Sample records for grade decay heat

  1. Decay heat uncertainty quantification of MYRRHA

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fiorito, Luca; Buss, Oliver; Hoefer, Axel; Stankovskiy, Alexey; Eynde, Gert Van den

    2017-09-01

    MYRRHA is a lead-bismuth cooled MOX-fueled accelerator driven system (ADS) currently in the design phase at SCK·CEN in Belgium. The correct evaluation of the decay heat and of its uncertainty level is very important for the safety demonstration of the reactor. In the first part of this work we assessed the decay heat released by the MYRRHA core using the ALEPH-2 burnup code. The second part of the study focused on the nuclear data uncertainty and covariance propagation to the MYRRHA decay heat. Radioactive decay data, independent fission yield and cross section uncertainties/covariances were propagated using two nuclear data sampling codes, namely NUDUNA and SANDY. According to the results, 238U cross sections and fission yield data are the largest contributors to the MYRRHA decay heat uncertainty. The calculated uncertainty values are deemed acceptable from the safety point of view as they are well within the available regulatory limits.

  2. Determination of the NPP Kr\\vsko spent fuel decay heat

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kromar, Marjan; Kurinčič, Bojan

    2017-07-01

    Nuclear fuel is designed to support fission process in a reactor core. Some of the isotopes, formed during the fission, decay and produce decay heat and radiation. Accurate knowledge of the nuclide inventory producing decay heat is important after reactor shut down, during the fuel storage and subsequent reprocessing or disposal. In this paper possibility to calculate the fuel isotopic composition and determination of the fuel decay heat with the Serpent code is investigated. Serpent is a well-known Monte Carlo code used primarily for the calculation of the neutron transport in a reactor. It has been validated for the burn-up calculations. In the calculation of the fuel decay heat different set of isotopes is important than in the neutron transport case. Comparison with the Origen code is performed to verify that the Serpent is taking into account all isotopes important to assess the fuel decay heat. After the code validation, a sensitivity study is carried out. Influence of several factors such as enrichment, fuel temperature, moderator temperature (density), soluble boron concentration, average power, burnable absorbers, and burnup is analyzed.

  3. Decay Heat Removal from a GFR Core by Natural Convection

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Williams, Wesley C.; Hejzlar, Pavel; Driscoll, Michael J.

    2004-07-01

    One of the primary challenges for Gas-cooled Fast Reactors (GFR) is decay heat removal after a loss of coolant accident (LOCA). Due to the fact that thermal gas cooled reactors currently under design rely on passive mechanisms to dissipate decay heat, there is a strong motivation to accomplish GFR core cooling through natural phenomena. This work investigates the potential of post-LOCA decay heat removal from a GFR core to a heat sink using an external convection loop. A model was developed in the form of the LOCA-COLA (Loss of Coolant Accident - Convection Loop Analysis) computer code as a meansmore » for 1D steady state convective heat transfer loop analysis. The results show that decay heat removal by means of gas cooled natural circulation is feasible under elevated post-LOCA containment pressure conditions. (authors)« less

  4. Heat Transfer Analysis of Localized Heat-Treatment for Grade 91 Steel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Walker, Jacob D.

    Many of the projects utilizing Grade 91 steel are large in scale, therefore it is necessary to assemble on site. The assembly of the major pieces requires welding in the assembly; this drastically changes the superior mechanical properties of Grade 91 steel that it was specifically developed for. Therefore, because of the adverse effects of welding on the mechanical properties of Grade 91, it is necessary to do a localized post weld heat treatment. As with most metallic materials grade 91 steel requires a very specific heat treatment process. This process includes a specific temperature and duration at that temperature to achieve the heat treatment desired. Extensive research has been done to determine the proper temperatures and duration to provide the proper microstructure for the superior mechanical properties that are inherent to Grade 91 steel. The welded sections are typically large structures that require local heat treatments and cannot be placed in an oven. The locations of these structures vary from indoors in a controlled environment to outdoors with unpredictable environments. These environments can be controlled somewhat, however in large part the surrounding conditions are unchangeable. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods to accurately apply the surrounding conditions and geometries to a theoretical model in order to provide the proper requirements for the local heat treatment procedure. Within this requirement is the requirement to define unknowns used in the heat transfer equations so that accurate models can be produced and accurate results predicted. This study investigates experimentally and numerically the heat transfer and temperature fields of Grade 91 piping in a local heat treatment. The objective of this thesis research is to determine all of the needed heat transfer coefficients. The appropriate heat transfer coefficients are determined through the inverse heat conduction method utilizing a ceramic heat blanket. This will be done

  5. Decay heat uncertainty for BWR used fuel due to modeling and nuclear data uncertainties

    DOE PAGES

    Ilas, Germina; Liljenfeldt, Henrik

    2017-05-19

    Characterization of the energy released from radionuclide decay in nuclear fuel discharged from reactors is essential for the design, safety, and licensing analyses of used nuclear fuel storage, transportation, and repository systems. There are a limited number of decay heat measurements available for commercial used fuel applications. Because decay heat measurements can be expensive or impractical for covering the multitude of existing fuel designs, operating conditions, and specific application purposes, decay heat estimation relies heavily on computer code prediction. Uncertainty evaluation for calculated decay heat is an important aspect when assessing code prediction and a key factor supporting decision makingmore » for used fuel applications. While previous studies have largely focused on uncertainties in code predictions due to nuclear data uncertainties, this study discusses uncertainties in calculated decay heat due to uncertainties in assembly modeling parameters as well as in nuclear data. Capabilities in the SCALE nuclear analysis code system were used to quantify the effect on calculated decay heat of uncertainties in nuclear data and selected manufacturing and operation parameters for a typical boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel assembly. Furthermore, the BWR fuel assembly used as the reference case for this study was selected from a set of assemblies for which high-quality decay heat measurements are available, to assess the significance of the results through comparison with calculated and measured decay heat data.« less

  6. Decay heat uncertainty for BWR used fuel due to modeling and nuclear data uncertainties

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ilas, Germina; Liljenfeldt, Henrik

    Characterization of the energy released from radionuclide decay in nuclear fuel discharged from reactors is essential for the design, safety, and licensing analyses of used nuclear fuel storage, transportation, and repository systems. There are a limited number of decay heat measurements available for commercial used fuel applications. Because decay heat measurements can be expensive or impractical for covering the multitude of existing fuel designs, operating conditions, and specific application purposes, decay heat estimation relies heavily on computer code prediction. Uncertainty evaluation for calculated decay heat is an important aspect when assessing code prediction and a key factor supporting decision makingmore » for used fuel applications. While previous studies have largely focused on uncertainties in code predictions due to nuclear data uncertainties, this study discusses uncertainties in calculated decay heat due to uncertainties in assembly modeling parameters as well as in nuclear data. Capabilities in the SCALE nuclear analysis code system were used to quantify the effect on calculated decay heat of uncertainties in nuclear data and selected manufacturing and operation parameters for a typical boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel assembly. Furthermore, the BWR fuel assembly used as the reference case for this study was selected from a set of assemblies for which high-quality decay heat measurements are available, to assess the significance of the results through comparison with calculated and measured decay heat data.« less

  7. Passive decay heat removal system for water-cooled nuclear reactors

    DOEpatents

    Forsberg, Charles W.

    1991-01-01

    A passive decay-heat removal system for a water-cooled nuclear reactor employs a closed heat transfer loop having heat-exchanging coils inside an open-topped, insulated box located inside the reactor vessel, below its normal water level, in communication with a condenser located outside of containment and exposed to the atmosphere. The heat transfer loop is located such that the evaporator is in a position where, when the water level drops in the reactor, it will become exposed to steam. Vapor produced in the evaporator passes upward to the condenser above the normal water level. In operation, condensation in the condenser removes heat from the system, and the condensed liquid is returned to the evaporator. The system is disposed such that during normal reactor operations where the water level is at its usual position, very little heat will be removed from the system, but during emergency, low water level conditions, substantial amounts of decay heat will be removed.

  8. Probabilistic approach for decay heat uncertainty estimation using URANIE platform and MENDEL depletion code

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tsilanizara, A.; Gilardi, N.; Huynh, T. D.; Jouanne, C.; Lahaye, S.; Martinez, J. M.; Diop, C. M.

    2014-06-01

    The knowledge of the decay heat quantity and the associated uncertainties are important issues for the safety of nuclear facilities. Many codes are available to estimate the decay heat. ORIGEN, FISPACT, DARWIN/PEPIN2 are part of them. MENDEL is a new depletion code developed at CEA, with new software architecture, devoted to the calculation of physical quantities related to fuel cycle studies, in particular decay heat. The purpose of this paper is to present a probabilistic approach to assess decay heat uncertainty due to the decay data uncertainties from nuclear data evaluation like JEFF-3.1.1 or ENDF/B-VII.1. This probabilistic approach is based both on MENDEL code and URANIE software which is a CEA uncertainty analysis platform. As preliminary applications, single thermal fission of uranium 235, plutonium 239 and PWR UOx spent fuel cell are investigated.

  9. [The influence of oil heat treatment on wood decay resistance by Fourier infrared spectrum analysis].

    PubMed

    Wang, Ya-Mei; Ma, Shu-Ling; Feng, Li-Qun

    2014-03-01

    Wood preservative treatment can improve defects of plantation wood such as easy to corrupt and moth eaten. Among them heat-treatment is not only environmental and no pollution, also can improve the corrosion resistance and dimension stability of wood. In this test Poplar and Mongolian Seoteh Pine was treated by soybean oil as heat-conducting medium, and the heat treatment wood was studied for indoor decay resistance; wood chemical components before and after treatment, the effect of heat treatment on wood decay resistance performance and main mechanism of action were analysed by Fourier infrared spectrometric. Results showed that the mass loss rate of poplar fell from 19.37% to 5% and Mongolian Seoteh Pine's fell from 8.23% to 3.15%, so oil heat treatment can effectively improve the decay resistance. Infrared spectrum analysis shows that the heat treatment made wood's hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl groups in largely reduced, absorbing capacity decreased and the moisture of wood rotting fungi necessary was reduced; during the heat treatment wood chemical components such as cellulose, hemicellu lose were degraded, and the nutrient source of wood rotting fungi growth necessary was reduced. Wood decay fungi can grow in the wood to discredit wood is because of that wood can provide better living conditions for wood decay fungi, such as nutrients, water, oxygen, and so on. The cellulose and hemicellulose in wood is the main nutrition source of wood decay fungi. So the oil heat-treatment can reduce the cellulose, hemicellulose nutrition source of wood decay fungi so as to improve the decay resistance of wood.

  10. Investigation of second grade fluid through temperature dependent thermal conductivity and non-Fourier heat flux

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hayat, T.; Ahmad, Salman; Khan, M. Ijaz; Alsaedi, A.; Waqas, M.

    2018-06-01

    Here we investigated stagnation point flow of second grade fluid over a stretchable cylinder. Heat transfer is characterized by non-Fourier law of heat flux and thermal stratification. Temperature dependent thermal conductivity and activation energy are also accounted. Transformations procedure is applying to transform the governing PDE's into ODE's. Obtained system of ODE's are solved analytically by HAM. Influence of flow variables on velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction and Sherwood number are analyzed. Obtained outcome shows that velocity enhanced through curvature parameter, viscoelastic parameter and velocities ratio variable. Temperature decays for larger Prandtl number, thermal stratification, thermal relaxation and curvature parameter. Sherwood number and concentration field show opposite behavior for higher estimation of activation energy, reaction rate, curvature parameter and Schmidt number.

  11. Changes in heart rate variability during the induction and decay of heat acclimation.

    PubMed

    Flouris, Andreas D; Poirier, Martin P; Bravi, Andrea; Wright-Beatty, Heather E; Herry, Christophe; Seely, Andrew J; Kenny, Glen P

    2014-10-01

    We evaluated the changes in core temperature, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) during the induction and decay of heat acclimation. Ten males (23 ± 3 years; 79.5 ± 3.5 kg; 15.2 ± 4.5 percent body fat; 51.13 ± 4.61 mLO(2)∙kg(-1)∙min(-1) peak oxygen uptake) underwent a 14-day heat acclimation protocol comprising of 90-min cycling at ~50 % peak oxygen uptake at 40 °C and ~20 % relative humidity. Core temperature, heart rate, and 102 HRV measures were recorded during a heat tolerance test conducted at baseline (day 0) and at the end of the induction (day 14) and decay (day 28) phases. Heat acclimation resulted in significantly reduced core temperature [rectal (χ (2) = 1298.14, p < 0.001); esophageal (χ (2) = 1069.88, p < 0.001)] and heart rate (χ (2) = 1230.17, p < 0.001). Following the decay phase, 26, 40, and 60 % of the heat acclimation-induced reductions in rectal temperature, esophageal temperature, and heart rate, respectively, were lost. Heat acclimation was accompanied by profound and broad changes in HRV: at the end of the induction phase, 75 of the 102 variability measures computed were significantly different (p < 0.001), compared to only 47 of the 102 at the end of the decay phase. Heat acclimation is accompanied by reduced core temperature, significant bradycardia, and marked alterations in HRV, which we interpret as being related to vagal dominance. The observed changes in core temperature persist for at least 2 weeks of non-exposure to heat, while the changes in heart rate and HRV decay faster and are only partly evident after 2 weeks of non-exposure to heat.

  12. Natural circulation decay heat removal from an SP-100, 550 kWe power system for a lunar outpost

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    El-Genk, Mohamed S.; Xue, Huimin

    1992-01-01

    This research investigated the decay heat removal from the SP-100 reactor core of a 550-kWe power system for a lunar outpost by natural circulation of lithium coolant. A transient model that simulates the decay heat removal loop (DHRL) of the power system was developed and used to assess the system's decay heat removal capability. The effects of the surface area of the decay heat rejection radiator, the dimensions of the decay heat exchanger (DHE) flow duct, the elevation of the DHE, and the diameter of the rise and down pipes in the DHRL on the decay heat removal capability were examined. Also, to determine the applicability of test results at earth gravity to actual system performance on the lunar surface, the effect of the gravity constant (1 g and 1/6 g) on the thermal behavior of the system after shutdown was investigated.

  13. Development of optimized, graded-permeability axial groove heat pipes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kapolnek, Michael R.; Holmes, H. Rolland

    1988-01-01

    Heat pipe performance can usually be improved by uniformly varying or grading wick permeability from end to end. A unique and cost effective method for grading the permeability of an axial groove heat pipe is described - selective chemical etching of the pipe casing. This method was developed and demonstrated on a proof-of-concept test article. The process improved the test article's performance by 50 percent. Further improvement is possible through the use of optimally etched grooves.

  14. Collection of low-grade waste heat for enhanced energy harvesting

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dede, Ercan M., E-mail: eric.dede@tema.toyota.com; Schmalenberg, Paul; Wang, Chi-Ming

    Enhanced energy harvesting through the collection of low-grade waste heat is experimentally demonstrated. A structural optimization technique is exploited in the design of a thermal-composite substrate to guide and gather the heat emanating from multiple sources to a predetermined location. A thermoelectric generator is then applied at the selected focusing region to convert the resulting low-grade waste heat to electrical power. The thermal characteristics of the device are experimentally verified by direct temperature measurements of the system and numerically validated via heat conduction simulations. Electrical performance under natural and forced convection is measured, and in both cases, the device withmore » optimized heat flow control plus energy harvesting demonstrates increased power generation when compared with a baseline waste heat recovery system. Electronics applications include energy scavenging for autonomously powered sensor networks or self-actuated devices.« less

  15. Whole-body heat exchange during heat acclimation and its decay.

    PubMed

    Poirier, Martin P; Gagnon, Daniel; Friesen, Brian J; Hardcastle, Stephen G; Kenny, Glen P

    2015-02-01

    The purpose of this study was to quantify how much whole-body heat loss increases during heat acclimation and the decay in these improvements after heat acclimation. Ten males underwent a 14-d heat acclimation protocol that consisted of 90 min of cycling in the heat (40°C, 20% relative humidity) at approximately 50% of maximum oxygen consumption. Before (day 0), during (day 7), and at the end (day 14) of the heat acclimation protocol as well as 7 and 14 d after heat acclimation (days 21 and 28), whole-body heat exchange (evaporative and dry) was measured using direct calorimetry during three bouts of 30-min exercise at 300 (Ex1), 350 (Ex2), and 400 W·m (Ex3), each separated by 10 and 20 min of recovery, respectively, at 35°C and 16% relative humidity. Concurrent measurements of metabolic heat production (indirect calorimetry) allowed for the direct calculation of change in body heat content (ΔHb). After accounting for an increase in net dry heat gain, increases in whole-body evaporative heat loss were evident for Ex2 and Ex3 on day 7 (Ex2, 4.9 ± 5.6%; Ex3, 9.0 ± 6.0%; both P ≤ 0.05) and all heat loads on day 14 (Ex1, 7.6 ± 8.3%; Ex2, 7.7 ± 5.5%; Ex3, 11.2 ± 4.6%; all P ≤ 0.05) relative to day 0 (Ex1, 494 ± 27 W; Ex2, 583 ± 21 W; Ex3, 622 ± 36 W). As a result, a lower cumulative ΔHb was measured on day 7 (-18 ± 8%, P ≤ 0.001) and day 14 (-26 ± 10%, P ≤ 0.001) compared with that measured on day 0 (1062 ± 123 kJ). Most of these improvements were retained after 2 wk of nonexposure to the heat. This is the first study to quantify how much 14 d of heat acclimation can increase whole-body evaporative heat loss, which can improve by as much as approximately 11%.

  16. Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter Theory Including Heat Losses and Other Decaying Processes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hightower, T. Mark; Olivares, Ricardo A.; Philippidis, Daniel

    2008-01-01

    A mathematical model, termed the Slug Loss Model, has been developed for describing thermal capacitance (slug) calorimeter behavior when heat losses and other decaying processes are not negligible. This model results in the temperature time slope taking the mathematical form of exponential decay. When data is found to fit well to this model, it allows a heat flux value to be calculated that corrects for the losses and may be a better estimate of the cold wall fully catalytic heat flux, as is desired in arc jet testing. The model was applied to the data from a copper slug calorimeter inserted during a particularly severe high heating rate arc jet run to illustrate its use. The Slug Loss Model gave a cold wall heat flux 15% higher than the value of 2,250 W/sq cm obtained from the conventional approach to processing the data (where no correction is made for losses). For comparison, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model was created and applied to the same data, where conduction heat losses from the slug were simulated. The heat flux determined by the FEA model was found to be in close agreement with the heat flux determined by the Slug Loss Model.

  17. Radiotoxicity and decay heat power of spent nuclear fuel of VVER type reactors at long-term storage.

    PubMed

    Bergelson, B R; Gerasimov, A S; Tikhomirov, G V

    2005-01-01

    Radiotoxicity and decay heat power of the spent nuclear fuel of VVER-1000 type reactors are calculated during storage time up to 300,000 y. Decay heat power of radioactive waste (radwaste) determines parameters of the heat removal system for the safe storage of spent nuclear fuel. Radiotoxicity determines the radiological hazard of radwaste after its leakage and penetration into the environment.

  18. Simulation of Rocket-Grade Kerosene Flowing in an Electrically Heated Experimental Apparatus

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-07-01

    Technical Paper 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) July 2015-July 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Simulation of Rocket Kerosene Flowing in an Electrically Heated...rocket-grade kerosene (RP-2) flowing in an electrically heated tube is simulated. The model and boundary conditions are selected so as to simulate an...and Astronautics 1 Simulation of Rocket-Grade Kerosene Flowing in an Electrically Heated Experimental Apparatus Ananda Himansu1 and Matthew C

  19. Decay Heat Removal in GEN IV Gas-Cooled Fast Reactors

    DOE PAGES

    Cheng, Lap-Yan; Wei, Thomas Y. C.

    2009-01-01

    The safety goal of the current designs of advanced high-temperature thermal gas-cooled reactors (HTRs) is that no core meltdown would occur in a depressurization event with a combination of concurrent safety system failures. This study focused on the analysis of passive decay heat removal (DHR) in a GEN IV direct-cycle gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR) which is based on the technology developments of the HTRs. Given the different criteria and design characteristics of the GFR, an approach different from that taken for the HTRs for passive DHR would have to be explored. Different design options based on maintaining core flow weremore » evaluated by performing transient analysis of a depressurization accident using the system code RELAP5-3D. The study also reviewed the conceptual design of autonomous systems for shutdown decay heat removal and recommends that future work in this area should be focused on the potential for Brayton cycle DHRs.« less

  20. Plasma protein denaturation with graded heat exposure.

    PubMed

    Vazquez, R; Larson, D F

    2013-11-01

    During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), perfusion at tepid temperatures (33-35 °C) is recommended to avoid high temperature cerebral hyperthermia during and after the operation. However, the ideal temperature for uncomplicated adult cardiac surgery is an unsettled question. Typically, the heat exchanger maximum temperature is monitored between 40-42 °C to prevent denaturation of plasma proteins, but studies have not been performed to make these conclusions. Therefore, our hypothesis was to determine the temperature in which blood plasma protein degradation occurs after 2 hours of heat exposure. As a result, blood plasma proteins were exposed to heat in the 37-50 °C range for 2 hours. Plasma protein samples were loaded onto an 8-12% gradient gel for SDS-PAGE and low molecular weight plasma protein degradation was detected with graded heat exposure. Protein degradation was first detected between 43-45 °C of heat exposure. This study supports the practice of monitoring the heat exchanger between 40-42 °C to prevent denaturation of plasma proteins.

  1. System Analysis for Decay Heat Removal in Lead-Bismuth-Cooled Natural-Circulation Reactors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sakai, Takaaki; Enuma, Yasuhiro; Iwasaki, Takashi

    2004-03-15

    Decay heat removal analyses for lead-bismuth-cooled natural-circulation reactors are described in this paper. A combined multidimensional plant dynamics code (MSG-COPD) has been developed to conduct the system analysis for the natural-circulation reactors. For the preliminary study, transient analysis has been performed for a 300-MW(thermal) lead-bismuth-cooled reactor designed by Argonne National Laboratory. In addition, decay heat removal characteristics of a 400-MW(electric) lead-bismuth-cooled natural-circulation reactor designed by the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) has been evaluated by using MSG-COPD. The primary reactor auxiliary cooling system (PRACS) is prepared for the JNC concept to get sufficient heat removal capacity. During 2000 smore » after the transient, the outlet temperature shows increasing tendency up to the maximum temperature of 430 deg. C because the buoyancy force in a primary circulation path is temporarily reduced. However, the natural circulation is recovered by the PRACS system, and the outlet temperature decreases successfully.« less

  2. Heat-induced ribosome pausing triggers mRNA co-translational decay in Arabidopsis thaliana

    PubMed Central

    Merret, Rémy; Nagarajan, Vinay K.; Carpentier, Marie-Christine; Park, Sunhee; Favory, Jean-Jacques; Descombin, Julie; Picart, Claire; Charng, Yee-yung; Green, Pamela J.; Deragon, Jean-Marc; Bousquet-Antonelli, Cécile

    2015-01-01

    The reprogramming of gene expression in heat stress is a key determinant to organism survival. Gene expression is downregulated through translation initiation inhibition and release of free mRNPs that are rapidly degraded or stored. In mammals, heat also triggers 5′-ribosome pausing preferentially on transcripts coding for HSC/HSP70 chaperone targets, but the impact of such phenomenon on mRNA fate remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, heat provokes 5′-ribosome pausing leading to the XRN4-mediated 5′-directed decay of translating mRNAs. We also show that hindering HSC/HSP70 activity at 20°C recapitulates heat effects by inducing ribosome pausing and co-translational mRNA turnover. Strikingly, co-translational decay targets encode proteins with high HSC/HSP70 binding scores and hydrophobic N-termini, two characteristics that were previously observed for transcripts most prone to pausing in animals. This work suggests for the first time that stress-induced variation of translation elongation rate is an evolutionarily conserved process leading to the polysomal degradation of thousands of ‘non-aberrant’ mRNAs. PMID:25845591

  3. Fission yields data generation and benchmarks of decay heat estimation of a nuclear fuel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gil, Choong-Sup; Kim, Do Heon; Yoo, Jae Kwon; Lee, Jounghwa

    2017-09-01

    Fission yields data with the ENDF-6 format of 235U, 239Pu, and several actinides dependent on incident neutron energies have been generated using the GEF code. In addition, fission yields data libraries of ORIGEN-S, -ARP modules in the SCALE code, have been generated with the new data. The decay heats by ORIGEN-S using the new fission yields data have been calculated and compared with the measured data for validation in this study. The fission yields data ORIGEN-S libraries based on ENDF/B-VII.1, JEFF-3.1.1, and JENDL/FPY-2011 have also been generated, and decay heats were calculated using the ORIGEN-S libraries for analyses and comparisons.

  4. Testing of a single graded groove variable conductance heat pipe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kapolnek, Michael R.; Holmes, H. R.; Hager, Brian

    1992-07-01

    Variable conductance heat pipes (VCHPs) with transport capacities in the 50,000 to 100,000 Watt-inch range will be required to transport the large heat loads anticipated for advanced spacecraft. A high-reliability, nonarterial constant conductance heat pipe with this capacity, the Single Graded Groove (SGG) heat pipe, was developed for NASA's Space Station Freedom. The design and testing of a variable conductance SGG heat pipe are described. Response of the pipe to startup and heat load changes was excellent. After correcting for condenser temperature changes, the evaporator temperature varied by only +/- 4 F for large evaporator heat load changes. The surface tension difference between ends of the gas blocked region was found to measurably affect the performance of the pipe. Performance was negligibly affected by Marangoni flow in the gas blocked region.

  5. Nonlinear Decay and Plasma Heating by a Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmode

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qiu, Z.; Chen, L.; Zonca, F.; Chen, W.

    2018-03-01

    We demonstrate theoretically that a toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) can parametrically decay into a geodesic acoustic mode and kinetic TAE in a toroidal plasma. The corresponding threshold condition for the TAE amplitude is estimated to be |δ B⊥/B0|˜O (10-4). Here, δ B⊥ and B0 are, respectively, the perturbed magnetic field of the pump TAE and the equilibrium magnetic field. This novel decay process, in addition to contributing to the nonlinear saturation of energetic-particle or α -particle driven TAE instability, could also contribute to the heating as well as regulating the transports of thermal plasmas.

  6. The induction and decay of heat acclimatisation in trained athletes.

    PubMed

    Armstrong, L E; Maresh, C M

    1991-11-01

    Heat acclimatisation/acclimation involves a complex of adaptations which includes decreased heart rate, rectal temperature, perceived exertion as well as increased plasma volume and sweat rate. These adaptations serve to reduce physiological strain, improve an athlete's ability to exercise in a hot environment, and reduce the incidence of some forms of heat illness. Few differences exist in the ability of men and women to acclimatise to heat. Typically, older runners do not perform in the heat as well as younger runners, but physical training can negate differences between these groups. Hormonal adaptations (e.g. aldosterone, vasopressin) during heat acclimatisation encourage fluid-electrolyte retention and cardiovascular stability. Athletes with high maximal aerobic power (VO2max) acclimatise to heat faster (and lose adaptations slower when they are inactive in a cool environment) than athletes with low VO2max values. Physical training in a cool environment improves physiological responses to exercise at high ambient temperatures. In attempting to optimise heat acclimatisation, athletes should maintain fluid-electrolyte balance, exercise at intensities greater than 50% VO2max for 10 to 14 days, and avoid factors (e.g. sleep loss, infectious disease) which are known to reduce heat tolerance. Once acclimatisation has been achieved, inactivity results in a decay of favourable adaptations, after only a few days or weeks.

  7. Thermoelectric energy converter for generation of electricity from low-grade heat

    DOEpatents

    Jayadev, T.S.; Benson, D.K.

    1980-05-27

    A thermoelectric energy conversion device which includes a plurality of thermoelectric elements is described. A hot liquid is supplied to one side of each element and a cold liquid is supplied to the other side of each element. The thermoelectric generator may be utilized to produce power from low-grade heat sources such as ocean thermal gradients, solar ponds, and low-grade geothermal resources. (WHK)

  8. System Analysis for Decay Heat Removal in Lead-Bismuth Cooled Natural Circulated Reactors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Takaaki Sakai; Yasuhiro Enuma; Takashi Iwasaki

    2002-07-01

    Decay heat removal analyses for lead-bismuth cooled natural circulation reactors are described in this paper. A combined multi-dimensional plant dynamics code (MSG-COPD) has been developed to conduct the system analysis for the natural circulation reactors. For the preliminary study, transient analysis has been performed for a 100 MWe lead-bismuth-cooled reactor designed by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). In addition, decay heat removal characteristics of a 400 MWe lead-bismuth-cooled natural circulation reactor designed by Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) has been evaluated by using MSG-COPD. PRACS (Primary Reactor Auxiliary Cooling System) is prepared for the JNC's concept to get sufficient heatmore » removal capacity. During 2000 sec after the transient, the outlet temperature shows increasing tendency up to the maximum temperature of 430 Centigrade, because the buoyancy force in a primary circulation path is temporary reduced. However, the natural circulation is recovered by the PRACS system and the out let temperature decreases successfully. (authors)« less

  9. PANDA asymmetric-configuration passive decay heat removal test results

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fischer, O.; Dreier, J.; Aubert, C.

    1997-12-01

    PANDA is a large-scale, low-pressure test facility for investigating passive decay heat removal systems for the next generation of LWRs. In the first series of experiments, PANDA was used to examine the long-term LOCA response of the Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS) for the General Electric (GE) Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR). The test objectives include concept demonstration and extension of the database available for qualification of containment codes. Also included is the study of the effects of nonuniform distributions of steam and noncondensable gases in the Dry-well (DW) and in the Suppression Chamber (SC). 3 refs., 9 figs.

  10. Quantification of the decay and re-induction of heat acclimation in dry-heat following 12 and 26 days without exposure to heat stress.

    PubMed

    Weller, Andrew S; Linnane, Denise M; Jonkman, Anna G; Daanen, Hein A M

    2007-12-01

    Compared with the induction of heat acclimation (HA), studies investigating the decay and re-induction of HA (RA) are relatively sparse and have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, 16 semi-nude men were acclimated to dry-heat by undertaking an exercise protocol in a hot chamber (dry-bulb temperature 46.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C; relative humidity 17.9 +/- 0.1%) on 10 consecutive days (HA1-10) in winter UK. Thereafter, the subjects were divided into two groups and re-exposed to the work-in-heat tests after 12 and 26 days until RA was attained (RA(12), n = 8; RA(26), n = 8). The exercise protocol consisted of 60 min of treadmill walking (1.53 m s(-1)) at an incline individually set to induce a rectal temperature (T (re)) of approximately 38.5 degrees C during HA1 (equating to 45 +/- 4% peak oxygen uptake), followed by 10 min of rest and 40 min of further treadmill exercise, the intensity of which was increased across HA to maintain T(re )at approximately 38.5 degrees C. T(re), mean skin temperature, heart rate and rate of total water loss measured at 60 min did not change after HA7, and HA was taken as the mean of the responses during HA8-10. For both groups, there was no decay in T(re) and for all measured variables RA was attained after 2 and 4 days in RA(12) and RA(26), respectively. It is concluded that once adaptation to heat has been attained, the time that individuals may spend in cooler conditions before returning to a hot environment could be as long as one month, without the need for extensive re-adaptation to heat.

  11. Effect of Permissive Dehydration on Induction and Decay of Heat Acclimation, and Temperate Exercise Performance

    PubMed Central

    Neal, Rebecca A.; Massey, Heather C.; Tipton, Michael J.; Young, John S.; Corbett, Jo

    2016-01-01

    Purpose: It has been suggested that dehydration is an independent stimulus for heat acclimation (HA), possibly through influencing fluid-regulation mechanisms and increasing plasma volume (PV) expansion. There is also some evidence that HA may be ergogenic in temperate conditions and that this may be linked to PV expansion. We investigated: (i) the influence of dehydration on the time-course of acquisition and decay of HA; (ii) whether dehydration augmented any ergogenic benefits in temperate conditions, particularly those related to PV expansion. Methods: Eight males [VO2max: 56.9(7.2) mL·kg−1·min−1] undertook two HA programmes (balanced cross-over design), once drinking to maintain euhydration (HAEu) and once with restricted fluid-intake (HADe). Days 1, 6, 11, and 18 were 60 min exercise-heat stress tests [HST (40°C; 50% RH)], days 2–5 and 7–10 were 90 min, isothermal-strain (Tre ~ 38.5°C), exercise-heat sessions. Performance parameters [VO2max, lactate threshold, efficiency, peak power output (PPO)] were determined pre and post HA by graded exercise test (22°C; 55%RH). Results: During isothermal-strain sessions hypohydration was achieved in HADe and euhydration maintained in HAEu [average body mass loss −2.71(0.82)% vs. −0.56(0.73)%, P < 0.001], but aldosterone concentration, power output, and cardiovascular strain were unaffected by dehydration. HA was evident on day 6 {reduced end-exercise Tre [−0.30(0.27)°C] and exercise heart rate [−12(15) beats.min−1], increased PV [+7.2(6.4)%] and sweat-loss [+0.25(0.22) L.h−1], P < 0.05} with some further adaptations on day 11 {further reduced end-exercise Tre [−0.25(0.19)°C] and exercise heart rate [−3(9) beats.min−1], P < 0.05}. These adaptations were not notably affected by dehydration and were generally maintained 7-days post HA. Performance parameters were unchanged, apart from increased PPO (+16(20) W, irrespective of condition). Conclusions: When thermal-strain is matched

  12. 7 CFR 51.490 - Decay.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... FRESH FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND OTHER PRODUCTS 1,2 (INSPECTION, CERTIFICATION, AND STANDARDS) United States Standards for Grades of Cantaloups 1 Definitions § 51.490 Decay. Decay means breakdown, disintegration or...

  13. Membrane-based osmotic heat engine with organic solvent for enhanced power generation from low-grade heat.

    PubMed

    Shaulsky, Evyatar; Boo, Chanhee; Lin, Shihong; Elimelech, Menachem

    2015-05-05

    We present a hybrid osmotic heat engine (OHE) system that uses draw solutions with an organic solvent for enhanced thermal separation efficiency. The hybrid OHE system produces sustainable energy by combining pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) as a power generation stage and membrane distillation (MD) utilizing low-grade heat as a separation stage. While previous OHE systems employed aqueous electrolyte draw solutions, using methanol as a solvent is advantageous because methanol is highly volatile and has a lower heat capacity and enthalpy of vaporization than water. Hence, the thermal separation efficiency of a draw solution with methanol would be higher than that of an aqueous draw solution. In this study, we evaluated the performance of LiCl-methanol as a potential draw solution for a PRO-MD hybrid OHE system. The membrane transport properties as well as performance with LiCl-methanol draw solution were evaluated using thin-film composite (TFC) PRO membranes and compared to the results obtained with a LiCl-water draw solution. Experimental PRO methanol flux and maximum projected power density of 47.1 L m(-2) h(-1) and 72.1 W m(-2), respectively, were achieved with a 3 M LiCl-methanol draw solution. The overall efficiency of the hybrid OHE system was modeled by coupling the mass and energy flows between the thermal separation (MD) and power generation (PRO) stages under conditions with and without heat recovery. The modeling results demonstrate higher OHE energy efficiency with the LiCl-methanol draw solution compared to that with the LiCl-water draw solution under practical operating conditions (i.e., heat recovery<90%). We discuss the implications of the results for converting low-grade heat to power.

  14. Membrane-Based Osmotic Heat Engine with Organic Solvent for Enhanced Power Generation from Low-Grade Heat

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shaulsky, E; Boo, C; Lin, SH

    We present a hybrid osmotic heat engine (OHE) system that uses draw solutions with an organic solvent for enhanced thermal separation efficiency. The hybrid OHE system produces sustainable energy by combining pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) as a power generation stage and membrane distillation (MD) utilizing low-grade heat as a separation stage. While previous OHE systems employed aqueous electrolyte draw solutions, using methanol as a solvent is advantageous because methanol is highly volatile and has a lower heat capacity and enthalpy of vaporization than water. Hence, the thermal separation efficiency of a draw solution with methanol would be higher than that ofmore » an aqueous draw solution. In this study, we evaluated the performance of LiCl-methanol as a potential draw solution for a PRO-MD hybrid OHE system. The membrane transport properties as well as performance with LiCl methanol draw solution were evaluated using thin-film composite (TFC) PRO membranes and compared to the results obtained with a LiCl water draw solution. Experimental PRO methanol flux and maximum projected power density of 47.1 L m(-2) h(-1) and 72.1 W m(-2), respectively, were achieved with a 3 M LiCl-methanol draw solution. The overall efficiency of the hybrid OHE system was modeled by coupling the mass and energy flows between the thermal separation (MD) and power generation (PRO) stages under conditions with and without heat recovery. The modeling results demonstrate higher ORE energy efficiency with the LiCl methanol draw solution compared to that with the LiCl water draw solution under practical operating conditions (i.e., heat recovery <90%). We discuss the implications of the results for converting low-grade heat to power.« less

  15. Realization of high heat flux tungsten monoblock type target with graded interlayer for application to DEMO divertor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Richou, M.; Gallay, F.; Böswirth, B.; Chu, I.; Lenci, M.; Loewenhoff, Th; Quet, A.; Greuner, H.; Kermouche, G.; Meillot, E.; Pintsuk, G.; Visca, E.; You, J. H.

    2017-12-01

    The divertor is the key in-vessel plasma-facing component being in charge of power exhaust and removal of impurity particles. In DEMO, divertor targets must survive an environment of high heat fluxes (˜up to 20 MW m-2 during slow transients) and neutron irradiation. One advanced concept for components in monoblock configuration concerns the insertion of a compositionally graded layer between tungsten and CuCrZr instead of the soft copper interlayer. As a first step, a thin graded layer (˜25 μm) was developed. As a second step, a thicker graded layer (˜500 μm), which is actually being developed, will also be inserted to study the compliant role of a macroscopic graded layer. This paper reports the results of cyclic high heat flux loading tests up to 20 MW m-2 and to heat flux higher than 25 MW m-2 that mock-ups equipped with thin graded layer survived without visible damage. First feedback on manufacturing steps is also presented. Moreover, the first results obtained on the development of the thick graded layer and its integration in a monoblock configuration are shown.

  16. Computer program grade 2 for the design and analysis of heat-pipe wicks

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Eninger, J. E.; Edwards, D. K.

    1976-01-01

    This user's manual describes the revised version of the computer program GRADE(1), which designs and analyzes heat pipes with graded porosity fibrous slab wicks. The revisions are: (1) automatic calculation of the minimum condenser-end stress that will not result in an excess-liquid puddle or a liquid slug in the vapor space; (2) numerical solution of the equations describing flow in the circumferential grooves to assess the burnout criterion; (3) calculation of the contribution of excess liquid in fillets and puddles to the heat-transport; (4) calculation of the effect of partial saturation on the wick performance; and (5) calculation of the effect of vapor flow, which includes viscousinertial interactions.

  17. 7 CFR 51.898 - Decay.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Standards for Grades of Table Grapes (European or Vinifera Type) 1 Definitions § 51.898 Decay. Decay means any soft breakdown of the flesh or skin of the berry resulting from bacterial or fungus infection...

  18. 7 CFR 51.898 - Decay.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Standards for Grades of Table Grapes (European or Vinifera Type) 1 Definitions § 51.898 Decay. Decay means any soft breakdown of the flesh or skin of the berry resulting from bacterial or fungus infection...

  19. Understanding decay resistance, dimensional stability and strength changes in heat treated and acetylated wood

    Treesearch

    Roger M. Rowell; Rebecca E. Ibach; James McSweeny; Thomas Nilsson

    2009-01-01

    Reductions in hygroscopicity, increased dimensional stability and decay resistance of heat-treated wood depend on decomposition of a large portion of the hemicelluloses in the wood cell wall. In theory, these hemicelluloses are converted to small organic molecules, water and volatile furan-type intermediates that can polymerize in the cell wall. Reductions in...

  20. 7 CFR 51.898 - Decay.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ..., CERTIFICATION, AND STANDARDS) United States Standards for Grades of Table Grapes (European or Vinifera Type) 1 Definitions § 51.898 Decay. Decay means any soft breakdown of the flesh or skin of the berry resulting from...

  1. 7 CFR 51.898 - Decay.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ..., CERTIFICATION, AND STANDARDS) United States Standards for Grades of Table Grapes (European or Vinifera Type) 1 Definitions § 51.898 Decay. Decay means any soft breakdown of the flesh or skin of the berry resulting from...

  2. Modeling Coronal Response in Decaying Active Regions with Magnetic Flux Transport and Steady Heating

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ugarte-Urra, Ignacio; Warren, Harry P.; Upton, Lisa A.; Young, Peter R.

    2017-09-01

    We present new measurements of the dependence of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiance on the total magnetic flux in active regions as obtained from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Using observations of nine active regions tracked along different stages of evolution, we extend the known radiance—magnetic flux power-law relationship (I\\propto {{{Φ }}}α ) to the AIA 335 Å passband, and the Fe xviii 93.93 Å spectral line in the 94 Å passband. We find that the total unsigned magnetic flux divided by the polarity separation ({{Φ }}/D) is a better indicator of radiance for the Fe xviii line with a slope of α =3.22+/- 0.03. We then use these results to test our current understanding of magnetic flux evolution and coronal heating. We use magnetograms from the simulated decay of these active regions produced by the Advective Flux Transport model as boundary conditions for potential extrapolations of the magnetic field in the corona. We then model the hydrodynamics of each individual field line with the Enthalpy-based Thermal Evolution of Loops model with steady heating scaled as the ratio of the average field strength and the length (\\bar{B}/L) and render the Fe xviii and 335 Å emission. We find that steady heating is able to partially reproduce the magnitudes and slopes of the EUV radiance—magnetic flux relationships and discuss how impulsive heating can help reconcile the discrepancies. This study demonstrates that combined models of magnetic flux transport, magnetic topology, and heating can yield realistic estimates for the decay of active region radiances with time.

  3. Energy Efficiency and Performance Limiting Effects in Thermo-Osmotic Energy Conversion from Low-Grade Heat.

    PubMed

    Straub, Anthony P; Elimelech, Menachem

    2017-11-07

    Low-grade heat energy from sources below 100 °C is available in massive quantities around the world, but cannot be converted to electricity effectively using existing technologies due to variability in the heat output and the small temperature difference between the source and environment. The recently developed thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC) process has the potential to harvest energy from low-grade heat sources by using a temperature difference to create a pressurized liquid flux across a membrane, which can be converted to mechanical work via a turbine. In this study, we perform the first analysis of energy efficiency and the expected performance of the TOEC technology, focusing on systems utilizing hydrophobic porous vapor-gap membranes and water as a working fluid. We begin by developing a framework to analyze realistic mass and heat transport in the process, probing the impact of various membrane parameters and system operating conditions. Our analysis reveals that an optimized system can achieve heat-to-electricity energy conversion efficiencies up to 4.1% (34% of the Carnot efficiency) with hot and cold working temperatures of 60 and 20 °C, respectively, and an operating pressure of 5 MPa (50 bar). Lower energy efficiencies, however, will occur in systems operating with high power densities (>5 W/m 2 ) and with finite-sized heat exchangers. We identify that the most important membrane properties for achieving high performance are an asymmetric pore structure, high pressure resistance, a high porosity, and a thickness of 30 to 100 μm. We also quantify the benefits in performance from utilizing deaerated water streams, strong hydrodynamic mixing in the membrane module, and high heat exchanger efficiencies. Overall, our study demonstrates the promise of full-scale TOEC systems to extract energy from low-grade heat and identifies key factors for performance optimization moving forward.

  4. Production of food grade (culinary) steam with geothermal (geo-heat) for industrial use

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wehlage, E.F.

    1980-09-01

    It may be assumed that geothermal steam (dry or flashed) will be sterile but not necessarily clean enough for direct incorporation into foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. The use of a purification by unfired geo-heat steam generators can produce a food grade or culinary steam supply for critical use even when combined with fossil fuel used as a booster. Low conductivity, i.e., pure food grade steam requires careful water conditioning outside the generator.

  5. Decay heat of sodium fast reactor: Comparison of experimental measurements on the PHENIX reactor with calculations performed with the French DARWIN package

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Benoit, J. C.; Bourdot, P.; Eschbach, R.

    2012-07-01

    A Decay Heat (DH) experiment on the whole core of the French Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor PHENIX has been conducted in May 2008. The measurements began an hour and a half after the shutdown of the reactor and lasted twelve days. It is one of the experiments used for the experimental validation of the depletion code DARWIN thereby confirming the excellent performance of the aforementioned code. Discrepancies between measured and calculated decay heat do not exceed 8%. (authors)

  6. Beta decay heat following U-235, U-238 and Pu-239 neutron fission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Shengjie

    1997-09-01

    This is an experimental study of beta-particle decay heat from 235U, 239Pu and 238U aggregate fission products over delay times 0.4-40,000 seconds. The experimental results below 2s for 235U and 239Pu, and below 20s for 238U, are the first such results reported. The experiments were conducted at the UMASS Lowell 5.5-MV Van de Graaff accelerator and 1-MW swimming-pool research reactor. Thermalized neutrons from the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction induced fission in 238U and 239Pu, and fast neutrons produced in the reactor initiated fission in 238U. A helium-jet/tape-transport system rapidly transferred fission fragments from a fission chamber to a low background counting area. Delay times after fission were selected by varying the tape speed or the position of the spray point relative to the beta spectrometer that employed a thin-scintillator-disk gating technique to separate beta-particles from accompanying gamma-rays. Beta and gamma sources were both used in energy calibration. Based on low-energy(<1 MeV) internal-conversion electron studies, a set of trial responses for the spectrometer was established and spanned electron energies 0-10 MeV. Measured beta spectra were unfolded for their energy distributions by the program FERD, and then compared to other measurements and summation calculations based on ENDF/B-VI fission-product data performed on the LANL Cray computer. Measurements of the beta activity as a function of decay time furnished a relative normalization. Results for the beta decay heat are presented and compared with other experimental data and the summation calculations.

  7. Computational modeling of unsteady third-grade fluid flow over a vertical cylinder: A study of heat transfer visualization

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reddy, G. Janardhana; Hiremath, Ashwini; Kumar, Mahesh

    2018-03-01

    The present paper aims to investigate the effect of Prandtl number for unsteady third-grade fluid flow over a uniformly heated vertical cylinder using Bejan's heat function concept. The mathematical model of this problem is given by highly time-dependent non-linear coupled equations and are resolved by an efficient unconditionally stable implicit scheme. The time histories of average values of momentum and heat transport coefficients as well as the steady-state flow variables are displayed graphically for distinct values of non-dimensional control parameters arising in the system. As the non-dimensional parameter value gets amplified, the time taken for the fluid flow variables to attain the time-independent state is decreasing. The dimensionless heat function values are closely associated with an overall rate of heat transfer. Thermal energy transfer visualization implies that the heat function contours are compact in the neighborhood of the leading edge of the hot cylindrical wall. It is noticed that the deviations of flow-field variables from the hot wall for a non-Newtonian third-grade fluid flow are significant compared to the usual Newtonian fluid flow.

  8. Maximization of the Thermoelectric Cooling of a Graded Peltier Device by Analytical Heat-Equation Resolution

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Thiébaut, E.; Goupil, C.; Pesty, F.; D'Angelo, Y.; Guegan, G.; Lecoeur, P.

    2017-12-01

    Increasing the maximum cooling effect of a Peltier cooler can be achieved through material and device design. The use of inhomogeneous, functionally graded materials may be adopted in order to increase maximum cooling without improvement of the Z T (figure of merit); however, these systems are usually based on the assumption that the local optimization of the Z T is the suitable criterion to increase thermoelectric performance. We solve the heat equation in a graded material and perform both analytical and numerical analysis of a graded Peltier cooler. We find a local criterion that we use to assess the possible improvement of graded materials for thermoelectric cooling. A fair improvement of the cooling effect (up to 36%) is predicted for semiconductor materials, and the best graded system for cooling is described. The influence of the equation of state of the electronic gas of the material is discussed, and the difference in term of entropy production between the graded and the classical system is also described.

  9. Activation, decay heat, and waste classification studies of the European DEMO concept

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gilbert, M. R.; Eade, T.; Bachmann, C.; Fischer, U.; Taylor, N. P.

    2017-04-01

    Inventory calculations have a key role to play in designing future fusion power plants because, for a given irradiation field and material, they can predict the time evolution in chemical composition, activation, decay heat, gamma-dose, gas production, and even damage (dpa) dose. For conceptual designs of the European DEMO fusion reactor such calculations provide information about the neutron shielding requirements, maintenance schedules, and waste disposal prospects; thereby guiding future development. Extensive neutron-transport and inventory calculations have been performed for a reference DEMO reactor model with four different tritium-breeding blanket concepts. The results have been used to chart the post-operation variation in activity and decay heat from different vessel components, demonstrating that the shielding performance of the different blanket concepts—for a given blanket thickness—varies significantly. Detailed analyses of the simulated nuclide inventories for the vacuum vessel (VV) and divertor highlight the most dominant radionuclides, potentially suggesting how changes in material composition could help to reduce activity. Minor impurities in the raw composition of W used in divertor tiles, for example, are shown to produce undesirable long-lived radionuclides. Finally, waste classifications, based on UK regulations, and a recycling potential limit, have been applied to estimate the time-evolution in waste masses for both the entire vessel (including blanket modules, VV, divertor, and some ex-vessel components) and individual components, and also to suggest when a particular component might be suitable for recycling. The results indicate that the large mass of the VV will not be classifiable as low level waste on the 100 year timescale, but the majority of the divertor will be, and that both components will be potentially recyclable within that time.

  10. Structure formation in grade 20 steel during equal-channel angular pressing and subsequent heating

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dobatkin, S. V.; Odesskii, P. D.; Raab, G. I.; Tyutin, M. R.; Rybalchenko, O. V.

    2016-11-01

    The structure formation and the mechanical properties of quenched and tempered grade 20 steel after equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at various true strains and 400°C are studied. Electron microscopy analysis after ECAP shows a partially submicrocrystalline and partially subgrain structure with a structural element size of 340-375 nm. The structural element size depends on the region in which the elements are formed (polyhedral ferrite, needle-shaped ferrite, tempered martensite, and pearlite). Heating of the steel after ECAP at 400 and 450°C increases the fraction of high-angle boundaries and the structural ferrite element size to 360-450 nm. The fragmentation and spheroidization of cementite lamellae of pearlite and subgrain coalescence in the regions of needle-shaped ferrite and tempered martensite take place at a high ECAP true strain and heating temperature. Structural refinement ensures considerable strengthening, namely, UTS 742-871 MPa at EL 11-15.3%. The strength slightly increases, whereas the plasticity slightly decreases when the true strain increases during ECAP. After ECAP and heating, the strength and plastic properties of the grade 20 steel remain almost the same.

  11. 7 CFR 52.3184 - Grades of dried prunes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... flesh damage. 2 damage. 2 Fermentation. Insect infestation.Decay. Fermentation. Scars. Scars. Heat.... Skin or flesh. Foreign material. Skin or flesh damage. 2 Inset infestation. damage. 2 Fermentation. Decay. Fermentation. Scars. Scars. Heat damage. Heat damage. Inset injury. Insect injury. Other means...

  12. Electron capture decay in Jovian planets

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zito, R.R.; Schiferl, D.

    1987-12-01

    Following the commonly acknowledged fact that the decay of K-40 substantially contributes to the heating of planetary interiors, an examination is made of the possibility that interior heat in the Jovian planets and stars, where interior pressures may exceed 45 Mbar, may be generated by the pressure-accelerated electron capture decay of a variety of isotopes. The isotopes considered encompass K-40, V-50, Te-123, La-138, Al-26, and Cl-36. 19 references.

  13. Creep Deformation, Rupture Analysis, Heat Treatment and Residual Stress Measurement of Monolithic and Welded Grade 91 Steel for Power Plant Components

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shrestha, Triratna

    Modified 9Cr-1 Mo (Grade 91) steel is currently considered as a candidate material for reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) and reactor internals for the Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR), and in fossil-fuel fired power plants at higher temperatures and stresses. The tensile creep behavior of Grade 91 steel was studied in the temperature range of 600°C to 750°C and stresses between 35 MPa and 350 MPa. Heat treatment of Grade 91 steel was studied by normalizing and tempering the steel at various temperatures and times. Moreover, Thermo-Ca1c(TM) calculation was used to predict the precipitate stability and their evolution, and construct carbon isopleths of Grade 91 steel. Residual stress distribution across gas tungsten arc welds (GTAW) in Grade 91 steel was measured by the time-of-flight neutron diffraction using the Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress (SMARTS) diffractometer at Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA. Analysis of creep results yielded stress exponents of ˜9-11 in the higher stress regime and ˜1 in the lower stress regime. The creep behavior of Grade 91 steel was described by the modified Bird-Mukherjee-Dorn relation. The rate-controlling creep deformation mechanism in the high stress regime was identified as the edge dislocation climb with a stress exponent of n = 5. On the other hand, the deformation mechanism in the Newtonian viscous creep regime (n = 1) was identified as the Nabarro-Herring creep. Creep rupture data were analyzed in terms of Monkman-Grant relation and Larson-Miller parameter. Creep damage tolerance factor and stress exponent were used to identify the cause of creep damage. The fracture surface morphology of the ruptured specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the failure mechanisms. Fracture mechanism map for Grade 91 steel was developed based on the available material parameters and experimental observations. The microstructural

  14. Thermally stratified flow of second grade fluid with non-Fourier heat flux and temperature dependent thermal conductivity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khan, M. Ijaz; Zia, Q. M. Zaigham; Alsaedi, A.; Hayat, T.

    2018-03-01

    This attempt explores stagnation point flow of second grade material towards an impermeable stretched cylinder. Non-Fourier heat flux and thermal stratification are considered. Thermal conductivity dependents upon temperature. Governing non-linear differential system is solved using homotopic procedure. Interval of convergence for the obtained series solutions is explicitly determined. Physical quantities of interest have been examined for the influential variables entering into the problems. It is examined that curvature parameter leads to an enhancement in velocity and temperature. Further temperature for non-Fourier heat flux model is less than Fourier's heat conduction law.

  15. 7 CFR 52.3184 - Grades of dried prunes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ..., dirt, foreign material, insect infestation, or decay: Provided, That not more than 1 percent, by weight... flesh damage. 2 damage. 2 Fermentation. Insect infestation.Decay. Fermentation. Scars. Scars. Heat damage. Heat damage. Insect injury. Insect injury. Other means. Other means. Mold. Mold. Dirt. Dirt...

  16. Global, decaying solutions of a focusing energy-critical heat equation in R4

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gustafson, Stephen; Roxanas, Dimitrios

    2018-05-01

    We study solutions of the focusing energy-critical nonlinear heat equation ut = Δu - | u|2 u in R4. We show that solutions emanating from initial data with energy and H˙1-norm below those of the stationary solution W are global and decay to zero, via the "concentration-compactness plus rigidity" strategy of Kenig-Merle [33,34]. First, global such solutions are shown to dissipate to zero, using a refinement of the small data theory and the L2-dissipation relation. Finite-time blow-up is then ruled out using the backwards-uniqueness of Escauriaza-Seregin-Sverak [17,18] in an argument similar to that of Kenig-Koch [32] for the Navier-Stokes equations.

  17. Novel measurement method of heat and light detection for neutrinoless double beta decay

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, G. B.; Choi, J. H.; Jo, H. S.; Kang, C. S.; Kim, H. L.; Kim, I.; Kim, S. R.; Kim, Y. H.; Lee, C.; Lee, H. J.; Lee, M. K.; Li, J.; Oh, S. Y.; So, J. H.

    2017-05-01

    We developed a cryogenic phonon-scintillation detector to search for 0νββ decay of 100Mo. The detector module, a proto-type setup of the AMoRE experiment, has a scintillating 40Ca100MoO4 absorber composed of 100Mo-enriched and 48Ca-depleted elements. This new detection method employs metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) as the sensor technology for simultaneous detection of heat and light signals. It is designed to have high energy and timing resolutions to increase sensitivity to probe the rare event. The detector, which is composed of a 200 g 40Ca100MoO4 crystal and phonon/photon sensors, showed an energy resolution of 8.7 keV FWHM at 2.6 MeV, with a weak temperature dependence in the range of 10-40 mK. Using rise-time and mean-time parameters and light/heat ratios, the proposed method showed a strong capability of rejecting alpha-induced events from electron events with as good as 20σ separation. Moreover, we discussed how the signal rise-time improves the rejection efficiency for random coincidence signals.

  18. Desalination using low grade heat sources

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gude, Veera Gnaneswar

    A new, low temperature, energy-efficient and sustainable desalination system has been developed in this research. This system operates under near-vacuum conditions created by exploiting natural means of gravity and barometric pressure head. The system can be driven by low grade heat sources such as solar energy or waste heat streams. Both theoretical and experimental studies were conducted under this research to evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed process. Theoretical studies included thermodynamic analysis and process modeling to evaluate the performance of the process using the following alternate energy sources for driving the process: solar thermal energy, solar photovoltaic/thermal energy, geothermal energy, and process waste heat emissions. Experimental studies included prototype scale demonstration of the process using grid power as well as solar photovoltaic/thermal sources. Finally, the feasibility of the process in reclaiming potable-quality water from the effluent of the city wastewater treatment plant was studied. The following results have been obtained from theoretical analysis and modeling: (1) The proposed process can produce up to 8 L/d of freshwater for 1 m2 area of solar collector and evaporation chamber respectively with a specific energy requirement of 3122 kJ for 1 kg of freshwater production. (2) Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) energy can produce up to 200 L/d of freshwater with a 25 m2 PV/T module which meets the electricity needs of 21 kWh/d of a typical household as well. This configuration requires a specific energy of 3122 kJ for 1 kg of freshwater production. (3) 100 kg/hr of geothermal water at 60°C as heat source can produce up to 60 L/d of freshwater with a specific energy requirement of 3078 kJ for 1 kg of freshwater production. (4) Waste heat released from an air conditioning system rated at 3.25 kW cooling, can produce up to 125 L/d of freshwater. This configuration requires an additional energy of 208 kJ/kg of

  19. Effects of proliferation on the decay of thermotolerance in Chinese hamster cells.

    PubMed

    Armour, E P; Li, G C; Hahn, G M

    1985-09-01

    Development and decay of thermotolerance were observed in Chinese hamster HA-1 cells. The thermotolerance kinetics of exponentially growing and fed plateau-phase cells were compared. Following a 10-min heat exposure at 45 degrees C, cells in both growth states had similar rates of development of tolerance to a subsequent 45-min exposure at 45 degrees C. This thermotolerant state started to decay between 12 and 24 hr after the initial heat exposure. The decay appeared to initiate slightly sooner in the exponentially growing cells when compared to the fed plateau-phase cells. During the decay phase, the rate of thermotolerance decay was similar in the two growth conditions. In other experiments, cells were induced to divide at a slower rate by chronic growth (3 months) in a low concentration of fetal calf serum. Under these low serum conditions cells became more sensitive to heat and the rate of decay of thermotolerance remained the same for exponentially growing cells. Plateau-phase cells were also more sensitive, but thermotolerance decayed more rapidly in these cells. Although dramatic cell cycle perturbations were seen in the exponentially growing cells, these changes appeared not to be related to thermotolerance kinetics.

  20. Fission product transport analysis in a loss of decay heat removal accident at Browns Ferry

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wichner, R.P.; Weber, C.F.; Hodge, S.A.

    1984-01-01

    This paper summarizes an analysis of the movement of noble gases, iodine, and cesium fission products within the Mark-I containment BWR reactor system represented by Browns Ferry Unit 1 during a postulated accident sequence initiated by a loss of decay heat removal (DHR) capability following a scram. The event analysis showed that this accident could be brought under control by various means, but the sequence with no operator action ultimately leads to containment (drywell) failure followed by loss of water from the reactor vessel, core degradation due to overheating, and reactor vessel failure with attendant movement of core debris ontomore » the drywell floor.« less

  1. Identification and Characterization of Intercritical Heat-Affected Zone in As-Welded Grade 91 Weldment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Yiyu; Kannan, Rangasayee; Li, Leijun

    2016-12-01

    A metallurgical method is proposed for locating the intercritical heat-affected zone in the as-welded Grade 91 steel. New austenitic grains, preferentially formed along the original prior austenite grain boundaries, are characterized to contain finer M23C6 carbides and higher strain levels than the original prior austenite grains. Kurdjumov-Sachs Group 1 variant pairs, with a low misorientation of 7 deg within a martensitic block, are identified as the dominant variants in the new PAGs.

  2. Thermal hydraulic design and decay heat removal of a solid target for a spallation neutron source

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Takenaka, N.; Nio, D.; Kiyanagi, Y.; Mishima, K.; Kawai, M.; Furusaka, M.

    2005-08-01

    Thermal hydraulic design and thermal stress calculations were conducted for a water-cooled solid target irradiated by a MW-class proton beam for a spallation neutron source. Plate type and rod bundle type targets were examined. The thickness of the plate and the diameter of the rod were determined based on the maximum and the wall surface temperature. The thermal stress distributions were calculated by a finite element method (FEM). The neutronics performance of the target is roughly proportional to its average density. The averaged densities of the designed targets were calculated for tungsten plates, tantalum clad tungsten plates, tungsten rods sheathed by tantalum and Zircaloy and they were compared with mercury density. It was shown that the averaged density was highest for the tungsten plates and was high for the tantalum cladding tungsten plates, the tungsten rods sheathed by tantalum and Zircaloy in order. They were higher than or equal to that of mercury for the 1 2 MW proton beams. Tungsten target without the cladding or the sheath is not practical due to corrosion by water under irradiation condition. Therefore, the tantalum cladding tungsten plate already made successfully by HIP and the sheathed tungsten rod are the candidate of high performance solid targets. The decay heat of each target was calculated. It was low enough low compared to that of ISIS for the target without tantalum but was about four times as high as that of ISIS when the thickness of the tantalum cladding was 0.5 mm. Heat removal methods of the decay heat with tantalum were examined. It was shown that a special cooling system was required for the target exchange when tantalum was used for the target. It was concluded that the tungsten rod target sheathed with stainless steel or Zircaloy was the most reliable from the safety considerations and had similar neutronics performance to that of mercury.

  3. Entropy generation in a second grade magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow over a convectively heated stretching sheet with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sithole, Hloniphile; Mondal, Hiranmoy; Sibanda, Precious

    2018-06-01

    This study addresses entropy generation in magnetohydrodynamic flow of a second grade nanofluid over a convectively heated stretching sheet with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. The second grade fluid is assumed to be electrically conducting and is permeated by an applied non-uniform magnetic field. We further consider the impact on the fluid properties and the Nusselt number of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions and a convective boundary condition. The mathematical equations are solved using the spectral local linearization method. Computations for skin-friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are carried out and displayed in a table. It is observed that the effects of the thermophoresis parameter is to increase the temperature distributions throughout the boundary layer. The entropy generation is enhanced by larger magnetic parameters and increasing Reynolds number. The aim of this manuscript is to pay more attention of entropy generation analysis with heat and fluid flow on second grade nanofluids to improve the system performance. Also the fluid velocity and temperature in the boundary layer region rise significantly for increasing the values of the second grade nanofluid parameter.

  4. Graded Reflectivity Mirror for the Solid State Heat Capacity Laser Final Report CRADA No. TC-2085-04

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yamamoto, R.; Davis, J. A.

    This was a collaborative effort between The Regents of the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the Boeing Company, to develop a Graded Reflectivity Mirror (GRM) to achieve improved near field fill and higher brightness in the far field output of LLNL’s Solid State Heat Capacity Laser (SSHCL).

  5. What heated the parent meteorite planets?

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wood, John A.; Pellas, Paul

    1991-01-01

    The plausibility of the two most wide discussed mechanisms, decay of short-lived Al-26 and solar wind induction heating, for heating the small planetesimals in which the meteorites formed are examined and shown to have significant problems. The main problem for the Al-26 decay mechanism is the fact that eucritic lavas, melted by the mysterious heating mechanism in some early planetesimal, did not contain enough Al-26 to decay to radiogenic Mg-26 when they erupted to their planetesimal surface and cooled. It is necessary to postulate that the lavas lingered underground while their Al-26 decayed away. The solar wind induction heat concept has the problem that astrophysical evidence has made is seem increasingly unlikely that an intense solar wind flux blew past planetesimals in the early solar system. Instead, it was probably collimated in the direction of the sun's poles by the persistence of the solar nebula during the T Tauri epoch.

  6. Advanced Energy and Water Recovery Technology from Low Grade Waste Heat

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dexin Wang

    2011-12-19

    The project has developed a nanoporous membrane based water vapor separation technology that can be used for recovering energy and water from low-temperature industrial waste gas streams with high moisture contents. This kind of exhaust stream is widely present in many industrial processes including the forest products and paper industry, food industry, chemical industry, cement industry, metal industry, and petroleum industry. The technology can recover not only the sensible heat but also high-purity water along with its considerable latent heat. Waste heats from such streams are considered very difficult to recover by conventional technology because of poor heat transfer performancemore » of heat-exchanger type equipment at low temperature and moisture-related corrosion issues. During the one-year Concept Definition stage of the project, the goal was to prove the concept and technology in the laboratory and identify any issues that need to be addressed in future development of this technology. In this project, computational modeling and simulation have been conducted to investigate the performance of a nanoporous material based technology, transport membrane condenser (TMC), for waste heat and water recovery from low grade industrial flue gases. A series of theoretical and computational analyses have provided insight and support in advanced TMC design and experiments. Experimental study revealed condensation and convection through the porous membrane bundle was greatly improved over an impermeable tube bundle, because of the membrane capillary condensation mechanism and the continuous evacuation of the condensate film or droplets through the membrane pores. Convection Nusselt number in flue gas side for the porous membrane tube bundle is 50% to 80% higher than those for the impermeable stainless steel tube bundle. The condensation rates for the porous membrane tube bundle also increase 60% to 80%. Parametric study for the porous membrane tube bundle heat

  7. Excitation of half-integer up-shifted decay channel and quasi-mode in plasma edge for high power electron Bernstein wave heating scenario

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ali Asgarian, M.; Abbasi, M.

