Modified femtosecond laser inscription method for tailored grating sensors in encapsulated silica and low-loss polymer optical fibres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalli, Kyriacos; Lacraz, Amedee; Theodosiou, Andreas; Kofinas, Marios

2016-05-01

There is great interest in the development of flexible wavelength filters and optical fibre sensors, such as Bragg and superstructure gratings, grating arrays and chirped gratings in glass and polymer optical fibres. A major hurdle is the development of an inscription method that should offer flexibility and reliability and be generally applicable to all optical fibre types. With this in mind we have developed a novel femtosecond laser inscription method; plane-by-plane inscription, whereby a 3D-index change of controlled length across the fibre core, width along the fibre axis and depth is written into the optical fibre. We apply this method for the inscription of various grating types in coated silica and low- loss CYTOP polymer optical fibres. The plane-by-plane method allows for multiple and overlapping gratings in the fibre core. Moreover, we demonstrate that this novel fibre Bragg grating inscription technique can be used to modify and add versatility to an existing, encapsulated optical fibre pressure sensor. The femtosecond laser is operated in the green or the near infra-red, based on the material properties under laser modification.

Scatter measurement and correction method for cone-beam CT based on single grating scan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Kuidong; Shi, Wenlong; Wang, Xinyu; Dong, Yin; Chang, Taoqi; Zhang, Hua; Zhang, Dinghua

2017-06-01

In cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems based on flat-panel detector imaging, the presence of scatter significantly reduces the quality of slices. Based on the concept of collimation, this paper presents a scatter measurement and correction method based on single grating scan. First, according to the characteristics of CBCT imaging, the scan method using single grating and the design requirements of the grating are analyzed and figured out. Second, by analyzing the composition of object projection images and object-and-grating projection images, the processing method for the scatter image at single projection angle is proposed. In addition, to avoid additional scan, this paper proposes an angle interpolation method of scatter images to reduce scan cost. Finally, the experimental results show that the scatter images obtained by this method are accurate and reliable, and the effect of scatter correction is obvious. When the additional object-and-grating projection images are collected and interpolated at intervals of 30 deg, the scatter correction error of slices can still be controlled within 3%.

Vector and axial-vector decomposition of Einstein's gravitational action

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soh, Kwang S.

1991-08-01

Vector and axial-vector gravitational fields are introduced to express the Einstein action in the manner of electromagnetism. Their conformal scaling properties are examined, and the resemblance between the general coordinate and electromagnetic gauge transformation is elucidated. The chiral formulation of the gravitational action is constructed. I am deeply grateful to Professor S. Hawking, and Professor G. Lloyd for warm hospitality at DAMTP, and Darwin College, University of Cambridge, respectively. I also appreciate much help received from Dr. Q.-H. Park.

Correcting groove error in gratings ruled on a 500-mm ruling engine using interferometric control.

PubMed

Mi, Xiaotao; Yu, Haili; Yu, Hongzhu; Zhang, Shanwen; Li, Xiaotian; Yao, Xuefeng; Qi, Xiangdong; Bayinhedhig; Wan, Qiuhua

2017-07-20

Groove error is one of the most important factors affecting grating quality and spectral performance. To reduce groove error, we propose a new ruling-tool carriage system based on aerostatic guideways. We design a new blank carriage system with double piezoelectric actuators. We also propose a completely closed-loop servo-control system with a new optical measurement system that can control the position of the diamond relative to the blank. To evaluate our proposed methods, we produced several gratings, including an echelle grating with 79  grooves/mm, a grating with 768  grooves/mm, and a high-density grating with 6000  grooves/mm. The results show that our methods effectively reduce groove error in ruled gratings.

Spectrally-Narrowed Emissions from Organic Crystals Having a One-Dimensional Grating on Their Surface.

PubMed

Yamamoto, Hiroyuki; Obara, Keiji; Higashihara, Shohei; Obama, Yuki; Yamao, Takeshi; Hotta, Shu

2016-04-01

We have succeeded in directly engraving one-dimensional diffraction gratings on the surface of organic semiconducting oligomer crystals by using focused ion beam (FIB) lithography and laser ablation (LA) methods. The FIB method enabled us to shape the gratings with varying periods down to ~150 nm. With the LA method a large-area grating with a ~500-nm period was readily accessible. All the above crystals indicated spectrally-narrowed emission (SNE) lines even in the case of shallow groove depths ~2-4 nm. In particular, we definitively observed the SNE pertinent to the first-order diffraction with the crystal having the diffraction grating of a 148.3-nm average period. The present results indicate utility of the built-in gratings that can directly be fabricated on the surface of the crystals.

Fiber facet gratings for high power fiber lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vanek, Martin; Vanis, Jan; Baravets, Yauhen; Todorov, Filip; Ctyroky, Jiri; Honzatko, Pavel

2017-12-01

We numerically investigated the properties of diffraction gratings designated for fabrication on the facet of an optical fiber. The gratings are intended to be used in high-power fiber lasers as mirrors either with a low or high reflectivity. The modal reflectance of low reflectivity polarizing grating has a value close to 3% for TE mode while it is significantly suppressed for TM mode. Such a grating can be fabricated on laser output fiber facet. The polarizing grating with high modal reflectance is designed as a leaky-mode resonant diffraction grating. The grating can be etched in a thin layer of high index dielectric which is sputtered on fiber facet. We used refractive index of Ta2O5 for such a layer. We found that modal reflectance can be close to 0.95 for TE polarization and polarization extinction ratio achieves 18 dB. Rigorous coupled wave analysis was used for fast optimization of grating parameters while aperiodic rigorous coupled wave analysis, Fourier modal method and finite difference time domain method were compared and used to compute modal reflectance of designed gratings.

Quantitative x-ray phase-contrast imaging using a single grating of comparable pitch to sample feature size.

PubMed

Morgan, Kaye S; Paganin, David M; Siu, Karen K W

2011-01-01

The ability to quantitatively retrieve transverse phase maps during imaging by using coherent x rays often requires a precise grating or analyzer-crystal-based setup. Imaging of live animals presents further challenges when these methods require multiple exposures for image reconstruction. We present a simple method of single-exposure, single-grating quantitative phase contrast for a regime in which the grating period is much greater than the effective pixel size. A grating is used to create a high-visibility reference pattern incident on the sample, which is distorted according to the complex refractive index and thickness of the sample. The resolution, along a line parallel to the grating, is not restricted by the grating spacing, and the detector resolution becomes the primary determinant of the spatial resolution. We present a method of analysis that maps the displacement of interrogation windows in order to retrieve a quantitative phase map. Application of this analysis to the imaging of known phantoms shows excellent correspondence.

Refractive-index profile and physical process determination in thick gratings in electrooptic crystals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Su, S. F.; Gaylord, T. K.

1976-01-01

A method for determining the refractive index profile of thick phase gratings in linear electrooptic crystals is presented. This method also determines the effective photovoltaic electric field and the relative contributions of diffusion and drift during hologram recording. The method requires only a knowledge of the modulation ratio during hologram recording and the fundamental and the higher-order diffraction efficiencies of the grating. As an illustration of the method, the refractive index profile, the effective photovoltaic field, and the relative contributions of diffusion and drift are determined from experimental measurements for a lithium niobate holographic grating.

Fabrication of thermal-resistant gratings for high-temperature measurements using geometric phase analysis.

PubMed

Zhang, Q; Liu, Z; Xie, H; Ma, K; Wu, L

2016-12-01

Grating fabrication techniques are crucial to the success of grating-based deformation measurement methods because the quality of the grating will directly affect the measurement results. Deformation measurements at high temperatures entail heating and, perhaps, oxidize the grating. The contrast of the grating lines may change during the heating process. Thus, the thermal-resistant capability of the grating becomes a point of great concern before taking measurements. This study proposes a method that combines a laser-engraving technique with the processes of particle spraying and sintering for fabricating thermal-resistant gratings. The grating fabrication technique is introduced and discussed in detail. A numerical simulation with a geometric phase analysis (GPA) is performed for a homogeneous deformation case. Then, the selection scheme of the grating pitch is suggested. The validity of the proposed technique is verified by fabricating a thermal-resistant grating on a ZrO 2 specimen and measuring its thermal strain at high temperatures (up to 1300 °C). Images of the grating before and after deformation are used to obtain the thermal-strain field by GPA and to compare the results with well-established reference data. The experimental results indicate that this proposed technique is feasible and will offer good prospects for further applications.

A novel 3D deformation measurement method under optical microscope for micro-scale bulge-test

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Dan; Xie, Huimin

2017-11-01

A micro-scale 3D deformation measurement method combined with optical microscope is proposed in this paper. The method is based on gratings and phase shifting algorithm. By recording the grating images before and after deformation from two symmetrical angles and calculating the phases of the grating patterns, the 3D deformation field of the specimen can be extracted from the phases of the grating patterns. The proposed method was applied to the micro-scale bulge test. A micro-scale thermal/mechanical coupling bulge-test apparatus matched with the super-depth microscope was exploited. With the gratings fabricated onto the film, the deformed morphology of the bulged film was measured reliably. The experimental results show that the proposed method and the exploited bulge-test apparatus can be used to characterize the thermal/mechanical properties of the films at micro-scale successfully.

Enhancement of Light Absorption in Silicon Nanowire Photovoltaic Devices with Dielectric and Metallic Grating Structures.

PubMed

Park, Jin-Sung; Kim, Kyoung-Ho; Hwang, Min-Soo; Zhang, Xing; Lee, Jung Min; Kim, Jungkil; Song, Kyung-Deok; No, You-Shin; Jeong, Kwang-Yong; Cahoon, James F; Kim, Sun-Kyung; Park, Hong-Gyu

2017-12-13

We report the enhancement of light absorption in Si nanowire photovoltaic devices with one-dimensional dielectric or metallic gratings that are fabricated by a damage-free, precisely aligning, polymer-assisted transfer method. Incorporation of a Si 3 N 4 grating with a Si nanowire effectively enhances the photocurrents for transverse-electric polarized light. The wavelength at which a maximum photocurrent is generated is readily tuned by adjusting the grating pitch. Moreover, the electrical properties of the nanowire devices are preserved before and after transferring the Si 3 N 4 gratings onto Si nanowires, ensuring that the quality of pristine nanowires is not degraded during the transfer. Furthermore, we demonstrate Si nanowire photovoltaic devices with Ag gratings using the same transfer method. Measurements on the fabricated devices reveal approximately 27.1% enhancement in light absorption compared to that of the same devices without the Ag gratings without any degradation of electrical properties. We believe that our polymer-assisted transfer method is not limited to the fabrication of grating-incorporated nanowire photovoltaic devices but can also be generically applied for the implementation of complex nanoscale structures toward the development of multifunctional optoelectronic devices.

Experimental study on cross-sensitivity of temperature and vibration of embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Tao; Ye, Meng-li; Liu, Shu-liang; Deng, Yan

2018-03-01

In view of the principle for occurrence of cross-sensitivity, a series of calibration experiments are carried out to solve the cross-sensitivity problem of embedded fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) using the reference grating method. Moreover, an ultrasonic-vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) model is established, and finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out under the monitoring environment of embedded temperature measurement system. In addition, the related temperature acquisition tests are set in accordance with requirements of the reference grating method. Finally, comparative analyses of the simulation and experimental results are performed, and it may be concluded that the reference grating method may be utilized to effectively solve the cross-sensitivity of embedded FBGs.

Method to mosaic gratings that relies on analysis of far-field intensity patterns in two wavelengths

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Yao; Zeng, Lijiang; Li, Lifeng

2007-01-01

We propose an experimental method to coherently mosaic two planar diffraction gratings. The method uses a Twyman-Green interferometer to guarantee the planar parallelism of the two sub-aperture gratings, and obtains the in-plane rotational error and the two translational errors from analysis of the far-field diffraction intensity patterns in two alignment wavelengths. We adjust the relative attitude and position of the two sub-aperture gratings to produce Airy disk diffraction patterns in both wavelengths. In our experiment, the repeatability of in-plane rotation adjustment was 2.35 μrad and that of longitudinal adjustment was 0.11 μm. The accuracy of lateral adjustment was about 2.9% of the grating period.

Fabrication of high edge-definition steel-tape gratings for optical encoders.

PubMed

Ye, Guoyong; Liu, Hongzhong; Yan, Jiawei; Ban, Yaowen; Fan, Shanjin; Shi, Yongsheng; Yin, Lei

2017-10-01

High edge definition of a scale grating is the basic prerequisite for high measurement accuracy of optical encoders. This paper presents a novel fabrication method of steel tape gratings using graphene oxide nanoparticles as anti-reflective grating strips. Roll-to-roll nanoimprint lithography is adopted to manufacture the steel tape with hydrophobic and hydrophilic pattern arrays. Self-assembly technology is employed to obtain anti-reflective grating strips by depositing the graphene oxide nanoparticles on hydrophobic regions. A thin SiO 2 coating is deposited on the grating to protect the grating strips. Experimental results confirm that the proposed fabrication process enables a higher edge definition in making steel-tape gratings, and the new steel tape gratings offer better performance than conventional gratings.

Fabrication of high edge-definition steel-tape gratings for optical encoders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Guoyong; Liu, Hongzhong; Yan, Jiawei; Ban, Yaowen; Fan, Shanjin; Shi, Yongsheng; Yin, Lei

2017-10-01

High edge definition of a scale grating is the basic prerequisite for high measurement accuracy of optical encoders. This paper presents a novel fabrication method of steel tape gratings using graphene oxide nanoparticles as anti-reflective grating strips. Roll-to-roll nanoimprint lithography is adopted to manufacture the steel tape with hydrophobic and hydrophilic pattern arrays. Self-assembly technology is employed to obtain anti-reflective grating strips by depositing the graphene oxide nanoparticles on hydrophobic regions. A thin SiO2 coating is deposited on the grating to protect the grating strips. Experimental results confirm that the proposed fabrication process enables a higher edge definition in making steel-tape gratings, and the new steel tape gratings offer better performance than conventional gratings.

Two-port connecting-layer-based sandwiched grating by a polarization-independent design.

PubMed

Li, Hongtao; Wang, Bo

2017-05-02

In this paper, a two-port connecting-layer-based sandwiched beam splitter grating with polarization-independent property is reported and designed. Such the grating can separate the transmission polarized light into two diffraction orders with equal energies, which can realize the nearly 50/50 output with good uniformity. For the given wavelength of 800 nm and period of 780 nm, a simplified modal method can design a optimal duty cycle and the estimation value of the grating depth can be calculated based on it. In order to obtain the precise grating parameters, a rigorous coupled-wave analysis can be employed to optimize grating parameters by seeking for the precise grating depth and the thickness of connecting layer. Based on the optimized design, a high-efficiency two-port output grating with the wideband performances can be gained. Even more important, diffraction efficiencies are calculated by using two analytical methods, which are proved to be coincided well with each other. Therefore, the grating is significant for practical optical photonic element in engineering.

Large field-of-view tiled grating structures for X-ray phase-contrast imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schröter, Tobias J.; Koch, Frieder J.; Meyer, Pascal; Kunka, Danays; Meiser, Jan; Willer, Konstantin; Gromann, Lukas; Marco, Fabio D.; Herzen, Julia; Noel, Peter; Yaroshenko, Andre; Hofmann, Andreas; Pfeiffer, Franz; Mohr, Jürgen

2017-01-01

X-ray grating-based interferometry promises unique new diagnostic possibilities in medical imaging and materials analysis. To transfer this method from scientific laboratories or small-animal applications to clinical radiography applications, compact setups with a large field of view (FoV) are required. Currently the FoV is limited by the grating area, which is restricted due to the complex manufacturing process. One possibility to increase the FoV is tiling individual grating tiles to create one large area grating mounted on a carrier substrate. We investigate theoretically the accuracy needed for a tiling process in all degrees of freedom by applying a simulation approach. We show how the resulting precision requirements can be met using a custom-built frame for exact positioning. Precise alignment is achieved by comparing the fringe patterns of two neighboring grating tiles in a grating interferometer. With this method, the FoV can be extended to practically any desired length in one dimension. First results of a phase-contrast scanning setup with a full FoV of 384 mm × 24 mm show the suitability of this method.

Design and fabrication of sub-wavelength anti-reflection grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Wenlong; Li, Chaoming; Chen, Xinrong; Cai, Zhijian; Wu, Jianhong

2018-01-01

In the high power laser system, the reflection of optical surface has a strong impact on the efficiency for luminous energy utilization. Fresnel reflection can be effectively suppressed by antireflection film. For that, the anti-reflection film is one of the important optical elements in high power laser system. The common preparation methods of anti-reflection film include monolayer film, multilayer film and sub-wavelength grating. The effectiveness of monolayer is unsatisfactory, and its application spectrum bandwidth is very narrow. The preparation process of multilayer film is complex and it is very expensive. The emerging technology of fabrication anti-reflection film is sub-wavelength grating. The zero order transmission diffraction efficiency depends on the period, etching depth and duty cycle of the grating. The structure parameters of antireflection grating were designed and optimized under small angle incidence of 351nm based on rigorous coupled wave analysis method. The impaction of zero order reflection diffraction and zero order transmission diffraction efficiency on period, duty cycle and etching depth of grating was discussed in detail in this paper. The sub-wavelength anti-reflection grating was fabricated by holographic and ion etching method.

The characteristics of grating structure in magnetic field measurements based on polarization properties of fiber gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Yang; Peng, Hui; Feng, Kui; Li, Yu-quan

2009-11-01

In this paper the characteristics of grating structure in magnetic field measurements based on differential group delay of fiber gratings are analyzed. Theoretical simulations are realized using the coupled-mode theory and transfer matrix method. The effects of grating parameters of uniform Bragg grating on measurement range and sensitivity are analyzed. The impacts of chirped, phase-shifted and apodized gratings on DGD peak values are also monitored. FBG transmitted spectrums and DGD spectrums are recorded by means of an optical vector analyzer (OVA). Both the simulations and experiments demonstrate that the phase-shifted gratings can obviously improve the sensitivity.

Geometrical optics modeling of the grating-slit test.

PubMed

Liang, Chao-Wen; Sasian, Jose

2007-02-19

A novel optical testing method termed the grating-slit test is discussed. This test uses a grating and a slit, as in the Ronchi test, but the grating-slit test is different in that the grating is used as the incoherent illuminating object instead of the spatial filter. The slit is located at the plane of the image of a sinusoidal intensity grating. An insightful geometrical-optics model for the grating-slit test is presented and the fringe contrast ratio with respect to the slit width and object-grating period is obtained. The concept of spatial bucket integration is used to obtain the fringe contrast ratio.

Stratified Diffractive Optic Approach for Creating High Efficiency Gratings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chambers, Diana M.; Nordin, Gregory P.

1998-01-01

Gratings with high efficiency in a single diffracted order can be realized with both volume holographic and diffractive optical elements. However, each method has limitations that restrict the applications in which they can be used. For example, high efficiency volume holographic gratings require an appropriate combination of thickness and permittivity modulation throughout the bulk of the material. Possible combinations of those two characteristics are limited by properties of currently available materials, thus restricting the range of applications for volume holographic gratings. Efficiency of a diffractive optic grating is dependent on its approximation of an ideal analog profile using discrete features. The size of constituent features and, consequently, the number that can be used within a required grating period restricts the applications in which diffractive optic gratings can be used. These limitations imply that there are applications which cannot be addressed by either technology. In this paper we propose to address a number of applications in this category with a new method of creating high efficiency gratings which we call stratified diffractive optic gratings. In this approach diffractive optic techniques are used to create an optical structure that emulates volume grating behavior. To illustrate the stratified diffractive optic grating concept we consider a specific application, a scanner for a space-based coherent wind lidar, with requirements that would be difficult to meet by either volume holographic or diffractive optic methods. The lidar instrument design specifies a transmissive scanner element with the input beam normally incident and the exiting beam deflected at a fixed angle from the optical axis. The element will be rotated about the optical axis to produce a conical scan pattern. The wavelength of the incident beam is 2.06 microns and the required deflection angle is 30 degrees, implying a grating period of approximately 4 microns. Creating a high efficiency volume grating with these parameters would require a grating thickness that cannot be attained with current photosensitive materials. For a diffractive optic grating, the number of binary steps necessary to produce high efficiency combined with the grating period requires feature sizes and alignment tolerances that are also unattainable with current techniques. Rotation of the grating and integration into a space-based lidar system impose the additional requirements that it be insensitive to polarization orientation, that its mass be minimized and that it be able to withstand launch and space environments.

Feasibility evaluation of a neutron grating interferometer with an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator.

PubMed

Kim, Youngju; Kim, Jongyul; Kim, Daeseung; Hussey, Daniel S; Lee, Seung Wook

2018-03-01

We introduce an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator fabricated by a gadolinium oxysulfide powder filling method for a symmetric Talbot-Lau neutron grating interferometer. This is an alternative way to analyze the Talbot self-image of a grating interferometer without using an absorption grating to block neutrons. Since the structured scintillator analyzer grating itself generates the signal for neutron detection, we do not need an additional scintillator screen as an absorption analyzer grating. We have developed and tested an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator in our symmetric Talbot-Lau neutron grating interferometer to produce high fidelity absorption, differential phase, and dark-field contrast images. The acquired images have been compared to results of a grating interferometer utilizing a typical absorption analyzer grating with two commercial scintillation screens. The analyzer grating based on the structured scintillator enhances interference fringe visibility and shows a great potential for economical fabrication, compact system design, and so on. We report the performance of the analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator and evaluate its feasibility for the neutron grating interferometer.

Feasibility evaluation of a neutron grating interferometer with an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Youngju; Kim, Jongyul; Kim, Daeseung; Hussey, Daniel. S.; Lee, Seung Wook

2018-03-01

We introduce an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator fabricated by a gadolinium oxysulfide powder filling method for a symmetric Talbot-Lau neutron grating interferometer. This is an alternative way to analyze the Talbot self-image of a grating interferometer without using an absorption grating to block neutrons. Since the structured scintillator analyzer grating itself generates the signal for neutron detection, we do not need an additional scintillator screen as an absorption analyzer grating. We have developed and tested an analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator in our symmetric Talbot-Lau neutron grating interferometer to produce high fidelity absorption, differential phase, and dark-field contrast images. The acquired images have been compared to results of a grating interferometer utilizing a typical absorption analyzer grating with two commercial scintillation screens. The analyzer grating based on the structured scintillator enhances interference fringe visibility and shows a great potential for economical fabrication, compact system design, and so on. We report the performance of the analyzer grating based on a structured scintillator and evaluate its feasibility for the neutron grating interferometer.

Image grating metrology using phase-stepping interferometry in scanning beam interference lithography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Minkang; Zhou, Changhe; Wei, Chunlong; Jia, Wei; Lu, Yancong; Xiang, Changcheng; Xiang, XianSong

2016-10-01

Large-sized gratings are essential optical elements in laser fusion and space astronomy facilities. Scanning beam interference lithography is an effective method to fabricate large-sized gratings. To minimize the nonlinear phase written into the photo-resist, the image grating must be measured to adjust the left and right beams to interfere at their waists. In this paper, we propose a new method to conduct wavefront metrology based on phase-stepping interferometry. Firstly, a transmission grating is used to combine the two beams to form an interferogram which is recorded by a charge coupled device(CCD). Phase steps are introduced by moving the grating with a linear stage monitored by a laser interferometer. A series of interferograms are recorded as the displacement is measured by the laser interferometer. Secondly, to eliminate the tilt and piston error during the phase stepping, the iterative least square phase shift method is implemented to obtain the wrapped phase. Thirdly, we use the discrete cosine transform least square method to unwrap the phase map. Experiment results indicate that the measured wavefront has a nonlinear phase around 0.05 λ@404.7nm. Finally, as the image grating is acquired, we simulate the print-error written into the photo-resist.

Spherical grating based x-ray Talbot interferometry.

PubMed

Cong, Wenxiang; Xi, Yan; Wang, Ge

2015-11-01

Grating interferometry is a state-of-the-art x-ray imaging approach, which can acquire information on x-ray attenuation, phase shift, and small-angle scattering simultaneously. Phase-contrast imaging and dark-field imaging are very sensitive to microstructural variation and offers superior contrast resolution for biological soft tissues. However, a common x-ray tube is a point-like source. As a result, the popular planar grating imaging configuration seriously restricts the flux of photons and decreases the visibility of signals, yielding a limited field of view. The purpose of this study is to extend the planar x-ray grating imaging theory and methods to a spherical grating scheme for a wider range of preclinical and clinical applications. A spherical grating matches the wave front of a point x-ray source very well, allowing the perpendicular incidence of x-rays on the grating to achieve a higher visibility over a larger field of view than the planer grating counterpart. A theoretical analysis of the Talbot effect for spherical grating imaging is proposed to establish a basic foundation for x-ray spherical gratings interferometry. An efficient method of spherical grating imaging is also presented to extract attenuation, differential phase, and dark-field images in the x-ray spherical grating interferometer. Talbot self-imaging with spherical gratings is analyzed based on the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formula, featuring a periodic angular distribution in a polar coordinate system. The Talbot distance is derived to reveal the Talbot self-imaging pattern. Numerical simulation results show the self-imaging phenomenon of a spherical grating interferometer, which is in agreement with the theoretical prediction. X-ray Talbot interferometry with spherical gratings has a significant practical promise. Relative to planar grating imaging, spherical grating based x-ray Talbot interferometry has a larger field of view and improves both signal visibility and dose utilization for pre-clinical and clinical applications.

Grating-based holographic diffraction methods for X-rays and neutrons: phase object approximation and dynamical theory

DOE PAGES

Feng, Hao; Ashkar, Rana; Steinke, Nina; ...

2018-02-01

A method dubbed grating-based holography was recently used to determine the structure of colloidal fluids in the rectangular grooves of a diffraction grating from X-ray scattering measurements. Similar grating-based measurements have also been recently made with neutrons using a technique called spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction data was done using an approximation that treats the X-ray phase change caused by the colloidal structure as a small perturbation to the overall phase pattern generated by the grating. In this paper, the adequacy of this weak phase approximation is explored for both X-ray and neutron grating holography.more » Additionally, it is found that there are several approximations hidden within the weak phase approximation that can lead to incorrect conclusions from experiments. In particular, the phase contrast for the empty grating is a critical parameter. Finally, while the approximation is found to be perfectly adequate for X-ray grating holography experiments performed to date, it cannot be applied to similar neutron experiments because the latter technique requires much deeper grating channels.« less

Overview on grating developments at ESA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guldimann, B.; Deep, A.; Vink, R.; Harnisch, B.; Kraft, S.; Sierk, B.; Bazalgette, G.; Bézy, J.-L.

2017-11-01

In the frame of recent studies and missions, ESA has been performing various pre-developments of optical gratings for instruments operating at wavelengths from the UV up to the SWIR. The instrument requirements of Sentinel-4, Sentinel-5, CarbonSat and FLEX are driving the need for advanced designs and technologies leading to gratings with high efficiency, high spectral resolution, low stray light and low polarization sensitivities. Typical ESA instruments (e.g. Sciamachy, GOME, MERIS, OLCI, NIRSpec) were and are based on ruled gratings or gratings manufactured with one holographic photoresist mask layer which is transferred to an optical substrate (e.g. glass, glass ceramic) with dry etching methods and subsequently either coated with a reflective coating or used as a mold for replication. These manufacturing methods lead to blazed grating profiles with a metallic reflective surface. The vast majority of spectrometers on ground are still based on such gratings. In general, gratings based on grooved metallic surfaces tend for instance to polarize the incoming light significantly and are therefore not always suitable for ESA's needs of today. Gratings made for space therefore evolved to many other designs and concepts which will be reported in this paper.

[Technology Development for X-Ray Reflection for the Constellation-X Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schattenburg, Mark L.

2003-01-01

This Grant covers MIT support for the technology development of x-ray reflection gratings for the Constellation-X Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS). Since the start of the Grant MIT has extended its previously-developed patterning and super-smooth, blazed grating fabrication technology to ten-times smaller grating periods and ten-times larger blaze angles to demonstrate feasibility and performance in the off-plane grating geometry. In the past year we successfully developed several nanoimprint grating replication methods that achieved very high fidelity replication of master silicon gratings. Grating geometry on the nano and macro scales were faithfully replicated, demonstrating the viability of the process for manufacturing the thousands of gratings required for the RGS. We also successfully developed an improved metrology truss for holding test grating substrates during metrology. The flatness goal of grating substrates is under 500 nm. In the past, grating holders would cause non-repeatable distortion of >> 500 nm to the substrates due to friction and gravity sag. The new holder has a repeatability of under 50 nm which is adequate for the proposed RGS grating substrates.

Coherent gradient sensing method and system for measuring surface curvature

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosakis, Ares J. (Inventor); Moore, Jr., Nicholas R. (Inventor); Singh, Ramen P. (Inventor); Kolawa, Elizabeth (Inventor)

2000-01-01

A system and method for determining a curvature of a specularly reflective surface based on optical interference. Two optical gratings are used to produce a spatial displacement in an interference field of two different diffraction components produced by one grating from different diffraction components produced by another grating. Thus, the curvature of the surface can be determined.

Intracore and extracore examination of fiber gratings with coherent detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Froggatt, Mark Earl

2001-06-01

This thesis introduces several new methods of measurement to aid in the production and evaluation of Bragg gratings in optical fiber. Five measurements are described: UV fringe visualization for grating production, weak grating measurement for distributed sensing, strong grating measurement for telecommunication applications, second harmonic grating measurement for grating chirp assessment, and grating visualization using radiation diffraction from strong Bragg gratings. The weak grating measurement for distributed strain sensing is a summary of work published prior to beginning the thesis research, and is provided for background purposes. The UV fringe visualization is accomplished by using a phase mask very close to the plane of the fiber to diffract the incoming beams used to write the Bragg grating into nearly parallel alignment, leading to macroscopic fringes indicative of the phase, frequency, amplitude, and contrast of the microscopic fringes incident on the fiber. The weak grating measurement uses Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) to measure the spatial distribution of the coupling strength of weak gratings. Included in the description of the OFDR technique are recent advances in the precision monitoring of the emission wavelength of tunable lasers. The precise monitoring of wavelength is critical to the functioning of OFDR. The strong grating measurement is based on a modified form of OFDR and an analysis of the problem in the time and frequency domains to produce accurate measurements of both the reflection and transmission Transfer Functions for Bragg gratings. This measurement technique is also applicable to a wide variety of optical fiber devices, and is shown to be scalable to multiple port devices. The second-harmonic measurement for grating chirp analysis is similar to the weak grating measurement, but it was done at a wavelength resonant with the second- harmonic grating in the fiber-780 nm for 1550 nm reflection gratings. The second-harmonic grating results from nonlinearities in the grating growth process and, due to the great sensitivity of OFDR, is detectable for almost all fiber gratings. The grating visualization also uses half-wavelength (780 nm) illumination of the grating through the core. This technique uses the diffraction of light into the radiation modes to make the grating in the fiber externally visible. By operating near the perpendicular radiation condition, and introducing coherent counter- propagating light, the spatial frequency and the amplitude of the grating as functions of distance along the fiber can be measured. To better understand the radiation from Bragg gratings, a technique known as the Volume Current Method (VCM) was used to derive an expression for the radiation from a Bragg grating for all of the LP fiber modes.

Fast integral methods for integrated optical systems simulations: a review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleemann, Bernd H.

2015-09-01

Boundary integral equation methods (BIM) or simply integral methods (IM) in the context of optical design and simulation are rigorous electromagnetic methods solving Helmholtz or Maxwell equations on the boundary (surface or interface of the structures between two materials) for scattering or/and diffraction purposes. This work is mainly restricted to integral methods for diffracting structures such as gratings, kinoforms, diffractive optical elements (DOEs), micro Fresnel lenses, computer generated holograms (CGHs), holographic or digital phase holograms, periodic lithographic structures, and the like. In most cases all of the mentioned structures have dimensions of thousands of wavelengths in diameter. Therefore, the basic methods necessary for the numerical treatment are locally applied electromagnetic grating diffraction algorithms. Interestingly, integral methods belong to the first electromagnetic methods investigated for grating diffraction. The development started in the mid 1960ies for gratings with infinite conductivity and it was mainly due to the good convergence of the integral methods especially for TM polarization. The first integral equation methods (IEM) for finite conductivity were the methods by D. Maystre at Fresnel Institute in Marseille: in 1972/74 for dielectric, and metallic gratings, and later for multiprofile, and other types of gratings and for photonic crystals. Other methods such as differential and modal methods suffered from unstable behaviour and slow convergence compared to BIMs for metallic gratings in TM polarization from the beginning to the mid 1990ies. The first BIM for gratings using a parametrization of the profile was developed at Karl-Weierstrass Institute in Berlin under a contract with Carl Zeiss Jena works in 1984-1986 by A. Pomp, J. Creutziger, and the author. Due to the parametrization, this method was able to deal with any kind of surface grating from the beginning: whether profiles with edges, overhanging non-functional profiles, very deep ones, very large ones compared to wavelength, or simple smooth profiles. This integral method with either trigonometric or spline collocation, iterative solver with O(N2) complexity, named IESMP, was significantly improved by an efficient mesh refinement, matrix preconditioning, Ewald summation method, and an exponentially convergent quadrature in 2006 by G. Schmidt and A. Rathsfeld from Weierstrass-Institute (WIAS) Berlin. The so-called modified integral method (MIM) is a modification of the IEM of D. Maystre and has been introduced by L. Goray in 1995. It has been improved for weak convergence problems in 2001 and it was the only commercial available integral method for a long time, known as PCGRATE. All referenced integral methods so far are for in-plane diffraction only, no conical diffraction was possible. The first integral method for gratings in conical mounting was developed and proven under very weak conditions by G. Schmidt (WIAS) in 2010. It works for separated interfaces and for inclusions as well as for interpenetrating interfaces and for a large number of thin and thick layers in the same stable way. This very fast method has then been implemented for parallel processing under Unix and Windows operating systems. This work gives an overview over the most important BIMs for grating diffraction. It starts by presenting the historical evolution of the methods, highlights their advantages and differences, and gives insight into new approaches and their achievements. It addresses future open challenges at the end.

Polynomial modal analysis of slanted lamellar gratings.

PubMed

Granet, Gérard; Randriamihaja, Manjakavola Honore; Raniriharinosy, Karyl

2017-06-01

The problem of diffraction by slanted lamellar dielectric and metallic gratings in classical mounting is formulated as an eigenvalue eigenvector problem. The numerical solution is obtained by using the moment method with Legendre polynomials as expansion and test functions, which allows us to enforce in an exact manner the boundary conditions which determine the eigensolutions. Our method is successfully validated by comparison with other methods including in the case of highly slanted gratings.

Deep-etched sinusoidal polarizing beam splitter grating.

PubMed

Feng, Jijun; Zhou, Changhe; Cao, Hongchao; Lv, Peng

2010-04-01

A sinusoidal-shaped fused-silica grating as a highly efficient polarizing beam splitter (PBS) is investigated based on the simplified modal method. The grating structure depends mainly on the ratio of groove depth to grating period and the ratio of incident wavelength to grating period. These ratios can be used as a guideline for the grating design at different wavelengths. A sinusoidal-groove PBS grating is designed at a wavelength of 1310 nm under Littrow mounting, and the transmitted TM and TE polarized waves are mainly diffracted into the zeroth order and the -1st order, respectively. The grating profile is optimized by using rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The designed PBS grating is highly efficient (>95.98%) over the O-band wavelength range (1260-1360 nm) for both TE and TM polarizations. The sinusoidal grating can exhibit higher diffraction efficiency, larger extinction ratio, and less reflection loss than the rectangular-groove PBS grating. By applying wet etching technology on the rectangular grating, which was manufactured by holographic recording and inductively coupled plasma etching technology, the sinusoidal grating can be approximately fabricated. Experimental results are in agreement with theoretical values.

Off-plane x-ray reflection grating fabrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peterson, Thomas J.; DeRoo, Casey T.; Marlowe, Hannah; McEntaffer, Randall L.; Miles, Drew M.; Tutt, James H.; Schultz, Ted B.

2015-09-01

Off-plane X-ray diffraction gratings with precision groove profiles at the submicron scale will be used in next generation X-ray spectrometers. Such gratings will be used on a current NASA suborbital rocket mission, the Off-plane Grating Rocket Experiment (OGRE), and have application for future grating missions. The fabrication of these gratings does not come without challenges. High performance off-plane gratings must be fabricated with precise radial grating patterns, optically at surfaces, and specific facet angles. Such gratings can be made using a series of common micro-fabrication techniques. The resulting process is highly customizable, making it useful for a variety of different mission architectures. In this paper, we detail the fabrication method used to produce high performance off-plane gratings and report the results of a preliminary qualification test of a grating fabricated in this manner. The grating was tested in the off-plane `Littrow' configuration, for which the grating is most efficient for a given diffraction order, and found to achieve 42% relative efficiency in the blaze order with respect to all diffracted light.

Polynomial modal analysis of lamellar diffraction gratings in conical mounting.

PubMed

Randriamihaja, Manjakavola Honore; Granet, Gérard; Edee, Kofi; Raniriharinosy, Karyl

2016-09-01

An efficient numerical modal method for modeling a lamellar grating in conical mounting is presented. Within each region of the grating, the electromagnetic field is expanded onto Legendre polynomials, which allows us to enforce in an exact manner the boundary conditions that determine the eigensolutions. Our code is successfully validated by comparison with results obtained with the analytical modal method.

Traceable Mueller polarimetry and scatterometry for shape reconstruction of grating structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hansen, Poul-Erik; Madsen, Morten H.; Lehtolahti, Joonas; Nielsen, Lars

2017-11-01

Dimensional measurements of multi-patterned transmission gratings with a mixture of long and small periods are great challenges for optical metrology today. It is a further challenge when the aspect ratio of the structures is high, that is, when the height of structures is larger than the pitch. Here we consider a double patterned transmission grating with pitches of 500 nm and 20 000 nm. For measuring the geometrical properties of double patterned transmission grating we use a combined spectroscopic Mueller polarimetry and scatterometry setup. For modelling the experimentally obtained data we rigorously compute the scattering signal by solving Maxwell's equations using the RCWA method on a supercell structure. We also present a new method for analyzing the Mueller polarimetry parameters that performs the analysis in the measured variables. This new inversion method for finding the best fit between measured and calculated values are tested on silicon gratings with periods from 300 to 600 nm. The method is shown to give results within the expanded uncertainty of reference AFM measurements. The application of the new inversion method and the supercell structure to the double patterned transmission grating gives best estimates of dimensional quantities that are in fair agreement with those derived from local AFM measurements

High-resolution absolute position detection using a multiple grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schilling, Ulrich; Drabarek, Pawel; Kuehnle, Goetz; Tiziani, Hans J.

1996-08-01

To control electro-mechanical engines, high-resolution linear and rotary encoders are needed. Interferometric methods (grating interferometers) promise a resolution of a few nanometers, but have an ambiguity range of some microns. Incremental encoders increase the absolute measurement range by counting the signal periods starting from a defined initial point. In many applications, however, it is not possible to move to this initial point, so that absolute encoders have to be used. Absolute encoders generally have a scale with two or more tracks placed next to each other. Therefore, they use a two-dimensional grating structure to measure a one-dimensional position. We present a new method, which uses a one-dimensional structure to determine the position in one dimension. It is based on a grating with a large grating period up to some millimeters, having the same diffraction efficiency in several predefined diffraction orders (multiple grating). By combining the phase signals of the different diffraction orders, it is possible to establish the position in an absolute range of the grating period with a resolution like incremental grating interferometers. The principal functionality was demonstrated by applying the multiple grating in a heterodyne grating interferometer. The heterodyne frequency was generated by a frequency modulated laser in an unbalanced interferometer. In experimental measurements an absolute range of 8 mm was obtained while achieving a resolution of 10 nm.

Micro Ring Grating Spectrometer with Adjustable Aperture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Park, Yeonjoon (Inventor); King, Glen C. (Inventor); Elliott, James R. (Inventor); Choi, Sang H. (Inventor)

2012-01-01

A spectrometer includes a micro-ring grating device having coaxially-aligned ring gratings for diffracting incident light onto a target focal point, a detection device for detecting light intensity, one or more actuators, and an adjustable aperture device defining a circular aperture. The aperture circumscribes a target focal point, and directs a light to the detection device. The aperture device is selectively adjustable using the actuators to select a portion of a frequency band for transmission to the detection device. A method of detecting intensity of a selected band of incident light includes directing incident light onto coaxially-aligned ring gratings of a micro-ring grating device, and diffracting the selected band onto a target focal point using the ring gratings. The method includes using an actuator to adjust an aperture device and pass a selected portion of the frequency band to a detection device for measuring the intensity of the selected portion.

