies. Future efforts should focus on defining the disease entities that are most likely to benefit from these agents, although considerable evidence is already available to pursue such studies in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Combinations with chemo-immunotherapy, treatment of early-stage disease and consolidation therapy should all be explored and could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches with improved efficacy, tolerability and toxicity profiles.

Hypoglycemic neuronal death is triggered by glucose reperfusion and activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase

PubMed Central

Suh, Sang Won; Gum, Elizabeth T.; Hamby, Aaron M.; Chan, Pak H.; Swanson, Raymond A.

2007-01-01

Hypoglycemic coma and brain injury are potential complications of insulin therapy. Certain neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex are uniquely vulnerable to hypoglycemic cell death, and oxidative stress is a key event in this cell death process. Here we show that hypoglycemia-induced oxidative stress and neuronal death are attributable primarily to the activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase during glucose reperfusion. Superoxide production and neuronal death were blocked by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin in both cell culture and in vivo models of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Superoxide production and neuronal death were also blocked in studies using mice or cultured neurons deficient in the p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase. Chelation of zinc with calcium disodium EDTA blocked both the assembly of the neuronal NADPH oxidase complex and superoxide production. Inhibition of the hexose monophosphate shunt, which utilizes glucose to regenerate NADPH, also prevented superoxide formation and neuronal death, suggesting a mechanism linking glucose reperfusion to superoxide formation. Moreover, the degree of superoxide production and neuronal death increased with increasing glucose concentrations during the reperfusion period. These results suggest that high blood glucose concentrations following hypoglycemic coma can initiate neuronal death by a mechanism involving extracellular zinc release and activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase. PMID:17404617

Suppression of Brain Mast Cells Degranulation Inhibits Microglial Activation and Central Nervous System Inflammation.

PubMed

Dong, Hongquan; Zhang, Xiang; Wang, Yiming; Zhou, Xiqiao; Qian, Yanning; Zhang, Shu

2017-03-01

Brain inflammation has a critical role in the pathophysiology of brain diseases. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, play an important role in brain inflammation, while brain mast cells are the "first responder" in the injury rather than microglia. Functional aspects of mast cell-microglia interactions remain poorly understood. Our results demonstrated that site-directed injection of the "mast cell degranulator" compound 48/80 (C48/80) in the hypothalamus induced mast cell degranulation, microglial activation, and inflammatory factor production, which initiated the acute brain inflammatory response. "Mast cell stabilizer" disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) inhibited this effect, including decrease of inflammatory cytokines, reduced microglial activation, inhibition of MAPK and AKT pathways, and repression of protein expression of histamine receptor 1 (H 1 R), histamine receptor 4 (H 4 R), protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in microglia. We also demonstrated that C48/80 had no effect on microglial activation in mast cell-deficient Kit W-sh/W-sh mice. These results implicate that activated brain mast cells trigger microglial activation and stabilization of mast cell inhibits microglial activation-induced central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. Interactions between mast cells and microglia could constitute a new and unique therapeutic target for CNS immune inflammation-related diseases.

Presence of organoarsenicals used in cotton production in agricultural water and soil of the Southern United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bednar, A.J.; Garbarino, J.R.; Ranville, J.F.; Wildeman, T.R.

2002-01-01

Arsenicals have been used extensively in agriculture in the United States as insecticides and herbicides. Mono- and disodium methylarsonate and dimethylarsinic acid are organoarsenicals used to control weeds in cotton fields and as defoliation agents applied prior to cotton harvesting. Because the toxicity of most organoarsenicals is less than that of inorganic arsenic species, the introduction of these compounds into the environment might seem benign. However, biotic and abiotic degradation reactions can produce more problematic inorganic forms of arsenic, such as arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)]. This study investigates the occurrences of these compounds in samples of soil and associated surface and groundwaters. Preliminary results show that surface water samples from cotton-producing areas have elevated concentrations of methylarsenic species (>10 ??g of As/L) compared to background areas (<1 ??g of As/L). Species transformations also occur between surface waters and adjacent soils and groundwaters, which also contain elevated arsenic. The data indicate that point sources of arsenic related to agriculture might be responsible for increased arsenic concentrations in local irrigation wells, although the elevated concentrations did not exceed the new (2002) arsenic maximum contaminant level of 10 ??g/L in any of the wells sampled thus far.

An Ultrasound Assessed Extraction Combined with Ion-Pair HPLC Method and Risk Assessment of Nitrite and Nitrate in Cured Meat

PubMed Central

Elzupir, Amin O.; Alamer, Abdulaziz S.

2018-01-01

An accurate IPC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of nitrite (NI) and nitrate (NA) in meat products. The best separation was achieved on a phenyl-hexyl column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) with a mobile phase composed of 25% acetonitrile and 75% buffer (2 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate and 3 mM tetrabutylammonium bromide, pH = 4). Eluents were monitored at 205 nm. Linearity ranges were 1.86 × 10−6–7.5 µg·ml−1 and 0.09–5.0 µg·ml−1 for NI and NA, respectively. The correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 for NI and NA. This method was applied to a number of processed meat products in Riyadh (n = 155). NI ranged from 1.78 to 129.69 mg·kg−1, and NA ranged from 0.76 to 96.64 mg·kg−1. Results showed extensive use of NI and NA; however, concentrations were within the legal limit of Saudi Arabia except for one sample. Further, the risk assessment and dietary exposure have been estimated for both NI and NA. PMID:29686927

Inhibition of boric acid and sodium borate on the biological activity of microorganisms in an aerobic biofilter.

PubMed

Güneş, Y

2013-01-01

The aim of this work was to study the inhibition effect of boric acid and sodium borate on the treatment of boron containing synthetic wastewater by a down flow aerobic fixed bed biofilm reactor at various chemical oxygen demand (COD)/boron ratios (0.47-20.54). The inhibitory effect of boron on activated sludge was evaluated on the basis of COD removal during the experimental period. The biofilter (effective volume = 2.5 L) was filled with a ring of plastic material inoculated with acclimated activated sludge. The synthetic wastewater composed of glucose, urea, KH2PO4, MgSO4, Fe2 SO4, ZnSO4 x 7H20, KCl, CaCl2, and di-sodium tetraborate decahydrate or boric acid (B = 100-2000 mg L(-1)). The biological treatment of boron containing wastewater resulted in a low treatment removal rate due to the reduced microbial activity as a result of toxic effects of high boron concentrations. The decrease in the COD removal rate by the presence of either boric acid or sodium borate was practically indistinguishable. It was observed from the experiments that about 90-95% of COD removal was possible at high COD/boron ratios.

Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminoolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins and DMSO/EDTA for basal cell carcinoma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warloe, Trond; Peng, Qian; Heyerdahl, Helen; Moan, Johan; Steen, Harald B.; Giercksky, Karl-Erik

1995-03-01

Seven hundred sixty three basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in 122 patients were treated by photodynamic therapy by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in cream topically applied, either alone, in combination with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA), or with DMSO as a pretreatment. After 3 hours cream exposure 40 - 200 Joules/cm2 of 630 nm laser light was given. Fluorescence imaging of biopsies showed highly improved ALA penetration depth and doubled ALA-induced porphyrin production using DMSO/EDTA. Treatment response was recorded after 3 months. After a single treatment 90% of 393 superficial lesions responded completely, independent of using DMSO/EDTA. In 363 nodulo-ulcerative lesions the complete response rate increased from 67% to above 90% with DMSO/EDTA for lesions less than 2 mm thickness and from 34% to about 50% for lesions thicker than 2 mm. Recurrence rate observed during a follow-up period longer than 12 months was 2 - 5%. PDT of superficial thin BCCs with ALA-induced porphyrins and DMSO/EDTA equals surgery and radiotherapy with respect to cure rate and recurrence. Cosmetic results of ALA-based PDT seemed to be better than those after other therapies. In patients with the nevoid BCC syndrome the complete response rate after PDT was far lower.

Availability of antidotes and key emergency drugs in tertiary care hospitals of Punjab and assessment of the knowledge of health care professionals in the management of poisoning cases.

PubMed

Arslan, Naheed; Khiljee, Sonia; Bakhsh, Allah; Ashraf, Muhammad; Maqsood, Iram

2016-03-01

This study was conducted to evaluate the availability of antidotes/key emergency drugs in tertiary care hospitals of the Punjab province, and to assess the knowledge of health care professionals in the stocking and administration of antidotes in the proper management of poisoning cases. Seventeen (n=17) tertiary care hospitals of Punjab Pakistan were selected. Two performas (A and B) were designed for 26 antidotes/key emergency drugs and given to the hospital pharmacists and physicians respectively. It was observed that Activated Charcoal, being the universal antidote was found only in 6 hospitals (41%). Digoxin Immune Fab, Edentate Calcium disodium and Glucagon were not available in emergency department of any hospital and even not included in the formulary of any hospital. About 80% pharmacists were aware of the method of preparation of Activated Charcoal and 85% physicians were familiar with its route of administration. Data showed that tertiary care hospitals of Punjab do not stock antidotes according to national drug policy. Moreover the study strongly suggests the development of health care centers and professional by organizing antidote awareness programs, continuous education and record keeping of poisonous cases and availability of emergency drugs around the clock.

Generation of gas-phase sodiated arenes such as [(Na3(C6H4)+] from benzene dicarboxylate salts.

PubMed

Attygalle, Athula B; Chan, Chang-Ching; Axe, Frank U; Bolgar, Mark

2010-01-01

Upon collision-induced activation, gaseous sodium adducts generated by electrospray ionization of disodium salts of 1,2- 1,3-, and 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acids (m/z 233) undergo an unprecedented expulsion of CO(2) by a rearrangement process to produce an ion of m/z 189 in which all three sodium atoms are retained. When isolated in a collision cell of a tandem-in-space mass spectrometer, and subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID), only the m/z 189 ions derived from the meta and para isomers underwent a further CO(2) loss to produce a peak at m/z 145 for a sodiated arene of formula (Na(3)C(6)H(4))(+). This previously unreported m/z 145 ion, which is useful to differentiate meta and para benzene dicarboxylates from their ortho isomer, is in fact the sodium adduct of phenelenedisodium. Moreover, the m/z 189 ion from all three isomers readily expelled a sodium radical to produce a peak at m/z 166 for a radical cation [(*C(6)H(4)CO(2)Na(2))(+)], which then eliminated CO(2) to produce a peak at m/z 122 for the distonic cation (*C(6)H(4)Na(2))(+). Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An evaluation of a pre-scaling gel (SofScale) on the ease of supragingival calculus removal.

PubMed

Smith, S R; Foyle, D M; Daniels, J

1994-09-01

SofScale is a pre-scaling gel, containing disodium EDTA and sodium lauryl sulphate, which is claimed to soften calculus and therefore facilitate its removal. 31 subjects were treated in a double blind randomised placebo controlled split mouth study to evaluate this product. Test or placebo gels were applied to the lingual surfaces of the mandibular teeth for 4 min and the time taken to complete the removal of supragingival calculus recorded. The operator recorded on which side the calculus was considered easier to remove and the patient indicated how comfortable the scaling had been. The mean calculus index was 1.99 for the SofScale group and 1.97 for the placebo. The mean time taken to complete scaling was 5.31 min for both groups. Using the Student t-test, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.7) between either the calculus index or time taken to complete the scaling between the groups. The operator did not consider SofScale to facilitate calculus removal and patients did not find calculus removal more comfortable when SofScale had been used. There was no increased sensitivity in the SofScale group following scaling. The results of this study do not support the use of SofScale as an adjunct to scaling.

One-Pot Approach to Organo-Phosphorus-Chalcogen Macrocycles Incorporating Double OP(S)SCn or OP(Se)SeCn Scaffolds: A Synthetic and Structural Study.

PubMed

Hua, Guoxiong; Du, Junyi; Slawin, Alexandra M Z; Woollins, J Derek

2016-06-01

The development of new methodology for the preparation of functional macrocycles with practical applications is an important research area in macromolecular science. In this study, we report a new one-pot route for the synthesis of a series of macro-heterocycles by incorporating two phosphorus atoms and two chalcogen atoms and two oxygen atoms (double OP(S)SCn or OP(Se)SeCn scaffolds). The three-component condensation reactions of 2,4-diferrocenyl-1,3,2,4-diathiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide (FcLR, a ferrocene analogue of Lawesson's reagent) or 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide (LR, Lawesson's reagent), or 2,4-diphenyl-1,3,2,4-diselenadiphosphetane 2,4-diselenide (WR, Woollins' reagent), disodium alkenyl-diols, and dihalogenated alkanes are performed, giving rise to soluble and air or moisture-stable macrocycles in good-to-excellent yields (up to 92 %). This is the first systemically preparative and readily scalable example of one-pot ring opening/ring extending reaction of three-components to prepare phosphorus-chalcogen containing macrocycles. We also provide a systematic crystallographic study. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Microencapsulation of hydrophilic drug substances using biodegradable polyesters. Part II: Implants allowing controlled drug release--a feasibility study using bisphosphonates.

PubMed

Weidenauer, U; Bodmer, D; Kissel, T

2004-03-01

The prolonged delivery of hydrophilic drug salts from hydrophobic polymer carriers at high drug loading is an ambitious goal. Pamidronate disodium salt (APD) containing implants prepared from spray-dried microparticles were investigated using a laboratory ram extruder. An APD-containing polymer matrix consisting of an APD-chitosan implant embedded in the biodegradable polymer D,L-poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid-glucose) (PLG-GLU) was compared with a matrix system with the micronized drug distributed in the PLG-GLU. The APD-chitosan matrix system showed a triphasic release behaviour at loading levels of 6.86 and 15.54% (w/w) over 36 days under in-vitro conditions. At higher loading (31.92%), a drug burst was observed within 6 days due to the formation of pores and channels in the polymeric matrix. In contrast, implants containing the micronized drug showed a more continuous release profile over 48 days up to a loading of 31.78% (w/w). At a drug loading of 46.17% (w/w), a drug burst was observed. Using micronized drug salts and reducing the surface area available for diffusion, parenteral delivery systems for highly water-soluble drug candidates were shown to be technically feasible at high drug loadings.

Measurement of K-27, an oxime-type cholinesterase reactivator by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection from different biological samples.