    2018-04-01

    Electron Bernstein waves (EBW) consist of promising tools in driving localized off-axis current needed for sustained operation as well as effective selective heating scenarios in advanced over dense fusion plasmas like spherical tori and stellarators by applying high power radio frequency waves within the range of Megawatts. Here some serious non-linear effects like parametric decay modes are highly expect-able which have been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally. In general, the decay of an EBW depends on the ratio of the incident frequency and electron cyclotron frequency. At ratios less than two, parametric decay leads to a lower hybrid wave (or an ion Bernstein wave) and EBWs at a lower frequency. For ratios more than two, the daughter waves constitute either an electron cyclotron quasi-mode and another EBW or an ion wave and EBW. However, in contrast with these decay patterns, the excitation of an unusual up-shifted frequency decay channel for the ratio less than two is demonstrated in this study which is totally different as to its generation and persistence. It is shown that this mode varies from the conventional parametric decay channels which necessarily satisfy the matching conditions in frequency and wave-vector. Moreover, the excitation of some less-known local non-propagating quasi-modes (virtual modes) through weak-turbulence theory and their contributions to energy leakage from conversion process leading the reduction in conversion efficiency is assessed.

  8. Study on creep behavior of Grade 91 heat-resistant steel using theta projection method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ren, Facai; Tang, Xiaoying

    2017-10-01

    Creep behavior of Grade 91 heat-resistant steel used for steam cooler was characterized using the theta projection method. Creep tests were conducted at the temperature of 923K under the stress ranging from 100-150MPa. Based on the creep curve results, four theta parameters were established using a nonlinear least square fitting method. Four theta parameters showed a good linearity as a function of stress. The predicted curves coincided well with the experimental data and creep curves were also modeled to the low stress level of 60MPa.

  9. Scattering of lattice solitons and decay of heat-current correlation in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-α -β model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jin, Tao; Yu, Jian; Zhang, Nan; Zhao, Hong

    2017-08-01

    As is well known, solitons can be excited in nonlinear lattice systems; however, whether, and if so, how, this kind of nonlinear excitation can affect the energy transport behavior is not yet fully understood. Here we study both the scattering dynamics of solitons and heat transport properties in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-α -β model with an asymmetric interparticle interaction. By varying the asymmetry degree of the interaction (characterized by α ), we find that (i) for each α there exists a momentum threshold for exciting solitons from which one may infer an α -dependent feature of probability of presentation of solitons at a finite-temperature equilibrium state and (ii) the scattering rate of solitons is sensitively dependent on α . Based on these findings, we conjecture that the scattering between solitons will cause the nonmonotonic α -dependent feature of heat conduction. Fortunately, such a conjecture is indeed verified by our detailed examination of the time decay behavior of the heat current correlation function, but it is only valid for an early time stage. Thus, this result may suggest that solitons can have only a relatively short survival time when exposed in a thermal environment, eventually affecting the heat transport in a short time.

  10. Modeling and analyzing flow of third grade nanofluid due to rotating stretchable disk with chemical reaction and heat source

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hayat, T.; Ahmad, Salman; Khan, M. Ijaz; Alsaedi, A.

    2018-05-01

    This article addresses flow of third grade nanofluid due to stretchable rotating disk. Mass and heat transports are analyzed through thermophoresis and Brownian movement effects. Further the effects of heat generation and chemical reaction are also accounted. The obtained ODE's are tackled computationally by means of homotopy analysis method. Graphical outcomes are analyzed for the effects of different variables. The obtained results show that velocity reduces through Reynolds number and material parameters. Temperature and concentration increase with Brownian motion and these decrease by Reynolds number.

  11. The validation of science virtual test to assess 7th grade students’ critical thinking on matter and heat topic (SVT-MH)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sya’bandari, Y.; Firman, H.; Rusyati, L.

    2018-05-01

    The method used in this research was descriptive research for profiling the validation of SVT-MH to measure students’ critical thinking on matter and heat topic in junior high school. The subject is junior high school students of 7th grade (13 years old) while science teacher and expert as the validators. The instruments that used as a tool to obtain the data are rubric expert judgment (content, media, education) and rubric of readability test. There are four steps to validate SVT-MH in 7th grade Junior High School. These steps are analysis of core competence and basic competence based on Curriculum 2013, expert judgment (content, media, education), readability test and trial test (limited and larger trial test). The instrument validation resulted 30 items that represent 8 elements and 21 sub-elements to measure students’ critical thinking based on Inch in matter and heat topic. The alpha Cronbach (α) is 0.642 which means that the instrument is sufficient to measure students’ critical thinking matter and heat topic.

  12. Update and evaluation of decay data for spent nuclear fuel analyses

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Simeonov, Teodosi; Wemple, Charles

    2017-09-01

    Studsvik's approach to spent nuclear fuel analyses combines isotopic concentrations and multi-group cross-sections, calculated by the CASMO5 or HELIOS2 lattice transport codes, with core irradiation history data from the SIMULATE5 reactor core simulator and tabulated isotopic decay data. These data sources are used and processed by the code SNF to predict spent nuclear fuel characteristics. Recent advances in the generation procedure for the SNF decay data are presented. The SNF decay data includes basic data, such as decay constants, atomic masses and nuclide transmutation chains; radiation emission spectra for photons from radioactive decay, alpha-n reactions, bremsstrahlung, and spontaneous fission, electrons and alpha particles from radioactive decay, and neutrons from radioactive decay, spontaneous fission, and alpha-n reactions; decay heat production; and electro-atomic interaction data for bremsstrahlung production. These data are compiled from fundamental (ENDF, ENSDF, TENDL) and processed (ESTAR) sources for nearly 3700 nuclides. A rigorous evaluation procedure of internal consistency checks and comparisons to measurements and benchmarks, and code-to-code verifications is performed at the individual isotope level and using integral characteristics on a fuel assembly level (e.g., decay heat, radioactivity, neutron and gamma sources). Significant challenges are presented by the scope and complexity of the data processing, a dearth of relevant detailed measurements, and reliance on theoretical models for some data.

  13. Significant consequences of heat generation/absorption and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in second grade fluid due to rotating disk

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hayat, Tasawar; Qayyum, Sumaira; Alsaedi, Ahmed; Ahmad, Bashir

    2018-03-01

    Flow of second grade fluid by a rotating disk with heat and mass transfer is discussed. Additional effects of heat generation/absorption are also analyzed. Flow is also subjected to homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. The convergence of computed solution is assured through appropriate choices of initial guesses and auxiliary parameters. Investigation is made for the effects of involved parameters on velocities (radial, axial, tangential), temperature and concentration. Skin friction and Nusselt number are also analyzed. Graphical results depict that an increase in viscoelastic parameter enhances the axial, radial and tangential velocities. Opposite behavior of temperature is observed for larger values of viscoelastic and heat generation/absorption parameters. Concentration profile is increasing function of Schmidt number, viscoelastic parameter and heterogeneous reaction parameter. Magnitude of skin friction and Nusselt number are enhanced for larger viscoelastic parameter.

  14. Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hardness of Grade 91 steel

    DOE PAGES

    Shrestha, Triratna; Alsagabi, Sultan; Charit, Indrajit; ...

    2015-01-21

    The modified 9Cr-1Mo steel (Grade 91) is a material of choice in fossil-fuel-fired power plants with increased efficiency, service life, and reduction in emission of greenhouse gases. It is also considered a prospective material for the Next Generation Nuclear Power Plant for application in reactor pressure vessels at temperatures up to 650°C. In this paper, heat treatment of the modified 9Cr-1Mo steel was studied by normalizing and tempering the steel at various temperatures and times, with the ultimate goal of improving its creep resistance and optimizing material hardness. The microstructural evolution of the heat treated steels was correlated with themore » differential scanning calorimetric results. Optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with microhardness profiles and calorimetric plots were used to understand the evolution of microstructure including precipitate structures in modified 9Cr-1Mo steel and relate it to the mechanical behavior of the steel. Thermo-CalcTM calculations were used to support experimental work and provide guidance in terms of the precipitate stability and microstructural evolution. Furthermore, the carbon isopleth and temperature dependencies of the volume fraction of different precipitates were constructed. The predicted and experimentally observed results were found to be in good agreement.« less

  15. Calculation of {alpha}/{gamma} equilibria in SA508 grade 3 steels for intercritical heat treatment

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lee, B.J.; Kim, H.D.; Hong, J.H.

    1998-05-01

    An attempt has been made to suggest an optimum temperature for intercritical heat treatment of an SA508 grade 3 steel for nuclear pressure vessels, based on thermodynamic calculation of the {alpha}/{gamma} phase equilibria. A thermodynamic database constructed for the Fe-Mn-Ni-Mo-Cr-Si-V-Al-C-N ten-component system and an empirical criterion that the amount of reformed austenite should be around 40 pct were used for thermodynamic calculation and derivation of the optimum heat-treatment temperature, respectively. The calculated optimum temperature, 720 C, was in good agreement with an experimentally determined temperature of 725 C obtained through an independent experimental investigation of the same steel. The agreementmore » between the calculated and measured fraction of reformed austenite during the intercritical heat treatment was also confirmed. Based on the agreement between calculation and experiment, it could be concluded that thermodynamic calculations can be successfully applied to the materials and/or process design as an additive tool to the already established technology, and that the currently constructed thermodynamic database for steel systems shows an accuracy that makes such applications possible.« less

  16. Project ACE Activity Sets. Book I: Grades 3, 4, and 5.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Eden City Schools, NC.

    Eleven activity sets suitable for supplementing social studies units in grades 3, 4, and 5 are presented. Each set lists appropriate resources, concepts, general objectives and instructional objectives for each activity within the set. Grade 3 sets are "You Can Help Conserve Our Natural Resources,""Urban Decay and Urban…

  17. Parametric performance of circumferentially grooved heat pipes with homogeneous and graded-porosity slab wicks at cryogenic temperatures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Groll, M.; Pittman, R. B.; Eninger, J. E.

    1975-01-01

    A recently developed, potentially high-performance nonarterial wick has been extensively tested. This slab wick has an axially varying porosity which can be tailored to match the local stress imposed on the wick. The purpose of the tests was to establish the usefulness of the graded-porosity slab wick at cryogenic temperatures between 110 K and 260 K, with methane and ethane as working fluids. For comparison, a homogeneous (i.e., uniform porosity) slab wick was also tested. The tests included: (1) maximum heat pipe performance as a function of fluid inventory, (2) maximum performance as a function of operating temperature, (3) maximum performance as a function of evaporator elevation, and (4) influence of slab wick orientation on performance. The experimental data was compared with theoretical predictions obtained with the computer program GRADE.

  18. The effects of moderately high temperature on zeaxanthin accumulation and decay.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Ru; Kramer, David M; Cruz, Jeffrey A; Struck, Kimberly R; Sharkey, Thomas D

    2011-09-01

    Moderately high temperature reduces photosynthetic capacities of leaves with large effects on thylakoid reactions of photosynthesis, including xanthophyll conversion in the lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane. In previous studies, we have found that leaf temperature of 40°C increased zeaxanthin accumulation in dark-adapted, intact tobacco leaves following a brief illumination, but did not change the amount of zeaxanthin in light-adatped leaves. To investigate heat effects on zeaxanthin accumulation and decay, zeaxanthin level was monitored optically in dark-adapted, intact tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves at either 23 or 40°C under 45-min illumination. Heated leaves had more zeaxanthin following 3-min light but had less or comparable amounts of zeaxanthin by the end of 45 min of illumination. Zeaxanthin accumulated faster at light initiation and decayed faster upon darkening in leaves at 40°C than leaves at 23°C, indicating that heat increased the activities of both violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZE). In addition, our optical measurement demonstrated in vivo that weak light enhances zeaxanthin decay relative to darkness in intact leaves of tobacco and Arabidopsis, confirming previous observations in isolated spinach chloroplasts. However, the maximum rate of decay is similar for weak light and darkness, and we used the maximum rate of decay following darkness as a measure of the rate of ZE during steady-state light. A simulation indicated that high temperature should cause a large shift in the pH dependence of the amount of zeaxanthin in leaves because of differential effects on VDE and ZE. This allows for the reduction in ΔpH caused by heat to be offset by increased VDE activity relative to ZE.

  19. Physical aspects of heat generation/absorption in the second grade fluid flow due to Riga plate: Application of Cattaneo-Christov approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Anjum, Aisha; Mir, N. A.; Farooq, M.; Javed, M.; Ahmad, S.; Malik, M. Y.; Alshomrani, A. S.

    2018-06-01

    The present article concentrates on thermal stratification in the flow of second grade fluid past a Riga plate with linear stretching towards a stagnation region. Heat transfer phenomenon is disclosed with heat generation/absorption. Riga plate is known as electromagnetic actuator which comprises of permanent magnets and alternating electrodes placed on a plane surface. Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model is implemented to analyze the features of heat transfer. This new heat flux model is the generalization of classical Fourier's law with the contribution of thermal relaxation time. For the first time heat generation/absorption effect is computed with non-Fourier's law of heat conduction (i.e., Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model). Transformations are used to obtain the governing non-linear ordinary differential equations. Approximate convergent solutions are developed for the non-dimensionalized governing problems. Physical features of velocity and temperature distributions are graphically analyzed corresponding to various parameters in 2D and 3D. It is noted that velocity field enhances with an increment of modified Hartman number while it reduces with increasing variable thickness parameter. Increment in modified heat generation parameter results in reduction of temperature field.

  20. Recent advances in β-decay spectroscopy at CARIBU

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mitchell, A. J.; Copp, P.; Savard, G.; Lister, C. J.; Lane, G. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Clark, J. A.; Zhu, S.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Bottoni, S.; Brown, T. B.; Chowdhury, P.; Chillery, T. W.; David, H. M.; Hartley, D. J.; Heckmaier, E.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Kolos, K.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; McCutchan, E. A.; Norman, E. B.; Padgett, S.; Scielzo, N. D.; Seweryniak, D.; Smith, M. L.; Wilson, G. L.

    2016-09-01

    β-decay spectroscopy of nuclei far from stability can provide powerful insight into a broad variety of topics in nuclear science, ranging from exotic nuclear structure phenomena, stellar nucleosynthesis processes, and applied topics such as quantifying "decay heat" discrepancies for advanced nuclear fuel cycles. Neutronrich nuclei approaching the drip-line are difficult to access experimentally, leaving many key examples largely under studied. The CARIBU radioactive beam facility at Argonne National Laboratory exploits spontaneous fission of 252Cf in production of such beams. The X-Array and SATURN decay station have been commissioned to perform detailed decay spectroscopy of low-energy CARIBU beams. An extended science campaign was started during 2015; with projects investigating nuclear shape changes, collective octupole vibrations, β-delayed neutron emission, and decay-scheme properties which could explain the reactor antineutrino puzzle. In this article we review the current status of the setup, update on the first results and recent hardware upgrades, and look forward to future possibilities.

  1. Electrical power production from low-grade waste heat using a thermally regenerative ethylenediamine battery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rahimi, Mohammad; D'Angelo, Adriana; Gorski, Christopher A.; Scialdone, Onofrio; Logan, Bruce E.

    2017-05-01

    Thermally regenerative ammonia-based batteries (TRABs) have been developed to harvest low-grade waste heat as electricity. To improve the power production and anodic coulombic efficiency, the use of ethylenediamine as an alternative ligand to ammonia was explored here. The power density of the ethylenediamine-based battery (TRENB) was 85 ± 3 W m-2-electrode area with 2 M ethylenediamine, and 119 ± 4 W m-2 with 3 M ethylenediamine. This power density was 68% higher than that of TRAB. The energy density was 478 Wh m-3-anolyte, which was ∼50% higher than that produced by TRAB. The anodic coulombic efficiency of the TRENB was 77 ± 2%, which was more than twice that obtained using ammonia in a TRAB (35%). The higher anodic efficiency reduced the difference between the anode dissolution and cathode deposition rates, resulting in a process more suitable for closed loop operation. The thermal-electric efficiency based on ethylenediamine separation using waste heat was estimated to be 0.52%, which was lower than that of TRAB (0.86%), mainly due to the more complex separation process. However, this energy recovery could likely be improved through optimization of the ethylenediamine separation process.

  2. Construction of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram using Gleeble for coarse grained heat affected zone of SA106 grade B steel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vimalan, G.; Muthupandi, V.; Ravichandran, G.

    2018-05-01

    A continuous cooling transformation diagram is constructed for simulated coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of SA106 grade B carbon steel. Samples are heated to a peak temperature of 1200°C in the Gleeble thermo mechanical simulator and then cooled at different cooling rates varying from 0.1°C/s to 100°C/s. Microstructure of the specimens simulated at different cooling rates were characterised by optical microscopy and hardness was assessed by Vicker's hardness test and micro-hardness test. Transformation temperatures and the corresponding phase fields were identified from dilatometric curves and the same could be confirmed by correlating with the microstructures at room temperature. These data were used to construct the CCT diagram. Phase fields were found to have ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite or their combinations. With the help of this CCT diagram it is possible to predict the microstructure and hardness of coarse grain HAZ experiencing different cooling rates. The constructed CCT diagram becomes an important tool in evaluating the weldability of SA106 grade B carbon steel.

  3. NEANDC specialists meeting on yields and decay data of fission product nuclides

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chrien, R.E.; Burrows, T.W.

    Separate abstracts were prepared for the 29 papers presented. Workshop reports on decay heat, fission yields, beta- and gamma-ray spectroscopy, and delayed neutrons are included. An appendix contains a survey of the most recent compilations and evaluations containing fission product yield, fission product decay data, and delayed neutron yield information. (WHK)

  4. Chemical reaction and heat generation/absorption aspects in MHD nonlinear convective flow of third grade nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet with variable thickness

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qayyum, Sajid; Hayat, Tasawar; Alsaedi, Ahmed

    Nonlinear thermal radiation and chemical reaction in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of third grade nanofluid over a stretching sheet with variable thickness are addressed. Heat generation/absorption and nonlinear convection are considered. The sheet moves with nonlinear velocity. Sheet is convectively heated. In addition zero mass flux condition for nanoparticle concentration is imposed. Results for velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction and local Nusselt number are presented and examined. It is found that velocity and boundary layer thickness are increasing for Reynolds number. Temperature is a increasing function of the heat generation/absorption parameter while it causes a decrease in the heat transfer rate. Moreover effect of Brownian motion and chemical reaction on the concentration are quite reverse.

  5. Laser surface modification of medical grade alloys for reduced heating in a magnetic resonance imaging environment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Benafan, O.; Chen, S.-Y.; Kar, A.; Vaidyanathan, R.

    2015-12-01

    Nanoscale surface modification of medical grade metallic alloys was conducted using a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser-based dopant diffusion technique. The objective of this approach was to minimize the induction heating by reducing the absorbed radio frequency field. Such an approach is advantageous in that the dopant is diffused into the alloy and is not susceptible to detachment or spallation as would an externally applied coating, and is expected to not deteriorate the mechanical and electrical properties of the base alloy or device. Experiments were conducted using a controlled environment laser system with the ability to control laser properties (i.e., laser power, spot size, and irradiation time) and dopant characteristics (i.e., temperature, concentration, and pressure). The reflective and transmissive properties of both the doped and untreated samples were measured in a radio frequency (63.86 MHz) magnetic field using a system comprising a high power signal generator, a localized magnetic field source and sensor, and a signal analyzer. The results indicate an increase in the reflectivity of the laser-treated samples compared to untreated samples. The effect of reflectivity on the heating of the alloys is investigated through a mathematical model incorporating Maxwell's equations and heat conduction.

  6. Study of the $$\\beta $$ Decay of Fission Products with the DTAS Detector

    DOE PAGES

    Guadilla, V.; Algora, A.; Tain, J. L.; ...

    2017-01-01

    Total Absorption Spectroscopy measurements of the β decay of 103Mo and 103Tc, important contributors to the decay heat summation calculation in reactors, are reported in this work. Furthermore, the analysis of the experiment, performed at IGISOL with the new DTAS detector, show new β intensity that was not detected in previous measurements with Ge detectors.

  7. Method for utilizing decay heat from radioactive nuclear wastes

    DOEpatents

    Busey, H.M.

    1974-10-14

    Management of radioactive heat-producing waste material while safely utilizing the heat thereof is accomplished by encapsulating the wastes after a cooling period, transporting the capsules to a facility including a plurality of vertically disposed storage tubes, lowering the capsules as they arrive at the facility into the storage tubes, cooling the storage tubes by circulating a gas thereover, employing the so heated gas to obtain an economically beneficial result, and continually adding waste capsules to the facility as they arrive thereat over a substantial period of time.

  8. Comparison of deterministic and stochastic approaches for isotopic concentration and decay heat uncertainty quantification on elementary fission pulse

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lahaye, S.; Huynh, T. D.; Tsilanizara, A.

    2016-03-01

    Uncertainty quantification of interest outputs in nuclear fuel cycle is an important issue for nuclear safety, from nuclear facilities to long term deposits. Most of those outputs are functions of the isotopic vector density which is estimated by fuel cycle codes, such as DARWIN/PEPIN2, MENDEL, ORIGEN or FISPACT. CEA code systems DARWIN/PEPIN2 and MENDEL propagate by two different methods the uncertainty from nuclear data inputs to isotopic concentrations and decay heat. This paper shows comparisons between those two codes on a Uranium-235 thermal fission pulse. Effects of nuclear data evaluation's choice (ENDF/B-VII.1, JEFF-3.1.1 and JENDL-2011) is inspected in this paper. All results show good agreement between both codes and methods, ensuring the reliability of both approaches for a given evaluation.

  9. Thermal-hydraulic simulation of natural convection decay heat removal in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) using RELAP5 and TEMPEST: Part 2, Interpretation and validation of results

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ruggles, A.E.; Morris, D.G.

    The RELAP5/MOD2 code was used to predict the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the HFIR core during decay heat removal through boiling natural circulation. The low system pressure and low mass flux values associated with boiling natural circulation are far from conditions for which RELAP5 is well exercised. Therefore, some simple hand calculations are used herein to establish the physics of the results. The interpretation and validation effort is divided between the time average flow conditions and the time varying flow conditions. The time average flow conditions are evaluated using a lumped parameter model and heat balance. The Martinelli-Nelson correlations are usedmore » to model the two-phase pressure drop and void fraction vs flow quality relationship within the core region. Systems of parallel channels are susceptible to both density wave oscillations and pressure drop oscillations. Periodic variations in the mass flux and exit flow quality of individual core channels are predicted by RELAP5. These oscillations are consistent with those observed experimentally and are of the density wave type. The impact of the time varying flow properties on local wall superheat is bounded herein. The conditions necessary for Ledinegg flow excursions are identified. These conditions do not fall within the envelope of decay heat levels relevant to HFIR in boiling natural circulation. 14 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.« less

  10. Microstructural Characterization of the Heat-Affected Zones in Grade 92 Steel Welds: Double-Pass and Multipass Welds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, X.; West, G. D.; Siefert, J. A.; Parker, J. D.; Thomson, R. C.

    2018-04-01

    The microstructure in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of multipass welds typical of those used in power plants and made from 9 wt pct chromium martensitic Grade 92 steel is complex. Therefore, there is a need for systematic microstructural investigations to define the different regions of the microstructure across the HAZ of Grade 92 steel welds manufactured using the traditional arc welding processes in order to understand possible failure mechanisms after long-term service. In this study, the microstructure in the HAZ of an as-fabricated two-pass bead-on-plate weld on a parent metal of Grade 92 steel has been systematically investigated and compared to a complex, multipass thick section weldment using an extensive range of electron and ion-microscopy-based techniques. A dilatometer has been used to apply controlled thermal cycles to simulate the microstructures in distinctly different regions in a multipass HAZ using sequential thermal cycles. A wide range of microstructural properties in the simulated materials were characterized and compared with the experimental observations from the weld HAZ. It has been found that the microstructure in the HAZ can be categorized by a combination of sequential thermal cycles experienced by the different zones within the complex weld metal, using the terminology developed for these regions based on a simpler, single-pass bead-on-plate weld, categorized as complete transformation, partial transformation, and overtempered.

  11. Heat-Powered Pump for Liquid Metals

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Campana, R. J.

    1986-01-01

    Proposed thermoelectromagnetic pump for liquid metal powered by waste heat; needs no battery, generator, or other external energy source. Pump turns part of heat in liquid metal into pumping energy. In combination with primary pump or on its own, thermoelectric pump circulates coolant between reactor and radiator. As long as there is decay heat to be removed, unit performs function.

  12. What Is Heat? Inquiry regarding the Science of Heat

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rascoe, Barbara

    2010-01-01

    This lab activity uses inquiry to help students define heat. It is generic in that it can be used to introduce a plethora of science content across middle and high school grade levels and across science disciplines that include biology, Earth and space science, and physical science. Even though heat is a universal science phenomenon that is…

  13. Decay heat power of spent nuclear fuel of power reactors with high burnup at long-term storage

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ternovykh, Mikhail; Tikhomirov, Georgy; Saldikov, Ivan; Gerasimov, Alexander

    2017-09-01

    Decay heat power of actinides and fission products from spent nuclear fuel of power VVER-1000 type reactors at long-term storage is calculated. Two modes of storage are considered: mode in which single portion of actinides or fission products is loaded in storage facility, and mode in which actinides or fission products from spent fuel of one VVER reactor are added every year in storage facility during 30 years and then accumulated nuclides are stored without addition new nuclides. Two values of fuel burnup 40 and 70 MW·d/kg are considered for the mode of storage of single fuel unloading. For the mode of accumulation of spent fuel with subsequent storage, one value of burnup of 70 MW·d/kg is considered. Very long time of storage 105 years accepted in calculations allows to simulate final geological disposal of radioactive wastes. Heat power of fission products decreases quickly after 50-100 years of storage. The power of actinides decreases very slow. In passing from 40 to 70 MW·d/kg, power of actinides increases due to accumulation of higher fraction of 244Cm. These data are important in the back end of fuel cycle when improved cooling system of the storage facility will be required along with stronger radiation protection during storage, transportation and processing.

  14. Development of a Field Demonstration for Cost-Effective Low-Grade Heat Recovery and Use Technology Designed to Improve Efficiency and Reduce Water Usage Rates for a Coal-Fired Power Plant

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Noble, Russell; Dombrowski, K.; Bernau, M.

    Coal-based power generation systems provide reliable, low-cost power to the domestic energy sector. These systems consume large amounts of fuel and water to produce electricity and are the target of pending regulations that may require reductions in water use and improvements in thermal efficiency. While efficiency of coal-based generation has improved over time, coal power plants often do not utilize the low-grade heat contained in the flue gas and require large volumes of water for the steam cycle make-up, environmental controls, and for process cooling and heating. Low-grade heat recovery is particularly challenging for coal-fired applications, due in large partmore » to the condensation of acid as the flue gas cools and the resulting potential corrosion of the heat recovery materials. Such systems have also not been of significant interest as recent investments on coal power plants have primarily been for environmental controls due to more stringent regulations. Also, in many regions, fuel cost is still a pass-through to the consumer, reducing the motivation for efficiency improvements. Therefore, a commercial system combining low-grade heat-recovery technologies and associated end uses to cost effectively improve efficiency and/or reduce water consumption has not yet been widely applied. However, pressures from potential new regulations and from water shortages may drive new interest, particularly in the U.S. In an effort to address this issue, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has sought to identify and promote technologies to achieve this goal.« less

  15. Distinction of brain tissue, low grade and high grade glioma with time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy

    PubMed Central

    Yong, William H.; Butte, Pramod V.; Pikul, Brian K.; Jo, Javier A.; Fang, Qiyin; Papaioannou, Thanassis; Black, Keith L.; Marcu, Laura

    2010-01-01

    Neuropathology frozen section diagnoses are difficult in part because of the small tissue samples and the paucity of adjunctive rapid intraoperative stains. This study aims to explore the use of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy as a rapid adjunctive tool for the diagnosis of glioma specimens and for distinction of glioma from normal tissues intraoperatively. Ten low grade gliomas, 15 high grade gliomas without necrosis, 6 high grade gliomas with necrosis and/or radiation effect, and 14 histologically uninvolved “normal” brain specimens are spectroscopicaly analyzed and contrasted. Tissue autofluorescence was induced with a pulsed Nitrogen laser (337 nm, 1.2 ns) and the transient intensity decay profiles were recorded in the 370-500 nm spectral range with a fast digitized (0.2 ns time resolution). Spectral intensities and time-dependent parameters derived from the time-resolved spectra of each site were used for tissue characterization. A linear discriminant analysis diagnostic algorithm was used for tissue classification. Both low and high grade gliomas can be distinguished from histologically uninvolved cerebral cortex and white matter with high accuracy (above 90%). In addition, the presence or absence of treatment effect and/or necrosis can be identified in high grade gliomas. Taking advantage of tissue autofluorescence, this technique facilitates a direct and rapid investigation of surgically obtained tissue. PMID:16368511

  16. Existence and energy decay of a nonuniform Timoshenko system with second sound

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hamadouche, Taklit; Messaoudi, Salim A.

    2018-02-01

    In this paper, we consider a linear thermoelastic Timoshenko system with variable physical parameters, where the heat conduction is given by Cattaneo's law and the coupling is via the displacement equation. We discuss the well-posedness and the regularity of solution using the semigroup theory. Moreover, we establish the exponential decay result provided that the stability function χ r(x)=0. Otherwise, we show that the solution decays polynomially.

  17. Assessment of Thermal Performance of Functionally Graded Materials in Longitudinal Fins

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hassanzadeh, R.; Bilgili, M.

    2018-01-01

    Assessment of the thermal characteristics of materials in heat exchangers with longitudinal fins is performed in the case where a conventional homogeneous material of a longitudinal fin is replaced by a functionally graded one, in which the fin material properties, such as the conductivity, are assumed to be graded as linear and power-law functions along the normal axis from the fin base to the fin tip. The resulting equations are calculated under two (Dirichlet and Neumann) boundary conditions. The equations are solved by an approximate analytical method with the use of the mean value theorem. The results show that the inhomogeneity index of a functionally graded material plays an important role for the thermal energy characteristics in such heat exchangers. In addition, it is observed that the use of such a material in longitudinal fins enhances the rate of heat transfer between the fin surface and surrounding fluid. Hopefully, the results obtained in the study will arouse interest of designers in heat exchange industry.

  18. Experiments Demonstrate Geothermal Heating Process

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roman, Harry T.

    2012-01-01

    When engineers design heat-pump-based geothermal heating systems for homes and other buildings, they can use coil loops buried around the perimeter of the structure to gather low-grade heat from the earth. As an alternative approach, they can drill well casings and store the summer's heat deep in the earth, then bring it back in the winter to warm…

  19. Low-Cost Gas Heat Pump for Building Space Heating

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Garrabrant, Michael; Keinath, Christopher

    2016-10-11

    :1 modulation, which will allow for improved load matching. In addition, the energy savings analysis showed that a house in Albany, NY, Chicago, IL and Minneapolis, MN would save roughly 32, 28.5 and 36.5 MBtu annually when compared to a 100% efficient boiler, respectively. The gas absorption heat pump achieves this performance by using high grade heat from the combustion of natural gas in combination with low grade heat extracted from the ambient to produce medium grade heat suitable for space and water heating. Expected product features include conventional outdoor installation practices, 4:1 modulation, and reasonable economic payback. These factors position the technology to gain significant market penetration, resulting in a large reduction of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for residential space heating.« less

  20. Parametric performance of circumferentially grooved heat pipes with homogeneous and graded-porosity slab wicks at cryogenic temperatures. [methane and ethane working fluids

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Groll, M.; Pittman, R. B.; Eninger, J. E.

    1976-01-01

    A recently developed, potentially high-performance nonarterial wick was extensively tested. This slab wick has an axially varying porosity which can be tailored to match the local stress imposed on the wick. The purpose of the tests was to establish the usefulness of the graded-porosity slab wick at cryogenic temperatures between 110 and 260 K, with methane and ethane as working fluids. For comparison, a homogeneous (i.e., uniform porosity) slab wick was also tested. The tests included: maximum heat pipe performance as a function of fluid inventory, maximum performance as a function of operating temperature, maximum performance as a function of evaporator elevation, and influence of slab wick orientation on performance. The experimental data were compared with theoretical predictions obtained with the GRADE computer program.

  1. Thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption aspects in third grade magneto-nanofluid over a slendering stretching sheet with Newtonian conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qayyum, Sajid; Hayat, Tasawar; Alsaedi, Ahmed

    2018-05-01

    Mathematical modeling for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) radiative flow of third grade nano-material bounded by a nonlinear stretching sheet with variable thickness is introduced. The sheet moves with nonlinear velocity. Definitions of thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption are utilized in the energy expression. Intention in present investigation is to develop a model for nanomaterial comprising Brownian motion and thermophoresis phenomena. Newtonian conditions for heat and mass species are imposed. Governing equations of the locally similar flow are attempted through a homotopic technique and behaviors of involved variables on the flow fields are displayed graphically. It is revealed that increasing values of thermal conjugate variable corresponds to high temperature. Numerical investigation are explored to obtain the results of skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. It is revealed that velocity field reduces in the frame of magnetic variable while reverse situation is observed due to mixed convection parameter. Here qualitative behaviors of thermal field and heat transfer rate are opposite for thermophoresis variable. Moreover nanoparticle concentration and local Sherwood number via Brownian motion parameter are opposite.

  2. Thermoelectric as recovery and harvesting of waste heat from portable generator

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mustafa, S. N.; Kamarrudin, N. S.; Hashim, M. S. M.; Bakar, S. A.; Razlan, Z. M.; Harun, A.; Ibrahim, I.; Faizi, M. K.; Saad, M. A. M.; Zunaidi, I.; Wan, W. K.; Desa, H.

    2017-10-01

    Generation of waste heat was ineluctable especially during energy producing process. Waste heat falls into low temperature grade make it complicated to utilize. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) offers opportunity to harvest any temperature grade heat into useful electricity. This project is covered about recovery and utilizing waste heat from portable electric generator by using a TEG which placed at exhaust surface. Temperature difference at both surfaces of TEG was enhanced with supplying cold air from a wind blower. It is found that, even at low air speed, the TEG was successfully produced electricity with aid from DC-DC booster. Results shows possibility to harvest low temperature grade heat and still exist areas for continual improvement.

  3. Continuous-Flow System Produces Medical-Grade Water

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Akse, James R.; Dahl, Roger W.; Wheeler, Richard R.

    2009-01-01

    A continuous-flow system utilizes microwave heating to sterilize water and to thermally inactivate endotoxins produced in the sterilization process. The system is designed for use in converting potable water to medical-grade water. Systems like this one could be used for efficient, small-scale production of medical- grade water in laboratories, clinics, and hospitals. This system could be adapted to use in selective sterilization of connections in ultra-pure-water-producing equipment and other equipment into which intrusion by microorganisms cannot be tolerated. Lightweight, port - able systems based on the design of this system could be rapidly deployed to remote locations (e.g., military field hospitals) or in response to emergencies in which the normal infrastructure for providing medical-grade water is disrupted. Larger systems based on the design of this system could be useful for industrial production of medical-grade water. The basic microwave-heating principle of this system is the same as that of a microwave oven: An item to be heated, made of a lossy dielectric material (in this case, flowing water) is irradiated with microwaves in a multimode microwave cavity. The heating is rapid and efficient because it results from absorption of microwave power throughout the volume of the lossy dielectric material. In this system, a copper tube having a length of 49.5 cm and a diameter of 2.25 cm serves as both the microwave cavity and the sterilization chamber. Microwave power is fed via a coaxial cable to an antenna mounted inside the tube at mid-length (see figure). Efficient power transfer occurs due to the shift in wavelength associated with the high permittivity of water combined with the strong coupling of 2.45-GHz microwaves with rotational-vibrational transitions of the dipolar water molecule.

  4. Interplay between Heat Shock Proteins HSP101 and HSA32 Prolongs Heat Acclimation Memory Posttranscriptionally in Arabidopsis1[W][OA

    PubMed Central

    Wu, Ting-ying; Juan, Yu-ting; Hsu, Yang-hsin; Wu, Sze-hsien; Liao, Hsiu-ting; Fung, Raymond W.M.; Charng, Yee-yung

    2013-01-01

    Heat acclimation improves the tolerance of organisms to severe heat stress. Our previous work showed that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the “memory” of heat acclimation treatment decayed faster in the absence of the heat-stress-associated 32-kD protein HSA32, a heat-induced protein predominantly found in plants. The HSA32 null mutant attains normal short-term acquired thermotolerance but is defective in long-term acquired thermotolerance. To further explore this phenomenon, we isolated Arabidopsis defective in long-term acquired thermotolerance (dlt) mutants using a forward genetic screen. Two recessive missense alleles, dlt1-1 and dlt1-2, encode the molecular chaperone heat shock protein101 (HSP101). Results of immunoblot analyses suggest that HSP101 enhances the translation of HSA32 during recovery after heat treatment, and in turn, HSA32 retards the decay of HSP101. The dlt1-1 mutation has little effect on HSP101 chaperone activity and thermotolerance function but compromises the regulation of HSA32. In contrast, dlt1-2 impairs the chaperone activity and thermotolerance function of HSP101 but not the regulation of HSA32. These results suggest that HSP101 has a dual function, which could be decoupled by the mutations. Pulse-chase analysis showed that HSP101 degraded faster in the absence of HSA32. The autophagic proteolysis inhibitor E-64d, but not the proteasome inhibitor MG132, inhibited the degradation of HSP101. Ectopic expression of HSA32 confirmed its effect on the decay of HSP101 at the posttranscriptional level and showed that HSA32 was not sufficient to confer long-term acquired thermotolerance when the HSP101 level was low. Taken together, we propose that a positive feedback loop between HSP101 and HSA32 at the protein level is a novel mechanism for prolonging the memory of heat acclimation. PMID:23439916

  5. Effects of Variations in Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of ASTM A710 Grade A Class 3 Steel.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-05-01

    CLASS 3 STEEL - by G. E. Hitcho *L. C. Smith S. Singhal R. J. Fields U.S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Fracture and Deformation...IN HEAT TREATMENT ON THE Research & Development MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF ASTM A710 GRADE A CLASS 3 STEEL 4. PERFORMING ORGM REPORT...NOTES SIS 1IS. KEY MaR05 (C~ueus ee m. .E If .eum Edalr br Slek ami.) Age hardening steel Microstructure Cleavage fracture Precipitate Ductile

  6. Heat-flow properties of systems with alternate masses or alternate on-site potentials.

    PubMed

    Pereira, Emmanuel; Santana, Leonardo M; Ávila, Ricardo

    2011-07-01

    We address a central issue of phononics: the search of properties or mechanisms to manage the heat flow in reliable materials. We analytically study standard and simple systems modeling the heat flow in solids, namely, the harmonic, self-consistent harmonic and also anharmonic chains of oscillators, and we show an interesting insulating effect: While in the homogeneous models the heat flow decays as the inverse of the particle mass, in the chain with alternate masses it decays as the inverse of the square of the mass difference, that is, it decays essentially as the mass ratio (between the smaller and the larger one) for a large mass difference. A similar effect holds if we alternate on-site potentials instead of particle masses. The existence of such behavior in these different systems, including anharmonic models, indicates that it is a ubiquitous phenomenon with applications in the heat flow control.

  7. Naturally formed graded junction for organic light-emitting diodes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shao, Yan; Yang, Yang

    2003-09-01

    In this letter, we report naturally-formed graded junctions (NFGJ) for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). These junctions are fabricated using single thermal evaporation boat loaded with uniformly mixed charge transport and light-emitting materials. Upon heating, materials sublimate sequentially according to their vaporizing temperatures forming the graded junction. Two kinds of graded structures, sharp and shallow graded junctions, can be formed based on the thermal properties of the selected materials. The NFGJ OLEDs have shown excellent performance in both brightness and lifetime compared with heterojunction devices.

  8. Effect of post weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ITER-grade 316LN austenitic stainless steel weldments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xin, Jijun; Fang, Chao; Song, Yuntao; Wei, Jing; Xu, Shen; Wu, Jiefeng

    2017-04-01

    The effect of postweld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ITER-grade 316LN austenitic stainless steel joints with ER316LMn filler material was investigated. PWHT aging was performed for 1 h at four different temperatures of 600 °C, 760 °C, 870 °C and 920 °C, respectively. The microstructure revealed the sigma phase precipitation occurred in the weld metals heat-treated at the temperature of 870 °C and 920 °C. The PWHT temperatures have the less effect on the tensile strength, and the maximum tensile strength of the joints is about 630 MPa, reaching the 95% of the base metal, whereas the elongation is enhanced with the rise of PWHT temperatures. Meanwhile, the sigma phase precipitation in the weld metals reduces the impact toughness.

  9. [Urban heat island intensity and its grading in Liaoning Province of Northeast China].

    PubMed

    Li, Li-Guang; Wang, Hong-Bo; Jia, Qing-Yu; Lü, Guo-Hong; Wang, Xiao-Ying; Zhang, Yu-Shu; Ai, Jing-Feng

    2012-05-01

    According to the recorded air temperature data and their continuity of each weather station, the location of each weather station, the numbers of and the distances among the weather stations, and the records on the weather stations migration, several weather stations in Liaoning Province were selected as the urban and rural representative stations to study the characteristics of urban heat island (UHI) intensity in the province. Based on the annual and monthly air temperature data of the representative stations, the ranges and amplitudes of the UHI intensity were analyzed, and the grades of the UHI intensity were classified. The Tieling station, Dalian station, Anshan station, Chaoyang station, Dandong station, and Jinzhou station and the 18 stations including Tai' an station were selected as the representative urban and rural weather stations, respectively. In 1980-2009, the changes of the annual UHI intensity in the 6 representative cities differed. The annual UHI intensity in Tieling was in a decreasing trend, while that in the other five cities was in an increasing trend. The UHI intensity was strong in Tieling but weak in Dalian. The changes of the monthly UHI intensity in the 6 representative cities also differed. The distribution of the monthly UHI intensity in Dandong, Jinzhou and Tieling took a "U" shape, with the maximum and minimum appeared in January and in May-August, respectively, indicating that the monthly UHI intensity was strong in winter and weak in summer. The ranges of the annual and monthly UHI intensity in the 6 cities were 0.57-2.15 degrees C and -0.70-4.60 degrees C, and the ranges of 0.5-2.0 degrees C accounted for 97.8% and 72.3%, respectively. The UHI intensity in the province could be classified into 4 grades, i. e., weak, strong, stronger and strongest.

  10. HAGRID/ VANDLE spectroscopy of Rb decays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    King, Thomas; Grzywacz, Robert; Taylor, Steven; Paulauskas, Stanley; Smith, Karl; Vandle Collaboration

    2017-09-01

    Many neutron-rich isotopes that contribute in both decay heat production and r-process nucleosynthesis have substantial beta-delayed neutron branching ratios. Beta-delayed neutron emission is a relatively complicated mechanism which can leave the daughter in an gamma-emitting excited state. A comprehensive understanding of their energy output and decay strength, S_beta, therefore requires the detection of both neutrons and gamma rays in coincidence. A series of measurements of delayed neutron precursors were performed at the On-Line Test Facility (OLTF) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratories using chemically selective ion sources and an enhanced VANDLE array. The main goal of this experiment was to revisit the decays of IAEA-marked priority precursors, including bromine, rubidium, cesium, and iodine, that are required to model the global properties in the fission of 238U.The unique data set, with neutron and gamma ray coincidences, benefited from the addition of a high-efficiency gamma-ray array, consisting of 16 LaBr3 crystals (HAGRiD), and a set of large volume NaI detectors to the VANDLE array. Characterization of and preliminary results from the new gamma-ray array for the decays of 94Rb and 97Rb will be presented. National Nuclear Security Administration under the Stewardship Science Academic Alliances program through DOE Award No. DE-NA0002132 and the Office of Nuclear Physics, U.S. Department of Energy under Award No. DE-FG02-96ER40983.

  11. Experimental and numerical simulation of passive decay heat removal by sump cooling after cool melt down

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Knebel, J.U.; Kuhn, D.; Mueller, U.

    1997-12-01

    This article presents the basic physical phenomena and scaling criteria of passive decay heat removal from a large coolant pool by single-phase and two-phase natural circulation. The physical significance of the dimensionless similarity groups derived is evaluated. The above results are applied to the SUCO program that is performed at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. The SUCO program is a three-step series of scaled model experiments investigating the possibility of a sump cooling concept for future light water reactors. The sump cooling concept is based on passive safety features within the containment. The work is supported by the German utilities and themore » Siemens AG. The article gives results of temperature and velocity measurements in the 1:20 linearly scaled SUCOS-2D test facility. The experiments are backed up by numerical calculations using the commercial software package Fluent. Finally, using the similarity analysis from above, the experimental results of the model geometry are scaled-up to the conditions in the prototype, allowing a first statement with regard to the feasibility of the sump cooling concept. 11 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.« less

  12. Plumbing and Heating Curriculum.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    EASTCONN Regional Educational Services Center, North Windham, CT.

    Theory and experience in the following areas are included in this plumbing curriculum: (1) plumbing fixtures and heating; (2) city water service; (3) fixture roughing; (4) venting; and (5) solar heating systems. The plumbing program manual includes the following sections: (1) general objectives for grades 10, 11, and 12; (2) a list of 33 major…

  13. Complete ? -decay pattern for the high-priority decay-heat isotopes I 137 and Xe 137 determined using total absorption spectroscopy

    DOE PAGES

    Rasco, B. C.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Fijalkowska, A.; ...

    2017-05-31

    We measured the complete -decay intensities of 137I and 137Xe with the Modular Total Absorption Spectrometer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We describe a novel technique for measuring the -delayed neutron energy spectrum, which also provides a measurement of the -neutron branching ratio, P n.

  14. Control of reactor coolant flow path during reactor decay heat removal

    DOEpatents

    Hunsbedt, Anstein N.

    1988-01-01

    An improved reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system for a sodium cooled nuclear reactor is disclosed. The sodium cooled nuclear reactor is of the type having a reactor vessel liner separating the reactor hot pool on the upstream side of an intermediate heat exchanger and the reactor cold pool on the downstream side of the intermediate heat exchanger. The improvement includes a flow path across the reactor vessel liner flow gap which dissipates core heat across the reactor vessel and containment vessel responsive to a casualty including the loss of normal heat removal paths and associated shutdown of the main coolant liquid sodium pumps. In normal operation, the reactor vessel cold pool is inlet to the suction side of coolant liquid sodium pumps, these pumps being of the electromagnetic variety. The pumps discharge through the core into the reactor hot pool and then through an intermediate heat exchanger where the heat generated in the reactor core is discharged. Upon outlet from the heat exchanger, the sodium is returned to the reactor cold pool. The improvement includes placing a jet pump across the reactor vessel liner flow gap, pumping a small flow of liquid sodium from the lower pressure cold pool into the hot pool. The jet pump has a small high pressure driving stream diverted from the high pressure side of the reactor pumps. During normal operation, the jet pumps supplement the normal reactor pressure differential from the lower pressure cold pool to the hot pool. Upon the occurrence of a casualty involving loss of coolant pump pressure, and immediate cooling circuit is established by the back flow of sodium through the jet pumps from the reactor vessel hot pool to the reactor vessel cold pool. The cooling circuit includes flow into the reactor vessel liner flow gap immediate the reactor vessel wall and containment vessel where optimum and immediate discharge of residual reactor heat occurs.

  15. Modeling and Analysis of Alternative Concept of ITER Vacuum Vessel Primary Heat Transfer System

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Carbajo, Juan J; Yoder Jr, Graydon L; Dell'Orco, Giovanni

    2010-01-01

    A RELAP5-3D model of the ITER (Latin for the way ) vacuum vessel (VV) primary heat transfer system has been developed to evaluate a proposed design change that relocates the heat exchangers (HXs) from the exterior of the tokamak building to the interior. This alternative design protects the HXs from external hazards such as wind, tornado, and aircraft crash. The proposed design integrates the VV HXs into a VV pressure suppression system (VVPSS) tank that contains water to condense vapour in case of a leak into the plasma chamber. The proposal is to also use this water as the ultimatemore » sink when removing decay heat from the VV system. The RELAP5-3D model has been run under normal operating and abnormal (decay heat) conditions. Results indicate that this alternative design is feasible, with no effects on the VVPSS tank under normal operation and with tank temperature and pressure increasing under decay heat conditions resulting in a requirement to remove steam generated if the VVPSS tank low pressure must be maintained.« less

  16. Timing and heat sources for the Barrovian metamorphism, Scotland

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Viete, Daniel R.; Oliver, Grahame J. H.; Fraser, Geoff L.; Forster, Marnie A.; Lister, Gordon S.

    2013-09-01

    New SHRIMP U/Pb zircon ages of 472.2 ± 5.8 Ma and 471.2 ± 5.9 Ma are presented for the age of peak metamorphism of Barrovian migmatites. 40Ar/39Ar ages for white mica from the Barrovian metamorphic series are presented, and are recalculated using recently-proposed revisions to the 40K decay constants to allow more precise and accurate comparison with U/Pb ages. The 40Ar/39Ar ages are found to vary systematically with increasing metamorphic grade, between c. 465 Ma for the biotite zone and c. 461 Ma for the sillimanite zone. There is no evidence for any significant metamorphic heating during the first 15 Myr of the Grampian Orogeny (before c. 473 Ma) or the final 4 Myr (after c. 465 Ma). The Barrovian metamorphism occurred over a period of ~ 8 Myr within the ~ 27-Myr Grampian Orogeny. The Barrovian metamorphism records punctuated heating, was temporally and spatially associated with large-scale bimodal magmatism, and developed within crust that was not overthickened. The temporally distinct nature of the Barrovian metamorphic episode within the Grampian Orogeny, and its heating pattern and tectonic context, are not consistent with significant heat contribution from thermal equilibration of overthickened crust. Rather, the Barrovian metamorphism records a transient phase of crustal thermal disequilibrium during the Grampian Orogeny. Temporal and spatial association with Grampian bimodal magmatism is consistent with production of the Barrovian metamorphic series within the middle crust as the result of advection of heat from the lower crust and/or mantle. The Barrovian metamorphic series - the classic example of ‘orogenic regional metamorphism’ - did not form in response to crustal thickening and thermal relaxation, but appears to record large-scale contact metamorphism.

  17. Weak decays of doubly heavy baryons: multi-body decay channels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shi, Yu-Ji; Wang, Wei; Xing, Ye; Xu, Ji

    2018-01-01

    The newly-discovered Ξ _{cc}^{++} decays into the Λ c^+ K^-π ^+π ^+, but the experimental data has indicated that this decay is not saturated by any two-body intermediate state. In this work, we analyze the multi-body weak decays of doubly heavy baryons Ξ _{cc}, Ω _{cc}, Ξ _{bc}, Ω _{bc}, Ξ _{bb} and Ω _{bb}, in particular the three-body nonleptonic decays and four-body semileptonic decays. We classify various decay modes according to the quark-level transitions and present an estimate of the typical branching fractions for a few golden decay channels. Decay amplitudes are then parametrized in terms of a few SU(3) irreducible amplitudes. With these amplitudes, we find a number of relations for decay widths, which can be examined in future.

  18. On processing of Ni-Cr3C2 based functionally graded clads through microwave heating

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaushal, Sarbjeet; Gupta, Dheeraj; Bhowmick, Hiralal

    2018-06-01

    In the current study, functionally graded clads (FGC) of Ni-Cr3C2 based composite powders with varying percentage of Cr3C2 (0%–30% by weight) were developed on austenitic stainless steel (SS-304) substrate through microwave hybrid heating method. A domestic microwave oven working at 2.45 GHz and variable power level of 180–900 W was used to conduct the experimental trials. The exposure time was varied with compositional gradient and was optimized. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image of the FGC shows the uniform distribution of Cr3C2 particles inside the Ni matrix. Presence of Ni3C, Ni3Si, Ni3Cr2, and Cr3C2 phases was observed in the different layers of FGC. The top FGC layer exhibits the maximum value of microhardness of order 576 ± 25 HV which was 2.5 times more than that of the substrate.

  19. Link between von-Karman energy decay and reconnection heating in turbulent plasmas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shay, M. A.; Parashar, T.; Haggerty, C. C.; Matthaeus, W. H.; Phan, T.; Drake, J. F.; Cassak, P.; Wu, P.

    2016-12-01

    Coherent structures such as current sheets are prevalent in many turbulent plasmas and have been shown to be correlated with dissipation and heating in observations of solar wind turbulence and dissipation in kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. However, the role that they play in the dissipation of turbulent energy and ultimately the heating of the plasma are still not well understood. A recent study [1] using kinetic PIC simulations of turbulence found that the total heating in the plasma is consistent with a von-Karman scaling of the cascade rate, and that the proton to electron heating ratio was proportional to the total heating rate and linked to the ratio of gyroperiod to nonlinear turnover time at the ion kinetic scales. We review recent findings regarding the rate of heating in outflow jets during laminar reconnection and apply it to kinetic PIC simulations of turbulence, employing some reasonable assumptions to connect the two theories. The goal is to determine if reconnection is a primary heating mechanism or plays less of a role. Conversely, we also apply the new understanding of the von-Karman cascade to isolated reconnection events to determine if a cascade-like process is controlling the heating rate. [1] W. Matthaeus et al., ApJ Letters, 827, L7, 2016, doi:10.3847/2041-8205/827/1/L7

  20. Thermal durations and heating behaviour for the Barrovian metamorphism, Scotland

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Viete, D. R.; Lister, G. S.; Hermann, J.; Forster, M. A.; Oliver, G. J.

    2008-12-01

    Published U/Pb ages for the syn-metamorphic gabbros and granites of the Grampian Terrane, Scotland, that provided heat for the classical Barrovian metamorphism, suggests that they were emplaced between 473.5 and 470 Ma. New SHRIMP U/Pb ages of 472.2 ± 5.8 Ma and 470.4 ± 6.1 Ma for peak metamorphism in the highest-grade units of the Barrovian metamorphic series are consistent with a 473.5 to 470 Ma heating episode in the highest-grade units. U/Pb-calibrated 40Ar/39Ar ages for white mica from the Barrovian metamorphic series vary from c. 465 Ma for the biotite zone to c. 461 Ma for the sillimanite zone and suggest that the Barrovian thermal episode lasted less than 8.5 million years in the biotite zone and less than 12.5 million years in the sillimanite zone. The lowest-grade units of the Barrovian metamorphic series retain detrital ages in white mica 40Ar/39Ar step-heating spectra, while units metamorphosed to temperatures of 475°C or more yield Grampian 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages. Forward modelling of Ar diffusion from white mica grains was carried out for different grain sizes and thermal histories to match the position of the across-metamorphic-grade transition from detrital 40Ar/39Ar patterns to Grampian 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages. The results of Ar diffusion modelling are consistent with thermal durations of between one and 4.5 million years for the Barrovian metamorphism of the biotite zone. Microstructural observations suggest that peak metamorphism and cooling occurred earliest in the lowest-grade units of the Barrovian metamorphic series and metamorphism in the higher-grade units continued for longer. We propose metamorphic durations of between 3.5 and eight million years for the Barrovian metamorphism of the sillimanite zone. Geochemical textures preserved within high-grade garnets from the Barrovian metamorphic series record evidence of Mn diffusion over c. 1000 μm lengthscales during the Barrovian metamorphism. In addition, sillimanite-grade garnets from the

  1. Local energy decay for linear wave equations with variable coefficients

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ikehata, Ryo

    2005-06-01

    A uniform local energy decay result is derived to the linear wave equation with spatial variable coefficients. We deal with this equation in an exterior domain with a star-shaped complement. Our advantage is that we do not assume any compactness of the support on the initial data, and its proof is quite simple. This generalizes a previous famous result due to Morawetz [The decay of solutions of the exterior initial-boundary value problem for the wave equation, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 14 (1961) 561-568]. In order to prove local energy decay, we mainly apply two types of ideas due to Ikehata-Matsuyama [L2-behaviour of solutions to the linear heat and wave equations in exterior domains, Sci. Math. Japon. 55 (2002) 33-42] and Todorova-Yordanov [Critical exponent for a nonlinear wave equation with damping, J. Differential Equations 174 (2001) 464-489].

  2. Hybrid Pressure Retarded Osmosis-Membrane Distillation System for Power Generation from Low-Grade Heat: Thermodynamic Analysis and Energy Efficiency

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lin, SH; Yip, NY; Cath, TY

    2014-05-06

    We present a novel hybrid membrane system that operates as a heat engine capable of utilizing low-grade thermal energy, which is not readily recoverable with existing technologies. The closed-loop system combines membrane distillation (MD), which generates concentrated and pure water streams by thermal separation, and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), which converts the energy of mixing to electricity by a hydro-turbine. The PRO-MD system was modeled by coupling the mass and energy flows between the thermal separation (MD) and power generation (PRO) stages for heat source temperatures ranging from 40 to 80 degrees C and working concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, andmore » 4.0 mol/kg NaCl. The factors controlling the energy efficiency of the heat engine were evaluated for both limited and unlimited mass and heat transfer kinetics in the thermal separation stage. In both cases, the relative flow rate between the MD permeate (distillate) and feed streams is identified as an important operation parameter. There is an optimal relative flow rate that maximizes the overall energy efficiency of the PRO-MD system for given working temperatures and concentration. In the case of unlimited mass and heat transfer kinetics, the energy efficiency of the system can be analytically determined based on thermodynamics. Our assessment indicates that the hybrid PRO-MD system can theoretically achieve an energy efficiency of 9.8% (81.6% of the Carnot efficiency) with hot and cold working temperatures of 60 and 20 degrees C, respectively, and a working solution of 1.0 M NaCl. When mass and heat transfer kinetics are limited, conditions that more closely represent actual operations, the practical energy efficiency will be lower than the theoretically achievable efficiency. In such practical operations, utilizing a higher working concentration will yield greater energy efficiency. Overall, our study demonstrates the theoretical viability of the PRO-MD system and identifies the key factors for

  3. Hybrid pressure retarded osmosis-membrane distillation system for power generation from low-grade heat: thermodynamic analysis and energy efficiency.

    PubMed

    Lin, Shihong; Yip, Ngai Yin; Cath, Tzahi Y; Osuji, Chinedum O; Elimelech, Menachem

    2014-05-06

    We present a novel hybrid membrane system that operates as a heat engine capable of utilizing low-grade thermal energy, which is not readily recoverable with existing technologies. The closed-loop system combines membrane distillation (MD), which generates concentrated and pure water streams by thermal separation, and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), which converts the energy of mixing to electricity by a hydro-turbine. The PRO-MD system was modeled by coupling the mass and energy flows between the thermal separation (MD) and power generation (PRO) stages for heat source temperatures ranging from 40 to 80 °C and working concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mol/kg NaCl. The factors controlling the energy efficiency of the heat engine were evaluated for both limited and unlimited mass and heat transfer kinetics in the thermal separation stage. In both cases, the relative flow rate between the MD permeate (distillate) and feed streams is identified as an important operation parameter. There is an optimal relative flow rate that maximizes the overall energy efficiency of the PRO-MD system for given working temperatures and concentration. In the case of unlimited mass and heat transfer kinetics, the energy efficiency of the system can be analytically determined based on thermodynamics. Our assessment indicates that the hybrid PRO-MD system can theoretically achieve an energy efficiency of 9.8% (81.6% of the Carnot efficiency) with hot and cold working temperatures of 60 and 20 °C, respectively, and a working solution of 1.0 M NaCl. When mass and heat transfer kinetics are limited, conditions that more closely represent actual operations, the practical energy efficiency will be lower than the theoretically achievable efficiency. In such practical operations, utilizing a higher working concentration will yield greater energy efficiency. Overall, our study demonstrates the theoretical viability of the PRO-MD system and identifies the key factors for performance

  4. Noble gas, iodine, and cesium transport in a postulated loss of decay heat removal accident at Browns Ferry

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wichner, R.P.; Hodge, S.A.; Weber, C.F.

    1984-08-01

    This report presents an analysis of the movement of noble gas, iodine, and cesium fission products within the Mark-I containment BWR reactor system represented by Browns Ferry Unit 1 during a postulated accident sequence initiated by a loss of decay heat removal capability following a scram. The event analysis showed that this accident could be brought under control by various means, but the sequence with no operator action ultimately leads to containment (drywell) failure followed by loss of water from the reactor vessel, core degradation due to overheating, and reactor vessel failure with attendant movement of core debris onto themore » drywell floor. The analysis of fission product transport presented in this report is based on the no-operator-action sequence and provides an estimate of fission product inventories, as a function of time, within 14 control volumes outside the core, with the atmosphere considered as the final control volume in the transport sequence. As in the case of accident sequences previously studied, we find small barrier for noble gas ejection to air, these gases being effectively purged from the drywell and reactor building by steam and concrete degradation gases. However, significant decay of krypton isotopes occurs during the long delay times involved in this sequence. In contrast, large degrees of holdup for iodine and cesium are projected due to the chemical reactivity of these elements. Only about 2 x 10/sup -4/% of the initial iodine and cesium activity are predicted to be released to the atmosphere. Principal barriers for release are deposition on reactor vessel and containment walls. A significant amount of iodine is captured in the water pool formed in the reactor building basement after actuation of the fire protection system.« less

  5. Corrosion Effects on the Fatigue Crack Propagation of Giga-Grade Steel and its Heat Affected Zone in pH Buffer Solutions for Automotive Application

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, H. S.

    2018-03-01

    Corrosion fatigue crack propagation test was conducted of giga-grade steel and its heat affected zone in pH buffer solutions, and the results were compared with model predictions. Pure corrosion effect on fatigue crack propagation, particularly, in corrosive environment was evaluated by means of the modified Forman equation. As shown in results, the average corrosion rate determined from the ratio of pure corrosion induced crack length to entire crack length under a cycle load were 0.11 and 0.37 for base metal and heat affected zone, respectively, with load ratio of 0.5, frequency of 0.5 and pH 10.0 environment. These results demonstrate new interpretation methodology for corrosion fatigue crack propagation enabling the pure corrosion effects on the behavior to be determined.

  6. General Purpose Heat Source Simulator

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Emrich, William J., Jr.

    2008-01-01

    The General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) project seeks to combine the development of an electrically heated, single GPHS module simulator with the evaluation of potential nuclear surface power systems. The simulator is designed to match the form, fit, and function of actual GPHS modules which normally generate heat through the radioactive decay of Pu238. The use of electrically heated modules rather than modules containing Pu238 facilitates the testing of the subsystems and systems without sacrificing the quantity and quality of the test data gathered. Current GPHS activities are centered on developing robust heater designs with sizes and weights which closely match those of actual Pu238 fueled GPHS blocks. Designs are being pursued which will allow operation up to 1100 C.

  7. Study on coal char ignition by radiant heat flux.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Korotkikh, A. G.; Slyusarskiy, K. V.

    2017-11-01

    The study on coal char ignition by CO2-continuous laser was carried out. The coal char samples of T-grade bituminous coal and 2B-grade lignite were studied via CO2-laser ignition setup. Ignition delay times were determined at ambient condition in heat flux density range 90-200 W/cm2. The average ignition delay time value for lignite samples were 2 times lower while this difference is larger in high heat flux region and lower in low heat flux region. The kinetic constants for overall oxidation reaction were determined using analytic solution of simplified one-dimensional heat transfer equation with radiant heat transfer boundary condition. The activation energy for lignite char was found to be less than it is for bituminous coal char by approximately 20 %.

  8. Elastohydrodynamic properties of biobased heat-bodied oils

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Heat-bodied oils were prepared by thermal treatment of soybean oil under inert atmosphere. Different viscosity grades of heat-bodied oils synthesized by varying the reaction time were investigated for various properties including viscosity, viscosity index, elastohydrodynamic film thickness, and pre...

  9. [Worker heat disorders at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant].

    PubMed

    Tsuji, Masayoshi; Kakamu, Takeyasu; Hayakawa, Takehito; Kumagai, Tomohiro; Hidaka, Tomoo; Kanda, Hideyuki; Fukushima, Tetsuhito

    2013-01-01

    Ever since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (NPP) accident, every day about 3,000 workers have been working to repair the situation. The frequent occurrence of heat disorders has been a concern for the workers wearing protective clothing with poor ventilation. We have been analyzing the heat disorder problem since the accident in order to come up with a solution to prevent future heat disorder incidents among Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident clean-up workers. From March 22 to September 16, 2011, the Fukushima Labor Bureau assessed 43 cases of nuclear power plant workers with heat disorders. Age of subject, month and time of occurrence, temperature, and humidity were examined for each case, as well as the severity of heat disorders. The grade of severity was divided into Grade I and Grade II or higher. Then, age, temperature, and humidity were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney Utest, and age, temperature, humidity, and presence or absence of a cool-vest were analyzed using the χ(2) test and logistic regression analysis. SPSS version 17.0 statistical software was used with a level of significance of p< 0.05. Heat disorders occurred most frequently in subjects in their 40s (30.2%), followed by those in their 30s (25.6%), mostly in July (46.5%) between 7 am and 12 pm (69.8%). Heat disorders occurred most frequently in environments with temperatures more than 25°C (76.7%) and humidity of 70-80% (39.5%). Heat disorders of Grade II or higher occurred in 10 cases, 5 of which were in June. According to statistical analysis, there were no significant differences in difference of severity for all factors. Heat disorders usually occur in workers aged 45-60; however, cases of heat disorders at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP occurred in clean-up workers at the relatively younger ages of 30-40, suggesting the need for heat disorder prevention measures for these younger workers. Heat disorder cases primarily occurred in the morning, necessitating preventive measures for the

  10. Observation of beat oscillation generation by coupled waves associated with parametric decay during radio frequency wave heating of a spherical tokamak plasma.