Micro spectrometer for parallel light and method of use

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Park, Yeonjoon (Inventor); Choi, Sang H. (Inventor); King, Glen C. (Inventor); Elliott, James R. (Inventor)

2011-01-01

A spectrometer system includes an optical assembly for collimating light, a micro-ring grating assembly having a plurality of coaxially-aligned ring gratings, an aperture device defining an aperture circumscribing a target focal point, and a photon detector. An electro-optical layer of the grating assembly may be electrically connected to an energy supply to change the refractive index of the electro-optical layer. Alternately, the gratings may be electrically connected to the energy supply and energized, e.g., with alternating voltages, to change the refractive index. A data recorder may record the predetermined spectral characteristic. A method of detecting a spectral characteristic of a predetermined wavelength of source light includes generating collimated light using an optical assembly, directing the collimated light onto the micro-ring grating assembly, and selectively energizing the micro-ring grating assembly to diffract the predetermined wavelength onto the target focal point, and detecting the spectral characteristic using a photon detector.

Generation of 3D ellipsoidal laser beams by means of a profiled volume chirped Bragg grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mironov, S. Yu; Poteomkin, A. K.; Gacheva, E. I.; Andrianov, A. V.; Zelenogorskii, V. V.; Vasiliev, R.; Smirnov, V.; Krasilnikov, M.; Stephan, F.; Khazanov, E. A.

2016-05-01

A method for shaping photocathode laser driver pulses into 3D ellipsoidal form has been proposed and implemented. The key idea of the method is to use a chirped Bragg grating recorded within the ellipsoid volume and absent outside it. If a beam with a constant (within the grating reflection band) spectral density and uniform (within the grating aperture) cross-section is incident on such a grating, the reflected beam will be a 3D ellipsoid in space and time. 3D ellipsoidal beams were obtained in experiment for the first time. It is expected that such laser beams will allow the electron bunch emittance to be reduced when applied at R± photo injectors.

Multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings

DOEpatents

Perry, Michael D.; Britten, Jerald A.; Nguyen, Hoang T.; Boyd, Robert; Shore, Bruce W.

1999-01-01

The design and fabrication of dielectric grating structures with high diffraction efficiency used in reflection or transmission is described. By forming a multilayer structure of alternating index dielectric materials and placing a grating structure on top of the multilayer, a diffraction grating of adjustable efficiency, and variable optical bandwidth can be obtained. Diffraction efficiency into the first order in reflection varying between 1 and 98 percent has been achieved by controlling the design of the multilayer and the depth, shape, and material comprising the grooves of the grating structure. Methods for fabricating these gratings without the use of ion etching techniques are described.

Multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings

DOEpatents

Perry, M.D.; Britten, J.A.; Nguyen, H.T.; Boyd, R.; Shore, B.W.

1999-05-25

The design and fabrication of dielectric grating structures with high diffraction efficiency used in reflection or transmission is described. By forming a multilayer structure of alternating index dielectric materials and placing a grating structure on top of the multilayer, a diffraction grating of adjustable efficiency, and variable optical bandwidth can be obtained. Diffraction efficiency into the first order in reflection varying between 1 and 98 percent has been achieved by controlling the design of the multilayer and the depth, shape, and material comprising the grooves of the grating structure. Methods for fabricating these gratings without the use of ion etching techniques are described. 7 figs.

Fiber-bragg grating-loop ringdown method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Wang, Chuji [Starkville, MS

2008-01-29

A device comprising a fiber grating loop ringdown (FGLRD) system of analysis is disclosed. A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) or Long-Period grating (LPG) written in a section of single mode fused silica fiber is incorporated into a fiber loop. By utilizing the wing areas of the gratings' bandwidth as a wavelength dependent attenuator of the light transmission, a fiber grating loop ringdown concept is formed. One aspect of the present invention is temperature sensing, which has been demonstrated using the disclosed device. Temperature measurements in the areas of accuracy, stability, high temperature, and dynamic range are also described.

Three-port beam splitter of a binary fused-silica grating.

PubMed

Feng, Jijun; Zhou, Changhe; Wang, Bo; Zheng, Jiangjun; Jia, Wei; Cao, Hongchao; Lv, Peng

2008-12-10

A deep-etched polarization-independent binary fused-silica phase grating as a three-port beam splitter is designed and manufactured. The grating profile is optimized by use of the rigorous coupled-wave analysis around the 785 nm wavelength. The physical explanation of the grating is illustrated by the modal method. Simple analytical expressions of the diffraction efficiencies and modal guidelines for the three-port beam splitter grating design are given. Holographic recording technology and inductively coupled plasma etching are used to manufacture the fused-silica grating. Experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical values.

Optimization of top coupling grating for very long wavelength QWIP based on surface plasmon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Guodong; Shen, Junling; Liu, Xiaolian; Ni, Lu; Wang, Saili

2017-09-01

The relative coupling efficiency of two-dimensional (2D) grating based on surface plasmon for very long wavelength quantum well infrared detector is analyzed by using the three-dimensional finite-difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method algorithm. The relative coupling efficiency with respect to the grating parameters, such as grating pitch, duty ratio, and grating thickness, is analyzed. The calculated results show that the relative coupling efficiency would reach the largest value for the 14.5 μm incident infrared light when taking the grating pitch as 4.4 μm, the duty ratio as 0.325, and the grating thickness as 0.07 μm, respectively.

A three-image algorithm for hard x-ray grating interferometry.

PubMed

Pelliccia, Daniele; Rigon, Luigi; Arfelli, Fulvia; Menk, Ralf-Hendrik; Bukreeva, Inna; Cedola, Alessia

2013-08-12

A three-image method to extract absorption, refraction and scattering information for hard x-ray grating interferometry is presented. The method comprises a post-processing approach alternative to the conventional phase stepping procedure and is inspired by a similar three-image technique developed for analyzer-based x-ray imaging. Results obtained with this algorithm are quantitatively comparable with phase-stepping. This method can be further extended to samples with negligible scattering, where only two images are needed to separate absorption and refraction signal. Thanks to the limited number of images required, this technique is a viable route to bio-compatible imaging with x-ray grating interferometer. In addition our method elucidates and strengthens the formal and practical analogies between grating interferometry and the (non-interferometric) diffraction enhanced imaging technique.

A low cost method for hard x-ray grating interferometry.

PubMed

Du, Yang; Lei, Yaohu; Liu, Xin; Huang, Jianheng; Zhao, Zhigang; Guo, Jinchuan; Li, Ji; Niu, Hanben

2016-12-07

Grating interferometry is advantageous over conventional x-ray absorption imaging because it enables the detection of samples constituted by low atomic number elements (low-Z materials). Therefore, it has a potential application in biological science and medical diagnostics. The grating interferometry has some critical optics components such as absorption gratings which are conventionally manufactured by the lithography, electroplating, and molding (LIGA) technique and employing gold as the absorbent material in it. However, great challenge lies in its implementations for practical applications because of the cost and difficulty to achieve high aspect ratio absorbing grating devices. In this paper, we present a low-cost approach that involves using the micro-casting technique with bismuth (Bi) as the absorber in source grating and as well as filling cesium iodide thallium(CsI:Tl) in a periodically structured scintillator. No costly facilities as synchrotron radiation are required and cheap material is used in our approach. Our experiment using these components shows high quality complementary images can be obtained with contrast of absorption, phase and visibility. This alternative method conquers the limitation of costly grating devices for a long time and stands an important step towards the further practical application of grating interferometry.

More on analyzing the reflection of a laser beam by a deformed highly reflective volume Bragg grating using iteration of the beam propagation method.

PubMed

Shu, Hong; Mokhov, Sergiy; Zeldovich, Boris Ya; Bass, Michael

2009-01-01

A further extension of the iteration method for beam propagation calculation is presented that can be applied for volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) with extremely large grating strength. A reformulation of the beam propagation formulation is presented for analyzing the reflection of a laser beam by a deformed VBG. These methods will be shown to be very accurate and efficient. A VBG with generic z-dependent distortion has been analyzed using these methods.

Design and fabrication of a polarization-independent two-port beam splitter.

PubMed

Feng, Jijun; Zhou, Changhe; Zheng, Jiangjun; Cao, Hongchao; Lv, Peng

2009-10-10

We design and manufacture a fused-silica polarization-independent two-port beam splitter grating. The physical mechanism of this deeply etched grating can be shown clearly by using the simplified modal method with consideration of corresponding accumulated phase difference of two excited propagating grating modes, which illustrates that the binary-phase fused-silica grating structure depends little on the incident wavelength, but mainly on the ratio of groove depth to grating period and the ratio of incident wavelength to grating period. These analytic results would also be very helpful for wavelength bandwidth analysis. The exact grating profile is optimized by using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis. Holographic recording technology and inductively coupled plasma etching are used to manufacture the fused-silica grating. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical values.

Dual-function beam splitter of a subwavelength fused-silica grating.

PubMed

Feng, Jijun; Zhou, Changhe; Zheng, Jiangjun; Cao, Hongchao; Lv, Peng

2009-05-10

We present the design and fabrication of a novel dual-function subwavelength fused-silica grating that can be used as a polarization-selective beam splitter. For TM polarization, the grating can be used as a two-port beam splitter at a wavelength of 1550 nm with a total diffraction efficiency of 98%. For TE polarization, the grating can function as a high-efficiency grating, and the diffraction efficiency of the -1st order is 95% under Littrow mounting. This dual-function grating design is based on a simplified modal method. By using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis, the optimum grating parameters can be determined. Holographic recording technology and inductively coupled plasma etching are used to manufacture the fused-silica grating. Experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical values.

Long-period fibre grating writing with a slit-apertured femtosecond laser beam (λ = 1026 nm)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dostovalov, A V; Wolf, A A; Babin, S A

We report on long-period grating (LPG) writing in a standard telecom fibre, SMF-28e+, via refractive index modification by femtosecond pulses. A method is proposed for grating writing with a slit-apertured beam, which enables one to produce LPGs with reduced background losses and a resonance peak markedly stronger than that in the case of grating writing with a Gaussian beam. The method can be used to fabricate LPGs for use as spectral filters of fibre lasers and sensing elements of sensor systems. (fibre and integrated-optical structures)

Note: Magnification of a polarization angle with a Littrow layout brazed grating

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sasao, H., E-mail: sasao.hajime@jaea.go.jp; Kubo, H.; Kawano, Y.

A new method to magnify a small polarization angle with brazed gratings has been developed. In the method, difference in diffraction efficiency for S and P polarization components is used. The magnification dependence on the incident angle can be small by arranging the grating in Littrow layout. A magnification with a factor ∼2.7 has been demonstrated for a 10.6 μm CO{sub 2} laser beam as expected from a calculation. The method is applicable in many polarimetry fields.

Grating array systems having a plurality of gratings operative in a coherently additive mode and methods for making such grating array systems

DOEpatents

Kessler, Terrance J [Mendon, NY; Bunkenburg, Joachim [Victor, NY; Huang, Hu [Pittsford, NY

2007-02-13

A plurality of gratings (G1, G2) are arranged together with a wavefront sensor, actuators, and feedback system to align the gratings in such a manner, that they operate like a single, large, monolithic grating. Sub-wavelength-scale movements in the mechanical mounting, due to environmental influences, are monitored by an interferometer (28), and compensated by precision actuators (16, 18, 20) that maintain the coherently additive mode. The actuators define the grating plane, and are positioned in response to the wavefronts from the gratings and a reference flat, thus producing the interferogram that contains the alignment information. Movement of the actuators is also in response to a diffraction-limited spot on the CCD (36) to which light diffracted from the gratings is focused. The actuator geometry is implemented to take advantage of the compensating nature of the degrees of freedom between gratings, reducing the number of necessary control variables.

Scanning moiré and spatial-offset phase-stepping for surface inspection of structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoneyama, S.; Morimoto, Y.; Fujigaki, M.; Ikeda, Y.

2005-06-01

In order to develop a high-speed and accurate surface inspection system of structures such as tunnels, a new surface profile measurement method using linear array sensors is studied. The sinusoidal grating is projected on a structure surface. Then, the deformed grating is scanned by linear array sensors that move together with the grating projector. The phase of the grating is analyzed by a spatial offset phase-stepping method to perform accurate measurement. The surface profile measurements of the wall with bricks and the concrete surface of a structure are demonstrated using the proposed method. The change of geometry or fabric of structures and the defects on structure surfaces can be detected by the proposed method. It is expected that the surface profile inspection system of tunnels measuring from a running train can be constructed based on the proposed method.

[Research on the photoelectric conversion efficiency of grating antireflective layer solar cells].

PubMed

Zhong, Hui; Gao, Yong-Yi; Zhou, Ren-Long; Zhou, Bing-ju; Tang, Li-qiang; Wu, Ling-xi; Li, Hong-jian

2011-07-01

A numerical investigation of the effect of grating antireflective layer structure on the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells was carried out by the finite-difference time-domain method. The influence of grating shape, height and the metal film thickness coated on grating surface on energy storage was analyzed in detail. It was found that the comparison between unoptimized and optimized surface grating structure on solar cells shows that the optimization of surface by grating significantly increases the energy storage capability and greatly improves the efficiency, especially of the photoelectric conversion efficiency and energy storage of the triangle grating. As the film thickness increases, energy storage effect increases, while as the film thickness is too thick, energy storage effect becomes lower and lower.

X-ray verification of an optically aligned off-plane grating module

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Donovan, Benjamin D.; McEntaffer, Randall L.; Tutt, James H.; DeRoo, Casey T.; Allured, Ryan; Gaskin, Jessica A.; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J.

2018-01-01

Off-plane x-ray reflection gratings are theoretically capable of achieving high resolution and high diffraction efficiencies over the soft x-ray bandpass, making them an ideal technology to implement on upcoming x-ray spectroscopy missions. To achieve high effective area, these gratings must be aligned into grating modules. X-ray testing was performed on an aligned grating module to assess the current optical alignment methods. Results indicate that the grating module achieved the desired alignment for an upcoming x-ray spectroscopy suborbital rocket payload with modest effective area and resolving power. These tests have also outlined a pathway towards achieving the stricter alignment tolerances of future x-ray spectrometer payloads, which require improvements in alignment metrology, grating fabrication, and testing techniques.

Research on fiber Bragg grating heart sound sensing and wavelength demodulation method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Cheng; Miao, Chang-Yun; Gao, Hua; Gan, Jing-Meng; Li, Hong-Qiang

2010-11-01

Heart sound includes a lot of physiological and pathological information of heart and blood vessel. Heart sound detecting is an important method to gain the heart status, and has important significance to early diagnoses of cardiopathy. In order to improve sensitivity and reduce noise, a heart sound measurement method based on fiber Bragg grating was researched. By the vibration principle of plane round diaphragm, a heart sound sensor structure of fiber Bragg grating was designed and a heart sound sensing mathematical model was established. A formula of heart sound sensitivity was deduced and the theoretical sensitivity of the designed sensor is 957.11pm/KPa. Based on matched grating method, the experiment system was built, by which the excursion of reflected wavelength of the sensing grating was detected and the information of heart sound was obtained. Experiments show that the designed sensor can detect the heart sound and the reflected wavelength variety range is about 70pm. When the sampling frequency is 1 KHz, the extracted heart sound waveform by using the db4 wavelet has the same characteristics with a standard heart sound sensor.

Birefringence Bragg Binary (3B) grating, quasi-Bragg grating and immersion gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebizuka, Noboru; Morita, Shin-ya; Yamagata, Yutaka; Sasaki, Minoru; Bianco, Andorea; Tanabe, Ayano; Hashimoto, Nobuyuki; Hirahara, Yasuhiro; Aoki, Wako

2014-07-01

A volume phase holographic (VPH) grating achieves high angular dispersion and very high diffraction efficiency for the first diffraction order and for S or P polarization. However the VPH grating could not achieve high diffraction efficiency for non-polarized light at a large diffraction angle because properties of diffraction efficiencies for S and P polarizations are different. Furthermore diffraction efficiency of the VPH grating extinguishes toward a higher diffraction order. A birefringence binary Bragg (3B) grating is a thick transmission grating with optically anisotropic material such as lithium niobate or liquid crystal. The 3B grating achieves diffraction efficiency up to 100% for non-polarized light by tuning of refractive indices for S and P polarizations, even in higher diffraction orders. We fabricated 3B grating with liquid crystal and evaluated the performance of the liquid crystal grating. A quasi-Bragg (QB) grating, which consists long rectangle mirrors aligned in parallel precisely such as a window shade, also achieves high diffraction efficiency toward higher orders. We fabricated QB grating by laminating of silica glass substrates and glued by pressure fusion of gold films. A quasi-Bragg immersion (QBI) grating has smooth mirror hypotenuse and reflector array inside the hypotenuse, instead of step-like grooves of a conventional immersion grating. An incident beam of the QBI grating reflects obliquely at a reflector, then reflects vertically at the mirror surface and reflects again at the same reflector. We are going to fabricate QBI gratings by laminating of mirror plates as similar to fabrication of the QB grating. We will also fabricate silicon and germanium immersion gratings with conventional step-like grooves by means of the latest diamond machining methods. We introduce characteristics and performance of these gratings.

Design of a high-efficiency seven-port beam splitter using a dual duty cycle grating structure.

PubMed

Wen, Fung Jacky; Chung, Po Sheun

2011-07-01

In this paper, we propose a compact seven-port beam splitter which is constructed using only a single-layer high-density grating with a dual duty cycle structure. The properties of this grating are investigated by a simplified modal method. The diffraction efficiency can be achieved around 10% more than conventional Dammann gratings while the uniformity can still be maintained at less than 1%. The effect of deviations from the design parameters on the performance of the grating is also presented.

Wavefront-aberration measurement and systematic-error analysis of a high numerical-aperture objective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhixiang; Xing, Tingwen; Jiang, Yadong; Lv, Baobin

2018-02-01

A two-dimensional (2-D) shearing interferometer based on an amplitude chessboard grating was designed to measure the wavefront aberration of a high numerical-aperture (NA) objective. Chessboard gratings offer better diffraction efficiencies and fewer disturbing diffraction orders than traditional cross gratings. The wavefront aberration of the tested objective was retrieved from the shearing interferogram using the Fourier transform and differential Zernike polynomial-fitting methods. Grating manufacturing errors, including the duty-cycle and pattern-deviation errors, were analyzed with the Fourier transform method. Then, according to the relation between the spherical pupil and planar detector coordinates, the influence of the distortion of the pupil coordinates was simulated. Finally, the systematic error attributable to grating alignment errors was deduced through the geometrical ray-tracing method. Experimental results indicate that the measuring repeatability (3σ) of the wavefront aberration of an objective with NA 0.4 was 3.4 mλ. The systematic-error results were consistent with previous analyses. Thus, the correct wavefront aberration can be obtained after calibration.

Synthesis of 1D Bragg gratings by a layer-aggregation method.

PubMed

Capmany, José; Muriel, Miguel A; Sales, Salvador

2007-08-15

We present what we believe to be a novel method for the synthesis of complex 1D (fiber and waveguide) Bragg gratings, which is based on an impedance reconstruction layer aggregation technique. The main advantage brought by the method is the possibility of synthesizing structures containing defects or discontinuities of the size of the local period, a feature that is not possible with prior reported methods. In addition, this enhanced spatial resolution allows the synthesis of very strong fiber Bragg grating devices providing convergent solutions. The method directly renders the refractive index profile n(z) as it does not rely on the coupled-mode theory.

High speed demodulation systems for fiber optic grating sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Udd, Eric (Inventor); Weisshaar, Andreas (Inventor)

2002-01-01

Fiber optic grating sensor demodulation systems are described that offer high speed and multiplexing options for both single and multiple parameter fiber optic grating sensors. To attain very high speeds for single parameter fiber grating sensors ratio techniques are used that allow a series of sensors to be placed in a single fiber while retaining high speed capability. These methods can be extended to multiparameter fiber grating sensors. Optimization of speeds can be obtained by minimizing the number of spectral peaks that must be processed and it is shown that two or three spectral peak measurements may in specific multiparameter applications offer comparable or better performance than processing four spectral peaks. Combining the ratio methods with minimization of peak measurements allows very high speed measurement of such important environmental effects as transverse strain and pressure.

Double sided grating fabrication for high energy X-ray phase contrast imaging

DOE PAGES

Hollowell, Andrew E.; Arrington, Christian L.; Finnegan, Patrick; ...

2018-04-19

State of the art grating fabrication currently limits the maximum source energy that can be used in lab based x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) systems. In order to move to higher source energies, and image high density materials or image through encapsulating barriers, new grating fabrication methods are needed. In this work we have analyzed a new modality for grating fabrication that involves precision alignment of etched gratings on both sides of a substrate, effectively doubling the thickness of the grating. Furthermore, we have achieved a front-to-backside feature alignment accuracy of 0.5 µm demonstrating a methodology that can be appliedmore » to any grating fabrication approach extending the attainable aspect ratios allowing higher energy lab based XPCI systems.« less

Double sided grating fabrication for high energy X-ray phase contrast imaging

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hollowell, Andrew E.; Arrington, Christian L.; Finnegan, Patrick

State of the art grating fabrication currently limits the maximum source energy that can be used in lab based x-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) systems. In order to move to higher source energies, and image high density materials or image through encapsulating barriers, new grating fabrication methods are needed. In this work we have analyzed a new modality for grating fabrication that involves precision alignment of etched gratings on both sides of a substrate, effectively doubling the thickness of the grating. Furthermore, we have achieved a front-to-backside feature alignment accuracy of 0.5 µm demonstrating a methodology that can be appliedmore » to any grating fabrication approach extending the attainable aspect ratios allowing higher energy lab based XPCI systems.« less

Near-field diffraction from amplitude diffraction gratings: theory, simulation and results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abedin, Kazi Monowar; Rahman, S. M. Mujibur

2017-08-01

We describe a computer simulation method by which the complete near-field diffract pattern of an amplitude diffraction grating can be generated. The technique uses the method of iterative Fresnel integrals to calculate and generate the diffraction images. Theoretical background as well as the techniques to perform the simulation is described. The program is written in MATLAB, and can be implemented in any ordinary PC. Examples of simulated diffraction images are presented and discussed. The generated images in the far-field where they reduce to Fraunhofer diffraction pattern are also presented for a realistic grating, and compared with the results predicted by the grating equation, which is applicable in the far-field. The method can be used as a tool to teach the complex phenomenon of diffraction in classrooms.

Polarization-independent triangular-groove fused-silica gratings with high efficiency at a wavelength of 1550 nm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, Hongchao; Zhou, Changhe; Feng, Jijun; Lv, Peng; Ma, Jianyong

2010-11-01

We describe polarization-independent triangular-groove fused-silica gratings illuminated by incident lights in the C + L bands as (de)multiplexers for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) application. The physical mechanisms of the grating can be shown clearly by using the simplified modal method with consideration of the corresponding accumulated average phase difference of two excited propagating grating modes, which illustrates that the grating structure depends mainly on the ratio of the average effective indices difference to the incident wavelength. Exact grating profile is optimized by using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA). With the optimized grating parameters, the grating exhibits diffraction efficiencies of greater than 90% under TE- and TM-polarized incident lights for 101 nm spectral bandwidths (1500-1601 nm) and it can reach an efficiency of more than 99% for both polarizations at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Without loss of metal absorption, coating of dielectric film layers, the designed triangular-groove fused-silica grating should be of great interest for DWDM application.

Using a cover layer to improve the damage resistance of gold-coated gratings induced by a picosecond pulsed laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Zhilin; Wu, Yihan; Kong, Fanyu; Jin, Yunxia

2018-04-01

The chirped pulse amplification (CPA) technology is the main approach to achieve high-intensity short-pulse laser. Diffraction gratings are good candidates for stretching and compressing laser pulses in CPA. In this paper, a kind of gold-coated grating has been prepared and its laser damage experiment has been performed. The results reflect that the gratings laser damage was dominated by thermal ablation due to gold films or inclusions absorption and involved the deformation or eruption of the gold film. Based on these damage phenomena, a method of using a cover layer to prevent gold films from deforming and erupting has been adopted to improve the gold-coated gratings laser damage threshold. Since the addition of a cover layer changes the gratings diffraction efficiency, the gratings structure has been re-optimized. Furthermore, according to the calculated thermal stress distributions in gratings with optimized structures, the cover layer was demonstrated to be helpful for improving the gratings laser damage resistance if it is thick enough.

Theoretical investigation and optimization of fiber grating based slow light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Qi; Wang, Peng; Du, Chao; Li, Jin; Hu, Haifeng; Zhao, Yong

2017-07-01

On the edge of bandgap in a fiber grating, narrow peaks of high transimittivity exist at frequencies where light interferes constructively in the forward direction. In the vicinity of these transmittivity peaks, light reflects back and forth numerous times across the periodic structure and experiences a large group delay. In order to generate the extremely slow light in fiber grating for applications, in this research, the common sense of formation mechanism of slow light in fiber grating was introduced. The means of producing and operating fiber grating was studied to support structural slow light with a group index that can be in principle as high as several thousand. The simulations proceeded by transfer matrix method in the paper were presented to elucidate how the fiber grating parameters effect group refractive index. The main parameters that need to be optimized include grating length, refractive index contrast, grating period, loss coefficient, chirp and apodization functions, those can influence fiber grating characteristics.

Idler-efficiency-enhanced long-wave infrared beam generation using aperiodic orientation-patterned GaAs gratings.

PubMed

Gürkan Figen, Ziya; Aytür, Orhan; Arıkan, Orhan

2016-03-20

In this paper, we design aperiodic gratings based on orientation-patterned gallium arsenide (OP-GaAs) for converting 2.1 μm pump laser radiation into long-wave infrared (8-12 μm) in an idler-efficiency-enhanced scheme. These single OP-GaAs gratings placed in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) or an optical parametric generator (OPG) can simultaneously phase match two optical parametric amplification (OPA) processes, OPA 1 and OPA 2. We use two design methods that allow simultaneous phase matching of two arbitrary χ⁽²⁾ processes and also free adjustment of their relative strength. The first aperiodic grating design method (Method 1) relies on generating a grating structure that has domain walls located at the zeros of the summation of two cosine functions, each of which has a spatial frequency that equals one of the phase-mismatch terms of the two processes. Some of the domain walls are discarded considering the minimum domain length that is achievable in the production process. In this paper, we propose a second design method (Method 2) that relies on discretizing the crystal length with sample lengths that are much smaller than the minimum domain length and testing each sample's contribution in such a way that the sign of the nonlinearity maximizes the magnitude sum of the real and imaginary parts of the Fourier transform of the grating function at the relevant phase mismatches. Method 2 produces a similar performance as Method 1 in terms of the maximization of the height of either Fourier peak located at the relevant phase mismatch while allowing an adjustable relative height for the two peaks. To our knowledge, this is the first time that aperiodic OP-GaAs gratings have been proposed for efficient long-wave infrared beam generation based on simultaneous phase matching.

Inquiry with Laser Printer Diffraction Gratings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Hook, Stephen J.

2007-01-01

The pages of "The Physics Teacher" have featured several clever designs for homemade diffraction gratings using a variety of materials--cloth, lithographic film, wire, compact discs, parts of aerosol spray cans, and pseudoliquids and pseudosolids. A different and inexpensive method I use to make low-resolution diffraction gratings takes advantage…

Diffraction efficiency of radially-profiled off-plane reflection gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miles, Drew M.; Tutt, James H.; DeRoo, Casey T.; Marlowe, Hannah; Peterson, Thomas J.; McEntaffer, Randall L.; Menz, Benedikt; Burwitz, Vadim; Hartner, Gisela; Laubis, Christian; Scholze, Frank

2015-09-01

Future X-ray missions will require gratings with high throughput and high spectral resolution. Blazed off-plane reflection gratings are capable of meeting these demands. A blazed grating profile optimizes grating efficiency, providing higher throughput to one side of zero-order on the arc of diffraction. This paper presents efficiency measurements made in the 0.3 - 1.5 keV energy band at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) BESSY II facility for three holographically-ruled gratings, two of which are blazed. Each blazed grating was tested in both the Littrow configuration and anti-Littrow configuration in order to test the alignment sensitivity of these gratings with regard to throughput. This paper outlines the procedure of the grating experiment performed at BESSY II and discuss the resulting efficiency measurements across various energies. Experimental results are generally consistent with theory and demonstrate that the blaze does increase throughput to one side of zero-order. However, the total efficiency of the non-blazed, sinusoidal grating is greater than that of the blazed gratings, which suggests that the method of manufacturing these blazed profiles fails to produce facets with the desired level of precision. Finally, evidence of a successful blaze implementation from first diffraction results of prototype blazed gratings produce via a new fabrication technique at the University of Iowa are presented.

Fractional-topological-charge-induced vortex birth and splitting of light fields on the submicron scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Yiqi; Lu, Qinghong; Wang, Xiaolei; Zhang, Wuhong; Chen, Lixiang

2017-02-01

The study of vortex dynamics is of fundamental importance in understanding the structured light's propagation behavior in the realm of singular optics. Here, combining with the large-angle holographic lithography in photoresist, a simple experiment to trace and visualize the vortex birth and splitting of light fields induced by various fractional topological charges is reported. For a topological charge M =1.76 , the recorded microstructures reveal that although it finally leads to the formation of a pair of fork gratings, these two vortices evolve asynchronously. More interestingly, it is observed on the submicron scale that high-order topological charges M =3.48 and 3.52, respectively, give rise to three and four characteristic forks embedded in the samples with one-wavelength resolution of about 450 nm. Numerical simulations based on orbital angular momentum eigenmode decomposition support well the experimental observations. Our method could be applied effectively to study other structured matter waves, such as the electron and neutron beams.

The method for measuring the groove density of variable-line-space gratings with elimination of the eccentricity effect

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Qingbo; Liu, Zhengkun, E-mail: zhkliu@ustc.edu.cn; Chen, Huoyao

2015-02-15

To eliminate the eccentricity effect, a new method for measuring the groove density of a variable-line-space grating was adapted. Based on grating equation, groove density is calculated by measuring the internal angles between zeroth-order and first-order diffracted light for two different wavelengths with the same angle of incidence. The measurement system mainly includes two laser sources, a phase plate, plane mirror, and charge coupled device. The measurement results of a variable-line-space grating demonstrate that the experiment data agree well with theoretical values, and the value of measurement error (ΔN/N) is less than 2.72 × 10{sup −4}.

Status of astigmatism-corrected Czerny-Turner spectrometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xinhang; Dong, Keyan; An, Yan; Wang, Zhenye

2016-10-01

In order to analysis and design the Czerny-Turner structure spectrometer with the high resolution and high energy reception, various astigmatism methods of the Czerny-Turner structure are reported. According to the location of plane grating, the astigmatism correction methods are divided into two categories, one is the plane grating in divergent illumination, another is the plane grating in parallel illumination. Basing on the different methods, the anastigmatic principle and methods are analyzed, the merits and demerits of the above methods are summarized and evaluated. The theoretical foundation for design of broadband eliminating astigmatism Czerny-Turner spectrometer and the reference value for the further design work are laid by the summary and analyzing in this paper.

Development and evaluation of a digital dental modeling method based on grating projection and reverse engineering software.

PubMed

Zhou, Qin; Wang, Zhenzhen; Chen, Jun; Song, Jun; Chen, Lu; Lu, Yi

2016-01-01

For reasons of convenience and economy, attempts have been made to transform traditional dental gypsum casts into 3-dimensional (3D) digital casts. Different scanning devices have been developed to generate digital casts; however, each has its own limitations and disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to develop an advanced method for the 3D reproduction of dental casts by using a high-speed grating projection system and noncontact reverse engineering (RE) software and to evaluate the accuracy of the method. The methods consisted of 3 main steps: the scanning and acquisition of 3D dental cast data with a high-resolution grating projection system, the reconstruction and measurement of digital casts with RE software, and the evaluation of the accuracy of this method using 20 dental gypsum casts. The common anatomic landmarks were measured directly on the gypsum casts with a Vernier caliper and on the 3D digital casts with the Geomagic software measurement tool. Data were statistically assessed with the t test. The grating projection system had a rapid scanning speed, and smooth 3D dental casts were obtained. The mean differences between the gypsum and 3D measurements were approximately 0.05 mm, and no statistically significant differences were found between the 2 methods (P>.05), except for the measurements of the incisor tooth width and maxillary arch length. A method for the 3D reconstruction of dental casts was developed by using a grating projection system and RE software. The accuracy of the casts generated using the grating projection system was comparable with that of the gypsum casts. Copyright © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A novel method to fabricate silicon tubular gratings with broadband antireflection and super-hydrophobicity.

PubMed

Gao, Yang; Shi, Tielin; Tan, Xianhua; Liao, Guanglan

2014-06-01

We have developed a novel method to fabricate micro/nano structure based on the coherent diffraction lithography, and acquired periodic silicon tubular gratings with deep nano-scale tapered profiles at the top part. The optical properties of these tubular gratings were similar to an effective gradient-index antireflective surface, resulting in a broadband antireflective combining super-hydrophobic behavior. The mechanism of the method was simulated by rigorous coupled wave analysis algorithms. Then coherent diffraction lithography by use of suitable mask, in which periodic micro-scale circular opaque patters were distributed, was realized on the traditional aligner. Due to coherent diffraction, we obtained enough light intensity for photoresist exposure under the center of the opaque area in the mask together with transparent areas. The tapered line profiles and hollow photoresist gratings over large areas could be fabricated on the silicon wafer after development. The dry etching process was carried out, and high aspect ratio silicon tubular gratings with deep tapered profiles at the top were fabricated. The optical property and wettability of the structure were verified, proving that the proposed method and obtained micro/nano structure provide application potential in the future.

Dynamic Optical Grating Device and Associated Method for Modulating Light

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Park, Yeonjoon (Inventor); Choi, Sang H. (Inventor); King, Glen C. (Inventor); Chu, Sang-Hyon (Inventor)

2012-01-01

A dynamic optical grating device and associated method for modulating light is provided that is capable of controlling the spectral properties and propagation of light without moving mechanical components by the use of a dynamic electric and/or magnetic field. By changing the electric field and/or magnetic field, the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, the transmittivity, and the reflectivity fo the optical grating device may be controlled in order to control the spectral properties of the light reflected or transmitted by the device.

Automatic Topography Using High Precision Digital Moire Methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yatagai, T.; Idesawa, M.; Saito, S.

1983-07-01

Three types of moire topographic methods using digital techniques are proposed. Deformed gratings obtained by projecting a reference grating onto an object under test are subjected to digital analysis. The electronic analysis procedures of deformed gratings described here enable us to distinguish between depression and elevation of the object, so that automatic measurement of 3-D shapes and automatic moire fringe interpolation are performed. Based on the digital moire methods, we have developed a practical measurement system, with a linear photodiode array on a micro-stage as a scanning image sensor. Examples of fringe analysis in medical applications are presented.

High-mechanical-strength single-pulse draw tower gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rothhardt, Manfred W.; Chojetzki, Christoph; Mueller, Hans Rainer

2004-11-01

The inscription of fiber Bragg gratings during the drawing process is a very useful method to realize sensor arrays with high numbers of gratings and excellent mechanical strength and also type II gratings with high temperature stability. Results of single pulse grating arrays with numbers up to 100 and definite wavelengths and positions for sensor applications were achieved at 1550 nm and 830 nm using new photosensitive fibers developed in IPHT. Single pulse type I gratings at 1550 nm with more than 30% reflectivity were shown first time to our knowledge. The mechanical strength of this fiber with an Ormocer coating with those single pulse gratings is the same like standard telecom fibers. Weibull plots of fiber tests will be shown. At 830 nm we reached more than 10% reflectivity with single pulse writing during the fiber drawing in photosensitive fibers with less than 16 dB/km transmission loss. These gratings are useful for stress and vibration sensing applications. Type II gratings with reflectivity near 100% and smooth spectral shape and spectral width of about 1 nm are temperature stable up to 1200 K for short time. They are also realized in the fiber drawing process. These gratings are useful for temperature sensor applications.

Beam splitting of low-contrast binary gratings under second Bragg angle incidence.

PubMed

Zheng, Jiangjun; Zhou, Changhe; Wang, Bo; Feng, Jijun

2008-05-01

Beam splitting of low-contrast rectangular gratings under second Bragg angle incidence is studied. The grating period is between lambda and 2lambda. The diffraction behaviors of the three transmitted propagating orders are illustrated by analyzing the first three propagating grating modes. From a simplified modal approach, the design conditions of gratings as a high-efficiency element with most of its energy concentrated in the -2nd transmitted order (~90%) and of gratings as a 1 x 2 beam splitter with a total efficiency over 90% are derived. The grating parameters for achieving exactly the splitting pattern by use of rigorous coupled-wave analysis verified the design method. A 1 x 3 beam splitter is also demonstrated. Moreover, the polarization-dependent diffraction behaviors are investigated, which suggest the possibility of designing polarization-selective elements under such a configuration. The proposed concept of using the second Bragg angle should be helpful for developing new grating-based devices.

Diffraction Efficiency Testing of Sinusoidal and Blazed Off-Plane Reflection Gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tutt, James H.; McEntaffer, Randall L.; Marlowe, Hannah; Miles, Drew M.; Peterson, Thomas J.; Deroo, Casey T.; Scholze, Frank; Laubis, Christian

2016-09-01

Reflection gratings in the off-plane mount have the potential to enhance the performance of future high resolution soft X-ray spectrometers. Diffraction efficiency can be optimized through the use of blazed grating facets, achieving high-throughput on one side of zero-order. This paper presents the results from a comparison between a grating with a sinusoidally grooved profile and two gratings that have been blazed. The results show that the blaze does increase throughput to one side of zero-order; however, the total throughput of the sinusoidal gratings is greater than the blazed gratings, suggesting the method of manufacturing the blazed gratings does not produce precise facets. The blazed gratings were also tested in their Littrow and anti-Littrow configurations to quantify diffraction efficiency sensitivity to rotations about the grating normal. Only a small difference in the energy at which efficiency is maximized between the Littrow and anti-Littrow configurations is seen with a small shift in peak efficiency towards higher energies in the anti-Littrow case. This is due to a decrease in the effective blaze angle in the anti-Littrow mounting. This is supported by PCGrate-SX V6.1 modeling carried out for each blazed grating which predicts similar response trends in the Littrow and anti-Littrow orientations.