PubMed

Gyenge, Melinda; Kalász, Huba; Petroianu, George A; Laufer, Rudolf; Kuca, Kamil; Tekes, Kornélia

2007-08-17

K-27 is a bisquaternary asymmetric pyridinium aldoxime-type cholinesterase reactivator of use in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. A sensitive, simple and reliable reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection was developed for the measurement of K-27 concentrations in rat brain, cerebrospinal fluid, serum and urine samples. Male Wistar rats were treated intramuscularly with K-27 and the samples were collected 60 min later. Separation was carried out on an octadecyl silica stationary phase and a disodium phosphate solution (pH 3.7) containing citric acid, octane sulphonic acid and acetonitrile served as mobile phase. Measurements were carried out at 30 degrees C at E(ox) 0.65 V. The calibration curve was linear through the range of 10-250 ng/mL. Accuracy, precision and the limit of detection calculated were satisfactory according to internationally accepted criteria. Limit of quantitation was 10 ng/mL. The method developed is reliable and sensitive enough for monitoring K-27 levels from different biological samples including as little as 10 microL of cerebrospinal fluid. The method--with slight modification in the composition of the mobile phase--can be used to measure a wide range of other related pyridinium aldoxime-type cholinesterase reactivators.

Glutathione-facilitated design and fabrication of gold nanoparticle-based logic gates and keypad lock.

PubMed

Huang, Zhenzhen; Wang, Haonan; Yang, Wensheng

2014-07-21

In this paper, we describe how we developed a simple design and fabrication method for logic gates and a device by using a commercially available tripeptide, namely glutathione (GSH), together with metal ions and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) to control the dispersion and aggregation of gold nanoparticles (NPs). With the fast adsorption of GSH on gold NPs and the strong coordination of GSH with metal ions, the addition of GSH and Pb(2+) ions immediately resulted in the aggregation of gold NPs, giving rise to an AND function. Either Pb(2+) or Ba(2+) ions induced the aggregation of gold NPs in the presence of GSH, supporting an OR gate. Based on the fact that EDTA has a strong capacity to bind metal ions, thus preventing the aggregation of gold NPs, an INHIBIT gate was also fabricated. More interestingly, we found that the addition sequence of GSH and Hg(2+) ions influenced the aggregation of gold NPs in a controlled manner, which was used to design a sequential logic gate and a three-input keypad lock for potential use in information security. The GSH strategy addresses concerns of low cost, simple fabrication, versatile design and easy operation, and offers a promising platform for the development of functional logic systems.

Double-helix micro-channels on microfluidic chips for enhanced continuous on-chip derivatization followed by electrophoretic separation.

PubMed

Peng, Xianglu; Zhao, Lei; Guo, Jinxiu; Yang, Shenghong; Ding, Hui; Wang, Xiayan; Pu, Qiaosheng

2015-10-15

Micro-channels that contain a special inner structure are critical for efficient mixing and chemical reactions. In this paper, we described the facile fabrication of an integrated microchip with double-helix type micro-channels to improve mixing efficiency and to facilitate multi-step derivatization reactions prior to electrophoretic separation. With a prepared microchip, reagents, samples and reaction products could be driven through micro-channels by siphon, and no other pumping device was necessary. To test its performance, reductive amination of aldehydes with 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate acid disodium (ANTS) was attempted via microchip electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence (LIF). The effect of the geometry of the reaction micro-channel on the reaction's efficiency was evaluated. Under the selected conditions, successful derivatization of five aldehydes was realized for highly reproducible analysis. The relative standard deviations of the peak areas for 30 consecutive injections were in the range of 0.28-1.61%. The method was applied for the determination of aldehydes in real samples with standard addition recoveries of 87.8-102.8%. Good tolerance of organic solvents was achieved, and the proposed method can potentially be employed for rapid screening of excessively added aldehyde food flavoring. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lead Poisoning at an Indoor Firing Range.

PubMed

Kang, Kyung Wook; Park, Won Ju

2017-10-01

In March 2014, a 39-year-old Korean male presented with a 6-month history of various nonspecific symptoms including dizziness, fatigue, asthenia, irritability, elevated blood pressure, palpitation, eyestrain, and tinnitus. His occupational history revealed that he had been working as an indoor firing range manager for 13 months; therefore, he was subjected to a blood lead level (BLL) test. The test results showed a BLL of 64 μg/dL; hence, he was diagnosed with lead poisoning and immediately withdrawn from work. As evident from the workplace environmental monitoring, the level of lead exposure in the air exceeded its limit (0.015-0.387 mg/m³). He received chelation treatment with calcium-disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (1 g/day) for 5 days without any adverse effects. In the follow-up results after 2 months, the BLL had decreased to 9.7 μg/dL and the symptoms resolved. This report represents the first occupational case of lead poisoning in firing ranges in Korea, and this necessitates institutional management to prevent the recurrence of poisoning through this route. Workplace environmental monitoring should be implemented for indoor firing ranges, and the workers should undergo regularly scheduled special health examinations. In clinical practice, it is essential to question the patient about his occupational history. © 2017 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.

Preparation of ultrathin, robust protein microcapsules through template-mediated interfacial reaction between amine and catechol groups.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaoli; Shi, Jiafu; Jiang, Zhongyi; Li, Zheng; Zhang, Wenyan; Song, Xiaokai; Ai, Qinghong; Wu, Hong

2013-11-11

A novel approach to the synthesis of protein microcapsules is developed through template-mediated interfacial reaction. Protein-doped CaCO3 templates are first synthetized via coprecipitation and then coated with a catechol-containing alginate (AlgDA) layer. Afterward, the templates are exposed to ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA) solution to dissolve CaCO3. During CaCO3 dissolution, the generated CO2 gas pushes protein molecules moving to the AlgDA layer, and thereby Michael addition and Schiff base reactions proceed, forming the shell of protein microcapsules. Three kinds of proteins, namely, bovine serum albumin, catalase, and protamine sulfate, are utilized. The shell thickness of microcapsule varies from 25 to 82 nm as the doping amount of protein increased from 2 to 6 mg per 66 mg CaCO3. The protein microcapsules have a robust but flexible shell and can be reversibly deformed upon exposure to osmotic pressure. The bioactivity of protein microcapsules is demonstrated through enzymatic catalysis experiments. The protein microcapsules remain about 80% enzymatic activity of the equivalent free protein. Hopefully, our approach could be extended to many other applications such as drug/gene delivery, tissue scaffolds, and catalysis due to the universality of Michael reaction and Schiff base reactions.

Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin.

PubMed

Rivera, Dagmar García; Balmaseda, Ivones Hernández; León, Alina Alvarez; Hernández, Belkis Cancio; Montiel, Lucía Márquez; Garrido, Gabino Garrido; Cuzzocrea, Salvatore; Hernández, René Delgado

2006-03-01

Vimang is the brand name of formulations containing an extract of Mangifera indica L., ethnopharmacologically used in Cuba for the treatment of some immunopathological disorders, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases. However, the effects of Vimang on allergic response have not been reported until now. In this study, the effects of Vimang and mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from the extract, on different parameters of allergic response are reported. Vimang and mangiferin showed a significant dose-dependent inhibition of IgE production in mice and anaphylaxis reaction in rats, histamine-induced vascular permeability and the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from rat mast cells, and of lymphocyte proliferative response as evidence of the reduction of the amount of B and T lymphocytes able to contribute to allergic response. In these experiments, ketotifen, promethazine and disodium cromoglicate were used as reference drugs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Vimang had an effect on an in-vivo model of inflammatory allergy mediated by mast cells. These results constitute the first report of the anti-allergic properties of Vimang on allergic models, as well as suggesting that this natural extract could be successfully used in the treatment of allergic disorders. Mangiferin, the major compound of Vimang, contributes to the anti-allergic effects of the extract.

Use of fluorescent ANTS to examine the BBB-permeability of polysaccharide

PubMed Central

Christopher, Kevin; Makani, Vishruti; Judy, Wesley; Lee, Erica; Chiaia, Nicolas; Kim, Dong Shik; Park, Joshua

2015-01-01

Recently, some polysaccharides showed therapeutic potentials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases while the most important property, their permeability to the blood brain barrier (BBB) that sheathes the brain and spinal cord, is not yet determined. The determination has been delayed by the difficulty in tracking a target polysaccharide among endogenous polysaccharides in animal. We developed an easy way to examine the BBB-permeability and, possibly, tissue distribution of a target polysaccharide in animal. We tagged a polysaccharide with fluorescent 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid disodium salt (ANTS) for tracking. We also developed a simple method to separate ANTS-tagged polysaccharide from unconjugated free ANTS using 75% ethanol. After ANTS-polysaccharide was intra-nasally administered into animals, we could quantify the amounts of ANTS-polysaccharide in the brain and the serum by fluorocytometry. We could also separate free ANTS-polysaccharide from serum proteins using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 75% ethanol. Our method will help to track a polysaccharide in animal easily. • ANTS-labeling is less tedious than but as powerful as radiolabeling for tracking a target polysaccharide in animal. • Our simple method can separate structurally intact ANTS-polysaccharide from animal serum and tissues. • This method is good for the fluorometry-based measurement of ANTS-conjugated macromolecules in tissues. PMID:25914873

The 1.3 A resolution structure of the RNA tridecamer r(GCGUUUGAAACGC): metal ion binding correlates with base unstacking and groove contraction.

PubMed

Timsit, Youri; Bombard, Sophie

2007-12-01

Metal ions play a key role in RNA folding and activity. Elucidating the rules that govern the binding of metal ions is therefore an essential step for better understanding the RNA functions. High-resolution data are a prerequisite for a detailed structural analysis of ion binding on RNA and, in particular, the observation of monovalent cations. Here, the high-resolution crystal structures of the tridecamer duplex r(GCGUUUGAAACGC) crystallized under different conditions provides new structural insights on ion binding on GAAA/UUU sequences that exhibit both unusual structural and functional properties in RNA. The present study extends the repertory of RNA ion binding sites in showing that the two first bases of UUU triplets constitute a specific site for sodium ions. A striking asymmetric pattern of metal ion binding in the two equivalent halves of the palindromic sequence demonstrates that sequence and its environment act together to bind metal ions. A highly ionophilic half that binds six metal ions allows, for the first time, the observation of a disodium cluster in RNA. The comparison of the equivalent halves of the duplex provides experimental evidences that ion binding correlates with structural alterations and groove contraction.

Effect of applied voltage on surface properties of anodised titanium in mixture of β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) and calcium acetate (CA)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuan, Lee Te; Rathi, Muhammad Fareez Mohamad; Abidin, Muhamad Yusuf Zainal; Abdullah, Hasan Zuhudi; Idris, Maizlinda Izwana

2015-07-01

Anodic oxidation is a surface modification method which combines electric field driven metal and oxygen ion diffusion for formation of oxide layer on the anode surface. This method has been widely used to modify the surface morphology of biomaterial especially titanium. This study aimed to investigate the effect of applied voltage on titanium. Specifically, the titanium foil was anodised in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA) with different applied voltage (50-350 V), electrolyte concentration (0.04 M β-GP + 0.4 M CA), anodising time (10minutes) and current density (50 and 70 mA.cm-2) at room temperature. Surface oxide properties of anodised titanium were characterised by digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR camera), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). At lower applied voltage (≤150 V), surface of titanium foils were relatively smooth. With increasing applied voltage (≥250 V), the oxide layer became more porous and donut-shaped pores were formed on the surface of titanium foils. The AFM results indicated that the surface roughness of anodised titanium increases with increasing of applied voltage. The porous and rough surface is able to promote the osseointegration and reduce the suffering time of patient.

Surface properties, crystallinity and optical properties of anodised titanium in mixture of β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) and calcium acetate (CA)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuan, Lee Te; Abdullah, Hasan Zuhudi; Idris, Maizlinda Izwana

2015-07-01

Anodic oxidation is an electrochemical method for the production of ceramic films on a metallic substrate. It had been widely used to deposit the ceramic coatings on the metals surface. This method has been widely used in surface modification of biomaterials especially for dental implants. In this study, the surface morphology, crystallinity and optical properties of titanium foil was modified by anodising in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). The experiments were carried out at high voltage (350 V), different anodising time (5 and 10 minutes) and current density (10-70 mA.cm-2) at room temperature. Anodised titanium was characterised by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and UV-Vis spectrometry. The result of the experiment showed that surface morphology, crystallinity and optical properties depended strongly on the current density and anodising time. More porous surface and large amount of anatase and rutile was produced at higher current density and longer anodising time. Apart from that, it is also revealed that the energy band gap of anodised titanium increases as the increase in current density due to the presence of anatase and rutile TiO2.

Evaluation of Complexation Ability Using a Sensor Electrode Chip Equipped with a Wireless Screening System

PubMed Central

Isoda, Takaaki; Urushibara, Ikuko; Sato, Hikaru; Yamauchi, Noriyoshi

2012-01-01

We fabricated an electrode chip with a structure coated by an insulation layer that contains dispersed SiO2 adsorbent particles modified by an amino-group on a source-drain electrode. Voltage changes caused by chelate molecule adsorption onto electrode surfaces and by specific cation interactions were investigated. The detection of specific cations without the presence of chelate molecules on the free electrode was also examined. By comparing both sets of results the complexation ability of the studied chelate molecules onto the electrode was evaluated. Five pairs of source-drain electrodes(×8 arrays) were fabricated on a glass substrate of 20 × 30mm in size. The individual Au/Cr (1.0/0.1μm thickness) electrodes had widths of 50 μm and an inter-electrode interval of 100μm.The fabricated source-drain electrodes were further coated with an insulation layer comprising a porous SiO2 particle modified amino-group to adsorb the chelate molecules. The electrode chip was equipped with a handy-type sensor signal analyzer that was mounted on an amplifier circuit using a Miniship™ or a system in a packaged LSI device. For electrode surfaces containing different adsorbed chelate molecules an increase in the sensor voltage depended on a combination of host-guest reactions and generally decreased in the following order:5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphine, tetrakis(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP)as a Cu2+chelator and Cu2+>2-nitroso-5-[N-n-propyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino]phenol(nitroso-PSAP) as an Fe2+chelator and Fe2+>4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid, disodium salt (BPDSA) as an Fe2+chelatorand Fe2+>3-[3-(2,4-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)-2-hydroxynaphthalene-1-yl-azo]-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (XB-1) as a Mg2+chelator and Mg2+>2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid, disodium salt (BCIDSA) as a Cu2+chelator and Cu2+, respectively. In contrast, for the electrode surfaces with adsorbed O,O′-bis(2-aminoethyl)ethyleneglycol-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (GEDTA) or O,O′-bis(2-aminophenyl)ethyleneglycol-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, tetrapotassium salt, hydrate (BAPTA) as a Ca2+chelator no increase in the detection voltage was found for all the electrode tests conducted in the presence of Ca2+.To determine the differences in electrode detection, molecular orbital (MO) calculations of the chelate molecules and surface molecular modeling of the adsorbents were carried out. In accordance with frontier orbital theory, the lowest unoccupied MO (LUMO) of the chelate molecules can accept two lone pair electrons at the highest occupied MO (HOMO) of the amino group on the model surface structure of the SiO2 particle. As a result, a good correlation was obtained between the LUMO-HOMO difference and the ion response of all the electrodes tested. Based on the results obtained, the order of adsorbed chelate molecules on adsorption particles reflects the different metal ion detection abilities of the electrode chips. PMID:22969407

Removal of gadolinium-based contrast agents: adsorption on activated carbon.