    PubMed

    Nagashima, Yoshihiko; Oosako, Takuya; Takase, Yuichi; Ejiri, Akira; Watanabe, Osamu; Kobayashi, Hiroaki; Adachi, Yuuki; Tojo, Hiroshi; Yamaguchi, Takashi; Kurashina, Hiroki; Yamada, Kotaro; An, Byung Il; Kasahara, Hiroshi; Shimpo, Fujio; Kumazawa, Ryuhei; Hayashi, Hiroyuki; Matsuzawa, Haduki; Hiratsuka, Junichi; Hanashima, Kentaro; Kakuda, Hidetoshi; Sakamoto, Takuya; Wakatsuki, Takuma

    2010-06-18

    We present an observation of beat oscillation generation by coupled modes associated with parametric decay instability (PDI) during radio frequency (rf) wave heating experiments on the Tokyo Spherical Tokamak-2. Nearly identical PDI spectra, which are characterized by the coexistence of the rf pump wave, the lower-sideband wave, and the low-frequency oscillation in the ion-cyclotron range of frequency, are observed at various locations in the edge plasma. A bispectral power analysis was used to experimentally discriminate beat oscillation from the resonant mode for the first time. The pump and lower-sideband waves have resonant mode components, while the low-frequency oscillation is exclusively excited by nonlinear coupling of the pump and lower-sideband waves. Newly discovered nonlocal transport channels in spectral space and in real space via PDI are described.

  11. Life stages of wall-bounded decay of Taylor-Couette turbulence

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ostilla-Mónico, Rodolfo; Zhu, Xiaojue; Spandan, Vamsi; Verzicco, Roberto; Lohse, Detlef

    2017-11-01

    The decay of Taylor-Couette turbulence, i.e., the flow between two coaxial and independently rotating cylinders, is numerically studied by instantaneously stopping the forcing from an initially statistically stationary flow field at a Reynolds number of Re=3.5 ×104 . The effect of wall friction is analyzed by comparing three separate cases, in which the cylinders are either suddenly made no-slip or stress-free. Different life stages are observed during the decay. In the first stage, the decay is dominated by large-scale rolls. Counterintuitively, when these rolls fade away, if the flow inertia is small a redistribution of energy occurs and the energy of the azimuthal velocity behaves nonmonotonically, first decreasing by almost two orders of magnitude and then increasing during the redistribution. The second stage is dominated by non-normal transient growth of perturbations in the axial (spanwise) direction. Once this mechanism is exhausted, the flow enters the final life stage, viscous decay, which is dominated by wall friction. We show that this stage can be modeled by a one-dimensional heat equation, and that self-similar velocity profiles collapse onto the theoretical solution.

  12. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WASTE HEAT HORTICULTURE

    EPA Science Inventory

    The report gives results of a study of the feasibility of using low grade (70 degrees F) waste heat from the condenser cooling water of the Vermont Yaknee nuclear plant for commercial food enhancement. The study addressed the possible impact of laws on the use of waste heat from ...

  13. Controlling Thermal Conduction by Graded Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ji, Qin; Huang, Ji-Ping

    2018-04-01

    Manipulating thermal conductivities are fundamentally important for controlling the conduction of heat at will. Thermal cloaks and concentrators, which have been extensively studied recently, are actually graded materials designed according to coordinate transformation approaches, and their effective thermal conductivity is equal to that of the host medium outside the cloak or concentrator. Here we attempt to investigate a more general problem: what is the effective thermal conductivity of graded materials? In particular, we perform a first-principles approach to the analytic exact results of effective thermal conductivities of materials possessing either power-law or linear gradation profiles. On the other hand, by solving Laplace’s equation, we derive a differential equation for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of a material whose thermal conductivity varies along the radius with arbitrary gradation profiles. The two methods agree with each other for both external and internal heat sources, as confirmed by simulation and experiment. This work provides different methods for designing new thermal metamaterials (including thermal cloaks and concentrators), in order to control or manipulate the transfer of heat. Support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11725521, by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality under Grant No. 16ZR1445100

  14. Parametric decay instability near the upper hybrid resonance in magnetically confined fusion plasmas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hansen, S. K.; Nielsen, S. K.; Salewski, M.; Stejner, M.; Stober, J.; the ASDEX Upgrade Team

    2017-10-01

    In this paper we investigate parametric decay of an electromagnetic pump wave into two electrostatic daughter waves, particularly an X-mode pump wave decaying into a warm upper hybrid wave (a limit of an electron Bernstein wave) and a warm lower hybrid wave. We describe the general theory of the above parametric decay instability (PDI), unifying earlier treatments, and show that it may occur in underdense and weakly overdense plasmas. The PDI theory is used to explain anomalous sidebands observed in collective Thomson scattering (CTS) spectra at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. The theory may also account for similar observations during CTS experiments in stellarators, as well as in some 1st harmonic electron cyclotron resonance and O-X-B heating experiments.

  15. Thermophoretically induced large-scale deformations around microscopic heat centers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Puljiz, Mate; Orlishausen, Michael; Köhler, Werner; Menzel, Andreas M.

    2016-05-01

    Selectively heating a microscopic colloidal particle embedded in a soft elastic matrix is a situation of high practical relevance. For instance, during hyperthermic cancer treatment, cell tissue surrounding heated magnetic colloidal particles is destroyed. Experiments on soft elastic polymeric matrices suggest a very long-ranged, non-decaying radial component of the thermophoretically induced displacement fields around the microscopic heat centers. We theoretically confirm this conjecture using a macroscopic hydrodynamic two-fluid description. Both thermophoretic and elastic effects are included in this theory. Indeed, we find that the elasticity of the environment can cause the experimentally observed large-scale radial displacements in the embedding matrix. Additional experiments confirm the central role of elasticity. Finally, a linearly decaying radial component of the displacement field in the experiments is attributed to the finite size of the experimental sample. Similar results are obtained from our theoretical analysis under modified boundary conditions.

  16. Observations of HF backscatter decay rates from HAARP generated FAI

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bristow, William; Hysell, David

    2016-07-01

    Suitable experiments at the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) facilities in Gakona, Alaska, create a region of ionospheric Field-Aligned Irregularities (FAI) that produces strong radar backscatter observed by the SuperDARN radar on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Creation of FAI in HF ionospheric modification experiments has been studied by a number of authors who have developed a rich theoretical background. The decay of the irregularities, however, has not been so widely studied yet it has the potential for providing estimates of the parameters of natural irregularity diffusion, which are difficult measure by other means. Hysell, et al. [1996] demonstrated using the decay of radar scatter above the Sura heating facility to estimate irregularity diffusion. A large database of radar backscatter from HAARP generated FAI has been collected over the years. Experiments often cycled the heater power on and off in a way that allowed estimates of the FAI decay rate. The database has been examined to extract decay time estimates and diffusion rates over a range of ionospheric conditions. This presentation will summarize the database and the estimated diffusion rates, and will discuss the potential for targeted experiments for aeronomy measurements. Hysell, D. L., M. C. Kelley, Y. M. Yampolski, V. S. Beley, A. V. Koloskov, P. V. Ponomarenko, and O. F. Tyrnov, HF radar observations of decaying artificial field aligned irregularities, J. Geophys. Res. , 101, 26,981, 1996.

  17. Observations of HF backscatter decay rates from HAARP generated FAI

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bristow, W. A.; Hysell, D. L.

    2016-12-01

    Suitable experiments at the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) facilities in Gakona, Alaska, create a region of ionospheric Field-Aligned Irregularities (FAI) that produces strong radar backscatter observed by the SuperDARN radar on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Creation of FAI in HF ionospheric modification experiments has been studied by a number of authors who have developed a rich theoretical background. The decay of the irregularities, however, has not been so widely studied yet it has the potential for providing estimates of the parameters of natural irregularity diffusion, which are difficult measure by other means. Hysell, et al. [1996] demonstrated using the decay of radar scatter above the Sura heating facility to estimate irregularity diffusion. A large database of radar backscatter from HAARP generated FAI has been collected over the years. Experiments often cycled the heater power on and off in a way that allowed estimates of the FAI decay rate. The database has been examined to extract decay time estimates and diffusion rates over a range of ionospheric conditions. This presentation will summarize the database and the estimated diffusion rates, and will discuss the potential for targeted experiments for aeronomy measurements. Hysell, D. L., M. C. Kelley, Y. M. Yampolski, V. S. Beley, A. V. Koloskov, P. V. Ponomarenko, and O. F. Tyrnov, HF radar observations of decaying artificial field aligned irregularities, J. Geophys. Res. , 101, 26,981, 1996.

  18. Beta-decay rate and beta-delayed neutron emission probability of improved gross theory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Koura, Hiroyuki

    2014-09-01

    A theoretical study has been carried out on beta-decay rate and beta-delayed neutron emission probability. The gross theory of the beta decay is based on an idea of the sum rule of the beta-decay strength function, and has succeeded in describing beta-decay half-lives of nuclei overall nuclear mass region. The gross theory includes not only the allowed transition as the Fermi and the Gamow-Teller, but also the first-forbidden transition. In this work, some improvements are introduced as the nuclear shell correction on nuclear level densities and the nuclear deformation for nuclear strength functions, those effects were not included in the original gross theory. The shell energy and the nuclear deformation for unmeasured nuclei are adopted from the KTUY nuclear mass formula, which is based on the spherical-basis method. Considering the properties of the integrated Fermi function, we can roughly categorized energy region of excited-state of a daughter nucleus into three regions: a highly-excited energy region, which fully affect a delayed neutron probability, a middle energy region, which is estimated to contribute the decay heat, and a region neighboring the ground-state, which determines the beta-decay rate. Some results will be given in the presentation. A theoretical study has been carried out on beta-decay rate and beta-delayed neutron emission probability. The gross theory of the beta decay is based on an idea of the sum rule of the beta-decay strength function, and has succeeded in describing beta-decay half-lives of nuclei overall nuclear mass region. The gross theory includes not only the allowed transition as the Fermi and the Gamow-Teller, but also the first-forbidden transition. In this work, some improvements are introduced as the nuclear shell correction on nuclear level densities and the nuclear deformation for nuclear strength functions, those effects were not included in the original gross theory. The shell energy and the nuclear deformation for

  19. Mechanical property loss and the occurrence of wood decay during experimental outdoor aging of wood based panels

    Treesearch

    Charles G. Carll; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft

    2007-01-01

    Small specimens of sheathing-grade oriented strandboard (OSB) and sheathing-grade plywood were evaluated for retention of mechanical properties in exterior exposure over a series of exposure times. In contrast to previous studies of this nature, specimens at prolonged exposure times were also evaluated (in something more than a cursory manner) for presence of decay....

  20. Graded pitch electromagnetic pump for thin strip metal casting systems

    DOEpatents

    Kuznetsov, Stephen B.

    1986-01-01

    A metal strip casing system is provided with an electromagnetic pump which includes a pair of primary blocks having a graded pole pitch, polyphase ac winding and being arranged on opposite sides of a movable heat sink. A nozzle is provided for depositing liquid metal on the heat sink such that the resulting metal strip and heat sink combination is subjected to a longitudinal electromagnetic field which increases in wavelength in the direction of travel of the heat sink, thereby subjecting the metal and heat sink to a longitudinal force having a magnitude which increases in the direction of travel.

  1. Graded pitch electromagnetic pump for thin strip metal casting systems

    DOEpatents

    Kuznetsov, S.B.

    1986-04-01

    A metal strip casing system is provided with an electromagnetic pump which includes a pair of primary blocks having a graded pole pitch, polyphase ac winding and being arranged on opposite sides of a movable heat sink. A nozzle is provided for depositing liquid metal on the heat sink such that the resulting metal strip and heat sink combination is subjected to a longitudinal electromagnetic field which increases in wavelength in the direction of travel of the heat sink, thereby subjecting the metal and heat sink to a longitudinal force having a magnitude which increases in the direction of travel. 4 figs.

  2. β-decay properties in the Cs decay chain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Benzoni, G.; Lică, R.; Borge, M. J. G.; Fraile, L. M.; IDS Collaboration

    2018-02-01

    The study of the decay of neutron-rich Cs isotopes has two main objectives: on one side β decay is a perfect tool to access the low-spin structures in the daughter Ba nuclei, where the evolution of octupole deformed shapes can be followed, while, on the other hand, the study of the gross properties of these decays, in terms of decay rates and branching to delayed-neutron emission, are fundamental inputs for the modelling of the r-process in the Rare-Earth Elements peak. Results obtained at CERN-ISOLDE are discussed within this framework and compared to existing data and predictions from state-of-the-art nuclear models.

  3. A Review on Electroactive Polymers for Waste Heat Recovery.

    PubMed

    Kolasińska, Ewa; Kolasiński, Piotr

    2016-06-17

    This paper reviews materials for thermoelectric waste heat recovery, and discusses selected industrial and distributed waste heat sources as well as recovery methods that are currently applied. Thermoelectric properties, especially electrical conductivity, thermopower, thermal conductivity and the thermoelectric figures of merit, are considered when evaluating thermoelectric materials for waste heat recovery. Alloys and oxides are briefly discussed as materials suitable for medium- and high-grade sources. Electroactive polymers are presented as a new group of materials for low-grade sources. Polyaniline is a particularly fitting polymer for these purposes. We also discuss types of modifiers and modification methods, and their influence on the thermoelectric performance of this class of polymers.

  4. Osmotic Heat Engine Using Thermally Responsive Ionic Liquids.

    PubMed

    Zhong, Yujiang; Wang, Xinbo; Feng, Xiaoshuang; Telalovic, Selvedin; Gnanou, Yves; Huang, Kuo-Wei; Hu, Xiao; Lai, Zhiping

    2017-08-15

    The osmotic heat engine (OHE) is a promising technology for converting low grade heat to electricity. Most of the existing studies have focused on thermolytic salt systems. Herein, for the first time, we proposed to use thermally responsive ionic liquids (TRIL) that have either an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or lower critical solution temperature (LCST) type of phase behavior as novel thermolytic osmotic agents. Closed-loop TRIL-OHEs were designed based on these unique phase behaviors to convert low grade heat to work or electricity. Experimental studies using two UCST-type TRILs, protonated betaine bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide ([Hbet][Tf 2 N]) and choline bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([choline][Tf 2 N]) showed that (1) the specific energy of the TRIL-OHE system could reach as high as 4.0 times that of the seawater and river water system, (2) the power density measured from a commercial FO membrane reached up to 2.3 W/m 2 , and (3) the overall energy efficiency reached up to 2.6% or 18% of the Carnot efficiency at no heat recovery and up to 10.5% or 71% of the Carnet efficiency at 70% heat recovery. All of these results clearly demonstrated the great potential of using TRILs as novel osmotic agents to design high efficient OHEs for recovery of low grade thermal energy to work or electricity.

  5. Passive shut-down heat removal system

    DOEpatents

    Hundal, Rolv; Sharbaugh, John E.

    1988-01-01

    An improved shut-down heat removal system for a liquid metal nuclear reactor of the type having a vessel for holding hot and cold pools of liquid sodium is disclosed herein. Generally, the improved system comprises a redan or barrier within the reactor vessel which allows an auxiliary heat exchanger to become immersed in liquid sodium from the hot pool whenever the reactor pump fails to generate a metal-circulating pressure differential between the hot and cold pools of sodium. This redan also defines an alternative circulation path between the hot and cold pools of sodium in order to equilibrate the distribution of the decay heat from the reactor core. The invention may take the form of a redan or barrier that circumscribes the inner wall of the reactor vessel, thereby defining an annular space therebetween. In this embodiment, the bottom of the annular space communicates with the cold pool of sodium, and the auxiliary heat exchanger is placed in this annular space just above the drawn-down level that the liquid sodium assumes during normal operating conditions. Alternatively, the redan of the invention may include a pair of vertically oriented, concentrically disposed standpipes having a piston member disposed between them that operates somewhat like a pressure-sensitive valve. In both embodiments, the cessation of the pressure differential that is normally created by the reactor pump causes the auxiliary heat exchanger to be immersed in liquid sodium from the hot pool. Additionally, the redan in both embodiments forms a circulation flow path between the hot and cold pools so that the decay heat from the nuclear core is uniformly distributed within the vessel.

  6. Construction of sequences of exact analytical solutions for heat diffusion in graded heterogeneous materials by the Darboux transformation method. Examples for half-space

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krapez, J.-C.

    2016-09-01

    The Darboux transformation is a differential transformation which, like other related methods (supersymmetry quantum mechanics-SUSYQM, factorization method) allows generating sequences of solvable potentials for the stationary 1D Schrodinger equation. It was recently shown that the heat equation in graded heterogeneous media, after a Liouville transformation, reduces to a pair of Schrödinger equations sharing the same potential function, one for the transformed temperature and one for the square root of effusivity. Repeated joint PROperty and Field Darboux Transformations (PROFIDT method) then yield two sequences of solutions: one of new solvable effusivity profiles and one of the corresponding temperature fields. In this paper we present and discuss the outcome in the case of a graded half-space domain. The interest in this methodology is that it provides closed-form solutions based on elementary functions. They are thus easily amenable to an implementation in an inversion process aimed, for example, at retrieving a subsurface effusivity profile from a modulated or transient surface temperature measurement (photothermal characterization).

  7. Trunk decays

    Treesearch

    Alex L. Shigo

    1989-01-01

    Trunk decays are major causes of low quality wood-wood with little or no economic value. As a forest practitioner you should be able to recognize trees at high risk for decay and remove them if timber production is your primary objective. Remember, however, that decayed trees often develop into den trees or nesting sites and provide essential habitat for wildlife....

  8. Effect of Heat Input on Microstructural Changes and Corrosion Behavior of Commercially Pure Titanium Welds in Nitric Acid Medium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ravi Shankar, A.; Gopalakrishnan, G.; Balusamy, V.; Kamachi Mudali, U.

    2009-11-01

    Commercially pure titanium (Ti) has been selected for the fabrication of dissolver for the proposed fast reactor fuel reprocessing plant at Kalpakkam, India. In the present investigation, microstructural changes and corrosion behavior of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds of Ti grade-1 and grade-2 with different heat inputs were carried out. A wider heat affected zone was observed with higher heat inputs and coarse grains were observed from base metal toward the weld zone with increasing heat input. Fine and more equiaxed prior β grains were observed at lower heat input and the grain size increased toward fusion zone. The results indicated that Ti grade-1 and grade-2 with different heat inputs and different microstructures were insensitive to corrosion in liquid, vapor, and condensate phases of 11.5 M nitric acid tested up to 240 h. The corrosion rate in boiling liquid phase (0.60-0.76 mm/year) was higher than that in vapor (0.012-0.039 mm/year) and condensate phases (0.04-0.12 mm/year) of nitric acid for Ti grade-1 and grade-2, as well as for base metal for all heat inputs. Potentiodynamic polarization experiment carried out at room temperature indicated higher current densities and better passivation in 11.5 M nitric acid. SEM examination of Ti grade-1 welds for all heat inputs exposed to liquid phase after 240 h showed corrosion attack on the surface, exposing Widmanstatten microstructure containing acicular alpha. The continuous dissolution of the liquid-exposed samples was attributed to the heterogeneous microstructure and non-protective passive film formation.

  9. Evaluation of the Impact of Slab Foundation Heat Transfer on Heating and Cooling in Florida

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Parker, D.; Kono, J.; Vieira, R.

    During the last three decades of energy-efficiency research, there has been limited study of heat transfer to slab-on-grade foundations in cooling-dominated climates. Most experimental research has focused on the impact of slab-on-grade foundations and insulation schemes on heat losses in heating-dominated climates. This is surprising because the floor area in single-family homes is generally equal to wall area, window area, or attic area, all of which have been extensively evaluated for heat-transfer properties. Moreover, slab foundations are the most common foundation type in cooling-dominated climates. Slab-on-grade construction is very popular in southern states, accounting for 77% of new home floorsmore » according to 2014 U.S. Census data. There is a widespread perception that tile flooring, as opposed to carpet, provides a cooler home interior in warm climates. Empirical research is needed because building energy simulation software programs running DOE-2 and EnergyPlus engines often rely on simplified models to evaluate the influence of flooring on interior temperature, even though in some cases more detailed models exist. The U.S. Department of Energy Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction (BA-PIRC) performed experiments in the Florida Solar Energy Center’s Flexible Residential Test Facility intended to assess for the first time (1) how slab-on-grade construction influences interior cooling in a cooling-dominated climate and (2) how the difference in a carpeted versus uncarpeted building might influence heating and cooling energy use. Two nominally identical side-by-side residential buildings were evaluated during the course of 1 year, from 2014 to 2015: the east building with a pad and carpet floor and the west building with a bare slab floor. A detailed grid shows temperature measurements taken on the slab surface at various locations as well as at depths of 1.0 ft, 2 ft, 5.0 ft, 10.0 ft, and 20.0 ft below the surface

  10. A Review on Electroactive Polymers for Waste Heat Recovery

    PubMed Central

    Kolasińska, Ewa; Kolasiński, Piotr

    2016-01-01

    This paper reviews materials for thermoelectric waste heat recovery, and discusses selected industrial and distributed waste heat sources as well as recovery methods that are currently applied. Thermoelectric properties, especially electrical conductivity, thermopower, thermal conductivity and the thermoelectric figures of merit, are considered when evaluating thermoelectric materials for waste heat recovery. Alloys and oxides are briefly discussed as materials suitable for medium- and high-grade sources. Electroactive polymers are presented as a new group of materials for low-grade sources. Polyaniline is a particularly fitting polymer for these purposes. We also discuss types of modifiers and modification methods, and their influence on the thermoelectric performance of this class of polymers. PMID:28773605

  11. Charging-free electrochemical system for harvesting low-grade thermal energy

    PubMed Central

    Yang, Yuan; Lee, Seok Woo; Ghasemi, Hadi; Loomis, James; Li, Xiaobo; Kraemer, Daniel; Zheng, Guangyuan; Cui, Yi; Chen, Gang

    2014-01-01

    Efficient and low-cost systems are needed to harvest the tremendous amount of energy stored in low-grade heat sources (<100 °C). Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC) is an attractive approach which uses the temperature dependence of electrochemical cell voltage to construct a thermodynamic cycle for direct heat-to-electricity conversion. By varying temperature, an electrochemical cell is charged at a lower voltage than discharge, converting thermal energy to electricity. Most TREC systems still require external electricity for charging, which complicates system designs and limits their applications. Here, we demonstrate a charging-free TREC consisting of an inexpensive soluble Fe(CN)63−/4− redox pair and solid Prussian blue particles as active materials for the two electrodes. In this system, the spontaneous directions of the full-cell reaction are opposite at low and high temperatures. Therefore, the two electrochemical processes at both low and high temperatures in a cycle are discharge. Heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 2.0% can be reached for the TREC operating between 20 and 60 °C. This charging-free TREC system may have potential application for harvesting low-grade heat from the environment, especially in remote areas. PMID:25404325

  12. Acoustic emission during tensile deformation of M250 grade maraging steel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mukhopadhyay, Chandan Kumar; Rajkumar, Kesavan Vadivelu; Chandra Rao, Bhaghi Purna; Jayakumar, Tamanna

    2012-05-01

    Acoustic emission (AE) generated during room temperature tensile deformation of varyingly heat treated (solution annealed and thermally aged) M250 grade maraging steel specimens have been studied. Deformation of microstructure corresponding to different heat treated conditions in this steel could be distinctly characterized using the AE parameters such as RMS voltage, counts and peak amplitude of AE hits (events).

  13. Study of velocity and temperature distributions in boundary layer flow of fourth grade fluid over an exponential stretching sheet

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khan, Najeeb Alam; Saeed, Umair Bin; Sultan, Faqiha; Ullah, Saif; Rehman, Abdul

    2018-02-01

    This study deals with the investigation of boundary layer flow of a fourth grade fluid and heat transfer over an exponential stretching sheet. For analyzing two heating processes, namely, (i) prescribed surface temperature (PST), and (ii) prescribed heat flux (PHF), the temperature distribution in a fluid has been considered. The suitable transformations associated with the velocity components and temperature, have been employed for reducing the nonlinear model equation to a system of ordinary differential equations. The flow and temperature fields are revealed by solving these reduced nonlinear equations through an effective analytical method. The important findings in this analysis are to observe the effects of viscoelastic, cross-viscous, third grade fluid, and fourth grade fluid parameters on the constructed analytical expression for velocity profile. Likewise, the heat transfer properties are studied for Prandtl and Eckert numbers.

  14. High latitude artificial periodic irregularity observations with the upgraded EISCAT heating facility

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vierinen, Juha; Kero, Antti; Rietveld, Michael T.

    2013-12-01

    We present a recently developed ionospheric modification experiment that produces artificial periodic irregularities in the ionosphere and uses them to make observations of the spatiotemporal behaviour of the irregularities. In addition, the method can be used to measure Faraday rotation and vertical velocities. We also introduce a novel experiment that allows monitoring the formation of the irregularities during heating, in addition to observing their decay after heating. The first measurements indicate, contrary to existing theory, that the amplitude of the radar echoes from the periodic irregularities grows faster than they decay. We focus on the API effects in the D- and E-region of the ionosphere.

  15. Fast quantitative optical detection of heat dissipation by surface plasmon polaritons.

    PubMed

    Möller, Thomas B; Ganser, Andreas; Kratt, Martina; Dickreuter, Simon; Waitz, Reimar; Scheer, Elke; Boneberg, Johannes; Leiderer, Paul

    2018-06-13

    Heat management at the nanoscale is an issue of increasing importance. In optoelectronic devices the transport and decay of plasmons contribute to the dissipation of heat. By comparison of experimental data and simulations we demonstrate that it is possible to gain quantitative information about excitation, propagation and decay of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a thin gold stripe supported by a silicon membrane. The temperature-dependent optical transmissivity of the membrane is used to determine the temperature distribution around the metal stripe with high spatial and temporal resolution. This method is complementary to techniques where the propagation of SPPs is monitored optically, and provides additional information which is not readily accessible by other means. In particular, we demonstrate that the thermal conductivity of the membrane can also be derived from our analysis. The results presented here show the high potential of this tool for heat management studies in nanoscale devices.

  16. Hypernuclear Weak Decays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Itonaga, K.; Motoba, T.

    The recent theoretical studies of Lambda-hypernuclear weak decaysof the nonmesonic and pi-mesonic ones are developed with the aim to disclose the link between the experimental decay observables and the underlying basic weak decay interactions and the weak decay mechanisms. The expressions of the nonmesonic decay rates Gamma_{nm} and the decay asymmetry parameter alpha_1 of protons from the polarized hypernuclei are presented in the shell model framework. We then introduce the meson theoretical Lambda N -> NN interactions which include the one-meson exchanges, the correlated-2pi exchanges, and the chiral-pair-meson exchanges. The features of meson exchange potentials and their roles on the nonmesonic decays are discussed. With the adoption of the pi + 2pi/rho + 2pi/sigma + omega + K + rhopi/a_1 + sigmapi/a_1 exchange potentials, we have carried out the systematic calculations of the nonmesonic decay observables for light-to-heavy hypernuclei. The present model can account for the available experimental data of the decay rates, Gamma_n/Gamma_p ratios, and the intrinsic asymmetry parameters alpha_Lambda (alpha_Lambda is related to alpha_1) of emitted protons well and consistently within the error bars. The hypernuclear lifetimes are evaluated by converting the total weak decay rates Gamma_{tot} = Gamma_pi + Gamma_{nm} to tau, which exhibit saturation property for the hypernuclear mass A ≥ 30 and agree grossly well with experimental data for the mass range from light to heavy hypernuclei except for the very light ones. Future extensions of the model and the remaining problems are also mentioned. The pi-mesonic weak processes are briefly surveyed, and the calculations and predictions are compared and confirmed by the recent high precision FINUDA pi-mesonic decay data. This shows that the theoretical basis seems to be firmly grounded.

  17. a Search for Nucleon Decay with Multiple Muon Decays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Phillips, Thomas James

    A search was made for nucleon decays which result in multiple delayed muon decays using the HPW (Harvard -Purdue-Wisconsin) water Cerenkov detector. The HPW detector consists of 680 metric tons of purified water instrumented with 704 five-inch photomultiplier tubes. The phototubes are situated on a volume array with a lattice spacing of approximately one meter, and the inside walls of the detector are lined with mirrors. This combination of mirrors and a volume array of phototubes gives the HPW detector a low trigger energy threshold and a high muon decay detection efficiency. The detector is surrounded by wire chambers to provide an active shield, and is located at a depth of 1500 meters-of-water-equivalent in the Silver King Mine in Park City, Utah. The entire HPW data set, consisting of 17.2 million events collec- ted during 282 live days between May 1983 and October 1984, was analyzed. No contained events with multiple muon decays were found in a 180 ton fiducial volume. This is consistent with the background rate from neutrino interactions, which is expected to be 0.7 (+OR-) 0.2 events. The calculated lower lifetime limit for the decay mode p (--->) (mu)('+)(mu)('+)(mu)('-) is: (tau)/B.R. = 1 x 10('31) years (90% C.L.). Limits are calculated for ten other proton decay modes and five bound neutron decay modes, most of which are around 4 x 10('30) years (90% C.L.). No previous studies have reported results from direct searches for eight of these modes.

  18. Radioactive Decay

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Radioactive decay is the emission of energy in the form of ionizing radiation. Example decay chains illustrate how radioactive atoms can go through many transformations as they become stable and no longer radioactive.

  19. Thermomechanical response of metal-ceramic graded composites for high-temperature aerospace applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deierling, Phillip Eugene

    Airframes operating in the hypersonic regime are subjected to complex structural and thermal loads. Structural loads are a result of aggressive high G maneuvers, rapid vehicle acceleration and deceleration, and dynamic pressure, while thermal loads are a result of aerodynamic heating. For such airframes, structural members are typically constructed from steel, titanium and nickel alloys. However, with most materials, rapid elevations in temperature lead to undesirable changes in material properties. In particular, reductions in strength and stiffness are observed, along with an increase in thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal expansion. Thus, hypersonic airframes are typically designed with external insulation, active cooling or a thermal protection system (TPS) added to the structure to protect the underling material from the effects of temperature. Such thermal protection may consist of adhesively bonded, pinned, and bolted thermal protection layers over exterior panels. These types of attachments create abrupt changes in thermal expansion and stiffness that make the structure susceptible to cracking and debonding as well as adding mass to the airframe. One of the promising materials concepts for extreme environments that was introduced in the past is the so-called Spatially Tailored Advanced Thermal Structures (STATS). The concept of STATS is rooted in functionally graded materials (FGMs), in which a directional variation of material properties exists. These materials are essentially composites and consist of two or more phases of distinct materials in which the volume fractions of each phase continuously change in space. Here, the graded material will serve a dual-purpose role as both the structural/skin member and thermal management with the goal of reducing the weight of the structure while maintaining structural soundness. This is achieved through the ability to tailor material properties to create a desired or enhanced thermomechanical response

  20. Graded meshes in bio-thermal problems with transmission-line modeling method.

    PubMed

    Milan, Hugo F M; Carvalho, Carlos A T; Maia, Alex S C; Gebremedhin, Kifle G

    2014-10-01

    In this study, the transmission-line modeling (TLM) applied to bio-thermal problems was improved by incorporating several novel computational techniques, which include application of graded meshes which resulted in 9 times faster in computational time and uses only a fraction (16%) of the computational resources used by regular meshes in analyzing heat flow through heterogeneous media. Graded meshes, unlike regular meshes, allow heat sources to be modeled in all segments of the mesh. A new boundary condition that considers thermal properties and thus resulting in a more realistic modeling of complex problems is introduced. Also, a new way of calculating an error parameter is introduced. The calculated temperatures between nodes were compared against the results obtained from the literature and agreed within less than 1% difference. It is reasonable, therefore, to conclude that the improved TLM model described herein has great potential in heat transfer of biological systems. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. The decay widths, the decay constants, and the branching fractions of a resonant state

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de la Madrid, Rafael

    2015-08-01

    We introduce the differential and the total decay widths of a resonant (Gamow) state decaying into a continuum of stable states. When the resonance has several decay modes, we introduce the corresponding partial decay widths and branching fractions. In the approximation that the resonance is sharp, the expressions for the differential, partial and total decay widths of a resonant state bear a close resemblance with the Golden Rule. In such approximation, the branching fractions of a resonant state are the same as the standard branching fractions obtained by way of the Golden Rule. We also introduce dimensionless decay constants along with their associated differential decay constants, and we express experimentally measurable quantities such as the branching fractions and the energy distributions of decay events in terms of those dimensionless decay constants.

  2. Human heat adaptation.

    PubMed

    Taylor, Nigel A S

    2014-01-01

    In this overview, human morphological and functional adaptations during naturally and artificially induced heat adaptation are explored. Through discussions of adaptation theory and practice, a theoretical basis is constructed for evaluating heat adaptation. It will be argued that some adaptations are specific to the treatment used, while others are generalized. Regarding ethnic differences in heat tolerance, the case is put that reported differences in heat tolerance are not due to natural selection, but can be explained on the basis of variations in adaptation opportunity. These concepts are expanded to illustrate how traditional heat adaptation and acclimatization represent forms of habituation, and thermal clamping (controlled hyperthermia) is proposed as a superior model for mechanistic research. Indeed, this technique has led to questioning the perceived wisdom of body-fluid changes, such as the expansion and subsequent decay of plasma volume, and sudomotor function, including sweat habituation and redistribution. Throughout, this contribution was aimed at taking another step toward understanding the phenomenon of heat adaptation and stimulating future research. In this regard, research questions are posed concerning the influence that variations in morphological configuration may exert upon adaptation, the determinants of postexercise plasma volume recovery, and the physiological mechanisms that modify the cholinergic sensitivity of sweat glands, and changes in basal metabolic rate and body core temperature following adaptation. © 2014 American Physiological Society.

  3. Nano-Pervaporation Membrane with Heat Exchanger Generates Medical-Grade Water

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tsai, Chung-Yi; Alexander, Jerry

    2009-01-01

    A nanoporous membrane is used for the pervaporation process in which potable water is maintained, at atmospheric pressure, on the feed side of the membrane. The water enters the non-pervaporation (NPV) membrane device where it is separated into two streams -- retentate water and permeated water. The permeated pure water is removed by applying low vapor pressure on the permeate side to create water vapor before condensation. This permeated water vapor is subsequently condensed by coming in contact with the cool surface of a heat exchanger with heat being recovered through transfer to the feed water stream.

  4. Experimental and analytical study of loss-of-flow transients in EBR-II occurring at decay power levels

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chang, L.K.; Mohr, D.; Feldman, E.E.

    A series of eight loss-of-flow (LOF) tests have been conducted in EBR-II to study the transition between forced and natural convective flows following a variety of loss-of-primary-pumping power conditions from decay heat levels. Comparisons of measurements and pretest/posttest predictions were made on a selected test. Good agreements between measurements and predictions was found prior to and just after the flow reaching its minimum, but the agreement is not as good after that point. The temperatures are consistent with the flow response and the assumed decay power. The measured results indicate that the flows of driver and the instrumented subassemblies aremore » too much in the analytical model in the natural convective region. Although a parametric study on secondary flow, turbulent-laminar flow transition, heat transfer ability of the intermediate heat exchange at low flow and flow mixing in the primary tank has been performed to determine their effects on the flow, the cause of the discrepancy at very low flow level is still unknown.« less

  5. Influence of Non-linear Radiation Heat Flux on Rotating Maxwell Fluid over a Deformable Surface: A Numerical Study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mustafa, M.; Mushtaq, A.; Hayat, T.; Alsaedi, A.

    2018-04-01

    Mathematical model for Maxwell fluid flow in rotating frame induced by an isothermal stretching wall is explored numerically. Scale analysis based boundary layer approximations are applied to simplify the conservation relations which are later converted to similar forms via appropriate substitutions. A numerical approach is utilized to derive similarity solutions for broad range of Deborah number. The results predict that velocity distributions are inversely proportional to the stress relaxation time. This outcome is different from that observed for the elastic parameter of second grade fluid. Unlike non-rotating frame, the solution curves are oscillatory decaying functions of similarity variable. As angular velocity enlarges, temperature rises and significant drop in the heat transfer coefficient occurs. We note that the wall slope of temperature has an asymptotically decaying profile against the wall to ambient ratio parameter. From the qualitative view point, temperature ratio parameter and radiation parameter have similar effect on the thermal boundary layer. Furthermore, radiation parameter has a definite role in improving the cooling process of the stretching boundary. A comparative study of current numerical computations and those from the existing studies is also presented in a limiting case. To our knowledge, the phenomenon of non-linear radiation in rotating viscoelastic flow due to linearly stretched plate is just modeled here.

  6. Measurement of the Convective Heat-Transfer Coefficient

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Conti, Rosaria; Gallitto, Aurelio Agliolo; Fiordilino, Emilio

    2014-01-01

    We propose an experiment for investigating how objects cool down toward the thermal equilibrium with their surroundings. We describe the time dependence of the temperature difference of the cooling objects and the environment with an exponential decay function. By measuring the thermal constant t, we determine the convective heat-transfer…

  7. ASSESSMENT OF THE EXPOSURE TO AND DOSE FROM RADON DECAY PRODUCTS IN NORMALLY OCCUPIED HOMES

    EPA Science Inventory

    The paper gives results of an assessment of the exposure to radon decay products in seven houses in northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada. n two houses, a single individual smoked cigarettes. ariety of heating and cooking appliances were in the houses. hese studies provided 5...

  8. Thermal-hydraulic simulation of natural convection decay heat removal in the High Flux Isotope Reactor using RELAP5 and TEMPEST: Part 1, Models and simulation results

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Morris, D.G.; Wendel, M.W.; Chen, N.C.J.

    A study was conducted to examine decay heat removal requirements in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) following shutdown from 85 MW. The objective of the study was to determine when forced flow through the core could be terminated without causing the fuel to melt. This question is particularly relevant when a station blackout caused by an external event is considered. Analysis of natural circulation in the core, vessel upper plenum, and reactor pool indicates that 12 h of forced flow will permit a safe shutdown with some margin. However, uncertainties in the analysis preclude conclusive proof that 12 hmore » is sufficient. As a result of the study, two seismically qualified diesel generators were installed in HFIR. 9 refs., 4 figs.« less

  9. Heat pump apparatus

    DOEpatents

    Nelson, Paul A.; Horowitz, Jeffrey S.

    1983-01-01

    A heat pump apparatus including a compact arrangement of individual tubular reactors containing hydride-dehydride beds in opposite end sections, each pair of beds in each reactor being operable by sequential and coordinated treatment with a plurality of heat transfer fluids in a plurality of processing stages, and first and second valves located adjacent the reactor end sections with rotatable members having multiple ports and associated portions for separating the hydride beds at each of the end sections into groups and for simultaneously directing a plurality of heat transfer fluids to the different groups. As heat is being generated by a group of beds, others are being regenerated so that heat is continuously available for space heating. As each of the processing stages is completed for a hydride bed or group of beds, each valve member is rotated causing the heat transfer fluid for the heat processing stage to be directed to that bed or group of beds. Each of the end sections are arranged to form a closed perimeter and the valve member may be rotated repeatedly about the perimeter to provide a continuous operation. Both valves are driven by a common motor to provide a coordinated treatment of beds in the same reactors. The heat pump apparatus is particularly suitable for the utilization of thermal energy supplied by solar collectors and concentrators but may be used with any source of heat, including a source of low-grade heat.

  10. Heat and Mass Transfer on MHD Free convective flow of Second grade fluid through Porous medium over an infinite vertical plate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dastagiri Babu, D.; Venkateswarlu, S.; Keshava Reddy, E.

    2017-08-01

    In this paper, we have considered the unsteady free convective two dimensional flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting second grade fluid over an infinite vertical porous plate under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field with time dependent permeability, oscillatory suction. The governing equations of the flow field are solved by a regular perturbation method for small amplitude of the permeability. The closed form solutions for the velocity, temperature and concentration have been derived analytically and also its behavior is computationally discussed with reference to different flow parameters with the help of profiles. The skin fiction on the boundary, the heat flux in terms of the Nusselt number and rate of mass transfer in terms of Sherwood number are also obtained and their behavior computationally discussed.

  11. Rigorous theory of graded thermoelectric converters including finite heat transfer coefficients

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gerstenmaier, York Christian; Wachutka, Gerhard

    2017-11-01

    Maximization of thermoelectric (TE) converter performance with an inhomogeneous material and electric current distribution has been investigated in previous literature neglecting thermal contact resistances to the heat reservoirs. The heat transfer coefficients (HTCs), defined as inverse thermal contact resistances per unit area, are thus infinite, whereas in reality, always parasitic thermal resistances, i.e., finite HTCs, are present. Maximization of the generated electric power and of cooling power in the refrigerator mode with respect to Seebeck coefficients and heat conductivity for a given profile of the material's TE figure of merit Z are mathematically ill-posed problems in the presence of infinite HTCs. As will be shown in this work, a fully self consistent solution is possible for finite HTCs, and in many respects, the results are fundamentally different. A previous theory for 3D devices will be extended to include finite HTCs and is applied to 1D devices. For the heat conductivity profile, an infinite number of solutions exist leading to the same device performance. Cooling power maximization for finite HTCs in 1D will lead to a strongly enhanced corresponding efficiency (coefficient of performance), whereas results with infinite HTCs lead to a non-monotonous temperature profile and coefficient of performance tending to zero for the prescribed heat conductivities. For maximized generated electric power, the corresponding generator efficiency is nearly a constant independent from the finite HTC values. The maximized efficiencies in the generator and cooling mode are equal to the efficiencies for the infinite HTC, provided that the corresponding powers approach zero. These and more findings are condensed in 4 theorems in the conclusions.

  12. Convective heat transfer measurements in a vapour-liquid-liquid three-phase direct contact heat exchanger

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mahood, Hameed B.; Campbell, A. N.; Baqir, Ali Sh.; Sharif, A. O.; Thorpe, R. B.

    2018-06-01

    Energy usage is increasing around the world due to the continued development of technology, and population growth. Solar energy is a promising low-grade energy resource that can be harvested and utilised in different applications, such solar heater systems, which are used in both domestic and industrial settings. However, the implementation of an efficient energy conversion system or heat exchanger would enhance such low-grade energy processes. The direct contact heat exchanger could be the right choice due to its ability to efficiently transfer significant amounts of heat, simple design, and low cost. In this work, the heat transfer associated with the direct contact condensation of pentane vapour bubbles in a three-phase direct contact condenser is investigated experimentally. Such a condenser could be used in a cycle with a solar water heater and heat recovery systems. The experiments on the steady state operation of the three-phase direct contact condenser were carried out using a short Perspex tube of 70 cm in total height and an internal diameter of 4 cm. Only a height of 48 cm was active as the direct contact condenser. Pentane vapour, (the dispersed phase) with three different initial temperatures (40° C, 43.5° C and 47.5° C) was directly contacted with water (the continuous phase) at 19° C. The experimental results showed that the total heat transfer rate per unit volume along the direct contact condenser gradually decreased upon moving higher up the condenser. Additionally, the heat transfer rate increases with increasing mass flow rate ratio, but no significant effect on the heat transfer rate of varying the initial temperature of the dispersed phase was seen. Furthermore, both the outlet temperature of the continuous phase and the void fraction were positively correlated with the total heat transfer rate per unit volume, with no considerable effect of the initial temperature difference between the dispersed and continuous phases.

  13. Convective heat transfer measurements in a vapour-liquid-liquid three-phase direct contact heat exchanger

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mahood, Hameed B.; Campbell, A. N.; Baqir, Ali Sh.; Sharif, A. O.; Thorpe, R. B.

    2017-12-01

    Energy usage is increasing around the world due to the continued development of technology, and population growth. Solar energy is a promising low-grade energy resource that can be harvested and utilised in different applications, such solar heater systems, which are used in both domestic and industrial settings. However, the implementation of an efficient energy conversion system or heat exchanger would enhance such low-grade energy processes. The direct contact heat exchanger could be the right choice due to its ability to efficiently transfer significant amounts of heat, simple design, and low cost. In this work, the heat transfer associated with the direct contact condensation of pentane vapour bubbles in a three-phase direct contact condenser is investigated experimentally. Such a condenser could be used in a cycle with a solar water heater and heat recovery systems. The experiments on the steady state operation of the three-phase direct contact condenser were carried out using a short Perspex tube of 70 cm in total height and an internal diameter of 4 cm. Only a height of 48 cm was active as the direct contact condenser. Pentane vapour, (the dispersed phase) with three different initial temperatures (40° C, 43.5° C and 47.5° C) was directly contacted with water (the continuous phase) at 19° C. The experimental results showed that the total heat transfer rate per unit volume along the direct contact condenser gradually decreased upon moving higher up the condenser. Additionally, the heat transfer rate increases with increasing mass flow rate ratio, but no significant effect on the heat transfer rate of varying the initial temperature of the dispersed phase was seen. Furthermore, both the outlet temperature of the continuous phase and the void fraction were positively correlated with the total heat transfer rate per unit volume, with no considerable effect of the initial temperature difference between the dispersed and continuous phases.

  14. Fourier heat conduction as a strong kinetic effect in one-dimensional hard-core gases

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Hanqing; Wang, Wen-ge

    2018-01-01

    For a one-dimensional (1D) momentum conserving system, intensive studies have shown that generally its heat current autocorrelation function (HCAF) tends to decay in a power-law manner and results in the breakdown of the Fourier heat conduction law in the thermodynamic limit. This has been recognized to be a dominant hydrodynamic effect. Here we show that, instead, the kinetic effect can be dominant in some cases and leads to the Fourier law for finite-size systems. Usually the HCAF undergoes a fast decaying kinetic stage followed by a long slowly decaying hydrodynamic tail. In a finite range of the system size, we find that whether the system follows the Fourier law depends on whether the kinetic stage dominates. Our Rapid Communication is illustrated by the 1D hard-core gas models with which the HCAF is derived analytically and verified numerically by molecular dynamics simulations.

  15. Thermoregulatory responses to heat and vibration in men

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Spaul, W. A.; Spear, R. C.; Greenleaf, J. E.

    1986-01-01

    The effect of vibration on thermoregulatory responses was studied in heat-acclimated men exposed suddenly to simultaneous heat and whole body vibrations (WBVs) at two intensity levels, each at graded frequencies between 5 and 80 Hz. The mean rectal temperature (Tre) became elevated more quickly in the WBV exposures than in the controls (heat exposure alone). Both intensity- and frequency-dependent WBV relationships were recorded in localized blood flows and in sweat rates. Thus, vibration appears to reduce the efficiency of the cooling mechanisms during a heat exposure.

  16. Thermal energy storage for low grade heat in the organic Rankine cycle

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Soda, Michael John

    Limits of efficiencies cause immense amounts of thermal energy in the form of waste heat to be vented to the atmosphere. Up to 60% of unrecovered waste heat is classified as low or ultra-low quality, making recovery difficult or inefficient. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low temperatures where other thermal cycles are impractical. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the ORC for any target temperature range. San Diego State University has one such experimental ORC using R245fa, and has been experimenting with multiple expanders. One limitation of recovering waste heat is the sporadic or cyclical nature common to its production. This inconsistency makes sizing heat recovery ORC systems difficult for a variety of reasons including off-design-point efficiency loss, increased attrition from varying loads, unreliable outputs, and overall system costs. Thermal energy storage systems can address all of these issues by smoothing the thermal input to a constant and reliable level and providing back-up capacity for times when the thermal input is deactivated. Multiple types of thermal energy storage have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Latent heat storage involves storing thermal energy in the reversible phase change of a phase change material, or PCM, and can have several advantages over other modalities including energy storage density, cost, simplicity, reliability, relatively constant temperature output, and temperature customizability. The largest obstacles to using latent heat storage include heat transfer rates, thermal cycling stability, and potentially corrosive PCMs. Targeting 86°C, the operating temperature of SDSU's experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential PCMs including Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate (MgCl2˙6H2O), Magnesium Nitrate Hexahydrate (Mg(NO3)2˙6H 2O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The

  17. Visual cues for woodpeckers: light reflectance of decayed wood varies by decay fungus

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    O'Daniels, Sean T.; Kesler, Dylan C.; Mihail, Jeanne D.; Webb, Elisabeth B.; Werner, Scott J.

    2018-01-01

    The appearance of wood substrates is likely relevant to bird species with life histories that require regular interactions with wood for food and shelter. Woodpeckers detect decayed wood for cavity placement or foraging, and some species may be capable of detecting trees decayed by specific fungi; however, a mechanism allowing for such specificity remains unidentified. We hypothesized that decay fungi associated with woodpecker cavity sites alter the substrate reflectance in a species-specific manner that is visually discriminable by woodpeckers. We grew 10 species of wood decay fungi from pure cultures on sterile wood substrates of 3 tree species. We then measured the relative reflectance spectra of decayed and control wood wafers and compared them using the receptor noise-limited (RNL) color discrimination model. The RNL model has been used in studies of feather coloration, egg shells, flowers, and fruit to model how the colors of objects appear to birds. Our analyses indicated 6 of 10 decayed substrate/control comparisons were above the threshold of discrimination (i.e., indicating differences discriminable by avian viewers), and 12 of 13 decayed substrate comparisons were also above threshold for a hypothetical woodpecker. We conclude that woodpeckers should be capable of visually detecting decayed wood on trees where bark is absent, and they should also be able to detect visually species-specific differences in wood substrates decayed by fungi used in this study. Our results provide evidence for a visual mechanism by which woodpeckers could identify and select substrates decayed by specific fungi, which has implications for understanding ecologically important woodpecker–fungus interactions.

  18. Dual protection of wood surface treated with melamine-modified urea-formaldehyde resin mixed with ammonium polyphosphate against both fire and decay

    Treesearch

    Xing-xia Ma; Grant T. Kirker; Ming-liang Jiang; Yu-zhang Wu

    2016-01-01

    Surface coatings of melamine-modified urea-formaldehyde resins (MUFs) containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) have been shown to significantly improve the fire retardancy of wood by prolonging the ignition time and reducing the heat release rate, total heat released, and mass loss rate. Dual protection of wood against both decay and fire has been proposed for remedial...

  19. Weak light emission of soft tissues induced by heating

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Spinelli, Antonello E.; Durando, Giovanni; Boschi, Federico

    2018-04-01

    The main goal of this work is to show that soft tissue interaction with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) or direct heating leads to a weak light emission detectable using a small animal optical imaging system. Our results show that the luminescence signal is detectable after 30 min of heating, resembling the time scale of delayed luminescence. The imaging of a soft tissue after heating it using an HIFU field shows that the luminescence pattern closely matches the shape of the cone typical of the HIFU beam. We conclude that heating a soft tissue using two different sources leads to the emission of a weak luminescence signal from the heated region with a decay half-life of a few minutes (4 to 6 min). The origin of such light emission needs to be further investigated.

  20. Risk and preventive factors for heat illness in radiation decontamination workers after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.

    PubMed

    Kakamu, Takeyasu; Hidaka, Tomoo; Hayakawa, Takehito; Kumagai, Tomohiro; Jinnouchi, Takanobu; Tsuji, Masayoshi; Nakano, Shinichi; Koyama, Kikuo; Fukushima, Tetsuhito

    2015-01-01

    The aim of this study was to reveal factors related to heat illness in radiation decontamination workers and determine effective preventive measures. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 1,505 radiation decontamination workers. The questionnaire included age, sex, duration of decontamination work, previous occupation, education provided by employers regarding heat illness, preventive action against heat illness, and subjective symptoms of heat illness during work. We included 528 men, who replied and answered all questions, in the statistical analysis. Subjective symptoms of heat illness were categorized as "no symptoms", "Grade I" and "Grade II" according to severity. A multiple linear regression model was used to determine the factors associated with the severity of heat illness. The mean age of the subjects was 47.6 years old (standard deviation: 13.4). Of the 528 workers, 316 (59.8%) experienced heat illness symptoms (213 at Grade I and 103 at Grade II). The results of the stepwise selection revealed that age, outdoor manual labor, adequate sleep, use of a cool vest, and salt intake were selected as preventive factors, whereas living in a company dormitory or temporary housing, wearing light clothing, and consuming breakfast were selected as risk factors for heat illness. Both working conditions and living environment are associated with heat illness in radiation decontamination workers. Type of housing and sleep are also strongly related to heat illness during work. Employers should consider not only the working conditions of the employee but also the employee's daily living conditions, in order to prevent heat illness.

  1. Measurement of elastic precursor decay in pre-heated aluminum films under ultra-fast laser generated shocks

    DOE PAGES

    Zuanetti, Bryan; McGrane, Shawn David; Bolme, Cynthia Anne; ...

    2018-05-18

    Here, this article presents results from laser-driven shock compression experiments performed on pre-heated pure aluminum films at temperatures ranging from 23 to 400 °C. The samples were vapor deposited on the surface of a 500 μm thick sapphire substrate and mounted onto a custom holder with an integrated ring-heater to enable variable initial temperature conditions. A chirped pulse amplified laser was used to generate a pulse for both shocking the films and for probing the free surface velocity using Ultrafast Dynamic Ellipsometry. The particle velocity traces measured at the free surface clearly show elastic and plastic wave separation, which wasmore » used to estimate the decay of the elastic precursor amplitude over propagation distances ranging from 0.278 to 4.595 μm. Elastic precursors (which also correspond to dynamic material strength under uniaxial strain) of increasing amplitudes were observed with increasing initial sample temperatures for all propagation distances, which is consistent with expectations for aluminum in a deformation regime where phonon drag limits the mobility of dislocations. The experimental results show peak elastic amplitudes corresponding to axial stresses of over 7.5 GPa; estimates for plastic strain-rates in the samples are of the order 10 9/s. The measured elastic amplitudes at the micron length scales are compared with those at the millimeter length-scales using a two-parameter model and used to correlate the rate sensitivity of the dynamic strength at strain-rates ranging from 10 3 to 10 9/s and elevated temperature conditions. The overall trend, as inferred from the experimental data, indicates that the temperature-strengthening effect decreases with increasing plastic strain-rates.« less

  2. Measurement of elastic precursor decay in pre-heated aluminum films under ultra-fast laser generated shocks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zuanetti, Bryan; McGrane, Shawn D.; Bolme, Cynthia A.; Prakash, Vikas

    2018-05-01

    This article presents results from laser-driven shock compression experiments performed on pre-heated pure aluminum films at temperatures ranging from 23 to 400 °C. The samples were vapor deposited on the surface of a 500 μm thick sapphire substrate and mounted onto a custom holder with an integrated ring-heater to enable variable initial temperature conditions. A chirped pulse amplified laser was used to generate a pulse for both shocking the films and for probing the free surface velocity using Ultrafast Dynamic Ellipsometry. The particle velocity traces measured at the free surface clearly show elastic and plastic wave separation, which was used to estimate the decay of the elastic precursor amplitude over propagation distances ranging from 0.278 to 4.595 μm. Elastic precursors (which also correspond to dynamic material strength under uniaxial strain) of increasing amplitudes were observed with increasing initial sample temperatures for all propagation distances, which is consistent with expectations for aluminum in a deformation regime where phonon drag limits the mobility of dislocations. The experimental results show peak elastic amplitudes corresponding to axial stresses of over 7.5 GPa; estimates for plastic strain-rates in the samples are of the order 109/s. The measured elastic amplitudes at the micron length scales are compared with those at the millimeter length-scales using a two-parameter model and used to correlate the rate sensitivity of the dynamic strength at strain-rates ranging from 103 to 109/s and elevated temperature conditions. The overall trend, as inferred from the experimental data, indicates that the temperature-strengthening effect decreases with increasing plastic strain-rates.

  3. Measurement of elastic precursor decay in pre-heated aluminum films under ultra-fast laser generated shocks

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zuanetti, Bryan; McGrane, Shawn David; Bolme, Cynthia Anne

    Here, this article presents results from laser-driven shock compression experiments performed on pre-heated pure aluminum films at temperatures ranging from 23 to 400 °C. The samples were vapor deposited on the surface of a 500 μm thick sapphire substrate and mounted onto a custom holder with an integrated ring-heater to enable variable initial temperature conditions. A chirped pulse amplified laser was used to generate a pulse for both shocking the films and for probing the free surface velocity using Ultrafast Dynamic Ellipsometry. The particle velocity traces measured at the free surface clearly show elastic and plastic wave separation, which wasmore » used to estimate the decay of the elastic precursor amplitude over propagation distances ranging from 0.278 to 4.595 μm. Elastic precursors (which also correspond to dynamic material strength under uniaxial strain) of increasing amplitudes were observed with increasing initial sample temperatures for all propagation distances, which is consistent with expectations for aluminum in a deformation regime where phonon drag limits the mobility of dislocations. The experimental results show peak elastic amplitudes corresponding to axial stresses of over 7.5 GPa; estimates for plastic strain-rates in the samples are of the order 10 9/s. The measured elastic amplitudes at the micron length scales are compared with those at the millimeter length-scales using a two-parameter model and used to correlate the rate sensitivity of the dynamic strength at strain-rates ranging from 10 3 to 10 9/s and elevated temperature conditions. The overall trend, as inferred from the experimental data, indicates that the temperature-strengthening effect decreases with increasing plastic strain-rates.« less

  4. A thermally regenerative ammonia battery with carbon-silver electrodes for converting low-grade waste heat to electricity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rahimi, Mohammad; Kim, Taeyoung; Gorski, Christopher A.; Logan, Bruce E.

    2018-01-01

    Thermally regenerative ammonia batteries (TRABs) have shown great promise as a method to convert low-grade waste heat into electrical power, with power densities an order of magnitude higher than other approaches. However, previous TRABs based on copper electrodes suffered from unbalanced anode dissolution and cathode deposition rates during discharging cycles, limiting practical applications. To produce a TRAB with stable and reversible electrode reactions over many cycles, inert carbon electrodes were used with silver salts. In continuous flow tests, power production was stable over 100 discharging cycles, demonstrating excellent reversibility. Power densities were 23 W m-2-electrode area in batch tests, which was 64% higher than that produced in parallel tests using copper electrodes, and 30 W m-2 (net energy density of 490 Wh m-3-anolyte) in continuous flow tests. While this battery requires the use a precious metal, an initial economic analysis of the system showed that the cost of the materials relative to energy production was 220 per MWh, which is competitive with energy production from other non-fossil fuel sources. A substantial reduction in costs could be obtained by developing less expensive anion exchange membranes.

  5. Numerical calculation of the decay widths, the decay constants, and the decay energy spectra of the resonances of the delta-shell potential

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de la Madrid, Rafael

    2017-06-01

    We express the resonant energies of the delta-shell potential in terms of the Lambert W function, and we calculate their decay widths and decay constants. The ensuing numerical results strengthen the interpretation of such decay widths and constants as a way to quantify the coupling between a resonance and the continuum. We calculate explicitly the decay energy spectrum of the resonances of the delta-shell potential, and we show numerically that the lineshape of such spectrum is not the same as, and can be very different from, the Breit-Wigner (Lorentzian) distribution. We argue that the standard Golden Rule cannot describe the interference of two resonances, and we show how to describe such interference by way of the decay energy spectrum of two resonant states.

  6. Decay assessment through thermographic analysis in architectural and archaeological heritage

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gomez-Heras, Miguel; Martinez-Perez, Laura; Fort, Rafael; Alvarez de Buergo, Monica

    2010-05-01

    Any exposed stone-built structure is subject to thermal variations due to daily, seasonal and secular environmental temperature changes. Surface temperature is a function of air temperature (due to convective heat transfer) and of infrared radiation received through insolation. While convective heat transfer homogenizes surface temperature, stone response to insolation is much more complex and the temporal and spatial temperature differences across structures are enhanced. Surface temperature in stone-built structures will be affected by orientation, sunlight inclination and the complex patterns of light and shadows generated by the often intricate morphology of historical artefacts and structures. Surface temperature will also be affected by different material properties, such as albedo, thermal conductivity, transparency and absorbance to infrared radiation of minerals and rocks. Moisture and the occurrence of salts will also be a factor affecting surface temperatures. Surface temperatures may as well be affected by physical disruptions of rocks due to differences in thermal inertia generated by cracks and other discontinuities. Thermography is a non-invasive, non-destructive technique that measures temperature variations on the surface of a material. With this technique, surface temperature rates of change and their spatial variations can be analysed. This analysis may be used not only to evaluate the incidence of thermal decay as a factor that generates or enhances stone decay, but also to detect and evaluate other factors that affect the state of conservation of architectural and archaeological heritage, as for example moisture, salts or mechanical disruptions.

  7. Parametric decay of an extraordinary electromagnetic wave in relativistic plasma

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dorofeenko, V. G.; Krasovitskiy, V. B., E-mail: krasovit@mail.ru; Turikov, V. A.

    2015-03-15

    Parametric instability of an extraordinary electromagnetic wave in plasma preheated to a relativistic temperature is considered. A set of self-similar nonlinear differential equations taking into account the electron “thermal” mass is derived and investigated. Small perturbations of the parameters of the heated plasma are analyzed in the linear approximation by using the dispersion relation determining the phase velocities of the fast and slow extraordinary waves. In contrast to cold plasma, the evanescence zone in the frequency range above the electron upper hybrid frequency vanishes and the asymptotes of both branches converge. Theoretical analysis of the set of nonlinear equations showsmore » that the growth rate of decay instability increases with increasing initial temperature of plasma electrons. This result is qualitatively confirmed by numerical simulations of plasma heating by a laser pulse injected from vacuum.« less

  8. Radiative decays at LHCb

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Giubega, L. E.

    2016-12-01

    Precise measurements on rare radiative B decays are performed with the LHCb experiment at LHC. The LHCb results regarding the ratio of branching fractions for two radiative decays, B 0 → K *0 γ and B s → ϕ γ, the direct CP asymmetry in B 0 → K *0 γ decay channel and the observation of the photon polarization in the B ± → K ±π∓π± γ decay, are included. The first two measurements were performed in 1 fb-1 of pp collisions data and the third one in 3 fb-1 of data, respectively.

  9. Strength loss in decayed wood

    Treesearch

    Rebecca E. Ibach; Patricia K. Lebow

    2014-01-01

    Wood is a durable engineering material when used in an appropriate manner, but it is susceptible to biological decay when a log, sawn product, or final product is not stored, handled, or designed properly. Even before the biological decay of wood becomes visually apparent, the decay can cause the wood to become structurally unsound. The progression of decay to that...

  10. Parameter study of r-process lanthanide production and heating rates in kilonovae

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lippuner, Jonas; Roberts, Luke F.

    2015-04-01

    Explosive r-process nucleosynthesis in material ejected during compact object mergers may lead to radioactively powered transients called kilonovae. The timescale and peak luminosity of these transients are sensitive to the composition of the material after nuclear burning ceases, as the composition determines the local heating rate from nuclear decays and the opacity. The presence of lanthanides in the ejecta can drastically increase the opacity. We use the new general-purpose nuclear reaction network SkyNet to run a parameter study of r-process nucleosynthesis for a range of initial electron fractions Ye, initial entropies s, and density decay timescales τ. We find that the ejecta is lanthanide-free for Ye >~ 0 . 22 - 0 . 3 , depending on s and τ. The heating rate is insensitive to s and τ, but certain, larger values of Ye lead to reduced heating rates, because single nuclides dominate the heating. With a simple model we estimate the luminosity, time, and effective temperature at the peak of the light curve. Since the opacity is much lower in the lanthanide-free case, we find the luminosity peaks much earlier at ~ 1 day vs. ~ 15 days in the lanthanide-rich cases. Although there is significant variation in the heating rate with Ye, changes in the heating rate do not mitigate the effect of the lanthanides. This research is partially supported by NSF under Award Numbers AST-1333520 and AST-1205732.

  11. Design of an Experimental Facility for Passive Heat Removal in Advanced Nuclear Reactors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bersano, Andrea

    With reference to innovative heat exchangers to be used in passive safety system of Gen- eration IV nuclear reactors and Small Modular Reactors it is necessary to study the natural circulation and the efficiency of heat removal systems. Especially in safety systems, as the decay heat removal system of many reactors, it is increasing the use of passive components in order to improve their availability and reliability during possible accidental scenarios, reducing the need of human intervention. Many of these systems are based on natural circulation, so they require an intense analysis due to the possible instability of the related phenomena. The aim of this thesis work is to build a scaled facility which can reproduce, in a simplified way, the decay heat removal system (DHR2) of the lead-cooled fast reactor ALFRED and, in particular, the bayonet heat exchanger, which transfers heat from lead to water. Given the thermal power to be removed, the natural circulation flow rate and the pressure drops will be studied both experimentally and numerically using the code RELAP5 3D. The first phase of preliminary analysis and project includes: the calculations to design the heat source and heat sink, the choice of materials and components and CAD drawings of the facility. After that, the numerical study is performed using the thermal-hydraulic code RELAP5 3D in order to simulate the behavior of the system. The purpose is to run pretest simulations of the facility to optimize the dimensioning setting the operative parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.) and to chose the most adequate measurement devices. The model of the system is continually developed to better simulate the system studied. High attention is dedicated to the control logic of the system to obtain acceptable results. The initial experimental tests phase consists in cold zero power tests of the facility in order to characterize and to calibrate the pressure drops. In future works the experimental results will be

  12. Theoretical analysis of oscillatory terms in lattice heat-current time correlation functions and their contributions to thermal conductivity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pereverzev, Andrey; Sewell, Tommy

    2018-03-01

    Lattice heat-current time correlation functions for insulators and semiconductors obtained using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations exhibit features of both pure exponential decay and oscillatory-exponential decay. For some materials the oscillatory terms contribute significantly to the lattice heat conductivity calculated from the correlation functions. However, the origin of the oscillatory terms is not well understood, and their contribution to the heat conductivity is accounted for by fitting them to empirical functions. Here, a translationally invariant expression for the heat current in terms of creation and annihilation operators is derived. By using this full phonon-picture definition of the heat current and applying the relaxation-time approximation we explain, at least in part, the origin of the oscillatory terms in the lattice heat-current correlation function. We discuss the relationship between the crystal Hamiltonian and the magnitude of the oscillatory terms. A solvable one-dimensional model is used to illustrate the potential importance of terms that are omitted in the commonly used phonon-picture expression for the heat current. While the derivations are fully quantum mechanical, classical-limit expressions are provided that enable direct contact with classical quantities obtainable from MD.

  13. Artificial muscles on heat

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McKay, Thomas G.; Shin, Dong Ki; Percy, Steven; Knight, Chris; McGarry, Scott; Anderson, Iain A.