Simulations and experiments of aperiodic and multiplexed gratings in volume holographic imaging systems

PubMed Central

Luo, Yuan; Castro, Jose; Barton, Jennifer K.; Kostuk, Raymond K.; Barbastathis, George

2010-01-01

A new methodology describing the effects of aperiodic and multiplexed gratings in volume holographic imaging systems (VHIS) is presented. The aperiodic gratings are treated as an ensemble of localized planar gratings using coupled wave methods in conjunction with sequential and non-sequential ray-tracing techniques to accurately predict volumetric diffraction effects in VHIS. Our approach can be applied to aperiodic, multiplexed gratings and used to theoretically predict the performance of multiplexed volume holographic gratings within a volume hologram for VHIS. We present simulation and experimental results for the aperiodic and multiplexed imaging gratings formed in PQ-PMMA at 488nm and probed with a spherical wave at 633nm. Simulation results based on our approach that can be easily implemented in ray-tracing packages such as Zemax® are confirmed with experiments and show proof of consistency and usefulness of the proposed models. PMID:20940823

Direct and precise measurement of displacement and velocity of flexible web in roll-to-roll manufacturing systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kang, Dongwoo; Lee, Eonseok; Choi, Young-Man

Interest in the production of printed electronics using a roll-to-roll system has gradually increased due to its low mass-production costs and compatibility with flexible substrate. To improve the accuracy of roll-to-roll manufacturing systems, the movement of the web needs to be measured precisely in advance. In this paper, a novel measurement method is developed to measure the displacement and velocity of the web precisely and directly. The proposed algorithm is based on the traditional single field encoder principle, and the scale grating has been replaced with a printed grating on the web. Because a printed grating cannot be as accuratemore » as a scale grating in a traditional encoder, there will inevitably be variations in pitch and line-width, and the motion of the web should be measured even though there are variations in pitch and line-width in the printed grating patterns. For this reason, the developed algorithm includes a precise method of estimating the variations in pitch. In addtion, a method of correcting the Lissajous curve is presented for precision phase interpolation to improve measurement accuracy by correcting Lissajous circle to unit circle. The performance of the developed method is evaluated by simulation and experiment. In the experiment, the displacement error was less than 2.5 μm and the velocity error of 1σ was about 0.25%, while the grating scale moved 30 mm.« less

Direct and precise measurement of displacement and velocity of flexible web in roll-to-roll manufacturing systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Dongwoo; duk Kim, Young; Lee, Eonseok; Choi, Young-Man; Lee, Taik-Min; Kim, Dongmin

2013-12-01

Interest in the production of printed electronics using a roll-to-roll system has gradually increased due to its low mass-production costs and compatibility with flexible substrate. To improve the accuracy of roll-to-roll manufacturing systems, the movement of the web needs to be measured precisely in advance. In this paper, a novel measurement method is developed to measure the displacement and velocity of the web precisely and directly. The proposed algorithm is based on the traditional single field encoder principle, and the scale grating has been replaced with a printed grating on the web. Because a printed grating cannot be as accurate as a scale grating in a traditional encoder, there will inevitably be variations in pitch and line-width, and the motion of the web should be measured even though there are variations in pitch and line-width in the printed grating patterns. For this reason, the developed algorithm includes a precise method of estimating the variations in pitch. In addtion, a method of correcting the Lissajous curve is presented for precision phase interpolation to improve measurement accuracy by correcting Lissajous circle to unit circle. The performance of the developed method is evaluated by simulation and experiment. In the experiment, the displacement error was less than 2.5 μm and the velocity error of 1σ was about 0.25%, while the grating scale moved 30 mm.

Discrete wavelength-locked external cavity laser

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pilgrim, Jeffrey S. (Inventor); Silver, Joel A. (Inventor)

2005-01-01

An external cavity laser (and method of generating laser light) comprising: a laser light source; means for collimating light output by the laser light source; a diffraction grating receiving collimated light; a cavity feedback mirror reflecting light received from the diffraction grating back to the diffraction grating; and means for reliably tuning the external cavity laser to discrete wavelengths.

75 FR 43143 - Certain Steel Grating from the People's Republic of China: Antidumping Duty Order

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-23

... certain steel grating, consisting of two or more pieces of steel, including load-bearing pieces and cross pieces, joined by any assembly process, regardless of: (1) size or shape; (2) method of manufacture; (3.... The scope of this order excludes expanded metal grating, which is comprised of a single piece or coil...

Grating-based X-ray tomography of 3D food structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miklos, Rikke; Nielsen, Mikkel Schou; Einarsdottir, Hildur; Lametsch, René

2016-10-01

A novel grating based X-ray phase-contrast tomographic method has been used to study how partly substitution of meat proteins with two different types of soy proteins affect the structure of the formed protein gel in meat emulsions. The measurements were performed at the Swiss synchrotron radiation light source using a grating interferometric set-up.

Retinal image quality and visual stimuli processing by simulation of partial eye cataract

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ozolinsh, Maris; Danilenko, Olga; Zavjalova, Varvara

2016-10-01

Visual stimuli were demonstrated on a 4.3'' mobile phone screen inside a "Virtual Reality" adapter that allowed separation of the left and right eye visual fields. Contrast of the retina image thus can be controlled by the image on the phone screen and parallel to that at appropriate geometry by the AC voltage applied to scattering PDLC cell inside the adapter. Such optical pathway separation allows to demonstrate to both eyes spatially variant images, that after visual binocular fusion acquire their characteristic indications. As visual stimuli we used grey and different color (two opponent components to vision - red-green in L*a*b* color space) spatially periodical stimuli for left and right eyes; and with spatial content that by addition or subtraction resulted as clockwise or counter clockwise slanted Gabor gratings. We performed computer modeling with numerical addition or subtraction of signals similar to processing in brain via stimuli input decomposition in luminance and color opponency components. It revealed the dependence of the perception psychophysical equilibrium point between clockwise or counter clockwise perception of summation on one eye image contrast and color saturation, and on the strength of the retinal aftereffects. Existence of a psychophysical equilibrium point in perception of summation is only in the presence of a prior adaptation to a slanted periodical grating and at the appropriate slant orientation of adaptation grating and/or at appropriate spatial grating pattern phase according to grating nods. Actual observer perception experiments when one eye images were deteriorated by simulated cataract approved the shift of mentioned psychophysical equilibrium point on the degree of artificial cataract. We analyzed also the mobile devices stimuli emission spectra paying attention to areas sensitive to macula pigments absorption spectral maxima and blue areas where the intense irradiation can cause in abnormalities in periodic melatonin regeneration and deviations in regular circadian rhythms. Therefore participants in vision studies using "Virtual Reality" appliances with fixed vision fields and emitting a spike liked spectral bands (on basis of OLED and AMOLED diodes) different from spectra of ambient illuminators should be accordingly warned about potential health risks.

The Fiber Grating Sensors Applied in the Deformation Measurement of Shipborne Antenna Basement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yong; Chen, Jiahong; Zhao, Wenhua

2016-02-01

The optical fiber grating sensor is a novel fibre-optical passive device, its reflecting optical spectrum is linearly related with strain. It is broadly applied in the structural monitoring industry. Shipborne antenna basement is the basic supporting structure for the radar tracking movement. The bending deformation of the basement caused by ship attitude changing influences the antenna tracking precision, According to the structure of shipborne antenna basement, a distributed strain testing method based on the fibre grating sensor is approved to measure the bending deformation under the bending force. The strain-angle model is built. The regularity of the strain distribution is obtained. The finite element method is used to analyze the deformation of the antenna basement. The measuring experiment on the contractible basement mould is carried out to verify the availability of the method. The result of the experiment proves that the model is effective to apply in the deformation measurement. It provides an optimized method for the distribution of the fiber grating sensor in the actual measuring process.

Single-Mode, Distributed Feedback Interband Cascade Lasers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frez, Clifford F. (Inventor); Borgentun, Carl E. (Inventor); Briggs, Ryan M. (Inventor); Bagheri, Mahmood (Inventor); Forouhar, Siamak (Inventor)

2016-01-01

Single-mode, distributed feedback interband cascade lasers (ICLs) using distributed-feedback gratings (e.g., lateral Bragg gratings) and methods of fabricating such ICLs are provided. The ICLs incorporate distributed-feedback gratings that are formed above the laser active region and adjacent the ridge waveguide (RWG) of the ICL. The ICLs may incorporate a double-ridge system comprising an optical confinement structure (e.g., a RWG) disposed above the laser active region that comprises the first ridge of the double ridge system, a DFB grating (e.g., lateral Bragg grating) disposed above the laser active region and adjacent the optical confinement structure, and an electric confinement structure that passes at least partially through the laser active region and that defines the boundary of the second ridge comprises and the termination of the DFB grating.

Diameter measurement of optical nanofiber based on high-order Bragg reflections using a ruled grating.

PubMed

Zhu, Ming; Wang, Yao-Ting; Sun, Yi-Zhi; Zhang, Lijian; Ding, Wei

2018-02-01

A convenient method using a commercially available ruled grating for precise and overall diameter measurement of optical nanofibers (ONFs) is presented. We form a composite Bragg reflector with a micronscale period by dissolving aluminum coating, slicing the grating along ruling lines, and mounting it on an ONF. The resonant wavelengths of high-order Bragg reflections possess fiber diameter dependence, enabling nondestructive measurement of the ONF diameter profile. This method provides an easy and economic diagnostic tool for wide varieties of ONF-based applications.

Fabrication of Fiber Optic Grating Apparatus and Method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, Ying (Inventor); Sharma, Anup (Inventor); Grant, Joseph (Inventor)

2005-01-01

An apparatus and method for forming a Bragg grating on an optical fiber using a phase mask to diffract a beam of coherent energy and a lens combined with a pair of mirrors to produce two symmetrical virtual point sources of coherent energy in the plane of the optical fiber. The two virtual light sources produce an interference pattern along the optical fiber. In a further embodiment, the period of the pattern and therefore the Bragg wavelength grating applied to the fiber is varied with the position of the optical fiber relative the lens.

Grating-based tomography applications in biomedical engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schulz, Georg; Thalmann, Peter; Khimchenko, Anna; Müller, Bert

2017-10-01

For the investigation of soft tissues or tissues consisting of soft and hard tissues on the microscopic level, hard X-ray phase tomography has become one of the most suitable imaging techniques. Besides other phase contrast methods grating interferometry has the advantage of higher sensitivity than inline methods and the quantitative results. One disadvantage of the conventional double-grating setup (XDGI) compared to inline methods is the limitation of the spatial resolution. This limitation can be overcome by removing the analyser grating resulting in a single-grating setup (XSGI). In order to verify the performance of XSGI concerning contrast and spatial resolution, a quantitative comparison of XSGI and XDGI tomograms of a human nerve was performed. Both techniques provide sufficient contrast to allow for the distinction of tissue types. The spatial resolution of the two-fold binned XSGI data set is improved by a factor of two in comparison to XDGI which underlies its performance in tomography of soft tissues. Another application for grating-based X-ray phase tomography is the simultaneous visualization of soft and hard tissues of a plaque-containing coronary artery. The simultaneous visualization of both tissues is important for the segmentation of the lumen. The segmented data can be used for flow simulations in order to obtain information about the three-dimensional wall shear stress distribution needed for the optimization of mechano-sensitive nanocontainers used for drug delivery.

Low-power grating detection system chip for high-speed low-cost length and angle precision measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hou, Ligang; Luo, Rengui; Wu, Wuchen

2006-11-01

This paper forwards a low power grating detection chip (EYAS) on length and angle precision measurement. Traditional grating detection method, such as resister chain divide or phase locked divide circuit are difficult to design and tune. The need of an additional CPU for control and display makes these methods' implementation more complex and costly. Traditional methods also suffer low sampling speed for the complex divide circuit scheme and CPU software compensation. EYAS is an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). It integrates micro controller unit (MCU), power management unit (PMU), LCD controller, Keyboard interface, grating detection unit and other peripherals. Working at 10MHz, EYAS can afford 5MHz internal sampling rate and can handle 1.25MHz orthogonal signal from grating sensor. With a simple control interface by keyboard, sensor parameter, data processing and system working mode can be configured. Two LCD controllers can adapt to dot array LCD or segment bit LCD, which comprised output interface. PMU alters system between working and standby mode by clock gating technique to save power. EYAS in test mode (system action are more frequently than real world use) consumes 0.9mw, while 0.2mw in real world use. EYAS achieved the whole grating detection system function, high-speed orthogonal signal handling in a single chip with very low power consumption.

Using Systems Thinking to Frame the Evaluation of a Complex Educational Intervention

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kastens, K. A.; Baldassari, C.; DeLisi, J.; Manduca, C. A.

2014-12-01

InTeGrate (serc.carleton.edu/integrate/) is the geoscience component of NSF's STEM Talent Expansion Center program. As such, it is a $10M, 5 year effort, with dual goals of improving undergraduate STEM education and addressing an important national challenge, which in InTeGrate's case is environmental sustainability. InTeGrate is very complicated, involving five PI's, dozens of curriculum developers, scores of workshops and webinars, hundreds of faculty, and thousands of students. To get a handle on this complexity, the leadership team and evaluators are viewing project activities and outcomes through a system thinking lens, analogous to how geoscientists view the Earth system. For each major component of the project, we have a flowchart logic model that traces the flows of information, materials, influence, and people that are thought to result from project activities. As is to be expected in a complex system, individual activities are often influenced by multiple inputs and contribute to multiple outputs. The systems approach allows us to spot critical points in the system where evaluative probes are needed; for example, are workshops actually resulting in a flux of new people into roles of increased responsibility within InTeGrate as intended? InTeGrate is permeated with opportunities for participants to engage in assessment, reflection and peer-review. From a systems perspective, this evaluative culture can be seen as an effort to create reinforcing feedback loops for processes that advance InTeGrate's values. For example, assessment team members review draft instructional materials against a materials development rubric and coach developers through an iterative development cycle towards materials that embody InTeGrate's priorities. Of particular interest are flows of information or influence that may carry InTeGrate's impact outward in space and time beyond activities that are directly funded by the project. For example, positive experiences during materials development may influence developers' teaching practice such that they embed InTeGrate's methods into their teaching of non-InTeGrate materials and advocate for InTeGrate methods on their campuses. Only if such influence pathways exist will InTeGrate be able to achieve national and enduring impact.

A novel grating-imaging method to measure carrier diffusion coefficient in graphene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Ke; Wang, Yaguo; Akinwande, Deji; Bank, Seth; Lin, Jung-Fu

Similar to carrier mobility, carrier diffusion coefficient in graphene determines the response rate of future graphene-based electronics. Here we present a simple, sensitive and non-destructive technique integrated with ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy to measure carrier diffusion in CVD-grown graphene. In the method, the pump and the probe beams pass through the same area of a photomask with metal strips i.e. a transmission amplitude grating, and get diffracted. The diffracted light is collected by an objective lens and focused onto the sample to generate carrier density grating. Relaxation of this carrier density grating is governed by both carrier recombination and carrier diffusion in the sample. Transient transmission change of the probe beams, which reflects this relaxation process, is recorded. The measured diffusion coefficients of multilayer and monolayer CVD-grown graphene are 2000cm2/s and 10000cm2/s, respectively, comparable with the reported values of epitaxial graphene and reduced graphene. This transmission grating technique can be used to measure carrier dynamics in versatile 2D materials.

Fabrication of micron and submicron gratings by using plasma treatment on the curved polydimethylsiloxane surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jiangtao; Tang, Jun; Guo, Hao; Liu, Wenyao; Shen, Chong; Liu, Jun; Qin, Li

2017-10-01

Here, a simple and low-cost fabrication strategy to efficiently construct well-ordered micron and submicron gratings on polymeric substrates by oxygen plasma treatment is reported. The Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate is prepared on the polyethylene (PET) by spin-coating method, then the curved PDMS-PET substrates are processed in oxygen plasma. After appropriate surface treatment time in plasma the curved substrates are flattened, and well-ordered wrinkling shape gratings are obtained, due to the mechanical buckling instability. It is also demonstrated that changing the curvature radius of PDMS-PET substrates and the time of plasma treatment, the period of the wrinkling patterns and the amplitude of grating also change accordingly. It is found the period of the wrinkling patterns increased with the radius of curvature; while the amplitude decreased with that. It also shows good optical performance in transmittance diffraction testing experiments. Thus the well-ordered grating approach may further develop portable and economical applications and offer a valuable method to fabricate other optical micro strain gauges devices.

Diffraction Gratings for High-Intensity Laser Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Britten, J

The scattering of light into wavelength-dependent discrete directions (orders) by a device exhibiting a periodic modulation of a physical attribute on a spatial scale similar to the wavelength of light has been the subject of study for over 200 years. Such a device is called a diffraction grating. Practical applications of diffraction gratings, mainly for spectroscopy, have been around for over 100 years. The importance of diffraction gratings in spectroscopy for the measurement of myriad properties of matter can hardly be overestimated. Since the advent of coherent light sources (lasers) in the 1960's, applications of diffraction gratings in spectroscopy havemore » further exploded. Lasers have opened a vast application space for gratings, and apace, gratings have enabled entirely new classes of laser systems. Excellent reviews of the history, fundamental properties, applications and manufacturing techniques of diffraction gratings up to the time of their publication can be found in the books by Hutley (1) and more recently Loewen and Popov (2). The limited scope of this chapter can hardly do justice to such a comprehensive subject, so the focus here will be narrowly limited to characteristics required for gratings suitable for high-power laser applications, and methods to fabricate them. A particular area of emphasis will be on maximally-efficient large-aperture gratings for short-pulse laser generation.« less

Reflectance spectra characteristics from an SPR grating fabricated by nano-imprint lithography technique for biochemical nanosensor applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Setiya Pradana, Jalu; Hidayat, Rahmat

2018-04-01

In this paper, we report our research work on developing a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) element with sub-micron (hundreds of nanometers) periodicity grating structure. This grating structure was fabricated by using a simple nano-imprint lithography technique from an organically siloxane polymers, which was then covered by nanometer thin gold layer. The formed grating structure was a very well defined square-shaped periodic structure. The measured reflectance spectra indicate the SPR wave excitation on this grating structure. For comparison, the simulations of reflectance spectra have been also carried out by using Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (RCWA) method. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the simulation results.

Bandwidth-Tunable Fiber Bragg Gratings Based on UV Glue Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Ming-Yue; Liu, Wen-Feng; Chen, Hsin-Tsang; Chuang, Chia-Wei; Bor, Sheau-Shong; Tien, Chuen-Lin

2007-07-01

In this study, we have demonstrated that a uniform fiber Bragg grating (FBG) can be transformed into a chirped fiber grating by a simple UV glue adhesive technique without shifting the reflection band with respect to the center wavelength of the FBG. The technique is based on the induced strain of an FBG due to the UV glue adhesive force on the fiber surface that causes a grating period variation and an effective index change. This technique can provide a fast and simple method of obtaining the required chirp value of a grating for applications in the dispersion compensators, gain flattening in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) or optical filters.

Grism and immersion grating for space telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebizuka, Noboru; Oka, Kiko; Yamada, Akiko; Ishikawa, Mami; Kashiwagi, Masako; Kodate, Kashiko; Hirahara, Yasuhiro; Sato, Shuji; Kawabata, Koji S.; Wakaki, Moriaki; Morita, Shin-ya; Simizu, Tomoyuki; Yin, Shaohui; Omori, Hitoshi; Iye, Masanori

2017-11-01

The grism is a versatile dispersion element for an astronomical instrument ranging from ultraviolet to infrared. Major benefit of using a grism in a space application, instead of a reflection grating, is the size reduction of optical system because collimator and following optical elements could locate near by the grism. The surface relief (SR) grism is consisted a transmission grating and a prism, vertex angle of which is adjusted to redirect the diffracted beam straight along the direct vision direction at a specific order and wavelength. The volume phase holographic (VPH) grism consists a thick VPH grating sandwiched between two prisms, as specific order and wavelength is aligned the direct vision direction. The VPH grating inheres ideal diffraction efficiency on a higher dispersion application. On the other hand, the SR grating could achieve high diffraction efficiency on a lower dispersion application. Five grisms among eleven for the Faint Object Camera And Spectrograph (FOCAS) of the 8.2m Subaru Telescope with the resolving power from 250 to 3,000 are SR grisms fabricated by a replication method. Six additional grisms of FOCAS with the resolving power from 3,000 to 7,000 are VPH grisms. We propose "Quasi-Bragg grism" for a high dispersion spectroscopy with wide wavelength range. The germanium immersion grating for instance could reduce 1/64 as the total volume of a spectrograph with a conventional reflection grating since refractive index of germanium is over 4.0 from 1.6 to 20 μm. The prototype immersion gratings for the mid-InfraRed High dispersion Spectrograph (IRHS) are successfully fabricated by a nano-precision machine and grinding cup of cast iron with electrolytic dressing method.

Talbot effect of the defective grating in deep Fresnel region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teng, Shuyun; Wang, Junhong; Zhang, Wei; Cui, Yuwei

2015-02-01

Talbot effect of the grating with different defect is studied theoretically and experimentally in this paper. The defects of grating include the loss of the diffraction unit, the dislocation of the diffraction unit and the modulation of the unit separation. The exact diffraction distributions of three kinds of defective gratings are obtained according to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The calculation results show the image of the missing or dislocating unit appears at the Talbot distance (as mentioned in K. Patorski Prog. Opt., 27, 1989, pp.1-108). This is the so-called self-repair ability of grating imaging. In addition, some more phenomena are discovered. The loss or the dislocation of diffraction unit causes the diffraction distortion within a certain radial angle. The regular modulation of unit separation changes the original diffraction, but the new periodicity of the diffraction distribution rebuilds. The self-imaging of grating with smaller random modulation still keeps the partial self-repair ability, and yet this characteristic depends on the modulation degree of defective grating. These diffraction phenomena of the defective gratings are explained by use of the diffraction theory of grating. The practical experiment is also performed and the experimental results confirm the theoretic predictions.

Diffraction efficiency of plasmonic gratings fabricated by electron beam lithography using a silver halide film

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sudheer,, E-mail: sudheer@rrcat.gov.in, E-mail: sudheer.rrcat@gmail.com; Tiwari, P.; Srivastava, Himanshu

2016-07-28

The silver nanoparticle surface relief gratings of ∼10 μm period are fabricated using electron beam lithography on the silver halide film substrate. Morphological characterization of the gratings shows that the period, the shape, and the relief depth in the gratings are mainly dependent on the number of lines per frame, the spot size, and the accelerating voltage of electron beam raster in the SEM. Optical absorption of the silver nanoparticle gratings provides a broad localized surface plasmon resonance peak in the visible region, whereas the intensity of the peaks depends on the number density of silver nanoparticles in the gratings. Themore » maximum efficiency of ∼7.2% for first order diffraction is observed for the grating fabricated at 15 keV. The efficiency is peaking at 560 nm with ∼380 nm bandwidth. The measured profiles of the diffraction efficiency for the gratings are found in close agreement with the Raman-Nath diffraction theory. This technique provides a simple and efficient method for the fabrication of plasmonic nanoparticle grating structures with high diffraction efficiency having broad wavelength tuning.« less

Optical absorption of suspended graphene based metal plasmonic grating in the visible range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Y. X.; Chen, B. B.; Yang, J. B.; He, X.; Huang, J.; Zhang, J. J.; Zhang, Z. J.

2018-05-01

We employ finite-difference time-domain ( FDTD) method and Raman spectroscopy to study the properties of graphene, which is suspended on a gold/SiO2/Si grating structure with different trench depth of SiO2 layer. The absorption enhancement of suspended graphene and plasmonic resonance of metal grating are investigated in the visible range using 2D FDTD method. Moreover, it is found that the intensity of the Raman features depends very sensitively on the trench depth of SiO2 layer. Raman enhancement in our experiments is attributed to the enhanced optical absorption of graphene by near-field coupling based metal plasmonic grating. The enhanced absorption of suspended graphene modulated by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) offers a potential application for opto-electromechanical devices.

Nano-indentation and laser-induced damage testing in optical multilayer-dielectric gratings [Nanomechanics and laser-induced damage in optical multilayer dielectric gratings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mehrotra, K.; Corning Research & Development Corp., Coming, NY; Taylor, B. N.

Here, we demonstrate how a nanomechanical test can be used to generate metrics to complement laser-induced–damage testing (LIDT) measurements and show that differences in optical performance of the gratings (arising from changes in cleaning process and/or fabrication methods) can be related to their mechanical reliability. Data are presented on LIDT measurements in diffractive gratings of silica deposited on optical multilayers. The nano-indentation response of the diffraction gratings is measured in a new mode that allows for the extraction of a measurable metric characterizing the brittleness of the gratings, as well as their ductility. We show that lower LIDT’s are positivelymore » correlated with an increased grating brittleness, and therefore identify a nanomechanical approach to describe LIDT’s. We present extensive numerical simulations of nano-indentation tests and identify different deformation modes including stretching, shear concentration, and bending as precursors to mechanical failure in the nano-indentation test. The effects of geometrical inhomogeneities on enhanced stress generation in these gratings are specifically examined and addressed.« less

Optimization of nonbinary slanted surface-relief gratings as high-efficiency broadband couplers for light guides.

PubMed

Bai, Benfeng; Laukkanen, Janne; Kuittinen, Markku; Siitonen, Samuli

2010-10-01

We propose and investigate the use of slanted surface-relief gratings with nonbinary profiles as high-efficiency broadband couplers for light guides. First, a Chandezon-method-based rigorous numerical formulation is presented for modeling the slanted gratings with overhanging profiles. Then, two typical types of slanted grating couplers--a sinusoidal one and a trapezoidal one--are studied and optimized numerically, both exhibiting a high coupling efficiency of over 50% over the full band of white LED under the normal illumination of unpolarized light. Reasonable structural parameters with nice tolerance have been obtained for the optimized designs. It is found that the performance of the couplers depends little on the grating profile shape, but primarily on the grating period and the slant angle of the ridge. The underlying mechanism is analyzed by the equivalence rules of gratings, which provide useful guidelines for the design and fabrication of the couplers. Preliminary investigation has been performed on the fabrication and replication of the slanted overhanging grating couplers, which shows the feasibility of fabrication with mature microfabrication techniques and the perspective for mass production.

Nano-indentation and laser-induced damage testing in optical multilayer-dielectric gratings [Nanomechanics and laser-induced damage in optical multilayer dielectric gratings

DOE PAGES

Mehrotra, K.; Corning Research & Development Corp., Coming, NY; Taylor, B. N.; ...

2017-03-16

Here, we demonstrate how a nanomechanical test can be used to generate metrics to complement laser-induced–damage testing (LIDT) measurements and show that differences in optical performance of the gratings (arising from changes in cleaning process and/or fabrication methods) can be related to their mechanical reliability. Data are presented on LIDT measurements in diffractive gratings of silica deposited on optical multilayers. The nano-indentation response of the diffraction gratings is measured in a new mode that allows for the extraction of a measurable metric characterizing the brittleness of the gratings, as well as their ductility. We show that lower LIDT’s are positivelymore » correlated with an increased grating brittleness, and therefore identify a nanomechanical approach to describe LIDT’s. We present extensive numerical simulations of nano-indentation tests and identify different deformation modes including stretching, shear concentration, and bending as precursors to mechanical failure in the nano-indentation test. The effects of geometrical inhomogeneities on enhanced stress generation in these gratings are specifically examined and addressed.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feng, Hao; Ashkar, Rana; Steinke, Nina

A method dubbed grating-based holography was recently used to determine the structure of colloidal fluids in the rectangular grooves of a diffraction grating from X-ray scattering measurements. Similar grating-based measurements have also been recently made with neutrons using a technique called spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction data was done using an approximation that treats the X-ray phase change caused by the colloidal structure as a small perturbation to the overall phase pattern generated by the grating. In this paper, the adequacy of this weak phase approximation is explored for both X-ray and neutron grating holography.more » Additionally, it is found that there are several approximations hidden within the weak phase approximation that can lead to incorrect conclusions from experiments. In particular, the phase contrast for the empty grating is a critical parameter. Finally, while the approximation is found to be perfectly adequate for X-ray grating holography experiments performed to date, it cannot be applied to similar neutron experiments because the latter technique requires much deeper grating channels.« less

Optical and x-ray alignment approaches for off-plane reflection gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allured, Ryan; Donovan, Benjamin D.; DeRoo, Casey T.; Marlowe, Hannah R.; McEntaffer, Randall L.; Tutt, James H.; Cheimets, Peter N.; Hertz, Edward; Smith, Randall K.; Burwitz, Vadim; Hartner, Gisela; Menz, Benedikt

2015-09-01

Off-plane reflection gratings offer the potential for high-resolution, high-throughput X-ray spectroscopy on future missions. Typically, the gratings are placed in the path of a converging beam from an X-ray telescope. In the off-plane reflection grating case, these gratings must be co-aligned such that their diffracted spectra overlap at the focal plane. Misalignments degrade spectral resolution and effective area. In-situ X-ray alignment of a pair of off-plane reflection gratings in the path of a silicon pore optics module has been performed at the MPE PANTER beamline in Germany. However, in-situ X-ray alignment may not be feasible when assembling all of the gratings required for a satellite mission. In that event, optical methods must be developed to achieve spectral alignment. We have developed an alignment approach utilizing a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and diffraction of an ultraviolet laser. We are fabricating the necessary hardware, and will be taking a prototype grating module to an X-ray beamline for performance testing following assembly and alignment.

Diffraction efficiency calculations of polarization diffraction gratings with surface relief

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nazarova, D.; Sharlandjiev, P.; Berberova, N.; Blagoeva, B.; Stoykova, E.; Nedelchev, L.

2018-03-01

In this paper, we evaluate the optical response of a stack of two diffraction gratings of equal one-dimensional periodicity. The first one is a surface-relief grating structure; the second, a volume polarization grating. This model is based on our experimental results from polarization holographic recordings in azopolymer films. We used films of commercially available azopolymer (poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt]), shortly denoted as PAZO. During the recording process, a polarization grating in the volume of the material and a relief grating on the film surface are formed simultaneously. In order to evaluate numerically the optical response of this “hybrid” diffraction structure, we used the rigorous coupled-wave approach (RCWA). It yields stable numerical solutions of Maxwell’s vector equations using the algebraic eigenvalue method.

Fabrication of tunable diffraction grating by imprint lithography with photoresist mold

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamada, Itsunari; Ikeda, Yusuke; Higuchi, Tetsuya

2018-05-01

We fabricated a deformable transmission silicone [poly(dimethylsiloxane)] grating using a two-beam interference method and imprint lithography and evaluated its optical characteristics during a compression process. The grating pattern with 0.43 μm depth and 1.0 μm pitch was created on a silicone surface by an imprinting process with a photoresist mold to realize a simple, low-cost fabrication process. The first-order diffraction transmittance of this grating reached 10.3% at 632.8 nm wavelength. We also measured the relationship between the grating period and compressive stress to the fabricated elements. The grating period changed from 1.0 μm to 0.84 μm by 16.6% compression of the fabricated element in one direction, perpendicular to the grooves, and the first-order diffraction transmittance was 8.6%.

High-sensitivity stress sensor based on Bragg grating in BDK-doped photosensitive polymer optical fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Tongxin; Luo, Yanhua; Peng, Gang-Ding; Zhang, Qijin

2012-02-01

Bragg grating in a single-mode photosensitive polymer optical fiber (POF) with benzil dimethyl ketal (BDK)-doped in core has been inscribed through the Sagnac ring interference method. The Bragg wavelength of grating is about 1570nm. The stress and strain response of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has been studied respectively. By fitting the experimental result, the strain sensitivity of FBG in POF has been found to be almost same to that of conventional silica fiber Bragg gratings. However, the stress sensitivity of FBG in POF is measured to be 421pm/MPa, which is 28 times higher than FBG in silica fiber. And such high stress sensitivity makes Bragg grating in a single-mode BDK-doped POF appear to be very attractive for constructing stress sensor with high resolution.

A dynamic gain equalizer based on holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xin, Zhaohui; Cai, Jiguang; Shen, Guotu; Yang, Baocheng; Zheng, Jihong; Gu, Lingjuan; Zhuang, Songlin

2006-12-01

The dynamic gain equalizer consisting of gratings made of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal is explored and the structure and principle presented. The properties of the holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal grating are analyzed in light of the rigorous coupled-wave theory. Experimental study is also conducted in which a beam of infrared laser was incident to the grating sample and an alternating current electric field applied. The electro-optical properties of the grating and the influence of the applied field were observed. The results of the experiment agree with that of the theory quite well. The design method of the dynamic gain equalizer with the help of numerical simulation is presented too. The study shows that holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal gratings have great potential to play a role in fiber optics communication.

Crack displacement sensing and measurement in concrete using circular grating moire fringes and pattern matching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chan, H. M.; Yen, K. S.; Ratnam, M. M.

2008-09-01

The moire method has been extensively studied in the past and applied in various engineering applications. Several techniques are available for generating the moire fringes in these applications, which include moire interferometry, projection moire, shadow moire, moire deflectometry etc. Most of these methods use the superposition of linear gratings to generate the moire patterns. The use of non-linear gratings, such as circular, radial and elongated gratings has received less attention from the research community. The potential of non-linear gratings in engineering measurement has been realized in a limited number of applications, such as rotation measurement, measurement of linear displacement, measurement of expansion coefficients of materials and measurement of strain distribution. In this work, circular gratings of different pitch were applied to the sensing and measurement of crack displacement in concrete structures. Gratings of pitch 0.50 mm and 0.55 mm were generated using computer software and attached to two overlapping acrylic plates that were bonded to either side of the crack. The resulting moire patterns were captured using a standard digital camera and compared with a set of reference patterns generated using a precision positioning stage. Using several image pre-processing stages, such as filtering and morphological operations, and pattern matching the magnitude displacements along two orthogonal axes can be detected with a resolution of 0.05 mm.

Robust characterization of small grating boxes using rotating stage Mueller matrix polarimeter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Foldyna, M.; De Martino, A.; Licitra, C.; Foucher, J.

2010-03-01

In this paper we demonstrate the robustness of the Mueller matrix polarimetry used in multiple-azimuth configuration. We first demonstrate the efficiency of the method for the characterization of small pitch gratings filling 250 μm wide square boxes. We used a Mueller matrix polarimeter directly installed in the clean room has motorized rotating stage allowing the access to arbitrary conical grating configurations. The projected beam spot size could be reduced to 60x25 μm, but for the measurements reported here this size was 100x100 μm. The optimal values of parameters of a trapezoidal profile model, acquired for each azimuthal angle separately using a non-linear least-square minimization algorithm, are shown for a typical grating. Further statistical analysis of the azimuth-dependent dimensional parameters provided realistic estimates of the confidence interval giving direct information about the accuracy of the results. The mean values and the standard deviations were calculated for 21 different grating boxes featuring in total 399 measured spectra and fits. The results for all boxes are summarized in a table which compares the optical method to the 3D-AFM. The essential conclusion of our work is that the 3D-AFM values always fall into the confidence intervals provided by the optical method, which means that we have successfully estimated the accuracy of our results without using direct comparison with another, non-optical, method. Moreover, this approach may provide a way to improve the accuracy of grating profile modeling by minimizing the standard deviations evaluated from multiple-azimuths results.

Diffraction grating strain gauge method: error analysis and its application for the residual stress measurement in thermal barrier coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Yuanjie; Fan, Bozhao; He, Wei; Dai, Xianglu; Guo, Baoqiao; Xie, Huimin

2018-03-01

Diffraction grating strain gauge (DGSG) is an optical strain measurement method. Based on this method, a six-spot diffraction grating strain gauge (S-DGSG) system has been developed with the advantages of high and adjustable sensitivity, compact structure, and non-contact measurement. In this study, this system is applied for the residual stress measurement in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) combining the hole-drilling method. During the experiment, the specimen’s location is supposed to be reset accurately before and after the hole-drilling, however, it is found that the rigid body displacements from the resetting process could seriously influence the measurement accuracy. In order to understand and eliminate the effects from the rigid body displacements, such as the three-dimensional (3D) rotations and the out-of-plane displacement of the grating, the measurement error of this system is systematically analyzed, and an optimized method is proposed. Moreover, a numerical experiment and a verified tensile test are conducted, and the results verify the applicability of this optimized method successfully. Finally, combining this optimized method, a residual stress measurement experiment is conducted, and the results show that this method can be applied to measure the residual stress in TBCs.

Vectorial strain gauge method using single flexible orthogonal polydimethylsiloxane gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Hao; Tang, Jun; Qian, Kun; Tsoukalas, Dimitris; Zhao, Miaomiao; Yang, Jiangtao; Zhang, Binzhen; Chou, Xiujian; Liu, Jun; Xue, Chenyang; Zhang, Wendong

2016-03-01

A vectorial strain gauge method using a single sensing element is reported based on the double-sided polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Fraunhofer diffraction gratings structures. Using O2 plasma treatment steps, orthogonal wrinkled gratings were fabricated on both sides of a pre-strained PDMS film. Diffracted laser spots from this structure have been used to experimentally demonstrate, that any applied strain can be quantitatively characterized in both the x and y directions with an error of less than 0.6% and with a gauge factor of approximately 10. This simple and low cost technology which is completely different from the traditional vectorial strain gauge method, can be applied to surface vectorial strain measurement and multi-axis integrated mechanical sensors.

Optical double-image cryptography based on diffractive imaging with a laterally-translated phase grating.

PubMed

Chen, Wen; Chen, Xudong; Sheppard, Colin J R

2011-10-10

In this paper, we propose a method using structured-illumination-based diffractive imaging with a laterally-translated phase grating for optical double-image cryptography. An optical cryptosystem is designed, and multiple random phase-only masks are placed in the optical path. When a phase grating is laterally translated just before the plaintexts, several diffraction intensity patterns (i.e., ciphertexts) can be correspondingly obtained. During image decryption, an iterative retrieval algorithm is developed to extract plaintexts from the ciphertexts. In addition, security and advantages of the proposed method are analyzed. Feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated by numerical simulation results. © 2011 Optical Society of America

Polarization analysis of diamond subwavelength gratings acting as space-variant birefringent elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piron, P.; Vargas Catalan, E.; Karlsson, M.

2018-02-01

Subwavelength gratings are gratings with a period smaller than the incident wavelength. They only allow the zeroth order of diffraction, they possess form birefringence and they can be modeled as birefringent plates. In this paper, we present the first results of an experimental method designed to measure their polarization properties. The method consists in measuring the variation of the light transmitted through two linear polarizers with the subwavelength component between them for several orientations of the polarizers. In this paper, the basic principles of the method are introduced and the experimental setup is presented. Several types of components are numerically studied and the optical measurements of one component are presented.

Simple turbulence measurements with azopolymer thin films.

PubMed

Barillé, Regis; Pérez, Darío G; Morille, Yohann; Zielińska, Sonia; Ortyl, Ewelina

2013-04-01

A simple method to measure the influence on the laser beam propagation by a turbid medium is proposed. This measurement is based on the inscription of a surface relief grating (SRG) on an azopolymer thin film. The grating obtained with a single laser beam after propagation into a turbulent medium is perturbed and directly analyzed by a CCD camera through its diffraction pattern. Later, by scanning the surface pattern with an atomic force microscope, the inscribed SRG is analyzed with the Radon transform. This method has the advantage of using a single beam to remotely inscribe a grating detecting perturbations during the beam path. A method to evaluate the refractive index constant structure is developed.

Beta value coupled wave theory for nonslanted reflection gratings.

PubMed

Neipp, Cristian; Francés, Jorge; Gallego, Sergi; Bleda, Sergio; Martínez, Francisco Javier; Pascual, Inmaculada; Beléndez, Augusto

2014-01-01

We present a modified coupled wave theory to describe the properties of nonslanted reflection volume diffraction gratings. The method is based on the beta value coupled wave theory, which will be corrected by using appropriate boundary conditions. The use of this correction allows predicting the efficiency of the reflected order for nonslanted reflection gratings embedded in two media with different refractive indices. The results obtained by using this method will be compared to those obtained using a matrix method, which gives exact solutions in terms of Mathieu functions, and also to Kogelnik's coupled wave theory. As will be demonstrated, the technique presented in this paper means a significant improvement over Kogelnik's coupled wave theory.

Beta Value Coupled Wave Theory for Nonslanted Reflection Gratings

PubMed Central

Neipp, Cristian; Francés, Jorge; Gallego, Sergi; Bleda, Sergio; Martínez, Francisco Javier; Pascual, Inmaculada; Beléndez, Augusto

2014-01-01

We present a modified coupled wave theory to describe the properties of nonslanted reflection volume diffraction gratings. The method is based on the beta value coupled wave theory, which will be corrected by using appropriate boundary conditions. The use of this correction allows predicting the efficiency of the reflected order for nonslanted reflection gratings embedded in two media with different refractive indices. The results obtained by using this method will be compared to those obtained using a matrix method, which gives exact solutions in terms of Mathieu functions, and also to Kogelnik's coupled wave theory. As will be demonstrated, the technique presented in this paper means a significant improvement over Kogelnik's coupled wave theory. PMID:24723811

Core-to-core uniformity improvement in multi-core fiber Bragg gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindley, Emma; Min, Seong-Sik; Leon-Saval, Sergio; Cvetojevic, Nick; Jovanovic, Nemanja; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Lawrence, Jon; Gris-Sanchez, Itandehui; Birks, Tim; Haynes, Roger; Haynes, Dionne

2014-07-01

Multi-core fiber Bragg gratings (MCFBGs) will be a valuable tool not only in communications but also various astronomical, sensing and industry applications. In this paper we address some of the technical challenges of fabricating effective multi-core gratings by simulating improvements to the writing method. These methods allow a system designed for inscribing single-core fibers to cope with MCFBG fabrication with only minor, passive changes to the writing process. Using a capillary tube that was polished on one side, the field entering the fiber was flattened which improved the coverage and uniformity of all cores.