PubMed

Elizalde-González, María P; García-Díaz, Esmeralda; González-Perea, Mario; Mattusch, Jürgen

2017-03-01

Three carbon samples were employed in this work, including commercial (1690 m 2  g -1 ), activated carbon prepared from guava seeds (637 m 2  g -1 ), and activated carbon prepared from avocado kernel (1068 m 2  g -1 ), to study the adsorption of the following gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs): gadoterate meglumine Dotarem®, gadopentetate dimeglumine Magnevist®, and gadoxetate disodium Primovist®. The activation conditions with H 3 PO 4 were optimized using a Taguchi methodology to obtain mesoporous materials. The best removal efficiency by square meter in a batch system in aqueous solution and model urine was achieved by avocado kernel carbon, in which mesoporosity prevails over microporosity. The kinetic adsorption curves were described by a pseudo-second-order equation, and the adsorption isotherms in the concentration range 0.5-6 mM fit the Freundlich equation. The chemical characterization of the surfaces shows that materials with a greater amount of phenolic functional groups adsorb the GBCA better. Adsorption strongly depends on the pH due to the combination of the following factors: contrast agent protonated forms and carbon surface charge. The tested carbon samples were able to adsorb 70-90% of GBCA in aqueous solution and less in model urine. This research proposes a method for the elimination of GBCA from patient urine before its discharge into wastewater.

Biodegradation of diesel fuel by a microbial consortium in the presence of 1-alkoxymethyl-2-methyl-5-hydroxypyridinium chloride homologues.

PubMed

Chrzanowski, Lukasz; Stasiewicz, Monika; Owsianiak, Mikołaj; Szulc, Alicja; Piotrowska-Cyplik, Agnieszka; Olejnik-Schmidt, Agnieszka K; Wyrwas, Bogdan

2009-09-01

Fast development of ionic liquids as gaining more and more attention valuable chemicals will undoubtedly lead to environmental pollution. New formulations and application of ionic liquids may result in contamination in the presence of hydrophobic compounds, such as petroleum mixtures. We hypothesize that in the presence of diesel fuel low-water-soluble ionic liquids may become more toxic to hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. In this study the influence of 1-alkoxymethyl-2-methyl-5-hydroxypyridinium chloride homologues (side-chain length from C(3) to C(18)) on biodegradation of diesel fuel by a bacterial consortium was investigated. Whereas test performed for the consortium cultivated on disodium succinate showed that toxicity of the investigated ionic liquids decreased with increase in side-chain length, only higher homologues (C(8)-C(18)) caused a decrease in diesel fuel biodegradation. As a result of exposure to toxic compounds also modification in cell surface hydrophobicity was observed (MATH). Disulphine blue active substances method was employed to determine partitioning index of ionic liquids between water and diesel fuel phase, which varied from 1.1 to 51% for C(3) and C(18) homologues, respectively. We conclude that in the presence of hydrocarbons acting as a solvent, the increased bioavailability of hydrophobic homologues is responsible for the decrease in biodegradation efficiency of diesel fuel.

Evidences of extracellular abiotic degradation of hexadecane through free radical mechanism induced by the secreted phenazine compounds of P. aeruginosa NY3.

PubMed

Nie, Hongyun; Nie, Maiqian; Wang, Lei; Diwu, Zhenjun; Xiao, Ting; Qiao, Qi; Wang, Yan; Jiang, Xin

2018-03-02

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of secreted extracellular phenazine compounds (PHCs) on the degradation efficiency of alkanes by P. aeruginosa NY3. Under aerobic conditions, the PHCs secreted by P. aeruginosa NY3 initiate the oxidation of alkanes outside cells, in coupling with some reducing agents, such as β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced disodium salt (NADH) or reduced glutathione (GSH). This reaction might be via free radical reactions similar to Fenton Oxidation Reaction (FOR). P. aeruginosa NY3 secretes pyocyanin (Pyo), 1-hydroxyphenazine (HPE), phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), and phenazine-1-amide (PCN) simultaneously. The cell-free extracellular fluid containing these four PHCs degrades hexadecane effectively. The observation of Electron Spin Resonance (EPR) signals of superoxide anion radical (O 2 - ), hydroxyl radical (OH) and/or carbon free radicals (R) both in vivo and in vitro suggested the degradation of hexadecane could be via a free radical pathway. Secretion of PHCs has been found to be characteristic of Pseudomonas which is often involved in or related to the degradation of organic pollutants. Our work suggested that certain organic contaminants may be oxidized through ubiquitously extracellular abiotic degradation by the free radicals produced during bio-remediation and bio-treatment. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Characterizations of Ca- and Mg-incorporating micro/nano-structured surfaces on titanium fabricated by microarc oxidation and hydrothermal treatments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ko, Sang-Hoon; Hwang, Moon-Jin; Moon, Won-Jin; Park, Yeong-Joon; Song, Ho-Jun

2015-12-01

The micro/nano-surface characteristics of magnesium- and calcium-incorporating titanium oxide layers fabricated on titanium metal using microarc oxidation (MAO) and hydrothermal (HT) treatments were investigated. Calcium acetate monohydrate (CA), magnesium acetate monohydrate (MA), and β-glycerophosphoric acid disodium salt pentahydrate were used as electrolytes for MAO treatment of titanium disks. CA/MA electrolyte concentrations (all in M) were 0.2/0.0 (CA20-MAO), 0.15/0.05 (CA15MA5-MAO), 0.1/0.1 (CA10MA10-MAO), 0.05/0.15 (CA5MA15-MAO), and 0.0/0.2 (MA20-MAO). MAO-HT groups were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of MAO groups. The porous surface morphology was consistent even after HT treatment. The incorporation of Mg ions in the oxide layer during MAO treatment was more favorable than incorporation of Ca ions. However, Mg ions were released more rapidly than Ca ions after HT treatment. The anatase TiO2 structure was dominant for all the groups and an increase in the rutile TiO2 structure was observed with an increase in MA concentration. Nano-sized crystallites were observed on the porous surface for all MAO-HT groups. Nano-needle-like crystallites were observed on the surface of CA20-MAO-HT. The crystallites exhibited shorter and thicker characteristics with an increase in Mg concentration.

Metal chelators and neurotoxicity: lead, mercury, and arsenic.

PubMed

Bjørklund, Geir; Mutter, Joachim; Aaseth, Jan

2017-12-01

This article reviews the clinical use of the metal chelators sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate (DMPS), meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and calcium disodium edetate (CaEDTA, calcium EDTA) in overexposure and poisonings with salts of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As). DMSA has considerably lower toxicity than the classic heavy metal antagonist BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) and is also less toxic than DMPS. Because of its adverse effects, CaEDTA should be replaced by DMSA as the antidote of choice in treating moderate Pb poisoning. Combination therapy with BAL and CaEDTA was previously recommended in cases of severe acute Pb poisoning with encephalopathy. We suggest that BAL in such cases acted as a shuttling Pb transporter from the intra- to the extracellular space. The present paper discusses if a combination of the extracellularly distributed DMSA with the ionophore, Monensin may provide a less toxic combination for Pb mobilization by increasing both the efflux of intracellularly deposited Pb and the urinary Pb excretion. Anyhow, oral therapy with DMSA should be continued with several intermittent courses. DMPS and DMSA are also promising antidotes in Hg poisoning, whereas DMPS seems to be a more efficient agent against As poisoning. However, new insight indicates that a combination of low-dosed BAL plus DMPS could be a preferred antidotal therapy to obtain mobilization of the intracerebral deposits into the circulation for subsequent rapid urinary excretion.

Gateways to clinical trials.

PubMed

Tomillero, A; Moral, M A

2010-05-01

O(6)-Benzylguanine; (-)-Gossypol; Abatacept, AC-2592, Adalimumab, AIDSVAX gp120 B/E, Alemtuzumab, Aliskiren fumarate, ALVAC E120TMG, Ambrisentan, Amlodipine, Anakinra, Aripiprazole, Armodafinil, Atomoxetine hydrochloride, Avotermin; Bevacizumab, BIBW-2992, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Botulinum toxin type B; Canakinumab, CAT-354, Ciclesonide, CMV gB vaccine, Corifollitropin alfa, Daptomycin, Darbepoetin alfa, Dasatinib, Denosumab; EndoTAG-1, Eplerenone, Esomeprazole sodium, Eszopiclone, Etoricoxib, Everolimus, Exenatide, Ezetimibe, Ezetimibe/simvastatin; F-50040, Fesoterodine fumavate, Fondaparinux sodium, Fulvestrant; Gabapentin enacarbil, Golimumab; Imatinib mesylate, Inhalable human insulin, Insulin glargine, Ivabradine hydrochloride; Lercanidipine hydrochloride/enalapril maleate, Levosimendan, Liposomal vincristine sulfate, Liraglutide; MDV-3100, Mometasone furoate/formoterol fumavate, Multiepitope CTL peptide vaccine, Mycophenolic acid sodium salt, Nabiximols, Natalizumab, Nesiritide; Obeticholic acid, Olmesartan medoxomil, Omalizumab, Omecamtiv mecarbil; Paclitaxel-eluting stent, Paliperidone, Pegfilgrastim, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Peginterferon alfa-2b/ ribavirin, Pemetrexed disodium, Polymyxin B nonapeptide, PORxin-302, Prasugrel, Pregabalin, Pridopidine; Ranelic acid distrontium salt, Rasagiline mesilate, rDEN4delta30-4995, Recombinant human relaxin H2, rhFSH, Rilonacept, Rolofylline, Rosiglitazone maleate/metformin hydrochloride, Rosuvastatin calcium, Rotigotine; Salcaprozic acid sodium salt, Sirolimus-eluting stent, Sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate, Sitaxentan sodium, Sorafenib, Sunitinib malate; Tadalafil, Tapentadol hydrochloride, Temsirolimus, Tenofovir, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Teriparatide, Tiotropium bromide, Tocilizumab, Tolvaptan, Tozasertib, Treprostinil sodium; Ustekinumab; Vardenafil hydrochloride hydrate, Varenicline tartrate, Vatalanib succinate, Voriconazole, Vorinostat; Zotarolimus-eluting stent. Copyright 2010 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved.

Studies on the mechanism of action of Albizzia lebbeck, an Indian indigenous drug used in the treatment of atopic allergy.

PubMed

Tripathi, R M; Sen, P C; Das, P K

1979-12-01

Studies were conducted on the decoction of the bark of Albizzia lebbeck which has been in use by Ayurvedic physicians for bronchial asthma and eczema. The effect of A. lebbeck was studied on the degranulation rate of sensitized peritoneal mast cells of albino rats when challenged with antigen (horse serum). Triple vaccine was used as adjuvant. Disodium cromoglycate (DCG) and prednisolone were used for comparison. Drugs were given during the first or second week of sensitization and the mast cells studied at the end of the second or third week. Serum from these rats was used to passively sensitize recipient rats whose peritoneal mast cells were then studied. The in vitro effects of A. lebbeck and DCG on the degranulation rate of the sensitized mast cells were also studied. The results show that A. lebbeck has a significant cromoglycate-like action on the mast cells. In addition, it appears that it inhibits the early processes of sensitization and synthesis of reaginic-type antibodies. If A. lebbeck is given during the first week of sensitization it markedly inhibits the early sensitizing processes, while if given during the second week it suppresses antibody production during the period of drug administration. The active ingredients of the bark appear to be heat-stable and water-soluble.

Optimization of singlet oxygen production from photosensitizer-incorporated, medically relevant hydrogels.

PubMed

De Baróid, Áine T; McCoy, Colin P; Craig, Rebecca A; Carson, Louise; Andrews, Gavin P; Jones, David S; Gorman, Sean P

2017-02-01

Photodynamic therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy are widely used, but despite this, the relationships between fluence, wavelength of irradiation and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) production are poorly understood. To establish the relationships between these factors in medically relevant materials, the effect of fluence on 1 O 2 production from a tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP)-incorporated 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: methyl methacrylate: methacrylic acid (HEMA: MMA:MAA) copolymer, a total energy of 50.48 J/cm 2 , was applied at varying illumination power, and times. 1 O 2 production was characterized using anthracene-9,10-dipropionic acid, disodium salt (ADPA) using a recently described method. Using two light sources, a white LED array and a white halogen source, the LED array was found to produce less 1 O 2 than the halogen source when the same power (over 500 - 600 nm) and time conditions were applied. Importantly, it showed that the longest wavelength Q band (590 nm) is primarily responsible for 1 O 2 generation, and that a linear relationship exists between increasing power and time and the production of singlet oxygen. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 320-326, 2017. © 2015 The Authors Journal Of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published By Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Quality by design approach for optimizing the formulation and physical properties of extemporaneously prepared orodispersible films.

PubMed

Visser, J Carolina; Dohmen, Willem M C; Hinrichs, Wouter L J; Breitkreutz, Jörg; Frijlink, Henderik W; Woerdenbag, Herman J

2015-05-15

The quality by design (QbD) approach was applied for optimizing the formulation of extemporaneously prepared orodispersible films (ODFs) using Design-Expert® Software. The starting formulation was based on earlier experiments and contained the film forming agents hypromellose and carbomer 974P and the plasticizer glycerol (Visser et al., 2015). Trometamol and disodium EDTA were added to stabilize the solution. To optimize this formulation a quality target product profile was established in which critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as mechanical properties and disintegration time were defined and quantified. As critical process parameters (CPP) that were evaluated for their effect on the CQAs the percentage of hypromellose and the percentage of glycerol as well as the drying time were chosen. Response surface methodology (RMS) was used to evaluate the effects of the CPPs on the CQAs of the final product. The main factor affecting tensile strength and Young's modulus was the percentage of glycerol. Elongation at break was mainly influenced by the drying temperature. Disintegration time was found to be sensitive to the percentage of hypromellose. From the results a design space could be created. As long as the formulation and process variables remain within this design space, a product is obtained with desired characteristics and that meets all set quality requirements. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dry powder aerosols generated by standardized entrainment tubes from alternative sugar blends: 3. Trehalose dihydrate and D-mannitol carriers.