    2014-03-01

    Many devices and processes produce low grade waste heat. Some of these include combustion engines, electrical circuits, biological processes and industrial processes. To harvest this heat energy thermoelectric devices, using the Seebeck effect, are commonly used. However, these devices have limitations in efficiency, and usable voltage. This paper investigates the viability of a Stirling engine coupled to an artificial muscle energy harvester to efficiently convert heat energy into electrical energy. The results present the testing of the prototype generator which produced 200 μW when operating at 75°C. Pathways for improved performance are discussed which include optimising the electronic control of the artificial muscle, adjusting the mechanical properties of the artificial muscle to work optimally with the remainder of the system, good sealing, and tuning the resonance of the displacer to minimise the power required to drive it.

  14. Hot metal gas forming of titanium grade 2 bent tubes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Paul, Alexander; Werner, Markus; Trân, Ricardo; Landgrebe, Dirk

    2017-10-01

    Within the framework of investigations, an exhaust gas component made of Titanium Grade 2 was produced by means of Hot Metal Gas Forming (HMGF) at the Fraunhofer IWU in Chemnitz, Germany. The semi-finished products were two-fold bent, thermal joined, calibrated and pre-formed tubes. So far, a three-stage internal high-pressure forming process at room temperature plus two necessary intermediate heat treatments were used to produce the component. Due to its complexity as well as the limited forming ability of Titanium Grade 2 at room temperature an one step Hot Metal Gas Forming was developed to replace the former procedure.

  15. Power-law Magnetic Field Decay and Constant Core Temperatures of Magnetars, Normal and Millisecond Pulsars

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xie, Y.; Zhang, S.

    2011-12-01

    The observed correlations, between the characteristic ages and dipole surface magnetic field strengths of all pulsars, can be well explained by magnetic field decay with core temperatures of 2×108 K, ˜2×107 K, and ˜105 K, for magnetars, normal radio pulsars, and millisecond pulsars, respectively; assuming that their characteristic ages are about two orders of magnitude larger than their true ages, the required core temperatures may be reduced by about a factor of 10. The magnetic decay follows a power-law and is dominated by the solenoidal component of the ambipolar diffusion mode. In this model, all NSs are assumed to have the same initial magnetic field strength, but different core temperature which does not change as the magnetic field decays. This suggests that the key distinguishing property between magnetars and normal pulsars is that magnetars were born much hotter than normal pulsars, and thus have much longer magnetic field decay time scales, resulting in higher surface magnetic field strength even with the same ages of normal pulsars. The above conclusion agrees well with the observed correlations between the surface temperatures of magnetars and other young NSs, which do not agree with the cooling dominated evolution of neutron stars. This suggests a possible scenario that heating, perhaps due to magnetic field decay, balances neutron star cooling for observed pulsars.

  16. Application of Response Surface Methodology for Modeling of Postweld Heat Treatment Process in a Pressure Vessel Steel ASTM A516 Grade 70.

    PubMed

    Peasura, Prachya

    2015-01-01

    This research studied the application of the response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) experiment in mathematical model and optimizes postweld heat treatment (PWHT). The material of study is a pressure vessel steel ASTM A516 grade 70 that is used for gas metal arc welding. PWHT parameters examined in this study included PWHT temperatures and time. The resulting materials were examined using CCD experiment and the RSM to determine the resulting material tensile strength test, observed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that using a full quadratic model with the proposed mathematical model is YTS = -285.521 + 15.706X1 + 2.514X2 - 0.004X1(2) - 0.001X2(2) - 0.029X1X2. Tensile strength parameters of PWHT were optimized PWHT time of 5.00 hr and PWHT temperature of 645.75°C. The results show that the PWHT time is the dominant mechanism used to modify the tensile strength compared to the PWHT temperatures. This phenomenon could be explained by the fact that pearlite can contribute to higher tensile strength. Pearlite has an intensity, which results in increased material tensile strength. The research described here can be used as material data on PWHT parameters for an ASTM A516 grade 70 weld.

  17. Application of Response Surface Methodology for Modeling of Postweld Heat Treatment Process in a Pressure Vessel Steel ASTM A516 Grade 70

    PubMed Central

    Peasura, Prachya

    2015-01-01

    This research studied the application of the response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) experiment in mathematical model and optimizes postweld heat treatment (PWHT). The material of study is a pressure vessel steel ASTM A516 grade 70 that is used for gas metal arc welding. PWHT parameters examined in this study included PWHT temperatures and time. The resulting materials were examined using CCD experiment and the RSM to determine the resulting material tensile strength test, observed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that using a full quadratic model with the proposed mathematical model is Y TS = −285.521 + 15.706X 1 + 2.514X 2 − 0.004X 1 2 − 0.001X 2 2 − 0.029X 1 X 2. Tensile strength parameters of PWHT were optimized PWHT time of 5.00 hr and PWHT temperature of 645.75°C. The results show that the PWHT time is the dominant mechanism used to modify the tensile strength compared to the PWHT temperatures. This phenomenon could be explained by the fact that pearlite can contribute to higher tensile strength. Pearlite has an intensity, which results in increased material tensile strength. The research described here can be used as material data on PWHT parameters for an ASTM A516 grade 70 weld. PMID:26550602

  18. Development and testing of aluminum micro channel heat sink

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kumaraguruparan, G.; Sornakumar, T.

    2010-06-01

    Microchannel heat sinks constitute an innovative cooling technology for the removal of a large amount of heat from a small area and are suitable for electronics cooling. In the present work, Tool Steel D2 grade milling slitting saw type plain milling cutter is fabricated The microchannels are machined in aluminum work pieces to form the microchannel heat sink using the fabricated milling cutter in an horizontal milling machine. A new experimental set-up is fabricated to conduct the tests on the microchannel heat sink. The heat carried by the water increases with mass flow rate and heat input. The heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number increases with mass flow rate and increased heat input. The pressure drop increases with Reynolds number and decreases with input heat. The friction factor decreases with Reynolds number and decreases with input heat. The thermal resistance decreases with pumping power and decreases with input heat.

  19. Buckling of a stiff thin film on an elastic graded compliant substrate.

    PubMed

    Chen, Zhou; Chen, Weiqiu; Song, Jizhou

    2017-12-01

    The buckling of a stiff film on a compliant substrate has attracted much attention due to its wide applications such as thin-film metrology, surface patterning and stretchable electronics. An analytical model is established for the buckling of a stiff thin film on a semi-infinite elastic graded compliant substrate subjected to in-plane compression. The critical compressive strain and buckling wavelength for the sinusoidal mode are obtained analytically for the case with the substrate modulus decaying exponentially. The rigorous finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to validate the analytical model and investigate the postbuckling behaviour of the system. The critical buckling strain for the period-doubling mode is obtained numerically. The influences of various material parameters on the results are investigated. These results are helpful to provide physical insights on the buckling of elastic graded substrate-supported thin film.

  20. Buckling of a stiff thin film on an elastic graded compliant substrate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Zhou; Chen, Weiqiu; Song, Jizhou

    2017-12-01

    The buckling of a stiff film on a compliant substrate has attracted much attention due to its wide applications such as thin-film metrology, surface patterning and stretchable electronics. An analytical model is established for the buckling of a stiff thin film on a semi-infinite elastic graded compliant substrate subjected to in-plane compression. The critical compressive strain and buckling wavelength for the sinusoidal mode are obtained analytically for the case with the substrate modulus decaying exponentially. The rigorous finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to validate the analytical model and investigate the postbuckling behaviour of the system. The critical buckling strain for the period-doubling mode is obtained numerically. The influences of various material parameters on the results are investigated. These results are helpful to provide physical insights on the buckling of elastic graded substrate-supported thin film.

  1. Suppressed Charmed B Decay

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Snoek, Hella Leonie

    2009-06-02

    This thesis describes the measurement of the branching fractions of the suppressed charmed B 0 → D *- a 0 + decays and the non-resonant B 0 → D *- ηπ + decays in approximately 230 million Υ(4S) → Bmore » $$\\bar{B}$$ events. The data have been collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II B factory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in California. Theoretical predictions of the branching fraction of the B 0 → D *- a{sub 0} + decays show large QCD model dependent uncertainties. Non-factorizing terms, in the naive factorization model, that can be calculated by QCD factorizing models have a large impact on the branching fraction of these decay modes. The predictions of the branching fractions are of the order of 10 -6. The measurement of the branching fraction gives more insight into the theoretical models. In general a better understanding of QCD models will be necessary to conduct weak interaction physics at the next level. The presence of CP violation in electroweak interactions allows the differentiation between matter and antimatter in the laws of physics. In the Standard Model, CP violation is incorporated in the CKM matrix that describes the weak interaction between quarks. Relations amongst the CKM matrix elements are used to present the two relevant parameters as the apex of a triangle (Unitarity Triangle) in a complex plane. The over-constraining of the CKM triangle by experimental measurements is an important test of the Standard Model. At this moment no stringent direct measurements of the CKM angle γ, one of the interior angles of the Unitarity Triangle, are available. The measurement of the angle γ can be performed using the decays of neutral B mesons. The B 0 → D *- a 0 + decay is sensitive to the angle γ and, in comparison to the current decays that are being employed, could significantly enhance the measurement of this angle. However, the low expected branching fraction for the B 0 → D *- a 0 + decay channels could

  2. Shannon entropy and particle decays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Carrasco Millán, Pedro; García-Ferrero, M. Ángeles; Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J.; Porras Riojano, Ana; Sánchez García, Esteban M.

    2018-05-01

    We deploy Shannon's information entropy to the distribution of branching fractions in a particle decay. This serves to quantify how important a given new reported decay channel is, from the point of view of the information that it adds to the already known ones. Because the entropy is additive, one can subdivide the set of channels and discuss, for example, how much information the discovery of a new decay branching would add; or subdivide the decay distribution down to the level of individual quantum states (which can be quickly counted by the phase space). We illustrate the concept with some examples of experimentally known particle decay distributions.

  3. Temperature and heat flux scaling laws for isoviscous, infinite Prandtl number mixed heating convection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vilella, Kenny; Deschamps, Frédéric

    2018-07-01

    Thermal evolution of terrestrial planets is controlled by heat transfer through their silicate mantles. A suitable framework for modelling this heat transport is a system including bottom heating (from the core) and internal heating, for example, generated by secular cooling or by the decay of radioactive isotopes. The mechanism of heat transfer depends on the physical properties of the system. In systems where convection is able to operate, two different regimes are possible depending on the relative amount of bottom and internal heating. For moderate internal heating rates, the system is composed of active hot upwellings and cold downwellings. For large internal heating rates, the bottom heat flux becomes negative and the system is only composed of active cold downwellings. Here, we build theoretical scaling laws for both convective regimes following the approach of Vilella & Kaminski (2017), which links the surface heat flux and the temperature jump across both the top and the bottom thermal boundary layer (TBL) to the Rayleigh number and the dimensionless internal heating rate. Theoretical predictions are then verified against numerical simulations performed in 2-D and 3-D Cartesiangeometry, and covering a large range of the parameter space. Our theoretical scaling laws are more successful in predicting the thermal structure of systems with large internal heating rates than that of systems with no or moderate internal heating. The differences between moderate and large internal heating rates are interpreted as differences in the mechanisms generating thermal instabilities. We identified three mechanisms: conductive growth of the TBL, instability impacting, and TBL erosion, the last two being present only for moderate internal heating rates, in which hot plumes are generated at the bottom of the system and are able to reach the surface. Finally, we apply our scaling laws to the evolution of the early Earth, proposing a new model for the cooling of the primordial

  4. Temperature and heat flux scaling laws for isoviscous, infinite Prandtl number mixed heating convection.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vilella, Kenny; Deschamps, Frederic

    2018-04-01

    Thermal evolution of terrestrial planets is controlled by heat transfer through their silicate mantles. A suitable framework for modelling this heat transport is a system including bottom heating (from the core) and internal heating, e.g., generated by secular cooling or by the decay of radioactive isotopes. The mechanism of heat transfer depends on the physical properties of the system. In systems where convection is able to operate, two different regimes are possible depending on the relative amount of bottom and internal heating. For moderate internal heating rates, the system is composed of active hot upwellings and cold downwellings. For large internal heating rates, the bottom heat flux becomes negative and the system is only composed of active cold downwellings. Here, we build theoretical scaling laws for both convective regimes following the approach of Vilella & Kaminski (2017), which links the surface heat flux and the temperature jump across both the top and bottom thermal boundary layer (TBL) to the Rayleigh number and the dimensionless internal heating rate. Theoretical predictions are then verified against numerical simulations performed in 2D and 3D-Cartesian geometry, and covering a large range of the parameter space. Our theoretical scaling laws are more successful in predicting the thermal structure of systems with large internal heating rates than that of systems with no or moderate internal heating. The differences between moderate and large internal heating rates are interpreted as differences in the mechanisms generating thermal instabilities. We identified three mechanisms: conductive growth of the TBL, instability impacting, and TBL erosion, the last two being present only for moderate internal heating rates, in which hot plumes are generated at the bottom of the system and are able to reach the surface. Finally, we apply our scaling laws to the evolution of the early Earth, proposing a new model for the cooling of the primordial magma ocean

  5. Weather. Third Grade. Revised. Anchorage School District Elementary Science Program.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Defendorf, Jean, Ed.

    This resource book introduces third-grade children to the environment by studying the weather and its effects. Lessons are provided including: (1) constructing a weather diary; (2) thermometers; (3) clouds; (4) barometric pressure; (5) wind vanes; (6) heating and cooling air; and (7) analyzing weather data. Each lesson includes a listing of…

  6. The impact of the postharvest environment on the viability and virulence of decay fungi.

    PubMed

    Liu, Jia; Sui, Yuan; Wisniewski, Michael; Xie, Zhigang; Liu, Yiqing; You, Yuming; Zhang, Xiaojing; Sun, Zhiqiang; Li, Wenhua; Li, Yan; Wang, Qi

    2018-07-03

    Postharvest decay of fruits, vegetables, and grains by fungal pathogens causes significant economic losses. Infected produce presents a potential health risk since some decay fungi produce mycotoxins that are hazardous to human health. Infections are the result of the interplay between host resistance and pathogen virulence. Both of these processes, however, are significantly impacted by environmental factors, such as temperature, UV, oxidative stress, and water activity. In the present review, the impact of various physical postharvest treatments (e.g., heat and UV) on the viability and virulence of postharvest pathogens is reviewed and discussed. Oxidative injury, protein impairment, and cell wall degradation have all been proposed as the mechanisms by which these abiotic stresses reduce fungal viability and pathogenicity. The response of decay fungi to pH and the ability of pathogens to modulate the pH of the host environment also affect pathogenicity. The effects of the manipulation of the postharvest environment by ethylene, natural edible coatings, and controlled atmosphere storage on fungal viability are also discussed. Lastly, avenues of future research are proposed.

  7. 77 FR 28355 - Fresh Garlic From the People's Republic of China: Continuation of Antidumping Duty Order

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-14

    ... heat processing. The differences between grades are based on color, size, sheathing, and level of decay... seed. The subject merchandise is used principally as a food product and for seasoning. The subject... cultivated prior to planting and then harvested and otherwise prepared for use as seed must be accompanied by...

  8. Combinedatomic–nuclear decay

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dzyublik, A. Ya., E-mail: dzyublik@ukr.net

    We analyzed in details the combined decay of the atomic-nuclear state, which consists of the excited 3/2{sup +} level of {sub 63}{sup 153}Eu and K hole, formed in the K capture by {sup 153}Gd. This decay proceeds in two stages. First, the nucleus transfers its energy to 2p electron, which flies into the continuum spectrum, and then returns into 1s hole, emitting γ quantum with the energy equal to the sum of energies of the nuclear and atomic transitions. We estimated the decay probability to be 2.2 × 10{sup −13}, that is much less than the recent experimental findings.

  9. 7 CFR 810.105 - Grades and grade requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND STOCKYARD ADMINISTRATION (FEDERAL GRAIN INSPECTION SERVICE), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN General Provisions Grades, Grade Requirements, and Grade Designations § 810.105 Grades and grade...

  10. Thulium heat source IR D Project 91-031

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Walter, C.E.; Kammeraad, J.E.; Newman, J.G.

    1991-01-01

    The goal of the Thulium Heat Source study is to determine the performance capability and evaluate the safety and environmental aspects of a thulium-170 heat source. Thulium-170 has several attractive features, including the fact that it decays to a stable, chemically innocuous isotope in a relatively short time. A longer-range goal is to attract government funding for the development, fabrication, and demonstration testing in an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) of one or more thulium isotope power (TIP) prototype systems. The approach is to study parametrically the performance of thulium-170 heat source designs in the power range of 5-50 kW{sub th}.more » At least three heat source designs will be characterized in this power range to assess their performance, mass, and volume. The authors will determine shielding requirements, and consider the safety and environmental aspects of their use.« less

  11. Charged Up for Fire Safety. Fifth Grade. Fire Safety for Texans: Fire and Burn Prevention Curriculum Guide.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Texas State Commission on Fire Protection, Austin.

    This booklet comprises the fifth grade component of a series of curriculum guides on fire and burn prevention. Designed to meet the age-specific needs of fifth grade students, its objectives include: (1) exploring heating equipment safety, (2) analyzing the impact of fire on the outdoor environment and methods to reduce that impact, (3) developing…

  12. Rare decays in quark flavour physics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Albrecht, Johannes; LHCb Collaboration

    2016-04-01

    Rare heavy-flavour decays are an ideal place to search for the effects of potential new particles that modify the decay rates or the Lorentz structure of the decay vertices. Recent results on Flavour Changing Neutral Current decays from the LHC are reviewed. An emphasis is put on the very rare decay Bs0 →μ+μ-, which was recently observed by the CMS and LHCb experiments, on a recent test of lepton universality in loop processes and on the analysis of the angular distributions of the B0 →K*0μ+μ- decays, both by the LHCb collaboration.

  13. Aeroplastic, New Composite Materials with Reduced Heat Transfer and Increased Flame Retardancy

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Williams, Martha K.; Smith, Trent M.; Nichols, James D.; Roberson, Luke B.; Tate, Lanetra C.

    2015-01-01

    A new composite system formulated using commodity grade and engineered grade polymers. The composites can be fabricated into fibers, molded, or otherwise processed into useable articles. Use of this technology reduces the thermal conductivity and peak heat releases rates of the base polymer between 20%-50% while maintaining or enhancing the mechanical properties..

  14. Iconic Decay in Schizophrenia

    PubMed Central

    Hahn, Britta; Kappenman, Emily S.; Robinson, Benjamin M.; Fuller, Rebecca L.; Luck, Steven J.; Gold, James M.

    2011-01-01

    Working memory impairment is considered a core deficit in schizophrenia, but the precise nature of this deficit has not been determined. Multiple lines of evidence implicate deficits at the encoding stage. During encoding, information is held in a precategorical sensory store termed iconic memory, a literal image of the stimulus with high capacity but rapid decay. Pathologically increased iconic decay could reduce the number of items that can be transferred into working memory before the information is lost and could thus contribute to the working memory deficit seen in the illness. The current study used a partial report procedure to test the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia (n = 37) display faster iconic memory decay than matched healthy control participants (n = 28). Six letters, arranged in a circle, were presented for 50 ms. Following a variable delay of 0–1000 ms, a central arrow cue indicated the item to be reported. In both patients and control subjects, recall accuracy decreased with increasing cue delay, reflecting decay of the iconic representation of the stimulus array. Patients displayed impaired memory performance across all cue delays, consistent with an impairment in working memory, but the rate of iconic memory decay did not differ between patients and controls. This provides clear evidence against faster loss of iconic memory representations in schizophrenia, ruling out iconic decay as an underlying source of the working memory impairment in this population. Thus, iconic decay rate can be added to a growing list of unimpaired cognitive building blocks in schizophrenia. PMID:20053864

  15. Iconic decay in schizophrenia.

    PubMed

    Hahn, Britta; Kappenman, Emily S; Robinson, Benjamin M; Fuller, Rebecca L; Luck, Steven J; Gold, James M

    2011-09-01

    Working memory impairment is considered a core deficit in schizophrenia, but the precise nature of this deficit has not been determined. Multiple lines of evidence implicate deficits at the encoding stage. During encoding, information is held in a precategorical sensory store termed iconic memory, a literal image of the stimulus with high capacity but rapid decay. Pathologically increased iconic decay could reduce the number of items that can be transferred into working memory before the information is lost and could thus contribute to the working memory deficit seen in the illness. The current study used a partial report procedure to test the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia (n = 37) display faster iconic memory decay than matched healthy control participants (n = 28). Six letters, arranged in a circle, were presented for 50 ms. Following a variable delay of 0-1000 ms, a central arrow cue indicated the item to be reported. In both patients and control subjects, recall accuracy decreased with increasing cue delay, reflecting decay of the iconic representation of the stimulus array. Patients displayed impaired memory performance across all cue delays, consistent with an impairment in working memory, but the rate of iconic memory decay did not differ between patients and controls. This provides clear evidence against faster loss of iconic memory representations in schizophrenia, ruling out iconic decay as an underlying source of the working memory impairment in this population. Thus, iconic decay rate can be added to a growing list of unimpaired cognitive building blocks in schizophrenia.

  16. β decay studies of n-rich Cs isotopes with the ISOLDE Decay Station

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lică, R.; Benzoni, G.; Morales, A. I.; Borge, M. J. G.; Fraile, L. M.; Mach, H.; Madurga, M.; Sotty, C.; Vedia, V.; De Witte, H.; Benito, J.; Berry, T.; Blasi, N.; Bracco, A.; Camera, F.; Ceruti, S.; Charviakova, V.; Cieplicka-Oryńczak, N.; Costache, C.; Crespi, F. C. L.; Creswell, J.; Fernández-Martínez, G.; Fynbo, H.; Greenlees, P.; Homm, I.; Huyse, M.; Jolie, J.; Karayonchev, V.; Köster, U.; Konki, J.; Kröll, T.; Kurcewicz, J.; Kurtukian-Nieto, T.; Lazarus, I.; Leoni, S.; Lund, M.; Marginean, N.; Marginean, R.; Mihai, C.; Mihai, R.; Negret, A.; Orduz, A.; Patyk, Z.; Pascu, S.; Pucknell, V.; Rahkila, P.; Regis, J. M.; Rotaru, F.; Saed-Sami, N.; Sánchez-Tembleque, V.; Stanoiu, M.; Tengblad, O.; Thuerauf, M.; Turturica, A.; Van Duppen, P.; Warr, N.

    2017-05-01

    Neutron-rich Ba isotopes are expected to exhibit octupolar correlations, reaching their maximum in isotopes around mass A = 146. The odd-A neutron-rich members of this isotopic chain show typical patterns related to non-axially symmetric shapes, which are however less marked compared to even-A ones, pointing to a major contribution from vibrations. In the present paper we present results from a recent study focused on 148-150Cs β-decay performed at the ISOLDE Decay Station equipped with fast-timing detectors. A detailed analysis of the measured decay half-lives and decay scheme of 149Ba is presented, giving a first insight in the structure of this neutron-rich nucleus.

  17. Trajectory characteristics and heating of hypervelocity projectiles having large ballistic coefficients

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tauber, Michael E.

    1986-01-01

    A simple, approximate equation describing the velocity-density relationship (or velocity-altitude) has been derived from the flight of large ballistic coefficient projectiles launched at high speeds. The calculations obtained by using the approximate equation compared well with results for numerical integrations of the exact equations of motion. The flightpath equation was used to parametrically calculate maximum body decelerations and stagnation pressures for initial velocities from 2 to 6 km/s. Expressions were derived for the stagnation-point convective heating rates and total heat loads. The stagnation-point heating was parametrically calculated for a nonablating wall and an ablating carbon surface. Although the heating rates were very high, the pulse decayed quickly. The total nose-region heat shield weight was conservatively estimated to be only about 1 percent of the body mass.

  18. Development of numerical model for predicting heat generation and temperatures in MSW landfills.

    PubMed

    Hanson, James L; Yeşiller, Nazli; Onnen, Michael T; Liu, Wei-Lien; Oettle, Nicolas K; Marinos, Janelle A

    2013-10-01

    A numerical modeling approach has been developed for predicting temperatures in municipal solid waste landfills. Model formulation and details of boundary conditions are described. Model performance was evaluated using field data from a landfill in Michigan, USA. The numerical approach was based on finite element analysis incorporating transient conductive heat transfer. Heat generation functions representing decomposition of wastes were empirically developed and incorporated to the formulation. Thermal properties of materials were determined using experimental testing, field observations, and data reported in literature. The boundary conditions consisted of seasonal temperature cycles at the ground surface and constant temperatures at the far-field boundary. Heat generation functions were developed sequentially using varying degrees of conceptual complexity in modeling. First a step-function was developed to represent initial (aerobic) and residual (anaerobic) conditions. Second, an exponential growth-decay function was established. Third, the function was scaled for temperature dependency. Finally, an energy-expended function was developed to simulate heat generation with waste age as a function of temperature. Results are presented and compared to field data for the temperature-dependent growth-decay functions. The formulations developed can be used for prediction of temperatures within various components of landfill systems (liner, waste mass, cover, and surrounding subgrade), determination of frost depths, and determination of heat gain due to decomposition of wastes. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Improving Grading Consistency through Grade Lift Reporting

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Millet, Ido

    2010-01-01

    We define Grade Lift as the difference between average class grade and average cumulative class GPA. This metric provides an assessment of how lenient the grading was for a given course. In 2006, we started providing faculty members individualized Grade Lift reports reflecting their position relative to an anonymously plotted school-wide…

  20. Decay of 34Mg

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chaney, Donlad; Benjamin Luna Collaboration

    2017-09-01

    One of concepts of modern physics that is not understood is the strong nuclear force. One manifestation of this is our lack of understanding of so-called `islands of inversion', which are groups of nuclides which have deformed ground states. It is known that 34Mg is included in this island, and that its decay (34Al) has a mixed ground state configuration. By studying their decays we hoped to discover definitive information about the branching ratios and the half lives of 34Mg and 34Al. In order to accomplish these goals, we studied the gamma radiation from the decays of 34Mg and 34Al. A Magnesium beam was implanted into a strip of mylar tape and transported to the center of an array of scintillators and germanium detectors, which has allowed us to determine the half-lives for the decays, and the branching ratios for the beta decay. My work on this project began with writing scripts to draw histograms with the data, and using those histograms to gather information that would allow me to gate our data on any number of variables and pieces of information. By cutting out bad portions of our data collection runs and gating on the coincidence of beta decays and other gamma rays, I was able to cut out a significant amount background radiation from our data.

  1. Parametric instability induced by X-mode wave heating at EISCAT

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Xiang; Zhou, Chen; Liu, Moran; Honary, Farideh; Ni, Binbin; Zhao, Zhengyu

    2016-10-01

    In this paper, we present results of parametric instability induced by X-mode wave heating observed by EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) radar at Tromsø, Norway. Three typical X-mode ionospheric heating experiments on 22 October 2013, 19 October 2012, and 21 February 2013 are investigated in details. Both parametric decay instability (PDI) and oscillating two-stream instability are observed during the X-mode heating period. We suggest that the full dispersion relationship of the Langmuir wave can be employed to analyze the X-mode parametric instability excitation. A modified kinetic electron distribution is proposed and analyzed, which is able to satisfy the matching condition of parametric instability excitation. Parallel electric field component of X-mode heating wave can also exceed the parametric instability excitation threshold under certain conditions.

  2. Relevance of Tidal Heating on Large TNOs

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Saxena, Prabal; Renaud, Joe P.; Henning, Wade G.; Jutzi, Martin; Hurford, Terry A.

    2017-01-01

    We examine the relevance of tidal heating for large Trans-Neptunian Objects, with a focus on its potential to melt and maintain layers of subsurface liquid water. Depending on their past orbital evolution, tidal heating may be an important part of the heat budget for a number of discovered and hypothetical TNO systems and may enable formation of, and increased access to, subsurface liquid water. Tidal heating induced by the process of despinning is found to be particularly able to compete with heating due to radionuclide decay in a number of different scenarios. In cases where radiogenic heating alone may establish subsurface conditions for liquid water, we focus on the extent by which tidal activity lifts the depth of such conditions closer to the surface. While it is common for strong tidal heating and long lived tides to be mutually exclusive, we find this is not always the case, and highlight when these two traits occur together. We find cases where TNO systems experience tidal heating that is a significant proportion of, or greater than radiogenic heating for periods ranging from100 s of millions to a billion years. For subsurface oceans that contain a small antifreeze component, tidal heating due to very high initial spin states may enable liquid water to be preserved right up to the present day. Of particular interest is the Eris-Dysnomia system, which in those cases may exhibit extant cryovolcanism.

  3. Relevance of tidal heating on large TNOs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saxena, Prabal; Renaud, Joe P.; Henning, Wade G.; Jutzi, Martin; Hurford, Terry

    2018-03-01

    We examine the relevance of tidal heating for large Trans-Neptunian Objects, with a focus on its potential to melt and maintain layers of subsurface liquid water. Depending on their past orbital evolution, tidal heating may be an important part of the heat budget for a number of discovered and hypothetical TNO systems and may enable formation of, and increased access to, subsurface liquid water. Tidal heating induced by the process of despinning is found to be particularly able to compete with heating due to radionuclide decay in a number of different scenarios. In cases where radiogenic heating alone may establish subsurface conditions for liquid water, we focus on the extent by which tidal activity lifts the depth of such conditions closer to the surface. While it is common for strong tidal heating and long lived tides to be mutually exclusive, we find this is not always the case, and highlight when these two traits occur together. We find cases where TNO systems experience tidal heating that is a significant proportion of, or greater than radiogenic heating for periods ranging from100‧s of millions to a billion years. For subsurface oceans that contain a small antifreeze component, tidal heating due to very high initial spin states may enable liquid water to be preserved right up to the present day. Of particular interest is the Eris-Dysnomia system, which in those cases may exhibit extant cryovolcanism.

  4. Extreme European heat waves since 1950 with Heat Wave Magnitude Index and their occurrence in the future

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Russo, Simone; Dosio, Alessandro; Sillmann, Jana

    2015-04-01

    Heat waves are defined as prolonged periods of extremely hot weather and their magnitude and frequency are expected to increase in the future under climate change. Here we grade the heat waves occurred in Europe since 1950, by means of the Heat Wave Magnitude Index (HWMI) applied to daily maximum temperature from European Observation dataset (E-OBS). As shown in many studies the worst event in the last decades occurred in Russia in 2010. However many other heat waves, as shown here and documented in literature and also in newspapers, occurred in different European regions in the past 64 years. In addition, predictions from ten models from the COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) under different IPCC AR5 scenarios, suggest an increased probability of occurrence of extreme heat waves by the end of the century. In particular, under the most severe scenario, events of the same severity, as the 2010 Russian heat wave, will become the norm and are projected to occur as often as every two years in the studied region.

  5. Harvesting the decay energy of 26Al to drive lightning discharge in protoplanetary discs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johansen, Anders; Okuzumi, Satoshi

    2018-01-01

    Chondrules in primitive meteorites likely formed by recrystallisation of dust aggregates that were flash-heated to nearly complete melting. Chondrules may represent the building blocks of rocky planetesimals and protoplanets in the inner regions of protoplanetary discs, but the source of ubiquitous thermal processing of their dust aggregate precursors remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that escape of positrons released in the decay of the short-lived radionuclide 26Al leads to a large-scale charging of dense pebble structures, resulting in neutralisation by lightning discharge and flash-heating of dust and pebbles. This charging mechanism is similar to a nuclear battery where a radioactive source charges a capacitor. We show that the nuclear battery effect operates in circumplanetesimal pebble discs. The extremely high pebble densities in such discs are consistent with conditions during chondrule heating inferred from the high abundance of sodium within chondrules. The sedimented mid-plane layer of the protoplanetary disc may also be prone to charging by the emission of positrons, if the mass density of small dust there is at least an order of magnitude above the gas density. Our results imply that the decay energy of 26Al can be harvested to drive intense lightning activity in protoplanetary discs. The total energy stored in positron emission is comparable to the energy needed to melt all solids in the protoplanetary disc. The efficiency of transferring the positron energy to the electric field nevertheless depends on the relatively unknown distribution and scale-dependence of pebble density gradients in circumplanetesimal pebble discs and in the protoplanetary disc mid-plane layer.

  6. Modeling transient heat transfer in nuclear waste repositories.

    PubMed

    Yang, Shaw-Yang; Yeh, Hund-Der

    2009-09-30

    The heat of high-level nuclear waste may be generated and released from a canister at final disposal sites. The waste heat may affect the engineering properties of waste canisters, buffers, and backfill material in the emplacement tunnel and the host rock. This study addresses the problem of the heat generated from the waste canister and analyzes the heat distribution between the buffer and the host rock, which is considered as a radial two-layer heat flux problem. A conceptual model is first constructed for the heat conduction in a nuclear waste repository and then mathematical equations are formulated for modeling heat flow distribution at repository sites. The Laplace transforms are employed to develop a solution for the temperature distributions in the buffer and the host rock in the Laplace domain, which is numerically inverted to the time-domain solution using the modified Crump method. The transient temperature distributions for both the single- and multi-borehole cases are simulated in the hypothetical geological repositories of nuclear waste. The results show that the temperature distributions in the thermal field are significantly affected by the decay heat of the waste canister, the thermal properties of the buffer and the host rock, the disposal spacing, and the thickness of the host rock at a nuclear waste repository.

  7. Light Meson Decays at BESIII

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fang, Shuangshi

    2017-04-01

    At present the world's largest sample of 1.3 billion J/ψ events was accumulated at the BESIII detector, which offers a unique place to study light meson decays. The recent results on the light meson decays are reviewed in this talk. An emphasis is put on the significant progresses on the study of η/η' decays, including Dalitz plot analysis of η/η' → πππ, observation of new decay modes (η' → π+π-π+(0)π-(0), η' → ρ±π∓, η' → γe+e- and η' → e+e-ω), study of η' → γπ+π- and search for the rare decay of η' → Kπ. In addition, a prospect on the Dalitz plot analysis of ω → π+π-π0 is presented.

  8. Memory behaviors of entropy production rates in heat conduction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Shu-Nan; Cao, Bing-Yang

    2018-02-01

    Based on the relaxation time approximation and first-order expansion, memory behaviors in heat conduction are found between the macroscopic and Boltzmann-Gibbs-Shannon (BGS) entropy production rates with exponentially decaying memory kernels. In the frameworks of classical irreversible thermodynamics (CIT) and BGS statistical mechanics, the memory dependency on the integrated history is unidirectional, while for the extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT) and BGS entropy production rates, the memory dependences are bidirectional and coexist with the linear terms. When macroscopic and microscopic relaxation times satisfy a specific relationship, the entropic memory dependences will be eliminated. There also exist initial effects in entropic memory behaviors, which decay exponentially. The second-order term are also discussed, which can be understood as the global non-equilibrium degree. The effects of the second-order term are consisted of three parts: memory dependency, initial value and linear term. The corresponding memory kernels are still exponential and the initial effects of the global non-equilibrium degree also decay exponentially.

  9. Numerical Study on Natural Vacuum Solar Desalination System with Varying Heat Source Temperature

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ambarita, H.

    2017-03-01

    A natural vacuum desalination unit with varying low grade heat source temperature is investigated numerically. The objective is to explore the effects of the variable temperature of the low grade heat source on performances and characteristics of the desalination unit. The specifications of the desalination unit are naturally vacuumed with surface area of seawater in evaporator and heating coil are 0.2 m2 and 0.188 m2, respectively. Temperature of the heating coil is simulated based on the solar radiation in the Medan city. A program to solve the governing equations in forward time step marching technique is developed. Temperature of the evaporator, fresh water production rate, and thermal efficiency of the desalination unit are analysed. Simulation is performed for 9 hours, it starts from 8.00 and finishes at 17.00 of local time. The results show that, the desalination unit with operation time of 9 hours can produce 5.705 L of freshwater and thermal efficiency is 81.8 %. This reveals that varying temperature of the heat source of natural vacuum desalination unit shows better performance in comparison with constant temperature of the heat source.

  10. Double Beta Decay

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shirai, Junpei

    Double beta decay is a key process to reveal a fundamental property of neutrinos. If neutrinos are Majorana particles, that is they are equivalent to their antiparticles, neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay, (A,Z) → (A,Z + 2) + 2e‑, would occur. The process is beyond the standard model and would lead to a scenario which can explain the extremely small masses of neutrinos and provide a solution to the current matter dominance of the world. In this talk experimental efforts searching for 0νββ decays are presented. Then, major 0νββ experiments together with searches using 136Xe nuclei are described, followed by the current status of the KamLAND-Zen experiment.

  11. Compositionally Graded Absorber for Efficient and Stable Near‐Infrared‐Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells

    PubMed Central

    Pisoni, Stefano; Weiss, Thomas P.; Feurer, Thomas; Wäckerlin, Aneliia; Fuchs, Peter; Nishiwaki, Shiro; Zortea, Lukas; Tiwari, Ayodhya N.

    2018-01-01

    Abstract Compositional grading has been widely exploited in highly efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2, CdTe, GaAs, quantum dot solar cells, and this strategy has the potential to improve the performance of emerging perovskite solar cells. However, realizing and maintaining compositionally graded perovskite absorber from solution processing is challenging. Moreover, the operational stability of graded perovskite solar cells under long‐term heat/light soaking has not been demonstrated. In this study, a facile partial ion‐exchange approach is reported to achieve compositionally graded perovskite absorber layers. Incorporating compositional grading improves charge collection and suppresses interface recombination, enabling to fabricate near‐infrared‐transparent perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 16.8% in substrate configuration, and demonstrate 22.7% tandem efficiency with 3.3% absolute gain when mechanically stacked on a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 bottom cell. Non‐encapsulated graded perovskite device retains over 93% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h operation at maximum power point at 60 °C under equivalent 1 sun illumination. The results open an avenue in exploring partial ion‐exchange to design graded perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency and stability. PMID:29593970

  12. Compositionally Graded Absorber for Efficient and Stable Near-Infrared-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells.

    PubMed

    Fu, Fan; Pisoni, Stefano; Weiss, Thomas P; Feurer, Thomas; Wäckerlin, Aneliia; Fuchs, Peter; Nishiwaki, Shiro; Zortea, Lukas; Tiwari, Ayodhya N; Buecheler, Stephan

    2018-03-01

    Compositional grading has been widely exploited in highly efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 , CdTe, GaAs, quantum dot solar cells, and this strategy has the potential to improve the performance of emerging perovskite solar cells. However, realizing and maintaining compositionally graded perovskite absorber from solution processing is challenging. Moreover, the operational stability of graded perovskite solar cells under long-term heat/light soaking has not been demonstrated. In this study, a facile partial ion-exchange approach is reported to achieve compositionally graded perovskite absorber layers. Incorporating compositional grading improves charge collection and suppresses interface recombination, enabling to fabricate near-infrared-transparent perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 16.8% in substrate configuration, and demonstrate 22.7% tandem efficiency with 3.3% absolute gain when mechanically stacked on a Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 bottom cell. Non-encapsulated graded perovskite device retains over 93% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h operation at maximum power point at 60 °C under equivalent 1 sun illumination. The results open an avenue in exploring partial ion-exchange to design graded perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency and stability.

  13. Behavior of a PCM at Varying Heating Rates: Experimental and Theoretical Study with an Aim at Temperature Moderation in Radionuclide Concrete Encasements

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Medved', Igor; Trník, Anton

    2018-07-01

    Phase-change materials (PCMs) can store/release thermal energy within a small temperature range. This is of interest in various industrial applications, for example, in civil engineering (heating/cooling of buildings) or cold storage applications. Another application may be the moderation of temperature increases in concrete encasements of radionuclides during their decay. The phase-change behavior of a material is determined by its heat capacity and the peak it exhibits near a phase change. We analyze the behavior of such peaks for a selected PCM at heating rates varying between 0.1°C\\cdot min^{-1} and 1°C\\cdot min^{-1}, corresponding in real situations to different decay rates of radionuclides. We show that experimentally measured peaks can be plausibly described by an equilibrium theory that enables us to calculate the latent heat and phase-change temperature from experimental data.

  14. Protecting log cabins from decay

    Treesearch

    R. M. Rowell; J. M. Black; L. R. Gjovik; W. C. Feist

    1977-01-01

    This report answers the questions most often asked of the Forest Service on the protection of log cabins from decay, and on practices for the exterior finishing and maintenance of existing cabins. Causes of stain and decay are discussed, as are some basic techniques for building a cabin that will minimize decay. Selection and handling of logs, their preservative...

  15. Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)

    MedlinePlus

    ... Materials Contact Us Home Research Data & Statistics Share Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) Dental caries (tooth decay) remains the most prevalent chronic ... important source of information on oral health and dental care in the United States since the early ...

  16. Nanoscale Graphene Disk: A Natural Functionally Graded Material-How is Fourier's Law Violated along Radius Direction of 2D Disk.

    PubMed

    Yang, Nuo; Hu, Shiqian; Ma, Dengke; Lu, Tingyu; Li, Baowen

    2015-10-07

    In this Paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the thermal conductivity of nanoscale graphene disks (NGDs), and discussed the possibility to realize functionally graded material (FGM) with only one material, NGDs. Different from previous studies on divergence/non-diffusive of thermal conductivity in nano-structures with different size, we found a novel non-homogeneous (graded) thermal conductivity along the radius direction in a single nano-disk structure. We found that, instead of a constant value, the NGD has a graded thermal conductivity along the radius direction. That is, Fourier's law of heat conduction is not valid in two dimensional graphene disk structures Moreover, we show the dependent of NGDs' thermal conductivity on radius and temperature. Our study might inspire experimentalists to develop NGD based versatile FGMs, improve understanding of the heat removal of hot spots on chips, and enhance thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency by two dimensional disk with a graded thermal conductivity.

  17. Creep behavior of Grade 91 steel under uniaxial and multiaxial state of stress

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ren, Facai; Tang, Xiaoying

    2017-09-01

    Creep rupture behavior of Grade 91 heat-resistant steel used for steam cooler under uniaxial and multiaxial state of stress was investigated. Creep tests were conducted at the temperature of 923K under the stress 125MPa. The notch root radii (r) of doubled circumferentially U-notched specimens were 0.6 and 6 mm. The creep rupture life of Grade 91 steel was found to increase with the increasing of notch acuity ratio. The creep rupture mechanism was investigated based on the SEM fractography analysis.

  18. Membrane-free battery for harvesting low-grade thermal energy.

    PubMed

    Yang, Yuan; Loomis, James; Ghasemi, Hadi; Lee, Seok Woo; Wang, Yi Jenny; Cui, Yi; Chen, Gang

    2014-11-12

    Efficient and low-cost systems are desired to harvest the tremendous amount of energy stored in low-grade heat sources (<100 °C). An attractive approach is the thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC), which uses the dependence of electrode potential on temperature to construct a thermodynamic cycle for direct heat-to-electricity conversion. By varying the temperature, an electrochemical cell is charged at a lower voltage than discharged; thus, thermal energy is converted to electricity. Recently, a Prussian blue analog-based system with high efficiency has been demonstrated. However, the use of an ion-selective membrane in this system raises concerns about the overall cost, which is crucial for waste heat harvesting. Here, we report on a new membrane-free battery with a nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) cathode and a silver/silver chloride anode. The system has a temperature coefficient of -0.74 mV K(-1). When the battery is discharged at 15 °C and recharged at 55 °C, thermal-to-electricity conversion efficiencies of 2.6% and 3.5% are achieved with assumed heat recuperation of 50% and 70%, respctively. This work opens new opportunities for using membrane-free electrochemical systems to harvest waste heat.

  19. 7 CFR 810.304 - Grades and grade requirements for canola.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Grades and grade requirements for canola. 810.304 Section 810.304 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) GRAIN INSPECTION... Grade Requirements § 810.304 Grades and grade requirements for canola. Grading factors Grades, U.S. Nos...

  20. 7 CFR 810.304 - Grades and grade requirements for canola.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Grades and grade requirements for canola. 810.304 Section 810.304 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) GRAIN INSPECTION... Grade Requirements § 810.304 Grades and grade requirements for canola. Grading factors Grades, U.S. Nos...

  1. Flavor violating top decays and flavor violating quark decays of the Higgs boson

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ibrahim, Tarek; Itani, Ahmad; Nath, Pran; Zorik, Anas

    2017-08-01

    In the Standard Model, flavor violating decays of the top quark and of the Higgs boson are highly suppressed. Further, the flavor violating decays of the top and of the Higgs are also small in MSSM and not observable in current or in near future experiment. In this work, we show that much larger branching ratios for these decays can be achieved in an extended MSSM model with an additional vector-like quark generation. Specifically, we show that in the extended model, one can achieve branching ratios for t → h0c and t → h0u as large as the current experimental upper limits given by the ATLAS and the CMS Collaborations. We also analyze the flavor violating quark decay of the Higgs boson, i.e. h0 → sb¯ + b¯s and h0 → bd¯ + b¯d. Here again, one finds that the branching ratio for these decays can be as large as O(1)%. The analysis is done with inclusion of the CP phases in the Higgs sector, and the effect of CP phases on the branching ratios is investigated. Specifically, the Higgs sector spectrum and mixings are computed involving quarks and mirror quarks, squarks and mirror squarks in the loops consistent with the Higgs boson mass constraint. The resulting effective Lagrangian with inclusion of the vector-like quark generation induce flavor violating decays at the tree level. In the analysis, we also include the experimental constraints from the flavor changing quark decays of the Z boson. The test of the branching ratios predicted could come with further data from LHC13 and such branching ratios could also be accessible at future colliders such as the Higgs factories where the Higgs couplings to fermions will be determined with greater precision.

  2. Fire Safety: Stop the Heat. Fourth Grade. Fire Safety for Texans: Fire and Burn Prevention Curriculum Guide.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Texas State Commission on Fire Protection, Austin.

    This booklet comprises the fourth grade component of a series of curriculum guides on fire and burn prevention. Designed to meet the age-specific needs of fourth grade students, its objectives include: (1) understanding principles of extinguishing fires, (2) investigating issues of peer pressure related to fire setting, (3) developing…

  3. Grading Rigor in Counselor Education: A Specifications Grading Framework

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bonner, Matthew W.

    2016-01-01

    According to accreditation and professional bodies, evaluation and grading are a high priority in counselor education. Specifications grading, an evaluative tool, can be used to increase grading rigor. This article describes the components of specifications grading and applies the framework of specifications grading to a counseling theories course.

  4. The Decay Data Evaluation Project (DDEP) and the JEFF-3.3 radioactive decay data library: Combining international collaborative efforts on evaluated decay data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kellett, Mark A.; Bersillon, Olivier

    2017-09-01

    The Decay Data Evaluation Project (DDEP), is an international collaboration of decay data evaluators formed with groups from France, Germany, USA, China, Romania, Russia, Spain and the UK, mainly from the metrology community. DDEP members have evaluated over 220 radionuclides, following an agreed upon methodology, including a peer review. Evaluations include all relevant parameters relating to the nuclear decay and the associated atomic processes. An important output of these evaluations are recommendations for new measurements, which can serve as a basis for future measurement programmes. Recently evaluated radionuclides include: 18F, 59Fe, 82Rb, 82Sr, 88Y, 90Y, 89Zr, 94mTc, 109Cd, 133Ba, 140Ba, 140La, 151Sm and 169Er. The DDEP recommended data have recently been incorporated into the JEFF-3.3 Radioactive Decay Data Library. Other sources of nuclear data include 900 or so radionuclides converted from the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF), 500 from two UK libraries (UKPADD6.12 and UKHEDD2.6), the IAEA Actinide Decay Data Library, with the remainder converted from the NUBASE evaluation of nuclear properties. Mean decay energies for a number of radionuclides determined from total absorption gamma-ray spectroscopy (TAGS) have also been included, as well as more recent European results from TAGS measurements performed at the University of Jyväskylä by groups from the University of Valencia, Spain and SUBATECH, the University of Nantes, France. The current status of the DDEP collaboration and the JEFF Radioactive Decay Data Library will be presented. Note to the reader: the pdf file has been changed on September 22, 2017.

  5. Regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA decay

    PubMed Central

    Schoenberg, Daniel R.; Maquat, Lynne E.

    2012-01-01

    Discoveries made over the past 20 years highlight the importance of mRNA decay as a means to modulate gene expression and thereby protein production. Up until recently, studies focused largely on identifying cis-acting sequences that serve as mRNA stability or instability elements, the proteins that bind these elements, how the process of translation influences mRNA decay, and the ribonucleases that catalyze decay. Now, current studies have begun to elucidate how the decay process is regulated. This review examines our current understanding of how mammalian-cell mRNA decay is controlled by different signaling pathways and lays out a framework for future research. PMID:22392217

  6. Force decay and deformation of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures.

    PubMed

    Taloumis, L J; Smith, T M; Hondrum, S O; Lorton, L

    1997-01-01

    This study evaluated commercially available molded gray elastomeric ligatures from seven companies for force decay, dimensional change, and the relationship between ligature dimension and force. The initial wall thickness, inside diameter, outside diameter, and force levels of each ligature were measured. Three of four test groups of ligatures were stretched over stainless steel dowels with a circumference approximating that of a large orthodontic twin bracket. Test group 1 was kept at room temperature and humidity for 28 days and test group 2 in a synthetic saliva bath at 37 degrees C, pH 6.84 for 28 days. The residual forces and dimensional changes were measured. The third test group was placed in a synthetic saliva bath at 37 degrees C, pH 6.84, and force levels recorded at initial, 24 hours, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days. The fourth test group of unstretched samples was placed in a synthetic saliva bath at 37 degrees C, pH 6.84 for 28 days to evaluate dimensional changes due solely to moisture sorption. The results for stretched samples in a simulated oral environment revealed the following: (1) Moisture and heat had a pronounced effect on force decay and permanent deformation, (2) a positive correlation existed between the wall thickness and force, (3) a negative correlation existed between the inside diameter and force, (4) a weak correlation existed between outside diameter and force, (5) the greatest force loss occurred in the first 24 hours and the decay pattern was similar for all ligatures tested, and (6) unstretched ligatures absorbed moisture in the range of 0.060% to 3.15%. The ligatures tested appear to be suitable for use during initial aligning and leveling. However, the rapid force loss and permanent deformation of these products may preclude their use for rotational and torque corrections.

  7. 7 CFR 51.1575 - U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large. 51.1575 Section 51.1575 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of... Potatoes Grades § 51.1575 U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade...

  8. 7 CFR 51.1576 - U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large. 51.1576 Section 51.1576 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of... Potatoes Grades § 51.1576 U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade...

  9. 7 CFR 51.1575 - U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large. 51.1575 Section 51.1575 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of... Potatoes Grades § 51.1575 U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade...

  10. 7 CFR 51.1576 - U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large. 51.1576 Section 51.1576 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of... Potatoes Grades § 51.1576 U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade...

  11. 7 CFR 51.1575 - U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large. 51.1575 Section 51.1575 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of... Potatoes Grades § 51.1575 U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade...

  12. 7 CFR 51.1576 - U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large. 51.1576 Section 51.1576 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of... Potatoes Grades § 51.1576 U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade...

  13. Aerodynamic heating in transitional hypersonic boundary layers: Role of second-mode instability

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhu, Yiding; Chen, Xi; Wu, Jiezhi; Chen, Shiyi; Lee, Cunbiao; Gad-el-Hak, Mohamed

    2018-01-01

    The evolution of second-mode instabilities in hypersonic boundary layers and its effects on aerodynamic heating are investigated. Experiments are conducted in a Mach 6 wind tunnel using fast-response pressure sensors, fluorescent temperature-sensitive paint, and particle image velocimetry. Calculations based on parabolic stability equations and direct numerical simulations are also performed. It is found that second-mode waves, accompanied by high-frequency alternating fluid compression and expansion, produce intense aerodynamic heating in a small region that rapidly heats the fluid passing through it. As the second-mode waves decay downstream, the dilatation-induced aerodynamic heating decreases while its shear-induced counterpart keeps growing. The latter brings about a second growth of the surface temperature when transition is completed.

  14. New Heating Mechanism of Asteroids in Protoplanetary Disks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Menzel, Raymond L.; Roberge, W. G.

    2013-10-01

    Heating of asteroids in the early solar system has been mainly attributed to two mechanisms: the decay of short-lived radionuclides and the unipolar induction mechanism originally proposed in a classic series of papers by Sonett and collaborators. As originally conceived, unipolar induction heating is the result of the dissipation of current inside the body driven by a “motional electric field”, which appears in the asteroid’s reference frame when it is immersed in a fully-ionized, magnetized T-Tauri solar wind. However we point out a subtle conceptual error in the way that the electric field is calculated. Strictly speaking, the motional electric field used by Sonett et al. is the electric field in the free-streaming plasma far from the asteroid. For realistic assumptions about the plasma density in protoplanetary disks, the interaction between the plasma and asteroid cause the formation of a shear layer, in which the motional electric field decreases and even vanishes at the asteroid surface. We reexamine and improve the induction heating mechanism by: (1) correcting this conceptual error by using non-ideal multifluid MHD to self consistently calculate the velocity, magnetic, and electric fields in and around the shear layer; and (2) considering more realistic environments and scenarios that are consistent with current theories about protoplanetary disks. We present solutions for two highly idealized flows, which demonstrate that the electric field inside the asteroid is actually produced by magnetic field gradients in the shear layer, and can either vanish or be comparable to the fields predicted by Sonett et al. depending on the flow geometry. We term this new mechanism “electrodynamic heating”, calculate its possible upper limits, and compare them to heating generated by the decay of short-lived radionuclides.

  15. Weak decays and double beta decay

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Nicholson, H.W.

    1983-08-01

    Work to measure the ..sigma../sup +/ 0 degree differential cross section in the reaction K/sup -/p ..-->.. ..sigma../sup +/..pi../sup -/ at several incident K/sup -/ momenta between 600 and 800 MeV/c as well as the asymmetries in the decays of polarized ..sigma../sup +/'s into protons and neutral pions and of polarized ..sigma../sup -/'s into neutrons and negative pions in collaboration with experimenters from Yale, Brookhaven, and the University of Pittsburgh (Brookhaven experiment 702) has been completed. Data from this experiment is currently being analyzed at Yale. Work is currently underway to develop and construct an experiment to search for neutrinolessmore » double beta decay in thin foils of Mo/sup 100/ in collaboration with experimenters from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Development work on the solid state silicon detectors should be complete in the next six months and construction should e well underway within the next year.« less

  16. Secondary Principals' Perceptions of Grading and Grade Reporting Practices

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Akins, Jeremie

    2016-01-01

    Effective grading practices in the classroom as well as reporting practices such as standards-based grading (SBG) is one way to report learning (Marzano, 2010). The focus of this particular study was to address alternative ways to tackle the issue of grading and grade reporting in comparison to the traditional grading methods. Specifically, this…

  17. Nanoscale Graphene Disk: A Natural Functionally Graded Material–How is Fourier’s Law Violated along Radius Direction of 2D Disk

    PubMed Central

    Yang, Nuo; Hu, Shiqian; Ma, Dengke; Lu, Tingyu; Li, Baowen

    2015-01-01

    In this Paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the thermal conductivity of nanoscale graphene disks (NGDs), and discussed the possibility to realize functionally graded material (FGM) with only one material, NGDs. Different from previous studies on divergence/non-diffusive of thermal conductivity in nano-structures with different size, we found a novel non-homogeneous (graded) thermal conductivity along the radius direction in a single nano-disk structure. We found that, instead of a constant value, the NGD has a graded thermal conductivity along the radius direction. That is, Fourier’s law of heat conduction is not valid in two dimensional graphene disk structures Moreover, we show the dependent of NGDs’ thermal conductivity on radius and temperature. Our study might inspire experimentalists to develop NGD based versatile FGMs, improve understanding of the heat removal of hot spots on chips, and enhance thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency by two dimensional disk with a graded thermal conductivity. PMID:26443206

  18. Effect of Conceptual Change Oriented Instruction on Students' Understanding of Heat and Temperature Concepts

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baser, Mustafa

    2006-01-01

    This study explores the effectiveness of conceptual change oriented instruction and standard science instruction and contribution of logical thinking ability on seventh grade students' understanding of heat and temperature concepts. Misconceptions related to heat and temperature concepts were determined by related literature on this subject.…

  19. Multiple photon emission in heavy particle decays

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Asakimori, K.; Burnett, T. H.; Cherry, M. L.; Christl, M. J.; Dake, S.; Derrickson, J. H.; Fountain, W. F.; Fuki, M.; Gregory, J. C.; Hayashi, T.

    1994-01-01

    Cosmic ray interactions, at energies above 1 TeV/nucleon, in emulsion chambers flown on high altitude balloons have yielded two events showing apparent decays of a heavy particle into one charged particle and four photons. The photons converted into electron pairs very close to the decay vertex. Attempts to explain this decay topology with known particle decays are presented. Unless both events represent a b yields u transition, which is statistically unlikely, then other known decay modes for charmed or bottom particles do not account satisfactorily for these observations. This could indicate, possibly, a new decay channel.

  20. Stimulated Parametric Decay of Large Amplitude Alfvén waves in the Large Plasma Device (LaPD)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dorfman, S. E.; Carter, T.; Pribyl, P.; Tripathi, S.; Van Compernolle, B.; Vincena, S. T.

    2012-12-01

    Alfvén waves, a fundamental mode of magnetized plasmas, are ubiquitous in lab and space. While the linear behaviour of these waves has been extensively studied [1], non-linear effects are important in many real systems, including the solar wind and solar corona. In particular, a parametric decay process in which a large amplitude Alfvén wave decays into an ion acoustic wave and backward propagating Alfvén wave may be key to the spectrum of solar wind turbulence. Ion acoustic waves have been observed in the heliosphere, but their origin and role have not yet been determined [2]. Such waves produced by parametric decay in the corona could contribute to coronal heating [3]. Parametric decay has also been suggested as an intermediate instability mediating the observed turbulent cascade of Alfvén waves to small spatial scales [4]. The present laboratory experiments aim to stimulate the parametric decay process by launching counter-propagating Alfvén waves from antennas placed at either end of the Large Plasma Device (LaPD). The resulting beat response has a dispersion relation consistent with an ion acoustic wave. Also consistent with a stimulated decay process: 1) The beat amplitude peaks when the frequency difference between the two Alfvén waves is near the value predicted by Alfvén-ion acoustic wave coupling. 2) This peak beat frequency scales with antenna and plasma parameters as predicted by three wave matching. 3) The beat amplitude peaks at the same location as the magnetic field from the Alfvén waves. 4) The beat wave is carried by the ions and propagates in the direction of the higher-frequency Alfvén wave. Strong damping observed after the pump Alfvén waves are turned off and observed heating of the plasma by the Alfvén waves are under investigation. [1] W. Gekelman, J. Geophys. Res., 104:14417-14436, July 1999. [2] A. Mangeney,et. al., Annales Geophysicae, Volume 17, Number 3 (1999). [3] F. Pruneti, F and M. Velli, ESA Spec. Pub. 404, 623 (1997

  1. Rare decays at the LHCb experiment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lanfranchi, G.

    2015-01-01

    Rare flavour-changing neutral-current (FCNC) decays of beauty and charm quarks, lepton flavour- and lepton-number-violating decays can provide a powerful probe for as yet unobserved virtual particles. Recent results on these topics from the LHCb experiment are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the angular distribution of the B^0 → K^{*0}μ^+μ^- decay, where a measurement performed by LHCb shows a local discrepancy of 3.7 standard deviations with respect to the SM prediction. Using the decay B+ → K+ π+π- γ , LHCb have also been able to demonstrate the polarisation of photons produced in b → s transitions. An update for the studies dedicated to decays τ+ → μ+ μ- μ+ and B^0_{(s)} → μ^{±} e^{∓} and to the on-shell Majorana neutrinos coupling to muons in the B+ → π- μ+ μ+ decay channel are also presented.

  2. Three-Phased Wake Vortex Decay

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Proctor, Fred H.; Ahmad, Nashat N.; Switzer, George S.; LimonDuparcmeur, Fanny M.

    2010-01-01

    A detailed parametric study is conducted that examines vortex decay within turbulent and stratified atmospheres. The study uses a large eddy simulation model to simulate the out-of-ground effect behavior of wake vortices due to their interaction with atmospheric turbulence and thermal stratification. This paper presents results from a parametric investigation and suggests improvements for existing fast-time wake prediction models. This paper also describes a three-phased decay for wake vortices. The third phase is characterized by a relatively slow rate of circulation decay, and is associated with the ringvortex stage that occurs following vortex linking. The three-phased decay is most prevalent for wakes imbedded within environments having low-turbulence and near-neutral stratification.

  3. On groupoid gradings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Calderón Martín, Antonio Jesús; Martín González, Cándido; Ndoye, Daouda

    2018-01-01

    We introduce the notion of groupoid grading, give some nontrivial examples and prove that groupoid gradings on simple commutative or anti-commutative algebras are necessarily group gradings. We also take advantage of the structure of groupoids to prove some results about groupoid gradings and certain coarsenings of these which turn out to be group gradings. We also study set gradings on arbitrary algebras, by characterizing their homogeneous semisimplicity and their homogeneous simplicity in terms of a property satisfied by the supports of the gradings, and also relate set gradings with groupoid gradings via coarsenings. Finally we study a class of set gradings on Mn(C) , the orthogonal gradings, and show that all of them which are fine are necessarily groupoid gradings.

  4. The theory of ionospheric focused heating

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bernhardt, P. A.; Duncan, L. M.

    1987-01-01

    Ionospheric modification by high power radio waves and by chemical releases are combined in a theoretical study of ionospheric focused heating. The release of materials which promote electron-ion recombination creates a hole in the bottomside ionosphere. The ionospheric hole focuses high power radio waves from a ground-based transmitter to give a 20 dB or greater enhancement in power density. The intense radio beam excites atomic oxygen by collisions with accelerated electrons. Airglow from the excited oxygen provides a visible trace of the focused beam. The large increase in the intensity of the radio beam stimulates new wave-plasma interactions. Numerical simulations show that the threshold for the two-plasmon decay instability is exceeded. The interaction of the pump electromagnetic wave with the backward plasmon produces a scattered electromagnetic wave at 3/2 the pump frequency. The scattered wave provides a unique signature of the two-plasmon decay process for ground-based detection.

  5. The footprint of urban heat island effect in China

    Treesearch

    Decheng Zhou; Shuqing Zhao; Liangxia Zhang; Ge Sun; Yongqiang Liu

    2015-01-01

    Urban heat island (UHI) is one major anthropogenic modification to the Earth system that transcends its physical boundary. Using MODIS data from 2003 to 2012, we showed that the UHI effect decayed exponentially toward rural areas for majority of the 32 Chinese cities. We found an obvious urban/ rural temperature “cliff”, and estimated that the footprint of UHI effect (...

  6. Electron Heating in a Relativistic, Weibel-unstable Plasma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kumar, Rahul; Eichler, David; Gedalin, Michael

    2015-06-01

    The dynamics of two initially unmagnetized relativistic counter-streaming homogeneous ion-electron plasma beams are simulated in two dimensions (2D) using the particle-in-cell (PIC) method. It is shown that current filaments, which form due to the Weibel instability, develop a large-scale longitudinal electric field in the direction opposite to the current carried by the filaments as predicted by theory. This field, which is partially inductive and partially electrostatic, is identified as the main source of net electron acceleration, greatly exceeding that due to magnetic field decay at later stages. The transverse electric field, although larger than the longitudinal field, is shown to play a smaller role in heating electrons, contrary to previous claims. It is found that in one dimension, the electrons become strongly magnetized and are not accelerated beyond their initial kinetic energy. Rather, the heating of the electrons is enhanced by the bending and break up of the filaments, which releases electrons that would otherwise be trapped within a single filament and slow the development of the Weibel instability (i.e., the magnetic field growth) via induction as per Lenz’s law. In 2D simulations, electrons are heated to about one quarter of the initial kinetic energy of ions. The magnetic energy at maximum is about 4%, decaying to less than 1% by the end of the simulation. The ions are found to gradually decelerate until the end of the simulation, by which time they retain a residual anisotropy of less than 10%.

  7. Hot water bath treatments assisted by microwave energy to delay postharvest ripening and decay in strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa).

    PubMed

    Villa-Rojas, Rossana; López-Malo, Aurelio; Sosa-Morales, María Elena

    2011-09-01

    A lab-scale approach using microwave (MW)-assisted hot water treatments was developed and tested to assess the potential of this heating method to delay postharvest ripening and decay in strawberries. Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) immersed in water were exposed to microwaves at a frequency of 2450 MHz for 3 min at 514 W or 1 min 50 s at 763 W to reach an average temperature of 43.8 ± 0.6 °C at the fruit centre. Another batch was treated in hot water at 45 °C for 15 min, and a final batch was not treated (control). After 9 days of refrigerated storage (3 °C and 90% relative humidity), all heat-treated strawberries showed significant retention of quality parameters such as colour and firmness and significantly lower yeast and mould populations (P < 0.05). Strawberries subjected to MW-assisted hot water treatments showed significantly better retention of lightness compared with conventionally treated berries. A short (1 min 50 s) treatment at 763 W was the best choice to prevent strawberry decay. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry.

  8. Coupled structural/thermal/electromagnetic analysis/tailoring of graded composite structures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mcknight, R. L.; Chen, P. C.; Dame, L. T.; Huang, H.

    1992-01-01

    Accomplishments are described for the first year effort of a 5-year program to develop a methodology for coupled structural/thermal/electromagnetic analysis/tailoring of graded composite structures. These accomplishments include: (1) the results of the selective literature survey; (2) 8-, 16-, and 20-noded isoparametric plate and shell elements; (3) large deformation structural analysis; (4) eigenanalysis; (5) anisotropic heat transfer analysis; and (6) anisotropic electromagnetic analysis.

  9. Quasi-Periodic Pulsations During the Impulsive and Decay Phases of an X-Class Flare

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hays, L. A.; Gallagher, P. T.; Dennis, B. R.; Ireland, J.; Inglis, A. R.; Ryan, D. F.