Long-period fiber grating fabricated by 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yani; Xi, Yaru; Liu, Sicong; Jiang, Peng; Zhao, Ya; Xu, Qiang

2018-02-01

In this paper, the long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) in standard SMF-28 telecommunication fibers without hydrogen loading were inscribed by using point-to-point direct writing method of femtosecond laser pulses with pulse duration of 100 fs, repetition rate of 1kHz and a central wavelength of 800 nm. The LPFGs with different spectral characteristics were fabricated by adjusting grating period, grating length and duty ratio. The results show that the resonant peak wavelengths shift to the long-wave direction with the increase of the grating length increasing. The variations of duty ratio will lead to the generation of resonance rejection band of LPFGs from singlepeak to multi-peak plus lesser out-of-band loss.

Unified design of sinusoidal-groove fused-silica grating.

PubMed

Feng, Jijun; Zhou, Changhe; Cao, Hongchao; Lu, Peng

2010-10-20

A general design rule of deep-etched subwavelength sinusoidal-groove fused-silica grating as a highly efficient polarization-independent or polarization-selective device is studied based on the simplified modal method, which shows that the device structure depends little on the incident wavelength, but mainly on the ratio of groove depth to incident wavelength and the ratio of wavelength to grating period. These two ratios could be used as the design guidelines for wavelength-independent structure from deep ultraviolet to far infrared. The optimized grating profile with a different function as a polarizing beam splitter, a polarization-independent two-port beam splitter, or a polarization-independent grating with high efficiency of -1st order is obtained at a wavelength of 1064 nm, and verified by using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The performance of the sinusoidal grating is better than a conventional rectangular one, which could be useful for practical applications.

Electromagnetic resonance modes on a two-dimensional tandem grating and its application for broadband absorption in the visible spectrum.

PubMed

Han, Sunwoo; Lee, Bong Jae

2016-01-25

In this work, we numerically investigate the electromagnetic resonances on two-dimensional tandem grating structures. The base of a tandem grating consists of an opaque Au substrate, a SiO(2) spacer, and a Au grating (concave type); that is, a well-known fishnet structure forming Au/SiO(2)/Au stack. A convex-type Au grating (i.e., topmost grating) is then attached on top of the base fishnet structure with or without additional SiO(2) spacer, resulting in two types of tandem grating structures. In order to calculate the spectral reflectance and local magnetic field distribution, the finite-difference time-domain method is employed. When the topmost Au grating is directly added onto the base fishnet structure, the surface plasmon and magnetic polariton in the base structure are branched out due to the geometric asymmetry with respect to the SiO(2) spacer. If additional SiO(2) spacer is added between the topmost Au grating and the base fishnet structure, new magnetic resonance modes appear due to coupling between two vertically aligned Au/SiO(2)/Au stacks. With the understanding of multiple electromagnetic resonance modes on the proposed tandem grating structures, we successfully design a broadband absorber made of Au and SiO(2) in the visible spectrum.

Optical generation of millimeter-wave pulses using a fiber Bragg grating in a fiber-optics system.

PubMed

Ye, Qing; Qu, Ronghui; Fang, Zujie

2007-04-10

A scheme is proposed to transform an optical pulse into a millimeter-wave frequency modulation pulse by using a weak fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in a fiber-optics system. The Fourier transformation method is used to obtain the required spectrum response function of the FBG for the Gaussian pulse, soliton pulse, and Lorenz shape pulse. On the condition of the first-order Born approximation of the weak fiber grating, the relation of the refractive index distribution and the spectrum response function of the FBG satisfies the Fourier transformation, and the corresponding refractive index distribution forms are obtained for single-frequency modulation and linear-frequency modulation millimeter-wave pulse generation. The performances of the designed fiber gratings are also studied by a numerical simulation method for a supershort pulse transmission.

Flat field concave holographic grating with broad spectral region and moderately high resolution.

PubMed

Wu, Jian Fen; Chen, Yong Yan; Wang, Tai Sheng

2012-02-01

In order to deal with the conflicts between broad spectral region and high resolution in compact spectrometers based on a flat field concave holographic grating and line array CCD, we present a simple and practical method to design a flat field concave holographic grating that is capable of imaging a broad spectral region at a moderately high resolution. First, we discuss the principle of realizing a broad spectral region and moderately high resolution. Second, we provide the practical method to realize our ideas, in which Namioka grating theory, a genetic algorithm, and ZEMAX are used to reach this purpose. Finally, a near-normal-incidence example modeled in ZEMAX is shown to verify our ideas. The results show that our work probably has a general applicability in compact spectrometers with a broad spectral region and moderately high resolution.

Scalable parallel elastic-plastic finite element analysis using a quasi-Newton method with a balancing domain decomposition preconditioner

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yusa, Yasunori; Okada, Hiroshi; Yamada, Tomonori; Yoshimura, Shinobu

2018-04-01

A domain decomposition method for large-scale elastic-plastic problems is proposed. The proposed method is based on a quasi-Newton method in conjunction with a balancing domain decomposition preconditioner. The use of a quasi-Newton method overcomes two problems associated with the conventional domain decomposition method based on the Newton-Raphson method: (1) avoidance of a double-loop iteration algorithm, which generally has large computational complexity, and (2) consideration of the local concentration of nonlinear deformation, which is observed in elastic-plastic problems with stress concentration. Moreover, the application of a balancing domain decomposition preconditioner ensures scalability. Using the conventional and proposed domain decomposition methods, several numerical tests, including weak scaling tests, were performed. The convergence performance of the proposed method is comparable to that of the conventional method. In particular, in elastic-plastic analysis, the proposed method exhibits better convergence performance than the conventional method.

A severe capacity limit in the consolidation of orientation information into visual short-term memory.

PubMed

Becker, Mark W; Miller, James R; Liu, Taosheng

2013-04-01

Previous research has suggested that two color patches can be consolidated into visual short-term memory (VSTM) via an unlimited parallel process. Here we examined whether the same unlimited-capacity parallel process occurs for two oriented grating patches. Participants viewed two gratings that were presented briefly and masked. In blocks of trials, the gratings were presented either simultaneously or sequentially. In Experiments 1 and 2, the presentation of the stimuli was followed by a location cue that indicated the grating on which to base one's response. In Experiment 1, participants responded whether the target grating was oriented clockwise or counterclockwise with respect to vertical. In Experiment 2, participants indicated whether the target grating was oriented along one of the cardinal directions (vertical or horizontal) or was obliquely oriented. Finally, in Experiment 3, the location cue was replaced with a third grating that appeared at fixation, and participants indicated whether either of the two test gratings matched this probe. Despite the fact that these responses required fairly coarse coding of the orientation information, across all methods of responding we found superior performance for sequential over simultaneous presentations. These findings suggest that the consolidation of oriented gratings into VSTM is severely limited in capacity and differs from the consolidation of color information.

High Precision 2-D Grating Groove Density Measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Ningxiao; McEntaffer, Randall; Tedesco, Ross

2017-08-01

Our research group at Penn State University is working on producing X-ray reflection gratings with high spectral resolving power and high diffraction efficiency. To estimate our fabrication accuracy, we apply a precise 2-D grating groove density measurement to plot groove density distributions of gratings on 6-inch wafers. In addition to plotting a fixed groove density distribution, this method is also sensitive to measuring the variation of the groove density simultaneously. This system can reach a measuring accuracy (ΔN/N) of 10-3. Here we present this groove density measurement and some applications.

The development of a post-mortem interval estimation for human remains found on land in the Netherlands.

PubMed

Gelderman, H T; Boer, L; Naujocks, T; IJzermans, A C M; Duijst, W L J M

2018-05-01

The decomposition process of human remains can be used to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI), but decomposition varies due to many factors. Temperature is believed to be the most important and can be connected to decomposition by using the accumulated degree days (ADD). The aim of this research was to develop a decomposition scoring method and to develop a formula to estimate the PMI by using the developed decomposition scoring method and ADD.A decomposition scoring method and a Book of Reference (visual resource) were made. Ninety-one cases were used to develop a method to estimate the PMI. The photographs were scored using the decomposition scoring method. The temperature data was provided by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. The PMI was estimated using the total decomposition score (TDS) and using the TDS and ADD. The latter required an additional step, namely to calculate the ADD from the finding date back until the predicted day of death.The developed decomposition scoring method had a high interrater reliability. The TDS significantly estimates the PMI (R 2  = 0.67 and 0.80 for indoor and outdoor bodies, respectively). When using the ADD, the R 2 decreased to 0.66 and 0.56.The developed decomposition scoring method is a practical method to measure decomposition for human remains found on land. The PMI can be estimated using this method, but caution is advised in cases with a long PMI. The ADD does not account for all the heat present in a decomposing remain and is therefore a possible bias.

Catalytic N 2O decomposition and reduction by NH 3 over Fe/Beta and Fe/SSZ-13 catalysts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Aiyong; Wang, Yilin; Walter, Eric D.

Fe/zeolites are important N 2O abatement catalysts, efficient in direct N 2O decomposition and (selective) catalytic N 2O reduction. In this study, Fe/Beta and Fe/SSZ-13 were synthesized via solution ion-exchange and used to catalyze these two reactions. Nature of the Fe species was probed with UV-vis, Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopies and H2-TPR. The characterizations collectively indicate that isolated and dinuclear Fe sites dominate in Fe/SSZ-13, whereas Fe/Beta contains higher concentrations of oligomeric Fe xO y species. H 2-TPR results suggest that Fe-O interactions are weaker in Fe/SSZ-13, as evidenced by the lower reduction temperatures and higher extents of autoreduction duringmore » high-temperature pretreatments in inert gas. Kinetic measurements show that Fe/SSZ-13 has higher activity in catalytic N 2O decomposition, thus demonstrating a positive correlation between activity and Fe-O binding, consistent with O 2 desorption being rate-limiting for this reaction. However, Fe/Beta was found to be more active in catalyzing N 2O reduction by NH 3. This indicates that larger active ensembles (i.e., oligomers) are more active for this reaction, consistent with the fact that both N 2O and NH 3 need to be activated in this case. The authors from PNNL gratefully acknowledge the US Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office for the support of this work. The research described in this paper was performed in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a national scientific user facility sponsored by the DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is operated for the US DOE by Battelle. Aiyong Wang gratefully acknowledges the China Scholarship Council for the Joint-Training Scholarship Program with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The authors from East China University of Science and Technology acknowledge National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB933200), National Natural Science Foundation of China (21577035, 21577034), Commission of Science and Technology of Shanghai Municipality (15DZ1205305) and 111 Project (B08021) for supports.« less

50 CFR 648.80 - NE Multispecies regulated mesh areas and restrictions on gear and methods of fishing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

.... The net must have an outlet or hole to allow fish or other objects that are too large to pass between the bars of the grate to exit the net. The aftermost edge of this outlet or hole must be at least as wide as the grate at the point of attachment. The outlet or hole must extend forward from the grate...

Recent progress in design and hybridization of planar grating-based transceivers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bidnyk, S.; Pearson, M.; Balakrishnan, A.; Gao, M.

2007-06-01

We report on recent progress in simulations, physical layout, fabrication and hybridization of planar grating-based transceivers for passive optical networks (PONs). Until recently, PON transceivers have been manufactured using bulk micro-optical components. Today, advancements in modeling and simulation techniques has made it possible to design complex elements in the same silica-on silicon PLC platform and create an alternative platform for manufacturing of bi-directional transceivers. In our chips we simulated an integrated chip that monolithically combined planar reflective gratings and cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers. We used a combination of the finite element method and beam propagation method to model cascaded interferometers with enhanced coupling coefficients. Our simulations show that low-diffraction order planar reflective gratings, designed for small incidence and reflection angles, possess the required dispersion strength to meet the PON specifications. Subsequently, we created structures for passive alignment and hybridized photodetectors and lasers. We believe that advancements in simulation of planar lightwave circuits with embedded planar reflective gratings will result in displacement of the thin-film filters (TFFs) technology in many applications that require a high degree of monolithic and hybrid integration.

Edge Triggered Apparatus and Method for Measuring Strain in Bragg Gratings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Froggatt, Mark E. (Inventor)

2003-01-01

An apparatus and method for measuring strain of gratings written into an optical fiber. Optical radiation is transmitted over one or more contiguous predetermined wavelength ranges into a reference optical fiber network and an optical fiber network under test to produce a plurality of reference interference fringes and measurement interference fringes, respectively. The reference and measurement fringes are detected, and the reference fringes trigger the sampling of the measurement fringes. This results in the measurement fringes being sampled at 2(pi) increments of the reference fringes. Each sampled measurement fringe of each wavelength sweep is transformed into a spatial domain waveform. The spatial domain waveforms are summed to form a summation spatial domain waveform that is used to determine location of each grating with respect to a reference reflector. A portion of each spatial domain waveform that corresponds to a particular grating is determined and transformed into a corresponding frequency spectrum representation. The strain on the grating at each wavelength of optical radiation is determined by determining the difference between the current wavelength and an earlier, zero-strain wavelength measurement.

Cylinder and metal grating polarization beam splitter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Junbo; Xu, Suzhi

2017-08-01

We propose a novel and compact metal grating polarization beam splitter (PBS) based on its different reflected and transmitted orders. The metal grating exhibits a broadband high reflectivity and polarization dependence. The rigorous coupled wave analysis is used to calculate the reflectivity and the transmitting spectra and optimize the structure parameters to realize the broadband PBS. The finite-element method is used to calculate the field distribution. The characteristics of the broadband high reflectivity, transmitting and the polarization dependence are investigated including wavelength, period, refractive index and the radius of circle grating. When grating period d = 400 nm, incident wavelength λ = 441 nm, incident angle θ = 60° and radius of circle d/5, then the zeroth reflection order R0 = 0.35 and the transmission zeroth order T0 = 0.08 for TE polarization, however, T0 = 0.34 and R0 = 0.01 for TM mode. The simple fabrication method involves only single etch step and good compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. PBS designed here is particularly suited for optical communication and optical information processing.

Application of holographic sub-wavelength diffraction gratings for monitoring of kinetics of bioprocesses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tamulevičius, Tomas; Šeperys, Rimas; Andrulevičius, Mindaugas; Kopustinskas, Vitoldas; Meškinis, Šarūnas; Tamulevičius, Sigitas; Mikalayeva, Valeryia; Daugelavičius, Rimantas

2012-09-01

In this work we present a refractive index (RI) sensor based on a sub-wavelength holographic diffraction grating. The sensor chip was fabricated by dry etching of the finely spaced (d = 428 nm) diffraction grating in SiOx doped diamond like carbon (DLC) film. It is shown that employing a fabricated sensor chip, and using the proposed method of analysis of data, one can inspect kinetics of processes in liquids occurring in the vicinity of the grating surface. The method is based on the spectral composition analysis of polarized polychromatic light reflected from the sub-wavelength diffraction grating. The RI measurement system was tested with different model liquid analytes including 25 wt.%, 50 wt.% sugar water solutions, 10 °C, 50 °C distilled water, also Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis interaction with ion-permeable channels forming antibiotic gramicidin D and a murolytic enzyme lysozyme. Analysis of the data set of specular reflection spectra enabled us to follow the kinetics of the RI changes in the analyte with millisecond resolution. Detectable changes in the effective RI were not worse than Δn = 10-4.

Enhanced light extraction from a GaN-based green light-emitting diode with hemicylindrical linear grating structure.

PubMed

Jin, Yuanhao; Yang, Fenglei; Li, Qunqing; Zhu, Zhendong; Zhu, Jun; Fan, Shoushan

2012-07-02

Significant enhancement in the light output from GaN-based green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was achieved with a hemicylindrical grating structure on the top layer of the diodes. The grating structure was first optimized by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, which showed that the profile of the grating structure was critical for light extraction efficiency. It was found that the transmission efficiency of the 530 nm light emitted from the inside of the GaN LED increased for incidence angles between 23.58° and 60°. Such a structure was fabricated by electron-beam lithography and an etching method. The light output power from the LED was increased approximately 4.7 times compared with that from a conventional LED. The structure optimization is the key to the great increase in transmission efficiency. Furthermore, the light emitted from the edge of the LED units could be collected and extracted by the grating structures in adjacent LED units, thus enhancing the performance of the whole LED chip.

Gratings Fabricated on Flat Surfaces and Reproduced on Non-Flat Substrates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Content, David; Iazikov, Dmitri; Mossberg, Thomas W.; Greiner, Christopher M.

2009-01-01

A method has been developed for fabricating gratings on flat substrates, and then reproducing the groove pattern on a curved (concave or convex) substrate and a corresponding grating device. First, surface relief diffraction grating grooves are formed on flat substrates. For example, they may be fabricated using photolithography and reactive ion etching, maskless lithography, holography, or mechanical ruling. Then, an imprint of the grating is made on a deformable substrate, such as plastic, polymer, or other materials using thermoforming, hot or cold embossing, or other methods. Interim stamps using electroforming, or other methods, may be produced for the imprinting process or if the same polarity of the grating image is required. The imprinted, deformable substrate is then attached to a curved, rigid substrate using epoxy or other suitable adhesives. The imprinted surface is facing away from the curved rigid substrate. As an alternative fabrication method, after grating is imprinted on the deformable substrate as described above, the grating may be coated with thin conformal conductive layer (for example, using vacuum deposition of gold). Then the membrane may be mounted over an opening in a pressured vessel in a manner of a membrane on a drum, grating side out. The pressure inside of the vessel may be changed with respect to the ambient pressure to produce concave or convex membrane surface. The shape of the opening may control the type of the surface curvature (for example, a circular opening would create spherical surface, oval opening would create toroidal surface, etc.). After that, well-known electroforming methods may be used to create a replica of the grating on the concave or convex membrane. For example, the pressure vessel assembly may be submerged into an electro-forming solution and negative electric potential applied to the metal coated membrane using an insulated wire. Positive electric potential may be then applied to a nickel or other metal plate submerged into the same solution. Metal ions would transfer from the plate through the solution into the membrane, producing high fidelity metal replica of the grating on the membrane. In one variation, an adhesive may be deposited on the deformable substrate, and then cured without touching the rigid, curved substrate. Edges of the deformable substrate may be attached to the rigid substrate to ensure uniform deformation of the deformable substrate. The assembly may be performed in vacuum, and then taken out to atmospheric pressure conditions to ensure that no air is trapped between the deformable and rigid substrates. Alternatively, a rigid surface with complementary curvature to the rigid substrate may be used to ensure uniform adhesion of the deformable substrate to the rigid substrate. Liquid may be applied to the surface of the deformable substrate to uniformly distribute pressure across its surface during the curing or hardening of the adhesive, or the film may be pressed into the surface using a deformable object or surface. After the attachment is complete, the grooves may be coated with reflective or dielectric layers to improve diffraction efficiency.

A direction detective asymmetrical twin-core fiber curving sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

An, Maowei; Geng, Tao; Yang, Wenlei; Zeng, Hongyi; Li, Jian

2015-10-01

Long period fiber gratings (LPFGs), which can couple the core mode to the forward propagating cladding modes of a fiber and have the advantage of small additional loss, no backward reflection, small size, which is widely used in optical fiber sensors and optical communication systems. LPFG has different fabricating methods, in order to write gratings on the twin-core at the same time effectively, we specially choose electric heating fused taper system to fabricate asymmetric dual-core long period fiber grating, because this kind of method can guarantee the similarity of gratings on the twin cores and obtain good geometric parameters of LPFG, such as cycle, cone waist. Then we use bending test platform to conduct bending test for each of the core of twin-core asymmetric long period fiber grating. Experiments show that: the sensitivity of asymmetrical twin-core long period fiber grating's central core under bending is -5.47nm·m, while the sensitivity of asymmetric twin-core long period fiber grating partial core changed with the relative position of screw micrometer. The sensitivity at 0°, 30°, 90° direction is -4.22nm·m, -9.84nm·m, -11.44nm·m respectively. The experiment results strongly demonstrate the properties of rim sensing of asymmetrical twin-core fiber gratings which provides the possibility of simultaneously measuring the bending magnitude and direction and solving the problem of cross sensing when multi-parameter measuring. In other words, we can detect temperature and bend at the same time by this sensor. As our knowledge, it is the first time simultaneously measuring bend and temperature using this structure of fiber sensors.

Waveguide silicon nitride grating coupler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Litvik, Jan; Dolnak, Ivan; Dado, Milan

2016-12-01

Grating couplers are one of the most used elements for coupling of light between optical fibers and photonic integrated components. Silicon-on-insulator platform provides strong confinement of light and allows high integration. In this work, using simulations we have designed a broadband silicon nitride surface grating coupler. The Fourier-eigenmode expansion and finite difference time domain methods are utilized in design optimization of grating coupler structure. The fully, single etch step grating coupler is based on a standard silicon-on-insulator wafer with 0.55 μm waveguide Si3N4 layer. The optimized structure at 1550 nm wavelength yields a peak coupling efficiency -2.6635 dB (54.16%) with a 1-dB bandwidth up to 80 nm. It is promising way for low-cost fabrication using complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor fabrication process.

Trochoidal X-ray Vector Radiography: Directional dark-field without grating stepping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, Y.; Bachche, S.; Kageyama, M.; Kuribayashi, M.; Pfeiffer, F.; Lasser, T.; Momose, A.

2018-03-01

X-ray Vector Radiography (XVR) is an imaging technique that reveals the orientations of sub-pixel sized structures within a sample. Several dark-field radiographs are acquired by rotating the sample around the beam propagation direction and stepping one of the gratings to several positions for every pose of the sample in an X-ray grating interferometry setup. In this letter, we present a method of performing XVR of a continuously moving sample without the need of any grating motion. We reconstruct the orientations within a sample by analyzing the change in the background moire fringes caused by the sample moving and simultaneously rotating in plane (trochoidal trajectory) across the detector field-of-view. Avoiding the motion of gratings provides significant advantages in terms of stability and repeatability, while the continuous motion of the sample makes this kind of system adaptable for industrial applications such as the scanning of samples on a conveyor belt. Being the first step in the direction of utilizing advanced sample trajectories to replace grating motion, this work also lays the foundations for a full three dimensional reconstruction of scattering function without grating motion.

Post-inscription tuning of multicore fiber Bragg gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindley, Emma Y.; Min, Seong-sik; Leon-Saval, Sergio G.; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss

2016-07-01

Fiber Bragg gratings are used in astronomy for their ability to suppress narrow atmospheric emission lines of temporally varying brightness before the light is dispersed. These gratings can only operate in a single-mode fiber as the suppressed wavelength depends on mode velocity in the core. Recent experiments with fibers containing multiple single-moded cores have demonstrated the potential for inscribing identical gratings across all cores in a single pass. We have already improved the uniformity of gratings in 7-core fibers via modifications to the writing process; further progress can be achieved by tuning the gratings of the outer and inner cores relative to one another. Our eventual goal is to make the entire fiber suppress one wavelength to a depth of 30 dB or greater. By coating the fiber in a heat-conductive material with a high expansion coefficient, we can examine the effects of temperature and strain on the spectral response of each core. In this paper we present methods and results from experiments concerning the post-write tuning of gratings in multicore fibers.

Sub-wavelength grating structure on the planar waveguide (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qing-Song, Zhu; Sheng-Hui, Chen

2016-10-01

Making progress in recent years, with the technology of the grating, the grating period can be reduced to shrink the size of the light coupler on a waveguide. The working wavelength of the light coupler can be in the range from the near-infrared to visible. In this study , we used E-gun evaporation system with ion-beam-assisted deposition system to fabricate bottom cladding (SiO2), guiding layer (Ta2O5) and Distributed Bragg Reflector(DBR) of the waveguide on the silicon substrate. Electron-beam lithography is used to make sub-wavelength gratings and reflector grating on the planar waveguide which is a coupling device on the guiding layer. The best fabrication parameters were analyzed to deposit the film. The exposure and development times also influenced to fabricate the grating quality. The purpose is to reduce the device size and enhance coupling efficiency which maintain normal incidence of the light . We designed and developed the device using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The grating period, depth, fill factor, film thickness, Distributed Bragg Reflector(DBR) numbers and reflector grating period have been discussed to enhance coupling efficiency and maintained normal incidence of the light. According to the simulation results, when the wavelength is 1300 nm, the coupling grating period is 720 nm and the Ta2O5 film is 460 nm with 360 nm of reflector grating period and 2 layers of Distributed Bragg Reflector, which had the optimum coupling efficiency and normal incidence angle. In the measurement, We successfully measured the TE wave coupling efficiency of the photoresist grating coupling device.

Weakly modulated silicon-dioxide-cladding gratings for silicon waveguide Fabry-Pérot cavities.

PubMed

Grote, Richard R; Driscoll, Jeffrey B; Biris, Claudiu G; Panoiu, Nicolae C; Osgood, Richard M

2011-12-19

We show by theory and experiment that silicon-dioxide-cladding gratings for Fabry-Pérot cavities on silicon-on-insulator channel ("wire") waveguides provide a low-refractive-index perturbation, which is required for several important integrated photonics components. The underlying refractive index perturbation of these gratings is significantly weaker than that of analogous silicon gratings, leading to finer control of the coupling coefficient κ. Our Fabry-Pérot cavities are designed using the transfer-matrix method (TMM) in conjunction with the finite element method (FEM) for calculating the effective index of each waveguide section. Device parameters such as coupling coefficient, κ, Bragg mirror stop band, Bragg mirror reflectivity, and quality factor Q are examined via TMM modeling. Devices are fabricated with representative values of distributed Bragg reflector lengths, cavity lengths, and propagation losses. The measured transmission spectra show excellent agreement with the FEM/TMM calculations.

Wavelet data processing of micro-Raman spectra of biological samples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Camerlingo, C.; Zenone, F.; Gaeta, G. M.; Riccio, R.; Lepore, M.

2006-02-01

A wavelet multi-component decomposition algorithm is proposed for processing data from micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS) of biological tissue. The μ-RS has been recently recognized as a promising tool for the biopsy test and in vivo diagnosis of degenerative human tissue pathologies, due to the high chemical and structural information contents of this spectroscopic technique. However, measurements of biological tissues are usually hampered by typically low-level signals and by the presence of noise and background components caused by light diffusion or fluorescence processes. In order to overcome these problems, a numerical method based on discrete wavelet transform is used for the analysis of data from μ-RS measurements performed in vitro on animal (pig and chicken) tissue samples and, in a preliminary form, on human skin and oral tissue biopsy from normal subjects. Visible light μ-RS was performed using a He-Ne laser and a monochromator with a liquid nitrogen cooled charge coupled device equipped with a grating of 1800 grooves mm-1. The validity of the proposed data procedure has been tested on the well-characterized Raman spectra of reference acetylsalicylic acid samples.

Enhancement of the sensitivity of a temperature sensor based on fiber Bragg gratings via weak value amplification.

PubMed

Salazar-Serrano, L J; Barrera, D; Amaya, W; Sales, S; Pruneri, V; Capmany, J; Torres, J P

2015-09-01

We present a proof-of-concept experiment aimed at increasing the sensitivity of Fiber-Bragg-gratings temperature sensors by making use of a weak-value-amplification scheme. The technique requires only linear optics elements for its implementation and appears as a promising method for increasing the sensitivity than state-of the-art sensors can currently provide. The device implemented here is able to generate a shift of the centroid of the spectrum of a pulse of ∼0.035  nm/°C, a nearly fourfold increase in sensitivity over the same fiber-Bragg-grating system interrogated using standard methods.

Deformation analysis of MEMS structures by modified digital moiré methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhanwei; Lou, Xinhao; Gao, Jianxin

2010-11-01

Quantitative deformation analysis of micro-fabricated electromechanical systems is of importance for the design and functional control of microsystems. In this paper, two modified digital moiré processing methods, Gaussian blurring algorithm combined with digital phase shifting and geometrical phase analysis (GPA) technique based on digital moiré method, are developed to quantitatively analyse the deformation behaviour of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) structures. Measuring principles and experimental procedures of the two methods are described in detail. A digital moiré fringe pattern is generated by superimposing a specimen grating etched directly on a microstructure surface with a digital reference grating (DRG). Most of the grating noise is removed from the digital moiré fringes, which enables the phase distribution of the moiré fringes to be obtained directly. Strain measurement result of a MEMS structure demonstrates the feasibility of the two methods.

Technology of focus detection for 193nm projection lithographic tool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Di, Chengliang; Yan, Wei; Hu, Song; Xu, Feng; Li, Jinglong

2012-10-01

With the shortening printing wavelength and increasing numerical aperture of lithographic tool, the depth of focus(DOF) sees a rapidly drop down trend, reach a scale of several hundred nanometers while the repeatable accuracy of focusing and leveling must be one-tenth of DOF, approximately several dozen nanometers. For this feature, this article first introduces several focusing technology, Obtained the advantages and disadvantages of various methods by comparing. Then get the accuracy of dual-grating focusing method through theoretical calculation. And the dual-grating focusing method based on photoelastic modulation is divided into coarse focusing and precise focusing method to analyze, establishing image processing model of coarse focusing and photoelastic modulation model of accurate focusing. Finally, focusing algorithm is simulated with MATLAB. In conclusion dual-grating focusing method shows high precision, high efficiency and non-contact measurement of the focal plane, meeting the demands of focusing in 193nm projection lithography.

Simultaneous interrogation of interferometric and Bragg grating sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brady, G.; Kalli, K.; Webb, D. J.; Jackson, D. A.; Reekie, L.; Archambault, J. L.

1995-06-01

We propose a new method for the simultaneous interrogation of conventional two-beam interferometers and Bragg grating sensors. The technique employs an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer illuminated by a single low-coherence source, which acts as a wavelength-tunable source for the grating and as a path-matched filter for the Fizeau interferometer, thus providing a high phase resolution output for each sensor. The grating sensor demonstrates a dynamic strain resolution of \\similar 0.05 mu 3 / \\radical Hz \\end-radical at 20 Hz, while the interferometric phase resolution is better than 1mrad/ \\radical Hz \\end-radical at 20 Hz, corresponding to an rms mirror displacement of 0.08 nm.

Femtosecond laser-induced periodic structure adjustments based on electron dynamics control: from subwavelength ripples to double-grating structures.

PubMed

Shi, Xuesong; Jiang, Lan; Li, Xin; Wang, Sumei; Yuan, Yanping; Lu, Yongfeng

2013-10-01

This study proposes a method for adjusting subwavelength ripple periods and the corresponding double-grating structures formed on fused silica by designing femtosecond laser pulse trains based on localized transient electron density control. Four near-constant period ranges of 190-490 nm of ripples perpendicular to the polarization are obtained by designing pulse trains to excite and modulate the surface plasmon waves. In the period range of 350-490 nm, the double-grating structure is fabricated in one step, which is probably attributable to the grating-assisted enhanced energy deposition and subsequent thermal effects.

A new signal restoration method based on deconvolution of the Point Spread Function (PSF) for the Flat-Field Holographic Concave Grating UV spectrometer system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Honglin; Luo, Yongdao

2013-12-01

In recent years, with the development of the Flat-Field Holographic Concave Grating, they are adopted by all kinds of UV spectrometers. By means of single optical surface, the Flat-Field Holographic Concave Grating can implement dispersion and imaging that make the UV spectrometer system design quite compact. However, the calibration of the Flat-Field Holographic Concave Grating is very difficult. Various factors make its imaging quality difficult to be guaranteed. So we have to process the spectrum signal with signal restoration before using it. Guiding by the theory of signals and systems, and after a series of experiments, we found that our UV spectrometer system is a Linear Space- Variant System. It means that we have to measure PSF of every pixel of the system which contains thousands of pixels. Obviously, that's a large amount of calculation .For dealing with this problem, we proposes a novel signal restoration method. This method divides the system into several Linear Space-Invariant subsystems and then makes signal restoration with PSFs. Our experiments turn out that this method is effective and inexpensive.

Blazed vector grating liquid crystal cells with photocrosslinkable polymeric alignment films fabricated by one-step polarizer rotation method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawai, Kotaro; Kuzuwata, Mitsuru; Sasaki, Tomoyuki; Noda, Kohei; Kawatsuki, Nobuhiro; Ono, Hiroshi

2014-12-01

Blazed vector grating liquid crystal (LC) cells, in which the directors of low-molar-mass LCs are antisymmetrically distributed, were fabricated by one-step exposure of an empty glass cell inner-coated with a photocrosslinkable polymer LC (PCLC) to UV light. By adopting a LC cell structure, twisted nematic (TN) and homogeneous (HOMO) alignments were obtained in the blazed vector grating LC cells. Moreover, the diffraction efficiency of the blazed vector grating LC cells was greatly improved by increasing the thickness of the device in comparison with that of a blazed vector grating with a thin film structure obtained in our previous study. In addition, the diffraction efficiency and polarization states of ±1st-order diffracted beams from the resultant blazed vector grating LC cells were controlled by designing a blazed pattern in the alignment films, and these diffraction properties were well explained on the basis of Jones calculus and the elastic continuum theory of nematic LCs.

High-Average-Power Diffraction Pulse-Compression Gratings Enabling Next-Generation Ultrafast Laser Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alessi, D.

Pulse compressors for ultrafast lasers have been identified as a technology gap in the push towards high peak power systems with high average powers for industrial and scientific applications. Gratings for ultrashort (sub-150fs) pulse compressors are metallic and can absorb a significant percentage of laser energy resulting in up to 40% loss as well as thermal issues which degrade on-target performance. We have developed a next generation gold grating technology which we have scaled to the petawatt-size. This resulted in improvements in efficiency, uniformity and processing as compared to previous substrate etched gratings for high average power. This new designmore » has a deposited dielectric material for the grating ridge rather than etching directly into the glass substrate. It has been observed that average powers as low as 1W in a compressor can cause distortions in the on-target beam. We have developed and tested a method of actively cooling diffraction gratings which, in the case of gold gratings, can support a petawatt peak power laser with up to 600W average power. We demonstrated thermo-mechanical modeling of a grating in its use environment and benchmarked with experimental measurement. Multilayer dielectric (MLD) gratings are not yet used for these high peak power, ultrashort pulse durations due to their design challenges. We have designed and fabricated broad bandwidth, low dispersion MLD gratings suitable for delivering 30 fs pulses at high average power. This new grating design requires the use of a novel Out Of Plane (OOP) compressor, which we have modeled, designed, built and tested. This prototype compressor yielded a transmission of 90% for a pulse with 45 nm bandwidth, and free of spatial and angular chirp. In order to evaluate gratings and compressors built in this project we have commissioned a joule-class ultrafast Ti:Sapphire laser system. Combining the grating cooling and MLD technologies developed here could enable petawatt laser systems to operate at 50kW average power.« less

Forecasting hotspots in East Kutai, Kutai Kartanegara, and West Kutai as early warning information

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wahyuningsih, S.; Goejantoro, R.; Rizki, N. A.

2018-04-01

The aims of this research are to model hotspots and forecast hotspot 2017 in East Kutai, Kutai Kartanegara and West Kutai. The methods which used in this research were Holt exponential smoothing, Holt’s additive dump trend method, Holt-Winters’ additive method, additive decomposition method, multiplicative decomposition method, Loess decomposition method and Box-Jenkins method. For smoothing techniques, additive decomposition is better than Holt’s exponential smoothing. The hotspots model using Box-Jenkins method were Autoregressive Moving Average ARIMA(1,1,0), ARIMA(0,2,1), and ARIMA(0,1,0). Comparing the results from all methods which were used in this research, and based on Root of Mean Squared Error (RMSE), show that Loess decomposition method is the best times series model, because it has the least RMSE. Thus the Loess decomposition model used to forecast the number of hotspot. The forecasting result indicatethat hotspots pattern tend to increase at the end of 2017 in Kutai Kartanegara and West Kutai, but stationary in East Kutai.

Extended asymmetric-cut multilayer X-ray gratings.

PubMed

Prasciolu, Mauro; Haase, Anton; Scholze, Frank; Chapman, Henry N; Bajt, Saša

2015-06-15

The fabrication and characterization of a large-area high-dispersion blazed grating for soft X-rays based on an asymmetric-cut multilayer structure is reported. An asymmetric-cut multilayer structure acts as a perfect blazed grating of high efficiency that exhibits a single diffracted order, as described by dynamical diffraction throughout the depth of the layered structure. The maximum number of grating periods created by cutting a multilayer deposited on a flat substrate is equal to the number of layers deposited, which limits the size of the grating. The size limitation was overcome by depositing the multilayer onto a substrate which itself is a coarse blazed grating and then polish it flat to reveal the uniformly spaced layers of the multilayer. The number of deposited layers required is such that the multilayer thickness exceeds the step height of the substrate structure. The method is demonstrated by fabricating a 27,060 line pairs per mm blazed grating (36.95 nm period) that is repeated every 3,200 periods by the 120-μm period substrate structure. This preparation technique also relaxes the requirements on stress control and interface roughness of the multilayer film. The dispersion and efficiency of the grating is demonstrated for soft X-rays of 13.2 nm wavelength.

Analyzation of photopolymer materials shrunken influence for thick hologram gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhenzhen; Xiao, Xue; Chen, Wei; Kang, Guoguo; Huang, Yong; Tan, Xiaodi

2016-09-01

The photopolymer materials are good media to record thick hologram gratings, because photopolymer materials have high resolution, low cost, simple process technology and so on. According to coupled wave theory for thick hologram gratings, we know that the same object beam can be reconstructed if the same reference beam is used to retrieve a thick hologram grating. However, the shrinkage always occurs in the photopolymer materials because of environment temperature, humidity, vibration etc. For instance, the same object beam cannot be reconstructed even the same reference beam to be used. In this paper, we will analysis the shrinkage influence of photopolymer materials for thick hologram gratings. We divide the photopolymer materials into several geometry layers, and analysis the reconstructed characteristics separately basing on coupled wave theory of Kogelnik. Through gradually continuous changing the angle between gratings and the border (we call it slant angle), we can build the geometry model of gratings bending caused by shrinkage of materials. We calculate wave complex amplitude diffracted from every layer, and superpose them to compute the total diffraction efficiency. We simulate above methods to obtain the curve of diffraction efficiency with reconstruction wavelength by using Matlab software. Comparing the simulated results with the experiments results, we can deduce the probable situation of thick hologram gratings bending after photopolymer materials shrink.

A light intensity monitoring method based on fiber Bragg grating sensing technology and BP neural network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Lu-Ming; Zhu, Qian; Zhang, Zhi-Guo; Cai, Zhi-Min; Liao, Zhi-Jun; Hu, Zhen-Yan

2017-04-01

In this paper, a light intensity monitoring method based on FBG is proposed. The method establishes a light intensity monitoring model with cantilever beam structure and BP neural network algorithm, which is based on fiber grating sensing technology. The accuracy of the model can meet the requirements of engineering project and it can monitor light intensity in real time. The experimental results show that the method has good stability and high sensitivity.

Interface conditions for domain decomposition with radical grid refinement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scroggs, Jeffrey S.

1991-01-01

Interface conditions for coupling the domains in a physically motivated domain decomposition method are discussed. The domain decomposition is based on an asymptotic-induced method for the numerical solution of hyperbolic conservation laws with small viscosity. The method consists of multiple stages. The first stage is to obtain a first approximation using a first-order method, such as the Godunov scheme. Subsequent stages of the method involve solving internal-layer problem via a domain decomposition. The method is derived and justified via singular perturbation techniques.

High-efficiency spectral purity filter for EUV lithography

DOEpatents

Chapman, Henry N [Livermore, CA

2006-05-23

An asymmetric-cut multilayer diffracts EUV light. A multilayer cut at an angle has the same properties as a blazed grating, and has been demonstrated to have near-perfect performance. Instead of having to nano-fabricate a grating structure with imperfections no greater than several tens of nanometers, a thick multilayer is grown on a substrate and then cut at an inclined angle using coarse and inexpensive methods. Effective grating periods can be produced this way that are 10 to 100 times smaller than those produced today, and the diffraction efficiency of these asymmetric multilayers is higher than conventional gratings. Besides their ease of manufacture, the use of an asymmetric multilayer as a spectral purity filter does not require that the design of an EUV optical system be modified in any way, unlike the proposed use of blazed gratings for such systems.

Refractive index engineering of high performance coupler for compact photonic integrated circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Lu; Zhou, Zhiping

2017-04-01

High performance couplers are highly desired in many applications, but the design is limited by nearly unchangeable material refractive index. To tackle this issue, refractive index engineering method is investigated, which can be realized by subwavelength grating. Subwavelength gratings are periodical structures with pitches small enough to locally synthesize the refractive index of photonic waveguides, which allows direct control of optical profile as well as easier fabrication process. This review provides an introduction to the basics of subwavelength structures and pay special attention to the design strategies of some representative examples of subwavelength grating devices, including: edge couplers, fiber-chip grating couplers, directional couplers and multimode interference couplers. Benefited from the subwavelength grating which can engineer the refractive index as well as birefringence and dispersion, these devices show better performance when compared to their conventional counterparts.

Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry of micrometer-sized SiO2 line gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walder, Cordula; Zellmeier, Matthias; Rappich, Jörg; Ketelsen, Helge; Hinrichs, Karsten

2017-09-01

For the design and process control of periodic nano-structured surfaces spectroscopic ellipsometry is already established in the UV-VIS spectral regime. The objective of this work is to show the feasibility of spectroscopic ellipsometry in the infrared, exemplarily, on micrometer-sized SiO2 line gratings grown on silicon wafers. The grating period ranges from 10 to about 34 μm. The IR-ellipsometric spectra of the gratings exhibit complex changes with structure variations. Especially in the spectral range of the oxide stretching modes, the presence of a Rayleigh singularity can lead to pronounced changes of the spectrum with the sample geometry. The IR-ellipsometric spectra of the gratings are well reproducible by calculations with the RCWA method (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis). Therefore, infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry allows the quantitative characterization and process control of micrometer-sized structures.

Grating enhanced solid-state laser amplifiers

DOEpatents

Erlandson, Alvin C.; Britten, Jerald A.

2010-11-09

A novel method and apparatus for suppressing ASE and parasitic oscillation modes in a high average power laser is introduced. Such an invention, as disclosed herein, uses diffraction gratings to increase gain, stored energy density, and pumping efficiency of solid-state laser gain media, such as, but not limited to rods, disks and slabs. By coupling predetermined gratings to solid-state gain media, such as crystal or ceramic laser gain media, ASE and parasitic oscillation modes can be effectively suppressed.

Phase holograms in silver halide emulsions without a bleaching step

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belendez, Augusto; Madrigal, Roque F.; Pascual, Inmaculada V.; Fimia, Antonio

2000-03-01

Phase holograms in holographic emulsions are usually obtained by two bath processes (developing and bleaching). In this work we present a one step method to reach phase holograms with silver-halide emulsions. Which is based on the variation of the conditions of the typical developing processes of amplitude holograms. For this, we have used the well-known chemical developer, AAC, which is composed by ascorbic acid as a developing agent and sodium carbonate anhydrous as accelerator. Agfa 8E75 HD and BB-640 plates were used to obtain these phase gratings, whose colors are between yellow and brown. In function of the parameters of this developing method the resulting diffraction efficiency and optical density of the diffraction gratings were studied. One of these parameters studied is the influence of the grain size. In the case of Agfa plates diffraction efficiency around 18% with density < 1 has been reached, whilst with the BB-640 emulsion, whose grain is smaller than that of the Agfa, diffraction efficiency near 30% has been obtained. The resulting gratings were analyzed through X-ray spectroscopy showing the differences of the structure of the developed silver when amplitude and transmission gratings are obtained. The angular response of both (transmission and amplitude) gratings were studied, where minimal transmission is showed at the Braggs angle in phase holograms, whilst a maximal value is obtained in amplitude gratings.

Design of fused-silica rectangular transmission gratings for polarizing beam splitter based on modal method.

PubMed

Zhao, Huajun; Yuan, Dairong

2010-02-10

Examples of optimal designs for a fused-silica transmitted grating with high-intensity tolerance are discussed. It has the potential of placing up to 99% incident polarized light in a single diffraction order. The modal method has been used to analyze the effective indices for TE and TM polarization propagating through the grating region, and the eigenvalue equation of the modal method is transformed to a new form. It is shown that the effective indices of the first two modes depend on the value of the period under Littrow mounting with filling factor f=0.5. The polarization properties of the polarizing beam splitter are analyzed by rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) at the wavelength of 1.064 microm. The optimal design perfectly matches the RCWA simulation result.

Adomian decomposition method used to solve the one-dimensional acoustic equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dispini, Meta; Mungkasi, Sudi

2017-05-01

In this paper we propose the use of Adomian decomposition method to solve one-dimensional acoustic equations. This recursive method can be calculated easily and the result is an approximation of the exact solution. We use the Maple software to compute the series in the Adomian decomposition. We obtain that the Adomian decomposition method is able to solve the acoustic equations with the physically correct behavior.

Evaluation of expansion algorithm of measurement range suited for 3D shape measurement using two pitches of projected grating with light source-stepping method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakaguchi, Toshimasa; Fujigaki, Motoharu; Murata, Yorinobu

2015-03-01

Accurate and wide-range shape measurement method is required in industrial field. The same technique is possible to be used for a shape measurement of a human body for the garment industry. Compact 3D shape measurement equipment is also required for embedding in the inspection system. A shape measurement by a phase shifting method can measure the shape with high spatial resolution because the coordinates can be obtained pixel by pixel. A key-device to develop compact equipment is a grating projector. Authors developed a linear LED projector and proposed a light source stepping method (LSSM) using the linear LED projector. The shape measurement euipment can be produced with low-cost and compact without any phase-shifting mechanical systems by using this method. Also it enables us to measure 3D shape in very short time by switching the light sources quickly. A phase unwrapping method is necessary to widen the measurement range with constant accuracy for phase shifting method. A general phase unwrapping method with difference grating pitches is often used. It is one of a simple phase unwrapping method. It is, however, difficult to apply the conventional phase unwrapping algorithm to the LSSM. Authors, therefore, developed an expansion unwrapping algorithm for the LSSM. In this paper, an expansion algorithm of measurement range suited for 3D shape measurement using two pitches of projected grating with the LSSM was evaluated.

Dynamic tracking down-conversion signal processing method based on reference signal for grating heterodyne interferometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Guochao; Yan, Shuhua; Zhou, Weihong; Gu, Chenhui

2012-08-01

Traditional displacement measurement systems by grating, which purely make use of fringe intensity to implement fringe count and subdivision, have rigid demands for signal quality and measurement condition, so they are not easy to realize measurement with nanometer precision. Displacement measurement with the dual-wavelength and single-grating design takes advantage of the single grating diffraction theory and the heterodyne interference theory, solving quite well the contradiction between large range and high precision in grating displacement measurement. To obtain nanometer resolution and nanometer precision, high-power subdivision of interference fringes must be realized accurately. A dynamic tracking down-conversion signal processing method based on the reference signal is proposed. Accordingly, a digital phase measurement module to realize high-power subdivision on field programmable gate array (FPGA) was designed, as well as a dynamic tracking down-conversion module using phase-locked loop (PLL). Experiments validated that a carrier signal after down-conversion can constantly maintain close to 100 kHz, and the phase-measurement resolution and phase precision are more than 0.05 and 0.2 deg, respectively. The displacement resolution and the displacement precision, corresponding to the phase results, are 0.139 and 0.556 nm, respectively.

Fiber Bragg Grating Based System for Temperature Measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tahir, Bashir Ahmed; Ali, Jalil; Abdul Rahman, Rosly

In this study, a fiber Bragg grating sensor for temperature measurement is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In particular, we point out that the method is well-suited for monitoring temperature because they are able to withstand a high temperature environment, where standard thermocouple methods fail. The interrogation technologies of the sensor systems are all simple, low cost and effective as well. In the sensor system, fiber grating was dipped into a water beaker that was placed on a hotplate to control the temperature of water. The temperature was raised in equal increments. The sensing principle is based on tracking of Bragg wavelength shifts caused by the temperature change. So the temperature is measured based on the wavelength-shifts of the FBG induced by the heating water. The fiber grating is high temperature stable excimer-laser-induced grating and has a linear function of wavelength-temperature in the range of 0-285°C. A dynamic range of 0-285°C and a sensitivity of 0.0131 nm/°C almost equal to that of general FBG have been obtained by this sensor system. Furthermore, the correlation of theoretical analysis and experimental results show the capability and feasibility of the purposed technique.

Choice of Grating Orientation for Evaluation of Peripheral Vision

PubMed Central

Venkataraman, Abinaya Priya; Winter, Simon; Rosén, Robert; Lundström, Linda

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Purpose Peripheral resolution acuity depends on the orientation of the stimuli. However, it is uncertain if such a meridional effect also exists for peripheral detection tasks because they are affected by optical errors. Knowledge of the quantitative differences in acuity for different grating orientations is crucial for choosing the appropriate stimuli for evaluations of peripheral resolution and detection tasks. We assessed resolution and detection thresholds for different grating orientations in the peripheral visual field. Methods Resolution and detection thresholds were evaluated for gratings of four different orientations in eight different visual field meridians in the 20-deg visual field in white light. Detection measurements in monochromatic light (543 nm; bandwidth, 10 nm) were also performed to evaluate the effects of chromatic aberration on the meridional effect. A combination of trial lenses and adaptive optics system was used to correct the monochromatic lower- and higher-order aberrations. Results For both resolution and detection tasks, gratings parallel to the visual field meridian had better threshold compared with the perpendicular gratings, whereas the two oblique gratings had similar thresholds. The parallel and perpendicular grating acuity differences for resolution and detection tasks were 0.16 logMAR and 0.11 logMAD, respectively. Elimination of chromatic errors did not affect the meridional preference in detection acuity. Conclusions Similar to peripheral resolution, detection also shows a meridional effect that appears to have a neural origin. The threshold difference seen for parallel and perpendicular gratings suggests the use of two oblique gratings as stimuli in alternative forced-choice procedures for peripheral vision evaluation to reduce measurement variation. PMID:26889822

X-ray verification of an optically-aligned off-plane grating module

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Donovan, Benjamin; McEntaffer, Randall; Tutt, James; DeRoo, Casey; Allured, Ryan; Gaskin, Jessica; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery

2017-08-01

The next generation of X-ray spectrometer missions are baselined to have order-of-magnitude improvements in both spectral resolving power and effective area when compared to existing X-ray spectrometer missions. Off-plane X-ray reflection gratings are capable of achieving high resolution and high diffraction efficiencies over the entire X-ray bandpass, making them an ideal technology to implement on these future missions. To achieve the high effective area desired while maintaining high spectral resolution, many off-plane gratings must be precisely aligned such that their diffraction arcs overlap at the focal plane. Methods are under development to align a number of these gratings into a grating module using optical metrology techniques in support of the Off-plane Grating Rocket Experiment (OGRE), a suborbital rocket payload scheduled to launch in late 2018. X-ray testing was performed on an aligned grating module at the Straylight Test Facility (SLTF) at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to assess the current alignment methodology and its ability to meet the desired performance of OGRE. We report on the results from the test campaign at MSFC, as well as plans for future development.

Study of modeling aspects of long period fiber grating using three-layer fiber geometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Amit

2015-03-01

The author studied and demonstrated the various modeling aspects of long period fiber grating (LPFG) such as the core effective index, cladding effective index, coupling coefficient, coupled mode theory, and transmission spectrum of the LPFG using three-layer fiber geometry. Actually, there are two different techniques used for theoretical modeling of the long period fiber grating. The first technique was used by Vengsarkar et al who described the phenomenon of long-period fiber gratings, and the second technique was reported by Erdogan who revealed the inaccuracies and shortcomings of the original method, thereby providing an accurate and updated alternative. The main difference between these two different approaches lies in their fiber geometry. Venserkar et al used two-layer fiber geometry which is simple but employs weakly guided approximation, whereas Erdogan used three-layer fiber geometry which is complex but also the most accurate technique for theoretical study of the LPFG. The author further discussed about the behavior of the transmission spectrum by altering different grating parameters such as the grating length, ultraviolet (UV) induced-index change, and grating period to achieve the desired flexibility. The author simulated the various results with the help of MATLAB.

Instrument and method for focusing X-rays, gamma rays and neutrons

DOEpatents

Smither, Robert K.

1984-01-01

A crystal diffraction instrument or diffraction grating instrument with an improved crystalline structure or grating spacing structure having a face for receiving a beam of photons or neutrons and diffraction planar spacing or grating spacing along that face with the spacing increasing progressively along the face to provide a decreasing Bragg diffraction angle for a monochromatic radiation and thereby increasing the usable area and acceptance angle. The increased planar spacing for the diffraction crystal is provided by the use of a temperature differential across the crystalline structure, by assembling a plurality of crystalline structures with different compositions, by an individual crystalline structure with a varying composition and thereby a changing planar spacing along its face, and by combinations of these techniques. The increased diffraction grating element spacing is generated during the fabrication of the diffraction grating by controlling the cutting tool that is cutting the grooves or controlling the laser beam, electron beam or ion beam that is exposing the resist layer, etc. It is also possible to vary this variation in grating spacing by applying a thermal gradient to the diffraction grating in much the same manner as is done in the crystal diffraction case.

Instrument and method for focusing x rays, gamma rays, and neutrons

DOEpatents

Smither, R.K.

1982-03-25

A crystal-diffraction instrument or diffraction-grating instrument is described with an improved crystalline structure or grating spacing structure having a face for receiving a beam of photons or neutrons and diffraction planar spacing or grating spacing along that face with the spacing increasing progressively along the face to provide a decreasing Bragg diffraction angle for a monochromatic radiation and thereby increasing the usable area and acceptance angle. The increased planar spacing for the diffraction crystal is provided by the use of a temperature differential across the line structures with different compositions, by an individual crystalline structure with a varying composition and thereby a changing planar spacing along its face, and by combinations of these techniques. The increased diffraction grating element spacing is generated during the fabrication of the diffraction grating by controlling the cutting tool that is cutting the grooves or controlling the laser beam, electron beam, or ion beam that is exposing the resist layer, etc. It is also possible to vary this variation in grating spacing by applying a thermal gradient to the diffraction grating in much the same manner as is done in the crystal-diffraction case.

Simulation Studies of the Dielectric Grating as an Accelerating and Focusing Structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soong, Ken; Peralta, E.A.; Byer, R.L.

A grating-based design is a promising candidate for a laser-driven dielectric accelerator. Through simulations, we show the merits of a readily fabricated grating structure as an accelerating component. Additionally, we show that with a small design perturbation, the accelerating component can be converted into a focusing structure. The understanding of these two components is critical in the successful development of any complete accelerator. The concept of accelerating electrons with the tremendous electric fields found in lasers has been proposed for decades. However, until recently the realization of such an accelerator was not technologically feasible. Recent advances in the semiconductor industry,more » as well as advances in laser technology, have now made laser-driven dielectric accelerators imminent. The grating-based accelerator is one proposed design for a dielectric laser-driven accelerator. This design, which was introduced by Plettner, consists of a pair of opposing transparent binary gratings, illustrated in Fig. 1. The teeth of the gratings serve as a phase mask, ensuring a phase synchronicity between the electromagnetic field and the moving particles. The current grating accelerator design has the drive laser incident perpendicular to the substrate, which poses a laser-structure alignment complication. The next iteration of grating structure fabrication seeks to monolithically create an array of grating structures by etching the grating's vacuum channel into a fused silica wafer. With this method it is possible to have the drive laser confined to the plane of the wafer, thus ensuring alignment of the laser-and-structure, the two grating halves, and subsequent accelerator components. There has been previous work using 2-dimensional finite difference time domain (2D-FDTD) calculations to evaluate the performance of the grating accelerator structure. However, this work approximates the grating as an infinite structure and does not accurately model a realizable structure. In this paper, we will present a 3-dimensional frequency-domain simulation of both the infinite and the finite grating accelerator structure. Additionally, we will present a new scheme for a focusing structure based on a perturbation of the accelerating structure. We will present simulations of this proposed focusing structure and quantify the quality of the focusing fields.« less

Modeling of Graphene Planar Grating in the THz Range by the Method of Singular Integral Equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaliberda, Mstislav E.; Lytvynenko, Leonid M.; Pogarsky, Sergey A.

2018-04-01

Diffraction of the H-polarized electromagnetic wave by the planar graphene grating in the THz range is considered. The scattering and absorption characteristics are studied. The scattered field is represented in the spectral domain via unknown spectral function. The mathematical model is based on the graphene surface impedance and the method of singular integral equations. The numerical solution is obtained by the Nystrom-type method of discrete singularities.

Nanocrystalline silicon thin films and grating structures for solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Juneja, Sucheta; Sudhakar, Selvakumar; Khonina, Svetlana N.; Skidanov, Roman V.; Porfirevb, Alexey P.; Moissev, Oleg Y.; Kazanskiy, Nikolay L.; Kumar, Sushil

2016-03-01

Enhancement of optical absorption for achieving high efficiencies in thin film silicon solar cells is a challenge task. Herein, we present the use of grating structure for the enhancement of optical absorption. We have made grating structures and same can be integrated in hydrogenated micro/nanocrystalline silicon (μc/nc-Si: H) thin films based p-i-n solar cells. μc/nc-Si: H thin films were grown using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. Grating structures integrated with μc/nc-Si: H thin film solar cells may enhance the optical path length and reduce the reflection losses and its characteristics can be probed by spectroscopic and microscopic technique with control design and experiment.

Fabrication of locally micro-structured fiber Bragg gratings by fs-laser machining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dutz, Franz J.; Stephan, Valentin; Marchi, Gabriele; Koch, Alexander W.; Roths, Johannes; Huber, Heinz P.

2018-06-01

Here, we describe a method for producing locally micro-structured fiber Bragg gratings (LMFGB) by fs-laser machining. This technique enables the precise and reproducible ablation of cladding material to create circumferential grooves inside the claddings of optical fibers. From initial ablation experiments we acquired optimized process parameters. The fabricated grooves were located in the middle of uniform type I fiber Bragg gratings. LMFBGs with four different groove widths of 48, 85, 135 and 205 μ { {m}} were produced. The grooves exhibited constant depths of about 30 μ {m} and steep sidewall angles. With the combination of micro-structures and fiber Bragg gratings, fiber optic sensor elements with enhanced functionalities can be achieved.

Tunable overlapping long-period fiber grating and its bending vector sensing application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Wei; Zhang, Weigang; Chen, Lei; Wang, Song; Zhang, Yunshan; Zhang, Yanxin; Kong, Lingxin; Yu, Lin; Yan, Tieyi; Li, Yanping

2018-03-01

A novel overlapping long-period fiber grating (OLPFG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this paper. The OLPFG is composed of two partially overlapping long-period fiber gratings (LPFG). Based on the coupled model theory and transfer matrix method, it is found that the phase shift LPFG and LPFGs interference are two special situations of the proposed OLPFG. Moreover, the confirmation experiments verified that the proposed OLPFG has a high bending sensitivity in opposite directions, and the temperature crosstalk can be compensated spontaneously.

Study of silicon strip waveguides with diffraction gratings and photonic crystals tuned to a wavelength of 1.5 µm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barabanenkov, M. Yu., E-mail: barab@iptm.ru; Vyatkin, A. F.; Volkov, V. T.

2015-12-15

Single-mode submicrometer-thick strip waveguides on silicon-on-insulator substrates, fabricated by silicon-planar-technology methods are considered. To solve the problem of 1.5-µm wavelength radiation input-output and its frequency filtering, strip diffraction gratings and two-dimensional photonic crystals are integrated into waveguides. The reflection and transmission spectra of gratings and photonic crystals are calculated. The waveguide-mode-attenuation coefficient for a polycrystalline silicon waveguide is experimentally estimated.

Improved Phase-Mask Fabrication of Fiber Bragg Gratings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grant, Joseph; Wang, Ying; Sharma, Anup

2004-01-01

An improved method of fabrication of Bragg gratings in optical fibers combines the best features of two prior methods: one that involves the use of a phase mask and one that involves interference between the two coherent laser beams. The improved method affords flexibility for tailoring Bragg wavelengths and bandwidths over wide ranges. A Bragg grating in an optical fiber is a periodic longitudinal variation in the index of refraction of the fiber core. The spatial period (Bragg wavelength) is chosen to obtain enhanced reflection of light of a given wavelength that would otherwise propagate relatively unimpeded along the core. Optionally, the spatial period of the index modulation can be made to vary gradually along the grating (such a grating is said to be chirped ) in order to obtain enhanced reflection across a wavelength band, the width of which is determined by the difference between the maximum and minimum Bragg wavelengths. In the present method as in both prior methods, a Bragg grating is formed by exposing an optical fiber to an ultraviolet-light interference field. The Bragg grating coincides with the pattern of exposure of the fiber core to ultraviolet light; in other words, the Bragg grating coincides with the interference fringes. Hence, the problem of tailoring the Bragg wavelength and bandwidth is largely one of tailoring the interference pattern and the placement of the fiber in the interference pattern. In the prior two-beam interferometric method, a single laser beam is split into two beams, which are subsequently recombined to produce an interference pattern at the location of an optical fiber. In the prior phase-mask method, a phase mask is used to diffract a laser beam mainly into two first orders, the interference between which creates the pattern to which an optical fiber is exposed. The prior two-beam interferometric method offers the advantage that the period of the interference pattern can be adjusted to produce gratings over a wide range of Bragg wavelengths, but offers the disadvantage that success depends on precise alignment and high mechanical stability. The prior phase-mask method affords the advantages of compactness of equipment and relative insensitivity to both misalignment and vibration, but does not afford adjustability of the Bragg wavelength. The present method affords both the flexibility of the prior two-beam interferometric method and the compactness and stability of the prior phase-mask method. In this method (see figure), a laser beam propagating along the x axis is normally incident on a phase mask that lies in the (y,z) plane. The phase of light propagating through the mask is modulated with a spatial periodicity, p, along the y axis chosen to diffract the laser light primarily to first order at the angle . (The zero-order laser light propagating along the x axis can be used for alignment and thereafter suppressed during exposure of the fiber.) The diffracted light passes through a concave cylindrical lens, which converts the flat diffracted wave fronts to cylindrical ones, as though the light emanated from a line source. Then two parallel flat mirrors recombine the diffracted beams to form an interference field equivalent to that of two coherent line sources at positions A and B (virtual sources). The interference pattern is a known function of the parameters of the apparatus and of position (x,y) in the interference field. Hence, the tilt, wavelength, and chirp of the Bragg grating can be chosen through suitable adjustments of the apparatus and/or of the position and orientation of the optical fiber. In particular, the Bragg wavelength can be adjusted by moving the fiber along the x axis, and the bandwidth can be modified over a wide range by changing the fiber tilt angle or by moving the phase mask and/or the fiber. Alignment is easy because the zero-order beam defines the x axis. The interference is relatively stable and insensitive to the mechanical vibration because of the gh symmetry and compactness of the apparatus, the fixed positions of the mirrors and lens, and the consequent fixed positions of the two virtual line sources, which are independent of the translations of the phase mask and the laser relative to the lens.

Unified beam splitter of fused silica grating under the second Bragg incidence.

PubMed

Sun, Zhumei; Zhou, Changhe; Cao, Hongchao; Wu, Jun

2015-11-01

A unified design for a 1×2 beam splitter of dielectric rectangular transmission gratings under the second Bragg incidence is theoretically investigated for TE- and TM-polarized light. The empirical equations of the relative grating parameters (ratio of the absolute one to incidence wavelength) for this design are also obtained with the simplified modal method (SMM). The influences of polarization of incident light and relative grating parameters on the performance of the beam splitter are thoroughly studied based on the SMM and rigorous coupled-wave analysis. Two specific gratings are demonstrated with an even split and high diffraction efficiency (>94% for TE polarization and >97% for the TM counterpart). The unified profiles of the 1×2 beam splitter are independent from the incidence wavelength since the refractive index of fused silica is roughly a constant over a wide range of wavelengths, which should be promising for future applications.

Fabrication of the polarization independent spectral beam combining grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Quan; Jin, Yunxia; Wu, Jianhong; Guo, Peiliang

2016-03-01

Owing to damage, thermal issues, and nonlinear optical effects, the output power of fiber laser has been proven to be limited. Beam combining techniques are the attractive solutions to achieve high-power high-brightness fiber laser output. The spectral beam combining (SBC) is a promising method to achieve high average power output without influencing the beam quality. A polarization independent spectral beam combining grating is one of the key elements in the SBC. In this paper the diffraction efficiency of the grating is investigated by rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA). The theoretical -1st order diffraction efficiency of the grating is more than 95% from 1010nm to 1080nm for both TE and TM polarizations. The fabrication tolerance is analyzed. The polarization independent spectral beam combining grating with the period of 1.04μm has been fabricated by holographic lithography - ion beam etching, which are within the fabrication tolerance.

Novel thermal annealing methodology for permanent tuning polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings to longer wavelengths.

PubMed

Pospori, A; Marques, C A F; Sagias, G; Lamela-Rivera, H; Webb, D J

2018-01-22

The Bragg wavelength of a polymer optical fiber Bragg grating can be permanently shifted by utilizing the thermal annealing method. In all the reported fiber annealing cases, the authors were able to tune the Bragg wavelength only to shorter wavelengths, since the polymer fiber shrinks in length during the annealing process. This article demonstrates a novel thermal annealing methodology for permanently tuning polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings to any desirable spectral position, including longer wavelengths. Stretching the polymer optical fiber during the annealing process, the period of Bragg grating, which is directly related with the Bragg wavelength, can become permanently longer. The methodology presented in this article can be used to multiplex polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings at any desirable spectral position utilizing only one phase-mask for their photo-inscription, reducing thus their fabrication cost in an industrial setting.

Fabrication of high aspect grating using bonded substrate for X-ray refraction imaging by Talbot-Lau interferometer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tada, Takuji; Murakoshi, Dai; Ishii, Hiroyasu

2012-07-31

In order to improve the image quality of X-ray refraction images using a Talbot-Lau interferometer, we have been attempting to fabricate gratings with high aspect ratio. In our attempt, deep grooves of grating structure were channeled on a Si substrate bonded by Au diffusion bonding method, and the grooves were filled with Au where the Au layer used for the bonding Si substrate was acting as a seed layer of Au electroplating. From the results of a visibility measurement and a cross sectional SEM image, it was confirmed that the grooves with a pitch of 5.8 {mu}m and a depthmore » of 100 {mu}m could be successfully filled with Au over a large area of 72 Multiplication-Sign 80 mm{sup 2}. Using this grating, the X-ray refraction images for the cartilage of a knee joint of a livestock pig could be obtained where SPS method was employed for the single-shot image acquisition.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Akhmedzhanov, I M; Kibalov, D S; Smirnov, V K

We report a detailed numerical simulation of the reflection of visible light from a sub-wavelength grating with a rectangular profile on the silicon surface. Simulation is carried out by the effective refractive index method and rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The dependences of the reflectance on the grating depth, fill factor and angle of incidence for TE and TM polarisations are obtained and analysed. Good agreement between the results obtained by the two methods for grating periods of ∼100 nm is found. The possibility of reducing the polarised light reflectance to about 1% by adjusting the depth and the grating fill factormore » is demonstrated. The characteristics of the Brewster effect manifestation (pseudo-Brewster angle) in the system under study are considered. The possibility of the pseudo-Brewster angle existence and its absence for both polarisations of the incident light is shown as a function of the parameters of a rectangular nanostructure on the surface. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)« less

Design of a novel noninvasive spectrometer for pesticide residues monitor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Zhong; Liu, Guodong; Huang, Zhen

2014-11-01

Although the gas or liquid chromatography had been widely used into pesticide residues monitoring, some drawbacks such as time-consuming, complicated operation and especially the destructivity for samples were existed. To overcome the limits of destructive detection methods, the noninvasive detection method based on spectroscopy was used to detect the pesticide residues in this paper. To overcome low resolution and light-efficiency due to the drawbacks of the classical plane and holography concave gratings, a novel noninvasive spectrometer for pesticide residues monitor (PRM) based on volume holography transmission (VHT) grating was designed. Meanwhile, a custom-built splitting light system for PRM based on the VHT grating was developed. In addition, the linear charge coupled device (CCD) with combined data acquisition (DAQ) card and the virtual-PRM based on LabVIEW were respectively used as the spectral acquisition hardware and software-platform. Experimental results showed that the spectral resolution of this spectrometer reached 2nm, and the VHT grating's diffraction efficiency was gotten via the simulation experiment.

Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature based on intensity demodulation using matching grating method.

PubMed

Qi, Liang; Zhao, Chun-Liu; Kang, Juan; Jin, Yongxing; Wang, Jianfeng; Ye, Manping; Jin, Shangzhong

2013-07-01

A solution refractive index (SRI) and temperature simultaneous measurement sensor with intensity-demodulation system based on matching grating method were demonstrated. Long period grating written in a photonic crystal fiber (LPG-PCF), provides temperature stable and wavelength dependent optical intensity transmission. The reflective peaks of two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), one of which is etched then sensitive to both SRI and temperature, another (FBG2) is only sensitive to temperature, were located in the same linear range of the LPG-PCF's transmission spectrum. An identical FBG with FBG2 was chosen as a matching FBG. When environments (SRI and temperature) change, the wavelength shifts of the FBGs are translated effectively to the reflection intensity changes. By monitoring output lights of unmatching and matching paths, the SRI and temperature were deduced by a signal processing unit. Experimental results show that the simultaneous refractive index and temperature measurement system work well. The proposed sensor system is compact and suitable for in situ applications at lower cost.

Design and experiment of spectrometer based on scanning micro-grating integrating with angle sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Biao, Luo; Wen, Zhi-yu

2014-01-01

A compact, low cost, high speed, non-destructive testing NIR (near infrared) spectrometer optical system based on MOEMS grating device is developed. The MOEMS grating works as the prismatic element and wavelength scanning element in our optical system. The MOEMS grating enables the design of compact grating spectrometers capable of acquiring full spectra using a single detector element. This MOEMS grating is driven by electromagnetic force and integrated with angle sensor which used to monitored deflection angle while the grating working. Comparing with the traditional spectral system, there is a new structure with a single detector and worked at high frequency. With the characteristics of MOEMS grating, the structure of the spectrometer system is proposed. After calculating the parameters of the optical path, ZEMAX optical software is used to simulate the system. According the ZEMAX output file of the 3D model, the prototype is designed by SolidWorks rapidly, fabricated. Designed for a wavelength range between 800 nm and 1500 nm, the spectrometer optical system features a spectral resolution of 16 nm with the volume of 97 mm × 81.7 mm × 81 mm. For the purpose of reduce modulated effect of sinusoidal rotation, spectral intensity of the different wavelength should be compensated by software method in the further. The system satisfies the demand of NIR micro-spectrometer with a single detector.

Efficiency, dispersion and straylight performance tests of immersed gratings for high resolution spectroscopy in the near infrared

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernandez-Saldivar, J.; Culfaz, F.; Angli, N.; Bhatti, I.; Lobb, D.; Baister, G.; Touzet, B.; Desserouer, F.; Guldimann, B.

2017-11-01

New immersed grating technology is needed particularly for use in imaging spectrometers that will be used in sensing the atmosphere O2A spectral band (750nm - 775 nm) at spectral resolution in the order of 0.1 nm whilst ensuring a high efficiency and maintaining low stray light. In this work, the efficiency, dispersion and stray light performance of an immersed grating are tested and compared to analytical models. The grating consists of an ion-beam etched grating in a fused-silica substrate of 120 mm x 120mm immersed on to a prism of the same material. It is designed to obtain dispersions > 0.30°/nm-1 in air and >70% efficiency. The optical performance of the immersed grating is modelled and methods to measure its wavefront, efficiency, dispersion and scattered radiance are described. The optical setup allows the measurement of an 80mm beam diameter to derive the bidirectional scatter distribution function (BSDF) from the immersed grating from a minimum angle of 0.1° from the diffracted beam with angular resolution of 0.05°. Different configurations of the setup allow the efficiency and dispersion measurements using a tuneable laser in the 750nm-775nm range. The results from the tests are discussed with the suitability of the immersed gratings in mind for future space based instruments for atmospheric monitoring.

[Integration design and diffraction characteristics analysis of prism-grating-prism].

PubMed

He, Tian-Bo; Bayanheshig; Li, Wen-Hao; Kong, Peng; Tang, Yu-Guo

2014-01-01

Prism-grating-prism (PGP) module is the important dispersing component in the hyper spectral imager. In order to effectively predict the distribution of diffraction efficiency of the whole PGP component and its diffraction characteristics before fabrication, a method of the PGP integration design is proposed. From the point of view of the volume phase holographic grating (VPHG) design, combined with the restrictive correlation between the various parameters of prisms and grating, we compiled the analysis software for calculating the whole PGP's diffraction efficiency. Furthermore, the effects of the structure parameters of prisms and grating on the PGP's diffraction characteristics were researched in detail. In particular we discussed the Bragg wavelength shift behaviour of the grating and a broadband PGP spectral component with high diffraction efficiency was designed for the imaging spectrometers. The result of simulation indicated that the spectral bandwidth of the PGP becomes narrower with the dispersion coefficient of prism 1 material decreasing; Bragg wavelength shift characteristics broaden the bandwidth of VPHG both spectrally and angularly, higher angular selectivity is desirable for selection requirements of the prism 1 material, and it can be easily tuned to achieve spectral bandwidth suitable for imaging PGP spectrograph; the vertex angle of prism 1, the film thickness and relative permittivity modulation of the grating have a significant impact on the distribution of PGP's diffraction efficiency, so precision control is necessary when fabrication. The diffraction efficiency of the whole PGP component designed by this method is no less than 50% in the wavelength range from 400 to 1000 nm, the specific design parameters have been given in this paper that have a certain reference value for PGP fabrication.

Bio-sensing based on plasmon-coupling caused by rotated sub-micrometer gratings in metal-dielectric interfacial layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Csete, M.; Sipos, Á.; Szalai, A.; Mathesz, A.; Deli, M. A.; Veszelka, Sz.; Schmatulla, A.; Kőházi-Kis, A.; Osvay, K.; Marti, O.; Bor, Zs.

2007-09-01

Novel plasmonic sensor chips are prepared by generating sub-micrometer periodic patterns in the interfacial layers of bimetal-polymer films via master-grating based interference method. Poly-carbonate films spin-coated onto vacuum evaporated silver-gold bimetallic layers are irradiated by the two interfering UV beams of a Nd:YAG laser. It is proven by pulsed force mode AFM that periodic adhesion pattern corresponds to the surface relief gratings, consisting of sub-micrometer droplet arrays and continuous polymer stripes, induced by p- and s-polarized beams, respectively. The characteristic periods are the same, but more complex and larger amplitude adhesion modulation is detectable on the droplet arrays. The polar and azimuthal angle dependence of the resonance characteristic of plasmons is studied by combining the prism- and grating-coupling methods in a modified Kretschmann arrangement, illuminating the structured metal-polymer interface by a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser through a semi-cylinder. It is proven that the grating-coupling results in double-peaked plasmon resonance curves on both of the droplet arrays and line gratings, when the grooves are rotated to an appropriate azimuthal angle, and the modulation amplitude of the structure is sufficiently large. Streptavidin seeding is performed to demonstrate that small amount of protein can be detected monitoring the shift of the secondary resonance minima. The available high concentration sensitivity is explained by the promotion of protein adherence in the structure's valleys due to the enhanced adhesion. The line-shaped polymer gratings resulting in narrow resonance peaks are utilized to demonstrate the effect of therapeutic molecules on Amyloid-Β peptide, a pathogenic factor in Alzheimer disease.

A Heuristic Fast Method to Solve the Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation in Fiber Bragg Gratings with Arbitrary Shape Input Pulse

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Emami, F.; Hatami, M.; Keshavarz, A. R.

2009-08-13

Using a combination of Runge-Kutta and Jacobi iterative method, we could solve the nonlinear Schroedinger equation describing the pulse propagation in FBGs. By decomposing the electric field to forward and backward components in fiber Bragg grating and utilizing the Fourier series analysis technique, the boundary value problem of a set of coupled equations governing the pulse propagation in FBG changes to an initial condition coupled equations which can be solved by simple Runge-Kutta method.

Design of crossed planar phase grating for metrology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Yu; Chen, Xinrong; Li, Chaoming; Wang, Rui; Xu, Haiyan; Cheng, Yushui

2018-01-01

Crossed-grating is widely used as the standard element for metrology in two-dimensional precision positioning system. It has many advantages such as high resolution, compact structure, good environmental adaptability and less Abbe error. In this paper, the design of crossed planar reflecting phase grating used under the Littrow condition with circularly polarized light at 780nm wavelength has been carried out. The aim of the design is to find out the range of structure parameters of crossed-grating that has higher -1st order diffraction efficiency and good efficiency equilibrium for both of TE- and TM-polarized incident lights. By adoption of the Fourier modal method (FMM), the microstructure parameters of the 1200lines/mm crossed grating with the duty cycle range of 10% to 50% and the profile depth of 150nm to 350nm have been searched exactly. The calculation results show that: When the duty cycle range of the grating is 42% to 44% and profile depth is 210nm to 220nm, the -1st diffraction efficiencies of TE- and TM-polarized lights are both above 60% and the efficiency equilibrium is better than 80%.

Wideband two-port beam splitter of a binary fused-silica phase grating.

PubMed

Wang, Bo; Zhou, Changhe; Feng, Jijun; Ru, Huayi; Zheng, Jiangjun

2008-08-01

The usual beam splitter of multilayer-coated film with a wideband spectrum is not easy to achieve. We describe the realization of a wideband transmission two-port beam splitter based on a binary fused-silica phase grating. To achieve high efficiency and equality in the diffracted 0th and -1st orders, the grating profile parameters are optimized using rigorous coupled-wave analysis at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Holographic recording and the inductively coupled plasma dry etching technique are used to fabricate the fused-silica beam splitter grating. The measured efficiency of (45% x 2) = 90% diffracted into the both orders can be obtained with the fabricated grating under Littrow mounting. The physical mechanism of such a wideband two-port beam splitter grating can be well explained by the modal method based on two-beam interference of the modes excited by the incident wave. With the high damage threshold, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and wideband high efficiency, the presented beam splitter etched in fused silica should be a useful optical element for a variety of practical applications.

Mode-routed fiber-optic add-drop filter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moslehi, Behzad (Inventor); Black, Richard James (Inventor); Shaw, Herbert John (Inventor)

2000-01-01

New elements mode-converting two-mode grating and mode-filtering two-mode coupler are disclosed and used as elements in a system for communications, add-drop filtering, and strain sensing. Methods of fabrication for these new two-mode gratings and mode-filtering two-mode couplers are also disclosed.

Canonical decomposition of magnetotelluric responses: Experiment on 1D anisotropic structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Ze-qiu; Wei, Wen-bo; Ye, Gao-feng; Jin, Sheng; Jing, Jian-en

2015-08-01

Horizontal electrical heterogeneity of subsurface earth is mostly originated from structural complexity and electrical anisotropy, and local near-surface electrical heterogeneity will severely distort regional electromagnetic responses. Conventional distortion analyses for magnetotelluric soundings are primarily physical decomposition methods with respect to isotropic models, which mostly presume that the geoelectric distribution of geological structures is of local and regional patterns represented by 3D/2D models. Due to the widespread anisotropy of earth media, the confusion between 1D anisotropic responses and 2D isotropic responses, and the defects of physical decomposition methods, we propose to conduct modeling experiments with canonical decomposition in terms of 1D layered anisotropic models, and the method is one of the mathematical decomposition methods based on eigenstate analyses differentiated from distortion analyses, which can be used to recover electrical information such as strike directions, and maximum and minimum conductivity. We tested this method with numerical simulation experiments on several 1D synthetic models, which turned out that canonical decomposition is quite effective to reveal geological anisotropic information. Finally, for the background of anisotropy from previous study by geological and seismological methods, canonical decomposition is applied to real data acquired in North China Craton for 1D anisotropy analyses, and the result shows that, with effective modeling and cautious interpretation, canonical decomposition could be another good method to detect anisotropy of geological media.

An easy packaging hybrid optical element in grating based WDM application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lan, Hsiao-Chin; Cheng, Chao-Chia; Wang, Chih-Ming; Chang, Jenq-Yang

2005-08-01

We developed a new optical element which integrates an off-axis diffractive grating and an on-axis refractive lens surface in a prism. With this optical element, the alignment tolerance can be improved by manufacturing technology of the grating based WDM device and is practicable for mass production. An 100-GHz 16-channel DWDM device which includes this optical element has been designed. Ray tracing and beam propagation method (BPM) simulations showed good performance on the insertion loss of 2.91+/-0.53dB and the adjacent cross talk of 58.02dB. The tolerance discussion for this DWDM device shows that this optical element could be practically achieved by either injection molding or the hot embossing method.