PubMed

Mansour, Heidi M; Xu, Zhen; Hickey, Anthony J

2010-08-01

The relationship between physicochemical properties of drug/carrier blends and aerosol drug powder delivery was evaluated. Four pulmonary drugs each representing the major pulmonary therapeutic classes and with a different pharmacological action were employed. Specifically, the four pulmonary drugs were albuterol sulfate, ipratropium bromide monohydrate, disodium cromoglycate, and fluticasone propionate. The two carrier sugars, each representing a different sugar class, were D-mannitol and trehalose dihydrate. Dry powder aerosols (2%, w/w, drug in carrier) delivered using standardized entrainment tubes (SETs) were characterized by twin-stage liquid impinger. The fine particle fraction (FPF) was correlated with SET shear stress, tau(s), and the maximum fine particle fraction (FPF(max)) was correlated with a deaggregation constant, k(d), by using a powder aerosol deaggregation equation (PADE) by nonlinear and linear regression analyses applied to pharmaceutical inhalation aerosol systems in the solid state. For the four pulmonary drugs representing the major pulmonary therapeutic classes and two chemically distinct pulmonary sugar carriers (non-lactose types) aerosolized with SETs having well-defined shear stress values, excellent correlation and predictive relationships were demonstrated for the novel and rigorous application of PADE for dry powder inhalation aerosol dispersion within a well-defined shear stress range, in the context of pulmonary drug/sugar carrier physicochemical and interfacial properties. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association

Noninvasive Assessment of Advanced Fibrosis Based on Hepatic Volume in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

PubMed

Hayashi, Tatsuya; Saitoh, Satoshi; Fukuzawa, Kei; Tsuji, Yoshinori; Takahashi, Junji; Kawamura, Yusuke; Akuta, Norio; Kobayashi, Masahiro; Ikeda, Kenji; Fujii, Takeshi; Miyati, Tosiaki; Kumada, Hiromitsu

2017-09-15

Noninvasive liver fibrosis evaluation was performed in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We used a quantitative method based on the hepatic volume acquired from gadoxetate disodium-enhanced (Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosing advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. A total of 130 patients who were diagnosed with NAFLD and underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI were retrospectively included. Histological data were available for 118 patients. Hepatic volumetric parameters, including the left hepatic lobe to right hepatic lobe volume ratio (L/R ratio), were measured. The usefulness of the L/R ratio for diagnosing fibrosis ≥F3-4 and F4 was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify variables (age, body mass index, serum fibrosis markers, and histological features) that were associated with the L/R ratio. The L/R ratio demonstrated good performance in differentiating advanced fibrosis (AUROC, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 0.88) from cirrhosis (AUROC, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 0.99). Multiple regression analysis showed that only fibrosis was significantly associated with the L/R ratio (coefficient, 0.121; p<0.0001). The L/R ratio, which is not influenced by pathological parameters other than fibrosis, is useful for diagnosing cirrhosis in patients with NAFLD.

Effect of beef broth protein on the thermal inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B1.

PubMed Central

Lee, I C; Stevenson, K E; Harmon, L G

1977-01-01

Enterotoxin B produced by Staphylococus aureus 243 in brain heart infusion broth was concentrated by dialysis against 40% polyethylene glycol (20 M), partially purified on a Sephadex G-100 column and heated at 110 degrees C in thermal death time cans. Various heating menstrua included 0.04 M Veronal buffer (pH 7.4), beef broth, and fractions of beef broth obtained by ultrafiltration or precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The toxin was assayed serologically using the microslide gel double-diffusion method. The time requiring for 90% inactivation at 110 degrees C (D110 value) obtained in buffer and in beef broth was 18 and 60 min, respectively. When the concentration of beef broth was increased fivefold, the D110 increased to 78 min. The apparent protective effect or protein was further investigated using beef broth protein obtained by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The D110 values were 51 and 70 min when the protein concentration in the heating menstruum was 3.8 and 7.7 mg/ml, respectively. However, when the beef broth protein was dialyzed against buffer before use as a heating menstrum, the D110 was only 39 or 41 min at comparable protein concentrations. Results indicated a dialyzable factor, whose protective effect was partially destroyed by trypsin and chymotrypsin but did not by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, was involved in the protection of enterotoxin B during heating. PMID:403860

Stability of DON and DON-3-glucoside during baking as affected by the presence of food additives.

PubMed

Vidal, Arnau; Sanchis, Vicente; Ramos, Antonio J; Marín, Sonia

2018-03-01

The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins of cereals worldwide, and its occurrence has been widely reported in raw wheat. The free mycotoxin form is not the only route of exposure; modified forms can also be present in cereal products. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside) is a common DON plant conjugate. The mycotoxin concentration could be affected by food processing; here, we studied the stability of DON and DON-3-glucoside during baking of small doughs made from white wheat flour and other ingredients. A range of common food additives and ingredients were added to assess possible interference: ascorbic acid (E300), citric acid (E330), sorbic acid (E200), calcium propionate (E282), lecithin (E322), diacetyltartaric acid esters of fatty acid mono- and diglycerides (E472a), calcium phosphate (E341), disodium diphosphate (E450i), xanthan gum (E415), polydextrose (E1200), sorbitol (E420i), sodium bicarbonate (E500i), wheat gluten and malt flour. The DON content was reduced by 40%, and the DON-3-glucoside concentration increased by >100%, after baking for 20 min at 180°C. This confirmed that DON and DON-3-glucoside concentrations can vary during heating, and DON-3-glucoside could even increase after baking. However, DON and DON-3-glucoside are not affected significantly by the presence of the food additives tested.

Ocular tolerance of preservatives on the murine cornea.

PubMed

Furrer, P; Mayer, J M; Plazonnet, B; Gurny, R

1999-03-01

We investigated the effects of instilling 13 commonly used preservatives on the murine cornea in vivo. Due to the instillation of preservatives, micro-lesions are formed on the cornea and can be selectively marked by fluorescein. The sum of the resulting fluorescent areas was measured using an episcopic microscope coupled to an image processing system. All the tested preservatives proved to be well-tolerated by the eye at commonly used concentrations. However, in some cases, increased concentrations of preservatives or combinations resulted in significant increase of the amount of corneal damage. With increasing the concentration, corneal lesion increased the most in the case of cetylpyridinium. While a combination of chlorobutanol 0.5% and phenylethylalcohol 0.5% did not result in an increase in corneal damage (when compared to the use of each separately), the associations of thiomersal 0.02% and phenylethylalcohol 0.4% on one hand and of edetate disodium (EDTA) 0.1% and benzalkonium 0.01% on the other, resulted in significant increases in the amount of corneal damage. However, in none of the tested combinations, the increase in the observed damage exceed the limit of ocular intolerance we had defined beforehand: thus, they were all deemed relatively well-tolerated. In the last part of the study, we investigated the effects of combining several preservatives, at usual concentrations, with an anesthetic solution of oxybuprocaine and found no notable increase in ocular damage.

A validated RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of propranolol and valsartan in bulk drug and gel formulation

PubMed Central

Imam, Syed Sarim; Ahad, Abdul; Aqil, Mohammed; Sultana, Yasmin; Ali, Asgar

2013-01-01

Objective: A simple, precise, and stability indicating high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of propranolol hydrochloride and valsartan in pharmaceutical dosage form. Materials and Methods: The method involves the use of easily available inexpensive laboratory reagents. The separation was achieved on Hypersil ODS C-18 column (250*4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm particle size) with isocratic flow with UV detector. The mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min consisted of acetonitrile, methanol, and 0.01 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (pH 3.5) in the ratio of 50:35:15 v/v. Results: A linear response was observed over the concentration range 5-50 μg/mL of propranolol and the concentration range 4-32 μg/mL of valsartan. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation for propranolol were 0.27 μg/mL and 0.85 μg/mL, and for valsartan were 0.45 μg/mL and 1.39 μg/mL, respectively. The method was successfully validated in accordance to ICH guidelines acceptance criteria for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness. Conclusion: The analysis concluded that the method was selective for simultaneous estimation of propranolol and valsartan can be potentially used for the estimation of these drugs in combined dosage form. PMID:23559826

Using parahydrogen to hyperpolarize amines, amides, carboxylic acids, alcohols, phosphates, and carbonates

PubMed Central

Iali, Wissam; Rayner, Peter J.; Duckett, Simon B.

2018-01-01

Hyperpolarization turns weak nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) responses into strong signals, so normally impractical measurements are possible. We use parahydrogen to rapidly hyperpolarize appropriate 1H, 13C, 15N, and 31P responses of analytes (such as NH3) and important amines (such as phenylethylamine), amides (such as acetamide, urea, and methacrylamide), alcohols spanning methanol through octanol and glucose, the sodium salts of carboxylic acids (such as acetic acid and pyruvic acid), sodium phosphate, disodium adenosine 5′-triphosphate, and sodium hydrogen carbonate. The associated signal gains are used to demonstrate that it is possible to collect informative single-shot NMR spectra of these analytes in seconds at the micromole level in a 9.4-T observation field. To achieve these wide-ranging signal gains, we first use the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) process to hyperpolarize an amine or ammonia and then use their exchangeable NH protons to relay polarization into the analyte without changing its identity. We found that the 1H signal gains reach as high as 650-fold per proton, whereas for 13C, the corresponding signal gains achieved in a 1H-13C refocused insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer (INEPT) experiment exceed 570-fold and those in a direct-detected 13C measurement exceed 400-fold. Thirty-one examples are described to demonstrate the applicability of this technique. PMID:29326984

The effects of mannitol on the transport of ciprofloxacin across respiratory epithelia.

PubMed

Ong, Hui Xin; Traini, Daniela; Salama, Rania; Anderson, Sandra D; Daviskas, Evangelia; Young, Paul M

2013-08-05

Inhalation of antibiotics and mucolytics is the most important combination of inhaled drugs for chronic obstructive lung diseases and has become a standard part of treatment. However, it is yet to be determined whether the administration of a mucolytic has an effect on the transport rate of antibiotics across the airway epithelial cells. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhalation dry powder, specifically mannitol, on ciprofloxacin transport using a Calu-3 air-interface cell model. Transport studies of ciprofloxacin HCl were performed using different configurations including single spray-dried ciprofloxacin alone, co-spray-dried ciprofloxacin with mannitol, and deposition of mannitol prior to ciprofloxacin deposition. To understand the mechanism of transport and interactions between the drugs, pH measurements of apical surface liquid (ASL) and further transport studies were performed with ciprofloxacin base, with and without the presence of ion channel/transport inhibitors such as disodium cromoglycate and furosemide. Mannitol was found to delay absorption of ciprofloxacin HCl through the increase in ASL volume and subsequent reduction in pH. Conversely, ciprofloxacin base had a higher transport rate after mannitol deposition. This study clearly demonstrates that the deposition of mannitol prior to ciprofloxacin on the air-interface Calu-3 cell model has an effect on its transport rate. This was also dependent on the salt form of the drug and the timing and sequence of formulations administered.

THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY HIGH OXYGEN PRESSURES

PubMed Central

Gilbert, Daniel L.; Gerschman, Rebeca; Ruhm, K. Barclay; Price, William E.

1958-01-01

Hydrogen peroxide is formed in solutions of glutathione exposed to oxygen. This hydrogen peroxide or its precursors will decrease the viscosity of polymers like desoxyribonucleic acid and sodium alginate. Further knowledge of the mechanism of these chemical effects of oxygen might further the understanding of the biological effects of oxygen. This study deals with the rate of solution of oxygen and with the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in chemical systems exposed to high oxygen pressures. At 6 atmospheres, the absorption coefficient for oxygen into water was about 1 cm./hour and at 143 atmospheres, it was about 2 cm./hour; the difference probably being due to the modus operandi. The addition of cobalt (II), manganese (II), nickel (II), or zinc ions in glutathione (GSH) solutions exposed to high oxygen pressure decreased the net formation of hydrogen peroxide and also the reduced glutathione remaining in the solution. Studies on hydrogen peroxide decomposition indicated that these ions act probably by accelerating the hydrogen perioxide oxidation of glutathione. The chelating agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, inhibited the oxidation of GSH exposed to high oxygen pressure for 14 hours. However, indication that oxidation still occurred, though at a much slower rate, was found in experiments lasting 10 weeks. Thiourea decomposed hydrogen peroxide very rapidly. When GSH solutions were exposed to high oxygen pressure, there was oxidation of the GSH, which became relatively smaller with increasing concentrations of GSH. PMID:13525677

Response of immune response genes to adjuvants poly [di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP), CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and emulsigen at intradermal injection site in pigs.

PubMed

Magiri, R B; Lai, K; Chaffey, A M; Wilson, H L; Berry, W E; Szafron, M L; Mutwiri, G K

2016-07-01

Understanding the mechanisms by which adjuvants mediate their effects provide critical information on how innate immunity influences the development of adaptive immunity. Despite being a critical vaccine component, the mechanisms by which adjuvants mediate their effects are not fully understood and this is especially true when they are used in large animals. This lack of understanding limits our ability to design effective vaccines. In the present study, we administered polyphosphazene (PCEP), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), emulsigen or saline via an intradermal injection into pigs and assessed the impact on the expression of reported 'adjuvant response genes' over time. CpG induced a strong upregulation of the chemokine CXL10 several 'Interferon Response Genes', as well as TNFα, and IL-10, and a down-regulation of IL-17 genes. Emulsigen upregulated expression of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5, proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα, as well as TLR9, and several IFN response genes. PCEP induced the expression of chemokine CCL2 and proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. These results suggest that emulsigen and CpG may promote recruitment of innate immune cells and Th1 type cytokine production but that PCEP may promote a Th-2 type immune response through the induction of IL-6, an inducer of B cell activity and differentiation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Supersaturation of aqueous species and hydrothermal crystal growth of ZnO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gelabert, M. C.