    2016-01-01

    Quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) are often observed in X-ray emission from solar flares. To date, it is unclear what their physical origins are. Here, we present a multi-instrument investigation of the nature of QPP during the impulsive and decay phases of the X1.0 flare of 2013 October 28. We focus on the character of the fine structure pulsations evident in the soft X-ray (SXR) time derivatives and compare this variability with structure across multiple wavelengths including hard X-ray and microwave emission. We find that during the impulsive phase of the flare, high correlations between pulsations in the thermal and non-thermal emissions are seen. A characteristic timescale of 20 s is observed in all channels and a second timescale of 55 s is observed in the non-thermal emissions. SXR pulsations are seen to persist into the decay phase of this flare, up to 20 minutes after the non-thermal emission has ceased. We find that these decay phase thermal pulsations have very small amplitude and show an increase in characteristic timescale from 40 s up to 70 s. We interpret the bursty nature of the co-existing multi-wavelength QPPs during the impulsive phase in terms of episodic particle acceleration and plasma heating. The persistent thermal decay phase QPPs are most likely connected with compressive magnetohydrodynamic processes in the post-flare loops such as the fast sausage mode or the vertical kink mode.

  10. Physical Properties of Normal Grade Biodiesel and Winter Grade Biodiesel

    PubMed Central

    Sadrolhosseini, Amir Reza; Moksin, Mohd Maarof; Nang, Harrison Lau Lik; Norozi, Monir; Yunus, W. Mahmood Mat; Zakaria, Azmi

    2011-01-01

    In this study, optical and thermal properties of normal grade and winter grade palm oil biodiesel were investigated. Surface Plasmon Resonance and Photopyroelectric technique were used to evaluate the samples. The dispersion curve and thermal diffusivity were obtained. Consequently, the variation of refractive index, as a function of wavelength in normal grade biodiesel is faster than winter grade palm oil biodiesel, and the thermal diffusivity of winter grade biodiesel is higher than the thermal diffusivity of normal grade biodiesel. This is attributed to the higher palmitic acid C16:0 content in normal grade than in winter grade palm oil biodiesel. PMID:21731429

  11. Dark decay of the top quark

    DOE PAGES

    Kong, Kyoungchul; Lee, Hye -Sung; Park, Myeonghun

    2014-04-01

    We suggest top quark decays as a venue to search for light dark force carriers. Top quark is the heaviest particle in the standard model whose decays are relatively poorly measured, allowing sufficient room for exotic decay modes from new physics. A very light (GeV scale) dark gauge boson (Z') is a recently highlighted hypothetical particle that can address some astrophysical anomalies as well as the 3.6 σ deviation in the muon g-2 measurement. We present and study a possible scenario that top quark decays as t → b W + Z's. This is the same as the dominant topmore » quark decay (t → b W) accompanied by one or multiple dark force carriers. The Z' can be easily boosted, and it can decay into highly collimated leptons (lepton-jet) with large branching ratio. In addition, we discuss the implications for the Large Hadron Collider experiments including the analysis based on the lepton-jets.« less

  12. Complex Degradation Processes Lead to Non-Exponential Decay Patterns and Age-Dependent Decay Rates of Messenger RNA

    PubMed Central

    Deneke, Carlus; Lipowsky, Reinhard; Valleriani, Angelo

    2013-01-01

    Experimental studies on mRNA stability have established several, qualitatively distinct decay patterns for the amount of mRNA within the living cell. Furthermore, a variety of different and complex biochemical pathways for mRNA degradation have been identified. The central aim of this paper is to bring together both the experimental evidence about the decay patterns and the biochemical knowledge about the multi-step nature of mRNA degradation in a coherent mathematical theory. We first introduce a mathematical relationship between the mRNA decay pattern and the lifetime distribution of individual mRNA molecules. This relationship reveals that the mRNA decay patterns at steady state expression level must obey a general convexity condition, which applies to any degradation mechanism. Next, we develop a theory, formulated as a Markov chain model, that recapitulates some aspects of the multi-step nature of mRNA degradation. We apply our theory to experimental data for yeast and explicitly derive the lifetime distribution of the corresponding mRNAs. Thereby, we show how to extract single-molecule properties of an mRNA, such as the age-dependent decay rate and the residual lifetime. Finally, we analyze the decay patterns of the whole translatome of yeast cells and show that yeast mRNAs can be grouped into three broad classes that exhibit three distinct decay patterns. This paper provides both a method to accurately analyze non-exponential mRNA decay patterns and a tool to validate different models of degradation using decay data. PMID:23408982

  13. Rock Smelting of Copper Ores with Waste Heat Recovery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Norgate, Terry; Jahanshahi, Sharif; Haque, Nawshad

    It is generally recognised that the grades of metallic ores are falling globally. This trend can be expected to increase the life cycle-based energy requirement for primary metal production due to the additional amount of material that must be handled and treated in the mining and mineral processing stages of the metal production life cycle. Rock (or whole ore) smelting has been suggested as a possible alternative processing route for low grade ores with a potentially lower energy intensity and environmental impact than traditional processing routes. In this processing route, the beneficiation stage is eliminated along with its associated energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, but this is partially offset by the need for more solid material to be handled and heated up to smelting temperatures. A life cycle assessment study was carried out to assess the potential energy and greenhouse gas benefits of a conceptual flowsheet of the rock smelting process, using copper ore as an example. Recovery and utilisation of waste heat in the slag (via dry slag granulation) and offgas streams from the smelting step was also included in the study, with the waste heat being utilised either for thermal applications or electricity generation.

  14. Flavor violating Higgs decays

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Harnik, Roni; Kopp, Joachim; Zupan, Jure

    2013-03-01

    We study a class of nonstandard interactions of the newly discovered 125 GeV Higgs-like resonance that are especially interesting probes of new physics: flavor violating Higgs couplings to leptons and quarks. These interaction can arise in many frameworks of new physics at the electroweak scale such as two Higgs doublet models, extra dimensions, or models of compositeness. We rederive constraints on flavor violating Higgs couplings using data on rare decays, electric and magnetic dipole moments, and meson oscillations. We confirm that flavor violating Higgs boson decays to leptons can be sizeable with, e.g., h → τμ and h → τemore » branching ratios of (10%) perfectly allowed by low energy constraints. We estimate the current LHC limits on h → τμ and h → τe decays by recasting existing searches for the SM Higgs in the ττ channel and find that these bounds are already stronger than those from rare tau decays. We also show that these limits can be improved significantly with dedicated searches and we outline a possible search strategy. Flavor violating Higgs decays therefore present an opportunity for discovery of new physics which in some cases may be easier to access experimentally than flavor conserving deviations from the Standard Model Higgs framework.« less

  15. On the decay of outbursts in dwarf novae nad X-ray novae

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cannizzo, John K.

    1994-01-01

    We perform computations using a time-dependent model for the accretion disk limit-cycle mechanism to examine the decay of the optical light following the peak of a dwarf nova outburst. We present the results of a parameter study of the physical input variables which affect the decay rate. In the model, the decay is brought about by a cooling transition front which begins at large radii in the disk and moves inward. The nature of the decay is strongly influenced by the radial dependence of the accretion disk viscosity parameter alpha. To obtain exponential decays for typical dwarf nova parameters, we require alpha proportional to r(exp epsilon(sub 0)), where epsilon(sub 0) approximately = 0.3-0.4. The exact value of epsilon(sub 0) which produces exponential decays depends on factors such as the mass of the accreting star and the inner radius of the accretion disk. Therefore, the observed ubiquity of exponential decays in two different types of systems (dwarf novae and X-ray novae) leads us to believe that alpha is an unnatural scaling for the viscosity. The physics of the cooling transition front must be self-regulating in that the timescale (-parital derivative of lnSigma(r)/partial derivative +)(exp -1) (where Sigma is the surface density) for mass extraction across the front remains constant. This may be consistent with a scaling alpha proportional to (h/r)(exp n), where h is the local disk semi-thickness and n approximately 1-2. As regards the speed of the cooling front, we find v(sub F)(r) proportional to r(exp p), where p approximately 3 at large radii, with an abrupt transition to p approximately 0 at some smaller radius. The r(exp 3) dependence is much steeper than has been found by previous workers and appears to result from the strong variation of specific heat within the cooling front when the front resides at a large radius in the disk. The outflow of disk material across the cooling front causes a significant departure of dln T(sub dff0/dln r from the

  16. MRI differentiation of low-grade from high-grade appendicular chondrosarcoma.

    PubMed

    Douis, Hassan; Singh, Leanne; Saifuddin, Asif

    2014-01-01

    To identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features which differentiate low-grade chondral lesions (atypical cartilaginous tumours/grade 1 chondrosarcoma) from high-grade chondrosarcomas (grade 2, grade 3 and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma) of the major long bones. We identified all patients treated for central atypical cartilaginous tumours and central chondrosarcoma of major long bones (humerus, femur, tibia) over a 13-year period. The MRI studies were assessed for the following features: bone marrow oedema, soft tissue oedema, bone expansion, cortical thickening, cortical destruction, active periostitis, soft tissue mass and tumour length. The MRI-features were compared with the histopathological tumour grading using univariate, multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses. One hundred and seventy-nine tumours were included in this retrospective study. There were 28 atypical cartilaginous tumours, 79 grade 1 chondrosarcomas, 36 grade 2 chondrosarcomas, 13 grade 3 chondrosarcomas and 23 dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that bone expansion (P = 0.001), active periostitis (P = 0.001), soft tissue mass (P < 0.001) and tumour length (P < 0.001) were statistically significant differentiating factors between low-grade and high-grade chondral lesions with an area under the ROC curve of 0.956. On MRI, bone expansion, active periostitis, soft tissue mass and tumour length can reliably differentiate high-grade chondrosarcomas from low-grade chondral lesions of the major long bones. • Accurate differentiation of low-grade from high-grade chondrosarcomas is essential before surgery • MRI can reliably differentiate high-grade from low-grade chondrosarcomas of long bone • Differentiating features are bone expansion, periostitis, soft tissue mass and tumour length • Presence of these four MRI features demonstrated a diagnostic accuracy (AUC) of 95.6 % • The findings

  17. Searching for displaced Higgs boson decays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Csáki, Csaba; Kuflik, Eric; Lombardo, Salvator; Slone, Oren

    2015-10-01

    We study a simplified model of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson decaying to a degenerate pair of scalars which travel a macroscopic distance before decaying to SM particles. This is the leading signal for many well-motivated solutions to the hierarchy problem that do not propose additional light colored particles. Bounds for displaced Higgs boson decays below 10 cm are found by recasting existing tracker searches from Run I. New tracker search strategies, sensitive to the characteristics of these models and similar decays, are proposed with sensitivities projected for Run II at √{s }=13 TeV . With 20 fb-1 of data, we find that Higgs branching ratios down to 2 ×1 0-4 can be probed for centimeter decay lengths.

  18. Ultrafast Molecular Three-Electron Auger Decay.

    PubMed

    Feifel, Raimund; Eland, John H D; Squibb, Richard J; Mucke, Melanie; Zagorodskikh, Sergey; Linusson, Per; Tarantelli, Francesco; Kolorenč, Přemysl; Averbukh, Vitali

    2016-02-19

    Three-electron Auger decay is an exotic and elusive process, in which two outer-shell electrons simultaneously refill an inner-shell double vacancy with emission of a single Auger electron. Such transitions are forbidden by the many-electron selection rules, normally making their decay lifetimes orders of magnitude longer than the few-femtosecond lifetimes of normal (two-electron) Auger decay. Here we present theoretical predictions and direct experimental evidence for a few-femtosecond three-electron Auger decay of a double inner-valence-hole state in CH_{3}F. Our analysis shows that in contrast to double core holes, double inner-valence vacancies in molecules can decay exclusively by this ultrafast three-electron Auger process, and we predict that this phenomenon occurs widely.

  19. Fabrication of thick multilayered steel structure using A516 Grade 70 by multipass friction stir welding †

    DOE PAGES

    Lim, Y. C.; Sanderson, S.; Mahoney, M.; ...

    2016-04-06

    Here, we fabricated a thick-sectioned multilayered steel structure by multipass friction stir welding on A516 Grade 70 steel. Tensile strength of the multilayered samples was comparable to that of the base metal. Failure was located in the base metal when a defect-free sample was tested. Charpy impact toughness was higher in the stir zone and heat affected zone than in the base metal. For higher microhardness values were found in the stir zone and heat affected zone than the base metal due to grain refinement and modification of the microstructures. As a result, improved mechanical properties compared to the basemore » metal were found in the weld zones of friction stir welded A516 Grade 70 steel.« less

  20. Heat Shock Response in Yeast Involves Changes in Both Transcription Rates and mRNA Stabilities

    PubMed Central

    Castells-Roca, Laia; García-Martínez, José; Moreno, Joaquín; Herrero, Enrique; Bellí, Gemma; Pérez-Ortín, José E.

    2011-01-01

    We have analyzed the heat stress response in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by determining mRNA levels and transcription rates for the whole transcriptome after a shift from 25°C to 37°C. Using an established mathematical algorithm, theoretical mRNA decay rates have also been calculated from the experimental data. We have verified the mathematical predictions for selected genes by determining their mRNA decay rates at different times during heat stress response using the regulatable tetO promoter. This study indicates that the yeast response to heat shock is not only due to changes in transcription rates, but also to changes in the mRNA stabilities. mRNA stability is affected in 62% of the yeast genes and it is particularly important in shaping the mRNA profile of the genes belonging to the environmental stress response. In most cases, changes in transcription rates and mRNA stabilities are homodirectional for both parameters, although some interesting cases of antagonist behavior are found. The statistical analysis of gene targets and sequence motifs within the clusters of genes with similar behaviors shows that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulons apparently contribute to the general heat stress response by means of transcriptional factors and RNA binding proteins. PMID:21364882

  1. Evaluation of heat shrinkable films for shelf life, and quality of individually wrapped Royal Delicious apples under ambient conditions.

    PubMed

    Sharma, R R; Pal, R K; Singh, D; Samuel, D V K; Sethi, S; Kumar, A

    2013-06-01

    Effect of heat shrinkable films on shelf life and quality of apples under ambient conditions was studied. Fully mature Royal Delicious apples (starch index 2.5 on 4.0 point scale) were either shrink-wrapped in 3 heat shrinkable films like Cryovac (9 μ), polyolefin (13 μ) and LDPE (25 μ) or were not wrapped at all (control) and then stored at ambient conditions (22-28°C and 52-68% RH). Observations on physiological loss in weight (PLW), decay loss, firmness, juice recovery, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, ascorbic acid content and overall sensory quality were recorded immediately before packing, and after packing at weekly intervals. Best results were obtained with Cryovac (9 μ) films, which exhibited least PLW (2.3%) and decay loss (2.8%) and higher juice recovery (65.2%) and TSS (16.4%) over other films or control. Apples wrapped in Cryovac films also had higher overall sensory acceptability (8.3 out of 9) over other films or control. These studies indicated that apples could be very well packed in Cryovac heat shrinkable films for about 35 days with least PLW or decay loss, and without any adverse effect on fruit quality.

  2. Thermal rectification in mass-graded next-nearest-neighbor Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Romero-Bastida, M.; Miranda-Peña, Jorge-Orlando; López, Juan M.

    2017-03-01

    We study the thermal rectification efficiency, i.e., quantification of asymmetric heat flow, of a one-dimensional mass-graded anharmonic oscillator Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice both with nearest-neighbor (NN) and next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) interactions. The system presents a maximum rectification efficiency for a very precise value of the parameter that controls the coupling strength of the NNN interactions, which also optimizes the rectification figure when its dependence on mass asymmetry and temperature differences is considered. The origin of the enhanced rectification is the asymmetric local heat flow response as the heat reservoirs are swapped when a finely tuned NNN contribution is taken into account. A simple theoretical analysis gives an estimate of the optimal NNN coupling in excellent agreement with our simulation results.

  3. D meson hadronic decays at CLEO-c

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Fan

    The CLEO-c experiment is the best arena in which to study most D meson decay phenomena. Precise measurements of hadronic deecays of D mesons allow us to better constrain parameters of the Standard Model. We study the inclusive decays of D+s mesons, using data collected near the D*+sD-s peak production energy Ecm = 4170 MeV by the CLEO-c detector. We report the inclusive yields of D+s decays to K+X, K-X, K0SX , pi+X, pi-X, pi 0X, etaX, eta'X , φX, oX and f0(980)X, and also decays into pairs of kaons, D+s → KK¯X. Using these measurements, we obtain an overview of D+s decays. The measurements of inclusive decays of D+s mesons indicate that the inclusive o yield, Ds → oX, is substantial. Using the same D*+sD-s data sample, we search for D+s exclusive hadronic decays involving o. We report the first observation of D+s → pi+pi0o decay and first upper limits on D+s → pi+etao, D+s → K+pi0o, D+s → K+o, and D+s → K+etao decays. Our measurement of D+s → pi+o decay is consistent with other experiments. Using the data collected on psi(3770) resonance and near the D*+sD-s peak production energy by the CLEO-c detector, we study the decays of charmed mesons D0, D +, and Ds to pairs of light pseudoscalar mesons P. We report branching fractions of Cabibbo-favored, singly-Cabibbo-suppressed, and doubly-Cabibbo-suppressed decays. We normalize against the Cabibbo-favored D modes, D 0 → K-pi+, D+ → K-pi +pi+, and D+s → K+ K0S. These measurements of D → PP decays allow the testing of flavor symmetry and the extraction of key amplitudes.

  4. 7 CFR 51.1576 - U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large. 51.1576 Section 51.1576 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of...) United States Consumer Standards for Potatoes Grades § 51.1576 U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U...

  5. 7 CFR 51.1575 - U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large. 51.1575 Section 51.1575 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of...) United States Consumer Standards for Potatoes Grades § 51.1575 U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U...

  6. 7 CFR 51.1576 - U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U.S. Grade B Medium to Large; U.S. Grade B Large. 51.1576 Section 51.1576 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of...) United States Consumer Standards for Potatoes Grades § 51.1576 U.S. Grade B Small; U.S. Grade B Medium; U...

  7. 7 CFR 51.1575 - U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U.S. Grade A Medium to Large; U.S. Grade A Large. 51.1575 Section 51.1575 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of...) United States Consumer Standards for Potatoes Grades § 51.1575 U.S. Grade A Small; U.S. Grade A Medium; U...

  8. 7 CFR 810.804 - Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. 810.804... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Mixed Grain Grades and Grade Requirements § 810.804 Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. (a) U.S. Mixed Grain (grade). Mixed grain...

  9. 7 CFR 810.804 - Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. 810.804... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Mixed Grain Grades and Grade Requirements § 810.804 Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. (a) U.S. Mixed Grain (grade). Mixed grain...

  10. 7 CFR 810.804 - Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. 810.804... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Mixed Grain Grades and Grade Requirements § 810.804 Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. (a) U.S. Mixed Grain (grade). Mixed grain...

  11. 7 CFR 810.804 - Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. 810.804... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Mixed Grain Grades and Grade Requirements § 810.804 Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. (a) U.S. Mixed Grain (grade). Mixed grain...

  12. 7 CFR 810.804 - Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. 810.804... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Mixed Grain Grades and Grade Requirements § 810.804 Grades and grade requirements for mixed grain. (a) U.S. Mixed Grain (grade). Mixed grain...

  13. Detection and Assessment of Wood Decay in Glulam Beams Using a Decay Rate Approach: A Review

    Treesearch

    C. Adam Senalik

    2013-01-01

    A glulam beam is subjected to X-ray computer tomography and acousto-ultrasonic measurements to detect and assess wood decay. A glulam beam without visible indications of wood decay was taken from field use. A modified impulse-echo technique is employed as an inspection method requiring access to only one side of the beam. It is observed that decay-rate analysis of the...

  14. A new heat flux model for the Antarctic Peninsula incorporating spatially variable upper crustal radiogenic heat production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Burton-Johnson, A.; Halpin, J. A.; Whittaker, J. M.; Graham, F. S.; Watson, S. J.