Narrowband resonant transmitter

DOEpatents

Hutchinson, Donald P.; Simpson, Marcus L.; Simpson, John T.

2004-06-29

A transverse-longitudinal integrated optical resonator (TLIR) is disclosed which includes a waveguide, a first and a second subwavelength resonant grating in the waveguide, and at least one photonic band gap resonant structure (PBG) in the waveguide. The PBG is positioned between the first and second subwavelength resonant gratings. An electro-optic waveguide material may be used to permit tuning the TLIR and to permit the TLIR to perform signal modulation and switching. The TLIR may be positioned on a bulk substrate die with one or more electronic and optical devices and may be communicably connected to the same. A method for fabricating a TLIR including fabricating a broadband reflective grating is disclosed. A method for tuning the TLIR's transmission resonance wavelength is also disclosed.

Transverse-longitudinal integrated resonator

DOEpatents

Hutchinson, Donald P [Knoxville, TN; Simpson, Marcus L [Knoxville, TN; Simpson, John T [Knoxville, TN

2003-03-11

A transverse-longitudinal integrated optical resonator (TLIR) is disclosed which includes a waveguide, a first and a second subwavelength resonant grating in the waveguide, and at least one photonic band gap resonant structure (PBG) in the waveguide. The PBG is positioned between the first and second subwavelength resonant gratings. An electro-optic waveguide material may be used to permit tuning the TLIR and to permit the TLIR to perform signal modulation and switching. The TLIR may be positioned on a bulk substrate die with one or more electronic and optical devices and may be communicably connected to the same. A method for fabricating a TLIR including fabricating a broadband reflective grating is disclosed. A method for tuning the TLIR's transmission resonance wavelength is also disclosed.

Design of a 50/50 splitting ratio non-polarizing beam splitter based on the modal method with fused-silica transmission gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Huajun; Yuan, Dairong; Ming, Hai

2011-04-01

The optical design of a beam splitter that has a 50/50 splitting ratio regardless of the polarization is presented. The non-polarizing beam splitter (NPBS) is based on the fused-silica rectangular transmission gratings with high intensity tolerance. The modal method has been used to estimate the effective index of the modes excited in the grating region for TE and TM polarizations. If a phase difference equals an odd multiples of π/2 for the first two modes (i.e. modes 0 and 1), the incident light will be diffracted into the 0 and -1 orders with about 50% and 50% diffraction efficiency for TM and TE polarizations, respectively.

Simultaneous measurement of absolute strain and differential strain based on fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Perot sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Kuiru; Wang, Bo; Yan, Binbin; Sang, Xinzhu; Yuan, Jinhui; Peng, Gang-Ding

2013-10-01

We present a fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Perot (FBG-FP) sensor using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) demodulation for measuring the absolute strain and differential strain simultaneously. The amplitude and phase characteristics of Fourier transform spectrum have been studied. The relation between the amplitude of Fourier spectrum and the differential strain has been presented. We fabricate the fiber grating FP cavity sensor, and carry out the experiment on the measurement of absolute strain and differential strain. Experimental results verify the demodulation method, and show that this sensor has a good accuracy in the scope of measurement. The demodulating method can expand the number of multiplexed sensors combining with wavelength division multiplexing and time division multiplexing.

Excitation of plasmonic waves in metal-dielectric structures by a laser beam using holography principles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ignatov, A. I.; Merzlikin, A. M.

2018-03-01

A method for development of gratings for effective excitation of surface plasmonic waves using holography principles has been proposed and theoretically analyzed. For the case of a plasmonic wave in a dielectric layer on metal, the proposed volume hologram is 1.7 times more effective than the simple grating of slits in the dielectric layer with the optimized period and slits' width. The advantage of the hologram over the optimized grating is in the refractive index distribution that accounts phase relationships between an exciting and an excited waves more correctly. The proposed holographic method is universal. As expected, this can be extended for effective excitation of different types of optical surface waves and modes of optical waveguides.

Holograms for power-efficient excitation of optical surface waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ignatov, Anton I.; Merzlikin, Alexander M.

2018-02-01

A method for effective excitation of optical surface waves based on holography principles has been proposed. For a particular example of excitation of a plasmonic wave in a dielectric layer on metal the efficiency of proposed volume holograms in the dielectric layer has been analyzed in comparison with optimized periodic gratings in the dielectric layer. Conditions when the holograms are considerably more efficient than the gratings have been found out. In addition, holograms recorded in two iterations have been proposed and studied. Such holograms are substantially more efficient than the optimized periodic gratings for all incidence angles of an exciting Gaussian beam. The proposed method is universal: it can be extended for efficient excitation of different types of optical surface waves and optical waveguide modes.

Optical power-based interrogation of plasmonic tilted fiber Bragg grating biosensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

González-Vila, Á.; Lopez-Aldaba, A.; Kinet, D.; Mégret, P.; Lopez-Amo, M.; Caucheteur, C.

2017-04-01

Two interrogation techniques for plasmonic tilted fiber Bragg grating sensors are reported and experimentally tested. Typical interrogation methods are usually based on tracking the wavelength shift of the most sensitive cladding mode, but for biosensing applications, spectrometer-based methods can be replaced by more efficient solutions. The proposed techniques thus rely on the measurement of the induced changes in optical power. The first one consists of a properly polarized tunable laser source set to emit at the wavelength of the sensor most sensitive mode and an optical power meter to measure the transmitted response. For the second method, a uniform fiber Bragg grating is photo-inscribed beyond the sensor in such a way that its central wavelength matches the sensor most sensitive mode, acting as an optical filter. Using a LED source, light reflected backwards by this grating is partially attenuated when passing through the sensor due to plasmon wave excitation and the power changes are quantified once again with an optical power meter. A performance analysis of the techniques is carried out and they both result competitive interrogation solutions. The work thus focuses on the development of cost-effective alternatives for monitoring this kind of biosensors in practical situations.

The Distributed Diagonal Force Decomposition Method for Parallelizing Molecular Dynamics Simulations

PubMed Central

Boršnik, Urban; Miller, Benjamin T.; Brooks, Bernard R.; Janežič, Dušanka

2011-01-01

Parallelization is an effective way to reduce the computational time needed for molecular dynamics simulations. We describe a new parallelization method, the distributed-diagonal force decomposition method, with which we extend and improve the existing force decomposition methods. Our new method requires less data communication during molecular dynamics simulations than replicated data and current force decomposition methods, increasing the parallel efficiency. It also dynamically load-balances the processors' computational load throughout the simulation. The method is readily implemented in existing molecular dynamics codes and it has been incorporated into the CHARMM program, allowing its immediate use in conjunction with the many molecular dynamics simulation techniques that are already present in the program. We also present the design of the Force Decomposition Machine, a cluster of personal computers and networks that is tailored to running molecular dynamics simulations using the distributed diagonal force decomposition method. The design is expandable and provides various degrees of fault resilience. This approach is easily adaptable to computers with Graphics Processing Units because it is independent of the processor type being used. PMID:21793007

Comparative study of sub-micrometer polymeric structures: Dot-arrays, linear and crossed gratings generated by UV laser based two-beam interference, as surfaces for SPR and AFM based bio-sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Csete, M.; Sipos, Á.; Kőházi-Kis, A.; Szalai, A.; Szekeres, G.; Mathesz, A.; Csákó, T.; Osvay, K.; Bor, Zs.; Penke, B.; Deli, M. A.; Veszelka, Sz.; Schmatulla, A.; Marti, O.

2007-12-01

Two-dimensional gratings are generated on poly-carbonate films spin-coated onto thin gold-silver bimetallic layers by two-beam interference method. Sub-micrometer periodic polymer dots and stripes are produced illuminating the poly-carbonate surface by p- and s-polarized beams of a frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser, and crossed gratings are generated by rotating the substrates between two sequential treatments. It is shown by pulsed force mode atomic force microscopy that the mean value of the adhesion is enhanced on the dot-arrays and on the crossed gratings. The grating-coupling on the two-dimensional structures results in double peaks on the angle dependent resonance curves of the surface plasmons excited by frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. The comparison of the resonance curves proves that a surface profile ensuring minimal undirected scattering is required to optimize the grating-coupling, in addition to the minimal modulation amplitude, and to the optimal azimuthal orientation. The secondary minima are the narrowest in presence of linear gratings on multi-layers having optimized composition, and on crossed structures consisting of appropriately oriented polymer stripes. The large coupling efficiency and adhesion result in high detection sensitivity on the crossed gratings. Bio-sensing is realized by monitoring the rotated-crossed grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance curves, and detecting the chemical heterogeneity by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. The interaction of Amyloid-β peptide, a pathogenetic factor in Alzheimer disease, with therapeutical molecules is demonstrated.

TE/TM decomposition of electromagnetic sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lindell, Ismo V.

1988-01-01

Three methods are given by which bounded EM sources can be decomposed into two parts radiating transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) fields with respect to a given constant direction in space. The theory applies source equivalence and nonradiating source concepts, which lead to decomposition methods based on a recursive formula or two differential equations for the determination of the TE and TM components of the original source. Decompositions for a dipole in terms of point, line, and plane sources are studied in detail. The planar decomposition is seen to match to an earlier result given by Clemmow (1963). As an application of the point decomposition method, it is demonstrated that the general exact image expression for the Sommerfeld half-space problem, previously derived through heuristic reasoning, can be more straightforwardly obtained through the present decomposition method.

Curved grating fabrication techniques for concentric-circle grating, surface-emitting semiconductor lasers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jordan, Rebecca H.; King, Oliver; Wicks, Gary W.; Hall, Dennis G.; Anderson, Erik H.; Rooks, Michael J.

1993-01-01

We describe the fabrication and operational characteristics of a novel, surface-emitting semiconductor laser that makes use of a concentric-circle grating to both define its resonant cavity and to provide surface emission. A properly fabricated circular grating causes the laser to operate in radially inward- and outward-going circular waves in the waveguide, thus, introducing the circular symmetry needed for the laser to emit a beam with a circular cross-section. The basic circular-grating-resonator concept can be implemented in any materials system; an AlGaAs/GaAs graded-index, separate confinement heterostructure (GRINSCH), single-quantum-well (SQW) semiconductor laser, grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), was used for the experiments discussed here. Each concentric-circle grating was fabricated on the surface of the AlGaAs/GaAs semiconductor laser. The circular pattern was first defined by electron-beam (e-beam) lithography in a layer of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and subsequently etched into the semiconductor surface using chemically-assisted (chlorine) ion-beam etching (CAIBE). We consider issues that affect the fabrication and quality of the gratings. These issues include grating design requirements, data representation of the grating pattern, and e-beam scan method. We provide examples of how these techniques can be implemented and their impact on the resulting laser performance. A comparison is made of the results obtained using two fundamentally different electron-beam writing systems. Circular gratings with period lambda = 0.25 microns and overall diameters ranging from 80 microns to 500 microns were fabricated. We also report our successful demonstration of an optically pumped, concentric-circle grating, semiconductor laser that emits a beam with a far-field divergence angle that is less than one degree. The emission spectrum is quite narrow (less than 0.1 nm) and is centered at wavelength lambda = 0.8175 microns.

Experimental Analysis of Diffraction Effects from a Segmented MEMS Deformable Mirror for a Closed Loop Adaptive Optics System

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

different approaches were used to model MEMS OM as a grating in Zemax software. First, a 2D grating was directly modeled as a combination of two ID...method of modeling ~IEMS DM in Zemax was implemented by combining two ID gratings. Due to the fact that ZEl\\’IAX allows to easily use ID physical...optics shows thc far field diffractioll pattcrn, which in Zemax geometrical model shows up as distinct spots. each one corresponding to a specific

Wavelength-division and spatial multiplexing using tandem interferometers for Bragg grating sensor networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalli, K.; Brady, G. P.; Webb, D. J.; Jackson, D. A.; Zhang, L.; Bennion, I.

1995-12-01

We present a new method for the interrogation of large arrays of Bragg grating sensors. Eight gratings operating between the wavelengths of 1533 and 1555 nm have been demultiplexed. An unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer illuminated by a single low-coherence source provides a high-phase-resolution output for each sensor, the outputs of which are sequentially selected in wavelength by a tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer. The minimum detectable strain measured was 90 n 3 / \\radical Hz \\end-radical at 7 Hz for a wavelength of 1535 nm.

Serial number coding and decoding by laser interference direct patterning on the original product surface for anti-counterfeiting.

PubMed

Park, In-Yong; Ahn, Sanghoon; Kim, Youngduk; Bae, Han-Sung; Kang, Hee-Shin; Yoo, Jason; Noh, Jiwhan

2017-06-26

Here, we investigate a method to distinguish the counterfeits by patterning multiple reflective type grating directly on the surface of the original product and analyze the serial number from its rotation angles of diffracted fringes. The micro-sized gratings were fabricated on the surface of the material at high speeds by illuminating the interference fringe generated by passing a high-energy pulse laser through the Fresnel biprism. In addition, analysis of the grating's diffraction fringes was performed using a continuous wave laser.

Fine-filter method for Raman lidar based on wavelength division multiplexing and fiber Bragg grating.

PubMed

Wang, Jun; Zheng, Jiao; Lu, Hong; Yan, Qing; Wang, Li; Liu, Jingjing; Hua, Dengxin

2017-11-01

Atmospheric temperature is one of the important parameters for the description of the atmospheric state. Most of the detection approaches to atmospheric temperature monitoring are based on rotational Raman scattering for better understanding atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, atmospheric transmission, and radiation. In this paper, we present a fine-filter method based on wavelength division multiplexing, incorporating a fiber Bragg grating in the visible spectrum for the rotational Raman scattering spectrum. To achieve high-precision remote sensing, the strong background noise is filtered out by using the secondary cascaded light paths. Detection intensity and the signal-to-noise ratio are improved by increasing the utilization rate of return signal form atmosphere. Passive temperature compensation is employed to reduce the temperature sensitivity of fiber Bragg grating. In addition, the proposed method provides a feasible solution for the filter system with the merits of miniaturization, high anti-interference, and high stability in the space-based platform.

THUNDER Piezoelectric Actuators as a Method of Stretch-Tuning an Optical Fiber Grating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allison, Sidney G.; Fox, Robert L.; Froggatt, Mark E.; Childers, Brooks A.

2000-01-01

A method of stretching optical fiber holds interest for measuring strain in smart structures where the physical displacement may be used to tune optical fiber lasers. A small, light weight, low power tunable fiber laser is ideal for demodulating strain in optical fiber Bragg gratings attached to smart structures such as the re-usable launch vehicle that is being developed by NASA. A method is presented for stretching optical fibers using the THUNDER piezoelectric actuators invented at NASA Langley Research Center. THUNDER actuators use a piezoelectric layer bonded to a metal backing to enable the actuators to produce displacements larger than the unbonded piezoelectric material. The shift in reflected optical wavelength resulting from stretching the fiber Bragg grating is presented. Means of adapting THUNDER actuators for stretching optical fibers is discussed, including ferrules, ferrule clamp blocks, and plastic hinges made with stereo lithography.

Measurement method for roll angular displacement with a high resolution by using diffraction gratings and a heterodyne interferometer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tang, Shanzhi, E-mail: shanzhit@gmail.com; School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049; Wang, Zhao

The roll angle measurement is difficult to be achieved directly using a typical commercial interferometer due to its low sensitivity in axial direction, where the axial direction is orthogonal to the plane of the roll angular displacement. A roll angle measurement method combined diffraction gratings with a laser heterodyne interferometer is discussed in this paper. The diffraction grating placed in the plane of a roll angular displacement and the interferometer arranged in the plane's orthogonal direction, constitute the measurement pattern for the roll angle with high resolution. The roll angular displacement, considered as the linear, can be tested precisely whenmore » the corresponding angle is very small. Using the proposed method, the angle roll measurement obtains the high resolution of 0.002{sup ″}. Experiment has proved its feasibility and practicability.« less

Development and Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Clinometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Xin; Li, Wen; Wang, Wentao; Feng, Xiaoyu

2017-06-01

Using FBG (fiber bragg grating) technology in clinometers can solve the technological problem facing by wireless transmission devices like big data transfer volume and poor stability, which has been receiving more and more attention. This paper discusses a new clinometer that is designed and transformed based on upgrading current clinometers, installing fiber grating strain gauges and fiber thermometers, and carrying out studies on such aspects as equipment upgrading, on-site setting, and data acquisition and analysis. In addition, it brings up the method of calculating displacement change based on wavelength change; this method is used in safety monitoring of the right side slope of Longyong Expressway ZK56+860 ~ ZK56+940 Section. Data shows that the device is operating well with a higher accuracy, and the slope is currently in a steady state. The equipment improvement and the method together provide reference data for safety analysis of the side slope.

3D measurement using circular gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harding, Kevin

2013-09-01

3D measurement using methods of structured light are well known in the industry. Most such systems use some variation of straight lines, either as simple lines or with some form of encoding. This geometry assumes the lines will be projected from one side and viewed from another to generate the profile information. But what about applications where a wide triangulation angle may not be practical, particularly at longer standoff distances. This paper explores the use of circular grating patterns projected from a center point to achieve 3D information. Originally suggested by John Caulfield around 1990, the method had some interesting potential, particularly if combined with alternate means of measurement from traditional triangulation including depth from focus methods. The possible advantages of a central reference point in the projected pattern may offer some different capabilities not as easily attained with a linear grating pattern. This paper will explore the pros and cons of the method and present some examples of possible applications.

Three-Component Decomposition of Polarimetric SAR Data Integrating Eigen-Decomposition Results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Da; He, Zhihua; Zhang, Huan

2018-01-01

This paper presents a novel three-component scattering power decomposition of polarimetric SAR data. There are two problems in three-component decomposition method: volume scattering component overestimation in urban areas and artificially set parameter to be a fixed value. Though volume scattering component overestimation can be partly solved by deorientation process, volume scattering still dominants some oriented urban areas. The speckle-like decomposition results introduced by artificially setting value are not conducive to further image interpretation. This paper integrates the results of eigen-decomposition to solve the aforementioned problems. Two principal eigenvectors are used to substitute the surface scattering model and the double bounce scattering model. The decomposed scattering powers are obtained using a constrained linear least-squares method. The proposed method has been verified using an ESAR PolSAR image, and the results show that the proposed method has better performance in urban area.

Scare Tactics: Evaluating Problem Decompositions Using Failure Scenarios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Helm, B. Robert; Fickas, Stephen

1992-01-01

Our interest is in the design of multi-agent problem-solving systems, which we refer to as composite systems. We have proposed an approach to composite system design by decomposition of problem statements. An automated assistant called Critter provides a library of reusable design transformations which allow a human analyst to search the space of decompositions for a problem. In this paper we describe a method for evaluating and critiquing problem decompositions generated by this search process. The method uses knowledge stored in the form of failure decompositions attached to design transformations. We suggest the benefits of our critiquing method by showing how it could re-derive steps of a published development example. We then identify several open issues for the method.

A Near-Infrared Spectrometer Based on Novel Grating Light Modulators

PubMed Central

Wei, Wei; Huang, Shanglian; Wang, Ning; Jin, Zhu; Zhang, Jie; Chen, Weimin

2009-01-01

A near-infrared spectrometer based on novel MOEMS grating light modulators is proposed. The spectrum detection method that combines a grating light modulator array with a single near-infrared detector has been applied. Firstly, optics theory has been used to analyze the essential principles of the proposed spectroscopic sensor. Secondly, the grating light modulators have been designed and fabricated by micro-machining technology. Finally, the principles of this spectroscopic sensor have been validated and its key parameters have been tested by experiments. The result shows that the spectral resolution is better than 10 nm, the wavelength deviation is less than 1 nm, the deviation of the intensity of peak wavelength is no more than 0.5%, the driving voltage of grating light modulators array device is below 25 V and the response frequency of it is about 5 kHz. With low cost, satisfactory precision, portability and other advantages, the spectrometer should find potential applications in food safety and quality monitoring, pharmaceutical identification and agriculture product quality classification. PMID:22574065

A near-infrared spectrometer based on novel grating light modulators.

PubMed

Wei, Wei; Huang, Shanglian; Wang, Ning; Jin, Zhu; Zhang, Jie; Chen, Weimin

2009-01-01

A near-infrared spectrometer based on novel MOEMS grating light modulators is proposed. The spectrum detection method that combines a grating light modulator array with a single near-infrared detector has been applied. Firstly, optics theory has been used to analyze the essential principles of the proposed spectroscopic sensor. Secondly, the grating light modulators have been designed and fabricated by micro-machining technology. Finally, the principles of this spectroscopic sensor have been validated and its key parameters have been tested by experiments. The result shows that the spectral resolution is better than 10 nm, the wavelength deviation is less than 1 nm, the deviation of the intensity of peak wavelength is no more than 0.5%, the driving voltage of grating light modulators array device is below 25 V and the response frequency of it is about 5 kHz. With low cost, satisfactory precision, portability and other advantages, the spectrometer should find potential applications in food safety and quality monitoring, pharmaceutical identification and agriculture product quality classification.

Transverse strain measurements using fiber optic grating based sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Udd, Eric (Inventor)

1998-01-01

A system and method to sense the application of transverse stress to an optical fiber which includes a light source that producing a relatively wide spectrum light beam. The light beam is reflected or transmitted off of an optical grating in the core of an optical fiber that is transversely stressed either directly or by the exposure to pressure when the fiber is bifringent so that the optical fiber responds to the pressure to transversely stress its core. When transversely stressed, the optical grating produces a reflection or transmission from the light beam that has two peaks or minimums in its frequency spectrum whose spacing and/or spread are indicative of the forces applied to the fiber. One or more detectors sense the reflection or transmissions from the optical grating to produce an output representative of the applied force. Multiple optical gratings and detectors may be employed to simultaneously measure temperature or the forces at different locations along the fiber.

Tamm plasmon sub-wavelength structuration for loss reduction and resonance tuning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gubaydullin, A. R.; Symonds, C.; Benoit, J.-M.; Ferrier, L.; Benyattou, T.; Jamois, C.; Lemaître, A.; Senellart, P.; Kaliteevski, M. A.; Bellessa, J.

2017-12-01

We have demonstrated experimentally and theoretically that losses in Tamm plasmon structures can be reduced by using a subwavelength structuration of the metal layer. The structures consist of a GaAs/Al0.95Ga0.05As Bragg reflector covered with a sub-wavelength silver grating. An active quantum dot layer is inserted to perform photoluminescence experiments. Experimental results show that the quality factor of the Tamm plasmon mode with grating increases substantially, with respect to the same structure without a grating. Moreover, a fine-tuning of the Tamm spectral position is obtained by changing the grating parameters. Finite element method simulations are in good agreement with the experimental values. Our results will promote the realization of lasing with the TP based devices at room temperature.

Fiber Optic Thermal Health Monitoring of Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, Meng-Chou; Winfree, William P.; Moore, Jason P.

2010-01-01

A recently developed technique is presented for thermographic detection of flaws in composite materials by performing temperature measurements with fiber optic Bragg gratings. Individual optical fibers with multiple Bragg gratings employed as surface temperature sensors were bonded to the surfaces of composites with subsurface defects. The investigated structures included a 10-ply composite specimen with subsurface delaminations of various sizes and depths. Both during and following the application of a thermal heat flux to the surface, the individual Bragg grating sensors measured the temporal and spatial temperature variations. The data obtained from grating sensors were analyzed with thermal modeling techniques of conventional thermography to reveal particular characteristics of the interested areas. Results were compared with the calculations using numerical simulation techniques. Methods and limitations for performing in-situ structural health monitoring are discussed.

Thermal and chemical treatment of polymer optical fiber Bragg grating sensors for enhanced mechanical sensitivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pospori, A.; Marques, C. A. F.; Sáez-Rodríguez, D.; Nielsen, K.; Bang, O.; Webb, D. J.

2017-07-01

An investigation of the thermal annealing effects on the strain, stress, and force sensitivities of polymer optical fiber Bragg grating sensors is performed. We demonstrate for the first time that the fiber annealing can enhance both stress and force sensitivities of Bragg grating sensors, with the possible cause being the molecular relaxation of the polymer when fiber is raised above the β -transition temperature. A simple, cost-effective, but well controlled method for fiber annealing is also presented in this work. In addition, the effects of chemical etching on the strain, stress, and force sensitivities have been investigated. Results show that fiber etching too can increase the force sensitivity, and it can also affect the strain and stress sensitivities of the Bragg grating sensors.

A fast response hydrogen sensor with Pd metallic grating onto a fiber's end-face

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Haitao; Zhao, Xiaoyan; Zhang, Chao; Li, Qiu-Ze; Cao, Jingxiao; Han, Dao-Fu; Hao, Hui; Wang, Ming

2016-01-01

We demonstrated an integrated hydrogen sensor with Pd metallic grating fabricated on a fiber end-face. The grating consists of three thin metal layers in stacks, Au, WO3 and Pd. The WO3 is used as a waveguide layer between the Pd and Au layer. The Pd layer is etched by using a focused ion beam (FIB) method, forming a Pd metallic grating with period of 450 nm. The sensor is experimentally exposed to hydrogen gas environment. Changing the concentration from 0% to 4% which is the low explosive limit (LEL), the resonant wavelength measured from the reflection experienced 28.10 nm spectral changes in the visible range. The results demonstrated that the sensor is sensitive for hydrogen detection and it has fast response and low temperature effect.

Nanofabrication and characterization of a grating-based condenser for uniform illumination with hard X-rays.

PubMed

Liu, Jianpeng; Li, Xin; Chen, Shuo; Zhang, Sichao; Xie, Shanshan; Xu, Chen; Chen, Yifang; Deng, Biao; Mao, Chenwen

2017-05-01

In the development of full-field transmission X-ray microscopy for basic study in science and technology, a condenser capable of providing intense illumination with high uniformity and stability on tested specimens in order to achieve high-quality images is essential. The latest design of a square-shaped condenser based on diffractive gratings has demonstrated promising uniformity in illumination. This paper describes in more detail the development of such a beam shaper for hard X-rays at 10 keV with regard to its design, manufacture and optical characterization. The effect of the grating profile on the diffracted intensity has been theoretically predicted by numerical simulation using the finite-difference time-domain method. Based on this, the limitations of the grating-based condenser are discussed.

One-shot and aberration-tolerable homodyne detection for holographic storage readout through double-frequency grating-based lateral shearing interferometry.

PubMed

Yu, Yeh-Wei; Xiao, Shuai; Cheng, Chih-Yuan; Sun, Ching-Cherng

2016-05-16

A simple method to decode the stored phase signal of volume holographic data storage with adequate wave aberration tolerance is highly demanded. We proposed and demonstrated a one-shot scheme to decode a binary-phase encoding signal through double-frequency-grating based shearing interferometry (DFGSI). The lateral shearing amount is dependent on the focal length of the collimated lens and the frequency difference between the gratings. Diffracted waves with phase encoding were successfully decoded through experimentation. An optical model for the DFGSI was built to analyze phase-error induction and phase-difference control by shifting the double-frequency grating longitudinally and laterally, respectively. The optical model was demonstrated experimentally. Finally, a high aberration tolerance of the DFGSI was demonstrated using the optical model.

A practical material decomposition method for x-ray dual spectral computed tomography.

PubMed

Hu, Jingjing; Zhao, Xing

2016-03-17

X-ray dual spectral CT (DSCT) scans the measured object with two different x-ray spectra, and the acquired rawdata can be used to perform the material decomposition of the object. Direct calibration methods allow a faster material decomposition for DSCT and can be separated in two groups: image-based and rawdata-based. The image-based method is an approximative method, and beam hardening artifacts remain in the resulting material-selective images. The rawdata-based method generally obtains better image quality than the image-based method, but this method requires geometrically consistent rawdata. However, today's clinical dual energy CT scanners usually measure different rays for different energy spectra and acquire geometrically inconsistent rawdata sets, and thus cannot meet the requirement. This paper proposes a practical material decomposition method to perform rawdata-based material decomposition in the case of inconsistent measurement. This method first yields the desired consistent rawdata sets from the measured inconsistent rawdata sets, and then employs rawdata-based technique to perform material decomposition and reconstruct material-selective images. The proposed method was evaluated by use of simulated FORBILD thorax phantom rawdata and dental CT rawdata, and simulation results indicate that this method can produce highly quantitative DSCT images in the case of inconsistent DSCT measurements.

Numerical method of applying shadow theory to all regions of multilayered dielectric gratings in conical mounting.

PubMed

Wakabayashi, Hideaki; Asai, Masamitsu; Matsumoto, Keiji; Yamakita, Jiro

2016-11-01

Nakayama's shadow theory first discussed the diffraction by a perfectly conducting grating in a planar mounting. In the theory, a new formulation by use of a scattering factor was proposed. This paper focuses on the middle regions of a multilayered dielectric grating placed in conical mounting. Applying the shadow theory to the matrix eigenvalues method, we compose new transformation and improved propagation matrices of the shadow theory for conical mounting. Using these matrices and scattering factors, being the basic quantity of diffraction amplitudes, we formulate a new description of three-dimensional scattering fields which is available even for cases where the eigenvalues are degenerate in any region. Some numerical examples are given for cases where the eigenvalues are degenerate in the middle regions.

Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating photowritten in microstructured optical fiber for improved refractive index measurement.

PubMed

Phan Huy, Minh Châu; Laffont, Guillaume; Dewynter, Véronique; Ferdinand, Pierre; Labonté, Laurent; Pagnoux, Dominique; Roy, Philippe; Blanc, Wilfried; Dussardier, Bernard

2006-10-30

We report what we believe to be the first Tilted short-period Fiber Bragg Grating photowritten in a microstructured optical fiber for refractive index measurement. We investigate the spectral sensitivity of Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating to refractive index liquid inserted into the holes of a multimode microstructured fiber. We measure the wavelength shift of the first four modes experimentally observed when calibrated oils are inserted into the fiber holes, and thus we determine the refractive index resolution for each of these modes. Moreover, a cross comparison between experimental and simulation results of a modal analysis is performed. Two simulation tools are used, respectively based on the localized functions method and on a finite element method. All results are in very good agreement.

Validating the performance of one-time decomposition for fMRI analysis using ICA with automatic target generation process.

PubMed

Yao, Shengnan; Zeng, Weiming; Wang, Nizhuan; Chen, Lei

2013-07-01

Independent component analysis (ICA) has been proven to be effective for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analysis. However, ICA decomposition requires to optimize the unmixing matrix iteratively whose initial values are generated randomly. Thus the randomness of the initialization leads to different ICA decomposition results. Therefore, just one-time decomposition for fMRI data analysis is not usually reliable. Under this circumstance, several methods about repeated decompositions with ICA (RDICA) were proposed to reveal the stability of ICA decomposition. Although utilizing RDICA has achieved satisfying results in validating the performance of ICA decomposition, RDICA cost much computing time. To mitigate the problem, in this paper, we propose a method, named ATGP-ICA, to do the fMRI data analysis. This method generates fixed initial values with automatic target generation process (ATGP) instead of being produced randomly. We performed experimental tests on both hybrid data and fMRI data to indicate the effectiveness of the new method and made a performance comparison of the traditional one-time decomposition with ICA (ODICA), RDICA and ATGP-ICA. The proposed method demonstrated that it not only could eliminate the randomness of ICA decomposition, but also could save much computing time compared to RDICA. Furthermore, the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) power analysis also denoted the better signal reconstruction performance of ATGP-ICA than that of RDICA. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

On the convergence of the coupled-wave approach for lamellar diffraction gratings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Lifeng; Haggans, Charles W.

1992-01-01

Among the many existing rigorous methods for analyzing diffraction of electromagnetic waves by diffraction gratings, the coupled-wave approach stands out because of its versatility and simplicity. It can be applied to volume gratings and surface relief gratings, and its numerical implementation is much simpler than others. In addition, its predictions were experimentally validated in several cases. These facts explain the popularity of the coupled-wave approach among many optical engineers in the field of diffractive optics. However, a comprehensive analysis of the convergence of the model predictions has never been presented, although several authors have recently reported convergence difficulties with the model when it is used for metallic gratings in TM polarization. Herein, three points are made: (1) in the TM case, the coupled-wave approach converges much slower than the modal approach of Botten et al; (2) the slow convergence is caused by the use of Fourier expansions for the permittivity and the fields in the grating region; and (3) is manifested by the slow convergence of the eigenvalues and the associated modal fields. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the mathematical formulations of the coupled-wave approach and the modal approach.

Post-exposed fiber Bragg gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, Gary A.

This thesis explains the development and characterization of a novel technique to fabricate weak fiber Bragg gratings for highly specific multi-element sensor arrays. This method, termed the "rescan technique," involves re-exposing a local region of a grating to fringeless ultraviolet light to "trim" unwanted portions of the reflection spectrum. The spectral effects that result from a rescan can only be adequately described by inventing the concept of a three-dimensional index growth surface, where induced index is a function of both the writing intensity and the exposure time. Using this information, it is possible to predict the spectral response of a rescanned grating using a numerical model. For our model, we have modified the piecewise-uniform approach to include coefficients within the coupled-mode formulism that imitate the same scattering properties as the actual grating. By taking high accuracy measurements of the refractive index change in germanosilicate fiber, we have created the necessary 3D map of photoinduced index to accurately model gratings and their post-exposure spectra. We will also demonstrate that optical fiber exhibits what we call "exposure history"; the final index change in a region depends on the previous exposures conditions.

Tailored Fano resonance and localized electromagnetic field enhancement in Ag gratings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Zhaozhu; Klopf, J. Michael; Wang, Lei

Metallic gratings can support Fano resonances when illuminated with EM radiation, and their characteristic reflectivity versus incident angle lineshape can be greatly affected by the surrounding dielectric environment and the grating geometry. By using conformal oblique incidence thin film deposition onto an optical grating substrate, it is possible to increase the grating amplitude due to shadowing effects, thereby enabling tailoring of the damping processes and electromagnetic field couplings of the Fano resonances, hence optimizing the associated localized electric field intensity. To investigate these effects we compare the optical reflectivity under resonance excitation in samples prepared by oblique angle deposition (OAD)more » and under normal deposition (ND) onto the same patterned surfaces. We observe that by applying OAD method, the sample exhibits a deeper and narrower reflectivity dip at resonance than that obtained under ND. This can be explained in terms of a lower damping of Fano resonance on obliquely deposited sample and leads to a stronger localized electric field. This approach opens a fabrication path for applications where tailoring the electromagnetic field induced by Fano resonance can improve the figure of merit of specific device characteristics, e.g. quantum efficiency (QE) in grating-based metallic photocathodes.« less

Tailored Fano resonance and localized electromagnetic field enhancement in Ag gratings

DOE PAGES

Li, Zhaozhu; Klopf, J. Michael; Wang, Lei; ...

2017-03-14

Metallic gratings can support Fano resonances when illuminated with EM radiation, and their characteristic reflectivity versus incident angle lineshape can be greatly affected by the surrounding dielectric environment and the grating geometry. By using conformal oblique incidence thin film deposition onto an optical grating substrate, it is possible to increase the grating amplitude due to shadowing effects, thereby enabling tailoring of the damping processes and electromagnetic field couplings of the Fano resonances, hence optimizing the associated localized electric field intensity. To investigate these effects we compare the optical reflectivity under resonance excitation in samples prepared by oblique angle deposition (OAD)more » and under normal deposition (ND) onto the same patterned surfaces. We observe that by applying OAD method, the sample exhibits a deeper and narrower reflectivity dip at resonance than that obtained under ND. This can be explained in terms of a lower damping of Fano resonance on obliquely deposited sample and leads to a stronger localized electric field. This approach opens a fabrication path for applications where tailoring the electromagnetic field induced by Fano resonance can improve the figure of merit of specific device characteristics, e.g. quantum efficiency (QE) in grating-based metallic photocathodes.« less

Highly sensitive fiber grating chemical sensors: An effective alternative to atomic absorption spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laxmeshwar, Lata. S.; Jadhav, Mangesh S.; Akki, Jyoti. F.; Raikar, Prasad; Kumar, Jitendra; prakash, Om; Raikar, U. S.

2017-06-01

Accuracy in quantitative determination of trace elements like Zinc, present in drinking water in ppm level, is a big challenge and optical fiber gratings as chemical sensors may provide a promising solution to overcome the same. This paper presents design of two simple chemical sensors based on the principle of shift in characteristic wavelength of gratings with change in their effective refractive index, to measure the concentration of Zinc in drinking water using etched short period grating (FBG) and Long period grating (LPG) respectively. Three samples of drinking water from different places have been examined for presence of Zinc. Further, the results obtained by our sensors have also been verified with the results obtained by a standard method, Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The whole experiment has been performed by fixing the fibers in a horizontal position with the sensor regions at the center of the fibers, making it less prone to disturbance and breaking. The sensitivity of LPG sensor is about 205 times that of the FBG sensor. A few advantages of Fiber grating sensors, besides their regular features, over AAS have also been discussed, that make our sensors potential alternatives for existing techniques in determination of trace elements in drinking water.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kagias, M.; Cartier, S.; Wang, Z.

X-ray phase contrast imaging enables the measurement of the electron density of a sample with high sensitivity compared to the conventional absorption contrast. This is advantageous for the study of dose-sensitive samples, in particular, for biological and medical investigations. Recent developments relaxed the requirement for the beam coherence, such that conventional X-ray sources can be used for phase contrast imaging and thus clinical applications become possible. One of the prominent phase contrast imaging methods, Talbot-Lau grating interferometry, is limited by the manufacturing, alignment, and photon absorption of the analyzer grating, which is placed in the beam path in front ofmore » the detector. We propose an alternative improved method based on direct conversion charge integrating detectors, which enables a grating interferometer to be operated without an analyzer grating. Algorithms are introduced, which resolve interference fringes with a periodicity of 4.7 μm recorded with a 25 μm pitch Si microstrip detector (GOTTHARD). The feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated by an experiment at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source on a polyethylene sample.« less

Single beam write and/or replay of spatial heterodyne holograms

DOEpatents

Thomas, Clarence E.; Hanson, Gregory R.

2007-11-20

A method of writing a spatially heterodyne hologram having spatially heterodyne fringes includes: passing a single write beam through a spatial light modulator that digitally modulates said single write beam; and focusing the single write beam at a focal plane of a lens to impose a holographic diffraction grating pattern on the photorefractive crystal, the holographic diffraction grating pattern including the spatially heterodyne hologram having spatially heterodyne fringes, wherein only said single write beam is incident on said photorefractive crystal without a reference beam. A method of replaying a spatially heterodyne hologram having spatially heterodyne fringes at a replay angle includes: illuminating a photorefractive crystal having a holographic diffraction grating with a beam from a laser at an illumination angle, the holographic diffraction grating pattern including the spatially heterodyne hologram having spatially heterodyne fringes, wherein a difference between said illumination angle and said replay angle defines a diffraction angle .alpha. that is a function of a plane wave mathematically added to original object wave phase and amplitude data of said spatially heterodyne hologram having spatially heterodyne fringes.

Retrieving quasi-phase-matching structure with discrete layer-peeling method.

PubMed

Zhang, Q W; Zeng, X L; Wang, M; Wang, T Y; Chen, X F

2012-07-02

An approach to reconstruct a quasi-phase-matching grating by using a discrete layer-peeling algorithm is presented. Experimentally measured output spectra of Šolc-type filters, based on uniform and chirped QPM structures, are used in the discrete layer-peeling algorithm. The reconstructed QPM structures are in agreement with the exact structures used in the experiment and the method is verified to be accurate and efficient in quality inspection on quasi-phase-matching grating.

Simplified dichromated gelatin hologram recording process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Georgekutty, Tharayil G.; Liu, Hua-Kuang

1987-01-01

A simplified method for making dichromated gelatin (DCG) holographic optical elements (HOE) has been discovered. The method is much less tedious and it requires a period of processing time comparable with that for processing a silver halide hologram. HOE characteristics including diffraction efficiency (DE), linearity, and spectral sensitivity have been quantitatively investigated. The quality of the holographic grating is very high. Ninety percent or higher diffraction efficiency has been achieved in simple plane gratings made by this process.