2015-05-01

Synthesis of ZnO crystals prepared with zinc acetate or chloride, disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), potassium hydroxide and sodium triflate at 200 °C and variable pH 8-12 is reported. Crystals were imaged and size-analyzed with optical microscopy. Using aqueous speciation modeling software, supersaturation dependence on pH was calculated for five zinc species-Zn2+, Zn(OH)+, Zn(OH)2, Zn(OH)3- and Zn(OH)42- -to investigate connections between predominate crystal habits at different pH and dominant aqueous species. For zinc acetate and chloride systems, the zinc species with highest supersaturation was Zn(OH)42- throughout the pH 8-12 range, and the second highest was Zn2+ or Zn(OH)3-, with a crossover pH of 10.2-10.4 depending on counterion. The prominence of the tetrahydroxyl zinc species in ZnO crystal growth is supported by these calculations, and total supersaturation is inversely proportional to average crystal sizes, as expected. Optical microscopy and size analysis on products revealed crystals with a needle or prismatic habit throughout the studied pH range, and the change in aspect ratio correlates with supersaturation changes for the Zn2+ in this pH range, thus suggesting that growth rates along the [001] crystallographic direction are affected by small concentration changes of this ion.

Assessment of oral bioavailability enhancing approaches for SB-247083 using flow-through cell dissolution testing as one of the screens.

PubMed

Perng, Cherng-Yih; Kearney, Albert S; Palepu, Nagesh R; Smith, Brian R; Azzarano, Leonard M

2003-01-02

SB-247083 is a potent, nonpeptidic, orally active, ETA-selective, endothelin receptor antagonist. The diacid form and three salts (monoarginine, diarginine and disodium) of SB-247083 were evaluated during the pre-clinical phase of development. The developability attributes (i.e. hygroscopicity, thermal behavior, aqueous solubility, and drug-excipient compatibility) of these compounds were evaluated. In addition to these attributes, the flow-through cell (FTC) dissolution testing (using USP Apparatus 4) was used as a screening technique to evaluate several SB-247083 formulations of the diacid and its salts. FTC dissolution testing offers two distinct advantages over the more traditional static-condition dissolution testing: (1) maintenance of sink conditions; and (2) the ability to change the dissolution medium during a dissolution run. The former advantage is especially important for poorly aqueous soluble drugs having associated dissolution-rate-limitations, and the latter advantage allows one to more closely simulate the pH gradient associated with transit through the GI tract. Based on the comparative dissolution data, three formulations were chosen for oral dosing in dogs. The reasonable correlation found between the FTC dissolution results and the oral bioavailability data demonstrate that FTC dissolution testing can be a valuable tool for aiding in salt (solid-state form) and formulation selection in the early stages of development of drug candidates.

The Mechanism of Melanocytes-Specific Cytotoxicity Induced by Phenol Compounds Having a Prooxidant Effect, relating to the Appearance of Leukoderma

PubMed Central

Ito, Shinobu; Kanazawa, Hideko; Masaki, Hitoshi

2015-01-01

Specific phenol compounds including rhododendrol (RD), a skin-brightening ingredient in cosmetics, are reported to induce leukoderma, inducing a social problem, and the elucidation of mechanism of leukoderma is strongly demanded. This study investigated the relationship among the cytotoxicities of six phenol compounds on B16F10 melanoma cells and HaCaT keratinocytes and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a result, the cytotoxicity of RD on B16F10 cells was higher than that on HaCaT cells, and RD significantly increased intracellular ROS and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, although raspberry ketone (RK), RD derivative, also increased intracellular ROS in B16F10 cells, increase in ROS was suppressed by disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate dehydrate (EDTA). The amounts of increased ROS with RK in HaCaT cells without melanocyte were further increased by tyrosinase. Therefore, tyrosinase, a metalloprotein having copper, was speculated to be one of causative agents allowing phenol compounds to work as a prooxidant. Hydroxyl radical was generated by adding a mixture of tyrosinase and H2O2 to RD, and the amount of the radical was further increased by UVB, indicating that RD cytotoxicity was caused by intracellularly increased ROS, which possibly related to phenol induced prooxidants. PMID:25861631

Impact of microbial growth inhibition and proteolytic activity on the stability of a new formulation containing a phytate-degrading enzyme obtained from mushroom.

PubMed

Spier, Michele R; Siepmann, Francieli B; Staack, Larissa; Souza, Priscila Z; Kumar, Vikas; Medeiros, Adriane B P; Soccol, Carlos R

2016-10-02

The development of stable enzymes is a key issue in both the food and feed industries. Consequently, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the impact of various additives (sodium chloride, sodium citrate, mannitol, methylparaben, polyethylene glycol 3350, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, and a serine protease inhibitor) on the stability of a mushroom phytase produced by solid-state cultivation and recovery. Also observed was the effect of the additives on microbial growth inhibition by monitoring both the change in optical density over 30 days of storage and proteolytic activity. Initially, eight experimental formulations were prepared along with a control. After screening, a 3(2) factorial design was applied to define suitable concentrations of the selected additives. Among the eight formulations tested, the formulation containing NaCl, PEG 3350, and methylparaben retained all of the initial phytase activity after 50 days of storage, with no detected interference from protease activity. Sodium citrate, a metal chelation agent, presented the unusual effect of reducing protease activity in the formulations. Although all formulations presented better phytase stability when compared to the control, NaCl and PEG were both able to prolong the stability of the enzyme activity and also to inhibit microbial growth during storage, making them favorable for application as food and feed additives.

Six months exposure to a real life mixture of 13 chemicals' below individual NOAELs induced non monotonic sex-dependent biochemical and redox status changes in rats.

PubMed

Docea, Anca Oana; Gofita, Eliza; Goumenou, Marina; Calina, Daniela; Rogoveanu, Otilia; Varut, Marius; Olaru, Cristian; Kerasioti, Efthalia; Fountoucidou, Polyxeni; Taitzoglou, Ioannis; Zlatian, Ovidiu; Rakitskii, Valerii N; Hernandez, Antonio F; Kouretas, Dimitrios; Tsatsakis, Aristidis

2018-05-01

This study assessed the potential adverse health effects of long-term low-dose exposure to chemical mixtures simulating complex real-life human exposures. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were administered mixtures containing carbaryl, dimethoate, glyphosate, methomyl, methyl parathion, triadimefon, aspartame, sodium benzoate, calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate, ethylparaben, butylparaben, bisphenol A, and acacia gum at doses of 0, 0.25, 1 or 5 times the respective Toxicological Reference Values (TRV): acceptable daily intake (ADI) or tolerable daily intake (TDI) in a 24 weeks toxicity study. Body weight gain, feed and water consumption were evaluated weekly. At 24 weeks blood was collected and biochemistry parameters and redox status markers were assessed. Adverse effects were observed on body weight gain and in hepatotoxic parameters such as the total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), especially in low dose and affecting mainly male rats. The low dose group showed increased catalase activity both in females and males, whereas the high dose group exhibited decreased protein carbonyl and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in both sex groups. Non-monotonic effects and adaptive responses on liver function tests and redox status, leading to non-linear dose-responses curves, are probably produced by modulation of different mechanisms. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of phosphates on microstructure and bioactivity of micro-arc oxidized calcium phosphate coatings on Mg-Zn-Zr magnesium alloy.

PubMed

Pan, Y K; Chen, C Z; Wang, D G; Zhao, T G

2013-09-01

Calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings were prepared on Mg-Zn-Zr magnesium alloy by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) in electrolyte containing calcium acetate monohydrate (CH3COO)2Ca·H2O) and different phosphates (i.e. disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4·12H2O), sodium phosphate (Na3PO4·H2O) and sodium hexametaphosphate((NaPO3)6)). Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were employed to characterize the microstructure, elemental distribution and phase composition of the CaP coatings. Simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion test was used to evaluate the coating bioactivity and degradability. Systemic toxicity test was used to evaluate the coating biocompatibility. Fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE) was used to measure F(-) ions concentration during 30 days SBF immersion. The CaP coatings effectively reduced the corrosion rate and the surfaces of CaP coatings were covered by a new layer formed of numerous needle-like and scale-like apatites. The formation of these calcium phosphate apatites indicates that the coatings have excellent bioactivity. The coatings formed in (NaPO3)6-containging electrolyte exhibit thicker thickness, higher adhesive strength, slower degradation rate, better apatite-inducing ability and biocompatibility. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Noninvasive quantitative measurement of colloid transport in mesoscale porous media using time lapse fluorescence imaging.

PubMed

Bridge, Jonathan W; Banwart, Steven A; Heathwaite, A Louise

2006-10-01

We demonstrate noninvasive quantitative imaging of colloid and solute transport at millimeter to decimeter (meso-) scale. Ultraviolet (UV) excited fluorescent solute and colloid tracers were independently measured simultaneously during co-advection through saturated quartz sand. Pulse-input experiments were conducted at constant flow rates and ionic strengths 10(-3), 10(-2) and 10(-1) M NaCl. Tracers were 1.9 microm carboxylate latex microspheres and disodium fluorescein. Spatial moments analysis was used to quantify relative changes in mass distribution of the colloid and solute tracers over time. The solute advected through the sand at a constant velocity proportional to flow rate and was described well by a conservative transport model (CXTFIT). In unfavorable deposition conditions increasing ionic strength produced significant reduction in colloid center of mass transport velocity over time. Velocity trends correlated with the increasing fraction of colloid mass retained along the flowpath. Attachment efficiencies (defined by colloid filtration theory) calculated from nondestructive retained mass data were 0.013 +/- 0.03, 0.09 +/- 0.02, and 0.22 +/- 0.05 at 10(-3), 10(-2), and 10(-1) M ionic strength, respectively, which compared well with previously published data from breakthrough curves and destructive sampling. Mesoscale imaging of colloid mass dynamics can quantify key deposition and transport parameters based on noninvasive, nondestructive, spatially high-resolution data.

Lipid-lowering Activity of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Sterols and Stanols.

PubMed

Taha, Dhiaa A; Wasan, Ellen K; Wasan, Kishor M; Gershkovich, Pavel

2015-01-01

Consumption of plant sterols/ stanols has long been demonstrated to reduce plasma cholesterol levels. The objective of this review is to demonstrate the lipid-lowering activity and anti-atherogenic effects of natural and semi-synthetic plant sterols/ stanols based on evidence from cell-culture studies, animal studies and clinical trials. Additionally, this review highlights certain molecular mechanisms by which plant sterols/ stanols lower plasma cholesterol levels with a special emphasis on factors that affect the cholesterol-lowering activity of plant sterols/stanols. The crystalline nature and the poor oil solubility of these natural products could be important factors that limit their cholesterol-lowering efficiency. Several attempts have been made to improve the cholesterol-lowering activity by enhancing the bioavailability of crystalline sterols and stanols. Approaches involved reduction of the crystal size and/or esterification with fatty acids from vegetable or fish oils. However, the most promising approach in this context is the chemical modification of plant sterols /stanols into water soluble disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphates analogue by esterification with ascorbic acid. This novel semi-synthetic stanol derivative has improved efficacy over natural plant sterols/ stanols and can provide additional benefits by combining the cholesterol-lowering properties of plant stanols with the antioxidant potential of ascorbic acid. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Hydrogel Reservoir as a Continuous Drug Delivery System for Inner Ear Treatment

PubMed Central

Hessler, Roland; Stöver, Timo; Esser, Karl-Heinz; Möller, Martin; Lenarz, Thomas; Jolly, Claude; Groll, Jürgen; Scheper, Verena

2014-01-01

Fibrous tissue growth and loss of residual hearing after cochlear implantation can be reduced by application of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone-21-phosphate-disodium-salt (DEX). To date, sustained delivery of this agent to the cochlea using a number of pharmaceutical technologies has not been entirely successful. In this study we examine a novel way of continuous local drug application into the inner ear using a refillable hydrogel functionalized silicone reservoir. A PEG-based hydrogel made of reactive NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) prepolymers was evaluated as a drug conveying and delivery system in vitro and in vivo. Encapsulating the free form hydrogel into a silicone tube with a small opening for the drug diffusion resulted in delayed drug release but unaffected diffusion of DEX through the gel compared to the free form hydrogel. Additionally, controlled DEX release over several weeks could be demonstrated using the hydrogel filled reservoir. Using a guinea-pig cochlear trauma model the reservoir delivery of DEX significantly protected residual hearing and reduced fibrosis. As well as being used as a device in its own right or in combination with cochlear implants, the hydrogel-filled reservoir represents a new drug delivery system that feasibly could be replenished with therapeutic agents to provide sustained treatment of the inner ear. PMID:25105670

Current and future pharmacologic options for the management of patients unable to achieve low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol goals with statins.

PubMed

El Harchaoui, Karim; Akdim, Fatima; Stroes, Erik S G; Trip, Mieke D; Kastelein, John J P

2008-01-01

Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering is the mainstay of the current treatment guidelines in the management of cardiovascular risk. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are currently the most effective LDL-C-lowering drugs. However, a substantial number of patients do not reach treatment targets with statins. Therefore, an unmet medical need exists for lipid-lowering drugs with novel mechanisms of action to reach the recommended cholesterol target levels, either by monotherapy or combination therapy. Upregulation of the LDL receptor with squalene synthase inhibitors has shown promising results in animal studies but the clinical development of the lead compound lapaquistat (TAK-475) has recently been discontinued. Ezetimibe combined with statins allowed significantly more patients to reach their LDL-C targets. Other inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption such as disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate (FM-VP4) and bile acid transport inhibitors have shown positive results in early development trials, whereas the prospect of acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibition in cardiovascular prevention is dire. Selective inhibition of messenger RNA (mRNA) by antisense oligonucleotides is a new approach to modify cholesterol levels. The inhibition of apolipoprotein B mRNA is in advanced development and mipomersen sodium (ISIS 301012) has shown striking results in phase II studies both as monotherapy as well as in combination with statins.