    2017-06-01

    A new method for modeling heat flux shows that the upper crust contributes up to 70% of the Antarctic Peninsula's subglacial heat flux and that heat flux values are more variable at smaller spatial resolutions than geophysical methods can resolve. Results indicate a higher heat flux on the east and south of the Peninsula (mean 81 mW m-2) where silicic rocks predominate, than on the west and north (mean 67 mW m-2) where volcanic arc and quartzose sediments are dominant. While the data supports the contribution of heat-producing element-enriched granitic rocks to high heat flux values, sedimentary rocks can be of comparative importance dependent on their provenance and petrography. Models of subglacial heat flux must utilize a heterogeneous upper crust with variable radioactive heat production if they are to accurately predict basal conditions of the ice sheet. Our new methodology and data set facilitate improved numerical model simulations of ice sheet dynamics.Plain Language SummaryAs the climate changes, the Antarctic ice sheet represents the single largest potential source of sea level rise. However, one key parameter controlling how the ice sheet flows remains poorly constrained: the effect of <span class="hlt">heat</span> derived from the Earth's geology on the base of the ice sheet (known as subglacial <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux). Although this may not seem like a lot of <span class="hlt">heat</span>, under slow-flowing ice, this "<span class="hlt">heat</span> flux" can control how well the ice sheet can flow over the rocks and even lead to melting of the ice at its base. Current models for Antarctica's <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux use geophysics to determine how thin the crust is and consequently how easily <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the Earth's mantle can warm the surface. We show here that <span class="hlt">heat</span> produced by radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> within the Earth's crust can have an even greater and much more variable contribution to the subglacial <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux than estimated by these previous models. We present a new methodology allowing this crustal <span class="hlt">heat</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=4+AND+tendencies&pg=4&id=EJ964964','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=4+AND+tendencies&pg=4&id=EJ964964"><span>Students' Self-<span class="hlt">Grading</span>, Professor's <span class="hlt">Grading</span> and Negotiated Final <span class="hlt">Grading</span> at Three University Programmes: Analysis of Reliability and <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Difference Ranges and Tendencies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lopez-Pastor, Victor M.; Fernandez-Balboa, Juan-Miguel; Santos Pastor, Maria L.; Aranda, Antonio Fraile</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>This study was undertaken at three teacher education programmes and was designed to determine the following within each programme: (1) the reliability correlations among students' self-<span class="hlt">grade</span> (SSG), the <span class="hlt">grade</span> granted by the professor (PG) and the negotiated final <span class="hlt">grade</span> (NFG); (2) the range and frequency of <span class="hlt">grade</span> differences between SSG and PG; and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title42-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title42-vol1-sec21-29.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title42-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title42-vol1-sec21-29.pdf"><span>42 CFR 21.29 - Eligibility; <span class="hlt">grades</span> above senior assistant <span class="hlt">grade</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Eligibility; <span class="hlt">grades</span> above senior assistant <span class="hlt">grade</span>... PERSONNEL COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Appointment § 21.29 Eligibility; <span class="hlt">grades</span> above senior assistant <span class="hlt">grade</span>. Every candidate for examination for appointment in <span class="hlt">grades</span> above that of senior assistant shall meet the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46539','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46539"><span>Chapter 3: Wood <span class="hlt">Decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Dan Cullen</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A significant portion of global carbon is sequestered in forest systems. Specialized fungi have evolved to efficiently deconstruct woody plant cell walls. These important <span class="hlt">decay</span> processes generate litter, soil bound humic substances, or carbon dioxide and water. This chapter reviews the enzymology and molecular genetics of wood <span class="hlt">decay</span> fungi, most of which are members of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AIPC..495...74O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AIPC..495...74O"><span>Probing the N˜Z line via β <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oinonen, Markku</p> <p>1999-11-01</p> <p>This contribution reports several beta-<span class="hlt">decay</span> studies performed at ISOLDE On-line Mass Separator at CERN recently for nuclei close to N=Z line. Beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 58Zn provides a possibility to compare Gamow-Teller strength extracted from complementary beta-<span class="hlt">decay</span> studies and charge-exchange reactions. Measurement on beta-<span class="hlt">decay</span> half-life of 70Kr shows importance of experimental information in modelling the path of the astrophysical rp process. <span class="hlt">Decay</span> of 71Kr is an example of a mirror beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> and extends the systematics of these particular <span class="hlt">decays</span> towards highly deformed region close to A=80.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NuPhB.927..368S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NuPhB.927..368S"><span>The <span class="hlt">decay</span> width of stringy hadrons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sonnenschein, Jacob; Weissman, Dorin</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>In this paper we further develop a string model of hadrons by computing their strong <span class="hlt">decay</span> widths and comparing them to experiment. The main <span class="hlt">decay</span> mechanism is that of a string splitting into two strings. The corresponding total <span class="hlt">decay</span> width behaves as Γ = π/2 ATL where T and L are the tension and length of the string and A is a dimensionless universal constant. We show that this result holds for a bosonic string not only in the critical dimension. The partial width of a given <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode is given by Γi / Γ =Φi exp ⁡ (- 2 πCmsep2 / T) where Φi is a phase space factor, msep is the mass of the "quark" and "antiquark" created at the splitting point, and C is a dimensionless coefficient close to unity. Based on the spectra of hadrons we observe that their (modified) Regge trajectories are characterized by a negative intercept. This implies a repulsive Casimir force that gives the string a "zero point length". We fit the theoretical <span class="hlt">decay</span> width to experimental data for mesons on the trajectories of ρ, ω, π, η, K*, ϕ, D, and Ds*, and of the baryons N, Δ, Λ, and Σ. We examine both the linearity in L and the exponential suppression factor. The linearity was found to agree with the data well for mesons but less for baryons. The extracted coefficient for mesons A = 0.095 ± 0.015 is indeed quite universal. The exponential suppression was applied to both strong and radiative <span class="hlt">decays</span>. We discuss the relation with string fragmentation and jet formation. We extract the quark-diquark structure of baryons from their <span class="hlt">decays</span>. A stringy mechanism for Zweig suppressed <span class="hlt">decays</span> of quarkonia is proposed and is shown to reproduce the <span class="hlt">decay</span> width of ϒ states. The dependence of the width on spin and flavor symmetry is discussed. We further apply this model to the <span class="hlt">decays</span> of glueballs and exotic hadrons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol7-sec810-404.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol7-sec810-404.pdf"><span>7 CFR 810.404 - <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for corn.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for corn. 810.404... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Corn Principles Governing the Application of Standards § 810.404 <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for corn. <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Minimum test weight per...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol7-sec810-404.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol7-sec810-404.pdf"><span>7 CFR 810.404 - <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for corn.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for corn. 810.404... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Corn Principles Governing the Application of Standards § 810.404 <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for corn. <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Minimum test weight per...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22598832-kinetic-study-non-thermal-volumetric-plasma-decay-early-afterglow-air-discharge-generated-short-pulse-microwave-laser','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22598832-kinetic-study-non-thermal-volumetric-plasma-decay-early-afterglow-air-discharge-generated-short-pulse-microwave-laser"><span>Kinetic study on non-thermal volumetric plasma <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the early afterglow of air discharge generated by a short pulse microwave or laser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yang, Wei, E-mail: yangwei861212@126.com; Zhou, Qianhong; Dong, Zhiwei</p> <p></p> <p>This paper reports a kinetic study on non-thermal plasma <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the early afterglow of air discharge generated by short pulse microwave or laser. A global self-consistent model is based on the particle balance of complex plasma chemistry, electron energy equation, and gas thermal balance equation. Electron-ion Coulomb collision is included in the steady state Boltzmann equation solver to accurately describe the electron mobility and other transport coefficients. The model is used to simulate the afterglow of microsecond to nanosecond pulse microwave discharge in N{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, and air, as well as femtosecond laser filament discharge in dry andmore » humid air. The simulated results for electron density <span class="hlt">decay</span> are in quantitative agreement with the available measured ones. The evolution of plasma <span class="hlt">decay</span> under an external electric field is also investigated, and the effect of gas <span class="hlt">heating</span> is considered. The underlying mechanism of plasma density <span class="hlt">decay</span> is unveiled through the above kinetic modeling.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JMEP...24.2373A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JMEP...24.2373A"><span>Novel Investigation on Nanostructured Multilayer and Functionally <span class="hlt">Graded</span> Ni-P Electroless Coatings on Stainless Steel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anvari, S. R.; Monirvaghefi, S. M.; Enayati, M. H.</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>In this study, step-wise multilayer and functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> Ni-P coatings were deposited with electroless in which the content of phosphorus and nickel would be changed gradually and step-wise through the thickness of the coatings, respectively. To compare the properties of these coatings with Ni-P single-layer coatings, three types of coatings with different phosphorus contents were deposited. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> treatment of coatings was performed at 400 °C for 1 h. The microstructure and phase transformation of coatings were characterized by SEM/EDS, TEM, and XRD. The mechanical properties of coatings were studied by nanoindentation test. According to the results of the single-layer coatings, low P coating had the maximum hardness and also the ratio of hardness ( H) to elasticity modulus ( E) for the mentioned coating was maximum. In addition, low and medium P coatings had crystalline and semi-crystalline structure, respectively. The mentioned coatings had <111> texture and after <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment their texture didn't change. While high P coating had amorphous structure, after <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment it changed to crystalline structure with <100> texture for nickel grains. Furthermore, the results showed that functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> and step-wise multilayer coatings were deposited successfully by using the same initial bath and changing the temperature and pH during deposition. Nanoindentation test results showed that the hardness of the mentioned coatings changed from 670 Hv near the substrate to 860 Hv near the top surface of coatings. For functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> coating the hardness profile had gradual changes, while step-wise multilayer coating had step-wise hardness profile. After <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment trend of hardness profiles was changed, so that near the substrate, hardness was measured 1400 Hv and changed to 1090 Hv at the top coat.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174404','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174404"><span>Method of predicting mechanical properties of <span class="hlt">decayed</span> wood</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Kelley, Stephen S.</p> <p>2003-07-15</p> <p>A method for determining the mechanical properties of <span class="hlt">decayed</span> wood that has been exposed to wood <span class="hlt">decay</span> microorganisms, comprising: a) illuminating a surface of <span class="hlt">decayed</span> wood that has been exposed to wood <span class="hlt">decay</span> microorganisms with wavelengths from visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectra; b) analyzing the surface of the <span class="hlt">decayed</span> wood using a spectrometric method, the method generating a first spectral data of wavelengths in VIS-NIR spectra region; and c) using a multivariate analysis to predict mechanical properties of <span class="hlt">decayed</span> wood by comparing the first spectral data with a calibration model, the calibration model comprising a second spectrometric method of spectral data of wavelengths in VIS-NIR spectra obtained from a reference <span class="hlt">decay</span> wood, the second spectral data being correlated with a known mechanical property analytical result obtained from the reference <span class="hlt">decayed</span> wood.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.S21B2695M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.S21B2695M"><span>Maturation during short-duration <span class="hlt">heating</span> of carbonaceous material: A new indicator for frictional <span class="hlt">heat</span> during earthquake slip</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mukoyoshi, H.; Hirono, T.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Estimation of frictional <span class="hlt">heating</span> of deep to shallow portion of ancient megasplay fault is important for understanding of weakening mechanism (e.g., thermal pressurization, melt lubrication) of present plate boundary fault and megasplay fault. Raman spectroscopy has recently been used to estimate the thermal metamorphic <span class="hlt">grade</span> of organic matter in sedimentary rocks and applying the method in order to estimate the temperature of fast <span class="hlt">heating</span> like frictional <span class="hlt">heating</span> during earthquake. We performed microstructural observation and Raman spectroscopic analyses of carbonaceous materials (CM) in the fault rock of 2.5-5.5 km depth of an ancient megasplay fault (an out-of sequence thrust in the Shimant accretionary complex) and 1-4 km depth of a thrust in the Emi group, Hota accretionary complex, exposed on Japan. We also conducted <span class="hlt">heating</span> experiment of CM in host rock of these fault with anaerobic condition (range: 100-1300ºC, intervals: 100ºC, rate of temperature increase: 20 K/min) in order to investigate the effects of fast <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate like frictional <span class="hlt">heating</span> during earthquake. Raman spectrum of CM of both fault is similar to spectrum of 400˜600 ºC <span class="hlt">heating</span> experiment of CM. This result shows that both fault had <span class="hlt">heating</span> history of 400˜600 ºC by frictional <span class="hlt">heating</span>. To evaluate the levels of friction, Raman spectrum of the short time maturated experimented CM is useful as calibration tool.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvE..96c2131L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvE..96c2131L"><span>Mathematical and information-geometrical entropy for phenomenological Fourier and non-Fourier <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Shu-Nan; Cao, Bing-Yang</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The second law of thermodynamics governs the direction of <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport, which provides the foundational definition of thermodynamic Clausius entropy. The definitions of entropy are further generalized for the phenomenological <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport models in the frameworks of classical irreversible thermodynamics and extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT). In this work, entropic functions from mathematics are combined with phenomenological <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction models and connected to several information-geometrical conceptions. The long-time behaviors of these mathematical entropies exhibit a wide diversity and physical pictures in phenomenological <span class="hlt">heat</span> conductions, including the tendency to thermal equilibrium, and exponential <span class="hlt">decay</span> of nonequilibrium and asymptotics, which build a bridge between the macroscopic and microscopic modelings. In contrast with the EIT entropies, the mathematical entropies expressed in terms of the internal energy function can avoid singularity paired with nonpositive local absolute temperature caused by non-Fourier <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015568','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70015568"><span>Stick slip, charge separation and <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Lockner, D.A.; Byerlee, J.D.; Kuksenko, V.S.; Ponomarev, A.V.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Measurements of charge separation in rock during stable and unstable deformation give unexpectedly large <span class="hlt">decay</span> times of 50 sec. Time-domain induced polarization experiments on wet and dry rocks give similar <span class="hlt">decay</span> times and suggest that the same <span class="hlt">decay</span> mechanisms operate in the induced polarization response as in the relaxation of charge generated by mechanical deformation. These large <span class="hlt">decay</span> times are attributed to electrochemical processes in the rocks, and they require low-frequency relative permittivity to be very large, in excess of 105. One consequence of large permittivity, and therefore long <span class="hlt">decay</span> times, is that a significant portion of any electrical charge generated during an earthquake can persist for tens or hundreds of seconds. As a result, electrical disturbances associated with earthquakes should be observable for these lengths of time rather than for the milliseconds previously suggested. ?? 1986 Birka??user Verlag.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1060285','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1060285"><span>Development and Validation of a Gas-Fired Residential <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump Water Heater - Final Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Michael Garrabrant; Roger Stout; Paul Glanville</p> <p>2013-01-21</p> <p>For gas-fired residential water <span class="hlt">heating</span>, the U.S. and Canada is predominantly supplied by minimum efficiency storage water heaters with Energy Factors (EF) in the range of 0.59 to 0.62. Higher efficiency and higher cost ($700 - $2,000) options serve about 15% of the market, but still have EFs below 1.0, ranging from 0.65 to 0.95. To develop a new class of water <span class="hlt">heating</span> products that exceeds the traditional limit of thermal efficiency, the project team designed and demonstrated a packaged water heater driven by a gas-fired ammonia-water absorption <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump. This gas-fired <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump water heater can achieve EFs ofmore » 1.3 or higher, at a consumer cost of $2,000 or less. Led by Stone Mountain Technologies Inc. (SMTI), with support from A.O. Smith, the Gas Technology Institute (GTI), and Georgia Tech, the cross-functional team completed research and development tasks including cycle modeling, breadboard evaluation of two cycles and two <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger classes, <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump/storage tank integration, compact solution pump development, combustion system specification, and evaluation of packaged prototype GHPWHs. The <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump system extracts low <span class="hlt">grade</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> from the ambient air and produces high <span class="hlt">grade</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> suitable for <span class="hlt">heating</span> water in a storage tank for domestic use. Product features that include conventional installation practices, standard footprint and reasonable economic payback, position the technology to gain significant market penetration, resulting in a large reduction of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from domestic hot water production.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.800a2026S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.800a2026S"><span>A dispersive treatment of <span class="hlt">decays</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stoffer, Peter; Colangelo, Gilberto; Passemar, Emilie</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">decays</span> have several features of interest: they allow an accurate measurement of ππ-scattering lengths; the <span class="hlt">decay</span> is the best source for the determination of some low-energy constants of chiral perturbation theory (χPT) one form factor of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> is connected to the chiral anomaly. We present the results of our dispersive analysis of <span class="hlt">decays</span>, which provides a resummation of ππ- and Kπ-rescattering effects. The free parameters of the dispersion relation are fitted to the data of the high-statistics experiments E865 and NA48/2. By matching to χPT at NLO and NNLO, we determine the low-energy constants and . In contrast to a pure chiral treatment, the dispersion relation describes the observed curvature of one of the form factors, which we understand as an effect of rescattering beyond NNLO.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1375943','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1375943"><span>Bifurcation physics of magnetic islands and stochasticity explored by <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse propagation studies in toroidal plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ida, K.; Kobayashi, T.; Yoshinuma, M.</p> <p></p> <p>Bifurcation physics of the magnetic island was investigated using the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse propagation technique produced by the modulation of electron cyclotron <span class="hlt">heating</span>. There are two types of bifurcation phenomena observed in LHD and DIII-D. One is a bifurcation of the magnetic topology between nested and stochastic fields. The nested state is characterized by the bi-directional (inward and outward) propagation of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse with slow propagation speed. The stochastic state is characterized by the fast propagation of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse with electron temperature flattening. The other bifurcation is between magnetic island with larger thermal diffusivity and that with smaller thermalmore » diffusivity. The damping of toroidal flow is observed at the O-point of the magnetic island both in helical plasmas and in tokamak plasmas during a mode locking phase with strong flow shears at the boundary of the magnetic island. Associated with the stochastization of the magnetic field, the abrupt damping of toroidal flow is observed in LHD. The toroidal flow shear shows a linear <span class="hlt">decay</span>, while the ion temperature gradient shows an exponential <span class="hlt">decay</span>. Lastly, this observation suggests that this flow damping is due to the change in the non-diffusive term of momentum transport.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1375943-bifurcation-physics-magnetic-islands-stochasticity-explored-heat-pulse-propagation-studies-toroidal-plasmas','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1375943-bifurcation-physics-magnetic-islands-stochasticity-explored-heat-pulse-propagation-studies-toroidal-plasmas"><span>Bifurcation physics of magnetic islands and stochasticity explored by <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse propagation studies in toroidal plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ida, K.; Kobayashi, T.; Yoshinuma, M.; ...</p> <p>2016-07-29</p> <p>Bifurcation physics of the magnetic island was investigated using the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse propagation technique produced by the modulation of electron cyclotron <span class="hlt">heating</span>. There are two types of bifurcation phenomena observed in LHD and DIII-D. One is a bifurcation of the magnetic topology between nested and stochastic fields. The nested state is characterized by the bi-directional (inward and outward) propagation of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse with slow propagation speed. The stochastic state is characterized by the fast propagation of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pulse with electron temperature flattening. The other bifurcation is between magnetic island with larger thermal diffusivity and that with smaller thermalmore » diffusivity. The damping of toroidal flow is observed at the O-point of the magnetic island both in helical plasmas and in tokamak plasmas during a mode locking phase with strong flow shears at the boundary of the magnetic island. Associated with the stochastization of the magnetic field, the abrupt damping of toroidal flow is observed in LHD. The toroidal flow shear shows a linear <span class="hlt">decay</span>, while the ion temperature gradient shows an exponential <span class="hlt">decay</span>. Lastly, this observation suggests that this flow damping is due to the change in the non-diffusive term of momentum transport.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1427648-operational-performance-characterization-heat-pump-system-utilizing-recycled-water-heat-sink-heat-source-cool-dry-climate','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1427648-operational-performance-characterization-heat-pump-system-utilizing-recycled-water-heat-sink-heat-source-cool-dry-climate"><span>Operational Performance Characterization of a <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump System Utilizing Recycled Water as <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Sink and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Source in a Cool and Dry Climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Im, Piljae; Liu, Xiaobing; Henderson, Hugh</p> <p>2018-01-16</p> <p>The wastewater leaving from homes and businesses contains abundant low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> energy, which can be utilized through <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump technology to <span class="hlt">heat</span> and cool buildings. Although the energy in the wastewater has been successfully utilized to condition buildings in other countries, it is barely utilized in the United States, until recently. In 2013, the Denver Museum of Nature & Science at Denver, the United States implemented a unique <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump system that utilizes recycled wastewater from a municipal water system to cool and <span class="hlt">heat</span> its 13,000 m 2 new addition. This recycled water <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump (RWHP) system uses seven 105 kWmore » (cooling capacity) modular water-to-water <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps (WWHPs). Each WWHP uses R-410A refrigerant, has two compressors, and can independently provide either 52 °C hot water (HW) or 7 °C chilled water (CHW) to the building. This paper presents performance characterization results of this RWHP system based on the measured data from December 2014 through August 2015. The annual energy consumption of the RWHP system was also calculated and compared with that of a baseline <span class="hlt">Heating</span>, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system which meets the minimum energy efficiencies that are allowed by American Society of <span class="hlt">Heating</span>, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1-2013. The performance analysis results indicate that recycled water temperatures were favorable for effective operation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps. As a result, on an annual basis, the RWHP system avoided 50% of source energy consumption (resulting from reduction in natural gas consumption although electricity consumption was increased slightly), reduced CO 2 emissions by 41%, and saved 34% in energy costs as compared with the baseline system.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1427648','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1427648"><span>Operational Performance Characterization of a <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump System Utilizing Recycled Water as <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Sink and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Source in a Cool and Dry Climate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Im, Piljae; Liu, Xiaobing; Henderson, Hugh</p> <p></p> <p>The wastewater leaving from homes and businesses contains abundant low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> energy, which can be utilized through <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump technology to <span class="hlt">heat</span> and cool buildings. Although the energy in the wastewater has been successfully utilized to condition buildings in other countries, it is barely utilized in the United States, until recently. In 2013, the Denver Museum of Nature & Science at Denver, the United States implemented a unique <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump system that utilizes recycled wastewater from a municipal water system to cool and <span class="hlt">heat</span> its 13,000 m 2 new addition. This recycled water <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump (RWHP) system uses seven 105 kWmore » (cooling capacity) modular water-to-water <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps (WWHPs). Each WWHP uses R-410A refrigerant, has two compressors, and can independently provide either 52 °C hot water (HW) or 7 °C chilled water (CHW) to the building. This paper presents performance characterization results of this RWHP system based on the measured data from December 2014 through August 2015. The annual energy consumption of the RWHP system was also calculated and compared with that of a baseline <span class="hlt">Heating</span>, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system which meets the minimum energy efficiencies that are allowed by American Society of <span class="hlt">Heating</span>, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1-2013. The performance analysis results indicate that recycled water temperatures were favorable for effective operation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps. As a result, on an annual basis, the RWHP system avoided 50% of source energy consumption (resulting from reduction in natural gas consumption although electricity consumption was increased slightly), reduced CO 2 emissions by 41%, and saved 34% in energy costs as compared with the baseline system.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1129573-exploring-neutrinoless-double-beta-decay-inverted-neutrino-hierarchy-bolometric-detectors','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1129573-exploring-neutrinoless-double-beta-decay-inverted-neutrino-hierarchy-bolometric-detectors"><span>Exploring the Neutrinoless Double Beta <span class="hlt">Decay</span> in the Inverted Neutrino Hierarchy with Bolometric Detectors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Artusa, D. R.; Azzolini, O.; Balata, M.; ...</p> <p>2014-10-15</p> <p>Neutrinoless double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> (0νββ) is one of the most sensitive probes for physics beyond the Standard Model, providing unique information on the nature of neutrinos. In this paper we review the status and outlook for bolometric 0νββ <span class="hlt">decay</span> searches. We summarize recent advances in background suppression demonstrated using bolometers with simultaneous readout of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and light signals. We simulate several configurations of a future CUORE-like bolometer array which would utilize these improvements and present the sensitivity reach of a hypothetical next-generation bolometric0νββ experiment. We demonstrate that a bolometric experiment with the isotope mass of about 1 ton is capablemore » of reaching the sensitivity to the effective Majorana neutrino mass (|m ee|) of order 10-20 meV, thus completely exploring the so-called inverted neutrino mass hierarchy region. In conclusion, we highlight the main challenges and identify priorities for an R&D program addressing them.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22492668-system-decay','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22492668-system-decay"><span>The A=96 system in ββ <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Alanssari, M.</p> <p>2015-10-28</p> <p>Properties of the single and double beta <span class="hlt">decays</span> of {sup 96}Zr are discussed. It is argued that the single beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> can provide important information to the neutrinoless variant of β β <span class="hlt">decay</span>, as it provides a test of theories aimed at calculating the nuclear matrix elements (NME) for both <span class="hlt">decays</span>. An experimental extraction of the NME for the single β <span class="hlt">decay</span> requires a measurement of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> Q-value and half-life. It is shown that the present Q-value of the {sup 96}Zr single β <span class="hlt">decay</span> is insufficiently well known and requires a re-measurement, preferentially using high-precision ion traps. We alsomore » describe the geochemical method to determine the total half-life of {sup 96}Zr, from which to set a limit on the single β -<span class="hlt">decay</span> half-life at a level of ≈15 × 10{sup 19}yr. Further, the geochemical analysis will allow setting a limit on a rather exotic quadruple β <span class="hlt">decay</span> of {sup 96}Zr.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/330646','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/330646"><span>QCD in heavy quark production and <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wiss, J.</p> <p>1997-06-01</p> <p>The author discusses how QCD is used to understand the physics of heavy quark production and <span class="hlt">decay</span> dynamics. His discussion of production dynamics primarily concentrates on charm photoproduction data which are compared to perturbative QCD calculations which incorporate fragmentation effects. He begins his discussion of heavy quark <span class="hlt">decay</span> by reviewing data on charm and beauty lifetimes. Present data on fully leptonic and semileptonic charm <span class="hlt">decay</span> are then reviewed. Measurements of the hadronic weak current form factors are compared to the nonperturbative QCD-based predictions of Lattice Gauge Theories. He next discusses polarization phenomena present in charmed baryon <span class="hlt">decay</span>. Heavy Quark Effectivemore » Theory predicts that the daughter baryon will recoil from the charmed parent with nearly 100% left-handed polarization, which is in excellent agreement with present data. He concludes by discussing nonleptonic charm <span class="hlt">decay</span> which is traditionally analyzed in a factorization framework applicable to two-body and quasi-two-body nonleptonic <span class="hlt">decays</span>. This discussion emphasizes the important role of final state interactions in influencing both the observed <span class="hlt">decay</span> width of various two-body final states as well as modifying the interference between interfering resonance channels which contribute to specific multibody <span class="hlt">decays</span>. 50 refs., 77 figs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/3947','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/3947"><span>Hardwood log <span class="hlt">grades</span> and lumber <span class="hlt">grade</span> yields for factory lumber logs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Leland F. Hanks; Glenn L. Gammon; Robert L. Brisbin; Everette D. Rast</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The USDA Forest Service Standard <span class="hlt">Grades</span> for Hardwood Factory Lumber Logs are described, and lumber <span class="hlt">grade</span> yields for 16 species and 2 species groups are presented by log <span class="hlt">grade</span> and log diameter. The <span class="hlt">grades</span> enable foresters, log buyers, and log sellers to select and <span class="hlt">grade</span> those log suitable for conversion into standard factory <span class="hlt">grade</span> lumber. By using the apropriate lumber...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800040420&hterms=induction+melting&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dinduction%2Bmelting','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800040420&hterms=induction+melting&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dinduction%2Bmelting"><span>Primordial <span class="hlt">heating</span> of asteroidal parent bodies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sonett, C. P.; Reynolds, R. T.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Most meteorites show evidence of thermal processing either because of metamorphic changes or as a result of melting and differentiation. Proposed mechanisms for supplying this energy generally rely upon short-lived radioisotopes or electrical induction, though accretion is sometimes mentioned, and more exotic models have been discussed. Interest in isotopic <span class="hlt">heating</span> has been heightened by the discovery of Al-26 in Allende inclusions and also by the proposal that a lunar core and dynamo resulted from the radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> of superheavy elements during the early solar system. Electrical induction as a <span class="hlt">heat</span> source can be scaled to a broad range of solar system conditions, but corroborative evidence for these conditions is inconclusive. The accretion mechanism is probably not viable for the asteroidal and meteorite parent bodies, because the high kinetic energy requirement is inconsistent with the formation of the objects and their regoliths in the presence of a weak gravitational field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865551','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865551"><span>Antireflective <span class="hlt">graded</span> index silica coating, method for making</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Yoldas, Bulent E.; Partlow, Deborah P.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Antireflective silica coating for vitreous material is substantially non-reflecting over a wide band of radiations. This is achieved by providing the coating with a <span class="hlt">graded</span> degree of porosity which <span class="hlt">grades</span> the index of refraction between that of air and the vitreous material of the substrate. To prepare the coating, there is first prepared a silicon-alkoxide-based coating solution of particular polymer structure produced by a controlled proportion of water to alkoxide and a controlled concentration of alkoxide to solution, along with a small amount of catalyst. The primary solvent is alcohol and the solution is polymerized and hydrolized under controlled conditions prior to use. The prepared solution is applied as a film to the vitreous substrate and rapidly dried. It is thereafter <span class="hlt">heated</span> under controlled conditions to volatilize the hydroxyl radicals and organics therefrom and then to produce a suitable pore morphology in the residual porous silica layer. The silica layer is then etched in order to enlarge the pores in a <span class="hlt">graded</span> fashion, with the largest of the pores remaining being sufficiently small that radiations to be passed through the substrate are not significantly scattered. For use with quartz substrates, extremely durable coatings which display only 0.1% reflectivity have been prepared.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358199','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358199"><span>Tritium <span class="hlt">Decay</span> Helium-3 Effects in Tungsten</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Shimada, M.; Merrill, B. J.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>A critical challenge for long-term operation of ITER and beyond to a Demonstration reactor (DEMO) and future fusion reactor will be the development of plasma-facing components (PFCs) that demonstrate erosion resistance to steady-state/transient <span class="hlt">heat</span> fluxes and intense neutral/ion particle fluxes under the extreme fusion nuclear environment, while at the same time minimizing in-vessel tritium inventories and permeation fluxes into the PFC’s coolant. Tritium will diffuse in bulk tungsten at elevated temperatures, and can be trapped in radiation-induced trap site (up to 1 at. % T/W) in tungsten [1,2]. Tritium <span class="hlt">decay</span> into helium-3 may also play a major role in microstructuralmore » evolution (e.g. helium embrittlement) in tungsten due to relatively low helium-4 production (e.g. He/dpa ratio of 0.4-0.7 appm [3]) in tungsten. Tritium-<span class="hlt">decay</span> helium-3 effect on tungsten is hardly understood, and its database is very limited. Two tungsten samples (99.99 at. % purity from A.L.M.T. Co., Japan) were exposed to high flux (ion flux of 1.0x1022 m-2s-1 and ion fluence of 1.0x1026 m-2) 0.5%T2/D2 plasma at two different temperatures (200, and 500°C) in Tritium Plasma Experiment (TPE) at Idaho National Laboratory. Tritium implanted samples were stored at ambient temperature in air for more than 3 years to investigate tritium <span class="hlt">decay</span> helium-3 effect in tungsten. The tritium distributions on plasma-exposed was monitored by a tritium imaging plate technique during storage period [4]. Thermal desorption spectroscopy was performed with a ramp rate of 10°C/min up to 900°C to outgas residual deuterium and tritium but keep helium-3 in tungsten. These helium-3 implanted samples were exposed to deuterium plasma in TPE to investigate helium-3 effect on deuterium behavior in tungsten. The results show that tritium surface concentration in 200°C sample decreased to 30 %, but tritium surface concentration in 500°C sample did not alter over the 3 years storage period, indicating possible</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21020253-decay-constants-radiative-decays-heavy-mesons-light-front-quark-model','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21020253-decay-constants-radiative-decays-heavy-mesons-light-front-quark-model"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> constants and radiative <span class="hlt">decays</span> of heavy mesons in light-front quark model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Choi, Ho-Meoyng</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>We investigate the magnetic dipole <span class="hlt">decays</span> V{yields}P{gamma} of various heavy-flavored mesons such as (D,D*,D{sub s},D{sub s}*,{eta}{sub c},J/{psi}) and (B,B*,B{sub s},B{sub s}*,{eta}{sub b},{upsilon}) using the light-front quark model constrained by the variational principle for the QCD-motivated effective Hamiltonian. The momentum dependent form factors F{sub VP}(q{sup 2}) for V{yields}P{gamma}* <span class="hlt">decays</span> are obtained in the q{sup +}=0 frame and then analytically continued to the timelike region by changing q{sub perpendicular} to iq{sub perpendicular} in the form factors. The coupling constant g{sub VP{gamma}} for real photon case is then obtained in the limit as q{sup 2}{yields}0, i.e. g{sub VP{gamma}}=F{sub VP}(q{sup 2}=0). The weak decaymore » constants of heavy pseudoscalar and vector mesons are also calculated. Our numerical results for the <span class="hlt">decay</span> constants and radiative <span class="hlt">decay</span> widths for the heavy-flavored mesons are overall in good agreement with the available experimental data as well as other theoretical model calculations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7322057','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7322057"><span>Photon activation-15O <span class="hlt">decay</span> studies of tumor blood flow.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ten Haken, R K; Nussbaum, G H; Emami, B; Hughes, W L</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>A direct, noninvasive method for measuring absolute values of specific capillary blood flow in living tissue is described. The method is based on the photon activation, in situ, of tissue elements and the measurement of the subsequent <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the positron activity induced, employing coincidence detection of the photon pairs produced in positron annihilation. Analysis of the time-dependent coincidence spectrum reveals the contribution to the total signal from the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 15O, from which the specific capillary blood flow in the imaged, activated volume is ultimately determined. By virtue of its introduction of the radioisotope of interest (15O) directly and uniformly into the tissue volume under investigation, the method described permits both the nonperfused and well perfused fractions of an activated volume to be estimated and hence, the average specific blood flow within imaged tumor volumes to be computed. The model employed to describe and analyze the data is discussed in detail. Results of application of the technique to measurement of specific blood flow in rhabdomyosarcoma tumors grown in WAG/Rij rats are presented and discussed. The method is shown to be reliable and well suited to studies designed to determined the effects of various agents, such as <span class="hlt">heat</span>, radiation and drugs, on tumor blood flow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790008187','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790008187"><span>Silicon halide-alkali metal flames as a source of solar <span class="hlt">grade</span> silicon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Olsen, D. B.; Miller, W. J.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The feasibility of using alkali metal-silicon halide diffusion flames to produce solar-<span class="hlt">grade</span> silicon in large quantities and at low cost is demonstrated. Prior work shows that these flames are stable and that relatively high purity silicon can be produced using Na + SiCl4 flames. Silicon of similar purity is obtained from Na + SiF4 flames although yields are lower and product separation and collection are less thermochemically favored. Continuous separation of silicon from the byproduct alkali salt was demonstrated in a <span class="hlt">heated</span> graphite reactor. The process was scaled up to reduce <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses and to produce larger samples of silicon. Reagent delivery systems, scaled by a factor of 25, were built and operated at a production rate of 0.5 kg Si/h. Very rapid reactor <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates are observed with wall temperatures reaching greater than 2000 K. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> release parameters were measured using a cooled stainless steel reactor tube. A new reactor was designed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=internet+AND+24%2f7&pg=2&id=ED525870','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=internet+AND+24%2f7&pg=2&id=ED525870"><span>On-Demand <span class="hlt">Grades</span>: The Effect of Online <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Book Access on Student Mastery and Performance Goal Orientations, <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Orientation, Academic Self Efficacy, and <span class="hlt">Grades</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Seldow, Adam Lowell</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>With the widespread growth of broadband Internet access, teachers, and in many cases, schools and school districts are transitioning from traditional paper-based <span class="hlt">grade</span> books to student accessible online (Web-based) <span class="hlt">grade</span> books. Online <span class="hlt">grade</span> books offer students 24/7, on demand access to <span class="hlt">grades</span> and various other student data, and have the potential…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RaPC...81..370R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RaPC...81..370R"><span>Beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the fission product 125Sb and a new complete evaluation of absolute gamma ray transition intensities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rajput, M. U.; Ali, N.; Hussain, S.; Mujahid, S. A.; MacMahon, D.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The radionuclide 125Sb is a long-lived fission product, which <span class="hlt">decays</span> to 125Te by negative beta emission with a half-life of 1008 day. The beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> is followed by the emission of several gamma radiations, ranging from low to medium energy, that can suitably be used for high-resolution detector calibrations, <span class="hlt">decay</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> calculations and in many other applications. In this work, the beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 125Sb has been studied in detail. The complete published experimental data of relative gamma ray intensities in the beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the radionuclide 125Sb has been compiled. The consistency analysis was performed and discrepancies found at several gamma ray energies. Evaluation of the discrepant data was carried out using Normalized Residual and RAJEVAL methods. The <span class="hlt">decay</span> scheme balance was carried out using beta branching ratios, internal conversion coefficients, populating and depopulating gamma transitions to 125Te levels. The work has resulted in the consistent conversion factor equal to 29.59(13) %, and determined a new evaluated set of the absolute gamma ray emission probabilities. The work has also shown 22.99% of the delayed intensity fraction as outgoing from the 58 d isomeric 144 keV energy level and 77.01% of the prompt intensity fraction reaching to the ground state from the other excited states. The results are discussed and compared with previous evaluations. The present work includes additional experimental data sets which were not included in the previous evaluations. A new set of recommended relative and absolute gamma ray emission probabilities is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014318','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014318"><span>Building <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling applications thermal energy storage program overview</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eissenberg, D. M.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Thermal energy storage technology and development of building <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling applications in the residential and commercial sectors is outlined. Three elements are identified to undergo an applications assessment, technology development, and demonstration. Emphasis is given to utility load management thermal energy system application where the stress is on the 'customer side of the meter'. Thermal storage subsystems for space conditioning and conservation means of increased thermal mass within the building envelope and by means of low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery are covered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT........64C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT........64C"><span>The development of a lower <span class="hlt">heat</span> concrete mixture for mass concrete placement conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Crowley, Aaron Martin</p> <p></p> <p>The hydration process of portland cement (PC) is exothermic; therefore, the thermal behavior of concrete has to be taken into consideration when placed in a large mass. The research presented involves a Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) Class S (seal) portland cement concrete (PCC) which is used as a foundation seal during construction of bridge abutments and piers. A Class S PCC mixture meeting the 2006 TDOT specifications has the potential to generate excessive amounts of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and induce thermal cracking in structural elements. The purpose of the study is to reduce the <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation of a Class S PCC while maintaining adequate values of other engineering properties. Due to the possibility of underwater placement of a Class S PCC, reduction in the total cementing materials content were not considered in this study. Five candidate mixtures were used to compare against a typical TDOT Class S mixture. The five candidate Class S-LH (lower <span class="hlt">heat</span>) mixtures were 45, 60, 70% <span class="hlt">Grade</span> 120 slag substitutions for PC as well as two ternary mixtures containing <span class="hlt">Grade</span> 120 slag and Class F fly ash. Ten batches of each mixture were produced. All plastic and hardened properties met TDOT 604.03 Class S requirements for analytical comparison. The 70% <span class="hlt">Grade</span> 120 slag Class S-LH mixture was analytically superior for all hardened properties and at reducing <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation. Since the 70% <span class="hlt">Grade</span> 120 slag Class S-LH mixture proved to be superior in laboratory conditions; it was selected for further evaluation in the field testing portion of the research. The 70% <span class="hlt">Grade</span> 120 slag mixture produced a significantly lower maximum temperature as well as a significantly lower maximum differential temperature than a TDOT Class S mixture with 20% Class C fly ash in side-by-side 18 cubic yard cube field placements. Research results and literature recommend that engineers should decide when mass concrete conditions are appropriate during construction practices. When mass concrete conditions are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol7-sec810-1804.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol7-sec810-1804.pdf"><span>7 CFR 810.1804 - <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for sunflower seed.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for sunflower seed. 810... AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Sunflower Seed Principles Governing the Application of Standards § 810.1804 <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for sunflower seed. <span class="hlt">Grade</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol7-sec810-1804.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol7-sec810-1804.pdf"><span>7 CFR 810.1804 - <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for sunflower seed.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for sunflower seed. 810... AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Sunflower Seed Principles Governing the Application of Standards § 810.1804 <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements for sunflower seed. <span class="hlt">Grade</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/482483-heat-trace-schroedinger-operators','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/482483-heat-trace-schroedinger-operators"><span>On the <span class="hlt">heat</span> trace of Schroedinger operators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Banuelos, R.; Sa Barreto, A.</p> <p>1995-12-31</p> <p>Trace formulae for <span class="hlt">heat</span> kernels of Schroedinger operators have been widely studied in connection with spectral and scattering theory. They have been used to obtain information about a potential from its spectrum, or from its scattering data, and vice-versa. Using elementary Fourier transform methods we obtain a formula for the general coefficient in the asymptotic expansion of the trace of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> kernel of the Schroedinger operator {minus}{Delta} + V, as t {down_arrow} 0, with V {element_of} S(R{sup n}), the class of functions with rapid <span class="hlt">decay</span> at infinity. In dimension n = 1 a recurrent formula for the general coefficientmore » in the expansion is obtained in [6]. However the KdV methods used there do not seem to generalize to higher dimension. Using the formula of [6] and the symmetry of some integrals, Y. Colin de Verdiere has computed the first four coefficients for potentials in three space dimensions. Also in [1] a different method is used to compute <span class="hlt">heat</span> coefficients for differential operators on manifolds. 14 refs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvC..96e4327A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvC..96e4327A"><span>Detailed α -<span class="hlt">decay</span> study of 180Tl</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andel, B.; Andreyev, A. N.; Antalic, S.; Barzakh, A.; Bree, N.; Cocolios, T. E.; Comas, V. F.; Diriken, J.; Elseviers, J.; Fedorov, D. V.; Fedosseev, V. N.; Franchoo, S.; Ghys, L.; Heredia, J. A.; Huyse, M.; Ivanov, O.; Köster, U.; Liberati, V.; Marsh, B. A.; Nishio, K.; Page, R. D.; Patronis, N.; Seliverstov, M. D.; Tsekhanovich, I.; Van den Bergh, P.; Van De Walle, J.; Van Duppen, P.; Venhart, M.; Vermote, S.; Veselský, M.; Wagemans, C.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>A detailed α -<span class="hlt">decay</span> spectroscopy study of 180Tl has been performed at ISOLDE (CERN). Z -selective ionization by the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) coupled to mass separation provided a high-purity beam of 180Tl. Fine-structure α <span class="hlt">decays</span> to excited levels in the daughter 176Au were identified and an α -<span class="hlt">decay</span> scheme of 180Tl was constructed based on an analysis of α -γ and α -γ -γ coincidences. Multipolarities of several γ -ray transitions deexciting levels in 176Au were determined. Based on the analysis of reduced α -<span class="hlt">decay</span> widths, it was found that all α <span class="hlt">decays</span> are hindered, which signifies a change of configuration between the parent and all daughter states.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://medlineplus.gov/toothdecay.html','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://medlineplus.gov/toothdecay.html"><span>Tooth <span class="hlt">Decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... cavity. Your dentist calls it tooth <span class="hlt">decay</span> or dental caries. They're all names for a hole ... or abscess. To help prevent cavities Brush your teeth every day with a fluoride toothpaste Clean between ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=standard+AND+model+AND+physics&id=EJ1124208','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=standard+AND+model+AND+physics&id=EJ1124208"><span><span class="hlt">Grading</span> for Understanding--Standards-Based <span class="hlt">Grading</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Zimmerman, Todd</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Standards-based <span class="hlt">grading</span> (SBG), sometimes called learning objectives-based assessment (LOBA), is an assessment model that relies on students demonstrating mastery of learning objectives (sometimes referred to as standards). The goal of this <span class="hlt">grading</span> system is to focus students on mastering learning objectives rather than on accumulating points. I…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770021358','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770021358"><span>High purity silica reflective <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Nachtscheim, P. R.; Blome, J. C.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>A hyperpure vitreous silica material is being developed for use as a reflective and ablative <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield for planetary entry. Various purity <span class="hlt">grades</span> and forms of raw materials were evaluated along with various processing methods. Slip casting of high purity grain was selected as the best processing method, resulting in a highly reflective material in the wavelength bands of interest (the visible and ultraviolet regions). The selected material was characterized with respect to optical, mechanical and physical properties using a limited number of specimens. The process has been scaled up to produce a one-half scale <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield (18 in. dia.) (45.72 cm) for a Jupiter entry vehicle. This work is now being extended to improve the structural safety factor of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> shield by making hyperpure silica material tougher through the addition of silica fibers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750025484','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750025484"><span>Ring current proton <span class="hlt">decay</span> by charge exchange</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smith, P. H.; Hoffman, R. A.; Fritz, T.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>Explorer 45 measurements during the recovery phase of a moderate magnetic storm have confirmed that the charge exchange <span class="hlt">decay</span> mechanism can account for the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the storm-time proton ring current. Data from the moderate magnetic storm of 24 February 1972 was selected for study since a symmetrical ring current had developed and effects due to asymmetric ring current losses could be eliminated. It was found that after the initial rapid <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the proton flux, the equatorially mirroring protons in the energy range 5 to 30 keV <span class="hlt">decayed</span> throughout the L-value range of 3.5 to 5.0 at the charge exchange <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate calculated by Liemohn. After several days of <span class="hlt">decay</span>, the proton fluxes reached a lower limit where an apparent equilibrium was maintained, between weak particle source mechanisms and the loss mechanisms, until fresh protons were injected into the ring current region during substorms. While other proton loss mechanisms may also be operating, the results indicate that charge exchange can entirely account for the storm-time proton ring current <span class="hlt">decay</span>, and that this mechanism must be considered in all studies involving the loss of proton ring current particles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.653a2030K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JPhCS.653a2030K"><span>Upgrading of consumer characteristics of granulated solid fuel from mixture of low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> coal and biomass</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuzmina, J. S.; Milovanov, O. Yu; Sinelshchikov, V. A.; Sytchev, G. A.; Zaichenko, V. M.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Effect of torrefaction on consumer characteristics of fuel pellets made of low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> and agricultural waste is shown. Data on the volatile content, ash content, calorific value and hygroscopicity for initial pellets and pellets, <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated at various temperatures are presented. The experimental study of the combustion process of initial and <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated pellets showed that torrefaction of pellets leads to a decreasing of the ignition temperature and an increasing of the efficiency of boiler plant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED303367.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED303367.pdf"><span>The Differentiation of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Temperature: An Evaluation of the Effect of Microcomputer Models on Students' Misconceptions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Wiser, Marianne; Kipman, Daphna</p> <p></p> <p>This paper describes the characterization of a student's framework of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and temperature, and the development of a microcomputer-based laboratories (MBL) intervention program for <span class="hlt">grade</span> 9 and <span class="hlt">grade</span> ll students. The report presents the results of classroom study, including interview questions and answers and pretest/posttest, from experimental and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981rddt.book.....K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981rddt.book.....K"><span>Radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> data tables: A handbook of <span class="hlt">decay</span> data for application to radiation dosimetry and radiological assessments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kocher, D. C.; Smith, J. S.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Decay</span> data are presented for approximately 500 radionuclides including those occurring naturally in the environment, those of potential importance in routine or accidental releases from the nuclear fuel cycle, those of current interest in nuclear medicine and fusion reactor technology, and some of those of interest to Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection for the estimation of annual limits on intake via inhalation and ingestion for occupationally exposed individuals. Physical processes involved in radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> which produce the different types of radiation observed, methods used to prepare the <span class="hlt">decay</span> data sets for each radionuclide in the format of the computerized evaluated nuclear structure data file, the tables of radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> data, and the computer code MEDLIST used to produce the tables are described. Applications of the data to problems of interest in radiation dosimetry and radiological assessments are considered as well as the calculations of the activity of a daughter radionuclide relative to the activity of its parent in a radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> chain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED060054.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED060054.pdf"><span>Student Attitudes Toward <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and <span class="hlt">Grading</span> Practices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Stallings, William M.; Leslie, Elwood K.</p> <p></p> <p>The result of a study designed to assess student attitudes toward <span class="hlt">grading</span> practices are discussed. Questionnaire responses of 3439 students in three institutions were tabulated. Responses were generally negative toward conventional <span class="hlt">grading</span> systems. (MS)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvD..93k3011P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvD..93k3011P"><span>Enhanced tau neutrino appearance through invisible <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pagliaroli, Giulia; Di Marco, Natalia; Mannarelli, Massimo</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">decay</span> of neutrino mass eigenstates leads to a change of the conversion and survival probability of neutrino flavor eigenstates. Exploiting the recent results released by the long-baseline OPERA experiment we perform the statistical investigation of the neutrino invisible <span class="hlt">decay</span> hypothesis in the νμ→ντ appearance channel. We find that the neutrino <span class="hlt">decay</span> provides an enhancement of the expected tau appearance signal with respect to the standard oscillation scenario for the long-baseline OPERA experiment. The increase of the νμ→ντ conversion probability by the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of one of the mass eigenstates is due to a reduction of the "destructive interference" among the different massive neutrino components. Despite data showing a very mild preference for invisible <span class="hlt">decays</span> with respect to the oscillations only hypothesis, we provide an upper limit for the neutrino <span class="hlt">decay</span> lifetime in this channel of τ3/m3≳1.3 ×10-13 s /eV at the 90% confidence level.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol7-sec810-405.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol7-sec810-405.pdf"><span>7 CFR 810.405 - Special <span class="hlt">grades</span> and special <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Corn Special <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and Special <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Requirements § 810.405 Special <span class="hlt">grades</span> and special <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements. (a) Flint corn. Corn that consists of 95 percent or more of flint corn. (b) Flint and dent corn. Corn that consists of a mixture of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol7-sec810-405.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol7/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol7-sec810-405.pdf"><span>7 CFR 810.405 - Special <span class="hlt">grades</span> and special <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... OFFICIAL UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRAIN United States Standards for Corn Special <span class="hlt">Grades</span> and Special <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Requirements § 810.405 Special <span class="hlt">grades</span> and special <span class="hlt">grade</span> requirements. (a) Flint corn. Corn that consists of 95 percent or more of flint corn. (b) Flint and dent corn. Corn that consists of a mixture of...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.806...70F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NIMPA.806...70F"><span>Search for the β <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 96Zr</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Finch, S. W.; Tornow, W.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>96Zr and 48Ca are unique among double-β <span class="hlt">decay</span> candidate nuclides in that they may also undergo single-β <span class="hlt">decay</span>. In the case of 96Zr, the single-β <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode is dominated by the fourth-forbidden β <span class="hlt">decay</span> with a 119 keV Q value. A search was conducted for the β <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 96Zr by observing the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the daughter 96Nb nucleus. Two coaxial high-purity germanium detectors were used in coincidence to detect the γ-ray cascade produced by the daughter nucleus as it de-excited to the ground state. The experiment was carried out at the Kimballton Underground Research Facility and produced 685.7 days of data with a 17.91 g enriched sample. No counts were seen above background, producing a limit of T1/2 > 2.4 ×1019 year. This is the first experimental search that is able to discern between the β <span class="hlt">decay</span> and the double-β <span class="hlt">decay</span> to an excited state of 96Zr.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1319766','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1319766"><span>Pioneering <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump Project</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Aschliman, Dave; Lubbehusen, Mike</p> <p>2015-06-30</p> <p>This project was initiated at a time when ground coupled <span class="hlt">heat</span> pump systems in this region were limited in size and quantity. There were economic pressures with costs for natural gas and electric utilities that had many organizations considering ground coupled <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps; The research has added to the understanding of how ground temperatures fluctuate seasonally and how this affects the performance and operation of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps. This was done by using a series of temperature sensors buried within the middle of one of the vertical bore fields with sensors located at various depths below <span class="hlt">grade</span>. Trending of themore » data showed that there is a lag in ground temperature with respect to air temperatures in the shoulder months, however as full cooling and <span class="hlt">heating</span> season arrives, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> rejection and <span class="hlt">heat</span> extraction from the ground has a significant effect on the ground temps; Additionally it is better understood that while a large community geothermal bore field serving multiple buildings does provide a convenient central plant to use, it introduces complexity of not being able to easily model and predict how each building will contribute to the loads in real time. Additional controllers and programming were added to provide more insight into this real time load profile and allow for intelligent shedding of load via a dry cooler during cool nights in lieu of rejecting to the ground loop. This serves as a means to ‘condition’ the ground loop and mitigate thermal creep of the field, as is typically observed; and It has been observed when compared to traditional <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling equipment, there is still a cost premium to use ground source <span class="hlt">heat</span> pumps that is driven mostly by the cost for vertical bore holes. Horizontal loop systems are less costly to install, but do not perform as well in this climate zone for <span class="hlt">heating</span> mode« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........91C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........91C"><span>Fabrication and characterization of compositionally-<span class="hlt">graded</span> shape memory alloy films</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cole, Daniel Paul</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The miniaturization of engineering devices has created interest in new actuation methods capable of high power and high frequency responses. Shape memory alloy (SMA) thin films have exhibited one of the highest power densities of any material used in these actuation schemes. However, they currently require complex thermomechanical training in order to be actuated, which becomes more difficult as devices approach the microscale. Previous studies have indicated that SMA films with compositional gradients have the added feature of an intrinsic two-way shape memory effect (SME). In this work, a new method for processing and characterizing compositionally-<span class="hlt">graded</span> transformable thin films is presented. <span class="hlt">Graded</span> NiTi SMA films were processed using magnetron sputtering. Single and multilayer <span class="hlt">graded</span> films were deposited onto bulk NiTi substrates and single crystal silicon substrates, respectively. Annealing the films naturally produced a compositional gradient across the film-substrate or film-film interface through diffusion modification. The films were directly characterized using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. The compositional gradient was indirectly characterized by measuring the variation in mechanical properties as a function of depth using nanoindentation. The similarity of the indentation response on <span class="hlt">graded</span> films of varying thickness was used to estimate the width of the <span class="hlt">graded</span> interface. The nanoindentation response was predicted using an analysis that accounted for the transformation effects occurring under the tip during loading and the variation of elastic modulus resulting from the compositional gradient. The recovery mechanisms of the <span class="hlt">graded</span> films are compared with homogeneous films using a new nanoscale technique. An AFM integrated with a <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling stage was used to observe the recovery of inelastic deformation caused through nanoindentation. The <span class="hlt">graded</span> films exhibited a two-way SME</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CMT...tmp...46Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CMT...tmp...46Z"><span>Wave propagation model of <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction and group speed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Long; Zhang, Xiaomin; Peng, Song</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>In view of the finite relaxation model of non-Fourier's law, the Cattaneo and Vernotte (CV) model and Fourier's law are presented in this work for comparing wave propagation modes. Independent variable translation is applied to solve the partial differential equation. Results show that the general form of the time spatial distribution of temperature for the three media comprises two solutions: those corresponding to the positive and negative logarithmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates. The former shows that a group of <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves whose spatial distribution follows the exponential function law propagates at a group speed; the speed of propagation is related to the logarithmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate. The total speed of all the possible <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves can be combined to form the group speed of the wave propagation. The latter indicates that the spatial distribution of temperature, which follows the exponential function law, <span class="hlt">decays</span> with time. These features show that propagation accelerates when <span class="hlt">heated</span> and decelerates when cooled. For the model media that follow Fourier's law and correspond to the positive <span class="hlt">heat</span> rate of <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction, the propagation mode is also considered the propagation of a group of <span class="hlt">heat</span> waves because the group speed has no upper bound. For the finite relaxation model with non-Fourier media, the interval of group speed is bounded and the maximum speed can be obtained when the logarithmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate is exactly the reciprocal of relaxation time. And for the CV model with a non-Fourier medium, the interval of group speed is also bounded and the maximum value can be obtained when the logarithmic <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate is infinite.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5512965','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5512965"><span>Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Textile <span class="hlt">Heating</span> Fabric Based on Silver Coated Polymeric Yarn</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hamdani, Syed Talha Ali; Potluri, Prasad; Fernando, Anura</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a study conducted on the thermo-mechanical properties of knitted structures, the methods of manufacture, effect of contact pressure at the structural binding points, on the degree of <span class="hlt">heating</span>. The test results also present the level of <span class="hlt">heating</span> produced as a function of the separation between the supply terminals. The study further investigates the rate of <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling of the knitted structures. The work also presents the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of <span class="hlt">heating</span> properties of the yarn due to overheating. Thermal images were taken to study the <span class="hlt">heat</span> distribution over the surface of the knitted fabric. A tensile tester having constant rate of extension was used to stretch the fabric. The behavior of temperature profile of stretched fabric was observed. A comparison of <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation by plain, rib and interlock structures was studied. It was observed from the series of experiments that there is a minimum threshold force of contact at binding points of a knitted structure is required to pass the electricity. Once this force is achieved, stretching the fabric does not affect the amount of <span class="hlt">heat</span> produced. PMID:28809358</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790049790&hterms=sweat&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dsweat','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790049790&hterms=sweat&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dsweat"><span>Sweating responses during <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation and moderate conditioning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Shvartz, E.; Bhattacharya, A.; Sperinde, S. J.; Brock, P. J.; Sciaraffa, D.; Van Beaumont, W.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Experiments were conducted on ten young male subjects to determine sweating onset, distribution, and patterns as well as the relationships of these responses to body temperature during <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation and moderate conditioning performed in temperate (24 C) conditions. The subjects are randomly assigned to two groups of five subjects each. The experimental period consisted of eight successive days of either <span class="hlt">graded</span> exercise to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer in <span class="hlt">heat</span> (acclimation group) or in a temperate environment (control group). Major conclusions are that (1) acclimation and conditioning result in relatively more sweat rate on the limbs than on the torso, but that these changes are less related to body temperature than torso sweat rate; and (2) sweating sensitivity increases during acclimation and conditioning, but its contribution to <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation is minor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPl...22a2901K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPl...22a2901K"><span>Ionospheric modifications in high frequency <span class="hlt">heating</span> experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuo, Spencer P.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Featured observations in high-frequency (HF) <span class="hlt">heating</span> experiments conducted at Arecibo, EISCAT, and high frequency active auroral research program are discussed. These phenomena appearing in the F region of the ionosphere include high-frequency heater enhanced plasma lines, airglow enhancement, energetic electron flux, artificial ionization layers, artificial spread-F, ionization enhancement, artificial cusp, wideband absorption, short-scale (meters) density irregularities, and stimulated electromagnetic emissions, which were observed when the O-mode HF heater waves with frequencies below foF2 were applied. The implication and associated physical mechanism of each observation are discussed and explained. It is shown that these phenomena caused by the HF <span class="hlt">heating</span> are all ascribed directly or indirectly to the excitation of parametric instabilities which instigate anomalous <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Formulation and analysis of parametric instabilities are presented. The results show that oscillating two stream instability and parametric <span class="hlt">decay</span> instability can be excited by the O-mode HF heater waves, transmitted from all three <span class="hlt">heating</span> facilities, in the regions near the HF reflection height and near the upper hybrid resonance layer. The excited Langmuir waves, upper hybrid waves, ion acoustic waves, lower hybrid waves, and field-aligned density irregularities set off subsequent wave-wave and wave-electron interactions, giving rise to the observed phenomena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22492664-unique-forbidden-beta-decays-neutrino-mass','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22492664-unique-forbidden-beta-decays-neutrino-mass"><span>Unique forbidden beta <span class="hlt">decays</span> and neutrino mass</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dvornický, Rastislav, E-mail: dvornicky@dnp.fmph.uniba.sk; Comenius University, Mlynská dolina F1, SK-842 48 Bratislava; Šimkovic, Fedor</p> <p></p> <p>The measurement of the electron energy spectrum in single β <span class="hlt">decays</span> close to the endpoint provides a direct determination of the neutrino masses. The most sensitive experiments use β <span class="hlt">decays</span> with low Q value, e.g. KATRIN (tritium) and MARE (rhenium). We present the theoretical spectral shape of electrons emitted in the first, second, and fourth unique forbidden β <span class="hlt">decays</span>. Our findings show that the Kurie functions for these unique forbidden β transitions are linear in the limit of massless neutrinos like the Kurie function of the allowed β <span class="hlt">decay</span> of tritium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379680-comprehensive-study-interatomic-coulombic-decay-argon-dimers-extracting-dependent-absolute-decay-rates-from-experiment','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1379680-comprehensive-study-interatomic-coulombic-decay-argon-dimers-extracting-dependent-absolute-decay-rates-from-experiment"><span>A comprehensive study of Interatomic Coulombic <span class="hlt">Decay</span> in argon dimers: Extracting R-dependent absolute <span class="hlt">decay</span> rates from the experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Rist, J.; Miteva, T.; Gaire, B.; ...</p> <p>2016-09-15</p> <p>In this paper we present a comprehensive and detailed study of Interatomic Coulombic <span class="hlt">Decay</span> (ICD) occurring after irradiating argon dimers with XUV-synchrotron radiation. A manifold of different <span class="hlt">decay</span> channels is observed and the corresponding initial and final states are assigned. Additionally, the effect of nuclear dynamics on the ICD electron spectrum is examined for one specific <span class="hlt">decay</span> channel. The internuclear distance-dependent width Γ(R) of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> is obtained from the measured kinetic energy release distribution of the ions employing a classical nuclear dynamics model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SuScT..19..323B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SuScT..19..323B"><span>Relationship between architecture, filament breakage and critical current <span class="hlt">decay</span> in Nb3Sn composite wires repeatedly in-plane bent at room temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Badica, P.; Awaji, S.; Oguro, H.; Nishijima, G.; Watanabe, K.</p> <p>2006-04-01</p> <p>Six Nb3Sn composite wires with different architectures ('central and near-the-edge reinforcement') were repeatedly in-plane bent at room temperature (in-plane 'pre-bending'). Breakage behaviour was revealed from scanning electron microscopy observations by semi-quantitative analysis of the filament crack formation and evolution. Cracks are formed in the transversal and longitudinal directions. Transversal cracks show some tolerance to the applied bending strain due to the fact that filaments are composite materials; residual Nb core can arrest development of a partial transversal crack initiated in the Nb3Sn outer part of the filament. Together with the density of cracks C and the evolution of this parameter with pre-bending strain, ɛpb, in different regions of the wire, R-ɛpb curves are important to understand breakage behaviour of the wires. R is the ratio (number of full transversal cracks)/(number of full transversal cracks + number of partial transversal cracks). Parameters C and R allow us to reveal and satisfactorily understand the wire architecture—breakage—critical current <span class="hlt">decay</span> relationship when pre-bending treatment is applied. As a consequence, breakage criteria necessary to minimize Ic <span class="hlt">decay</span> were defined and the positive influence of the reinforcement in preventing breakage was observed. It was also found that, in this regard, more Nb in the CuNb reinforcement, for the investigated wires, is better, if the <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment for the wire synthesis is performed at 670 °C for 96 h. A different <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment, 650 °C for 240 h, is less efficient in preventing filament breakage. Our results suggest the possibility of control and improvement of the breakage susceptibility of the filaments in the wires and, hence, of the bending Ic <span class="hlt">decay</span>, through the wise design of the wire architecture (i.e. by correlating design with the choice of composing materials and <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1434586-semiclassical-approach-heterogeneous-vacuum-decay','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1434586-semiclassical-approach-heterogeneous-vacuum-decay"><span>Semiclassical approach to heterogeneous vacuum <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Grinstein, Benjamin; Murphy, Christopher W.</p> <p>2015-12-10</p> <p>We derive the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate of an unstable phase of a quantum field theory in the presence of an impurity in the thin-wall approximation. This derivation is based on the how the impurity changes the (flat spacetime) geometry relative to case of pure false vacuum. Two examples are given that show how to estimate some of the additional parameters that enter into this heterogeneous <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate. This formalism is then applied to the Higgs vacuum of the Standard Model (SM), where baryonic matter acts as an impurity in the electroweak Higgs vacuum. We find that the probability for heterogeneous vacuummore » <span class="hlt">decay</span> to occur is suppressed with respect to the homogeneous case. That is to say, the conclusions drawn from the homogeneous case are not modified by the inclusion of baryonic matter in the calculation. On the other hand, we show that Beyond the Standard Model physics with a characteristic scale comparable to the scale that governs the homogeneous <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate in the SM, can in principle lead to an enhanced <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MSHT...39..224K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MSHT...39..224K"><span>Increasing the endurance of electrodes of <span class="hlt">heating</span> salt tanks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kulikov, A. I.</p> <p>1997-05-01</p> <p>Electrodes used for <span class="hlt">heating</span>, melting, and sustaining the requisite temperature regime in salt tanks for <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment of metals and alloys operate under severe conditions (<span class="hlt">heating</span> to 1300°C, aggressive medium of the melts of salts of alkali and alkali-earth metals). This causes early failure of the electrodes, and the <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment unit is stopped for repair. For example, the design service life of electrodes for SVS 2.3/13I tanks is two months, but as a rule it does not exceed one month of continuous operation. The replacement of conventional low-carbon electrode steel (for example, of <span class="hlt">grade</span> 10) by a more expensive <span class="hlt">heat</span>- and corrosion-resistant steel has not proved effective but rather increased the cost of the electrodes and hence the cost of the produced parts. In this connection, it is interesting to get acquainted with works devoted to increasing the service life of salt-tank electrodes for <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment shops of machine-building and tool plants. The present paper describes such an attempt.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvA..79a2106M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvA..79a2106M"><span>Quantum <span class="hlt">decay</span> model with exact explicit analytical solution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marchewka, Avi; Granot, Er'El</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>A simple <span class="hlt">decay</span> model is introduced. The model comprises a point potential well, which experiences an abrupt change. Due to the temporal variation, the initial quantum state can either escape from the well or stay localized as a new bound state. The model allows for an exact analytical solution while having the necessary features of a <span class="hlt">decay</span> process. The results show that the <span class="hlt">decay</span> is never exponential, as classical dynamics predicts. Moreover, at short times the <span class="hlt">decay</span> has a fractional power law, which differs from perturbation quantum method predictions. At long times the <span class="hlt">decay</span> includes oscillations with an envelope that <span class="hlt">decays</span> algebraically. This is a model where the final state can be either continuous or localized, and that has an exact analytical solution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4185208','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4185208"><span>Is the Sky Falling? <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Inflation and the Signaling Power of <span class="hlt">Grades</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pattison, Evangeleen; Grodsky, Eric; Muller, Chandra</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Grades</span> are the fundamental currency of our educational system; they signal academic achievement and non-cognitive skills to parents, employers, postsecondary gatekeepers, and students themselves. <span class="hlt">Grade</span> inflation compromises the signaling value of <span class="hlt">grades</span>, undermining their capacity to achieve the functions for which they are intended. We challenge the ‘increases in <span class="hlt">grade</span> point average’ definition of <span class="hlt">grade</span> inflation and argue that <span class="hlt">grade</span> inflation must be understood in terms of the signaling power of <span class="hlt">grades</span>. Analyzing data from four nationally representative samples, we find that in the decades following 1972: (a) <span class="hlt">grades</span> have risen at high schools and dropped at four-year colleges, in general, and selective four-year institutions, in particular; and (b) the signaling power of <span class="hlt">grades</span> has attenuated little, if at all. PMID:25288826</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvD..97e3002F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvD..97e3002F"><span>Production and sequential <span class="hlt">decay</span> of charmed hyperons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fäldt, Göran</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We investigate production and <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the Λc+ hyperon. The production considered is through the e+e- annihilation channel, e+e-→Λc+Λ¯c - , with summation over the Λ¯c- antihyperon spin directions. It is in this situation that the Λc+ <span class="hlt">decay</span> chain is identified. Two kinds of sequential <span class="hlt">decays</span> are studied. The first one is the doubly weak <span class="hlt">decay</span> B1→B2M2 , followed by B2→B3M3. The other one is the mixed weak-electromagnetic <span class="hlt">decay</span> B1→B2M2, followed by B2→B3γ . In both schemes B denotes baryons and M mesons. We should also mention that the initial state of the Λc+ hyperon is polarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JAP....67.5178S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JAP....67.5178S"><span>Remanent-magnetization <span class="hlt">decay</span> in CoCr films</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Skorjanec, J.; Cottles, V.; Close, J.; Iverson, P.; Edwards, J.; Dahlberg, E. Dan</p> <p>1990-05-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the remanent magnetization of several thin films of CoCr has been studied using the extraordinary Hall effect as a probe of the component of the magnetization perpendicular to the plane of the films. Consistent with previous measurements of CoCr, the remanent magnetization <span class="hlt">decays</span> quasilogarithmically with time after the removal of a saturating magnetic field. In the present work the effect of a magnetically soft keeper layer on the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the magnetization has been investigated. It is found that the keeper layer does not affect the remanent magnetization nor does it decrease the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate of the perpendicular magnetization. This result indicates that the soft keeper layer is not effective at screening the demagnetization field on a length scale relevant to the <span class="hlt">decay</span>-producing fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050184208&hterms=competence&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcompetence','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050184208&hterms=competence&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcompetence"><span>Control of gravitropic orientation. I. Non-vertical orientation by primary roots of maize results from <span class="hlt">decay</span> of competence for orthogravitropic induction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>LaMotte, Clifford E.; Pickard, Barbara G.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Plant organs may respond to gravity by vertical (orthogravitropic), oblique (plagiogravitropic) or horizontal (diagravitropic) growth. Primary roots of maize (Zea mays L.) provide a good system for studying such behaviours because they are reportedly capable of displaying all three responses. In current work using maize seedlings of the Silver Queen cultivar, stabilisation of growth at an oblique orientation was commonplace. Hypothetically, plagiogravitropism may be accomplished either by a process we call <span class="hlt">graded</span> orthogravitropism or by hunting about a sensed non-vertical setpoint. In <span class="hlt">graded</span> orthotropism primary bending is unidirectional and depends on facilitative stimuli that determine its extent. The hallmark of the setpoint mechanism is restorative curvature of either sign following a displacement; both diagravitropism and orthogravitropism are based on setpoints. Roots settled in a plagiogravitropic orientation were tested with various illumination and displacement protocols designed to distinguish between these two hypotheses. The tests refuted the setpoint hypothesis and supported that of <span class="hlt">graded</span> orthotropism. No evidence of diagravitropism could be found, thus, earlier claims were likely based on inadequately controlled observations of <span class="hlt">graded</span> orthotropism. We propose that orthotropism is <span class="hlt">graded</span> by the sequential action of dual gravity receptors: induction of a vectorial gravitropic response requires gravitational induction of a separate facilitative response, whose <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the absence of fresh stimuli can brake gravitropism at plagiotropic angles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21534487','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21534487"><span>Postharvest behaviour of five Sardinian prune varieties as affected by immersion in <span class="hlt">heated</span> sodium bicarbonate solution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Molinu, M G; Venditti, T; Dore, A; Agabbio, M; Rosas, G; D'Hallewin, G</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Storage behaviour of 'Core', 'Core Columbu', 'Fradis' and 'Meloni' white prunes, and a black one ('Sighera') of Sardinian germplasm were evaluated following immersion for 0 (control), 15, 30, 45 or 60 sec in water at 20, 50, 55 or 60 degrees C with or without 2% (w/v) NaHCO3 (SBC). As international varieties, fruit from one white plum ('Shiro') and one black prune ('Stanly') were subjected to the same treatments. Fruit was harvested at commercial maturity, treated and then stored for 1 month at 5 degrees C and 90% RH followed by a simulated marketing period at 20 degrees C and 80% RH for 6 days. Fruit appearance, external damage, firmness and <span class="hlt">decay</span> percentage were monitored after storage and SMP. Treatments did not induce rind damage (browning or discoloration) to any variety. SBC at 20, 45, 50 or 55 degrees C for 15 or 30 sec was not effective in controlling <span class="hlt">decay</span> and compared to controls no improvement was observed. Immersion for 45 or 60 sec with SBC at all temperatures improved <span class="hlt">decay</span> control with respect to controls and best results were obtained at 50 or 55 degrees C. Immersions at 60 degrees C improved <span class="hlt">decay</span> control, but differences were not significant compared to the control attained with solutions of SBC <span class="hlt">heated</span> at 55 degrees C. The overall appearance of 'Core', 'Core Columbu', 'Fradis' and 'Shiro' decreased significantly after the SMP period, especially when treated at 55 or 60 degrees C for 60 sec. Fruit shrivel was the main cause of the low rating. SBC did not affect shrivel indicating that <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment may be the probable cause. In general, local varieties were less affected by <span class="hlt">decay</span> than other varieties and they performed well during storage.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120u2502W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120u2502W"><span>Puzzling Two-Proton <span class="hlt">Decay</span> of 67Kr</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, S. M.; Nazarewicz, W.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Ground-state two-proton (2 p ) radioactivity is a rare <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode found in a few very proton-rich isotopes. The 2 p <span class="hlt">decay</span> lifetime and properties of emitted protons carry invaluable information on nuclear structure in the presence of a low-lying proton continuum. The recently measured 2 p <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 67Kr turned out to be unexpectedly fast. Since 67Kr is expected to be a deformed system, we investigate the impact of deformation effects on the 2 p radioactivity. We apply the recently developed Gamow coupled-channel framework, which allows for a precise description of three-body systems in the presence of rotational and vibrational couplings. This is the first application of a three-body approach to a two-nucleon <span class="hlt">decay</span> from a deformed nucleus. We show that deformation couplings significantly increase the 2 p <span class="hlt">decay</span> width of 67Kr; this finding explains the puzzling experimental data. The calculated angular proton-proton correlations reflect a competition between 1 p and 2 p <span class="hlt">decay</span> modes in this nucleus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4836406','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4836406"><span>Extraction of Aerosol-Deposited Yersinia pestis from Indoor Surfaces To Determine Bacterial Environmental <span class="hlt">Decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bartlett, Ryan A.; Yeager, John J.; Leroux, Brian; Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna; Dabisch, Paul</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>ABSTRACT Public health and decontamination decisions following an event that causes indoor contamination with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. The goals of this study were to develop methods for experimentally depositing bacteria onto indoor surfaces via aerosol, evaluate methods for sampling and enumerating the agent on surfaces, and use these methods to determine bacterial surface <span class="hlt">decay</span>. A specialized aerosol deposition chamber was constructed, and methods were established for reproducible and uniform aerosol deposition of bacteria onto four coupon types. The deposition chamber facilitated the control of relative humidity (RH; 10 to 70%) following particle deposition to mimic the conditions of indoor environments, as RH is not controlled by standard <span class="hlt">heating</span>, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Extraction and culture-based enumeration methods to quantify the viable bacteria on coupons were shown to be highly sensitive and reproducible. To demonstrate the usefulness of the system for <span class="hlt">decay</span> studies, Yersinia pestis persistence as a function of surface type at 21°C and 40% RH was determined to be >40%/min for all surfaces. Based upon these results, at typical indoor temperature and RH, a 6-log reduction in titer would expected to be achieved within 1 h as the result of environmental <span class="hlt">decay</span> on surfaces without active decontamination. The developed approach will facilitate future persistence and decontamination studies with a broad range of biological agents and surfaces, providing agent <span class="hlt">decay</span> data to inform both assessments of risk to personnel entering a contaminated site and decontamination decisions following biological contamination of an indoor environment. IMPORTANCE Public health and decontamination decisions following contamination of an indoor environment with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. Previous studies on Y. pestis persistence have</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhDT.........3G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PhDT.........3G"><span>A Thermal Model for the Differentiation of Asteroid 4 Vesta, Based on Radiogenic and Collisional <span class="hlt">Heating</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ghosh, Amitabha</p> <p></p> <p>A finite element code has been developed to study the thermal history of asteroid 4 Vesta. This is the first attempt to model the thermal history of a differentiated asteroid, from accretion through core and crust formation and subsequent cooling until geochemical closure is attained. Previous thermal models were simpler formulations aimed at explaining metamorphism and aqueous alteration in unmelted asteroids. The results of the simulation are consistent with chronological measurements of cumulate and noncumulate eucrites, meteorites belonging to the HED suite, believed to have been derived from 4 Vesta. The work solves major problems with the hypothesis of <span class="hlt">heating</span> by <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 26Al, an extinct radionuclide, believed to be a plausible <span class="hlt">heat</span> source in the early solar system. The simulation draws a model chronology of Vesta and predicts the time interval of accretion at 2.85 Myrs, the absolute times (with respect to CAI formation) of core formation at 4.58 Myrs, crust formation at 6.58 Myrs and geochemical closure on Vesta at ~100 Myrs. It is concluded that neither collisional <span class="hlt">heating</span> nor <span class="hlt">heating</span> due to the radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 60Fe caused any perceptible difference in the whole-body thermal history of Vesta. Further, the thermal model suggested that the olivine-rich spot observed on Vesta may not be excavated mantle material, but may be unmelted near-surface material that escaped the asteroid's differentiation history.