Calibration test of the temperature and strain sensitivity coefficient in regional reference grating method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Jing; Huang, Junbing; Wu, Hanping; Gu, Hongcan; Tang, Bo

2014-12-01

In order to verify the validity of the regional reference grating method in solve the strain/temperature cross sensitive problem in the actual ship structural health monitoring system, and to meet the requirements of engineering, for the sensitivity coefficients of regional reference grating method, national standard measurement equipment is used to calibrate the temperature sensitivity coefficient of selected FBG temperature sensor and strain sensitivity coefficient of FBG strain sensor in this modal. And the thermal expansion sensitivity coefficient of the steel for ships is calibrated with water bath method. The calibration results show that the temperature sensitivity coefficient of FBG temperature sensor is 28.16pm/°C within -10~30°C, and its linearity is greater than 0.999, the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBG strain sensor is 1.32pm/μɛ within -2900~2900μɛ whose linearity is almost to 1, the thermal expansion sensitivity coefficient of the steel for ships is 23.438pm/°C within 30~90°C, and its linearity is greater than 0.998. Finally, the calibration parameters are used in the actual ship structure health monitoring system for temperature compensation. The results show that the effect of temperature compensation is good, and the calibration parameters meet the engineering requirements, which provide an important reference for fiber Bragg grating sensor is widely used in engineering.

Data analysis in Raman measurements of biological tissues using wavelet techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaeta, Giovanni M.; Zenone, Flora; Camerlingo, Carlo; Riccio, Roberto; Moro, Gianfranco; Lepore, Maria; Indovina, Pietro L.

2005-03-01

Raman spectroscopy of oral tissues is a promising tool for in vivo diagnosis of oral pathologies, due to the high chemical and structural information content of Raman spectra. However, measurements on biological tissues are usually hindered by low level signals and by the presence of interfering noise and background components due to light diffusion or fluorescence processes. Numerical methods can be used in data analysis, in order to overcome these problems. In this work the wavelet multicomponent decomposition approach has been tested in a series of micro-Raman measurements performed on "in vitro" animal tissue samples. The experimental set-up was mainly composed by a He-Ne laser and a monochromator equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD equipped with a grating of 1800 grooves/mm. The laser light was focused on the sample surface by means of a 50 X optical objective. The resulting spectra were analysed using a wavelet software package and the contribution of different vibration modes have been singled out. In particular, the C=C stretching mode, and the CH2 bending mode of amide I and amide III and tyrosine contributions were present. The validity of wavelet approach in the data treatment has been also successfully tested on aspirin.

A novel orthogonal transmission-virtual grating method and its applications in measuring micro 3-D shape of deformed liquid surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhanwei; Huang, Xianfu; Xie, Huimin

2013-02-01

Deformed liquid surface directly involves the surface tension, which can always be used to account for the kinematics of aquatic insects in gas-liquid interface and the light metal floating on the water surface. In this paper a novel method based upon deformed transmission-virtual grating is proposed for determination of deformed liquid surface. By addressing an orthogonal grating (1-5 line/mm) under the transparent water groove and then capturing images from upset of the deformed water surface, a displacement vector of full-field which directly associates the 3-D deformed liquid surface then can be evaluated by processing the recorded deformed fringe pattern in the two directions (x- and y-direction). Theories and equations for the method are thoroughly delivered. Validation test to measure the deformed water surface caused by a Chinese 1-cent coin has been conducted to demonstrate the ability of the developed method. The obtained results show that the method is robust in determination of micro 3-D surface of deformed liquid with a submicron scale resolution and with a wide range application scope.

The Grateful Aging Program: A Naturalistic Model of Transformation and Healing into the Second Half of Life

PubMed Central

Schlitz, Marilyn

2017-01-01

Objectives: Understanding and managing the process of aging is a central issue in modern society. This is a critical factor given the demographic shift toward an aging population and the negative stereotypes around aging that can limit people’s worldview on aging with gratitude and well-being. Methods: Building on three decades of qualitative and quantitative studies on positive worldview transformation at the California-based Institute of Noetic Sciences, this article applies an empirically derived naturalistic model of transformation to aging. The Grateful Aging Program is introduced as a set of transformative steps to promote well-being and to shift fear of aging into inspiration for living well. Results: Nine steps to Grateful Aging are identified: 1) answer the call to transformation, 2) cultivate curiosity, 3) formalize a Grateful Aging practice, 4) set intention for Grateful Aging, 5) pay attention to the gifts of aging, 6) build Grateful Aging habits, 7) find guidance, 8) move to acceptance, and 9) transform self and society. Educational programs are described for elderly patients and for the health care professionals who serve them. Conclusion: The Grateful Aging Program is designed to expand awareness of healthy, mindful, and meaningful aging; to promote individual and social well-being; and to facilitate a supportive atmosphere for personal enrichment and shared learning. PMID:28241911

Suspended mid-infrared fiber-to-chip grating couplers for SiGe waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Favreau, Julien; Durantin, Cédric; Fédéli, Jean-Marc; Boutami, Salim; Duan, Guang-Hua

2016-03-01

Silicon photonics has taken great importance owing to the applications in optical communications, ranging from short reach to long haul. Originally dedicated to telecom wavelengths, silicon photonics is heading toward circuits handling with a broader spectrum, especially in the short and mid-infrared (MIR) range. This trend is due to potential applications in chemical sensing, spectroscopy and defense in the 2-10 μm range. We previously reported the development of a MIR photonic platform based on buried SiGe/Si waveguide with propagation losses between 1 and 2 dB/cm. However the low index contrast of the platform makes the design of efficient grating couplers very challenging. In order to achieve a high fiber-to-chip efficiency, we propose a novel grating coupler structure, in which the grating is locally suspended in air. The grating has been designed with a FDTD software. To achieve high efficiency, suspended structure thicknesses have been jointly optimized with the grating parameters, namely the fill factor, the period and the grating etch depth. Using the Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) method we obtained a configuration where the fiber-to-waveguide efficiency is above 57 %. Moreover the optical transition between the suspended and the buried SiGe waveguide has been carefully designed by using an Eigenmode Expansion software. Transition efficiency as high as 86 % is achieved.

The Contrast Sensitivity of the Newborn Human Infant

PubMed Central

Brown, Angela M.; Lindsey, Delwin T.; Cammenga, Joanna G.; Giannone, Peter J.; Stenger, Michael R.

2015-01-01

Purpose. To measure the binocular contrast sensitivity (CS) of newborn infants using a fixation-and-following card procedure. Methods. The CS of 119 healthy newborn infants was measured using stimuli printed on cards under the descending method of limits (93 infants) and randomized/masked designs (26 infants). One experienced and one novice adult observer tested the infants using vertical square-wave gratings (0.06 and 0.10 cyc/deg; 20/10,000 and 20/6000 nominal Snellen equivalent); the experienced observer also tested using horizontal gratings (0.10 cyc/deg) and using the Method of Constant Stimuli while being kept unaware of the stimulus values. Results. The CS of the newborn infant was 2.0 (contrast threshold = 0.497; 95% confidence interval: 0.475–0.524) for vertically oriented gratings and 1.74 (threshold = 0.575; 95% confidence interval: 0.523–0.633) for horizontally oriented gratings (P < 0.0006). The standard deviation of infant CS was comparable to that obtained by others on adults using the Pelli-Robson chart. The two observers showed similar practice effects. Randomization of stimulus order and masking of the adult observer had no effect on CS. Conclusions. The CS of individual newborn human infants can be measured using a fixation-and-following card procedure. PMID:25564453

Design and fabrication of an elliptical micro-lens array with grating for laser safety

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, L. H.; Wu, B. Q.; Chan, C. Y.; Lee, W. B.; Dong, L. H.

2015-10-01

With the enormous expansion of laser usage in medicine, industry and research, all facilities must formulate and adhere to specific safety methods that appropriately address user protection. The protective ellipticalal microstructure with grating is a novel technology which can provide the principal means of ensuring against ocular injury, and must be worn at all times during laser operation. On the basis of Fresnel's law and the diffractive law, Solidworks and Lighttools software are applied to design the elliptical micro-lens array and correspondent grating. The height of the microstructure is 100um and its period is 3mm. The period of grating is 5um. It is shown that the amount of emergent light of a specific wavelength (1064nm) can reflect more than 40° from the incident light through simulation, while the incident light is perpendicular to the microstructure. The fabrication adopts the ultra-precision single point diamond method and injection molding method. However, it is found in the test that the surface roughness has a serious effect on the angle between the emergent and incident light. As a result, the element can reflect the vertical incidence beam into a tilted emergent beam with a certain angular degree , as well as protecting users from laser damage injures.

Method of simultaneous measurement of two direction force and temperature using FBG sensor head.

PubMed

Kisała, Piotr; Cięszczyk, Sławomir

2015-04-01

This paper presents a method for measuring two components of bending force and temperature using one sensor head. Indirect inference based on the spectra of two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) placed on a cantilever beam is used. The method was developed during work on the inverse problem of determining a nonuniform stress distribution based on FBG spectra. A gradient in the FBG stress profile results in a characteristic shape of its reflective spectrum. The simultaneous measurements of force and temperature were possible through the use of an appropriate layout of the sensor head. The spectral characteristics of the sensor's gratings do not retain full symmetry, which is due to the geometry of the sensor's head and the related difference in the distribution of the axial stress of the gratings. In the proposed approach, the change in width of the sum of the normalized transmission spectra was used to determine the value of the applied force. In the presented method, an increase in the sensitivity of this change to the force is obtained relative to the other known systems. A change in the spectral width was observed for an increase in bending forces from 0 to 150 N. The sensitivity coefficient of the spectral width to force, defined as the ratio of the change of the spectral half-width to the change in force was 2.6e-3  nm/N for the first grating and 1.2e-3  nm/N for the second grating. However, the sensitivity of the whole sensor system was 5.8e-3  nm/N, which is greater than the sum of the sensitivities of the individual gratings. For the purpose of this work, a station with a thermal chamber has been designed with a bracket on which fiber optic transducers have been mounted for use in further measurements. The sensor head in this experiment is considered to be a universal device with potential applications in other types of optical sensors, and it can be treated as a module for development through its multiplication on a single optical fiber.

Rayleigh and Wood anomalies in the diffraction of light from a perfectly conducting reflection grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maradudin, A. A.; Simonsen, I.; Polanco, J.; Fitzgerald, R. M.

2016-02-01

By means of a modal method we have calculated the angular dependence of the reflectivity and the efficiencies of several other diffracted orders of a perfectly conducting lamellar reflection grating illuminated by p-polarized light. These dependencies display the signatures of Rayleigh and Wood anomalies, usually associated with diffraction from a metallic grating. The Wood anomalies here are caused by the excitation of the surface electromagnetic waves supported by a periodically corrugated perfectly conducting surface, whose dispersion curves in both the nonradiative and radiative regions of the frequency-wavenumber plane are calculated.

Measurement of the refractive index by using a rectangular cell with a fs-laser engraved diffraction grating inner wall.

PubMed

Durán-Ramírez, Víctor M; Martínez-Ríos, Alejandro; Guerrero-Viramontes, J Ascención; Muñoz-Maciel, Jesús; Peña-Lecona, Francisco G; Selvas-Aguilar, Romeo; Anzueto-Sánchez, Gilberto

2014-12-01

A very simple method to obtain the refractive index of liquids by using a rectangular glass cell and a diffraction grating engraved by fs laser ablation on the inner face of one of the walls of the cell is presented. When a laser beam impinges normally on the diffraction grating, the diffraction orders are deviated when they pass through the cell filled with the liquid to be measured. By measuring the deviation of the diffraction orders, we can determine the refractive index of the liquid.

A New Approach of evaluating the damage in simply-supported reinforced concrete beam by Local mean decomposition (LMD)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xuebing; Liu, Ning; Xi, Jiaxin; Zhang, Yunqi; Zhang, Wenchun; Yang, Peipei

2017-08-01

How to analyze the nonstationary response signals and obtain vibration characters is extremely important in the vibration-based structural diagnosis methods. In this work, we introduce a more reasonable time-frequency decomposition method termed local mean decomposition (LMD) to instead the widely-used empirical mode decomposition (EMD). By employing the LMD method, one can derive a group of component signals, each of which is more stationary, and then analyze the vibration state and make the assessment of structural damage of a construction or building. We illustrated the effectiveness of LMD by a synthetic data and an experimental data recorded in a simply-supported reinforced concrete beam. Then based on the decomposition results, an elementary method of damage diagnosis was proposed.

Extracting fingerprint of wireless devices based on phase noise and multiple level wavelet decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Weichen; Sun, Zhuo; Kong, Song

2016-10-01

Wireless devices can be identified by the fingerprint extracted from the signal transmitted, which is useful in wireless communication security and other fields. This paper presents a method that extracts fingerprint based on phase noise of signal and multiple level wavelet decomposition. The phase of signal will be extracted first and then decomposed by multiple level wavelet decomposition. The statistic value of each wavelet coefficient vector is utilized for constructing fingerprint. Besides, the relationship between wavelet decomposition level and recognition accuracy is simulated. And advertised decomposition level is revealed as well. Compared with previous methods, our method is simpler and the accuracy of recognition remains high when Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) is low.

Inline microring reflector for photonic applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Young Mo

The microring is a compact resonator that is used as a versatile building block in photonic circuits ranging from filters, modulators, logic gates, sensors, switches, multiplexers, and laser cavities. The Bragg grating is a periodic structure that allows the selection of a narrow bandwidth of spectrum for stable lasing operation. In this dissertation, we study analysis and simulations of a compact microring based reflector assembled by forming a Bragg grating into a loop. With the appropriate design, the microring resonance can precisely align with the reflection peak of the grating while all other peaks are suppressed by reflection nulls of the grating. The field buildup at the resonance effectively amplifies small reflection of the grating, thereby producing significant overall reflection from the ring, and it is possible to achieve a stable narrow linewidth compact laser by forming a single mode laser cavity. The device operation principle is studied from two distinct perspectives; the first looks at coupling of two contra-directional traveling waves within the ring whereas the second aspect investigates relative excitation of the two competing microring resonant modes. In the former method, we relate the steady state amplitudes of the two traveling waves to the reflection spectrum of the grating and solve for the reflection and transmission response for each wavelength of interest. In the latter approach, we expand the field in terms of the resonant modes of the ring cavity and derive transfer functions for reflection and transmission from the nearby mode frequencies. The angular periodicity of the reflective microring geometry allows us to effectively simulate the resonant modes from a computational domain of a single period grating when the continuity boundary condition is applied. We successfully predict the reflection and transmission response of a Si3N 4/SiO2 microring reflector using this method---otherwise too large to carry out full-wave simulation---and show that the prediction agrees very well with the measurement result.

Slip Potential for Commonly Used Inclined Grated Metal Walkways

PubMed Central

Pollard, Jonisha P.; Heberger, John R.; Dempsey, Patrick G.

2016-01-01

Background No specific guidelines or regulations are provided by the Mine Safety and Health Administration for the use of inclined grated metal walkways in mining plants. Mining and other companies may be using walkway materials that do not provide sufficient friction, contributing to slip and fall injuries. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if there are significant differences in the required friction for different grated metal walkways during walking in diverse conditions. Methods The normalized coefficients of friction were measured for 12 participants while walking up and down an instrumented walkway with different inclinations (0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°) and with and without the presence of a contaminant (glycerol). Self-reported slip events were recorded and the required coefficients of friction were calculated considering only the anterior/posterior components of the shear forces. Additionally, the available coefficients of friction for these walkway materials were measured at the 0° orientation using a tribometer, with and without the presence of the contaminant, using a boot heel as well as Neolite as the test feet. Results The number of slips increased when the inclination angle reached 10° and above. Of all materials tested, the diamond weave grating was found to have the best performance at all inclines and when contaminated or dry. A high number of slips occurred for the perforated grating and serrated bar grating at 20° when contaminated. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that the diamond weave grating provides significantly better friction compared to serrated bar and perforated gratings, especially at inclines greater than 10°. PMID:26779388

Application of singular value decomposition to structural dynamics systems with constraints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Juang, J.-N.; Pinson, L. D.

1985-01-01

Singular value decomposition is used to construct a coordinate transformation for a linear dynamic system subject to linear, homogeneous constraint equations. The method is compared with two commonly used methods, namely classical Gaussian elimination and Walton-Steeves approach. Although the classical method requires fewer numerical operations, the singular value decomposition method is more accurate and convenient in eliminating the dependent coordinates. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the method.

Investigation of the Influence of Acoustic Oscillation Parameters on the Mechanism of Waste Rubber Products Combustion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shakurov, R. F.; Sitnikov, O. R.; Galimova, A. I.; Sabitova, A. F.

2018-03-01

The article presents an analysis of the used methods of recycling of waste rubber products. The worn out tires are exposed to natural decomposition only after 50 - 100 years, and toxic organic compounds used in the manufacture constitute a danger to the environment. It contemplates a method of recycling waste rubber products in devices where pulsating combustion is realized. The dependence of the influence of acoustic pulsation parameters on the combustion mechanism of waste rubber products and on the composition of combustion products was experimentally investigated and established. For this purpose, the setup scheme based on the Rijke effect is optimized. The resonance pipe is coaxially embedded in the shaft. The known mathematical model of finding the combustion zones in the Rijke pipe, corresponding to the gas flow oscillations with the maximum amplitude, is applied to the chosen scheme. Investigations were carried out for three positions of the grate relative to the lower section of the experimental pipe, in which 1st, 2nd, 3rd modes of oscillation are formed. There are favorable conditions arise for the secondary combustion of mechanical particles entrained in the gas flow in the tube. The favorable conditions for afterburning also include the fact that through the upper section of the resonant pipe, the ambient air, caused by the features of the standing wave, is mixed into the gas stream. A comparative analysis of the change of gas concentration composition along the length of the resonance tube is carried out. It is established that the basic mode of oscillations contributes to the reduction of nitrogen oxides, in comparison with the oscillations occurring simultaneously at several harmonics, considering the main one. The results of research for the three positions of the grate in relation to the lower section of the installation are presented in tabular form, in which 1, 2, 3 modes of oscillation are formed. The analysis of experimental results confirms that the content of harmful compounds in the gas emissions below the maximum allowable norms.

Domain Decomposition By the Advancing-Partition Method for Parallel Unstructured Grid Generation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pirzadeh, Shahyar Z.; Zagaris, George

2009-01-01

A new method of domain decomposition has been developed for generating unstructured grids in subdomains either sequentially or using multiple computers in parallel. Domain decomposition is a crucial and challenging step for parallel grid generation. Prior methods are generally based on auxiliary, complex, and computationally intensive operations for defining partition interfaces and usually produce grids of lower quality than those generated in single domains. The new technique, referred to as "Advancing Partition," is based on the Advancing-Front method, which partitions a domain as part of the volume mesh generation in a consistent and "natural" way. The benefits of this approach are: 1) the process of domain decomposition is highly automated, 2) partitioning of domain does not compromise the quality of the generated grids, and 3) the computational overhead for domain decomposition is minimal. The new method has been implemented in NASA's unstructured grid generation code VGRID.

Domain Decomposition By the Advancing-Partition Method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pirzadeh, Shahyar Z.

2008-01-01

A new method of domain decomposition has been developed for generating unstructured grids in subdomains either sequentially or using multiple computers in parallel. Domain decomposition is a crucial and challenging step for parallel grid generation. Prior methods are generally based on auxiliary, complex, and computationally intensive operations for defining partition interfaces and usually produce grids of lower quality than those generated in single domains. The new technique, referred to as "Advancing Partition," is based on the Advancing-Front method, which partitions a domain as part of the volume mesh generation in a consistent and "natural" way. The benefits of this approach are: 1) the process of domain decomposition is highly automated, 2) partitioning of domain does not compromise the quality of the generated grids, and 3) the computational overhead for domain decomposition is minimal. The new method has been implemented in NASA's unstructured grid generation code VGRID.

Diffraction study of duty-cycle error in ferroelectric quasi-phase-matching gratings with Gaussian beam illumination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dwivedi, Prashant Povel; Kumar, Challa Sesha Sai Pavan; Choi, Hee Joo; Cha, Myoungsik

2016-02-01

Random duty-cycle error (RDE) is inherent in the fabrication of ferroelectric quasi-phase-matching (QPM) gratings. Although a small RDE may not affect the nonlinearity of QPM devices, it enhances non-phase-matched parasitic harmonic generations, limiting the device performance in some applications. Recently, we demonstrated a simple method for measuring the RDE in QPM gratings by analyzing the far-field diffraction pattern obtained by uniform illumination (Dwivedi et al. in Opt Express 21:30221-30226, 2013). In the present study, we used a Gaussian beam illumination for the diffraction experiment to measure noise spectra that are less affected by the pedestals of the strong diffraction orders. Our results were compared with our calculations based on a random grating model, demonstrating improved resolution in the RDE estimation.

Differential Decomposition Among Pig, Rabbit, and Human Remains.

PubMed

Dautartas, Angela; Kenyhercz, Michael W; Vidoli, Giovanna M; Meadows Jantz, Lee; Mundorff, Amy; Steadman, Dawnie Wolfe

2018-03-30

While nonhuman animal remains are often utilized in forensic research to develop methods to estimate the postmortem interval, systematic studies that directly validate animals as proxies for human decomposition are lacking. The current project compared decomposition rates among pigs, rabbits, and humans at the University of Tennessee's Anthropology Research Facility across three seasonal trials that spanned nearly 2 years. The Total Body Score (TBS) method was applied to quantify decomposition changes and calculate the postmortem interval (PMI) in accumulated degree days (ADD). Decomposition trajectories were analyzed by comparing the estimated and actual ADD for each seasonal trial and by fuzzy cluster analysis. The cluster analysis demonstrated that the rabbits formed one group while pigs and humans, although more similar to each other than either to rabbits, still showed important differences in decomposition patterns. The decomposition trends show that neither nonhuman model captured the pattern, rate, and variability of human decomposition. © 2018 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Treatment of nonconvergence of Fourier modal method arising from irregular field singularities at lossless metal-dielectric right-angle edges.

PubMed

Mei, Yanpeng; Liu, Haitao; Zhong, Ying

2014-04-01

In a recent work [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A28, 738 (2011)], Lifeng Li and Gerard Granet investigate nonconvergence cases of the Fourier modal method (FMM). They demonstrate that the nonconvergence is due to the irregular field singularities at lossless metal-dielectric right-angle edges. Here we make further investigations on the problem and find that the FMM surprisingly converges for deep sub-wavelength gratings (grating period being much smaller than the illumination wavelength). To overcome the nonconvergence for gratings that are not deep sub-wavelength, we approximately replace the lossless metal-dielectric right-angle edges by a medium with a gradually varied refraction index, so as to remove the irregular field singularities. With such treatment, convergence is observed as the region of the approximate medium approaches vanishing.

Theoretical analysis of metamaterial-gold auxiliary grating sensing structure for surface plasmon resonance sensing application based on polarization control method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Yi; Cai, Haoyuan; Wang, Xiaoping

2017-12-01

A metamaterial-gold multilayer sensing structure designed using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with an auxiliary grating is proposed for using in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor system based on the polarization control method. After numerical calculations and simulation analysis, it was found that the metamaterial sensing structure significantly improves the sensitivity of the SPR signal with intensity singularity. The metamaterial sensing structure also increases the penetration depth of evanescent wave, making it possible to detect low-molecular-weight biomolecules and larger cells such as bacteria. The auxiliary grating structure was designed to identify the refractive index of the sensing region on both sides of intensity singularity. The stability of recognition and the electric field intensity of the visible light band were also studied.

a Novel Two-Component Decomposition for Co-Polar Channels of GF-3 Quad-Pol Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwok, E.; Li, C. H.; Zhao, Q. H.; Li, Y.

2018-04-01

Polarimetric target decomposition theory is the most dynamic and exploratory research area in the field of PolSAR. But most methods of target decomposition are based on fully polarized data (quad pol) and seldom utilize dual-polar data for target decomposition. Given this, we proposed a novel two-component decomposition method for co-polar channels of GF-3 quad-pol data. This method decomposes the data into two scattering contributions: surface, double bounce in dual co-polar channels. To save this underdetermined problem, a criterion for determining the model is proposed. The criterion can be named as second-order averaged scattering angle, which originates from the H/α decomposition. and we also put forward an alternative parameter of it. To validate the effectiveness of proposed decomposition, Liaodong Bay is selected as research area. The area is located in northeastern China, where it grows various wetland resources and appears sea ice phenomenon in winter. and we use the GF-3 quad-pol data as study data, which which is China's first C-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) satellite. The dependencies between the features of proposed algorithm and comparison decompositions (Pauli decomposition, An&Yang decomposition, Yamaguchi S4R decomposition) were investigated in the study. Though several aspects of the experimental discussion, we can draw the conclusion: the proposed algorithm may be suitable for special scenes with low vegetation coverage or low vegetation in the non-growing season; proposed decomposition features only using co-polar data are highly correlated with the corresponding comparison decomposition features under quad-polarization data. Moreover, it would be become input of the subsequent classification or parameter inversion.

Fast heap transform-based QR-decomposition of real and complex matrices: algorithms and codes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grigoryan, Artyom M.

2015-03-01

In this paper, we describe a new look on the application of Givens rotations to the QR-decomposition problem, which is similar to the method of Householder transformations. We apply the concept of the discrete heap transform, or signal-induced unitary transforms which had been introduced by Grigoryan (2006) and used in signal and image processing. Both cases of real and complex nonsingular matrices are considered and examples of performing QR-decomposition of square matrices are given. The proposed method of QR-decomposition for the complex matrix is novel and differs from the known method of complex Givens rotation and is based on analytical equations for the heap transforms. Many examples illustrated the proposed heap transform method of QR-decomposition are given, algorithms are described in detail, and MATLAB-based codes are included.

Conception of discrete systems decomposition algorithm using p-invariants and hypergraphs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stefanowicz, Ł.

2016-09-01

In the article author presents an idea of decomposition algorithm of discrete systems described by Petri Nets using pinvariants. Decomposition process is significant from the point of view of discrete systems design, because it allows separation of the smaller sequential parts. Proposed algorithm uses modified Martinez-Silva method as well as author's selection algorithm. The developed method is a good complement of classical decomposition algorithms using graphs and hypergraphs.

Design of two-dimensional zero reference codes with cross-entropy method.

PubMed

Chen, Jung-Chieh; Wen, Chao-Kai

2010-06-20

We present a cross-entropy (CE)-based method for the design of optimum two-dimensional (2D) zero reference codes (ZRCs) in order to generate a zero reference signal for a grating measurement system and achieve absolute position, a coordinate origin, or a machine home position. In the absence of diffraction effects, the 2D ZRC design problem is known as the autocorrelation approximation. Based on the properties of the autocorrelation function, the design of the 2D ZRC is first formulated as a particular combination optimization problem. The CE method is then applied to search for an optimal 2D ZRC and thus obtain the desirable zero reference signal. Computer simulation results indicate that there are 15.38% and 14.29% reductions in the second maxima value for the 16x16 grating system with n(1)=64 and the 100x100 grating system with n(1)=300, respectively, where n(1) is the number of transparent pixels, compared with those of the conventional genetic algorithm.

Assessment of a new method for the analysis of decomposition gases of polymers by a combining thermogravimetric solid-phase extraction and thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Duemichen, E; Braun, U; Senz, R; Fabian, G; Sturm, H

2014-08-08

For analysis of the gaseous thermal decomposition products of polymers, the common techniques are thermogravimetry, combined with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) and mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). These methods offer a simple approach to the decomposition mechanism, especially for small decomposition molecules. Complex spectra of gaseous mixtures are very often hard to identify because of overlapping signals. In this paper a new method is described to adsorb the decomposition products during controlled conditions in TGA on solid-phase extraction (SPE) material: twisters. Subsequently the twisters were analysed with thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TDS-GC-MS), which allows the decomposition products to be separated and identified using an MS library. The thermoplastics polyamide 66 (PA 66) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) were used as example polymers. The influence of the sample mass and of the purge gas flow during the decomposition process was investigated in TGA. The advantages and limitations of the method were presented in comparison to the common analysis techniques, TGA-FTIR and TGA-MS. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electromagnetic response of the protective pellicle of Euglenoids: influence of the surface profile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inchaussandague, Marina E.; Gigli, Miriam L.; Skigin, Diana C.; Tolivia, Analía.; Conforti, Visitación

2015-03-01

In a recent paper we have investigated, from an electromagnetic point of view, the role played by the pellicle of Euglenoids -unicellular aquatic organisms- in the protection of the cell against UV radiation.14 By modelling the pellicle as a diffraction grating, we computed the electromagnetic response of different species that exhibit different behaviors against UV radiation. In this previous study, the pellicle profile was approximated by a sinusoidal grating. However, it has been observed in the transversal cut images that the profiles are not exactly sinusoidal, and also vary from sample to sample. Since the electromagnetic response depends on the geometry of the grating, reflectance calculations that take into account a more accurate representation of the actual profile could provide more insight into this problem. In this paper we investigate the electromagnetic response of the pellicle of Euglenoids for different grating profiles. The diffraction problem is solved by using the Chandezon method, which has demonstrated a successful performance for deep gratings of arbitrary profiles. We analyze the influence of the shape, depth and period of the grating on the UV reflectance. We show that the pellicle characteristics are critical parameters to increase the reflectance, thus reducing the penetration of the UV radiation within the cell and therefore, minimizing the damage and increasing the survival of these organisms.

Characterization of the shape and line-edge roughness of polymer gratings with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy

DOE PAGES

Suh, Hyo Seon; Chen, Xuanxuan; Rincon-Delgadillo, Paulina A.; ...

2016-04-22

Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is increasingly used for the metrology of substrate-supported nanoscale features and nanostructured films. In the case of line gratings, where long objects are arranged with a nanoscale periodicity perpendicular to the beam, a series of characteristic spots of high-intensity (grating truncation rods, GTRs) are recorded on a two-dimensional detector. The intensity of the GTRs is modulated by the three-dimensional shape and arrangement of the lines. Previous studies aimed to extract an average cross-sectional profile of the gratings, attributing intensity loss at GTRs to sample imperfections. Such imperfections are just as important as the average shapemore » when employing soft polymer gratings which display significant line-edge roughness. Herein are reported a series of GISAXS measurements of polymer line gratings over a range of incident angles. Both an average shape and fluctuations contributing to the intensity in between the GTRs are extracted. Lastly, the results are critically compared with atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, and it is found that the two methods are in good agreement if appropriate corrections for scattering from the substrate (GISAXS) and contributions from the probe shape (AFM) are accounted for.« less

Grating-Based Phase-Contrast Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis in Lung Metastases

PubMed Central

Li, Xiangting; Wang, Yujie; Ding, Bei; Shi, Chen; Liu, Huanhuan; Tang, Rongbiao; Sun, Jianqi; Yan, Fuhua; Zhang, Huan

2015-01-01

Purpose To assess the feasibility of the grating-based phase-contrast imaging (GPI) technique for studying tumor angiogenesis in nude BALB/c mice, without contrast agents. Methods We established lung metastatic models of human gastric cancer by injecting the moderately differentiated SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell line into the tail vein of nude mice. Samples were embedded in a 10% formalin suspension and dried before imaging. Grating-based X-ray phase-contrast images were obtained at the BL13W beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) and compared with histological sections. Results Without contrast agents, grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging still differentiated angiogenesis within metastatic tumors with high spatial resolution. Vessels, down to tens of microns, showed gray values that were distinctive from those of the surrounding tumors, which made them easily identifiable. The vessels depicted in the imaging study were similar to those identified on histopathology, both in size and shape. Conclusions Our preliminary study demonstrates that grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging has the potential to depict angiogenesis in lung metastases. PMID:25811626

Numerical analysis of double chirp effect in tapered and linearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings.

PubMed

Markowski, Konrad; Jedrzejewski, Kazimierz; Osuch, Tomasz

2016-06-10

In this paper, a theoretical analysis of recently developed tapered chirped fiber Bragg gratings (TCFBG) written in co-directional and counter-directional configurations is presented. In particular, the effects of the synthesis of chirps resulting from both a fused taper profile and a linearly chirped fringe pattern of the induced refractive index changes within the fiber core are extensively examined. For this purpose, a numerical model based on the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the coupled mode theory (CMT) was developed for such a grating. The impact of TCFBG parameters, such as grating length and steepness of the taper transition, as well as the effect of the fringe pattern chirp rate on the spectral properties of the resulting gratings, are presented. Results show that, by using the appropriate design process, TCFBGs with reduced or enhanced resulting chirp, and thus with widely tailored spectral responses, can be easily achieved. In turn, it reveals a great potential application of such structures. The presented numerical approach provides an excellent tool for TCFBG design.

Thermal diffusivity determination using heterodyne phase insensitive transient grating spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dennett, Cody A.; Short, Michael P.

2018-06-01

The elastic and thermal transport properties of opaque materials may be measured using transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) by inducing and monitoring periodic excitations in both reflectivity and surface displacement. The "phase grating" response encodes both properties of interest, but complicates quantitative analysis by convolving temperature dynamics with surface displacement dynamics. Thus, thermal transport characteristics are typically determined using the "amplitude grating" response to isolate the surface temperature dynamics. However, this signal character requires absolute heterodyne phase calibration and contains no elastic property information. Here, a method is developed by which phase grating TGS measurements may be consistently analyzed to determine thermal diffusivity with no prior knowledge of the expected properties. To demonstrate this ability, the wavelength-dependent 1D effective thermal diffusivity of pure germanium is measured using this type of response and found to be consistent with theoretical predictions made by solving the Boltzmann transport equation. This ability to determine the elastic and thermal properties from a single set of TGS measurements will be particularly advantageous for new in situ implementations of the technique being used to study dynamic materials systems.

High-sensitivity bend angle measurements using optical fiber gratings.

PubMed

Rauf, Abdul; Zhao, Jianlin; Jiang, Biqiang

2013-07-20

We present a high-sensitivity and more flexible bend measurement method, which is based on the coupling of core mode to the cladding modes at the bending region in concatenation with optical fiber grating serving as band reflector. The characteristics of a bend sensing arm composed of bending region and optical fiber grating is examined for different configurations including single fiber Bragg grating (FBG), chirped FBG (CFBG), and double FBGs. The bend loss curves for coated, stripped, and etched sections of fiber in the bending region with FBG, CFBG, and double FBG are obtained experimentally. The effect of separation between bending region and optical fiber grating on loss is measured. The loss responses for single FBG and CFBG configurations are compared to discover the effectiveness for practical applications. It is demonstrated that the sensitivity of the double FBG scheme is twice that of the single FBG and CFBG configurations, and hence acts as sensitivity multiplier. The bend loss response for different fiber diameters obtained through etching in 40% hydrofluoric acid, is measured in double FBG scheme that resulted in a significant increase in the sensitivity, and reduction of dead-zone.

Precision control of carrier-envelope phase in grating based chirped pulse amplifiers.

PubMed

Li, Chengquan; Moon, Eric; Mashiko, Hiroki; Nakamura, Christopher M; Ranitovic, Predrag; Maharjan, Chakra M; Cocke, C Lewis; Chang, Zenghu; Paulus, Gerhard G

2006-11-13

It is demonstrated that the carrier-envelope (CE) phase of pulses from a high power ultrafast laser system with a grating-based stretcher and compressor can be stabilized to a root mean square (rms) value of 180 mrad over almost 2 hours, excluding a brief re-locking period. The stabilization was accomplished via feedback control of the grating separation in the stretcher. It shows that the long term CE phase stability of a grating based chirped pulse amplification system can be as good as that of lasers using a glass-block stretcher and a prism pair compressor. Moreover, by adjusting the grating separation to preset values, the relative CE phase could be locked to an arbitrary value in the range of 2pi. This method is better than using a pair of wedge plates to adjust the phase after the hollow-core fiber compressor. The CE phase stabilization after a hollow-core fiber compressor was confirmed by a CE-phase meter based on the measurement of the left-to-right asymmetry of electrons produced by above-threshold ionization.

TEMPORAL SIGNATURES OF AIR QUALITY OBSERVATIONS AND MODEL OUTPUTS: DO TIME SERIES DECOMPOSITION METHODS CAPTURE RELEVANT TIME SCALES?

EPA Science Inventory

Time series decomposition methods were applied to meteorological and air quality data and their numerical model estimates. Decomposition techniques express a time series as the sum of a small number of independent modes which hypothetically represent identifiable forcings, thereb...

Electrochemical and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Detection of SF₆ Decomposition Products.

PubMed

Dong, Ming; Zhang, Chongxing; Ren, Ming; Albarracín, Ricardo; Ye, Rixin

2017-11-15

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) gas-insulated electrical equipment is widely used in high-voltage (HV) and extra-high-voltage (EHV) power systems. Partial discharge (PD) and local heating can occur in the electrical equipment because of insulation faults, which results in SF₆ decomposition and ultimately generates several types of decomposition products. These SF₆ decomposition products can be qualitatively and quantitatively detected with relevant detection methods, and such detection contributes to diagnosing the internal faults and evaluating the security risks of the equipment. At present, multiple detection methods exist for analyzing the SF₆ decomposition products, and electrochemical sensing (ES) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy are well suited for application in online detection. In this study, the combination of ES with IR spectroscopy is used to detect SF₆ gas decomposition. First, the characteristics of these two detection methods are studied, and the data analysis matrix is established. Then, a qualitative and quantitative analysis ES-IR model is established by adopting a two-step approach. A SF₆ decomposition detector is designed and manufactured by combining an electrochemical sensor and IR spectroscopy technology. The detector is used to detect SF₆ gas decomposition and is verified to reliably and accurately detect the gas components and concentrations.

Two-dimensional displacement measurement based on two parallel gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Peipei; Lu, Xi; Qiao, Decheng; Zou, Limin; Huang, Xiangdong; Tan, Jiubin; Lu, Zhengang

2018-06-01

In this paper, a two-dimensional (2-D) planar encoder based on two parallel gratings, which includes a scanning grating and scale grating, is presented. The scanning grating is a combined transmission rectangular grating comprised of a 2-D grating located at the center and two one-dimensional (1-D) gratings located at the sides. The grating lines of the two 1-D gratings are perpendicular to each other and parallel with the 2-D grating lines. The scale grating is a 2-D reflective-type rectangular grating placed in parallel with the scanning grating, and there is an angular difference of 45° between the grating lines of the two 2-D gratings. With the special structural design of the scanning grating, the encoder can measure the 2-D displacement in the grating plane simultaneously, and the measured interference signals in the two directions are uncoupled. Moreover, by utilizing the scanning grating to modulate the phase of the interference signals instead of the prisms, the structure of the encoder is compact. Experiments were implemented, and the results demonstrate the validity of the 2-D planar grating encoder.

Optical-fiber-to-waveguide coupling using carbon-dioxide-laser-induced long-period fiber gratings.

PubMed

Bachim, Brent L; Ogunsola, Oluwafemi O; Gaylord, Thomas K

2005-08-15

Optical fibers are expected to play a role in chip-level and board-level optical interconnects because of limitations on the bandwidth and level of integration of electrical interconnects. Therefore, methods are needed to couple optical fibers directly to waveguides on chips and on boards. We demonstrate optical-fiber-to-waveguide coupling using carbon-dioxide laser-induced long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). Such gratings can be written in standard fiber and offer wavelength multiplexing-demultiplexing performance. The coupler fabrication process and the characterization apparatus are presented. The operation and the wavelength response of a LPFG-based optical-fiber-to-waveguide directional coupler are demonstrated.

Diffractive optics in industry and research: novel components for optical security systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laakkonen, Pasi; Turunen, Jari; Pietarinen, Juha; Siitonen, Samuli; Laukkanen, Janne; Jefimovs, Konstantins; Orava, Joni; Ritala, Mikko; Pilvi, Tero; Tuovinen, Hemmo; Ventola, Kalle; Vallius, Tuomas; Kaipiainen, Matti; Kuittinen, Markku

2005-09-01

Design and manufacturing of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are presented. Mass replication methods for DOEs are explained including UV-replication, micro-injection moulding and reel-to-reel production. Novel applications of diffractive optics including spectroscopic surface relief gratings, antireflection surfaces, infrared light rejection gratings, light incoupling into thin waveguides, and additive diffractive colour mixing are presented.

Test surfaces useful for calibration of surface profilometers

DOEpatents

Yashchuk, Valeriy V; McKinney, Wayne R; Takacs, Peter Z

2013-12-31

The present invention provides for test surfaces and methods for calibration of surface profilometers, including interferometric and atomic force microscopes. Calibration is performed using a specially designed test surface, or the Binary Pseudo-random (BPR) grating (array). Utilizing the BPR grating (array) to measure the power spectral density (PSD) spectrum, the profilometer is calibrated by determining the instrumental modulation transfer.