Effect of applied voltage on surface properties of anodised titanium in mixture of β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) and calcium acetate (CA)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chuan, Lee Te, E-mail: gd130079@siswa.uthm.edu.my; Rathi, Muhammad Fareez Mohamad, E-mail: cd110238@siswa.uthm.edu.my; Abidin, Muhamad Yusuf Zainal, E-mail: cd110221@siswa.uthm.edu.my

Anodic oxidation is a surface modification method which combines electric field driven metal and oxygen ion diffusion for formation of oxide layer on the anode surface. This method has been widely used to modify the surface morphology of biomaterial especially titanium. This study aimed to investigate the effect of applied voltage on titanium. Specifically, the titanium foil was anodised in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA) with different applied voltage (50-350 V), electrolyte concentration (0.04 M β-GP + 0.4 M CA), anodising time (10minutes) and current density (50 and 70 mA.cm{sup −2}) at room temperature. Surfacemore » oxide properties of anodised titanium were characterised by digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR camera), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). At lower applied voltage (≤150 V), surface of titanium foils were relatively smooth. With increasing applied voltage (≥250 V), the oxide layer became more porous and donut-shaped pores were formed on the surface of titanium foils. The AFM results indicated that the surface roughness of anodised titanium increases with increasing of applied voltage. The porous and rough surface is able to promote the osseointegration and reduce the suffering time of patient.« less

Effects of anodic oxidation and hydrothermal treatment on surface characteristics and biocompatibility of Ti-30Nb-1Fe-1Hf alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ou, Shih-Fu; Chou, Hsin-Hua; Lin, Chao-Sung; Shih, Ching-Jui; Wang, Kuang-Kuo; Pan, Yung-Ning

2012-06-01

Anodic oxidation followed by hydrothermal treatment has been widely applied for surface modification of titanium alloys to precipitate a crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) layer in order to achieve improved osteoconduction. A majority of the studies in the literature imposed relatively high powers to enhance Ca and P in the anodic oxide film (AOF). However, high powers have been found to cause deterioration of the adhesive strength in one of the author's previous study. In this study, a new electrolyte comprising calcium acetate monohydrate (CA), β-glycerophosphate disodium pentahydrate (β-GP) and HA powder was developed, and the Ti-30Nb-1Fe-1Hf alloy was anodized in this HA-containing electrolyte to a relatively low voltage. Results show that the AOF anodized in the HA-containing electrolyte exhibits a better HA forming ability during hydrothermal treatment, attributing to the presence of HA powder in the electrolyte that effectively enhances both the Ca content and Ca/P ratio in the AOF. On the other hand, the adhesive strength was little affected due to the decrease in size of the craters residing in the AOF. With respect to the biological responses, not much difference in biocompatibility of the treated and untreated Ti-Nb surfaces was obtained. However, the anodized and hydrothermally treated surface promotes the attachment of cells.

Bacterial Motility Reveals Unknown Molecular Organization

PubMed Central

Duchesne, Ismaël; Rainville, Simon; Galstian, Tigran

2015-01-01

The water solubility of lyotropic liquid crystals (LCs) makes them very attractive to study the behavior of biological microorganisms in an environment where local symmetry is broken (as often encountered in nature). Several recent studies have shown a dramatic change in the behavior of flagellated bacteria when swimming in solutions of the lyotropic LC disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). In this study, the movements of Escherichia coli bacteria in DSCG-water solutions of different concentrations are observed to improve our understanding of this phenomenon. In addition, the viscosity of DSCG aqueous solutions is measured as a function of concentration at room temperature. We also experimentally identify a previously undescribed isotropic pretransition zone where bacteria start sticking to each other and to surfaces. Simple estimations show that the unbalanced osmotic pressure induced depletion force might be responsible for this sticking phenomenon. An estimate of the bacteria propulsive force and the DSCG aggregates length (versus concentration) are calculated from the measured viscosity of the medium. All these quantities are found to undergo a strong increase in the pretransition zone, starting at a threshold concentration of 6 ± 1 wt % DSCG that is well below the known isotropic-LC transition (∼10 wt %). This study also shines light on the motility of flagellated bacteria in realistic environments, and it opens new avenues for interesting applications such as the use of motile microorganisms to probe the physical properties of their host or smart bandages that could guide bacteria out of wounds. PMID:26588572

Topically applied metal chelator reduces thermal injury progression in a rat model of brass comb burn.

PubMed

Wang, Cheng Z; Ayadi, Amina El; Goswamy, Juhi; Finnerty, Celeste C; Mifflin, Randy; Sousse, Linda; Enkhbaatar, Perenlei; Papaconstantinou, John; Herndon, David N; Ansari, Naseem H

2015-12-01

Oxidative stress may be involved in the cellular damage and tissue destruction as burn wounds continues to progress after abatement of the initial insult. Since iron and calcium ions play key roles in oxidative stress, this study tested whether topical application of Livionex formulation (LF) lotion, that contains disodium EDTA as a metal chelator and methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) as a permeability enhancer, would prevent or reduce burns. We used an established brass comb burn model with some modifications. Topical application of LF lotion was started 5 min post-burn, and repeated every 8 h for 3 consecutive days. Rats were euthanized and skin harvested for histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Formation of protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), malonadialdehyde (MDA) and acrolein (ACR) and expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes, ALDH1 and ALDH2 were assessed. LF lotion-treated burn sites and interspaces showed mild morphological improvement compared to untreated burn sites. Furthermore, the lotion significantly decreased the immunostaining of lipid aldehyde-protein adducts including protein -HNE, -MDA and -ACR adducts, and restored the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in the unburned interspaces. This data, for the first time, demonstrates that a topically applied EDTA-containing lotion protects burns progression with a concomitant decrease in the accumulation of reactive lipid aldehydes and protection of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes. Present studies are suggestive of therapeutic intervention of burns by this novel lotion. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

Targeted chelation therapy with EDTA-loaded albumin nanoparticles regresses arterial calcification without causing systemic side effects

PubMed Central

Lei, Yang; Nosoudi, Nasim; Vyavahare, Naren

2014-01-01

Background and aims Elastin-specific medial arterial calcification (MAC) is an arterial disease commonly referred as Monckeberg’s sclerosis. It causes significant arterial stiffness, and as yet, no clinical therapy exists to prevent or reverse it. We developed albumin nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with disodium ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) that were designed to target calcified elastic lamina when administrated by intravenous injection. Methods and Results We optimized NP size, charge, and EDTA-loading efficiency (150~200 nm, zeta potential of − 22.89 ~ − 31.72 mV, loading efficiency for EDTA ~20 %) for in vivo targeting in rats. These NPs released EDTA slowly for up to 5 days. In both ex-vivo study and in vivo study with injury-induced local abdominal aortic calcification, we showed that elastin antibody-coated and EDTA-loaded albumin NPs targeted the damaged elastic lamina while sparing healthy artery. Intravenous NP injections reversed elastin-specific MAC in rats after four injections over a 2-week period. EDTA-loaded albumin NPs did not cause the side effects observed in EDTA injection alone, such as decrease in serum calcium (Ca), increase in urine Ca, or toxicity to kidney. There was no bone loss in any treated groups. Conclusion We demonstrate that elastin antibody-coated and EDTA-loaded albumin NPs might be a promising nanoparticle therapy to reverse elastin-specific MAC and circumvent side effects associated with systemic EDTA chelation therapy. PMID:25285609

Brushite foams—the effect of Tween® 80 and Pluronic® F‐127 on foam porosity and mechanical properties

PubMed Central

Montufar, Edgar B.; Engqvist, Håkan; Ginebra, Maria‐Pau; Persson, Cecilia

2016-01-01

Abstract Resorbable calcium phosphate based bone void fillers should work as temporary templates for new bone formation. The incorporation of macropores with sizes of 100 −300 µm has been shown to increase the resorption rate of the implant and speed up bone ingrowth. In this work, macroporous brushite cements were fabricated through foaming of the cement paste, using two different synthetic surfactants, Tween® 80 and Pluronic® F‐127. The macropores formed in the Pluronic samples were both smaller and less homogeneously distributed compared with the pores formed in the Tween samples. The porosity and compressive strength (CS) were comparable to previously developed hydroxyapatite foams. The cement foam containing Tween, 0.5M citric acid in the liquid, 1 mass% of disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate mixed in the powder and a liquid to powder ratio of 0.43 mL/g, showed the highest porosity values (76% total and 56% macroporosity), while the CS was >1 MPa, that is, the hardened cement could be handled without rupture of the foamed structure. The investigated brushite foams show potential for future clinical use, both as bone void fillers and as scaffolds for in vitro bone regeneration. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 67–77, 2016. PMID:25615405

Mobilized plasma lead as an index of lead body burden and its relation to the heme-related indices.

PubMed

Sakai, T; Ushio, K; Ikeya, Y

1998-07-01

Plasma lead (Pb-P) from workers were distributed in two main fractions: a protein bound fraction and low molecular weight fractions. Lead mobilized into plasma by CaEDTA was mainly observed in the low molecular weight fraction corresponding to lead disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (PbEDTA). The peak levels of Pb-P was attained around 1.5 and 2.5 hours after the start of CaEDTA injection. Pb-P and blood lead levels (Pb-B) at 2 h after the injection were 4.26 (+/- 2.84) and 0.96 (+/- 0.27) fold of the initial levels just before the injection. Pb-P concentrations at 2 hours after the start of CaEDTA injection (MPb-P) were well correlated (r = 0.740) with amounts of lead excreted in urine for 24 h thereafter (MPb-U). log MPb-P as well as log MPb-U were correlated with Pb-B (r = 0.765 and 0.817, respectively). Correlation coefficients of lead body burden (MPb-P or MPb-U) vs the logarithms of the effect indices (delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase, ALA in urine, coproporphyrin in urine, and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin) were higher than the correlation coefficients of exposure indices (Pb-B or Pb-U) vs the logarithms of the effect indices. Thus the biological effect monitoring is significant and reliable for evaluating the functional components of lead body burden (MPb-P or MPb-U).

Facilitation of granule cell epileptiform activity by mossy fiber-released zinc in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

PubMed

Timofeeva, Olga; Nadler, J Victor

2006-03-17

Recurrent mossy fiber synapses in the dentate gyrus of epileptic brain facilitate the synchronous firing of granule cells and may promote seizure propagation. Mossy fiber terminals contain and release zinc. Released zinc inhibits the activation of NMDA receptors and may therefore oppose the development of granule cell epileptiform activity. Hippocampal slices from rats that had experienced pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and developed a recurrent mossy fiber pathway were used to investigate this possibility. Actions of released zinc were inferred from the effects of chelation with 1 mM calcium disodium EDTA (CaEDTA). When granule cell population bursts were evoked by mossy fiber stimulation in the presence of 6 mM K(+) and 30 microM bicuculline, CaEDTA slowed the rate at which evoked bursting developed, but did not change the magnitude of the bursts once they had developed fully. The effects of CaEDTA were then studied on the pharmacologically isolated NMDA receptor- and AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated components of the fully developed bursts. CaEDTA increased the magnitude of NMDA receptor-mediated bursts and reduced the magnitude of AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated bursts. CaEDTA did not affect the granule cell bursts evoked in slices from untreated rats by stimulating the perforant path in the presence of bicuculline and 6 mM K(+). These results suggest that zinc released from the recurrent mossy fibers serves mainly to facilitate the recruitment of dentate granule cells into population bursts.

Formulation, functional evaluation and ex vivo performance of thermoresponsive soluble gels - A platform for therapeutic delivery to mucosal sinus tissue.

PubMed

Pandey, Preeti; Cabot, Peter J; Wallwork, Benjamin; Panizza, Benedict J; Parekh, Harendra S

2017-01-01

Mucoadhesive in situ gelling systems (soluble gels) have received considerable attention recently as effective stimuli-transforming vectors for a range of drug delivery applications. Considering this fact, the present work involves systematic formulation development, optimization, functional evaluation and ex vivo performance of thermosensitive soluble gels containing dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt (DXN) as the model therapeutic. A series of in situ gel-forming systems comprising the thermoreversible polymer poloxamer-407 (P407), along with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and chitosan were first formulated. The optimized soluble gels were evaluated for their potential to promote greater retention at the mucosal surface, for improved therapeutic efficacy, compared to existing solution/suspension-based steroid formulations used clinically. Optimized soluble gels demonstrated a desirable gelation temperature with Newtonian fluid behaviour observed under storage conditions (4-8°C), and pseudoplastic fluid behaviour recorded at nasal cavity/sinus temperature (≈34°C). The in vitro characterization of formulations including rheological evaluation, textural analysis and mucoadhesion studies of the gel form were investigated. Considerable improvement in mechanical properties and mucoadhesion was observed with incorporation of HPMC and chitosan into the gelling systems. The lead poloxamer-based soluble gels, PGHC4 and PGHC7, which were carried through to ex vivo permeation studies displayed extended drug release profiles in conditions mimicking the human nasal cavity, which indicates their suitability for treating a range of conditions affecting the nasal cavity/sinuses. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The anti-allergic activity of polyphenol extracted from five marine algae

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yu; Lin, Hong; Li, Zhenxing; Mou, Quangui

2015-08-01

Natural polyphenol has been widely believed to be effective in allergy remission. Currently, most of the natural polyphenol products come from terrestrial sources such as tea, grape seeds among others, and few polyphenols have been developed from algae for their anti-allergic activity. The aim of the study was to screen some commercial seaweed for natural extracts with anti-allergic activity. Five algae including Laminaria japonica, Porphyra sp., Spirulina platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scytosiphon sp. were extracted with ethanol, and the extracts were evaluated for total polyphenol contents and anti-allergic activity with the hyaluronidase inhibition assay. Results showed that the total polyphenol contents in the ethanol extracts ranged from 1.67% to 8.47%, while the highest was found in the extract from Scytosiphon sp. Hyaluronidase inhibition assay showed that the extracts from Scytosiphon sp. had the lowest IC50, 0.67 mg mL-1, while Chlorella pyrenoidosa extract had the highest IC50, 15.07 mg mL-1. The anti-allergic activity of Scytosiphon sp. extract was even higher than the typical anti-allergic drug Disodium Cromoglycate (DSCG) (IC50 = 1.13 mg mL-1), and was similar with natural polyphenol from Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (IC50 = 0.56 mg mL-1). These results indicated that the ethanol extract of Scytosiphon sp. contains a high concentration of polyphenol with high anti-allergic activity. Potentially Scytosiphon sp. can be developed to a natural anti-allergic compound for allergy remission.