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26900344','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26900344"><span>Techniques for the treatment of IR divergences in <span class="hlt">decay</span> processes at NLO and application to the top-quark <span class="hlt">decay</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Basso, Lorenzo; Dittmaier, Stefan; Huss, Alexander; Oggero, Luisa</p> <p></p> <p>We present the extension of two general algorithms for the treatment of infrared singularities arising in electroweak corrections to <span class="hlt">decay</span> processes at next-to-leading order: the dipole subtraction formalism and the one-cutoff slicing method. The former is extended to the case of <span class="hlt">decay</span> kinematics which has not been considered in the literature so far. The latter is generalised to production and <span class="hlt">decay</span> processes with more than two charged particles, where new "surface" terms arise. Arbitrary patterns of massive and massless external particles are considered, including the treatment of infrared singularities in dimensional or mass regularisation. As an application of the two techniques we present the calculation of the next-to-leading order QCD and electroweak corrections to the top-quark <span class="hlt">decay</span> width including all off-shell and <span class="hlt">decay</span> effects of intermediate [Formula: see text] bosons. The result, e.g., represents a building block of a future calculation of NLO electroweak effects to off-shell top-quark pair ([Formula: see text]) production. Moreover, this calculation can serve as the first step towards an event generator for top-quark <span class="hlt">decays</span> at next-to-leading order accuracy, which can be used to attach top-quark <span class="hlt">decays</span> to complicated many-particle top-quark processes, such as for [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text].</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvD..95k4004G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvD..95k4004G"><span><span class="hlt">Decays</span> of the vector glueball</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giacosa, Francesco; Sammet, Julia; Janowski, Stanislaus</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>We calculate two- and three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span> of the (lightest) vector glueball into (pseudo)scalar, (axial-)vector, as well as pseudovector and excited vector mesons in the framework of a model of QCD. While absolute values of widths cannot be predicted because the corresponding coupling constants are unknown, some interesting branching ratios can be evaluated by setting the mass of the yet hypothetical vector glueball to 3.8 GeV as predicted by quenched lattice QCD. We find that the <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode ω π π should be one of the largest (both through the <span class="hlt">decay</span> chain O →b1π →ω π π and through the direct coupling O →ω π π ). Similarly, the (direct and indirect) <span class="hlt">decay</span> into π K K*(892 ) is sizable. Moreover, the <span class="hlt">decays</span> into ρ π and K*(892 )K are, although subleading, possible and could play a role in explaining the ρ π puzzle of the charmonium state ψ (2 S ) thanks to a (small) mixing with the vector glueball. The vector glueball can be directly formed at the ongoing BESIII experiment as well as at the future PANDA experiment at the FAIR facility. If the width is sufficiently small (≲100 MeV ) it should not escape future detection. It should be stressed that the employed model is based on some inputs and simplifying assumptions: the value of glueball mass (at present, the quenched lattice value is used), the lack of mixing of the glueball with other quarkonium states, and the use of few interaction terms. It then represents a first step toward the identification of the main <span class="hlt">decay</span> channels of the vector glueball, but shall be improved when corresponding experimental candidates and/or new lattice results will be available.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JHEP...11..092A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JHEP...11..092A"><span>First observation of the <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aaij, R.; Abellan Beteta, C.; Adeva, B.; Adinolfi, M.; Adrover, C.; Affolder, A.; Ajaltouni, Z.; Albrecht, J.; Alessio, F.; Alexander, M.; Ali, S.; Alkhazov, G.; Alvarez Cartelle, P.; Alves, A. A.; Amato, S.; Amerio, S.; Amhis, Y.; Anderlini, L.; Anderson, J.; Andreassen, R.; Appleby, R. B.; Aquines Gutierrez, O.; Archilli, F.; Artamonov, A.; Artuso, M.; Aslanides, E.; Auriemma, G.; Bachmann, S.; Back, J. J.; Baesso, C.; Balagura, V.; Baldini, W.; Barlow, R. J.; Barschel, C.; Barsuk, S.; Barter, W.; Bauer, Th.; Bay, A.; Beddow, J.; Bedeschi, F.; Bediaga, I.; Belogurov, S.; Belous, K.; Belyaev, I.; Ben-Haim, E.; Benayoun, M.; Bencivenni, G.; Benson, S.; Benton, J.; Berezhnoy, A.; Bernet, R.; Bettler, M.-O.; van Beuzekom, M.; Bien, A.; Bifani, S.; Bird, T.; Bizzeti, A.; Bjørnstad, P. M.; Blake, T.; Blanc, F.; Blouw, J.; Blusk, S.; Bocci, V.; Bondar, A.; Bondar, N.; Bonivento, W.; Borghi, S.; Borgia, A.; Bowcock, T. J. V.; Bowen, E.; Bozzi, C.; Brambach, T.; van den Brand, J.; Bressieux, J.; Brett, D.; Britsch, M.; Britton, T.; Brook, N. H.; Brown, H.; Burducea, I.; Bursche, A.; Busetto, G.; Buytaert, J.; Cadeddu, S.; Callot, O.; Calvi, M.; Calvo Gomez, M.; Camboni, A.; Campana, P.; Campora Perez, D.; Carbone, A.; Carboni, G.; Cardinale, R.; Cardini, A.; Carranza-Mejia, H.; Carson, L.; Carvalho Akiba, K.; Casse, G.; Castillo Garcia, L.; Cattaneo, M.; Cauet, Ch.; Charles, M.; Charpentier, Ph.; Chen, P.; Chiapolini, N.; Chrzaszcz, M.; Ciba, K.; Cid Vidal, X.; Ciezarek, G.; Clarke, P. E. L.; Clemencic, M.; Cliff, H. V.; Closier, J.; Coca, C.; Coco, V.; Cogan, J.; Cogneras, E.; Collins, P.; Comerma-Montells, A.; Contu, A.; Cook, A.; Coombes, M.; Coquereau, S.; Corti, G.; Couturier, B.; Cowan, G. A.; Craik, D. C.; Cunliffe, S.; Currie, R.; D'Ambrosio, C.; David, P.; David, P. N. Y.; Davis, A.; De Bonis, I.; De Bruyn, K.; De Capua, S.; De Cian, M.; De Miranda, J. M.; De Paula, L.; De Silva, W.; De Simone, P.; Decamp, D.; Deckenhoff, M.; Del Buono, L.; Derkach, D.; Deschamps, O.; Dettori, F.; Di Canto, A.; Dijkstra, H.; Dogaru, M.; Donleavy, S.; Dordei, F.; Dosil Suárez, A.; Dossett, D.; Dovbnya, A.; Dupertuis, F.; Dzhelyadin, R.; Dziurda, A.; Dzyuba, A.; Easo, S.; Egede, U.; Egorychev, V.; Eidelman, S.; van Eijk, D.; Eisenhardt, S.; Eitschberger, U.; Ekelhof, R.; Eklund, L.; El Rifai, I.; Elsasser, Ch.; Elsby, D.; Falabella, A.; Färber, C.; Fardell, G.; Farinelli, C.; Farry, S.; Fave, V.; Ferguson, D.; Fernandez Albor, V.; Ferreira Rodrigues, F.; Ferro-Luzzi, M.; Filippov, S.; Fiore, M.; Fitzpatrick, C.; Fontana, M.; Fontanelli, F.; Forty, R.; Francisco, O.; Frank, M.; Frei, C.; Frosini, M.; Furcas, S.; Furfaro, E.; Gallas Torreira, A.; Galli, D.; Gandelman, M.; Gandini, P.; Gao, Y.; Garofoli, J.; Garosi, P.; Garra Tico, J.; Garrido, L.; Gaspar, C.; Gauld, R.; Gersabeck, E.; Gersabeck, M.; Gershon, T.; Ghez, Ph.; Gibson, V.; Gligorov, V. V.; Göbel, C.; Golubkov, D.; Golutvin, A.; Gomes, A.; Gordon, H.; Grabalosa Gándara, M.; Graciani Diaz, R.; Granado Cardoso, L. A.; Graugés, E.; Graziani, G.; Grecu, A.; Greening, E.; Gregson, S.; Grünberg, O.; Gui, B.; Gushchin, E.; Guz, Yu.; Gys, T.; Hadjivasiliou, C.; Haefeli, G.; Haen, C.; Haines, S. C.; Hall, S.; Hampson, T.; Hansmann-Menzemer, S.; Harnew, N.; Harnew, S. T.; Harrison, J.; Hartmann, T.; He, J.; Heijne, V.; Hennessy, K.; Henrard, P.; Hernando Morata, J. A.; van Herwijnen, E.; Hicheur, A.; Hicks, E.; Hill, D.; Hoballah, M.; Holtrop, M.; Hombach, C.; Hopchev, P.; Hulsbergen, W.; Hunt, P.; Huse, T.; Hussain, N.; Hutchcroft, D.; Hynds, D.; Iakovenko, V.; Idzik, M.; Ilten, P.; Jacobsson, R.; Jaeger, A.; Jans, E.; Jaton, P.; Jing, F.; John, M.; Johnson, D.; Jones, C. R.; Joram, C.; Jost, B.; Kaballo, M.; Kandybei, S.; Karacson, M.; Karbach, T. M.; Kenyon, I. R.; Kerzel, U.; Ketel, T.; Keune, A.; Khanji, B.; Kochebina, O.; Komarov, I.; Koopman, R. F.; Koppenburg, P.; Korolev, M.; Kozlinskiy, A.; Kravchuk, L.; Kreplin, K.; Kreps, M.; Krocker, G.; Krokovny, P.; Kruse, F.; Kucharczyk, M.; Kudryavtsev, V.; Kvaratskheliya, T.; La Thi, V. N.; Lacarrere, D.; Lafferty, G.; Lai, A.; Lambert, D.; Lambert, R. W.; Lanciotti, E.; Lanfranchi, G.; Langenbruch, C.; Latham, T.; Lazzeroni, C.; Le Gac, R.; van Leerdam, J.; Lees, J.-P.; Lefèvre, R.; Leflat, A.; Lefrançois, J.; Leo, S.; Leroy, O.; Lesiak, T.; Leverington, B.; Li, Y.; Li Gioi, L.; Liles, M.; Lindner, R.; Linn, C.; Liu, B.; Liu, G.; Lohn, S.; Longstaff, I.; Lopes, J. H.; Lopez Asamar, E.; Lopez-March, N.; Lu, H.; Lucchesi, D.; Luisier, J.; Luo, H.; Machefert, F.; Machikhiliyan, I. V.; Maciuc, F.; Maev, O.; Malde, S.; Manca, G.; Mancinelli, G.; Marconi, U.; Märki, R.; Marks, J.; Martellotti, G.; Martens, A.; Martín Sánchez, A.; Martinelli, M.; Martinez Santos, D.; Martins Tostes, D.; Massafferri, A.; Matev, R.; Mathe, Z.; Matteuzzi, C.; Maurice, E.; Mazurov, A.; McCarthy, J.; McNab, A.; McNulty, R.; Meadows, B.; Meier, F.; Meissner, M.; Merk, M.; Milanes, D. A.; Minard, M.-N.; Molina Rodriguez, J.; Monteil, S.; Moran, D.; Morawski, P.; Morello, M. J.; Mountain, R.; Mous, I.; Muheim, F.; Müller, K.; Muresan, R.; Muryn, B.; Muster, B.; Naik, P.; Nakada, T.; Nandakumar, R.; Nasteva, I.; Needham, M.; Neufeld, N.; Nguyen, A. D.; Nguyen, T. D.; Nguyen-Mau, C.; Nicol, M.; Niess, V.; Niet, R.; Nikitin, N.; Nikodem, T.; Nomerotski, A.; Novoselov, A.; Oblakowska-Mucha, A.; Obraztsov, V.; Oggero, S.; Ogilvy, S.; Okhrimenko, O.; Oldeman, R.; Orlandea, M.; Otalora Goicochea, J. M.; Owen, P.; Oyanguren, A.; Pal, B. K.; Palano, A.; Palutan, M.; Panman, J.; Papanestis, A.; Pappagallo, M.; Parkes, C.; Parkinson, C. J.; Passaleva, G.; Patel, G. D.; Patel, M.; Patrick, G. N.; Patrignani, C.; Pavel-Nicorescu, C.; Pazos Alvarez, A.; Pellegrino, A.; Penso, G.; Pepe Altarelli, M.; Perazzini, S.; Perego, D. L.; Perez Trigo, E.; Pérez-Calero Yzquierdo, A.; Perret, P.; Perrin-Terrin, M.; Pessina, G.; Petridis, K.; Petrolini, A.; Phan, A.; Picatoste Olloqui, E.; Pietrzyk, B.; Pilař, T.; Pinci, D.; Playfer, S.; Plo Casasus, M.; Polci, F.; Polok, G.; Poluektov, A.; Polycarpo, E.; Popov, D.; Popovici, B.; Potterat, C.; Powell, A.; Prisciandaro, J.; Pritchard, A.; Prouve, C.; Pugatch, V.; Puig Navarro, A.; Punzi, G.; Qian, W.; Rademacker, J. H.; Rakotomiaramanana, B.; Rangel, M. S.; Raniuk, I.; Rauschmayr, N.; Raven, G.; Redford, S.; Reid, M. M.; dos Reis, A. C.; Ricciardi, S.; Richards, A.; Rinnert, K.; Rives Molina, V.; Roa Romero, D. A.; Robbe, P.; Rodrigues, E.; Rodriguez Perez, P.; Roiser, S.; Romanovsky, V.; Romero Vidal, A.; Rouvinet, J.; Ruf, T.; Ruffini, F.; Ruiz, H.; Ruiz Valls, P.; Sabatino, G.; Saborido Silva, J. J.; Sagidova, N.; Sail, P.; Saitta, B.; Salzmann, C.; Sanmartin Sedes, B.; Sannino, M.; Santacesaria, R.; Santamarina Rios, C.; Santovetti, E.; Sapunov, M.; Sarti, A.; Satriano, C.; Satta, A.; Savrie, M.; Savrina, D.; Schaack, P.; Schiller, M.; Schindler, H.; Schlupp, M.; Schmelling, M.; Schmidt, B.; Schneider, O.; Schopper, A.; Schune, M.-H.; Schwemmer, R.; Sciascia, B.; Sciubba, A.; Seco, M.; Semennikov, A.; Sepp, I.; Serra, N.; Serrano, J.; Seyfert, P.; Shapkin, M.; Shapoval, I.; Shatalov, P.; Shcheglov, Y.; Shears, T.; Shekhtman, L.; Shevchenko, O.; Shevchenko, V.; Shires, A.; Silva Coutinho, R.; Skwarnicki, T.; Smith, N. A.; Smith, E.; Smith, M.; Sokoloff, M. D.; Soler, F. J. P.; Soomro, F.; Souza, D.; De Paula, B. Souza; Spaan, B.; Sparkes, A.; Spradlin, P.; Stagni, F.; Stahl, S.; Steinkamp, O.; Stoica, S.; Stone, S.; Storaci, B.; Straticiuc, M.; Straumann, U.; Subbiah, V. K.; Swientek, S.; Syropoulos, V.; Szczekowski, M.; Szczypka, P.; Szumlak, T.; T'Jampens, S.; Teklishyn, M.; Teodorescu, E.; Teubert, F.; Thomas, C.; Thomas, E.; van Tilburg, J.; Tisserand, V.; Tobin, M.; Tolk, S.; Tonelli, D.; Topp-Joergensen, S.; Torr, N.; Tournefier, E.; Tourneur, S.; Tran, M. T.; Tresch, M.; Tsaregorodtsev, A.; Tsopelas, P.; Tuning, N.; Ubeda Garcia, M.; Ukleja, A.; Urner, D.; Uwer, U.; Vagnoni, V.; Valenti, G.; Vazquez Gomez, R.; Vazquez Regueiro, P.; Vecchi, S.; Velthuis, J. J.; Veltri, M.; Veneziano, G.; Vesterinen, M.; Viaud, B.; Vieira, D.; Vilasis-Cardona, X.; Vollhardt, A.; Volyanskyy, D.; Voong, D.; Vorobyev, A.; Vorobyev, V.; Voß, C.; Voss, H.; Waldi, R.; Wallace, R.; Wandernoth, S.; Wang, J.; Ward, D. R.; Watson, N. K.; Webber, A. D.; Websdale, D.; Whitehead, M.; Wicht, J.; Wiechczynski, J.; Wiedner, D.; Wiggers, L.; Wilkinson, G.; Williams, M. P.; Williams, M.; Wilson, F. F.; Wishahi, J.; Witek, M.; Wotton, S. A.; Wright, S.; Wu, S.; Wyllie, K.; Xie, Y.; Xing, Z.; Yang, Z.; Young, R.; Yuan, X.; Yushchenko, O.; Zangoli, M.; Zavertyaev, M.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W. C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhelezov, A.; Zhokhov, A.; Zhong, L.; Zvyagin, A.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>The first observation of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> is reported. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb-1 of pp collisions at TeV, collected with the LHCb detector. A yield of 30 ± 6 <span class="hlt">decays</span> is found in the mass windows 1012.5 < M ( K + K -) < 1026.5 MeV/ c 2 and 746 < M( K - π +) < 1046 MeV/ c 2. The signal yield is found to be dominated by <span class="hlt">decays</span>, and the corresponding branching fraction is measured to be = (1.10 ± 0.24 (stat) ± 0.14 (syst) ± 0.08 ( f d / f s )) × 10-6, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and from the ratio of fragmentation fractions f d / f s which accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and mesons. The significance of signal is 6.1 standard deviations. The fraction of longitudinal polarization in <span class="hlt">decays</span> is found to be f 0 = 0.51 ± 0.15 (stat) ± 0.07 (syst). [Figure not available: see fulltext.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1092144','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1092144"><span>THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN, TRITIUM, AND <span class="hlt">HEAT</span> TREATMENT ON THE DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Morgan, M.; Tosten, M.; Chapman, G.</p> <p>2013-09-06</p> <p>The deformation and fracture toughness properties of forged stainless steels pre-charged with tritium were compared to the deformation and fracture toughness properties of the same steels <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated at 773 K or 873 K and precharged with hydrogen. Forged stainless steels pre-charged with tritium exhibit an aging effect: Fracture toughness values decrease with aging time after precharging because of the increase in concentration of helium from tritium <span class="hlt">decay</span>. This study shows that forged stainless steels given a prior <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment and then pre-charged with hydrogen also exhibit an aging effect: Fracture toughness values decrease with increasing time at temperature. Amore » microstructural analysis showed that the fracture toughness reduction in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>-treated steels was due to patches of recrystallized grains that form within the forged matrix during the <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment. The combination of hydrogen and the patches of recrystallized grains resulted in more deformation twinning. Heavy deformation twinning on multiple slip planes was typical for the hydrogen-charged samples; whereas, in the non-charged samples, less twinning was observed and was generally limited to one slip plane. Similar effects occur in tritium pre-charged steels, but the deformation twinning is brought on by the hardening associated with <span class="hlt">decay</span> helium bubbles in the microstructure.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.healthychildren.org/english/ages-stages/baby/teething-tooth-care/pages/how-to-prevent-tooth-decay-in-your-baby.aspx','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://www.healthychildren.org/english/ages-stages/baby/teething-tooth-care/pages/how-to-prevent-tooth-decay-in-your-baby.aspx"><span>How to Prevent Tooth <span class="hlt">Decay</span> in Your Baby</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... life-threatening infections. Tooth <span class="hlt">decay</span> (called early childhood caries) is the most common chronic infectious disease of childhood. Tooth <span class="hlt">decay</span> may also be called nursing caries or baby bottle tooth <span class="hlt">decay</span> . Healthy dental habits ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ARNPS..48..253L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ARNPS..48..253L"><span>Penguin <span class="hlt">Decays</span> of B Mesons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lingel, Karen; Skwarnicki, Tomasz; Smith, James G.</p> <p></p> <p>Penguin, or loop, <span class="hlt">decays</span> of B mesons induce effective flavor-changing neutral currents, which are forbidden at tree level in the standard model. These <span class="hlt">decays</span> give special insight into the CKM matrix and are sensitive to non-standard-model effects. In this review, we give a historical and theoretical introduction to penguins and a description of the various types of penguin processes: electromagnetic, electroweak, and gluonic. We review the experimental searches for penguin <span class="hlt">decays</span>, including the measurements of the electromagnetic penguins b -> sgamma and B -> K*gamma and gluonic penguins B -> Kpi, B+ -> omegaK+ and B -> eta'K, and their implications for the standard model and new physics. We conclude by exploring the future prospects for penguin physics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19695257','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19695257"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress responses modulate calcium regulations and electrophysiological characteristics in atrial myocytes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Yao-Chang; Kao, Yu-Hsun; Huang, Chun-Feng; Cheng, Chen-Chuan; Chen, Yi-Jen; Chen, Shih-Ann</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress-induced responses change the ionic currents and calcium homeostasis. However, the molecular insights into the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress responses on calcium homeostasis remain unclear. The purposes of this study were to examine the mechanisms of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress responses on calcium handling and electrophysiological characteristics in atrial myocytes. We used indo-1 fluorimetric ratio technique and whole-cell patch clamp to investigate the intracellular calcium, action potentials, and ionic currents in isolated rabbit single atrial cardiomyocytes with or without (control) exposure to <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress (43 degrees C, 15 min) 5+/-1 h before experiments. The expressions of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA2a), and Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) in the control and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-treated atrial myocytes were evaluated by Western blot and real-time PCR. As compared with control myocytes, the <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress-treated myocytes had larger sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content and larger intracellular calcium transient with a shorter <span class="hlt">decay</span> portion. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress-treated myocytes also had larger L-type calcium currents, transient outward potassium currents, but smaller NCX currents. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> stress responses increased the protein expressions, SERCA2a, NCX, and <span class="hlt">heat</span> shock protein. However, <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress responses did not change the RNA expression of SERCA2a and NCX. In conclusion, <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress responses change calcium handling through protein but not RNA regulation. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/10974','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/10974"><span>Tree <span class="hlt">Decay</span> - An Expanded Concept</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Alex L. Shigo</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this publication is to clarify further the tree <span class="hlt">decay</span> concept that expands the classical concept to include the orderly response of the tree to wounding and infection-compartmentalization-and the orderly infection of wounds by many microorganisms-successions. The heartrot concept must be abandoned because it deals only with <span class="hlt">decay</span>-causing fungi and it...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E2294N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E2294N"><span>Observations of <span class="hlt">decay</span>-less low-amplitude kink oscillations of EUV coronal loops</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nisticò, Giuseppe; Nakariakov, Valery; Anfinogentov, Sergey</p> <p></p> <p>The high spatial and temporal resolution observations at Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) wavelengths from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) reveal new features in kink oscillations of coronal loops. We show that, in addition to the well-known rapidly <span class="hlt">decaying</span> oscillations, a new type of kink waves is present, characterized by low-amplitude and undamped oscillations, that we define as <span class="hlt">decay</span>-less. Typical periods range from 2.5 to 12 min in both regimes and are different for different loops, increasing with the loop length. Estimates of the loop lengths are supported by three dimensional reconstruction of the loop geometry. The amplitude for the <span class="hlt">decay</span>-less regime is about 1 Mm, close to the spatial resolution of the AIA instruments. The oscillation phase, measured by the cross-correlation method, is found to be constant along each analysed loop, and the spatial structure of the phase of the oscillations corresponds to the fundamental standing kink mode. We show that the observed behaviours are consistent with the empirical model of a damped linear oscillator excited by a continuous low-amplitude harmonic driver, in addition to an eventual impulsive high-amplitude driver. The observed life-time of the oscillations is likely to be determined by the observational conditions rather than any physical damping. However, the balance between the driving and damping is a necessary ingredient of this model. The properties of this type of transverse oscillations make them interesting object of study in the framework of resonant absorption theory and coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhS.115..242Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhS.115..242Z"><span>Search for CP violation in hyperon <span class="hlt">decays</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zyla, Piotr; Chan, A.; Chen, Y. C.; Ho, C.; Teng, P. K.; Choong, W. S.; Gidal, G.; Fu, Y.; Gu, P.; Jones, T.; Luk, K. B.; Turko, B.; Zyla, P.; James, C.; Volk, J.; Felix, J.; Burnstein, R. A.; Chakrovorty, A.; Kaplan, D. M.; Lederman, L. M.; Luebke, W.; Rajaram, D.; Rubin, H. A.; Solomey, N.; Torun, Y.; White, C. G.; White, S. L.; Leros, N.; Perroud, J. P.; Gustafson, H. R.; Longo, M. J.; Lopez, F.; Park, H. K.; Clark, K.; Jenkins, M.; Dukes, E. C.; Durandet, C.; Holmstrom, T.; Huang, M.; Lu, L.; Nelson, K. S.</p> <p>2003-02-01</p> <p>Direct CP violation in nonleptonic hyperon <span class="hlt">decays</span> can be established by comparing the <span class="hlt">decays</span> of hyperons and anti-hyperons. For Ξ <span class="hlt">decay</span> to Λπ followed by Λ to pπ, the proton distribution in the rest frame of Lambda is governed by the product of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> parameters αΞαΛ. The asymmetry ΛΞΛ, proportional to the difference of αΞαΛ of the hyperon and anti-hyperon <span class="hlt">decays</span>, vanishes if CP is conserved. We report on an analysis of a fraction of 1997 and 1999 data collected by the HyperCP (E871) collaboration during the fixed-target runs at Fermilab. The preliminary measurement of the assymmetry is AΞΛ = [-7±12(stat)±6.2(sys)] × 10 -4, an order of magnitude better than the present limit.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11305016G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11305016G"><span>Mesonic <span class="hlt">Decay</span> of Charm Hypernuclei Λc+</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ghosh, Sabyasachi; Fontoura, Carlos E.; Krein, Gastão</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Λc+ hypernuclei are expected to have binding energies and other properties similar to those of strange hypernuclei in view of the similarity between the quark structures of the strange and charmed hyperons, namely Λ(uds) and Λc+(udc). One striking difference however occurs in their mesonic <span class="hlt">decays</span>, as there is almost no Pauli blocking in the nucleonic <span class="hlt">decay</span> of a charm hypernucleus because the final-state nucleons leave the nucleus at high energies. The nuclear medium nevertheless affects the mesonic <span class="hlt">decays</span> of charm hypernucleus because the nuclear mean fields modify the masses of the charm hyperon. In the present communication we present results of a first investigation of the effects of finite baryon density on different weak mesonic <span class="hlt">decay</span> channels of the Λc+ baryon. We found a non-negligible reduction of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> widths as compared to their vacuum values.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT.........4O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhDT.........4O"><span>Measurement of inclusive radiative B-meson <span class="hlt">decay</span> B <span class="hlt">decaying</span> to X(S) meson-gamma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ozcan, Veysi Erkcan</p> <p></p> <p>Radiative <span class="hlt">decays</span> of the B meson, B→ Xsgamma, proceed via virtual flavor changing neutral current processes that are sensitive to contributions from high mass scales, either within the Standard Model of electroweak interactions or beyond. In the Standard Model, these transitions are sensitive to the weak interactions of the top quark, and relatively robust predictions of the inclusive <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate exist. Significant deviation from these predictions could be interpreted as indications for processes not included in the minimal Standard Model, like interactions of charged Higgs or SUSY particles. The analysis of the inclusive photon spectrum from B→ Xsgamma <span class="hlt">decays</span> is rather challenging due to high backgrounds from photons emitted in the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of mesons in B <span class="hlt">decays</span> as well as e+e- annihilation to low mass quark and lepton pairs. Based on 88.5 million BB events collected by the BABAR detector, the photon spectrum above 1.9 GeV is presented. By comparison of the first and second moments of the photon spectrum with QCD predictions (calculated in the kinetic scheme), QCD parameters describing the bound state of the b quark in the B meson are extracted: mb=4.45+/-0.16 GeV/c2m2 p=0.65+/-0.29 GeV2 These parameters are useful input to non-perturbative QCD corrections to the semileptonic B <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate and the determination of the CKM parameter Vub. Based on these parameters and heavy quark expansion, the full branching fraction is obtained as: BRB→X sgEg >1.6GeV=4.050.32 stat+/-0.38syst +/-0.29model x10-4. This result is in good agreement with previous measurements, the statistical and systematic errors are comparable. It is also in good agreement with the theoretical Standard Model predictions, and thus within the present errors there is no indication of any interactions not accounted for in the Standard Model. This finding implies strong constraints on physics beyond the Standard Model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhRvC..47.2954A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhRvC..47.2954A"><span>Beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 187Re and cosmochronology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ashktorab, K.; Jänecke, J. W.; Becchetti, F. D.</p> <p>1993-06-01</p> <p>Uncertainties which limit the use of the 187-187Os isobaric pair as a cosmochronometer for the age of the galaxy and the universe include those of the partial half-lives of the continuum and bound-state <span class="hlt">decays</span> of 187Re. While the total half-life of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> is well established, the partial half-life for the continuum <span class="hlt">decay</span> is uncertain, and several previous measurements are not compatible with each other. A high-temperature quartz proportional counter has been used in this work to remeasure the continuum <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 187Re by introducing a metallo-organic rhenium compound into the counting gas. The measured beta end-point energy for the continuum <span class="hlt">decay</span> of neutral 187Re to singly ionized 187Os of 2.70+/-0.09 keV agrees with earlier results. However, the present half-life measurement of (45+/-3) Gyr agrees within the quoted uncertainties only with the earlier measurement of Payne [Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 1965 (unpublished)] and Drever (private communication). The new half-life for the continuum <span class="hlt">decay</span> and the total half-life of (43.5+/-1.3) Gyr, as reported by Linder et al. [Nature (London) 320, 246 (1986)] yield a branching ratio for the bound-state <span class="hlt">decay</span> into discrete atomic states of (3+/-6)%. This is in agreement with the most recent calculated theoretical branching ratio of approximately 1%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19326','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19326"><span>A First Look at Tree <span class="hlt">Decay</span>: An Introduction to How Injury and <span class="hlt">Decay</span> Affect Trees</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Kevin T Smith; Walter C. Shortle</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Photosynthesis and <span class="hlt">decay</span> are the two most essential processes in nature. Photosynthesis by green plants captures and stores energy from the sun. This energy is used to form wood and other tree parts. Photosynthesis also removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen to the atmosphere. <span class="hlt">Decay</span> releases stored energy and essential elements by the breakdown...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/29989','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/29989"><span>Soil organic matter dynamics under <span class="hlt">decaying</span> wood in a subtropical wet forest: effect of tree species and <span class="hlt">decay</span> stage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Marcela Zalamea; Grizelle Gonzalez; Chien-Lu Ping; Gary Michaelson</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Decaying</span> wood is an important structural and functional component of forests: it contributes to generate habitat diversity, acts as either sink or source of nutrients, and plays a preponderant role in soil formation. Thus, <span class="hlt">decaying</span> wood might likely have measurable effects on chemical properties of the underlying soil.We hypothesized that <span class="hlt">decaying</span> wood would have a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH11A2429S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH11A2429S"><span>Magnetic Reconnection during Turbulence: Statistics of X-Points and <span class="hlt">Heating</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shay, M. A.; Haggerty, C. C.; Parashar, T.; Matthaeus, W. H.; Phan, T.; Drake, J. F.; Servidio, S.; Wan, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous plasma phenomenon that has been observed in turbulent plasma systems. It is an important part of the turbulent dynamics and <span class="hlt">heating</span> of space, laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. Recent simulation and observational studies have detailed how magnetic reconnection <span class="hlt">heats</span> plasma and this work has developed to the point where it can be applied to larger and more complex plasma systems. In this context, we examine the statistics of magnetic reconnection in fully kinetic PIC simulations to quantify the role of magnetic reconnection on energy dissipation and plasma <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Most notably, we study the time evolution of these x-line statistics in <span class="hlt">decaying</span> turbulence. First, we examine the distribution of reconnection rates at the x-points found in the simulation and find that their distribution is broader than the MHD counterpart, and the average value is approximately 0.1. Second, we study the time evolution of the x-points to determine when reconnection is most active in the turbulence. Finally, using our findings on these statistics, reconnection <span class="hlt">heating</span> predictions are applied to the regions surrounding the identified x-points and this is used to study the role of magnetic reconnection in turbulent <span class="hlt">heating</span> of plasma. The ratio of ion to electron <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates is found to be consistent with magnetic reconnection predictions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950059755&hterms=onion&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Donion','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950059755&hterms=onion&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Donion"><span>Petrologic evidence for collisional <span class="hlt">heating</span> of chondritic asteroids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rubin, Alan E.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The identification of the mechanism(s) responsible for <span class="hlt">heating</span> asteroids is among the major problems in planetary science. Because of difficulties with models of electromagnetic induction and the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of short-lived radionuclides, it is worthwhile to evaluate the evidence for collisional <span class="hlt">heating</span>. New evidence for localized impact <span class="hlt">heating</span> comes from the high proportion of relict type-6 material among impact-melt-bearing ordinary chondrites (OC). This relict material was probably metamorphosed by residual <span class="hlt">heat</span> within large craters. Olivine aggregates composed of faceted crystals with 120 deg triple junctions occur within the melted regions of the Chico and Rose City OC melt rocks; the olivine aggregates formed from shocked, mosaicized olivine grains that underwent contact metamorphism. Large-scale collisional <span class="hlt">heating</span> is supoorted by the correlation in OC between petrologic type and shock stage; no other <span class="hlt">heating</span> mechanism can readily account for this correlation. The occurrence of impact-melt-rock clasts in OC that have been metamorphosed along with their whole rocks indicates that some impact events preceded or accompanied thermal metamorphism. Such impacts events, occurring during or shortly after accretion, are probably responsible for substantially melting approximately 0.5% of OC. These events must have <span class="hlt">heated</span> a larger percentage of OC to subsolidus temperatures sufficient to have caused significant metamorphism. If collisional <span class="hlt">heating</span> is viable, then OC parent asteroids must have been large; large OC asteroids in the main belt may include those of the S(IV) spectral subtype. Collisional <span class="hlt">heating</span> is inconsistent with layered ('onion-shell') structures in OC asteroids (wherein the degree of metamorphism increases with depth), but the evidence for such structures is weak. It seems likely that collisional <span class="hlt">heating</span> played an important role in metamorphosing chondritic asteroids.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70021152','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70021152"><span>Radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> production in sedimentary rocks of the Gulf of Mexico Basin, south Texas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>McKenna, T.E.; Sharp, J.M.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> production within the sedimentary section of the Gulf of Mexico basin is a significant source of <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> should be included in thermal models of this basin (and perhaps other sedimentary basins). We calculate that radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> may contribute up to 26% of the overall surface <span class="hlt">heat</span>-flow density for an area in south Texas. Based on measurements of the radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate of ??-particles, potassium concentration, and bulk density, we calculate radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> production for Stuart City (Lower Cretaceous) limestones, Wilcox (Eocene) sandstones and mudrocks, and Frio (Oligocene) sandstones and mudrocks from south Texas. <span class="hlt">Heat</span> production rates range from a low of 0.07 ?? 0.01 ??W/m3 in clean Stuart City limestones to 2.21 ?? 0.24??W/m3 in Frio mudrocks. Mean <span class="hlt">heat</span> production rates for Wilcox sandstones, Frio sandstones, Wilcox mudrocks, and Frio mudrocks are 0.88, 1.19, 1.50, and 1.72 ??W/m3, respectively. In general, the mudrocks produce about 30-40% more <span class="hlt">heat</span> than stratigraphically equivalent sandstones. Frio rocks produce about 15% more <span class="hlt">heat</span> than Wilcox rocks per unit volume of clastic rock (sandstone/mudrock). A one-dimensional <span class="hlt">heat</span>-conduction model indicates that this radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> source has a significant effect on subsurface temperatures. If a thermal model were calibrated to observed temperatures by optimizing basal <span class="hlt">heat</span>-flow density and ignoring sediment <span class="hlt">heat</span> production, the extrapolated present-day temperature of a deeply buried source rock would be overestimated.Radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> production within the sedimentary section of the Gulf of Mexico basin is a significant source of <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> should be included in thermal models of this basin (and perhaps other sedimentary basins). We calculate that radiogenic <span class="hlt">heat</span> may contribute up to 26% of the overall surface <span class="hlt">heat</span>-flow density for an area in south Texas. Based on measurements of the radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate of ??-particles, potassium concentration, and bulk density, we</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21506876-beyond-low-beta-decay-values','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21506876-beyond-low-beta-decay-values"><span>Beyond low beta-<span class="hlt">decay</span> Q values</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mustonen, M. T.; Suhonen, J.</p> <p></p> <p>Beta <span class="hlt">decays</span> with low Q values can be utilized in the quest to determine the neutrino mass scale. This is being realized in two experiments, KATRIN and MARE, using tritium and {sup 187}Re, respectively. The beta-<span class="hlt">decay</span> of {sup 187}Re had the lowest known Q value until 2005, when the beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> of {sup 115}In to the first excited state of {sup 115}Sn was discovered in Gran Sasso underground laboratory. Last year two independent ion trap measurements confirmed that this <span class="hlt">decay</span> breaks the former record by an order of magnitude.Our theoretical study on this tiny <span class="hlt">decay</span> channel complemented the experimental effortmore » by the JYFLTRAP group in Finland and HADES underground laboratory in Belgium. A significant discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical results was found. This might be explained by various atomic contributions known to grow larger as the Q value decreases. However, the traditional recipes for taking these effects into account break down on this new ultra-low Q value regime, providing new challenges for theorists on the borderline between nuclear and atomic physics.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ICRC....2..352W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ICRC....2..352W"><span>Interpreting anomalous electron pairs as new particle <span class="hlt">decays</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilczynski, Henryk</p> <p>1999-08-01</p> <p>In heavy particle <span class="hlt">decays</span> found in cosmic ray interactions recorded in the JACEE emulsion chambers, multiple electron pairs were previously reported. These pairs apparently originated from conversions of photons emitted in the <span class="hlt">decays</span>. It is difficult to explain the overall properties of these <span class="hlt">decays</span> in terms of known heavy particle <span class="hlt">decay</span> modes. A recently published compilation of low-energy nuclear data suggests existence of excess electron pairs with invariant mass about 9 MeV/c2 , which may be explained by postulating a new neutral boson <span class="hlt">decaying</span> into the electron pair. The feasibility of explaining the JACEE electron pairs with this hypothesis is presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28027721','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28027721"><span>A deterministic evaluation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress mitigation and feed cost under climate change within the smallholder dairy sector.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>York, L; Heffernan, C; Rymer, C; Panda, N</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>In the global South, dairying is often promoted as a means of poverty alleviation. Yet, under conditions of climate warming, little is known regarding the ability of small-scale dairy producers to maintain production and/or the robustness of possible adaptation options in meeting the challenges presented, particularly <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress. The authors created a simple, deterministic model to explore the influence of breed and <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress relief options on smallholder dairy farmers in Odisha, India. Breeds included indigenous Indian (non-descript), low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> Jersey crossbreed and high-<span class="hlt">grade</span> Jersey crossbreed. Relief strategies included providing shade, fanning and bathing. The impact of predicted critical global climate parameters, a 2°C and 4°C temperature rise were explored. A feed price scenario was modelled to illustrate the importance of feed in impact estimation. Feed costs were increased by 10% to 30%. Across the simulations, high-<span class="hlt">grade</span> Jersey crossbreeds maintained higher milk yields, despite being the most sensitive to the negative effects of temperature. Low-capital relief strategies were the most effective at reducing <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress impacts on household income. However, as feed costs increased the lower-<span class="hlt">grade</span> Jersey crossbreed became the most profitable breed. The high-<span class="hlt">grade</span> Jersey crossbreed was only marginally (4.64%) more profitable than the indigenous breed. The results demonstrate the importance of understanding the factors and practical trade-offs that underpin adaptation. The model also highlights the need for hot-climate dairying projects and programmes to consider animal genetic resources alongside environmentally sustainable adaptation measures for greatest poverty impact.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010APh....34..173J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010APh....34..173J"><span>Power spectrum analyses of nuclear <span class="hlt">decay</span> rates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Javorsek, D.; Sturrock, P. A.; Lasenby, R. N.; Lasenby, A. N.; Buncher, J. B.; Fischbach, E.; Gruenwald, J. T.; Hoft, A. W.; Horan, T. J.; Jenkins, J. H.; Kerford, J. L.; Lee, R. H.; Longman, A.; Mattes, J. J.; Morreale, B. L.; Morris, D. B.; Mudry, R. N.; Newport, J. R.; O'Keefe, D.; Petrelli, M. A.; Silver, M. A.; Stewart, C. A.; Terry, B.</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>We provide the results from a spectral analysis of nuclear <span class="hlt">decay</span> data displaying annually varying periodic fluctuations. The analyzed data were obtained from three distinct data sets: 32Si and 36Cl <span class="hlt">decays</span> reported by an experiment performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), 56Mn <span class="hlt">decay</span> reported by the Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC), but also performed at BNL, and 226Ra <span class="hlt">decay</span> reported by an experiment performed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany. All three data sets exhibit the same primary frequency mode consisting of an annual period. Additional spectral comparisons of the data to local ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, Earth-Sun distance, and their reciprocals were performed. No common phases were found between the factors investigated and those exhibited by the nuclear <span class="hlt">decay</span> data. This suggests that either a combination of factors was responsible, or that, if it was a single factor, its effects on the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate experiments are not a direct synchronous modulation. We conclude that the annual periodicity in these data sets is a real effect, but that further study involving additional carefully controlled experiments will be needed to establish its origin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1352587','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1352587"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> of Bogoliubov excitations in one-dimensional Bose gases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ristivojevic, Zoran; Matveev, K. A.</p> <p></p> <p>For this research, we study the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of Bogoliubov quasiparticles in one-dimensional Bose gases. Starting from the hydrodynamic Hamiltonian, we develop a microscopic theory that enables one to systematically study both the excitations and their <span class="hlt">decay</span>. At zero temperature, the leading mechanism of <span class="hlt">decay</span> of a quasiparticle is disintegration into three others. We find that low-energy quasiparticles (phonons) <span class="hlt">decay</span> with the rate that scales with the seventh power of momentum, whereas the rate of <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the high-energy quasiparticles does not depend on momentum. In addition, our approach allows us to study analytically the quasiparticle <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the whole crossovermore » region between the two limiting cases. When applied to integrable models, including the Lieb-Liniger model of bosons with contact repulsion, our theory confirms the absence of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of quasiparticle excitations. Finally, we account for two types of integrability-breaking perturbations that enable finite <span class="hlt">decay</span>: three-body interaction between the bosons and two-body interaction of finite range.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1352587-decay-bogoliubov-excitations-one-dimensional-bose-gases','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1352587-decay-bogoliubov-excitations-one-dimensional-bose-gases"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> of Bogoliubov excitations in one-dimensional Bose gases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ristivojevic, Zoran; Matveev, K. A.</p> <p>2016-07-11</p> <p>For this research, we study the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of Bogoliubov quasiparticles in one-dimensional Bose gases. Starting from the hydrodynamic Hamiltonian, we develop a microscopic theory that enables one to systematically study both the excitations and their <span class="hlt">decay</span>. At zero temperature, the leading mechanism of <span class="hlt">decay</span> of a quasiparticle is disintegration into three others. We find that low-energy quasiparticles (phonons) <span class="hlt">decay</span> with the rate that scales with the seventh power of momentum, whereas the rate of <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the high-energy quasiparticles does not depend on momentum. In addition, our approach allows us to study analytically the quasiparticle <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the whole crossovermore » region between the two limiting cases. When applied to integrable models, including the Lieb-Liniger model of bosons with contact repulsion, our theory confirms the absence of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of quasiparticle excitations. Finally, we account for two types of integrability-breaking perturbations that enable finite <span class="hlt">decay</span>: three-body interaction between the bosons and two-body interaction of finite range.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.340a2048K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.340a2048K"><span>Neutron <span class="hlt">Decay</span> with PERC: a Progress Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Konrad, G.; Abele, H.; Beck, M.; Drescher, C.; Dubbers, D.; Erhart, J.; Fillunger, H.; Gösselsberger, C.; Heil, W.; Horvath, M.; Jericha, E.; Klauser, C.; Klenke, J.; Märkisch, B.; Maix, R. K.; Mest, H.; Nowak, S.; Rebrova, N.; Roick, C.; Sauerzopf, C.; Schmidt, U.; Soldner, T.; Wang, X.; Zimmer, O.; Perc Collaboration</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>The PERC collaboration will perform high-precision measurements of angular correlations in neutron beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> at the beam facility MEPHISTO of the Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz in Munich, Germany. The new beam station PERC, a clean, bright, and versatile source of neutron <span class="hlt">decay</span> products, is designed to improve the sensitivity of neutron <span class="hlt">decay</span> studies by one order of magnitude. The charged <span class="hlt">decay</span> products are collected by a strong longitudinal magnetic field directly from inside a neutron guide. This combination provides the highest phase space density of <span class="hlt">decay</span> products. A magnetic mirror serves to perform precise cuts in phase space, reducing related systematic errors. The new instrument PERC is under development by an international collaboration. The physics motivation, sensitivity, and applications of PERC as well as the status of the design and preliminary results on uncertainties in proton spectroscopy are presented in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4425','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4425"><span>Tree <span class="hlt">decay</span> an expanded concept</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Alex L. Shigo</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>This publication is the final one in a series on tree <span class="hlt">decay</span> developed in cooperation with Harold G. Marx, Research Application Staff Assistant, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. The purpose of this publication is to clarify further the tree <span class="hlt">decay</span> concept that expands the classical concept to include the orderly response of the tree to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870024437&hterms=draught&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddraught','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870024437&hterms=draught&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddraught"><span>A numerical investigation of the summer 1980 U.S. <span class="hlt">heat</span> wave</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wolfson, N.; Atlas, R.; Sud, Y.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The diagnostic framework being utilized by researchers at NASA-Goddard in a numerical analysis of the draught which occurred in the U.S. in 1980 described, along with preliminary results. Attention is focused on the wave structure at 500 mb and comparisons of this structure with NMC data from 1963-77 to define conditions during the initiation, maintenance and <span class="hlt">decay</span> of a draught. Attempts are also being made to develop a simple index for the diagnosis of <span class="hlt">heat</span> patterns using as input data from the 500 mb analysis. Early studies involving the examination of the effects of varying boundary conditions have revealed a positive contribution from the soil moisture fields and a negative contribution from the North Pacific sea surface temperature during the event. Studies are continuing to characterize phenomena during draught initiation and <span class="hlt">decay</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ARep...58..756M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ARep...58..756M"><span>The <span class="hlt">decay</span> of triple systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martynova, A. I.; Orlov, V. V.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Numerical simulations have been carried out in the general three-body problem with equal masses with zero initial velocities, to investigate the distribution of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> times T based on a representative sample of initial conditions. The distribution has a power-law character on long time scales, f( T) ∝ T - α , with α = 1.74. Over small times T < 30 T cr ( T cr is the mean crossing time for a component of the triple system), a series of local maxima separated by about 1.0 T cr is observed in the <span class="hlt">decay</span>-time distribution. These local peaks correspond to zones of <span class="hlt">decay</span> after one or a few triple encounters. Figures showing the arrangement of these zones in the domain of the initial conditions are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1178983','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1178983"><span>Penguin and rare <span class="hlt">decays</span> in BaBar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Akar, Simon</p> <p>2015-04-29</p> <p>We present recent results from the BABAR Collaboration on radiative <span class="hlt">decays</span>. These include searches for new physics via measurements of several observables such as the time- dependent CP asymmetry in B 0 → K 0 Sπ – π +γ exclusive <span class="hlt">decays</span>, as well as direct CP asymmetries and branching fractions in B → X sγ and B → X sℓ +ℓ – inclusive <span class="hlt">decays</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=thermodynamics&pg=7&id=EJ1076746','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=thermodynamics&pg=7&id=EJ1076746"><span>Identifying Student Difficulties with Entropy, <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Engines, and the Carnot Cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Trevor I.; Christensen, Warren M.; Mountcastle, Donald B.; Thompson, John R.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We report on several specific student difficulties regarding the second law of thermodynamics in the context of <span class="hlt">heat</span> engines within upper-division undergraduate thermal physics courses. Data come from ungraded written surveys, <span class="hlt">graded</span> homework assignments, and videotaped classroom observations of tutorial activities. Written data show that students…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5286423','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5286423"><span>Thermo-Magneto-Electric Generator Arrays for Active <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Recovery System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chun, Jinsung; Song, Hyun-Cheol; Kang, Min-Gyu; Kang, Han Byul; Kishore, Ravi Anant; Priya, Shashank</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Continued emphasis on development of thermal cooling systems is being placed that can cycle low <span class="hlt">grade</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Examples include solar powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and data storage servers. The power efficiency of solar module degrades at elevated temperature, thereby, necessitating the need for <span class="hlt">heat</span> extraction system. Similarly, data centres in wireless computing system are facing increasing efficiency challenges due to high power consumption associated with managing the waste <span class="hlt">heat</span>. We provide breakthrough in addressing these problems by developing thermo-magneto-electric generator (TMEG) arrays, composed of soft magnet and piezoelectric polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) cantilever. TMEG can serve dual role of extracting the waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> and converting it into useable electricity. Near room temperature second-order magnetic phase transition in soft magnetic material, gadolinium, was employed to obtain mechanical vibrations on the PVDF cantilever under small thermal gradient. TMEGs were shown to achieve high vibration frequency at small temperature gradients, thereby, demonstrating effective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. PMID:28145516</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28145516','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28145516"><span>Thermo-Magneto-Electric Generator Arrays for Active <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Recovery System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chun, Jinsung; Song, Hyun-Cheol; Kang, Min-Gyu; Kang, Han Byul; Kishore, Ravi Anant; Priya, Shashank</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Continued emphasis on development of thermal cooling systems is being placed that can cycle low <span class="hlt">grade</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Examples include solar powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and data storage servers. The power efficiency of solar module degrades at elevated temperature, thereby, necessitating the need for <span class="hlt">heat</span> extraction system. Similarly, data centres in wireless computing system are facing increasing efficiency challenges due to high power consumption associated with managing the waste <span class="hlt">heat</span>. We provide breakthrough in addressing these problems by developing thermo-magneto-electric generator (TMEG) arrays, composed of soft magnet and piezoelectric polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) cantilever. TMEG can serve dual role of extracting the waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> and converting it into useable electricity. Near room temperature second-order magnetic phase transition in soft magnetic material, gadolinium, was employed to obtain mechanical vibrations on the PVDF cantilever under small thermal gradient. TMEGs were shown to achieve high vibration frequency at small temperature gradients, thereby, demonstrating effective <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1164784.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1164784.pdf"><span>Siphons, Water Clocks, Cooling Coffee, and Leaking Capacitors: Classroom Activities and a Few Equations to Help Students Understand Radioactive <span class="hlt">Decay</span> and Other Exponential Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Brady, John B.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Although an understanding of radiometric dating is central to the preparation of every geologist, many students struggle with the concepts and mathematics of radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span>. Physical demonstrations and hands-on experiments can be used to good effect in addressing this teaching conundrum. Water, <span class="hlt">heat</span>, and electrons all move or flow in response…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JETPL.102..610Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JETPL.102..610Y"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> and the double-<span class="hlt">decay</span> properties of edge bands of phosphorene ribbons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, M.; Duan, H.-J.; Wang, R.-Q.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Phosphorene (a monolayer of black phosphorus) recently spurred much attention due to its potential for application. We notice there are two types of zigzag edge and two types of armchair edge for phosphorene lattice. We study the winding number of various types of edge of phosphorene ribbons and conclude that, besides on the typical zigzag edge, the flat zero-energy edge band can be found in the ribbon of another nontypical armchair edge. The localization of these edge bands is investigated analytically. We find every single edge state of the atypical armchair edge <span class="hlt">decays</span> to the bulk at two different <span class="hlt">decay</span> rates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJA...53..189S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJA...53..189S"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> properties of 256-339Ds superheavy nuclei</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Santhosh, K. P.; Nithya, C.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">decay</span> properties of 84 isotopes of darmstadtium superheavy nuclei ( Z = 110) have been studied using various theoretical models. The proton emission half-lives, the alpha <span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives, the spontaneous fission half-lives and the cluster <span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives of all the isotopes are evaluated. The one-proton emission half-lives and the alpha <span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives are predicted using the Coulomb and proximity potential model for deformed nuclei (CPPMDN). The calculated alpha half-lives are compared with the available experimental results as well as with the predictions of other theoretical models. The predicted half-lives matches well with the experimental results. The one-proton half-lives are also compared with the predictions using other formalisms. The shell-effect-dependent formula of Santhosh et al. has been employed for calculating the spontaneous fission half-lives. A theoretical comparison of spontaneous fission half-lives with four different formalisms is performed. By comparing the one-proton emission half-lives, the alpha <span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives and the spontaneous fission half-lives <span class="hlt">decay</span> modes are predicted for all the isotopes of Ds. It is seen that the isotopes within the range 256 ≤ A ≤ 263 and 279 ≤ A ≤ 339 <span class="hlt">decay</span> through spontaneous fission and the isotopes 264 ≤ A ≤ 278 exhibit alpha <span class="hlt">decay</span>. Cluster <span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives are calculated using different models including the Coulomb and proximity potential (CPPM), for determining the magicities in the superheavy region. The effect of magicity at N = 184 and N = 202 were confirmed from the plot of log_{10}T_{1/2} versus neutron number of the daughter nuclei for the emission of different clusters. We hope that the systematic and detailed study of all the possible <span class="hlt">decay</span> modes of 256-339Ds using various theoretical models will be helpful in the experimental identification of the isotopes of the element in the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14679','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/14679"><span>Lumber <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Yields for <span class="hlt">Graded</span> Aspen Logs and Trees</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Leland F. Hanks; Robert L. Brisbin</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Green lumber <span class="hlt">grade</span> yields for aspen were determined for use with the U.S. Forest Service hardwood log and tree <span class="hlt">grades</span>. The yields for logs are expressed in percent of total lumber tally volume, and those for trees are expressed in board feet. Overruns for the International 1/4-inch and Scribner log rules along with lumber recovery factors are shown by log <span class="hlt">grade</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=decision+AND+making+AND+motivation&pg=4&id=EJ1148057','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=decision+AND+making+AND+motivation&pg=4&id=EJ1148057"><span>Teachers' <span class="hlt">Grading</span> Decision Making</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Isnawati, Ida; Saukah, Ali</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This study investigated teachers' <span class="hlt">grading</span> decision making, focusing on their beliefs underlying their <span class="hlt">grading</span> decision making, their <span class="hlt">grading</span> practices and assessment types, and factors they considered in <span class="hlt">grading</span> decision making. Two teachers from two junior high schools applying different curriculum policies in <span class="hlt">grade</span> reporting in Indonesian…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21710902F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AAS...21710902F"><span>Shock-Bubble <span class="hlt">Heating</span> of the Intracluster Medium</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Friedman, Samuel H.; Heinz, S.; Churazov, E.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Active galactic nuclei (AGN) Feedback via extragalactic jets requires a thermalization of the energy injected into the intracluster medium (ICM) in order for energy feedback to occur. Heinz and Churazov (2005) proposed a method using shock waves and previously inflated bubbles in the ICM to extract energy from the shock waves and turn the energy into rotational kinetic energy. This energy would <span class="hlt">decay</span> and allow <span class="hlt">heating</span> to occur elsewhere throughout the galaxy cluster. In this paper, we extend to three dimensions (3D) the previous work using hydrodynamic simulations. We also compare our results to previous related work done performed experimentally.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5951511','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5951511"><span>Effects of the Tempering and High-Pressure Torsion Temperatures on Microstructure of Ferritic/Martensitic Steel <span class="hlt">Grade</span> 91</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ganeev, Artur; Nikitina, Marina; Sitdikov, Vil; Islamgaliev, Rinat; Hoffman, Andrew; Wen, Haiming</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Grade</span> 91 (9Cr-1Mo) steel was subjected to various <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments and then to high-pressure torsion (HPT) at different temperatures. Its microstructure was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Effects of the tempering temperature and the HPT temperature on the microstructural features and microhardness in the ultrafine-grained (UFG) <span class="hlt">Grade</span> 91 steel were researched. The study of the UFG structure formation takes into account two different microstructures observed: before HPT in both samples containing martensite and in fully ferritic samples. PMID:29671761</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5512780-weak-decay-hypernuclei','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5512780-weak-decay-hypernuclei"><span>Weak <span class="hlt">decay</span> of hypernuclei</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Grace, R.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>The Moby Dick spectrometer (at BNL) in coincidence with a range spectrometer and a TOF neutron detector will be used to study the weak <span class="hlt">decay</span> modes of /sup 12/C. The Moby Dick spectrometer will be used to reconstruct and tag events in which specific hypernuclear states are formed in the reaction K/sup -/ + /sup 12/C ..-->.. ..pi../sup -/ + /sup 12/C. Subsequent emission of <span class="hlt">decay</span> products (pions, protons and neutrons) in coincidence with the fast forward pion will be detected in a time and range spectrometer, and a neutron detector.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1023a2032A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1023a2032A"><span>Double Charge Exchange Reactions and Double Beta <span class="hlt">Decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Auerbach, N.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The subject of this presentation is at the forefront of nuclear physics, namely double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span>. In particular one is most interested in the neutrinoless process of double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span>, when the <span class="hlt">decay</span> proceeds without the emission of two neutrinos. The observation of such <span class="hlt">decay</span> would mean that the lepton conservation symmetry is violated and that the neutrinos are of Majorana type, meaning that they are their own anti-particles. The life time of this process has two unknowns, the mass of the neutrino and the nuclear matrix element. Determining the nuclear matrix element and knowing the cross-section well will set limits on the neutrino mass. There is a concentrated effort among the nuclear physics community to calculate this matrix element. Usually these matrix elements are a very small part of the total strength of the transition operators involved in the process. There is no simple way to “calibrate” the nuclear double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> matrix element. The double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> is a double charge exchange process, therefore it is proposed that double charge exchange reactions using ion projectiles on nuclei that are candidates for double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span>, will provide additional necessary information about the nuclear matrix elements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663360-decay-solar-wind-turbulence-behind-interplanetary-shocks','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663360-decay-solar-wind-turbulence-behind-interplanetary-shocks"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> of Solar Wind Turbulence behind Interplanetary Shocks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Pitňa, Alexander; Šafránková, Jana; Němeček, Zdeněk</p> <p></p> <p>We investigate the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of magnetic and kinetic energies behind IP shocks with motivation to find a relaxation time when downstream turbulence reaches a usual solar wind value. We start with a case study that introduces computation techniques and quantifies a contribution of kinetic fluctuations to the general energy balance. This part of the study is based on high-time (31 ms) resolution plasma data provided by the Spektr-R spacecraft. On the other hand, a statistical part is based on 92 s Wind plasma and magnetic data and its results confirm theoretically established <span class="hlt">decay</span> laws for kinetic and magnetic energies. Wemore » observe the power-law behavior of the energy <span class="hlt">decay</span> profiles and we estimated the power-law exponents of both kinetic and magnetic energy <span class="hlt">decay</span> rates as −1.2. We found that the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of MHD turbulence does not start immediately after the IP shock ramp and we suggest that the proper <span class="hlt">decay</span> of turbulence begins when a contribution of the kinetic processes becomes negligible. We support this suggestion with a detailed analysis of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of turbulence at the kinetic scale.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..225a2055B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..225a2055B"><span>An Experimental Investigation on Hardness and Microstructure of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Treated EN 9 Steel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Biswas, Palash; Kundu, Arnab; Mondal, Dhiraj</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>In the modern engineering world, extensive research has led to the development of some special <span class="hlt">grades</span> of steel, often suited for enhanced functions. EN 9 steel is one such <span class="hlt">grade</span>, having major applications in power plants, automobile and aerospace industry. Different <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment processes are employed to achieve high hardness and high wear resistance, but machinability subsequently decreases. Existing literature is not sufficient to achieve a balance between hardness and machinability. The aim of this experimental work is to determine the hardness values and observe microstructural changes in EN9 steel, when it is subjected to annealing, normalizing and quenching. Finally, the effects of tempering after each of these <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatments on hardness and microstructure have also been shown. It is seen that the tempering after normalizing the specimen achieved satisfactory results. The microstructure was also observed to be consisting of fine grains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1064294.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1064294.pdf"><span>The <span class="hlt">Grades</span> Transfer from One <span class="hlt">Grading</span> Scale to Other Algorithmization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lieponiene, Jurgita; Kulvietiene, Regina</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The article presents the consideration of <span class="hlt">grading</span> scales used for education outcomes in different countries, describes likeness and differences of applied <span class="hlt">grading</span> scales. Application of the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) <span class="hlt">grading</span> scale is investigated according of the analysis of scientific literature as well as cases of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6299869','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6299869"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> pump centered integrated community energy systems: system development. Georgia Institute of Technology interim report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wade, D W; Trammel, B C; Dixit, B S</p> <p>1979-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump Centered-Integrated Community Energy Systems (HP-ICES) show the promise of utilizing low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> thermal energy for low-quality energy requirements such as space <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling. The <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Pump - Wastewater <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Recovery (HP-WHR) scheme is one approach to an HP-ICES that proposes to reclaim low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> thermal energy from a community's wastewater effluent. The concept of an HP-WHR system is developed, the potential performance and economics of such a system is evaluated and the potential for application is examined. A thermodynamic performance analysis of a hypothetical system projects an overall system coefficient of performance (C.O.P.) of from 2.181 to 2.264 formore » wastewater temperatures varying from 50/sup 0/F to 80/sup 0/F. Primary energy source savings from the implementation of this system is projected to be 5.014 QUADS, or the energy equivalent of 687 millions tons of coal, from 1980 to the year 2000. Economic analysis shows the HP-WHR scheme to be cost-competitive, on the basis of a net present value life cycle cost comparison, with conventional residential and light commercial HVAC systems.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhFl...29i3102R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhFl...29i3102R"><span>Impact of generalized Fourier's and Fick's laws on MHD 3D second <span class="hlt">grade</span> nanofluid flow with variable thermal conductivity and convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ramzan, M.; Bilal, M.; Chung, Jae Dong; Lu, Dian Chen; Farooq, Umer</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>A mathematical model has been established to study the magnetohydrodynamic second <span class="hlt">grade</span> nanofluid flow past a bidirectional stretched surface. The flow is induced by Cattaneo-Christov thermal and concentration diffusion fluxes. Novel characteristics of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are accompanied by temperature dependent thermal conductivity and convective <span class="hlt">heat</span> and mass boundary conditions. Apposite transformations are betrothed to transform a system of nonlinear partial differential equations to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Analytic solutions of the obtained nonlinear system are obtained via a convergent method. Graphs are plotted to examine how velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are affected by varied physical involved parameters. Effects of skin friction coefficients along the x- and y-direction versus various parameters are also shown through graphs and are well debated. Our findings show that velocities along both the x and y axes exhibit a decreasing trend for the Hartmann number. Moreover, temperature and concentration distributions are decreasing functions of thermal and concentration relaxation parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767867','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767867"><span>Mitigation of radon and thoron <span class="hlt">decay</span> products by filtration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Jin; Meisenberg, Oliver; Chen, Yongheng; Karg, Erwin; Tschiersch, Jochen</p> <p>2011-09-01</p> <p>Inhalation of indoor radon ((222)Rn) and thoron ((220)Rn) <span class="hlt">decay</span> products is the most important source of exposure to ionizing radiation for the human respiratory tract. Decreasing ventilation rates due to energy saving reasons in new buildings suggest additional active mitigation techniques to reduce the exposure in homes with high radon and thoron concentrations but poor ventilation. Filtration techniques with HEPA filters and simple surgical mask material have been tested for their potential to reduce the indoor exposure in terms of the total effective dose for mixed radon and thoron indoor atmospheres. The tests were performed inside an experimental room providing stable conditions. Filtration (at filtration rates of 0.2 h(-1) and larger) removes attached radon and thoron <span class="hlt">decay</span> products effectively but indoor aerosol as well. Therefore the concentration of unattached <span class="hlt">decay</span> products (which have a higher dose coefficient) may increase. The decrease of the attached <span class="hlt">decay</span> product concentrations could be theoretically described by a slowly decreasing exponential process. For attached radon <span class="hlt">decay</span> products, it exhibited a faster but weaker removal process compared to attached thoron <span class="hlt">decay</span> products (-70% for attached radon <span class="hlt">decay</span> products and -80% for attached thoron <span class="hlt">decay</span> products at a filtration rate of 0.5 h(-1) with an HEPA filter). The concentration of unattached thoron <span class="hlt">decay</span> products increased distinctly during the filtration process (+300%) while that of unattached radon <span class="hlt">decay</span> products rose only slightly though at a much higher level (+17%). In the theoretical description these observed differences could be attributed to the different half-lives of the nuclides. Considering both effects, reduced attached and increased unattached <span class="hlt">decay</span> product concentrations, filtration could significantly decrease the total effective dose from thoron whereas the overall effect on radon dose is small. A permanent filtration is recommended because of the slow decrease of the thoron</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1004295','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1004295"><span>Charmless and Penguin <span class="hlt">Decays</span> at CDF</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dorigo, Mirco; Collaboration, for the CDF</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Penguin transitions play a key role in the search of New Physics hints in the heavy flavor sector. During the last decade CDF has been exploring this opportunity with a rich study of two-body charmless <span class="hlt">decays</span> of neutral B mesons into charged final-state particles. After briefly introducing the aspects of this physics peculiar to the hadron collision environment, I report on two interesting results: the first polarization measurement of the B{sub s}{sup 0} {yields} {phi}{phi} <span class="hlt">decay</span> and the update of the B{sub (s)}{sup 0} {yields} h{sup +}h{prime}{sup -} <span class="hlt">decays</span> analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.466.4074P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.466.4074P"><span>Potential cooling of an accretion-<span class="hlt">heated</span> neutron star crust in the low-mass X-ray binary 1RXS J180408.9-342058</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parikh, A. S.; Wijnands, R.; Degenaar, N.; Ootes, L. S.; Page, D.; Altamirano, D.; Cackett, E. M.; Deller, A. T.; Gusinskaia, N.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Homan, J.; Linares, M.; Miller, J. M.; Miller-Jones, J. C. A.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We have monitored the transient neutron star low-mass X-ray binary 1RXS J180408.9-342058 in quiescence after its ˜4.5 month outburst in 2015. The source has been observed using Swift and XMM-Newton. Its X-ray spectra were dominated by a thermal component. The thermal evolution showed a gradual X-ray luminosity <span class="hlt">decay</span> from ˜18 × 1032 to ˜4 × 1032 (D/5.8 kpc)2 erg s-1 between ˜8 and ˜379 d in quiescence, and the inferred neutron star surface temperature (for an observer at infinity; using a neutron star atmosphere model) decreased from ˜100 to ˜71 eV. This can be interpreted as cooling of an accretion-<span class="hlt">heated</span> neutron star crust. Modelling the observed temperature curve (using nscool) indicated that the source required ˜1.9 MeV per accreted nucleon of shallow <span class="hlt">heating</span> in addition to the standard deep crustal <span class="hlt">heating</span> to explain its thermal evolution. Alternatively, the <span class="hlt">decay</span> could also be modelled without the presence of deep crustal <span class="hlt">heating</span>, only having a shallow <span class="hlt">heat</span> source (again ˜1.9 MeV per accreted nucleon was required). However, the XMM-Newton data statistically required an additional power-law component. This component contributed ˜30 per cent of the total unabsorbed flux in 0.5-10 keV energy range. The physical origin of this component is unknown. One possibility is that it arises from low-level accretion. The presence of this component in the spectrum complicates our cooling crust interpretation because it might indicate that the smooth luminosity and temperature <span class="hlt">decay</span> curves we observed may not be due to crust cooling but due to some other process.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNG12A..07L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMNG12A..07L"><span>Mixing in heterogeneous internally-<span class="hlt">heated</span> convection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Limare, A.; Kaminski, E. C.; Jaupart, C. P.; Farnetani, C. G.; Fourel, L.; Froment, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Past laboratory experiments of thermo chemical convection have dealt with systems involving fluids with different intrinsic densities and viscosities in a Rayleigh-Bénard setup. Although these experiments have greatly improved our understanding of the Earth's mantle dynamics, they neglect a fundamental component of planetary convection: internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> sources. We have developed a microwave-based method in order to study convection and mixing in systems involving two layers of fluid with different densities, viscosities, and internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> production rates. Our innovative laboratory experiments are appropriate for the early Earth, when the lowermost mantle was likely enriched in incompatible and <span class="hlt">heat</span> producing elements and when the <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux from the core probably accounted for a small fraction of the mantle <span class="hlt">heat</span> budget. They are also relevant to the present-day mantle if one considers that radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> and secular cooling contribute both to internal <span class="hlt">heating</span>. Our goal is to quantify how two fluid layers mix, which is still very difficult to resolve accurately in 3-D numerical calculations. Viscosities and microwave absorptions are tuned to achieve high values of the Rayleigh-Roberts and Prandtl numbers relevant for planetary convection. We start from a stably stratified system where the lower layer has higher internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> production and density than the upper layer. Due to mixing, the amount of enriched material gradually decreases to zero over a finite time called the lifetime. Based on more than 30 experiments, we have derived a scaling law that relates the lifetime of an enriched reservoir to the layer thickness ratio, a, to the density and viscosity contrasts between the two layers, and to their two different internal <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates in the form of an enrichment factor beta=1+2*a*H1/H, where H1 is the <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate of the lower fluid and H is the average <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate. We find that the lifetime of the lower enriched reservoir varies as beta**(-7/3) in the low</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A%26A...356..287S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A%26A...356..287S"><span>The shock waves in <span class="hlt">decaying</span> supersonic turbulence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, M. D.; Mac Low, M.-M.; Zuev, J. M.</p> <p>2000-04-01</p> <p>We here analyse numerical simulations of supersonic, hypersonic and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence that is free to <span class="hlt">decay</span>. Our goals are to understand the dynamics of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> and the characteristic properties of the shock waves produced. This will be useful for interpretation of observations of both motions in molecular clouds and sources of non-thermal radiation. We find that <span class="hlt">decaying</span> hypersonic turbulence possesses an exponential tail of fast shocks and an exponential <span class="hlt">decay</span> in time, i.e. the number of shocks is proportional to t exp (-ktv) for shock velocity jump v and mean initial wavenumber k. In contrast to the velocity gradients, the velocity Probability Distribution Function remains Gaussian with a more complex <span class="hlt">decay</span> law. The energy is dissipated not by fast shocks but by a large number of low Mach number shocks. The power loss peaks near a low-speed turn-over in an exponential distribution. An analytical extension of the mapping closure technique is able to predict the basic <span class="hlt">decay</span> features. Our analytic description of the distribution of shock strengths should prove useful for direct modeling of observable emission. We note that an exponential distribution of shocks such as we find will, in general, generate very low excitation shock signatures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JHEP...11..028D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JHEP...11..028D"><span>Tunneling <span class="hlt">decay</span> of false vortices with gravitation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dupuis, Éric; Gobeil, Yan; Lee, Bum-Hoon; Lee, Wonwoo; MacKenzie, Richard; Paranjape, Manu B.; Yajnik, Urjit A.; Yeom, Dong-han</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We study the effect of vortices on the tunneling <span class="hlt">decay</span> of a symmetry-breaking false vacuum in three spacetime dimensions with gravity. The scenario considered is one in which the initial state, rather than being the homogeneous false vacuum, contains false vortices. The question addressed is whether, and, if so, under which circumstances, the presence of vortices has a significant catalyzing effect on vacuum <span class="hlt">decay</span>. After studying the existence and properties of vortices, we study their <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate through quantum tunneling using a variety of techniques. In particular, for so-called thin-wall vortices we devise a one-parameter family of configurations allowing a quantum-mechanical calculation of tunneling. Also for thin-wall vortices, we employ the Israel junction conditions between the interior and exterior spacetimes. Matching these two spacetimes reveals a <span class="hlt">decay</span> channel which results in an unstable, expanding vortex. We find that the tunneling exponent for vortices, which is the dominant factor in the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate, is half that for Coleman-de Luccia bubbles. This implies that vortices are short-lived, making them cosmologically significant even for low vortex densities. In the limit of the vanishing gravitational constant we smoothly recover our earlier results for the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the false vortex in a model without gravity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhLB..693..580L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhLB..693..580L"><span>Fast proton <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Tianjun; Nanopoulos, Dimitri V.; Walker, Joel W.</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>We consider proton <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the testable flipped SU(5)×U(1)X models with TeV-scale vector-like particles which can be realized in free fermionic string constructions and F-theory model building. We significantly improve upon the determination of light threshold effects from prior studies, and perform a fresh calculation of the second loop for the process p→eπ from the heavy gauge boson exchange. The cumulative result is comparatively fast proton <span class="hlt">decay</span>, with a majority of the most plausible parameter space within reach of the future Hyper-Kamiokande and DUSEL experiments. Because the TeV-scale vector-like particles can be produced at the LHC, we predict a strong correlation between the most exciting particle physics experiments of the coming decade.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953n0029S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1953n0029S"><span>Alpha-<span class="hlt">decay</span> chains of superheavy nuclei 292-296118</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, U. K.; Kumawat, M.; Saxena, G.; Kaushik, M.; Jain, S. K.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We have employed relativistic mean-field plus BCS (RMF+BCS) approach for the study of even-even superheavy nuclei with Z = 118 which is the last and recent observed element in the periodic chart so far. Our study includes binding energies, Qα values, alpha-<span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives and spontaneous <span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives along with comparison of available experimental data and the results of FRDM calculations. We find an excellent match with the only known <span class="hlt">decay</span> chain of 294118 for Z = 118 so far and predict <span class="hlt">decay</span> chain of 292118 and 296118 in consistency with known experimental <span class="hlt">decay</span> chains and FRDM results. These results may provide a very helpful insight to conduct experiments for realizing the presence of nuclei with Z = 118.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH14A..02G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH14A..02G"><span>Kinetic Alfven turbulence: Electron and ion <span class="hlt">heating</span> by particle-in-cell simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gary, S. P.; Hughes, R. S.; Wang, J.; Parashar, T. N.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of the forward cascade of <span class="hlt">decaying</span> kinetic Alfvén turbulence have been carried out as an initial-value problem on a collisionless, homogeneous, magnetized, electron-ion plasma model with betae = betai =0.50 and mi/me=100 where subscripts e and i represent electrons and ions respectively. Initial anisotropic narrowband spectra of relatively long wavelength modes with approximately gyrotropic distributions in kperp undergo a forward cascade to broadband spectra of magnetic fluctuations at shorter wavelengths. Maximum electron and ion <span class="hlt">heating</span> rates are computed as functions of the initial fluctuating magnetic field energy density eo on the range 0.05 < eo < 0.50. In contrast to dissipation by whistler turbulence, the maximum ion <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate due to kinetic Alfvén turbulence is substantially greater than the maximum electron <span class="hlt">heating</span> rate. Furthermore, ion <span class="hlt">heating</span> as well as electron <span class="hlt">heating</span> due to kinetic Alfvén turbulence scale approximately with eo. Finally, electron <span class="hlt">heating</span> leads to anisotropies of the type T||e> Tperpe where the parallel and perpendicular symbols refer to directions parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the background magnetic field, whereas the <span class="hlt">heated</span> ions remain relatively isotropic. This implies that, for the range of eo values considered, the Landau wave-particle resonance is a likely <span class="hlt">heating</span> mechanism for the electrons and may also contribute to ion <span class="hlt">heating</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22713930','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22713930"><span>Anomalous quantum <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport in a one-dimensional harmonic chain with random couplings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yan, Yonghong; Zhao, Hui</p> <p>2012-07-11</p> <p>We investigate quantum <span class="hlt">heat</span> transport in a one-dimensional harmonic system with random couplings. In the presence of randomness, phonon modes may normally be classified as ballistic, diffusive or localized. We show that these modes can roughly be characterized by the local nearest-neighbor level spacing distribution, similarly to their electronic counterparts. We also show that the thermal conductance G(th) through the system <span class="hlt">decays</span> rapidly with the system size (G(th) ∼ L(-α)). The exponent α strongly depends on the system size and can change from α < 1 to α > 1 with increasing system size, indicating that the system undergoes a transition from a <span class="hlt">heat</span> conductor to a <span class="hlt">heat</span> insulator. This result could be useful in thermal control of low-dimensional systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1234894-exotic-decays-heavy-quarks','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1234894-exotic-decays-heavy-quarks"><span>Exotic <span class="hlt">decays</span> of heavy B quarks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Fox, Patrick J.; Tucker-Smith, David</p> <p>2016-01-08</p> <p>Heavy vector-like quarks of charge –1/3, B, have been searched for at the LHC through the <span class="hlt">decays</span> B → bZ, bh, tW. In models where the B quark also carries charge under a new gauge group, new <span class="hlt">decay</span> channels may dominate. We focus on the case where the B is charged under a U(1)' and describe simple models where the dominant <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode is B → bZ' → b(bb¯¯). With the inclusion of dark matter such models can explain the excess of gamma rays from the Galactic center. We develop a search strategy for this <span class="hlt">decay</span> chain and estimate thatmore » with integrated luminosity of 300 fb –1 the LHC will have the potential to discover both the B and the Z' for B quarks with mass below ~ 1.6 TeV, for a broad range of Z' masses. Furthermore, a high-luminosity run can extend this reach to 2 TeV.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27876860','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27876860"><span>Possible generation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from nuclear fusion in Earth's inner core.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fukuhara, Mikio</p> <p>2016-11-23</p> <p>The cause and source of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> released from Earth's interior have not yet been determined. Some research groups have proposed that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> is supplied by radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> or by a nuclear georeactor. Here we postulate that the generation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> is the result of three-body nuclear fusion of deuterons confined in hexagonal FeDx core-centre crystals; the reaction rate is enhanced by the combined attraction effects of high-pressure (~364 GPa) and high-temperature (~5700 K) and by the physical catalysis of neutral pions: 2 D +  2 D +  2 D → 2 1 H +  4 He + 2  + 20.85 MeV. The possible <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation rate can be calculated as 8.12 × 10 12  J/m 3 , based on the assumption that Earth's primitive <span class="hlt">heat</span> supply has already been exhausted. The H and He atoms produced and the anti-neutrino are incorporated as Fe-H based alloys in the H-rich portion of inner core, are released from Earth's interior to the universe, and pass through Earth, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJMPA..3250011E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJMPA..3250011E"><span>Analysis of four-body <span class="hlt">decay</span> of D meson</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Estabar, T.; Mehraban, H.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this work is to provide a phenomenological analysis of the contribution of D0 meson to f0(980)π+π-(f 0(980) → π+π-), K+K-K¯∗(982)0(K¯∗(982)0 → π+K-) and ϕ(π+π-) S-wave(ϕ → K+K-) quasi-three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span>. Such that the analysis of mentioned four-body <span class="hlt">decays</span> is summarized into three-body <span class="hlt">decay</span> and several channels are observed. Based on the factorization approach, hadronic three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span> receive both resonant and nonresonant contributions. We compute both contributions of three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span>. As, there are tree, penguin, emission, and emission annihilation diagrams for these <span class="hlt">decay</span> modes. Our theoretical model for D0 → ϕ(ππ) S-wave <span class="hlt">decay</span> is based on the QCD factorization to quasi-two body followed by S-wave. This model for this <span class="hlt">decay</span> following experimental information which demonstrated two pion interaction in the S-wave is introduced by the scalar resonance. The theoretical values are (1.82 ± 0.24) × 10-4, (4.46 ± 0.41) × 10-5 and (1.1 ± 0.18) × 10-4, while the experimental results of them are (1.8 ± 0.5) × 10-4, (4.4 ± 1.7) × 10-5 and (2.5 ± 0.33) × 10-4, respectively. Comparing computation analysis values with experimental values show that our results are in agreement with them.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JNuM..438S.229Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JNuM..438S.229Y"><span>Melt layer erosion of pure and lanthanum doped tungsten under VDE-like high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux loads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuan, Y.; Greuner, H.; Böswirth, B.; Luo, G.-N.; Fu, B. Q.; Xu, H. Y.; Liu, W.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> loads expected for VDEs in ITER were applied in the neutral beam facility GLADIS at IPP Garching. Several ˜3 mm thick rolled pure W and W-1 wt% La2O3 plates were exposed to pulsed hydrogen beams with a central <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux of 23 MW/m2 for 1.5-1.8 s. The melting thresholds are determined, and melt layer motion as well as material structure evolutions are shown. The melting thresholds of the two W <span class="hlt">grades</span> are very close in this experimental setup. Lots of big bubbles with diameters from several μm to several 10 μm in the re-solidified layer of W were observed and they spread deeper with increasing <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux. However, for W-1 wt% La2O3, no big bubbles were found in the corrugated melt layer. The underlying mechanisms referred to the melt layer motion and bubble issues are tentatively discussed based on comparison of the erosion characteristics between the two W <span class="hlt">grades</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29768200','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29768200"><span>Sensory Afferents Use Different Coding Strategies for <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Cold.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Feng; Bélanger, Erik; Côté, Sylvain L; Desrosiers, Patrick; Prescott, Steven A; Côté, Daniel C; De Koninck, Yves</p> <p>2018-05-15</p> <p>Primary afferents transduce environmental stimuli into electrical activity that is transmitted centrally to be decoded into corresponding sensations. However, it remains unknown how afferent populations encode different somatosensory inputs. To address this, we performed two-photon Ca 2+ imaging from thousands of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in anesthetized mice while applying mechanical and thermal stimuli to hind paws. We found that approximately half of all neurons are polymodal and that <span class="hlt">heat</span> and cold are encoded very differently. As temperature increases, more <span class="hlt">heating</span>-sensitive neurons are activated, and most individual neurons respond more strongly, consistent with <span class="hlt">graded</span> coding at population and single-neuron levels, respectively. In contrast, most cooling-sensitive neurons respond in an ungraded fashion, inconsistent with <span class="hlt">graded</span> coding and suggesting combinatorial coding, based on which neurons are co-activated. Although individual neurons may respond to multiple stimuli, our results show that different stimuli activate distinct combinations of diversely tuned neurons, enabling rich population-level coding. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12l5008T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12l5008T"><span>Estimating the potential for industrial waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> reutilization in urban district energy systems: method development and implementation in two Chinese provinces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tong, Kangkang; Fang, Andrew; Yu, Huajun; Li, Yang; Shi, Lei; Wang, Yangjun; Wang, Shuxiao; Ramaswami, Anu</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Utilizing low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> from industries to <span class="hlt">heat</span> and cool homes and businesses through fourth generation district energy systems (DES) is a novel strategy to reduce energy use. This paper develops a generalizable methodology to estimate the energy saving potential for <span class="hlt">heating</span>/cooling in 20 cities in two Chinese provinces, representing cold winter and hot summer regions respectively. We also conduct a life-cycle analysis of the new infrastructure required for energy exchange in DES. Results show that <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling energy use reduction from this waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchange strategy varies widely based on the mix of industrial, residential and commercial activities, and climate conditions in cities. Low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> is found to be the dominant component of waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> released by industries, which can be reused for both district <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling in fourth generation DES, yielding energy use reductions from 12%-91% (average of 58%) for <span class="hlt">heating</span> and 24%-100% (average of 73%) for cooling energy use in the different cities based on annual exchange potential. Incorporating seasonality and multiple energy exchange pathways resulted in energy savings reductions from 0%-87%. The life-cycle impact of added infrastructure was small (<3% for <span class="hlt">heating</span>) and 1.9% ~ 6.5% (cooling) of the carbon emissions from fuel use in current <span class="hlt">heating</span> or cooling systems, indicating net carbon savings. This generalizable approach to delineate waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> potential can help determine suitable cities for the widespread application of industrial waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> re-utilization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AIPC.1572...45E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AIPC.1572...45E"><span>The Majorana Demonstrator: A search for neutrinoless double-beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> of germanium-76</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Elliott, S. R.; Abgrall, N.; Aguayo, E.; Avignone, F. T., III; Barabash, A. S.; Bertrand, F. E.; Boswell, M.; Brudanin, V.; Busch, M.; Caldwell, A. S.; Chan, Y.-D.; Christofferson, C. D.; Combs, D. C.; Detwiler, J. A.; Doe, P. J.; Efremenko, Yu.; Egorov, V.; Ejiri, H.; Esterline, J.; Fast, J. E.; Finnerty, P.; Fraenkle, F. M.; Galindo-Uribarri, A.; Giovanetti, G. K.; Goett, J.; Green, M. P.; Gruszko, J.; Guiseppe, V. E.; Gusev, K.; Hallin, A. L.; Hazama, R.; Hegai, A.; Henning, R.; Hoppe, E. W.; Howard, S.; Howe, M. A.; Keeter, K. J.; Kidd, M. F.; Kochetov, O.; Konovalov, S. I.; Kouzes, R. T.; LaFerriere, B. D.; Leon, J.; Leviner, L. E.; Loach, J. C.; MacMullin, S.; Martin, R. D.; Mertens, S.; Mizouni, L.; Nomachi, M.; Orrell, J. L.; O'Shaughnessy, C.; Overman, N. R.; Phillips, D. G., II; Poon, A. W. P.; Pushkin, K.; Radford, D. C.; Rielage, K.; Robertson, R. G. H.; Ronquest, M. C.; Schubert, A. G.; Shanks, B.; Shima, T.; Shirchenko, M.; Snavely, K. J.; Snyder, N.; Soin, A.; Strain, J.; Suriano, A. M.; Timkin, V.; Tornow, W.; Varner, R. L.; Vasilyev, S.; Vetter, K.; Vorren, K.; White, B. R.; Wilkerson, J. F.; Xu, W.; Yakushev, E.; Young, A. R.; Yu, C.-H.; Yumatov, V.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The Majorana collaboration is searching for neutrinoless double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> using 76Ge, which has been shown to have a number of advantages in terms of sensitivities and backgrounds. The observation of neutrinoless double-beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> would show that lepton number is violated and that neutrinos are Majorana particles and would simultaneously provide information on neutrino mass. Attaining sensitivities for neutrino masses in the inverted hierarchy region, 15 - 50 meV, will require large, tonne-scale detectors with extremely low backgrounds, at the level of ˜1 count/t-y or lower in the region of the signal. The Majorana collaboration, with funding support from DOE Office of Nuclear Physics and NSF Particle Astrophysics, is constructing the Demonstrator, an array consisting of 40 kg of p-type point-contact high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, of which ˜30 kg will be enriched to 87% in 76Ge. The Demonstrator is being constructed in a clean room laboratory facility at the 4850' level (4300 m.w.e.) of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD. It utilizes a compact <span class="hlt">graded</span> shield approach with the inner portion consisting of ultra-clean Cu that is being electroformed and machined underground. The primary aim of the Demonstrator is to show the feasibility of a future tonne-scale measurement in terms of backgrounds and scalability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1686b0003B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AIPC.1686b0003B"><span>Review of modern double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barabash, A. S.