Enhanced performance of direct Z-scheme CuS-WO3 system towards photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants under visible light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Chundong; Wang, Xiang; Zhang, Jing; Chen, Xuebing; Li, Can

2017-12-01

CuS-WO3 composites were synthesized by an in situ solution method at low temperature. The crystalline phase, morphology, particle size, and the optical properties of CuS-WO3 samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra. CuS-WO3 composites showed much higher activity for photocatalytic degradation of RhB as compared with WO3 and CuS. The degradation rate constant over 1 wt% CuS-WO3 catalyst was 4.4 times and 9.2 times higher than that of WO3 and CuS, respectively. It is found that holes (h+) and superoxide radical anions (rad O2-) are the dominant reactive species by using methanol, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and ascorbic acid as scavengers. Band structure analysis shows that bottom of CB of WO3 is very similar with and higher (ca. 0.01 eV) than the top of VB of CuS. The results of PL showed that the similarity renders the recombination between photogenerated holes on the VB of CuS and photogenerated electrons on the CB of WO3 possible and easy, forming a direct Z-scheme in CuS-WO3. This result in that more electrons in the CB of CuS and holes in the VB of WO3 survived, and then participated in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB, showing an increased activity.

Hydrothermal synthesis and photoluminescent properties of hierarchical GdPO4·H2O:Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Eu3+, Ce3+, Tb3+) flower-like clusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amurisana, Bao.; Zhiqiang, Song.; Haschaolu, O.; Yi, Chen; Tegus, O.

2018-02-01

3D hierarchical GdPO4·H2O:Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Eu3+, Ce3+, Tb3+) flower clusters were successfully prepared on glass slide substrate by a simple, economical hydrothermal process with the assistance of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2H2L, where L4- = (CH2COO)2N(CH2)2N(CH2COO)24-). In this process, Na2H2L was used as both a chelating agent and a structure-director. The hierarchical flower clusters have an average diameter of 7-12 μm and are composed of well-aligned microrods. The influence of the molar ratio of Na2H2L/Gd3+ and reaction time on the morphology was systematically studied. A possible crystal growth and formation mechanism of hierarchical flower clusters is proposed based on the evolution of morphology as a function of reaction time. The self-assembled GdPO4·H2O:Ln3+ superstructures exhibit strong orange-red (Eu3+, 5D0 → 7F1), green (Tb3+, 5D4 → 7F5) and near ultraviolet emissions (Ce3+, 5d → 7F5/2) under ultraviolet excitation, respectively. This study may provide a new channel for building hierarchically superstructued oxide micro/nanomaterials with optical and new properties.

Synthesis and properties of novel sulfonated polybenzimidazoles from disodium 4,6-bis(4-carboxyphenoxy)benzene-1,3-disulfonate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheng, Li; Xu, Hongjie; Guo, Xiaoxia; Fang, Jianhua; Fang, Liang; Yin, Jie

2011-03-01

A series of sulfonated polybenzimidazoles (SPBIs) with varied ion exchange capacities (IECs) have been synthesized by random condensation copolymerization of a new sulfonated dicarboxylic acid monomer 4,6-bis(4-carboxyphenoxy)benzene-1,3-disulfonate (BCPOBDS-Na), 4,4‧-dicarboxydiphenyl ether (DCDPE) and 3,3‧-diaminobenzidine (DAB) in Eaton's reagent at 140 °C. Most of the SPBIs show good solubility in polar aprotic organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals that the SPBIs have excellent thermal stability (desulfonation temperatures (on-set) > 370 °C). The SPBI membranes show good mechanical properties of which tensile strength, elongation at break, and storage modulus are in the range of 89-96 MPa, 12-42%, and 2.4-3.1 GPa, respectively. Moreover, the SPBI membranes exhibit phosphoric acid (PA) uptake in the range of 180-240% (w/w) in 85 wt% PA at 50 °C, while high mechanical properties (13-20 MPa) are maintained. The SPBI membrane with 240% (w/w) PA uptake displays fairly high proton conductivity (37.3 mS cm-1) at 0% relative humidity at 170 °C. The fuel cell fabricated with the PA-doped SPBI membrane (PA uptake = 240% (w/w)) displays good performance with the highest output power density of 0.58 W cm-2 at 170 °C with hydrogen-oxygen gases under ambient pressure without external humidification.

Mast Cells Regulate Wound Healing in Diabetes.

PubMed

Tellechea, Ana; Leal, Ermelindo C; Kafanas, Antonios; Auster, Michael E; Kuchibhotla, Sarada; Ostrovsky, Yana; Tecilazich, Francesco; Baltzis, Dimitrios; Zheng, Yongjun; Carvalho, Eugénia; Zabolotny, Janice M; Weng, Zuyi; Petra, Anastasia; Patel, Arti; Panagiotidou, Smaro; Pradhan-Nabzdyk, Leena; Theoharides, Theoharis C; Veves, Aristidis

2016-07-01

Diabetic foot ulceration is a severe complication of diabetes that lacks effective treatment. Mast cells (MCs) contribute to wound healing, but their role in diabetes skin complications is poorly understood. Here we show that the number of degranulated MCs is increased in unwounded forearm and foot skin of patients with diabetes and in unwounded dorsal skin of diabetic mice (P < 0.05). Conversely, postwounding MC degranulation increases in nondiabetic mice, but not in diabetic mice. Pretreatment with the MC degranulation inhibitor disodium cromoglycate rescues diabetes-associated wound-healing impairment in mice and shifts macrophages to the regenerative M2 phenotype (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, nondiabetic and diabetic mice deficient in MCs have delayed wound healing compared with their wild-type (WT) controls, implying that some MC mediator is needed for proper healing. MCs are a major source of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mouse skin, but the level of VEGF is reduced in diabetic mouse skin, and its release from human MCs is reduced in hyperglycemic conditions. Topical treatment with the MC trigger substance P does not affect wound healing in MC-deficient mice, but improves it in WT mice. In conclusion, the presence of nondegranulated MCs in unwounded skin is required for proper wound healing, and therapies inhibiting MC degranulation could improve wound healing in diabetes. © 2016 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.

Gateways to clinical trials.

PubMed

Tomillero, A; Moral, M A

2009-03-01

ABT-869, Acadesine, Acetylsalicylic acid/omeprazole, Adefovir, Adefovir dipivoxil, AEG-35156, Agatolimod sodium, Albiglutide, Alemtuzumab, Alipogene tiparvovec, Alogliptin benzoate, AMG-386, Amrubicin hydrochloride, Apremilast, Aripiprazole, Asoprisnil, Atorvastatin/fenofibrate, AVN-944, Axitinib; Belinostat, Bevacizumab, BHT-3021, BI-2536, Biapenem, Bilastine, Biphasic insulin aspart, Blinatumomab, Bortezomib, Bosentan; Catumaxomab, CD-NP, Cediranib, Certolizumab pegol, Cetuximab, Choline fenofibrate, Ciclesonide, CK-1827452,Clevudine, Clofarabine, CSL-360, CYT-997; Dapagliflozin, Darinaparsin, Denosumab, Densiron 68, Desloratadine, Dulanermin; Edoxaban tosilate, Emtricitabine, Entecavir, Erlotinib hydrochloride, Everolimus, Exenatide, Ezetimibe, Ezetimibe/simvastatin; Fidaxomicintiacumiv, Fulvestrant; G-207, GCR-8015, Gefitinib, Ghrelin (human), Glufosfamide; HPV16L1E7CVLP; Ibutamoren mesilate, Imatinib mesylate, Insulin detemir, Insulin glargine, Iodine (I131) tositumomab, Istaroxime, ITMN-191, Ixabepilone; JZP-4, Lenalidomide; Levetiracetam, Linaclotide acetate, Liposomal cytarabine/daunorubicin, Liposomal doxorubicin, Liraglutide, LY-518674; Milatuzumab, MMR-V, Motesanib diphosphate, Mycophenolic acid sodium salt; Niacin/simvastatin; Obatoclax mesylate, Odanacatib; Paclitaxel nanoparticles, Paclitaxel-eluting stent, Pazufloxacin, PBT-2, Pegfilgrastim, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin, Pemetrexed disodium, Perampanel, PfCP2.9, Pitavastatin calcium, Poly I:CLC, Pomalidomide, Pralatrexate, Pramlintide acetate, Prucalopride; rhGAD65, Roflumilast; RTS,S/AS02D; SCH-530348, Semagacestat, Sirolimus-eluting coronary stent, Sirolimus-Eluting Stent, SIR-Spheres, Sivelestat sodium hydrate, Sorafenib, Sunitinib malate; Tadalafil, Tafluprost, Tanespimycin, Teduglutide, Telaprevir, Telbivudine, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Tiotropium bromide, TMC-435350, Tositumomab/iodine (I131) tositumomab, Travoprost/timolol, Triciribine phosphate; Vandetanib, VIA-2291, Vinflunine, Vorinostat; XL-019; Yttrium 90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan. Copyright 2009 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved.

Hepatic Osteodystrophy: The Mechanism of Bone Loss in Hepatocellular Disease and the Effects of Pamidronate Treatment

PubMed Central

Spirlandeli, Adriano L.; Dick-de-Paula, Ingrid; Zamarioli, Ariane; Jorgetti, Vanda; Ramalho, Leandra N.Z.; Nogueira-Barbosa, Marcello H.; Volpon, Jose B.; Jordão, Alceu A.; Cunha, Fernando Q.; Fukada, Sandra Y.; de Paula, Francisco J.A.

2017-01-01

OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to evaluate the bone phenotypes and mechanisms involved in bone disorders associated with hepatic osteodystrophy. Hepatocellular disease was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In addition, the effects of disodium pamidronate on bone tissue were evaluated. METHODS: The study included 4 groups of 15 mice: a) C = mice subjected to vehicle injections; b) C+P = mice subjected to vehicle and pamidronate injections; c) CCl4+V = mice subjected to CCl4 and vehicle injections; and d) CCl4+P = mice subjected to CCl4 and pamidronate injections. CCl4 or vehicle was administered for 8 weeks, while pamidronate or vehicle was injected at the end of the fourth week. Bone histomorphometry and biomechanical analysis were performed in tibiae, while femora were used for micro-computed tomography and gene expression. RESULTS: CCl4 mice exhibited decreased bone volume/trabecular volume and trabecular numbers, as well as increased trabecular separation, as determined by bone histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography, but these changes were not detected in the group treated with pamidronate. CCl4 mice showed increased numbers of osteoclasts and resorption surface. High serum levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and the increased expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in the bones of CCl4 mice supported the enhancement of bone resorption in these mice. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that bone resorption is the main mechanism of bone loss in chronic hepatocellular disease in mice. PMID:28492723

Hepatic Osteodystrophy: The Mechanism of Bone Loss in Hepatocellular Disease and the Effects of Pamidronate Treatment.

PubMed

Spirlandeli, Adriano L; Dick-de-Paula, Ingrid; Zamarioli, Ariane; Jorgetti, Vanda; Ramalho, Leandra N Z; Nogueira-Barbosa, Marcello H; Volpon, Jose B; Jordão, Alceu A; Cunha, Fernando Q; Fukada, Sandra Y; de Paula, Francisco J A

2017-04-01

The present study was designed to evaluate the bone phenotypes and mechanisms involved in bone disorders associated with hepatic osteodystrophy. Hepatocellular disease was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In addition, the effects of disodium pamidronate on bone tissue were evaluated. The study included 4 groups of 15 mice: a) C = mice subjected to vehicle injections; b) C+P = mice subjected to vehicle and pamidronate injections; c) CCl4+V = mice subjected to CCl4 and vehicle injections; and d) CCl4+P = mice subjected to CCl4 and pamidronate injections. CCl4 or vehicle was administered for 8 weeks, while pamidronate or vehicle was injected at the end of the fourth week. Bone histomorphometry and biomechanical analysis were performed in tibiae, while femora were used for micro-computed tomography and gene expression. CCl4 mice exhibited decreased bone volume/trabecular volume and trabecular numbers, as well as increased trabecular separation, as determined by bone histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography, but these changes were not detected in the group treated with pamidronate. CCl4 mice showed increased numbers of osteoclasts and resorption surface. High serum levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and the increased expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in the bones of CCl4 mice supported the enhancement of bone resorption in these mice. Taken together, these results suggest that bone resorption is the main mechanism of bone loss in chronic hepatocellular disease in mice.

Nanoparticle size and combined toxicity of TiO2 and DSLS (surfactant) contribute to lysosomal responses in digestive cells of mussels exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles.

PubMed

Jimeno-Romero, A; Oron, M; Cajaraville, M P; Soto, M; Marigómez, I

2016-10-01

The aim of this investigation was to understand the bioaccumulation, cell and tissue distribution and biological effects of disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DSLS)-stabilised TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were exposed in vivo to 0.1, 1 and 10 mg Ti/L either as TiO2 NPs (60 and 180 nm) or bulk TiO2, as well as to DSLS alone. A significant Ti accumulation was observed in mussels exposed to TiO2 NPs, which were localised in endosomes, lysosomes and residual bodies of digestive cells, and in the lumen of digestive tubules, as demonstrated by ultrastructural observations and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. TiO2 NPs of 60 nm were internalised within digestive cell lysosomes to a higher extent than TiO2 NPs of 180 nm, as confirmed by the quantification of black silver deposits after autometallography. The latter were localised mainly forming large aggregates in the lumen of the gut. Consequently, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was significantly reduced upon exposure to both TiO2 NPs although more markedly after exposure to TiO2-60 NPs. Exposure to bulk TiO2 and to DSLS also affected the stability of the lysosomal membrane. Thus, effects on the lysosomal membrane depended on the nanoparticle size and on the combined biological effects of TiO2 and DSLS.

Enhanced performance of direct Z-scheme CuS-WO 3 system towards photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants under visible light

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Song, Chundong; Wang, Xiang; Zhang, Jing

CuS-WO 3 composites were synthesized by an in situ solution method at low temperature. The crystalline phase, morphology, particle size, and the optical properties of CuS-WO 3 samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra. CuS-WO 3 composites showed much higher activity for photocatalytic degradation of RhB as compared with WO 3 and CuS. The degradation rate constant over 1 wt% CuS-WO 3 catalyst was 4.4 times and 9.2 times higher than that of WO 3 and CuS, respectively. It is found that holes (h+) and superoxide radical anions (O2-) are the dominant reactive species bymore » using methanol, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and ascorbic acid as scavengers. Band structure analysis shows that bottom of CB of WO 3 is very similar with and higher (ca. 0.01 eV) than the top of VB of CuS. The results of PL showed that the similarity renders the recombination between photogenerated holes on the VB of CuS and photogenerated electrons on the CB of WO 3 possible and easy, forming a direct Z-scheme in CuS-WO 3. This result in that more electrons in the CB of CuS and holes in the VB of WO 3 survived, and then participated in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB, showing an increased activity.« less

Gateways to clinical trials.

PubMed

Bayés, M; Rabasseda, X; Prous, J R

2007-12-01

Gateways to Clinical Trials are a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables has been retrieved from the Clinical Trials Knowledge Area of Prous Science Intergrity, the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com. This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: 249553, 2-Methoxyestradiol; Abatacept, Adalimumab, Adefovir dipivoxil, Agalsidase beta, Albinterferon alfa-2b, Aliskiren fumarate, Alovudine, Amdoxovir, Amlodipine besylate/atorvastatin calcium, Amrubicin hydrochloride, Anakinra, AQ-13, Aripiprazole, AS-1404, Asoprisnil, Atacicept, Atrasentan; Belimumab, Bevacizumab, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Botulinum toxin type B, Brivaracetam; Catumaxomab, Cediranib, Cetuximab, cG250, Ciclesonide, Cinacalcet hydrochloride, Curcumin, Cypher; Darbepoetin alfa, Denosumab, Dihydrexidine; Eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid, Entecavir, Erlotinib hydrochloride, Escitalopram oxalate, Etoricoxib, Everolimus, Ezetimibe; Febuxostat, Fenspiride hydrochloride, Fondaparinux sodium; Gefitinib, Ghrelin (human), GSK-1562902A; HSV-tk/GCV; Iclaprim, Imatinib mesylate, Imexon, Indacaterol, Insulinotropin, ISIS-112989; L-Alanosine, Lapatinib ditosylate, Laropiprant; Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin-beta, Mipomersen sodium, Motexafin gadolinium; Natalizumab, Nimotuzumab; OSC, Ozarelix; PACAP-38, Paclitaxel nanoparticles, Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein-(1-36), Pasireotide, Pegfilgrastim, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Pemetrexed disodium, Pertuzumab, Picoplatin, Pimecrolimus, Pitavastatin calcium, Plitidepsin; Ranelic acid distrontium salt, Ranolazine, Recombinant human relaxin H2, Regadenoson, RFB4(dsFv)-PE38, RO-3300074, Rosuvastatin calcium; SIR-Spheres, Solifenacin succinate, Sorafenib, Sunitinib malate; Tadalafil, Talabostat, Taribavirin hydrochloride, Taxus, Temsirolimus, Teriparatide, Tiotropium bromide, Tipifarnib, Tirapazamine, Tocilizumab; UCN-01, Ularitide, Uracil, Ustekinumab; V-260, Vandetanib, Vatalanib succinate, Vernakalant hydrochloride, Vorinostat; YM-155; Zileuton, Zoledronic acid monohydrate.

The Treatment of Migraine Headaches in Children and Adolescents

PubMed Central

Brenner, Michelle; Lewis, Donald

2008-01-01

Effective management of migraine headache in children and adolescents requires a balanced approach with an individually tailored regimen targeted to treat an acute attack at its onset, blended with bio-behavioral measures, and, in about 1/3 of patients, daily preventive medicines. The key first step is to assess the disability imposed by the recurrent headache pattern, the headache “burden.” Once the burden is established decisions can be made toward selecting the most appropriate course of action. All patients will benefit from some basic bio-behavioral suggestions such as regular sleep, exercise, and eating schedule, moderation of caffeine, and identification of triggers. In addition, all patients should have a readily available analgesic to be used at the onset of a migraine attack. A subset of migraineurs will have sufficient headache burden to necessitate use of daily preventative medications. Unfortunately, there is limited controlled data to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based guideline, however, the most rigorously studied agents for acute treatment are ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and “triptan” nasal spray forms of sumatriptan and zolmitriptan; all of these have shown safety and efficacy in controlled trials. For preventive treatment, flunarizine, not available in the U.S., is the only agent that has demonstrated efficacy in placebo controlled trials, but encouraging data is emerging regarding the use of several antiepileptic agents such as topiramate, disodium valproate, and levetiracetam, as well as the antihistamine cyproheptadine and the antidepressant amitriptyline. PMID:23055860

A fluorometric assay for alkaline phosphatase activity based on β-cyclodextrin-modified carbon quantum dots through host-guest recognition.

PubMed

Tang, Cong; Qian, Zhaosheng; Huang, Yuanyuan; Xu, Jiamin; Ao, Hang; Zhao, Meizhi; Zhou, Jin; Chen, Jianrong; Feng, Hui

2016-09-15

A convenient, reliable and highly sensitive assay for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the real-time manner is developed based on β-cyclodextrin-modified carbon quantum dots (β-CD-CQDs) nanoprobe through specific host-guest recognition. Carbon quantum dots were first functionalized with 3-aminophenyl boronic acid to produce boronic acid-functionalized CQDs, and then further modified with hydropropyl β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) through B-O bonds to form β-CD-CQDs nanoprobe. p-Nitrophenol phosphate disodium salt is used as the substrate of ALP, and can hydrolyze to p-nitrophenol under the catalysis of ALP. The resulting p-nitrophenol can enter the cavity of β-CD moiety in the nanoprobe due to their specific host-guest recognition, where photoinduced electron transfer process between p-nitrophenol and CQDs takes place to efficiently quench the fluorescence of the probe. The correlation between quenched fluorescence and ALP level can be used to establish quantitative evaluation of ALP activity in a broad range from 3.4 to 100.0U/L with the detection limit of 0.9U/L. This assay shows a high sensitivity to ALP even in the presence of a very high concentration of glucose. This study demonstrates a good electron donor/acceptor pair, which can be used to design general detection strategy through PET process, and also broadens the application of host-guest recognition for enzymes detection in clinical practice. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Intravenous pamidronate treatment of infants with severe osteogenesis imperfecta.

PubMed

Aström, Eva; Jorulf, Håkan; Söderhäll, Stefan

2007-04-01

Children with the severe forms of osteogenesis imperfecta have in several studies been treated with intravenous pamidronate, but there are only few reports of the effect of early treatment. To evaluate the effect of treatment started in infancy. In a prospective observational study, with a historic control group, intravenous disodium pamidronate (APD) was given as monthly infusions to 11 children with osteogenesis imperfecta aged 3-13 (median 3.6) months, who had severe osteogenesis imperfecta with congenital bowing of the femora and vertebral compression fractures. During treatment of children aged between 3 and 6 (median 4.5) years, dual-energy x ray absorptiometry measurements of the lumbar spine showed a gradual increase in bone density. Bone metabolism parameters in serum (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, procollagen 1 carboxy-terminal peptide, collagen 1 teleopeptide) and in urine (deoxypyridinoline) indicated a decrease in bone turnover. An improvement of mobility was seen and at the latest recording, at the age of 3.3-6.5 (median 4.8) years, the children could all walk. Vertebral remodelling was seen, with increased vertebral height, and no child developed scoliosis, kyphosis or basilar impression. All children required femoral intramedullar rods for fractures, and five needed tibial rodding for extreme curvatures that prevented functional standing and walking. No adverse effects were seen on growth, fracture healing or blood chemistry. APD is an efficient symptomatic treatment for infants with severe osteogenesis imperfecta, but additional orthopaedic surgery is often needed. Early treatment may prevent scoliosis and basilar impression. Long-term follow-up is important.

Topically Applied Metal Chelator Reduces Thermal Injury Progression in a Rat Model of Brass Comb Burn

PubMed Central

Wang, Cheng Z.; El Ayadi, Amina; Goswamy, Juhi; Finnerty, Celeste C.; Mifflin, Randy; Sousse, Linda; Enkhbaatar, Perenlei; Papaconstantinou, John; Herndon, David N.; Ansari, Naseem H.

2016-01-01

Oxidative stress may be involved in the cellular damage and tissue destruction as burn wounds continues to progress after abatement of the initial insult. Since iron and calcium ions play key roles in oxidative stress, this study tested whether topical application of Livionex formulation (LF) lotion, that contains disodium EDTA as a metal chelator and methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) as a permeability enhancer, would prevent or reduce burn injury. Methods We used an established brass comb burn model with some modifications. Topical application of LF lotion was started 5 minutes post-burn, and repeated every 8 hours for 3 consecutive days. Rats were euthanized and skin harvested for histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Formation of protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), malonadialdehyde (MDA) and acrolein (ACR) and expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes, ALDH1 and ALDH2 were assessed. Results LF lotion-treated burn sites and interspaces showed mild morphological improvement compared to untreated burn sites. Furthermore, the lotion significantly decreased the immunostaining of lipid aldehyde-protein adducts including protein -HNE, -MDA and -ACR adducts, and restored the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in the unburned interspaces. Conclusion This data, for the first time, demonstrates that a topically applied EDTA-containing lotion protects burn injury progression with a concomitant decrease in the accumulation of reactive lipid aldehydes and protection of aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes. Present studies are suggestive of therapeutic intervention of burn injury by this novel lotion. PMID:26392023

Infrared Spectroscopy Determination of Lead Binding to Ethylenediaminotetraacetic Acid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fitch, Alanah; Dragan, Simona

1998-08-01

In an attempt to improve a thematic lab sequence based on lead analysis of community derived samples, we have considered infrared spectroscopy as a method of determining the lead bound to ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA). Students get acquainted with infrared spectroscopy by interpreting the spectra of EDTA, disodium ethylenediaminotetraacetate (Na2EDTA) and of lead(II) ethylenediaminotetraacetate (PbEDTA). Spectral characterization of the above compounds in the 1800-1500 cm-1 region gives information about the structural changes that sodium and lead binding to EDTA, respectively, produce. The spectra show the carboxylic carbonyl absorption band shifted from 1697 cm-1 to 1633 cm-1 in Na2EDTA, and two distinctive absorption bands at 1697 cm-1 and 1558 cm-1 in PbEDTA, the former being attributed to the "free" carboxylic group, as in EDTA, and the latter to the coordinated carboxylate with the bond order of less than 1.5 between the carbon and oxygen atoms. These features led us to the conclusion that the divalent Pb is tetra-coordinated having two covalent metal-nitrogen bonds and two ionic metal-carboxylate bonds. Based on the spectral differences between PbEDTA and EDTA, we have developed a method to quantitate the amount of lead bound to EDTA by simply comparing the peak height of the most prominent peaks in the 1800-1550 cm-1 region. A potential application of this method could be determination of lead extracted by binding it to ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid, excess EDTA being added.

Effects of anodic oxidation parameters on a modified titanium surface.

PubMed

Park, Il Song; Lee, Min Ho; Bae, Tae Sung; Seol, Kyeong Won

2008-02-01

Anodic oxidation is an electrochemical treatment that can be used to control the thickness of an oxide layer formed on a titanium surface. This procedure has the advantage of allowing the ions contained in an electrolyte to deposit onto the oxide layer. The characteristics of a layer treated with anodic oxidation can vary according to the type and concentration of the electrolytes as well as the processing variables used during anodic oxidation. In this study, the constant electrolyte for anodic oxidation was a mixed solution containing 0.02 M DL-alpha-glycerophosphate disodium salt and 0.2M calcium acetate. Anodic oxidation was carried out at different voltages, current densities, and duration of anodic oxidation. The results showed that the current density and variation in the duration of anodic oxidation did not have a large effect on the change in the characteristics of the layer. On the other hand, the size of the micropores was increased with increasing voltage of anodic oxidation, and anatase and rutile phases were found to co-exist in the porous titanium dioxide layer. In addition, the thickness of the oxide layer on titanium and the characteristic of corrosion resistance increased with increasing voltage. The MTT test showed that the cell viability was increased considerably as a result of anodic oxidation. The anodizing voltage is an important parameter that determines the characteristics of the anodic oxide layer of titanium. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Heat resistance of Bacillus cereus spores: effects of milk constituents and stabilizing additives.

PubMed

Mazas, M; López, M; Martínez, S; Bernardo, A; Martin, R

1999-04-01

Heat resistance of Bacillus cereus spores (ATCC 7004, 4342, and 9818) heated in different types of milk (skim, whole, and concentrated skim milk), skim milk containing stabilizing additives (sodium citrate, monopotassium phosphate, or disodium phosphate, 0.1%), and cream was investigated. Thermal resistance experiments were performed at temperatures within the range of 92 to 115 degrees C under continuous monitoring of pH. For strain 4342 no significant differences (P < 0.05) in D values were detected in any case. For strains 7004 and 9818 higher D values of about 20% were obtained in whole and concentrated skim milk than those calculated in skim milk. From all stabilizing additives tested, only sodium citrate and sodium phosphate increased the heat resistance for strain 9818. However, when the menstruum pH was measured at the treatment temperature, different pH values were found between the heating media. The differences in heat resistance observed could be due to a pH effect rather than to the difference in the substrates in which spores were heated. In contrast, when cream (fat content 20%) was used, lower D values were obtained, especially for strains 7004 and 9818. z values were not significantly modified by the milk composition, with an average z value of 7.95+/-0.20 degrees C for strain 7004, 7.88+/-0.10 degrees C for strain 4342, and 9.13+/-0.16 degrees C for strain 9818.

[Tartrate-sensitive and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases in Amoeba proteus].

PubMed

Sopina, V A; Beliaeva, T N

2000-01-01

In free-living Amoeba proteus (strain B), acid phosphatase (AcP) was examined by disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The tartrate-sensitive amebian AcP was greatly inhibited by dithiothreitol and Cu2+, and only partly inhibited by sodium orthovanadate, ammonium molybdate, EDTA, disodium salt and Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+. On the contrary, it appeared to be resistant to sulfhydryl reagents--4(hydroxymercury) benzoic acid, sodium salt and N-ethylmaleimide. Unlike the tartrate-sensitive enzyme, the tartrate-resistant AcP was greatly inhibited by EDTA and partly inhibited by dithiothreitol, Mg2+ and Cu2+ (Mn2+ > Cu2+), being activated by orthovanadate, molybdate, sulfhydryl reagents, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+. Both tartrate-sensitive and tartrate-resistant AcPs lack apparently free SH-groups necessary for their catalytic activities. Using 2-naphthyl phosphate as a substrate at pH 4.5, six AcP electromorphs were revealed in cytosol and sediment, four of these being most frequently localized in the former, and two in the latter. Two other AcP electromorphs were confined to the sediment only. Depending on the quantity of sedimented amoebae making a homogenate (0.5 or 2.0 cm3), that was added to Percoll solution, the lysosomal AcP fraction in polyacrylamide gel was represented by one or two tartrate-sensitive electromorphs. Therefore, tartrate-resistant AcP in A. proteus may be a lysosomal enzyme, while tartrate-resistant AcP may correspond to serine/threonine protein phosphatase.