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>The review of modern experiments on search and studying of double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> processes is done. Results of the most sensitive current experiments are discussed. The main attention is paid to EXO-200, KamLAND-Zen, GERDA-I and CUORE-0 experiments. Modern values of T1/2(2ν) and best present limits on neutrinoless double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> and double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> with Majoron emission are presented. Conservative limits on effective mass of a Majorana neutrino (<mν> < 0.46 eV) and a coupling constant of Majoron to neutrino (<gee> < 1.3 . 10-5) are obtained. Prospects of search for neutrinoless double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> in new experiments with sensitivity to <mν> at the level of ˜ 0.01-0.1 eV are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22612507-peculiar-features-boron-distribution-high-temperature-fracture-area-rapidly-quenched-heat-resistant-nickel-alloy','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22612507-peculiar-features-boron-distribution-high-temperature-fracture-area-rapidly-quenched-heat-resistant-nickel-alloy"><span>Peculiar features of boron distribution in high temperature fracture area of rapidly quenched <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant nickel alloy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Shulga, A. V., E-mail: avshulga@mephi.ru</p> <p></p> <p>This article comprises the results of comprehensive study of the structure and distribution in the high temperature fracture area of rapidly quenched <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant superalloy of <span class="hlt">grade</span> EP741NP after tensile tests. The structure and boron distribution in the fracture area are studied in detail by means of direct track autoradiography in combination with metallography of macro- and microstructure. A rather extensive region of microcracks generation and intensive boron redistribution is detected in the high temperature fracture area of rapidly quenched nickel superalloy of <span class="hlt">grade</span> EP741NP. A significant decrease in boron content in the fracture area and formation of elliptically arranged boridemore » precipitates are revealed. The mechanism of intense boron migration and stability violation of the structural and phase state in the fracture area of rapidly quenched <span class="hlt">heat</span>-resistant nickel superalloy of <span class="hlt">grade</span> EP741NP is proposed on the basis of accounting for deformation occurring in the fracture area and analysis of the stressed state near a crack.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/41382','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/41382"><span>Calculated secondary yields for proton broadband using <span class="hlt">DECAY</span> TURTLE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sondgeroth, A.</p> <p>1995-02-01</p> <p>The calculations for the yields were done by Al Sondgeroth and Anthony Malensek. The authors used the <span class="hlt">DECAY</span> deck called PBSEC{_}E.DAT from the CMS DECKS library. After obtaining the run modes and calibration modes from the liaison physicist, they made individual <span class="hlt">decay</span> runs, using <span class="hlt">DECAY</span> TURTLE from the CMS libraries and a production spectrum subroutine which was modified by Anthony, for each particle and <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode for all particle types coming out of the target box. Results were weighted according to branching ratios for particles with more than one <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode. The production spectra were produced assuming beryllium as themore » target. The optional deuterium target available to broadband will produce slightly higher yields. It should be noted that they did not include pion yields from klong <span class="hlt">decays</span> because they could not simulate three body <span class="hlt">decays</span>. Pions from klongs would add a very small fraction to the total yield.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvE..88f2134R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvE..88f2134R"><span>Memory <span class="hlt">decay</span> and loss of criticality in quorum percolation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Renault, Renaud; Monceau, Pascal; Bottani, Samuel</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>In this paper, we present the effects of memory <span class="hlt">decay</span> on a bootstrap percolation model applied to random directed graphs (quorum percolation). The addition of <span class="hlt">decay</span> was motivated by its natural occurrence in physical systems previously described by percolation theory, such as cultured neuronal networks, where <span class="hlt">decay</span> originates from ionic leakage through the membrane of neurons and/or synaptic depression. Surprisingly, this feature alone appears to change the critical behavior of the percolation transition, where discontinuities are replaced by steep but finite slopes. Using different numerical approaches, we show evidence for this qualitative change even for very small <span class="hlt">decay</span> values. In experiments where the steepest slopes can not be resolved and still appear as discontinuities, <span class="hlt">decay</span> produces nonetheless a quantitative difference on the location of the apparent critical point. We discuss how this shift impacts network connectivity previously estimated without considering <span class="hlt">decay</span>. In addition to this particular example, we believe that other percolation models are worth reinvestigating, taking into account similar sorts of memory <span class="hlt">decay</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/11507','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/11507"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> associated with borer wounds in living oaks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Frederick H. Berry</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Wood-borer wounds serve as entry courts for <span class="hlt">decay</span> fungi in oak species in the central hardwood region. Thirteen species of fungi were isolated from <span class="hlt">decayed</span> areas surrounding borer galleries. Polyporus compactus was the most frequently isolated fungus, accounting for about 1/3 of the total <span class="hlt">decay</span> volume caused by identified fungi.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhDT.......113B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhDT.......113B"><span>Inclusive rare B <span class="hlt">decays</span> using effective field theories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bauer, Christian</p> <p></p> <p>In this thesis we will discuss several properties of rare <span class="hlt">decays</span> of B mesons. First we discuss properties of the inclusive radiative <span class="hlt">decay</span> B¯ --> Xsγ, where Xs stands for any hadronic state containing an s quark. We extend previous studies of this <span class="hlt">decay</span>, which included perturbative corrections to order αs and nonperturbative contributions up to order (ΛQCD/ mb)2 and calculate the O (ΛQCD/mb)3 contributions to this <span class="hlt">decay</span>. The values of the nonperturbative parameters entering at this order are unknown, leading to uncertainties in the standard model prediction of this <span class="hlt">decay</span>. We estimate the size of these nonperturbative uncertainties by varying these parameters in the range suggested by dimensional analysis. We also estimate uncertainties arising from a cut on the photon energy which is required experimentally. Another <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode investigated is B¯ --> Xsl+l-. We study the O (ΛQCD/mb)3 contributions to the leptonic invariant mass spectrum, the forward-backward asymmetry and hadronic invariant mass moments and estimate the resulting uncertainties. We calculate how the size of these uncertainties depend on the value of an experimental cut that has to be applied to eliminate the large background from other B <span class="hlt">decays</span>. A model independent way to determinate the CKM matrix element | Vub| from the dilepton invariant mass spectrum of the inclusive <span class="hlt">decay</span> B-->Xul+ n is presented next. We show that cuts required to eliminate the charm background still allow for a theoretically clean way to determine the CKM matrix element |Vub|. We also discuss the utility of the B¯ --> Xsl +l- <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate above the y (2S) resonance to reduce the resulting uncertainties. Finally, we introduce a novel effective theory valid for highly energetic particles. In <span class="hlt">decays</span> where the phase space is sufficiently restricted such that final state particles have very high energies compared to their mass, the perturbative as well as nonperturbative series diverge. The effective theory presented allows to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26944839','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26944839"><span>Extraction of Aerosol-Deposited Yersinia pestis from Indoor Surfaces To Determine Bacterial Environmental <span class="hlt">Decay</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gut, Ian M; Bartlett, Ryan A; Yeager, John J; Leroux, Brian; Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna; Dabisch, Paul; Karaolis, David K R</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Public health and decontamination decisions following an event that causes indoor contamination with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. The goals of this study were to develop methods for experimentally depositing bacteria onto indoor surfaces via aerosol, evaluate methods for sampling and enumerating the agent on surfaces, and use these methods to determine bacterial surface <span class="hlt">decay</span>. A specialized aerosol deposition chamber was constructed, and methods were established for reproducible and uniform aerosol deposition of bacteria onto four coupon types. The deposition chamber facilitated the control of relative humidity (RH; 10 to 70%) following particle deposition to mimic the conditions of indoor environments, as RH is not controlled by standard <span class="hlt">heating</span>, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Extraction and culture-based enumeration methods to quantify the viable bacteria on coupons were shown to be highly sensitive and reproducible. To demonstrate the usefulness of the system for <span class="hlt">decay</span> studies,Yersinia pestis persistence as a function of surface type at 21 °C and 40% RH was determined to be >40%/min for all surfaces. Based upon these results, at typical indoor temperature and RH, a 6-log reduction in titer would expected to be achieved within 1 h as the result of environmental <span class="hlt">decay</span> on surfaces without active decontamination. The developed approach will facilitate future persistence and decontamination studies with a broad range of biological agents and surfaces, providing agent <span class="hlt">decay</span> data to inform both assessments of risk to personnel entering a contaminated site and decontamination decisions following biological contamination of an indoor environment. Public health and decontamination decisions following contamination of an indoor environment with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. Previous studies on Y. pestis persistence have utilized large liquid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/23772','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/23772"><span>Construction-<span class="hlt">grade</span> plywood from <span class="hlt">grade</span> 3 Appalachian oak</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>E. Paul Craft; E. Paul Craft</p> <p>1970-01-01</p> <p>In an effort to find a use for a large volume of the low-<span class="hlt">grade</span> oak logs of Appalachia, we processed a sample of these logs in a typical southern-pine sheathing plant and determined the feasibility of converting them into construction <span class="hlt">grade</span> plywood.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUSMSP11A..01C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUSMSP11A..01C"><span>Statistical Study of Rapid Penumbral <span class="hlt">Decay</span> Associated with Flares</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, W.; Liu, C.; Wang, H.</p> <p>2005-05-01</p> <p>We present results of statistical study of rapid penumbral <span class="hlt">decay</span> associated with flares. In total, we investigated 402 events from 05/09/98 to 07/17/04, including 40 X-class, 173 M-class and 189 C-class flares. We show strong evidence that penumbral segments <span class="hlt">decayed</span> rapidly and permanently right after many flares. The rapid changes, which can be identified in the time profiles of white-light(WL) mean intensity are permanent, not transient, thus are not due to flare emissions. Our study shows that penumbral <span class="hlt">decay</span> is more likely to be detected when associated with large solar flares. The larger the flare magnitude, the stronger the penumbral <span class="hlt">decay</span> is. For X-class flares, almost 50% events show distinct <span class="hlt">decay</span>. But for M- and C-class flares, this percentage drops to 16% and 10%, respectively. For all the events that clear <span class="hlt">decay</span> can be observed, we find that the locations of penumbral <span class="hlt">decay</span> are associated with flare emissions and are connected by prominent TRACE post-flare loops. To explain these observations, we propose a reconnection picture in that the penumbral fields change from a highly inclined to a more vertical configuration, leading to penumbral <span class="hlt">decay</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27268072','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27268072"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation on hand cooling efficacy following exercise in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adams, Elizabeth L; Vandermark, Lesley W; Pryor, J Luke; Pryor, Riana R; VanScoy, Rachel M; Denegar, Craig R; Huggins, Robert A; Casa, Douglas J</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>This study examined the separate and combined effects of <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation and hand cooling on post-exercise cooling rates following bouts of exercise in the <span class="hlt">heat</span>. Seventeen non-<span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimated (NHA) males (mean ± SE; age, 23 ± 1 y; mass, 75.30 ± 2.27 kg; maximal oxygen consumption [VO 2 max], 54.1 ± 1.3 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) completed 2 <span class="hlt">heat</span> stress tests (HST) when NHA, then 10 days of <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimation, then 2 HST once <span class="hlt">heat</span> acclimated (HA) in an environmental chamber (40°C; 40%RH). HSTs were 2 60-min bouts of treadmill exercise (45% VO 2 max; 2% <span class="hlt">grade</span>) each followed by 10 min of hand cooling (C) or no cooling (NC). <span class="hlt">Heat</span> acclimation sessions were 90-240 min of treadmill or stationary bike exercise (60-80% VO 2 max). Repeated measures ANOVA with Fishers LSD post hoc (α < 0.05) identified differences. When NHA, C (0.020 ± 0.003°C·min -1 ) had a greater cooling rate than NC (0.013 ± 0.003°C·min -1 ) (mean difference [95%CI]; 0.007°C [0.001,0.013], P = 0.035). Once HA, C (0.021 ± 0.002°C·min -1 ) was similar to NC (0.025 ± 0.002°C·min -1 ) (0.004°C [-0.003,0.011], P = 0.216). Hand cooling when HA (0.021 ± 0.002°C·min -1 ) was similar to when NHA (0.020 ± 0.003°C·min -1 ) (P = 0.77). In conclusion, when NHA, C provided greater cooling rates than NC. Once HA, C and NC provided similar cooling rates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1348965-fully-differential-top-decay-distribution','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1348965-fully-differential-top-decay-distribution"><span>The fully differential top <span class="hlt">decay</span> distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.; Boudreau, J.; Escobar, C.</p> <p></p> <p>We write down the four-dimensional fully differential <span class="hlt">decay</span> distribution for the top quark <span class="hlt">decay</span> t → Wb → ℓνb. We discuss how its eight physical parameters can be measured, either with a global fit or with the use of selected one-dimensional distributions and asymmetries. We give expressions for the top <span class="hlt">decay</span> amplitudes for a general tbW interaction, and show how the untangled measurement of the two components of the fraction of longitudinal W bosons – those with b quark helicities of 1/2 and –1/2, respectively – could improve the precision of a global fit to the tbW vertex.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1348965-fully-differential-top-decay-distribution','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1348965-fully-differential-top-decay-distribution"><span>The fully differential top <span class="hlt">decay</span> distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.; Boudreau, J.; Escobar, C.; ...</p> <p>2017-03-29</p> <p>We write down the four-dimensional fully differential <span class="hlt">decay</span> distribution for the top quark <span class="hlt">decay</span> t → Wb → ℓνb. We discuss how its eight physical parameters can be measured, either with a global fit or with the use of selected one-dimensional distributions and asymmetries. We give expressions for the top <span class="hlt">decay</span> amplitudes for a general tbW interaction, and show how the untangled measurement of the two components of the fraction of longitudinal W bosons – those with b quark helicities of 1/2 and –1/2, respectively – could improve the precision of a global fit to the tbW vertex.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvD..62e7503F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvD..62e7503F"><span>Exploring CP violation with Bc <span class="hlt">decays</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fleischer, Robert; Wyler, Daniel</p> <p>2000-09-01</p> <p>We point out that the pure ``tree'' <span class="hlt">decays</span> B+/-c-->D+/-sD are particularly well suited to extract the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa angle γ through amplitude relations. In contrast with conceptually similar strategies using B+/--->K+/-D or Bd-->K*0D <span class="hlt">decays</span>, the advantage of the Bc approach is that the corresponding triangles have three sides of comparable length and do not involve small amplitudes. <span class="hlt">Decays</span> of the type B+/-c-->D+/-D, the U-spin counterparts of B+/-c-->D+/-sD, can be added to the analysis, as well as channels, where the D+/-s and D+/- mesons are replaced by higher resonances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=FLOORING&pg=4&id=EJ618040','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=FLOORING&pg=4&id=EJ618040"><span>Making the <span class="hlt">Grade</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Dahlgren, Sally</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Explains the importance of choosing wood flooring for athletic facilities and why the <span class="hlt">grade</span> of wood specified can significantly impact sports-facility aesthetics. The three types of wood <span class="hlt">grades</span> are explained along with thoughts on why choosing the priciest <span class="hlt">grade</span> may not be satisfactory. (GR)</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......169P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......169P"><span>Functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> Ti6Al4V and Inconel 625 by Laser Metal Deposition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pulugurtha, Syamala R.</p> <p></p> <p>The objective of the current work was to fabricate a crack-free functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> Ti6Al4V and Inconel 625 thin wall structure by Laser Metal Deposition (LMD). One potential application for the current material system is the ability to fabricate a functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> alloy that can be used in a space <span class="hlt">heat</span> exchanger. The two alloys, Inconel 625 and Ti6Al4V are currently used for aerospace applications. They were chosen as candidates for <span class="hlt">grading</span> because functionally <span class="hlt">grading</span> those combines the properties of high strength/weight ratio of Ti6Al4V and high temperature oxidation resistance of Inconel 625 into one multifunctional material for the end application. However, there were challenges associated with the presence of Ni-Ti intermetallic phases (IMPs). The study focused on several critical areas such as (1) understanding microstructural evolution, (2) reducing macroscopic cracking, and (3) reducing mixing between <span class="hlt">graded</span> layers. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to understand the effect of process conditions on multilayer claddings for simplified material systems such as SS316L and Inconel 625 where complex microstructures did not form. The thermo-mechanical models were developed using Abaqus(TM) (and some of them experimentally verified) to predict temperature-gradients; remelt layer depths and residual stresses. Microstructure evolution along the functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> Ti6Al4V and Inconel 625 was studied under different processing and <span class="hlt">grading</span> conditions. Thermodynamic modeling using Factsage (v 6.1) was used to construct phase diagrams and predict the possible equilibrium major/minor phases (verified experimentally by XRD) that may be present along the functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> Ti6Al4V and Inconel 625 thin wall structures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NPPP..273.2630P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NPPP..273.2630P"><span>The AMoRE: Search for Neutrinoless Double Beta <span class="hlt">Decay</span> in 100Mo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, HyangKyu; AMoRE Collaboration</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The AMoRE (Advanced Mo-based Rare process Experiment) collaboration is going to use calcium molybdate, 40Ca100MoO4 (CMO), crystal scintillators enriched in 100Mo and depleted in 48Ca to search for neutrinoless double-beta (0 νββ) <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 100Mo using a technique of cryogenic scintillating bolometers at the underground laboratory in Korea. The collaboration is going to utilize metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMC) as temperature sensors both in <span class="hlt">heat</span> and light channels of CMO detectors operated at milli-Kelvin temperature. Application of relatively fast MMC sensors provides excellent energy resolution, powerful discrimination of internal alpha particles, effective pulse-shape discrimination of randomly coinciding events of two-neutrino double-beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 100Mo. In its first phase, the AMoRE-10 will use about 10 kg of CMO crystals. As a next step, the AMoRE-200 is going to build about 200 kg detector to reach a half-life sensitivity on the level of 1026 years with an aim to explore inverted hierarchy region of the effective Majorana neutrino mass 0.02 - 0.05 eV. Recent progress on the calcium molybdate detectors developments at room and milli-Kelvin temperatures as well as background study based on Monte Carlo simulations will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ChPhC..42a3101B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ChPhC..42a3101B"><span>CP asymmetries in Strange Baryon <span class="hlt">Decays</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bigi, I. I.; Kang, Xian-Wei; Li, Hai-Bo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>While indirect and direct CP violation (CPV) has been established in the <span class="hlt">decays</span> of strange and beauty mesons, no CPV has yet been found for baryons. There are different paths to finding CP asymmetry in the <span class="hlt">decays</span> of strange baryons; they are all highly non-trivial. The HyperCP Collaboration has probed CPV in the <span class="hlt">decays</span> of single Ξ and Λ [1]. We discuss future lessons from {{{e}}}+{{{e}}}- collisions at BESIII/BEPCII: probing <span class="hlt">decays</span> of pairs of strange baryons, namely Λ, Σ and Ξ. Realistic goals are to learn about non-perturbative QCD. One can hope to find CPV in the <span class="hlt">decays</span> of strange baryons; one can also dream of finding the impact of New Dynamics. We point out that an important new era will start with the BESIII/BEPCII data accumulated by the end of 2018. This also supports new ideas to trigger {{J}}/{{\\psi }}\\to \\bar{{{Λ }}}{{Λ }} at the LHCb collaboration. Supported by National Science Foundation (PHY-1520966), National Natural Science Foundation of China (11335009, 11125525), Joint Large-Scale Scientific Facility Funds of the NSFC and CAS (U1532257), the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2015CB856700), Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS, (QYZDJ-SSW-SLH003), XWK’s work is also supported by MOST (Taiwan) (104-2112-M-001-022)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/mird','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/mird"><span>Nuclear <span class="hlt">Decay</span> Data in the MIRD Format</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>nuclear <span class="hlt">decay</span> and <span class="hlt">decay</span> scheme drawings will be produced in the <em>Medical</em> Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD National Laboratory Report BNL-NCS-52142, February 29, 1988) More information concerning <em>medical</em></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvD..95k4017L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvD..95k4017L"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> behaviors of the Pc hadronic molecules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lin, Yong-Hui; Shen, Chao-Wei; Guo, Feng-Kun; Zou, Bing-Song</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The Pc(4380 ) and Pc(4450 ) states observed recently by the LHCb experiment were proposed to be either D ¯Σc* or D¯*Σc bound states. We analyze the <span class="hlt">decay</span> behaviors of two such types of hadronic molecules within the effective Lagrangian framework. With branching ratios of ten possible <span class="hlt">decay</span> channels calculated, it is found that the two types of hadronic molecules have distinguishable <span class="hlt">decay</span> patterns. While the D ¯Σc* molecule <span class="hlt">decays</span> dominantly to the D¯*Λc channel with a branching ratio by 2 orders of magnitude larger than to D ¯Λc, the D¯*Σc molecule <span class="hlt">decays</span> to these two channels with a difference of less than a factor of 2. Our results show that the total <span class="hlt">decay</span> width of Pc(4380 ) as the spin-parity-3/2- D ¯Σc* molecule is about a factor of 2 larger than the corresponding value for the D¯*Σc molecule. It suggests that the assignment of the D ¯Σc* molecule for Pc(4380 ) is more favorable than the D¯*Σc molecule. In addition, Pc(4450 ) seems to be a D¯*Σc molecule with JP=5/2+ in our scheme. Based on these partial <span class="hlt">decay</span> widths of the Pc states, we estimate the cross sections for the reactions γ p →J /ψ p and π p →J /ψ p through the s-channel Pc states. The forthcoming γ p experiment at JLAB and the π p experiment at JPARC should be able to pin down the nature of these Pc states.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJAME..22..253F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJAME..22..253F"><span>Similarity Solutions on Mixed Convection <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer from a Horizontal Surface Saturated in a Porous Medium with Internal <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Generation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ferdows, M.; Liu, D.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The aim of this work is to study the mixed convection boundary layer flow from a horizontal surface embedded in a porous medium with exponential <span class="hlt">decaying</span> internal <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation (IHG). Boundary layer equations are reduced to two ordinary differential equations for the dimensionless stream function and temperature with two parameters: ɛ, the mixed convection parameter, and λ, the exponent of x. This problem is numerically solved with a system of parameters using built-in codes in Maple. The influences of these parameters on velocity and temperature profiles, and the Nusselt number, are thoroughly compared and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5493026','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5493026"><span>X-ray reflectivity measurement of interdiffusion in metallic multilayers during rapid <span class="hlt">heating</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Liu, J. P.; Kirchhoff, J.; Zhou, L.; Zhao, M.; Grapes, M. D.; Dale, D. S.; Tate, M. D.; Philipp, H. T.; Gruner, S. M.; Weihs, T. P.; Hufnagel, T. C.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>A technique for measuring interdiffusion in multilayer materials during rapid <span class="hlt">heating</span> using X-ray reflectivity is described. In this technique the sample is bent to achieve a range of incident angles simultaneously, and the scattered intensity is recorded on a fast high-dynamic-range mixed-mode pixel array detector. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> of the multilayer is achieved by electrical resistive <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the silicon substrate, monitored by an infrared pyrometer. As an example, reflectivity data from Al/Ni <span class="hlt">heated</span> at rates up to 200 K s−1 are presented. At short times the interdiffusion coefficient can be determined from the rate of <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the reflectivity peaks, and it is shown that the activation energy for interdiffusion is consistent with a grain boundary diffusion mechanism. At longer times the simple analysis no longer applies because the evolution of the reflectivity pattern is complicated by other processes, such as nucleation and growth of intermetallic phases. PMID:28664887</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1426777-ray-reflectivity-measurement-interdiffusion-nbsp-metallic-multilayers-during-rapid-heating','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1426777-ray-reflectivity-measurement-interdiffusion-nbsp-metallic-multilayers-during-rapid-heating"><span>X-ray reflectivity measurement of interdiffusion in metallic multilayers during rapid <span class="hlt">heating</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Liu, J. P.; Kirchhoff, J.; Zhou, L.; ...</p> <p>2017-06-15</p> <p>A technique for measuring interdiffusion in multilayer materials during rapid <span class="hlt">heating</span> using X-ray reflectivity is described. In this technique the sample is bent to achieve a range of incident angles simultaneously, and the scattered intensity is recorded on a fast high-dynamic-range mixed-mode pixel array detector. <span class="hlt">Heating</span> of the multilayer is achieved by electrical resistive <span class="hlt">heating</span> of the silicon substrate, monitored by an infrared pyrometer. As an example, reflectivity data from Al/Ni <span class="hlt">heated</span> at rates up to 200 K s -1 are presented. At short times the interdiffusion coefficient can be determined from the rate of <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the reflectivity peaks,more » and it is shown that the activation energy for interdiffusion is consistent with a grain boundary diffusion mechanism. At longer times the simple analysis no longer applies because the evolution of the reflectivity pattern is complicated by other processes, such as nucleation and growth of intermetallic phases.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1159568','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1159568"><span>Electron and ion <span class="hlt">heating</span> by whistler turbulence: Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hughes, R. Scott; Gary, S. Peter; Wang, Joseph</p> <p>2014-12-17</p> <p>Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of <span class="hlt">decaying</span> whistler turbulence are carried out on a collisionless, homogeneous, magnetized, electron-ion plasma model. In addition, the simulations use an initial ensemble of relatively long wavelength whistler modes with a broad range of initial propagation directions with an initial electron beta β e = 0.05. The computations follow the temporal evolution of the fluctuations as they cascade into broadband turbulent spectra at shorter wavelengths. Three simulations correspond to successively larger simulation boxes and successively longer wavelengths of the initial fluctuations. The computations confirm previous results showing electron <span class="hlt">heating</span> is preferentially parallel to the background magnetic fieldmore » B o, and ion <span class="hlt">heating</span> is preferentially perpendicular to B o. The new results here are that larger simulation boxes and longer initial whistler wavelengths yield weaker overall dissipation, consistent with linear dispersion theory predictions of decreased damping, stronger ion <span class="hlt">heating</span>, consistent with a stronger ion Landau resonance, and weaker electron <span class="hlt">heating</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/43816','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/43816"><span>Green lumber <span class="hlt">grade</span> yields from factory <span class="hlt">grade</span> logs of three oak species</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Daniel A. Yaussy</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Multivariate regression models were developed to predict green board foot yields for the seven common factory lumber <span class="hlt">grades</span> processed from white, black, and chestnut oak factory <span class="hlt">grade</span> logs. These models use the standard log measurements of <span class="hlt">grade</span>, scaling diameter, log length, and proportion of scaling defect. Any combination of lumber <span class="hlt">grades</span> (such as 1 Common and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/920017','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/920017"><span>Radiative Penguin <span class="hlt">Decays</span> at the B Factories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Koneke, Karsten; /MIT, LNS</p> <p>2007-11-16</p> <p>In this article, I review the most recent results in radiative penguin <span class="hlt">decays</span> from the B factories Belle and BABAR. Most notably, I will talk about the recent new observations in the <span class="hlt">decays</span> B {yields} ({rho}/{omega}) {gamma}, a new analysis technique in b {yields} s{gamma}, and first measurements of radiative penguin <span class="hlt">decays</span> in the B{sup 0}{sub s} meson system. Finally, I will summarize the current status and future prospects of radiative penguin B physics at the B factories.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=A+AND+Framework+AND+Quantitative+AND+Testing+AND+Landform+AND+Evolution+AND+Models+AND+Willgoose%2c+AND+G.+AND+R.+AND+%2f+AND+Hancock%2c+AND+G.+AND+R.+AND+%2f+AND+Kuczera%2c+AND+G.+AND+A.+AND+%2f+AND+American+AND+Geophysical+AND+Union+AND+%7c+AND+2003+AND+print+AND+version&id=EJ1160620','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=A+AND+Framework+AND+Quantitative+AND+Testing+AND+Landform+AND+Evolution+AND+Models+AND+Willgoose%2c+AND+G.+AND+R.+AND+%2f+AND+Hancock%2c+AND+G.+AND+R.+AND+%2f+AND+Kuczera%2c+AND+G.+AND+A.+AND+%2f+AND+American+AND+Geophysical+AND+Union+AND+%7c+AND+2003+AND+print+AND+version&id=EJ1160620"><span>Self-<span class="hlt">Grading</span> and Peer-<span class="hlt">Grading</span> for Formative and Summative Assessments in 3rd through 12th <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Classrooms: A Meta-Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sanchez, Carmen E.; Atkinson, Kayla M.; Koenka, Alison C.; Moshontz, Hannah; Cooper, Harris</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The "assessment 'for' learning" movement in education has increased attention to self-<span class="hlt">grading</span> and peer-<span class="hlt">grading</span> practices in primary and secondary schools. This research synthesis examined several questions pertaining to the use of self-<span class="hlt">grading</span> and peer-<span class="hlt">grading</span> in conjunction with criterion-referenced testing in 3rd- through…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5448884','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5448884"><span>Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Analysis of a Curved Functionally <span class="hlt">Graded</span> Piezoelectric Actuator with Sandwich Structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yan, Zhi; Zaman, Mostafa; Jiang, Liying</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>In this work, the problem of a curved functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> piezoelectric (FGP) actuator with sandwich structure under electrical and thermal loads is investigated. The middle layer in the sandwich structure is functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> with the piezoelectric coefficient g31 varying continuously along the radial direction of the curved actuator. Based on the theory of linear piezoelectricity, analytical solutions are obtained by using Airy stress function to examine the effects of material gradient and <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction on the performance of the curved actuator. It is found that the material gradient and thermal load have significant influence on the electroelastic fields and the mechanical response of the curved FGP actuator. Without the sacrifice of actuation deflection, smaller internal stresses are generated by using the sandwich actuator with functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> piezoelectric layer instead of the conventional bimorph actuator. This work is very helpful for the design and application of curved piezoelectric actuators under thermal environment. PMID:28824130</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28824130','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28824130"><span>Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Analysis of a Curved Functionally <span class="hlt">Graded</span> Piezoelectric Actuator with Sandwich Structure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yan, Zhi; Zaman, Mostafa; Jiang, Liying</p> <p>2011-12-12</p> <p>In this work, the problem of a curved functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> piezoelectric (FGP) actuator with sandwich structure under electrical and thermal loads is investigated. The middle layer in the sandwich structure is functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> with the piezoelectric coefficient g 31 varying continuously along the radial direction of the curved actuator. Based on the theory of linear piezoelectricity, analytical solutions are obtained by using Airy stress function to examine the effects of material gradient and <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction on the performance of the curved actuator. It is found that the material gradient and thermal load have significant influence on the electroelastic fields and the mechanical response of the curved FGP actuator. Without the sacrifice of actuation deflection, smaller internal stresses are generated by using the sandwich actuator with functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> piezoelectric layer instead of the conventional bimorph actuator. This work is very helpful for the design and application of curved piezoelectric actuators under thermal environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM43B1760R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM43B1760R"><span>Experimental tests of the von Karman self-preservation hypothesis: <span class="hlt">decay</span> of an electron plasma to a near-maximum entropy state</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rodgers, D.; Servidio, S.; Matthaeus, W. H.; Montgomery, D.; Mitchell, T.; Aziz, T.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The self-preservation hypothesis of von Karman [1] implies that in three dimensiolnal turbulence the energy E <span class="hlt">decays</span> as dE/dt = - a Z^3/L, where a is a constant, Z is the turbulence amplitude and L is a simlarity length scale. Extensions of this idea to MHD [2] has been of great utility in solar wind and coronal <span class="hlt">heating</span> studies. Here we conduct an experimental study of this idea in the context of two dimensional electron plasma turbulence. In particular, we examine the time evolution that leads to dynamical relaxation of a pure electron plasma in a Malmberg-Penning (MP) trap, comparing experiments and statistical theories of weakly dissipative two-dimensional (2D) turbulence [3]. A formulation of von Karman-Howarth (vKH) self-preserving <span class="hlt">decay</span> is presented for a 2D positive-vorticity fluid, a system that corresponds closely to a 2D electron ExB drift plasma. When the enstrophy of the meta-stable equilibrium is accounted for, the enstrophy <span class="hlt">decay</span> follows the predicted vKH <span class="hlt">decay</span> for a variety of initial conditions in the MP experiment. Statistical analysis favors a theoretical picture of relaxation to a near-maximum entropy state, evidently driven by a self-preserving <span class="hlt">decay</span> of enstrophy. [1] T. de Karman and L. Howarth, Proc. Roy. Soc Lon. A, 164, 192, 1938. [2] W. H. Matthaeus, G. P. Zank, and S. Oughton. J. Plas. Phys., 56:659, 1996. [3] D. J. Rodgers, S. Servidio, W. H. Matthaeus, D. C. Montgomery, T. B. Mitchell, and T. Aziz. Phys. Rev. Lett., 102(24):244501, 2009.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1039182','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1039182"><span>Searches for Leptonic B <span class="hlt">Decays</span> at BaBar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nelson, Silke; /SLAC</p> <p>2012-04-25</p> <p>Measurements of the branching fractions of purely leptonic <span class="hlt">decays</span> of B-mesons translate into constraints in the plane of the charged Higgs mass versus tan {beta} which are relatively insensitive to the particular theoretical model. Using the full BABAR dataset of 450 million B-<span class="hlt">decays</span> we search for these <span class="hlt">decays</span>. No significant signal is found in the <span class="hlt">decays</span> into electrons or muons and we set upper limits on the branching fractions of the order of a 10{sup -6} at 90% confidence level. We measure the branching fraction of B {yields} {tau}{mu} to be (1.7 {+-} 0.6) x 10{sup -4}.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25659002','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25659002"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> of turbulence at high reynolds numbers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sinhuber, Michael; Bodenschatz, Eberhard; Bewley, Gregory P</p> <p>2015-01-23</p> <p>Turbulent motions in a fluid <span class="hlt">decay</span> at a certain rate once stirring has stopped. The role of the most basic parameter in fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number, in setting the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate is not generally known. This Letter concerns the high-Reynolds-number limit of the process. In a classical grid-turbulence wind-tunnel experiment that both reaches higher Reynolds numbers than ever before and covers a wide range of them (10^{4}<Re=UM/ν<5×10^{6}), we measure the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate with the unprecedented precision of about 2%. Here U is the mean speed of the flow, M is the forcing scale, and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. We observe that the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate is Reynolds-number independent, which contradicts some models and supports others.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358049','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358049"><span>Building America Case Study: Impact of Slab-Foundation <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Transfer on Space-Conditioning Energy Use in Florida, Cocoa, Florida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>D. Parker, E. Martin</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Heat</span> transfer to slab foundations has remained an area of building science with poor understanding over the last three decades of energy efficiency research. This is somewhat surprising since the area of floors in single family homes is generally equal to wall, or windows or attics which have been extensively evaluated. Research that has been done has focused in the impact of slab on <span class="hlt">grade</span> foundations and insulation schemes on <span class="hlt">heat</span> losses associated with <span class="hlt">heating</span> in predominantly <span class="hlt">heating</span> dominated climates. Slab on <span class="hlt">grade</span> construction is very popular in cooling-dominated southern states where it accounts for 77 percent of new homemore » floors according to U.S. Census data in 2014. There is a widespread conception that tile flooring, as opposed to carpet, makes for a cooler home interior in warm climates. Empirical research is needed as building energy simulations such as DOE-2 and EnergyPlus rely on simplified models to evaluate these influences. BA-PIRC performed experiments over an entire year from 2014-2015 in FSEC's Flexible Residential Test Facilities (FRTF) intended to assess for the first time 1) slab on <span class="hlt">grade</span> influence in a cooling dominated climate, and 2) how the difference in a carpeted vs. uncarpeted building might influence <span class="hlt">heating</span> and cooling. Two identical side by side residential buildings were evaluated, the East with pad and carpet and the west with a bare slab floor. A highly detailed grid of temperature measurements were taken on the slab surface at various locations as well as at depths of 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 feet.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1327015-mass-measurement-using-energy-spectra-three-body-decays','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1327015-mass-measurement-using-energy-spectra-three-body-decays"><span>Mass measurement using energy spectra in three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Agashe, Kaustubh; Franceschini, Roberto; Kim, Doojin; ...</p> <p>2016-05-24</p> <p>In previous works we have demonstrated how the energy distribution of massless <span class="hlt">decay</span> products in two body <span class="hlt">decays</span> can be used to measure the mass of <span class="hlt">decaying</span> particles. In this study, we show how such results can be generalized to the case of multi-body <span class="hlt">decays</span>. The key ideas that allow us to deal with multi-body final states are an extension of our previous results to the case of massive <span class="hlt">decay</span> products and the factorization of the multi-body phase space. The mass measurement strategy that we propose is distinct from alternative methods because it does not require an accurate reconstruction ofmore » the entire event, as it does not involve, for instance, the missing transverse momentum, but rather requires measuring only the visible <span class="hlt">decay</span> products of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of interest. To demonstrate the general strategy, we study a supersymmetric model wherein pair-produced gluinos each <span class="hlt">decay</span> to a stable neutralino and a bottom quark-antiquark pair via an off -shell bottom squark. The combinatorial background stemming from the indistinguishable visible final states on both <span class="hlt">decay</span> sides can be treated by an “event mixing” technique, the performance of which is discussed in detail. In conclusion, taking into account dominant backgrounds, we are able to show that the mass of the gluino and, in favorable cases, that of the neutralino can be determined by this mass measurement strategy.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5166367','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5166367"><span><span class="hlt">Decays</span> of J/psi (3100) to baryon final states</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Eaton, M.W.</p> <p></p> <p>We present results for the <span class="hlt">decays</span> of psi(3100) into baryon and hyperon final states. The sample studied here consists of 1.3 million produced psi <span class="hlt">decays</span>. The <span class="hlt">decays</span> into nonstrange baryons agree well with currently established results, but with better statistics. In addition, significant resonance formation in multibody final states is observed. The <span class="hlt">decay</span> psi ..-->.. anti pp..gamma.., the first direct photon <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the psi involving baryons in the final state, is presented and the theoretical implications of the <span class="hlt">decays</span> are briefly explored. Several new <span class="hlt">decays</span> of the psi involving strange baryons are explored, including the first observations of threemore » body final states involving hyperons. The I-spin symmetry of the strong <span class="hlt">decay</span> psi ..-->.. baryons has clearly been observed. The reduced matrix elements for psi ..-->.. B anti B are presented for final states of different SU(3) content. The B/sub 8/ anti B/sub 8/ results are in excellent agreement with the psi being an SU(3) singlet as are the results for psi ..-->.. B/sub 10/ anti B/sub 10/. We present the first evidence for the SU(3) violating <span class="hlt">decays</span> of the type psi ..-->.. B/sub 8/ anti B/sub 10/ + c.c.. Angular distributions for psi ..-->.. B/sub 8/ anti B/sub 8/ are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. Statistics are limited, but the data tends to prefer other than a 1 + Cos/sup 2/theta distribution.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28714401','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28714401"><span>Chemical Consequences of Radioactive <span class="hlt">Decay</span> and their Biological Implications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>DeJesus, Onofre T</p> <p>2017-11-10</p> <p>The chemical effects of radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> arise from (1) transmutation, (2) formation of charged daughter nuclei, (3) recoil of the daughter nuclei, (4) electron "shakeoff" phenomenon and (5) vacancy cascade in <span class="hlt">decays</span> via electron capture and internal conversion. This review aims to reiterate what has been known for a long time regarding the chemical consequences of radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> and gives a historical perspective to the observations that led to their elucidation. The energetics of the recoil process in each <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode is discussed in relation to the chemical bond between the <span class="hlt">decaying</span> nucleus and the parent molecule. Special attention is given to the biological effects of the Auger process following <span class="hlt">decay</span> by electron capture and internal conversion because of their possible utility in internal radiotherapy. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1896m0001S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1896m0001S"><span>Numerical simulation of the induction <span class="hlt">heating</span> of hybrid semi-finished materials into the semi-solid state</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seyboldt, Christoph; Liewald, Mathias</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Current research activities at the Institute for Metal Forming Technology (IFU) of the University of Stuttgart are focusing on the manufacturing of hybrid components using semi-solid forming strategies. As part of the research project "Hybrid interaction during and after thixoforging of multi-material systems", which is founded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), a thixoforging process for producing hybrid components with cohesive metal-to-metal connections is developed. In this context, this paper deals with the numerical simulation of the inductive <span class="hlt">heating</span> process of hybrid semi-finished materials, consisting of two different aluminium alloys. By reason of the skin effect that leads to inhomogeneous temperature distributions during inductive <span class="hlt">heating</span> processes, the aluminium alloy with the higher melting point is thereby assembled in the outer side and the alloy with the lower melting point is assembled in the core of the semi-finished material. In this way, the <span class="hlt">graded</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> distribution can be adapted to the used materialś flow properties that are heavily <span class="hlt">heat</span> dependent. Without this <span class="hlt">graded</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> distribution a proper forming process in the semi-solid state will not be possible. For numerically modelling the inductive <span class="hlt">heating</span> system of the institute, a coupling of the magnetostatic and the thermal solver was realized by using Ansys Workbench. While the electromagnetic field and its associated <span class="hlt">heat</span> production rate were solved in a frequency domain, the temperature development was solved in the time based domain. The numerical analysis showed that because of the high thermal conductivity of the aluminium, which leads to a rapid temperature equalization in the semi-finished material, the <span class="hlt">heating</span> process has to be fast and with a high frequency for produce most <span class="hlt">heat</span> in the outer region of the material. Finally, the obtained numerical results were validated with experimental <span class="hlt">heating</span> tests.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1360148','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1360148"><span>Waste <span class="hlt">Heat</span>-to-Power Using Scroll Expander for Organic Rankine Bottoming Cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dieckmann, John; Smutzer, Chad; Sinha, Jayanti</p> <p></p> <p>The objective of this program was to develop a novel, scalable scroll expander for conversion of waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> to power; this was accomplished and demonstrated in both a bench-scale system as well as a full-scale system. The expander is a key component in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery systems which are used to convert medium-<span class="hlt">grade</span> waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> to electric power in a wide range of industries. These types of waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery systems allow for the capture of energy that would otherwise just be exhausted to the atmosphere. A scroll expander has the benefit over other technologies ofmore » having high efficiency over a broad range of operating conditions. The speed range of the TIAX expander (1,200 to 3,600 RPM) enables the shaft power output to directly drive an electric generator and produce 60 Hz electric power without incurring the equipment costs or losses of electronic power conversion. This greatly simplifies integration with the plant electric infrastructure. The TIAX scroll expander will reduce the size, cost, and complexity of a small-scale waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> recovery system, while increasing the system efficiency compared to the prevailing ORC technologies at similar scale. During this project, TIAX demonstrated the scroll expander in a bench-scale test setup to have isentropic efficiency of 70-75% and operated it successfully for ~200 hours with minimal wear. This same expander was then installed in a complete ORC system driven by a medium <span class="hlt">grade</span> waste <span class="hlt">heat</span> source to generate 5-7 kW of electrical power. Due to funding constraints, TIAX was unable to complete this phase of testing, although the initial results were promising and demonstrated the potential of the technology.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16712062','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16712062"><span>String splitting and strong coupling meson <span class="hlt">decay</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cotrone, A L; Martucci, L; Troost, W</p> <p>2006-04-14</p> <p>We study the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of high spin mesons using the gauge-string theory correspondence. The rate of the process is calculated by studying the splitting of a macroscopic string intersecting a D-brane. The result is applied to the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of mesons in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory with a small number of flavors and in a gravity dual of large N QCD. In QCD the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of high spin mesons is found to be heavily suppressed in the regime of validity of the supergravity description.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/784711','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/784711"><span>Exclusive B <span class="hlt">Decays</span> to Charmonium Final States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Barrera, Barbara</p> <p></p> <p>We report on exclusive <span class="hlt">decays</span> of B mesons into final states containing charmonium using data collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II storage rings. The charmonium states considered here are J/{psi}, {psi}(2S), and {chi}{sub c1}. Branching fractions for several exclusive final states, a measurement of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> amplitudes for the B{sup 0} {yields} J/{psi} K* <span class="hlt">decay</span>, and measurements of the B{sup 0} and B{sup +} masses are presented. All of the results we present here are preliminary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA..tmp.1493H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA..tmp.1493H"><span>Spinodal Decomposition in Functionally <span class="hlt">Graded</span> Super Duplex Stainless Steel and Weld Metal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hosseini, Vahid A.; Thuvander, Mattias; Wessman, Sten; Karlsson, Leif</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Low-temperature phase separations (T < 500 °C), resulting in changes in mechanical and corrosion properties, of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) base and weld metals were investigated for short <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment times (0.5 to 600 minutes). A novel <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment technique, where a stationary arc produces a steady state temperature gradient for selected times, was employed to fabricate functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> materials. Three different initial material conditions including 2507 SDSS, remelted 2507 SDSS, and 2509 SDSS weld metal were investigated. Selective etching of ferrite significantly decreased in regions <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated at 435 °C to 480 °C already after 3 minutes due to rapid phase separations. Atom probe tomography results revealed spinodal decomposition of ferrite and precipitation of Cu particles. Microhardness mapping showed that as-welded microstructure and/or higher Ni content accelerated decomposition. The arc <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment technique combined with microhardness mapping and electrolytical etching was found to be a successful approach to evaluate kinetics of low-temperature phase separations in SDSS, particularly at its earlier stages. A time-temperature transformation diagram was proposed showing the kinetics of 475 °C-embrittlement in 2507 SDSS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA...49.2803H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTA...49.2803H"><span>Spinodal Decomposition in Functionally <span class="hlt">Graded</span> Super Duplex Stainless Steel and Weld Metal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hosseini, Vahid A.; Thuvander, Mattias; Wessman, Sten; Karlsson, Leif</p> <p>2018-07-01</p> <p>Low-temperature phase separations (T < 500 °C), resulting in changes in mechanical and corrosion properties, of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) base and weld metals were investigated for short <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment times (0.5 to 600 minutes). A novel <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment technique, where a stationary arc produces a steady state temperature gradient for selected times, was employed to fabricate functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> materials. Three different initial material conditions including 2507 SDSS, remelted 2507 SDSS, and 2509 SDSS weld metal were investigated. Selective etching of ferrite significantly decreased in regions <span class="hlt">heat</span> treated at 435 °C to 480 °C already after 3 minutes due to rapid phase separations. Atom probe tomography results revealed spinodal decomposition of ferrite and precipitation of Cu particles. Microhardness mapping showed that as-welded microstructure and/or higher Ni content accelerated decomposition. The arc <span class="hlt">heat</span> treatment technique combined with microhardness mapping and electrolytical etching was found to be a successful approach to evaluate kinetics of low-temperature phase separations in SDSS, particularly at its earlier stages. A time-temperature transformation diagram was proposed showing the kinetics of 475 °C-embrittlement in 2507 SDSS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22375830-thermal-effects-sudden-decay-approximation-curvaton-scenario','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22375830-thermal-effects-sudden-decay-approximation-curvaton-scenario"><span>Thermal effects and sudden <span class="hlt">decay</span> approximation in the curvaton scenario</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kitajima, Naoya; Takesako, Tomohiro; Yokoyama, Shuichiro</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>We study the impact of a temperature-dependent curvaton <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate on the primordial curvature perturbation generated in the curvaton scenario. Using the familiar sudden <span class="hlt">decay</span> approximation, we obtain an analytical expression for the curvature perturbation after the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the curvaton. We then investigate numerically the evolution of the background and of the perturbations during the <span class="hlt">decay</span>. We first show that the instantaneous transfer coefficient, related to the curvaton energy fraction at the <span class="hlt">decay</span>, can be extended into a more general parameter, which depends on the net transfer of the curvaton energy into radiation energy or, equivalently, on the totalmore » entropy ratio after the complete curvaton <span class="hlt">decay</span>. We then compute the curvature perturbation and compare this result with the sudden <span class="hlt">decay</span> approximation prediction.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=temperature+AND+classes&id=EJ753589','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=temperature+AND+classes&id=EJ753589"><span>Effectiveness of Conceptual Change Instruction on Understanding of <span class="hlt">Heat</span> and Temperature Concepts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Baser, Mustafa; Geban, Omer</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This study investigated the differential effects of two modes of instructional program (conceptual change oriented and traditionally designed) and gender difference on students' understanding of <span class="hlt">heat</span> and temperature concepts, and their attitudes toward science as a school subject. The subjects of this study consisted of 72 seventh <span class="hlt">grade</span> students…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/54267','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/54267"><span>Wood <span class="hlt">decay</span> and the cleanup crew</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Kevin T. Smith; Jessie A. Glaeser</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Arborists are encouraged to recognize the wood-<span class="hlt">decay</span> process as an important factor in tree health and public safety. Technical experts who develop training materials to recognize wood-<span class="hlt">decay</span> processes in living trees are frequently forest pathologists. Much of the history of forest pathology was to support production of sound, high-quality timber. That heritage is...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19511','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/19511"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> causes little loss in hickory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Frederick H. Berry; John A. Beaton</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>A study of 600 hickory trees indicated that heart-rot fungi cause little economic loss in species of the genus Carya. More than half of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> volume for which a fungus could be identified was caused by Poria spiculosa, one of seven species of heart-rot fungi associated with <span class="hlt">decay</span> in hickory that were isolated and identified....</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/54797','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/54797"><span>Ecosystem processes related to wood <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Bruce G. Marcot</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Wood <span class="hlt">decay</span> elements include snags, down wood, root wads, tree stumps, litter, duff, broomed or diseased branches, and partially dead trees, all of which contribute to ecological processes and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem. Down wood can serve as reservoirs for moisture and mycorrhizal fungi beneficial to the health and growth of commercial tree species. <span class="hlt">Decaying</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..APRE16003B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..APRE16003B"><span>Proton-<span class="hlt">decaying</span>, light nuclei accessed via the invariant-mass method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brown, Kyle</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Two-nucleon <span class="hlt">decay</span> is the most recently discovered nuclear <span class="hlt">decay</span> mode. For proton-rich nuclei, the majority of multi-proton <span class="hlt">decays</span> occur via sequential steps of one-proton emission. Direct two-proton (2p) <span class="hlt">decay</span> was believed to occur only in even-Z nuclei beyond the proton drip line where one-proton <span class="hlt">decay</span> is energy forbidden. This has been observed for the ground states of around a dozen nuclei including 6Be, the lightest case, and 54Zn, the heaviest case. Direct 2p <span class="hlt">decay</span> has also recently been observed for isobaric analog states where all possible 1p intermediates are either isospin allowed and energy forbidden, or energy-allowed and isospin forbidden. For light proton emitters, the lifetimes are short enough that the invariant-mass technique is ideal for measuring the <span class="hlt">decay</span> energy, intrinsic width and, for multi-proton <span class="hlt">decays</span>, the momentum correlations between the fragments. I will describe recent measurements of proton emitters using the invariant-mass technique with the High Resolution Array (HiRA). I will present a new, high-statistics measurement on the sequential 2p <span class="hlt">decay</span> of excited states in 17Ne. Measuring the momentum correlations between the <span class="hlt">decay</span> fragments allow us to determine the 1p intermediate state through which the <span class="hlt">decay</span> proceeds. I will present data on the isobaric-analog pair 8C and 8BIAS, which highlight the two known types of direct 2p <span class="hlt">decay</span>. I will also present the first observation of 17Na, which is unbound with respect to three-proton emission. Finally I will present a new measurement on the width of the first-excited state of 9C and compare to recent theoretical calculations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EPJST.222.1587I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EPJST.222.1587I"><span>Crack propagation in functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> strip under thermal shock</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ivanov, I. V.; Sadowski, T.; Pietras, D.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>The thermal shock problem in a strip made of functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> composite with an interpenetrating network micro-structure of Al2O3 and Al is analysed numerically. The material considered here could be used in brake disks or cylinder liners. In both applications it is subjected to thermal shock. The description of the position-dependent properties of the considered functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> material are based on experimental data. Continuous functions were constructed for the Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity and implemented as user-defined material properties in user-defined subroutines of the commercial finite element software ABAQUS™. The thermal stress and the residual stress of the manufacturing process distributions inside the strip are considered. The solution of the transient <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction problem for thermal shock is used for crack propagation simulation using the XFEM method. The crack length developed during the thermal shock is the criterion for crack resistance of the different graduation profiles as a step towards optimization of the composition gradient with respect to thermal shock sensitivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JAP....88.1818S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JAP....88.1818S"><span>Reduction of precursor <span class="hlt">decay</span> anomaly in single crystal lithium fluoride</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sano, Yukio</p> <p>2000-08-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study is to reveal that the precursor <span class="hlt">decay</span> anomaly in single crystal lithium fluoride is reduced by Sano's <span class="hlt">decay</span> curve [Y. Sano, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 7616 (1999)], which is much smaller in slope than Asay's <span class="hlt">decay</span> curve [J. R. Asay, G. R. Fowles, G. E. Duvall, M. H. Miles, and R. F. Tinder, J. Appl. Phys. 43, 2132 (1972)]. To this end, strain, particle, velocity, and stress in a precursor and near the leading edge of the follower changing with time along Sano's <span class="hlt">decay</span> curve are first analyzed quantitatively. The analysis verified the existence of degenerate contraction waves I and II and a subrarefaction wave R', and the <span class="hlt">decay</span> process [Y. Sano, J. Appl. Phys. 77, 3746 (1995)] caused in sequence by evolving followers C, I, II, R', Rb. Next, inequalities relating <span class="hlt">decay</span> rates qualitatively to plastic strain rates at the leading edge of the follower, which are derived using the properties of the followers, are incorporated into the analysis. Calculation results showed that the plastic strain rates were reduced by low <span class="hlt">decay</span> rates. This indicates that the precursor <span class="hlt">decay</span> anomaly might be greatly reduced by Sano's <span class="hlt">decay</span> curve.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6592715','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6592715"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> dissipating nuclear reactor with metal liner</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Gluekler, E.L.; Hunsbedt, A.; Lazarus, J.D.</p> <p>1985-11-21</p> <p>A nuclear reactor containment including a reactor vessel disposed within a cavity with capability for complete inherent <span class="hlt">decay</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal in the earth and surrounded by a cast steel containment member which surrounds the vessel is described in this disclosure. The member has a thick basemat in contact with metal pilings. The basemat rests on a bed of porous particulate material, into which water is fed to produce steam which is vented to the atmosphere. There is a gap between the reactor vessel and the steel containment member. The containment member holds any sodium or core debris escaping from the reactor vessel if the core melts and breaches the vessel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866184','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866184"><span><span class="hlt">Heat</span> dissipating nuclear reactor with metal liner</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Gluekler, Emil L.; Hunsbedt, Anstein; Lazarus, Jonathan D.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Disclosed is a nuclear reactor containment including a reactor vessel disposed within a cavity with capability for complete inherent <span class="hlt">decay</span> <span class="hlt">heat</span> removal in the earth and surrounded by a cast steel containment member which surrounds the vessel. The member has a thick basemat in contact with metal pilings. The basemat rests on a bed of porous particulate material, into which water is fed to produce steam which is vented to the atmosphere. There is a gap between the reactor vessel and the steel containment member. The containment member holds any sodium or core debris escaping from the reactor vessel if the core melts and breaches the vessel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801385','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801385"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> uncovered in nonverbal short-term memory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mercer, Tom; McKeown, Denis</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Decay</span> theory posits that memory traces gradually fade away over the passage of time unless they are actively rehearsed. Much recent work exploring verbal short-term memory has challenged this theory, but there does appear to be evidence for trace <span class="hlt">decay</span> in nonverbal auditory short-term memory. Numerous discrimination studies have reported a performance decline as the interval separating two tones is increased, consistent with a <span class="hlt">decay</span> process. However, most of this tone comparison research can be explained in other ways, without reference to <span class="hlt">decay</span>, and these alternative accounts were tested in the present study. In Experiment 1, signals were employed toward the end of extended retention intervals to ensure that listeners were alert to the presence and frequency content of the memoranda. In Experiment 2, a mask stimulus was employed in an attempt to distinguish between a highly detailed sensory trace and a longer-lasting short-term memory, and the distinctiveness of the stimuli was varied. Despite these precautions, slow-acting trace <span class="hlt">decay</span> was observed. It therefore appears that the mere passage of time can lead to forgetting in some forms of short-term memory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Research+AND+grades&pg=5&id=EJ957340','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Research+AND+grades&pg=5&id=EJ957340"><span>Teachers' <span class="hlt">Grade</span> Assignment and the Predictive Validity of Criterion-Referenced <span class="hlt">Grades</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Thorsen, Cecilia; Cliffordson, Christina</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Research has found that <span class="hlt">grades</span> are the most valid instruments for predicting educational success. Why <span class="hlt">grades</span> have better predictive validity than, for example, standardized tests is not yet fully understood. One possible explanation is that <span class="hlt">grades</span> reflect not only subject-specific knowledge and skills but also individual differences in other…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890002130','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890002130"><span>The <span class="hlt">decay</span> of highly excited open strings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mitchell, D.; Turok, N.; Wilkinson, R.; Jetzer, P.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">decay</span> rates of leading edge Regge trajectory states are calculated for very high level number in open bosonic string theories, ignoring tachyon final states. The optical theorem simplifies the analysis while enabling identification of the different mass level <span class="hlt">decay</span> channels. The main result is that (in four dimensions) the greatest single channel is the emission of a single photon and a state of the next mass level down. A simple asymptotic formula for arbitrarily high level number is given for this process. Also calculated is the total <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate exactly up to N=100. It shows little variation over this range but appears to decrease for larger N. The formalism is checked in examples and the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate of the first excited level calculated for open superstring theories. The calculation may also have implications for high spin meson resonances.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NPPP..273.1290C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NPPP..273.1290C"><span>Hadronic three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span> of B mesons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cheng, Hai-Yang</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Hadronic three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span> of B mesons receive both resonant and nonresonant contributions. Dominant nonresonant contributions to tree-dominated three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span> arise from the b → u tree transition which can be evaluated using heavy meson chiral perturbation theory valid in the soft meson limit. For penguin-dominated <span class="hlt">decays</span>, nonresonant signals come mainly from the penguin amplitude governed by the matrix elements of scalar densities <M1M2 |q‾1q2 | 0 >. The intermediate vector meson contributions to three-body <span class="hlt">decays</span> are identified through the vector current, while the scalar meson resonances are mainly associated with the scalar density. We discuss inclusive and regional direct CP asymmetries. In the low mass regions of the Dalitz plot, we find that the regional CP violation is indeed largely enhanced with respect to the inclusive one.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AN....326..393C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AN....326..393C"><span>Scaling laws in <span class="hlt">decaying</span> helical hydromagnetic turbulence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Christensson, M.; Hindmarsh, M.; Brandenburg, A.</p> <p>2005-07-01</p> <p>We study the evolution of growth and <span class="hlt">decay</span> laws for the magnetic field coherence length ξ, energy E_M and magnetic helicity H in freely <span class="hlt">decaying</span> 3D MHD turbulence. We show that with certain assumptions, self-similarity of the magnetic power spectrum alone implies that ξ σm t1/2. This in turn implies that magnetic helicity <span class="hlt">decays</span> as Hσm t-2s, where s=(ξ_diff/ξH)2, in terms of ξ_diff, the diffusion length scale, and ξ_H, a length scale defined from the helicity power spectrum. The relative magnetic helicity remains constant, implying that the magnetic energy <span class="hlt">decays</span> as E_M σm t-1/2-2s. The parameter s is inversely proportional to the magnetic Reynolds number Re_M, which is constant in the self-similar regime.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JNuM..233..730N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JNuM..233..730N"><span>Erosion of newly developed CFCs and Be under disruption <span class="hlt">heat</span> loads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakamura, K.; Akiba, M.; Araki, M.; Dairaku, M.; Sato, K.; Suzuki, S.; Yokoyama, K.; Linke, J.; Duwe, R.; Bolt, H.; Roedig, M.</p> <p>1996-10-01</p> <p>An evaluation of the erosion under disruption <span class="hlt">heat</span> loads is very important to the lifetime prediction of divertor armour tiles of next fusion devices such as ITER. In particular, erosion data on CFCs (carbon fiber reinforced composites) and beryllium (Be) as the armour materials is urgently required in the ITER design. For CFCs, high <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux experiments on the newly developed CFCs with high thermal conductivity have been performed under the <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux of around 800-2000 MW/m 2 and the pulse length of 2-5 ms in JAERI electron beam irradiation systems (JEBIS). As a result, the weight losses of B 4C doped CFCs after <span class="hlt">heating</span> were almost same to those of the non doped CFC up to 5 wt% boron content. For Be, we have carried out our first disruption experiments on S65/C <span class="hlt">grade</span> Be specimens in the Juelich divertor test facility in hot cells (JUDITH) facility as a frame work of the J—EU collaboration. The <span class="hlt">heating</span> conditions were <span class="hlt">heat</span> loads of 1250-5000 MW/m 2 for 2-8 ms, and the <span class="hlt">heated</span> area was 3 × 3 mm 2. As a result, the protuberances of the <span class="hlt">heated</span> area of Be were observed under the lower <span class="hlt">heat</span> flux.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22280379-decay-spectroscopy-process-nucleosynthesis','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22280379-decay-spectroscopy-process-nucleosynthesis"><span>β-<span class="hlt">decay</span> spectroscopy for the r-process nucleosynthesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nishimura, Shunji; Collaboration: RIBF Decay Collaborations</p> <p>2014-05-09</p> <p>Series of <span class="hlt">decay</span> spectroscopy experiments, utilizing of high-purity Ge detectors and double-sided silicon-strip detectors, have been conducted to harvest the <span class="hlt">decay</span> properties of very exotic nuclei relevant to the r-process nucleosynthesis at the RIBF. The <span class="hlt">decay</span> properties such as β-<span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives, low-lying states, β-delayed neutron emissions, isomeric states, and possibly Q{sub β} of the very neutron-rich nuclei are to be measured to give significant constraints in the uncertainties of nuclear properties for the r-process nucleosynthesis. Recent results of βγ spectroscopy study using in-flight fission of {sup 238}U-beam will be presented together with our future perspectives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT.......120H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT.......120H"><span>Thermal transport of carbon nanotubes and graphene under optical and electrical <span class="hlt">heating</span> measured by Raman spectroscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hsu, I.-Kai</p> <p></p> <p> addition, the temperature gradient from the <span class="hlt">heating</span> location to both ends of the suspended CNT, together with absorbed power and diameter of the CNT can be used to solve for the thermal conductivity of the CNT, which is found to span the range from 0.51nW/K to 2.28nW/K. We also conduct Raman measurements to explore the effect of gas molecules on thermal transport in electrically- or optically-<span class="hlt">heated</span> suspended carbon nanotubes. Under the same electric <span class="hlt">heating</span> power, the temperature increase of the CNT in gaseous environments is found to be considerably less than in vacuum, indicating non-negligible <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation to the surrounding gas molecules. The result shows the approximately 50 to 60% of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> is taken away by the surrounding gas molecules in a 5 microm long electrically-<span class="hlt">heated</span> CNT. Following the electrical <span class="hlt">heating</span> technique, a two-laser, purely optical measurement technique is utilized to observe <span class="hlt">heat</span> dissipation in an ultra-long suspended CNT. Exponentially <span class="hlt">decaying</span> temperature profiles with the <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">decay</span> lengths shorter than 7 microm are found in all samples measured. These relatively short <span class="hlt">heat</span> <span class="hlt">decay</span> lengths are attributed to the strong thermal coupling of carbon nanotubes' surface to air molecules. Moreover, the previously unmeasured <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient between CNT and air molecules is determined to be on the order of 104 W/m2·K.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020041914','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020041914"><span>Optimal Design of Functionally <span class="hlt">Graded</span> Metallic Foam Insulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Haftka, Raphael T.; Sankar, Bhavani; Venkataraman, Satchi; Zhu, Huadong</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The focus of our work has been on developing an insight into the physics that govern the optimum design of thermal insulation for use in thermal protection systems of launch vehicle. Of particular interest was to obtain optimality criteria for designing foam insulations that have density (or porosity) distributions through the thickness for optimum thermal performance. We investigate the optimum design of functionally <span class="hlt">graded</span> thermal insulation for steady state <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer through the foam. We showed that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in the foam has competing modes, of radiation and conduction. The problem assumed a fixed inside temperature of 400 K and varied the aerodynamic surface <span class="hlt">heating</span> on the outside surface from 0.2 to 1.0 MW/sq m. The thermal insulation develops a high temperature gradient through the thickness. Investigation of the model developed for <span class="hlt">heat</span> conduction in foams showed that at high temperatures (as on outside wall) intracellular radiation dominates the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer in the foam. Minimizing radiation requires reducing the pore size, which increases the density of the foam. At low temperatures (as on the inside wall), intracellular conduction (of the metal and air) dominates the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer. Minimizing conduction requires increasing the pore size. This indicated that for every temperature there was an optimum value of density that minimized the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient. Two optimization studies were performed. One was to minimize the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transmitted though a fixed thickness insulation by varying density profiles. The second was to obtain the minimum mass insulation for specified thickness. Analytical optimality criteria were derived for the cases considered. The optimality condition for minimum <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer required that at each temperature we find the density that minimizes the <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient. Once a relationship between the optimum <span class="hlt">heat</span> transfer coefficient and the temperature was found, the design problem reduced to the solution of a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5120317','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5120317"><span>Possible generation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> from nuclear fusion in Earth’s inner core</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fukuhara, Mikio</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The cause and source of the <span class="hlt">heat</span> released from Earth’s interior have not yet been determined. Some research groups have proposed that the <span class="hlt">heat</span> is supplied by radioactive <span class="hlt">decay</span> or by a nuclear georeactor. Here we postulate that the generation of <span class="hlt">heat</span> is the result of three-body nuclear fusion of deuterons confined in hexagonal FeDx core-centre crystals; the reaction rate is enhanced by the combined attraction effects of high-pressure (~364 GPa) and high-temperature (~5700 K) and by the physical catalysis of neutral pions: 2D + 2D + 2D → 21H + 4He + 2  + 20.85 MeV. The possible <span class="hlt">heat</span> generation rate can be calculated as 8.12 × 1012 J/m3, based on the assumption that Earth’s primitive <span class="hlt">heat</span> supply has already been exhausted. The H and He atoms produced and the anti-neutrino are incorporated as Fe-H based alloys in the H-rich portion of inner core, are released from Earth’s interior to the universe, and pass through Earth, respectively. PMID:27876860</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1004128-linear-transformation-method-multinuclide-decay-calculation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1004128-linear-transformation-method-multinuclide-decay-calculation"><span>Linear Transformation Method for Multinuclide <span class="hlt">Decay</span> Calculation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ding Yuan</p> <p>2010-12-29</p> <p>A linear transformation method for generic multinuclide <span class="hlt">decay</span> calculations is presented together with its properties and implications. The method takes advantage of the linear form of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> solution N(t) = F(t)N{sub 0}, where N(t) is a column vector that represents the numbers of atoms of the radioactive nuclides in the <span class="hlt">decay</span> chain, N{sub 0} is the initial value vector of N(t), and F(t) is a lower triangular matrix whose time-dependent elements are independent of the initial values of the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhG...40j5105P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhG...40j5105P"><span>Nuclear inertia and the <span class="hlt">decay</span> modes of superheavy nuclei</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Poenaru, D. N.; Gherghescu, R. A.; Greiner, Walter</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Superheavy nuclei produced up to now <span class="hlt">decay</span> mainly by α emission and spontaneous fission. For atomic numbers larger than 121 cluster <span class="hlt">decay</span> has a good chance to compete. While calculated α <span class="hlt">decay</span> half-lives are in agreement with experimental data within one order of magnitude and cluster <span class="hlt">decay</span> experiments are also very well accounted for, the discrepancy between theory and experiment can be as high as ten orders of magnitude for spontaneous fission. We analyze some ways of improving the accuracy: using a semiempirical formula for α <span class="hlt">decay</span> and changing the parameters of analytical superasymmetric fission and of the universal curve for cluster <span class="hlt">decay</span>. For spontaneous fission we act on nuclear dynamics based on potential barriers computed by the macroscopic-microscopic method and employing various nuclear inertia variation laws. Applications are illustrated for 284Cn and Z = 118-124 even-even parent nuclei. Communicated by Steffen Bass</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT........46M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT........46M"><span>The beta-delayed particle <span class="hlt">decay</span> of neon-17</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Morton, Anthony Colin</p> <p>2001-10-01</p> <p>An experiment has been proposed to study the β- delayed proton <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 17Ne into α- particle-emitting states in 16O below the 12C + α threshold in the hopes of using the information gained to constrain the 12C(α, γ) 16O cross section at stellar energies; several experiments have been carried out using the TISOL facility at TRIUMF in an effort to determine the feasibility of such an approach. 17Ne <span class="hlt">decays</span> by β-particle emission to excited states in 17F; by studying proton-γ-ray coincidences in the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of these states, relative branching ratios have been obtained for the β-delayed proton <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 17Ne to γ-ray-emitting states in 16O. These indicate that the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the isobaric analogue state (IAS) at 11.1929 MeV in 17F to the 2 + subthreshold state at 6.917 MeV in 16O is a factor of thirty weaker than that of the IAS to any other γ- emitting state. From measurements of the angular correlations observed in such coincidences, the spins and parities of several excited states in 17F have been determined; it has also been shown that the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of the IAS to the 1 - subthreshold state at 7.117 MeV in 16O is strongly anisotropic, suggesting that it has a strong l = 2 component. Further <span class="hlt">decay</span> studies have yielded a comprehensive set of β-delayed particle branching ratios from the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 17Ne; from these, fAt values and reduced Gamow-Teller matrix elements have been calculated, and the Fermi <span class="hlt">decay</span> strength of the IAS has been limited to >=2.96 +/- 0.14 indicating a T = / isospin purity of >=98.7 +/- 4.6% for the IAS. The results obtained suggest that a determination of both the E1 and E2 components of the 12C(α, γ) 16O cross section is not feasible; however, with improved yields of 17Ne, a determination of only the E1 component should be.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3712872','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3712872"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> of motor memories in the absence of error</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Vaswani, Pavan A.; Shadmehr, Reza</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>When motor commands are accompanied by an unexpected outcome, the resulting error induces changes in subsequent commands. However, when errors are artificially eliminated, changes in motor commands are not sustained, but show <span class="hlt">decay</span>. Why does the adaptation-induced change in motor output <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the absence of error? A prominent idea is that <span class="hlt">decay</span> reflects the stability of the memory. We show results that challenge this idea and instead suggest that motor output <span class="hlt">decays</span> because the brain actively disengages a component of the memory. Humans adapted their reaching movements to a perturbation and were then introduced to a long period of trials in which errors were absent (error-clamp). We found that, in some subjects, motor output did not <span class="hlt">decay</span> at the onset of the error-clamp block, but a few trials later. We manipulated the kinematics of movements in the error-clamp block and found that as movements became more similar to subjects’ natural movements in the perturbation block, the lag to <span class="hlt">decay</span> onset became longer and eventually reached hundreds of trials. Furthermore, when there was <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the motor output, the endpoint of <span class="hlt">decay</span> was not zero, but a fraction of the motor memory that was last acquired. Therefore, adaptation to a perturbation installed two distinct kinds of memories: one that was disengaged when the brain detected a change in the task, and one that persisted despite it. Motor memories showed little <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the absence of error if the brain was prevented from detecting a change in task conditions. PMID:23637163</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.152..156M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.152..156M"><span>Correlation of gravestone <span class="hlt">decay</span> and air quality 1960-2010</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mooers, H. D.; Carlson, M. J.; Harrison, R. M.; Inkpen, R. J.; Loeffler, S.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Evaluation of spatial and temporal variability in surface recession of lead-lettered Carrara marble gravestones provides a quantitative measure of acid flux to the stone surfaces and is closely related to local land use and air quality. Correlation of stone <span class="hlt">decay</span>, land use, and air quality for the period after 1960 when reliable estimates of atmospheric pollution are available is evaluated. Gravestone <span class="hlt">decay</span> and SO2 measurements are interpolated spatially using deterministic and geostatistical techniques. A general lack of spatial correlation was identified and therefore a land-use-based technique for correlation of stone <span class="hlt">decay</span> and air quality is employed. Decadally averaged stone <span class="hlt">decay</span> is highly correlated with land use averaged spatially over an optimum radius of ≈7 km even though air quality, determined by records from the UK monitoring network, is not highly correlated with gravestone <span class="hlt">decay</span>. The relationships among stone <span class="hlt">decay</span>, air-quality, and land use is complicated by the relatively low spatial density of both gravestone <span class="hlt">decay</span> and air quality data and the fact that air quality data is available only as annual averages and therefore seasonal dependence cannot be evaluated. However, acid deposition calculated from gravestone <span class="hlt">decay</span> suggests that the deposition efficiency of SO2 has increased appreciably since 1980 indicating an increase in the SO2 oxidation process possibly related to reactions with ammonia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/792282','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/792282"><span>Optimization of Composition and <span class="hlt">Heat</span> Treating of Die Steels for Extended Lifetime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>David Schwam; John F. Wallace; Quanyou Zhou</p> <p>2002-01-30</p> <p>An ''average'' die casting die costs fifty thousand dollars. A die used in making die cast aluminum engine blocks can cost well over one million dollars. These costs provide a strong incentive for extension of die life. While vacuum quenched Premium <span class="hlt">Grade</span> H13 dies have become the most widely used in the United States, tool makers and die casters are constantly searching for new steels and <span class="hlt">heat</span> treating procedures to extend die life. This project was undertaken to investigate the effects of composition and <span class="hlt">heat</span> treating on die life and optimize these parameters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.337a2058T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPhCS.337a2058T"><span><span class="hlt">Decay</span> spectroscopy for nuclear astrophysics: β- and β-delayed proton <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trache, L.; Banu, A.; Hardy, J. C.; Iacob, V. E.; McCleskey, M.; Roeder, B. T.; Simmons, E.; Spiridon, A.; Tribble, R. E.; Saastamoinen, A.; Jokinen, A.; Äysto, J.; Davinson, T.; Lotay, G.; Woods, P. J.; Pollacco, E.</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>In several radiative proton capture reactions important in novae and XRBs, the resonant parts play the capital role. We use <span class="hlt">decay</span> spectroscopy techniques to find these resonances and study their properties. We have developed techniques to measure beta- and beta-delayed proton <span class="hlt">decay</span> of sd-shell, proton-rich nuclei produced and separated with the MARS recoil spectrometer of Texas A&M University. The short-lived radioactive species are produced in-flight, separated, then slowed down (from about 40 MeV/u) and implanted in the middle of very thin Si detectors. This allows us to measure protons with energies as low as 200 keV from nuclei with lifetimes of 100 ms or less. At the same time we measure gamma-rays up to 8 MeV with high resolution HPGe detectors. We have studied the <span class="hlt">decay</span> of 23Al, 27P, 31Cl, all important for understanding explosive H-burning in novae. The technique has shown a remarkable selectivity to beta-delayed charged-particle emission and works even at radioactive beam rates of a few pps. The states populated are resonances for the radiative proton capture reactions 22Na(p,γ)23Mg (crucial for the depletion of 22Na in novae), 26mAl(p,γ)27Si and 30P(p,γ)31S (bottleneck in novae and XRB burning), respectively. Lastly, results with a new detector that allowed us to measure down to about 80 keV proton energy are announced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED248549.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED248549.pdf"><span>What's in a <span class="hlt">Grade</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hughey, Jim D.; Harper, Bena</p> <p></p> <p>A study explored the processes and attitudes that occur when assigning students a final course <span class="hlt">grade</span>. The final <span class="hlt">grades</span> for 1,578 students in a basic communication course were used in discriminant analyses. The level (the mean of all <span class="hlt">grades</span> given) and the spread (standard deviation of all <span class="hlt">grades</span> given) were estimated for each of 17 instructors. The…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890058272&hterms=Particles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DZ%2BParticles','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890058272&hterms=Particles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DZ%2BParticles"><span>Radiative <span class="hlt">decays</span> of massive relic particles and the submillimeter background</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Field, George B.; Walker, Terry P.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The interaction of the <span class="hlt">decay</span> photons of an unstable relic particle species with the microwave background radiation is considered. The radiative <span class="hlt">decays</span> of these particles delay recombination and serve as an energy source for the resultant plasma. Nonrelativistic Compton scattering by these electrons couples the <span class="hlt">decay</span> photons to the microwave background, producing submillimeter distortions. If the <span class="hlt">decay</span> products close the universe, they must <span class="hlt">decay</span> with a radiative branching ratio larger than 2.5 x 10 to the -5th in order to produce recently observed excess submillimeter background radiation. To be consistent with measurements of the UV background, their mass m is much greater than 114 keV and their <span class="hlt">decay</span> redshift z is much greater than 5200.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvC..88d8501P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvC..88d8501P"><span>Limits on tensor coupling from neutron β <span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pattie, R. W., Jr.; Hickerson, K. P.; Young, A. R.</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>Limits on the tensor couplings generating a Fierz interference term b in mixed Gamow-Teller Fermi <span class="hlt">decays</span> can be derived by combining data from measurements of angular correlation parameters in neutron <span class="hlt">decay</span>, the neutron lifetime, and GV=GFVud as extracted from measurements of the Ft values from the 0+→0+ superallowed <span class="hlt">decay</span> data set. These limits are derived by comparing the neutron β-<span class="hlt">decay</span> rate as predicted in the standard model with the measured <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate while allowing for the existence of beyond the standard model (BSM) couplings. We analyze limits derived from the electron-neutrino asymmetry a, or the beta asymmetry A, finding that the most stringent limits for CT/CA under the assumption of no right-handed neutrinos is -0.0026<CT/CA<0.0024 (95% C.L.) for the two most recent values of A. The derived limits on scalar and tensor couplings have the useful property that they are independent of BSM extensions with vector or axial-vector symmetry to first order.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FrP.....5...57S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FrP.....5...57S"><span>The lambda mechanism of the 0nbb-<span class="hlt">decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Šimkovic, Fedor; Štefánik, Dušan; Dvornický, Rastislav</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The lambda mechanism (WL-WR exchange) of the neutrinoless double beta <span class="hlt">decay</span> (0nbb-<span class="hlt">decay</span>), which has origin in left-right symmetric model with right-handed gauge boson at TeV scale, is investigated. The revisited formalism of the 0nbb-<span class="hlt">decay</span>, which includes higher order terms of nucleon current, is exploited. The corresponding nuclear matrix elements are calculated within quasiparticle random phase approximation with partial restoration of the isospin symmetry for nuclei of experimental interest. A possibility to distinguish between the conventional light neutrino mass (WL-WL exchange) and lambda mechanisms by observation of the 0nbb-<span class="hlt">decay</span> in several nuclei is discussed. A qualitative comparison of effective lepton number violating couplings associated with these two mechanisms is performed. By making viable assumption about the seesaw type mixing of light and heavy neutrinos it is concluded that there is a dominance of the conventional light neutrino mass mechanism in the <span class="hlt">decay</span> rate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47690','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47690"><span>Chapter 4: Genetic Identification of Fungi Involved in Wood <span class="hlt">Decay</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Grant Kirker</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Wood <span class="hlt">decay</span> is a complex process that involves contributions from molds, bacteria, <span class="hlt">decay</span> fungi, and often insects. The first step in the accurate diagnosis of <span class="hlt">decay</span> is identification of the causal agents, but wood <span class="hlt">decay</span> in the strictest sense (white and brown rot) is caused by cryptic fungal species that are very difficult to identify using traditional methods. Genetic...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15004702','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15004702"><span>Isothermal <span class="hlt">decay</span> studies of intermediate energy levels in quartz.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Veronese, I; Giussani, A; Göksu, H Y; Martini, M</p> <p>2004-05-01</p> <p>The recent interest in the thermoluminescence of quartz extracted from unfired building materials, such as mortar and concrete for dose reconstruction applications, led to the requirement of an accurate determination of the lifetime of the intermediate glow peaks in this mineral. The prediction of the lifetimes of these peaks is helpful in establishing the likely time range within which retrospective measurements can be carried out. These peaks, corresponding to intermediate energy levels, occur in the glow curve in the temperature range 150-250 degrees C (<span class="hlt">heating</span> rate 2 degrees C/s). Lifetimes of 720+/-70 days and 580+/-70 years (at a temperature of 15 degrees C) were derived for the two main peaks placed in the glow curve at approximately 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C, respectively, using the isothermal <span class="hlt">decay</span> technique. These results as well as the estimated values of the trap parameters (thermal activation energy and frequency factor) have been compared with the data already available in the literature.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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