High-efficiency multiplex holograms based on Diffen polymeric material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andreeva, O. V.; Bandyuk, O. V.; Kushnarenko, A. P.; Paramonov, A. A.; Lesnichiĭ, V. V.; Nacharov, A. P.; Andreeva, N. V.

2006-09-01

This paper discusses a method for obtaining multiplex holograms on Diffen polymeric recording medium with independent heating of the superimposed hologram-gratings. The parameters of the holograms are measured at various stages, and it is shown to be possible to obtain six hologram-gratings with 50% diffraction efficiency in the linear recording regime on a sample 2.3 mm thick.

Fabricating waveguide Bragg gratings (WBGs) in bulk materials using ultrashort laser pulses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ams, Martin; Dekker, Peter; Gross, Simon; Withford, Michael J.

2017-01-01

Optical waveguide Bragg gratings (WBGs) can be created in transparent materials using femtosecond laser pulses. The technique is conducted without the need for lithography, ion-beam fabrication methods, or clean room facilities. This paper reviews the field of ultrafast laser-inscribed WBGs since its inception, with a particular focus on fabrication techniques, WBG characteristics, WBG types, and WBG applications.

Investigation on Characteristic Variation of the FBG Spectrum with Crack Propagation in Aluminum Plate Structures

PubMed Central

Jin, Bo; Zhang, Weifang; Zhang, Meng; Ren, Feifei; Dai, Wei; Wang, Yanrong

2017-01-01

In order to monitor the crack tip propagation of aluminum alloy, this study investigates the variation of the spectrum characteristics of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), combined with an analysis of the spectrum simulation. The results identify the location of the subordinate peak as significantly associated with the strain distribution along the grating, corresponding to the different plastic zones ahead of the crack tip with various crack lengths. FBG sensors could observe monotonic and cyclic plastic zones ahead of the crack tip, with the quadratic strain distribution along the grating at the crack tip-FBG distance of 1.2 and 0.7 mm, respectively. FBG sensors could examine the process zones ahead of the crack tip with the cubic strain distribution along the grating at the crack tip-FBG distance of 0.5 mm. The spectrum oscillation occurs as the crack approaches the FBG where the highly heterogeneous strain is distributed. Another idea is to use a finite element method (FEM), together with a T-matrix method, to analyze the reflection intensity spectra of FBG sensors for various crack sizes. The described crack propagation detection system may apply in structural health monitoring. PMID:28772949

Investigation on Characteristic Variation of the FBG Spectrum with Crack Propagation in Aluminum Plate Structures.

PubMed

Jin, Bo; Zhang, Weifang; Zhang, Meng; Ren, Feifei; Dai, Wei; Wang, Yanrong

2017-05-27

In order to monitor the crack tip propagation of aluminum alloy, this study investigates the variation of the spectrum characteristics of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), combined with an analysis of the spectrum simulation. The results identify the location of the subordinate peak as significantly associated with the strain distribution along the grating, corresponding to the different plastic zones ahead of the crack tip with various crack lengths. FBG sensors could observe monotonic and cyclic plastic zones ahead of the crack tip, with the quadratic strain distribution along the grating at the crack tip-FBG distance of 1.2 and 0.7 mm, respectively. FBG sensors could examine the process zones ahead of the crack tip with the cubic strain distribution along the grating at the crack tip-FBG distance of 0.5 mm. The spectrum oscillation occurs as the crack approaches the FBG where the highly heterogeneous strain is distributed. Another idea is to use a finite element method (FEM), together with a T -matrix method, to analyze the reflection intensity spectra of FBG sensors for various crack sizes. The described crack propagation detection system may apply in structural health monitoring.

Rigorous coupled wave analysis of acousto-optics with relativistic considerations.

PubMed

Xia, Guoqiang; Zheng, Weijian; Lei, Zhenggang; Zhang, Ruolan

2015-09-01

A relativistic analysis of acousto-optics is presented, and a rigorous coupled wave analysis is generalized for the diffraction of the acousto-optical effect. An acoustic wave generates a grating with temporally and spatially modulated permittivity, hindering direct applications of the rigorous coupled wave analysis for the acousto-optical effect. In a reference frame which moves with the acoustic wave, the grating is static, the medium moves, and the coupled wave equations for the static grating may be derived. Floquet's theorem is then applied to cast these equations into an eigenproblem. Using a Lorentz transformation, the electromagnetic fields in the grating region are transformed to the lab frame where the medium is at rest, and relativistic Doppler frequency shifts are introduced into various diffraction orders. In the lab frame, the boundary conditions are considered and the diffraction efficiencies of various orders are determined. This method is rigorous and general, and the plane waves in the resulting expansion satisfy the dispersion relation of the medium and are propagation modes. Properties of various Bragg diffractions are results, rather than preconditions, of this method. Simulations of an acousto-optical tunable filter made by paratellurite, TeO(2), are given as examples.

Domain decomposition: A bridge between nature and parallel computers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keyes, David E.

1992-01-01

Domain decomposition is an intuitive organizing principle for a partial differential equation (PDE) computation, both physically and architecturally. However, its significance extends beyond the readily apparent issues of geometry and discretization, on one hand, and of modular software and distributed hardware, on the other. Engineering and computer science aspects are bridged by an old but recently enriched mathematical theory that offers the subject not only unity, but also tools for analysis and generalization. Domain decomposition induces function-space and operator decompositions with valuable properties. Function-space bases and operator splittings that are not derived from domain decompositions generally lack one or more of these properties. The evolution of domain decomposition methods for elliptically dominated problems has linked two major algorithmic developments of the last 15 years: multilevel and Krylov methods. Domain decomposition methods may be considered descendants of both classes with an inheritance from each: they are nearly optimal and at the same time efficiently parallelizable. Many computationally driven application areas are ripe for these developments. A progression is made from a mathematically informal motivation for domain decomposition methods to a specific focus on fluid dynamics applications. To be introductory rather than comprehensive, simple examples are provided while convergence proofs and algorithmic details are left to the original references; however, an attempt is made to convey their most salient features, especially where this leads to algorithmic insight.

Fiber Optic Thermal Detection of Composite Delaminations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, Meng-Chou; Winfree, William P.

2011-01-01

A recently developed technique is presented for thermographic detection of delaminations in composites by performing temperature measurements with fiber optic Bragg gratings. A single optical fiber with multiple Bragg gratings employed as surface temperature sensors was bonded to the surface of a composite with subsurface defects. The investigated structure was a 10-ply composite specimen with prefabricated delaminations of various sizes and depths. Both during and following the application of a thermal heat flux to the surface, the individual Bragg grating sensors measured the temporal and spatial temperature variations. The data obtained from grating sensors were analyzed with thermal modeling techniques of conventional thermography to reveal particular characteristics of the interested areas. Results were compared and found to be consistent with the calculations using numerical simulation techniques. Also discussed are methods including various heating sources and patterns, and their limitations for performing in-situ structural health monitoring.

1-D grating based SPR biosensor for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers using Vroman effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teotia, Pradeep Kumar; Kaler, R. S.

2018-01-01

Grating based surface plasmon resonance waveguide biosensor have been reported for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers using Vroman effect. The proposed grating based multilayered biosensor is designed with high detection accuracy for Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and also analysed to show high detection accuracy with acceptable sensitivity for both cancer biomarkers. The introduction of periodic grating with multilayer metals generates a good resonance that make it possible for early detection of cancerous cells. Using finite difference time domain method, it is observed wavelength of biosensor get red-shifted on variations of the refractive index due to the presence of both the cancerous bio-markers. The reported detection accuracy and sensitivity of proposed biosensor is quite acceptable for both lung cancer biomarkers i.e. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which further offer us label free early detection of lung cancer using these biomarkers.

Optical superimposed vortex beams generated by integrated holographic plates with blazed grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xue-Dong; Su, Ya-Hui; Ni, Jin-Cheng; Wang, Zhong-Yu; Wang, Yu-Long; Wang, Chao-Wei; Ren, Fei-Fei; Zhang, Zhen; Fan, Hua; Zhang, Wei-Jie; Li, Guo-Qiang; Hu, Yan-Lei; Li, Jia-Wen; Wu, Dong; Chu, Jia-Ru

2017-08-01

In this paper, we demonstrate that the superposition of two vortex beams with controlled topological charges can be realized by integrating two holographic plates with blazed grating. First, the holographic plate with blazed grating was designed and fabricated by laser direct writing for generating well-separated vortex beam. Then, the relationship between the periods of blazed grating and the discrete angles of vortex beams was systemically investigated. Finally, through setting the discrete angle and different revolving direction of the holographic plates, the composite fork-shaped field was realized by the superposition of two vortex beams in a particular position. The topological charges of composite fork-shaped field (l = 1, 0, 3, and 4) depend on the topological charges of compositional vortex beams, which are well agreed with the theoretical simulation. The method opens up a wide range of opportunities and possibilities for applying in optical communication, optical manipulations, and photonic integrated circuits.

Fiber Optic Thermal Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures and Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, Meng-Chou; Winfree, William P.; Allison, Sidney G.

2009-01-01

A new technique is presented for thermographic detection of flaws in materials and structures by performing temperature measurements with fiber Bragg gratings. Individual optical fibers with multiple Bragg gratings employed as surface temperature sensors were bonded to the surfaces of structures with subsurface defects or thickness variations. Both during and following the application of a thermal heat flux to the surface, the individual Bragg grating sensors measured the temporal and spatial temperature variations. The investigated structures included a 10-ply composite specimen with subsurface delaminations of various sizes and depths. The data obtained from grating sensors were further analyzed with thermal modeling to reveal particular characteristics of the interested areas. These results were found to be consistent with those from conventional thermography techniques. Limitations of the technique were investigated using both experimental and numerical simulation techniques. Methods for performing in-situ structural health monitoring are discussed.

Performance analysis of the FDTD method applied to holographic volume gratings: Multi-core CPU versus GPU computing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Francés, J.; Bleda, S.; Neipp, C.; Márquez, A.; Pascual, I.; Beléndez, A.

2013-03-01

The finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) allows electromagnetic field distribution analysis as a function of time and space. The method is applied to analyze holographic volume gratings (HVGs) for the near-field distribution at optical wavelengths. Usually, this application requires the simulation of wide areas, which implies more memory and time processing. In this work, we propose a specific implementation of the FDTD method including several add-ons for a precise simulation of optical diffractive elements. Values in the near-field region are computed considering the illumination of the grating by means of a plane wave for different angles of incidence and including absorbing boundaries as well. We compare the results obtained by FDTD with those obtained using a matrix method (MM) applied to diffraction gratings. In addition, we have developed two optimized versions of the algorithm, for both CPU and GPU, in order to analyze the improvement of using the new NVIDIA Fermi GPU architecture versus highly tuned multi-core CPU as a function of the size simulation. In particular, the optimized CPU implementation takes advantage of the arithmetic and data transfer streaming SIMD (single instruction multiple data) extensions (SSE) included explicitly in the code and also of multi-threading by means of OpenMP directives. A good agreement between the results obtained using both FDTD and MM methods is obtained, thus validating our methodology. Moreover, the performance of the GPU is compared to the SSE+OpenMP CPU implementation, and it is quantitatively determined that a highly optimized CPU program can be competitive for a wider range of simulation sizes, whereas GPU computing becomes more powerful for large-scale simulations.

Femtosecond laser processing of optical fibres for novel sensor development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalli, Kyriacos; Theodosiou, Antreas; Ioannou, Andreas; Lacraz, Amedee

2017-04-01

We present results of recent research where we have utilized a femtosecond laser to micro-structure silica and polymer optical fibres in order to realize versatile optical components such as diffractive optical elements on the fibre end face, the inscription of integrated waveguide circuits in the fibre cladding and novel optical fibre sensors designs based on Bragg gratings in the core. A major hurdle in tailoring or modifying the properties of optical fibres is the development of an inscription method that can prove to be a flexible and reliable process that is generally applicable to all optical fibre types; this requires careful matching of the laser parameters and optics in order to examine the spatial limits of direct laser writing, whether the application is structuring at the surface of the optical fibre or inscription in the core and cladding of the fibre. We demonstrate a variety of optical components such as two-dimensional grating structures, Bessel, Airy and vortex beam generators; moreover, optical bridging waveguides inscribed in the cladding of single-mode fibre as a means to selectively couple light from single-core to multi-core optical fibres, and demonstrate a grating based sensor; finally, we have developed a novel femtosecond laser inscription method for the precise inscription of tailored Bragg grating sensors in silica and polymer optical fibres. We also show that this novel fibre Bragg grating inscription technique can be used to modify and add versatility to an existing, encapsulated optical fibre pressure sensor.

Effect of Copper Oxide, Titanium Dioxide, and Lithium Fluoride on the Thermal Behavior and Decomposition Kinetics of Ammonium Nitrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vargeese, Anuj A.; Mija, S. J.; Muralidharan, Krishnamurthi

2014-07-01

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is crystallized along with copper oxide, titanium dioxide, and lithium fluoride. Thermal kinetic constants for the decomposition reaction of the samples were calculated by model-free (Friedman's differential and Vyzovkins nonlinear integral) and model-fitting (Coats-Redfern) methods. To determine the decomposition mechanisms, 12 solid-state mechanisms were tested using the Coats-Redfern method. The results of the Coats-Redfern method show that the decomposition mechanism for all samples is the contracting cylinder mechanism. The phase behavior of the obtained samples was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and structural properties were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The results indicate that copper oxide modifies the phase transition behavior and can catalyze AN decomposition, whereas LiF inhibits AN decomposition, and TiO2 shows no influence on the rate of decomposition. Possible explanations for these results are discussed. Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Energetic Materials to view the free supplemental file.

Development Of Polarimetric Decomposition Techniques For Indian Forest Resource Assessment Using Radar Imaging Satellite (Risat-1) Images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sridhar, J.

2015-12-01

The focus of this work is to examine polarimetric decomposition techniques primarily focussed on Pauli decomposition and Sphere Di-Plane Helix (SDH) decomposition for forest resource assessment. The data processing methods adopted are Pre-processing (Geometric correction and Radiometric calibration), Speckle Reduction, Image Decomposition and Image Classification. Initially to classify forest regions, unsupervised classification was applied to determine different unknown classes. It was observed K-means clustering method gave better results in comparison with ISO Data method.Using the algorithm developed for Radar Tools, the code for decomposition and classification techniques were applied in Interactive Data Language (IDL) and was applied to RISAT-1 image of Mysore-Mandya region of Karnataka, India. This region is chosen for studying forest vegetation and consists of agricultural lands, water and hilly regions. Polarimetric SAR data possess a high potential for classification of earth surface.After applying the decomposition techniques, classification was done by selecting region of interests andpost-classification the over-all accuracy was observed to be higher in the SDH decomposed image, as it operates on individual pixels on a coherent basis and utilises the complete intrinsic coherent nature of polarimetric SAR data. Thereby, making SDH decomposition particularly suited for analysis of high-resolution SAR data. The Pauli Decomposition represents all the polarimetric information in a single SAR image however interpretation of the resulting image is difficult. The SDH decomposition technique seems to produce better results and interpretation as compared to Pauli Decomposition however more quantification and further analysis are being done in this area of research. The comparison of Polarimetric decomposition techniques and evolutionary classification techniques will be the scope of this work.

An optimized time varying filtering based empirical mode decomposition method with grey wolf optimizer for machinery fault diagnosis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xin; Liu, Zhiwen; Miao, Qiang; Wang, Lei

2018-03-01

A time varying filtering based empirical mode decomposition (EMD) (TVF-EMD) method was proposed recently to solve the mode mixing problem of EMD method. Compared with the classical EMD, TVF-EMD was proven to improve the frequency separation performance and be robust to noise interference. However, the decomposition parameters (i.e., bandwidth threshold and B-spline order) significantly affect the decomposition results of this method. In original TVF-EMD method, the parameter values are assigned in advance, which makes it difficult to achieve satisfactory analysis results. To solve this problem, this paper develops an optimized TVF-EMD method based on grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm for fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Firstly, a measurement index termed weighted kurtosis index is constructed by using kurtosis index and correlation coefficient. Subsequently, the optimal TVF-EMD parameters that match with the input signal can be obtained by GWO algorithm using the maximum weighted kurtosis index as objective function. Finally, fault features can be extracted by analyzing the sensitive intrinsic mode function (IMF) owning the maximum weighted kurtosis index. Simulations and comparisons highlight the performance of TVF-EMD method for signal decomposition, and meanwhile verify the fact that bandwidth threshold and B-spline order are critical to the decomposition results. Two case studies on rotating machinery fault diagnosis demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.

Application of the finite-element method and the eigenmode expansion method to investigate the periodic and spectral characteristic of discrete phase-shift fiber Bragg grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Yue-Jing; Hung, Wei-Chih; Syu, Cheng-Jyun

2017-12-01

The finite-element method (FEM) and eigenmode expansion method (EEM) were adopted to analyze the guided modes and spectrum of phase-shift fiber Bragg grating at five phase-shift degrees (including zero, 1/4π, 1/2π, 3/4π, and π). In previous studies on optical fiber grating, conventional coupled-mode theory was crucial. This theory contains abstruse knowledge about physics and complex computational processes, and thus is challenging for users. Therefore, a numerical simulation method was coupled with a simple and rigorous design procedure to help beginners and users to overcome difficulty in entering the field; in addition, graphical simulation results were presented. To reduce the difference between the simulated context and the actual context, a perfectly matched layer and perfectly reflecting boundary were added to the FEM and the EEM. When the FEM was used for grid cutting, the object meshing method and the boundary meshing method proposed in this study were used to effectively enhance computational accuracy and substantially reduce the time required for simulation. In summary, users can use the simulation results in this study to easily and rapidly design an optical fiber communication system and optical sensors with spectral characteristics.

Corrected confidence bands for functional data using principal components.

PubMed

Goldsmith, J; Greven, S; Crainiceanu, C

2013-03-01

Functional principal components (FPC) analysis is widely used to decompose and express functional observations. Curve estimates implicitly condition on basis functions and other quantities derived from FPC decompositions; however these objects are unknown in practice. In this article, we propose a method for obtaining correct curve estimates by accounting for uncertainty in FPC decompositions. Additionally, pointwise and simultaneous confidence intervals that account for both model- and decomposition-based variability are constructed. Standard mixed model representations of functional expansions are used to construct curve estimates and variances conditional on a specific decomposition. Iterated expectation and variance formulas combine model-based conditional estimates across the distribution of decompositions. A bootstrap procedure is implemented to understand the uncertainty in principal component decomposition quantities. Our method compares favorably to competing approaches in simulation studies that include both densely and sparsely observed functions. We apply our method to sparse observations of CD4 cell counts and to dense white-matter tract profiles. Code for the analyses and simulations is publicly available, and our method is implemented in the R package refund on CRAN. Copyright © 2013, The International Biometric Society.

Corrected Confidence Bands for Functional Data Using Principal Components

PubMed Central

Goldsmith, J.; Greven, S.; Crainiceanu, C.

2014-01-01

Functional principal components (FPC) analysis is widely used to decompose and express functional observations. Curve estimates implicitly condition on basis functions and other quantities derived from FPC decompositions; however these objects are unknown in practice. In this article, we propose a method for obtaining correct curve estimates by accounting for uncertainty in FPC decompositions. Additionally, pointwise and simultaneous confidence intervals that account for both model- and decomposition-based variability are constructed. Standard mixed model representations of functional expansions are used to construct curve estimates and variances conditional on a specific decomposition. Iterated expectation and variance formulas combine model-based conditional estimates across the distribution of decompositions. A bootstrap procedure is implemented to understand the uncertainty in principal component decomposition quantities. Our method compares favorably to competing approaches in simulation studies that include both densely and sparsely observed functions. We apply our method to sparse observations of CD4 cell counts and to dense white-matter tract profiles. Code for the analyses and simulations is publicly available, and our method is implemented in the R package refund on CRAN. PMID:23003003

An Efficient Local Correlation Matrix Decomposition Approach for the Localization Implementation of Ensemble-Based Assimilation Methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Hongqin; Tian, Xiangjun

2018-04-01

Ensemble-based data assimilation methods often use the so-called localization scheme to improve the representation of the ensemble background error covariance (Be). Extensive research has been undertaken to reduce the computational cost of these methods by using the localized ensemble samples to localize Be by means of a direct decomposition of the local correlation matrix C. However, the computational costs of the direct decomposition of the local correlation matrix C are still extremely high due to its high dimension. In this paper, we propose an efficient local correlation matrix decomposition approach based on the concept of alternating directions. This approach is intended to avoid direct decomposition of the correlation matrix. Instead, we first decompose the correlation matrix into 1-D correlation matrices in the three coordinate directions, then construct their empirical orthogonal function decomposition at low resolution. This procedure is followed by the 1-D spline interpolation process to transform the above decompositions to the high-resolution grid. Finally, an efficient correlation matrix decomposition is achieved by computing the very similar Kronecker product. We conducted a series of comparison experiments to illustrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed local correlation matrix decomposition approach. The effectiveness of the proposed correlation matrix decomposition approach and its efficient localization implementation of the nonlinear least-squares four-dimensional variational assimilation are further demonstrated by several groups of numerical experiments based on the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model.

PWAS EMIS-ECIS Active Carbon Filter Residual Life Estimation Methodology

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-23

change in the EMIS spectrum. This method is similar to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) method implemented in the fiber Bragg grating ( FBG ), where...the intensity of the light reflected by the FBG at the half peak frequency is used to detect the strain change in the FBG . 4 W911NF-11-1-0210...grating ( FBG ), where the intensity of the light reflected by the FBG at the half peak frequency is used to detect the strain change in the FBG . A brief

The anti-counterfeiting hologram of encryption processing in frequency domain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Nai K.; Chen, Zhongyu Y.

2004-09-01

This paper proposed a new encryption method using Computer Generated Fourier Hologram in frequency domain. When the main frequency spectrum, i.e. brand and an encrypted information frequency spectrum are mixed, it will not recognized and copied. We will use the methods of Dot Matrix (Digital) Hologram Modulation and the filter to get real signal. One new multi-modulated dot matrix hologram is introduced. It is encoded using several gratings. These gratings have different angles of inclination and different periods in same dot, to enable us in obtaining more information.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Niu, T; Dong, X; Petrongolo, M

Purpose: Dual energy CT (DECT) imaging plays an important role in advanced imaging applications due to its material decomposition capability. Direct decomposition via matrix inversion suffers from significant degradation of image signal-to-noise ratios, which reduces clinical value. Existing de-noising algorithms achieve suboptimal performance since they suppress image noise either before or after the decomposition and do not fully explore the noise statistical properties of the decomposition process. We propose an iterative image-domain decomposition method for noise suppression in DECT, using the full variance-covariance matrix of the decomposed images. Methods: The proposed algorithm is formulated in the form of least-square estimationmore » with smoothness regularization. It includes the inverse of the estimated variance-covariance matrix of the decomposed images as the penalty weight in the least-square term. Performance is evaluated using an evaluation phantom (Catphan 600) and an anthropomorphic head phantom. Results are compared to those generated using direct matrix inversion with no noise suppression, a de-noising method applied on the decomposed images, and an existing algorithm with similar formulation but with an edge-preserving regularization term. Results: On the Catphan phantom, our method retains the same spatial resolution as the CT images before decomposition while reducing the noise standard deviation of decomposed images by over 98%. The other methods either degrade spatial resolution or achieve less low-contrast detectability. Also, our method yields lower electron density measurement error than direct matrix inversion and reduces error variation by over 97%. On the head phantom, it reduces the noise standard deviation of decomposed images by over 97% without blurring the sinus structures. Conclusion: We propose an iterative image-domain decomposition method for DECT. The method combines noise suppression and material decomposition into an iterative process and achieves both goals simultaneously. The proposed algorithm shows superior performance on noise suppression with high image spatial resolution and low-contrast detectability. This work is supported by a Varian MRA grant.« less

A Type-2 Block-Component-Decomposition Based 2D AOA Estimation Algorithm for an Electromagnetic Vector Sensor Array

PubMed Central

Gao, Yu-Fei; Gui, Guan; Xie, Wei; Zou, Yan-Bin; Yang, Yue; Wan, Qun

2017-01-01

This paper investigates a two-dimensional angle of arrival (2D AOA) estimation algorithm for the electromagnetic vector sensor (EMVS) array based on Type-2 block component decomposition (BCD) tensor modeling. Such a tensor decomposition method can take full advantage of the multidimensional structural information of electromagnetic signals to accomplish blind estimation for array parameters with higher resolution. However, existing tensor decomposition methods encounter many restrictions in applications of the EMVS array, such as the strict requirement for uniqueness conditions of decomposition, the inability to handle partially-polarized signals, etc. To solve these problems, this paper investigates tensor modeling for partially-polarized signals of an L-shaped EMVS array. The 2D AOA estimation algorithm based on rank-(L1,L2,·) BCD is developed, and the uniqueness condition of decomposition is analyzed. By means of the estimated steering matrix, the proposed algorithm can automatically achieve angle pair-matching. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the present algorithm has the advantages of both accuracy and robustness of parameter estimation. Even under the conditions of lower SNR, small angular separation and limited snapshots, the proposed algorithm still possesses better performance than subspace methods and the canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD) method. PMID:28448431

A Type-2 Block-Component-Decomposition Based 2D AOA Estimation Algorithm for an Electromagnetic Vector Sensor Array.

PubMed

Gao, Yu-Fei; Gui, Guan; Xie, Wei; Zou, Yan-Bin; Yang, Yue; Wan, Qun

2017-04-27

This paper investigates a two-dimensional angle of arrival (2D AOA) estimation algorithm for the electromagnetic vector sensor (EMVS) array based on Type-2 block component decomposition (BCD) tensor modeling. Such a tensor decomposition method can take full advantage of the multidimensional structural information of electromagnetic signals to accomplish blind estimation for array parameters with higher resolution. However, existing tensor decomposition methods encounter many restrictions in applications of the EMVS array, such as the strict requirement for uniqueness conditions of decomposition, the inability to handle partially-polarized signals, etc. To solve these problems, this paper investigates tensor modeling for partially-polarized signals of an L-shaped EMVS array. The 2D AOA estimation algorithm based on rank- ( L 1 , L 2 , · ) BCD is developed, and the uniqueness condition of decomposition is analyzed. By means of the estimated steering matrix, the proposed algorithm can automatically achieve angle pair-matching. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the present algorithm has the advantages of both accuracy and robustness of parameter estimation. Even under the conditions of lower SNR, small angular separation and limited snapshots, the proposed algorithm still possesses better performance than subspace methods and the canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD) method.

Highly sensitive distributed birefringence measurements based on a two-pulse interrogation of a dynamic Brillouin grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soto, Marcelo A.; Denisov, Andrey; Angulo-Vinuesa, Xabier; Martin-Lopez, Sonia; Thévenaz, Luc; Gonzalez-Herraez, Miguel

2017-04-01

A method for distributed birefringence measurements is proposed based on the interference pattern generated by the interrogation of a dynamic Brillouin grating (DBG) using two short consecutive optical pulses. Compared to existing DBG interrogation techniques, the method here offers an improved sensitivity to birefringence changes thanks to the interferometric effect generated by the reflections of the two pulses. Experimental results demonstrate the possibility to obtain the longitudinal birefringence profile of a 20 m-long Panda fibre with an accuracy of 10-8 using 16 averages and 30 cm spatial resolution. The method enables sub-metric and highly-accurate distributed temperature and strain sensing.

A novel ECG data compression method based on adaptive Fourier decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Chunyu; Zhang, Liming

2017-12-01

This paper presents a novel electrocardiogram (ECG) compression method based on adaptive Fourier decomposition (AFD). AFD is a newly developed signal decomposition approach, which can decompose a signal with fast convergence, and hence reconstruct ECG signals with high fidelity. Unlike most of the high performance algorithms, our method does not make use of any preprocessing operation before compression. Huffman coding is employed for further compression. Validated with 48 ECG recordings of MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, the proposed method achieves the compression ratio (CR) of 35.53 and the percentage root mean square difference (PRD) of 1.47% on average with N = 8 decomposition times and a robust PRD-CR relationship. The results demonstrate that the proposed method has a good performance compared with the state-of-the-art ECG compressors.

Comparison of Techniques for Sampling Adult Necrophilous Insects From Pig Carcasses.

PubMed

Cruise, Angela; Hatano, Eduardo; Watson, David W; Schal, Coby

2018-02-06

Studies of the pre-colonization interval and mechanisms driving necrophilous insect ecological succession depend on effective sampling of adult insects and knowledge of their diel and successional activity patterns. The number of insects trapped, their diversity, and diel periodicity were compared with four sampling methods on neonate pigs. Sampling method, time of day and decomposition age of the pigs significantly affected the number of insects sampled from pigs. We also found significant interactions of sampling method and decomposition day, time of sampling and decomposition day. No single method was superior to the other methods during all three decomposition days. Sampling times after noon yielded the largest samples during the first 2 d of decomposition. On day 3 of decomposition however, all sampling times were equally effective. Therefore, to maximize insect collections from neonate pigs, the method used to sample must vary by decomposition day. The suction trap collected the most species-rich samples, but sticky trap samples were the most diverse, when both species richness and evenness were factored into a Shannon diversity index. Repeated sampling during the noon to 18:00 hours period was most effective to obtain the maximum diversity of trapped insects. The integration of multiple sampling techniques would most effectively sample the necrophilous insect community. However, because all four tested methods were deficient at sampling beetle species, future work should focus on optimizing the most promising methods, alone or in combinations, and incorporate hand-collections of beetles. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Trend extraction using empirical mode decomposition and statistical empirical mode decomposition: Case study: Kuala Lumpur stock market

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaber, Abobaker M.

2014-12-01

Two nonparametric methods for prediction and modeling of financial time series signals are proposed. The proposed techniques are designed to handle non-stationary and non-linearity behave and to extract meaningful signals for reliable prediction. Due to Fourier Transform (FT), the methods select significant decomposed signals that will be employed for signal prediction. The proposed techniques developed by coupling Holt-winter method with Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and it is Extending the scope of empirical mode decomposition by smoothing (SEMD). To show performance of proposed techniques, we analyze daily closed price of Kuala Lumpur stock market index.

Structural optimization by multilevel decomposition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sobieszczanski-Sobieski, J.; James, B.; Dovi, A.

1983-01-01

A method is described for decomposing an optimization problem into a set of subproblems and a coordination problem which preserves coupling between the subproblems. The method is introduced as a special case of multilevel, multidisciplinary system optimization and its algorithm is fully described for two level optimization for structures assembled of finite elements of arbitrary type. Numerical results are given for an example of a framework to show that the decomposition method converges and yields results comparable to those obtained without decomposition. It is pointed out that optimization by decomposition should reduce the design time by allowing groups of engineers, using different computers to work concurrently on the same large problem.

Electrochemical and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Detection of SF6 Decomposition Products

PubMed Central

Dong, Ming; Ren, Ming; Ye, Rixin

2017-01-01

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas-insulated electrical equipment is widely used in high-voltage (HV) and extra-high-voltage (EHV) power systems. Partial discharge (PD) and local heating can occur in the electrical equipment because of insulation faults, which results in SF6 decomposition and ultimately generates several types of decomposition products. These SF6 decomposition products can be qualitatively and quantitatively detected with relevant detection methods, and such detection contributes to diagnosing the internal faults and evaluating the security risks of the equipment. At present, multiple detection methods exist for analyzing the SF6 decomposition products, and electrochemical sensing (ES) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy are well suited for application in online detection. In this study, the combination of ES with IR spectroscopy is used to detect SF6 gas decomposition. First, the characteristics of these two detection methods are studied, and the data analysis matrix is established. Then, a qualitative and quantitative analysis ES-IR model is established by adopting a two-step approach. A SF6 decomposition detector is designed and manufactured by combining an electrochemical sensor and IR spectroscopy technology. The detector is used to detect SF6 gas decomposition and is verified to reliably and accurately detect the gas components and concentrations. PMID:29140268

Calibration methods influence quantitative material decomposition in photon-counting spectral CT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Curtis, Tyler E.; Roeder, Ryan K.

2017-03-01

Photon-counting detectors and nanoparticle contrast agents can potentially enable molecular imaging and material decomposition in computed tomography (CT). Material decomposition has been investigated using both simulated and acquired data sets. However, the effect of calibration methods on material decomposition has not been systematically investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the range and number of contrast agent concentrations within a modular calibration phantom on quantitative material decomposition. A commerciallyavailable photon-counting spectral micro-CT (MARS Bioimaging) was used to acquire images with five energy bins selected to normalize photon counts and leverage the contrast agent k-edge. Material basis matrix values were determined using multiple linear regression models and material decomposition was performed using a maximum a posteriori estimator. The accuracy of quantitative material decomposition was evaluated by the root mean squared error (RMSE), specificity, sensitivity, and area under the curve (AUC). An increased maximum concentration (range) in the calibration significantly improved RMSE, specificity and AUC. The effects of an increased number of concentrations in the calibration were not statistically significant for the conditions in this study. The overall results demonstrated that the accuracy of quantitative material decomposition in spectral CT is significantly influenced by calibration methods, which must therefore be carefully considered for the intended diagnostic imaging application.

Wind-Driven Roof Turbines: A Novel Way to Improve Ventilation for TB Infection Control in Health Facilities

PubMed Central

Cox, Helen; Escombe, Rod; McDermid, Cheryl; Mtshemla, Yolanda; Spelman, Tim; Azevedo, Virginia; London, Leslie

2012-01-01

Objective Tuberculosis transmission in healthcare facilities contributes significantly to the TB epidemic, particularly in high HIV settings. Although improving ventilation may reduce transmission, there is a lack of evidence to support low-cost practical interventions. We assessed the efficacy of wind-driven roof turbines to achieve recommended ventilation rates, compared to current recommended practices for natural ventilation (opening windows), in primary care clinic rooms in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Methods Room ventilation was assessed (CO2 gas tracer technique) in 4 rooms where roof turbines and air-intake grates were installed, across three scenarios: turbine, grate and window closed, only window open, and only turbine and grate open, with concurrent wind speed measurement. 332 measurements were conducted over 24 months. Findings For all 4 rooms combined, median air changes per hour (ACH) increased with wind speed quartiles across all scenarios. Higher median ACH were recorded with open roof turbines and grates, compared to open windows across all wind speed quartiles. Ventilation with open turbine and grate exceeded WHO-recommended levels (60 Litres/second/patient) for 95% or more of measurements in 3 of the 4 rooms; 47% in the remaining room, where wind speeds were lower and a smaller diameter turbine was installed. Conclusion High room ventilation rates, meeting recommended thresholds, may be achieved using wind-driven roof turbines and grates, even at low wind speeds. Roof turbines and air-intake grates are not easily closed by staff, allowing continued ventilation through colder periods. This simple, low-cost technology represents an important addition to our tools for TB infection control. PMID:22253742

Fingerprinting the type of line edge roughness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernández Herrero, A.; Pflüger, M.; Scholze, F.; Soltwisch, V.

2017-06-01

Lamellar gratings are widely used diffractive optical elements and are prototypes of structural elements in integrated electronic circuits. EUV scatterometry is very sensitive to structure details and imperfections, which makes it suitable for the characterization of nanostructured surfaces. As compared to X-ray methods, EUV scattering allows for steeper angles of incidence, which is highly preferable for the investigation of small measurement fields on semiconductor wafers. For the control of the lithographic manufacturing process, a rapid in-line characterization of nanostructures is indispensable. Numerous studies on the determination of regular geometry parameters of lamellar gratings from optical and Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) scattering also investigated the impact of roughness on the respective results. The challenge is to appropriately model the influence of structure roughness on the diffraction intensities used for the reconstruction of the surface profile. The impact of roughness was already studied analytically but for gratings with a periodic pseudoroughness, because of practical restrictions of the computational domain. Our investigation aims at a better understanding of the scattering caused by line roughness. We designed a set of nine lamellar Si-gratings to be studied by EUV scatterometry. It includes one reference grating with no artificial roughness added, four gratings with a periodic roughness distribution, two with a prevailing line edge roughness (LER) and another two with line width roughness (LWR), and four gratings with a stochastic roughness distribution (two with LER and two with LWR). We show that the type of line roughness has a strong impact on the diffuse scatter angular distribution. Our experimental results are not described well by the present modelling approach based on small, periodically repeated domains.

Spatial Phase Coding for Incoherent Optical Processors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tigin, D. V.; Lavrentev, A. A.; Gary, C. K.

1994-01-01

In this paper we introduce spatial phase coding of incoherent optical signals for representing signed numbers in optical processors and present an experimental demonstration of this coding technique. If a diffraction grating, such as an acousto-optic cell, modulates a stream of light, the image of the grating can be recovered from the diffracted beam. The position of the grating image, or more precisely its phase, can be used to denote the sign of the number represented by the diffracted light. The intensity of the light represents the magnitude of the number. This technique is more economical than current methods in terms of the number of information channels required to represent a number and the amount of post processing required.

High-Contrast Gratings based Spoof Surface Plasmons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhuo; Liu, Liangliang; Xu, Bingzheng; Ning, Pingping; Chen, Chen; Xu, Jia; Chen, Xinlei; Gu, Changqing; Qing, Quan

2016-02-01

In this work, we explore the existence of spoof surface plasmons (SSPs) supported by deep-subwavelength high-contrast gratings (HCGs) on a perfect electric conductor plane. The dispersion relation of the HCGs-based SSPs is derived analyt- ically by combining multimode network theory with rigorous mode matching method, which has nearly the same form with and can be degenerated into that of the SSPs arising from deep-subwavelength metallic gratings (MGs). Numerical simula- tions validate the analytical dispersion relation and an effective medium approximation is also presented to obtain the same analytical dispersion formula. This work sets up a unified theoretical framework for SSPs and opens up new vistas in surface plasmon optics.

High accuracy demodulation for twin-grating based sensor network with hybrid TDM/FDM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ai, Fan; Sun, Qizhen; Cheng, Jianwei; Luo, Yiyang; Yan, Zhijun; Liu, Deming

2017-04-01

We demonstrate a high accuracy demodulation platform with a tunable Fabry-Perot filter (TFF) for twin-grating based fiber optic sensing network with hybrid TDM/FDM. The hybrid TDM/FDM scheme can improve the spatial resolution to centimeter but increases the requirement of high spectrum resolution. To realize the demodulation of the complex twin-grating spectrum, we adopt the TFF demodulation method and compensate the environmental temperature change and nonlinear effect through calibration FBGs. The performance of the demodulation module is tested by a temperature experiment. Spectrum resolution of 1pm is realized with precision of 2.5pm while the environmental temperature of TFF changes 9.3°C.

Theory of Fiber Optical Bragg Grating: Revisited

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tai, H.

2003-01-01

The reflected signature of an optical fiber Bragg grating is analyzed using the transfer function method. This approach is capable to cast all relevant quantities into proper places and provides a better physical understanding. The relationship between reflected signal, number of periods, index of refraction, and reflected wave phase is elucidated. The condition for which the maximum reflectivity is achieved is fully examined. We also have derived an expression to predict the reflectivity minima accurately when the reflected wave is detuned. Furthermore, using the segmented potential approach, this model can handle arbitrary index of refraction profiles and compare the strength of optical reflectivity of different profiles. The condition of a non-uniform grating is also addressed.

Self-aligned grating couplers on template-stripped metal pyramids via nanostencil lithography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Klemme, Daniel J.; Johnson, Timothy W.; Mohr, Daniel A.

2016-05-23

We combine nanostencil lithography and template stripping to create self-aligned patterns about the apex of ultrasmooth metal pyramids with high throughput. Three-dimensional patterns such as spiral and asymmetric linear gratings, which can couple incident light into a hot spot at the tip, are presented as examples of this fabrication method. Computer simulations demonstrate that spiral and linear diffraction grating patterns are both effective at coupling light to the tip. The self-aligned stencil lithography technique can be useful for integrating plasmonic couplers with sharp metallic tips for applications such as near-field optical spectroscopy, tip-based optical trapping, plasmonic sensing, and heat-assisted magneticmore » recording.« less

A transmission-grating-modulated pump-probe absorption spectroscopy and demonstration of diffusion dynamics of photoexcited carriers in bulk intrinsic GaAs film.

PubMed

Chen, Ke; Wang, Wenfang; Chen, Jianming; Wen, Jinhui; Lai, Tianshu

2012-02-13

A transmission-grating-modulated time-resolved pump-probe absorption spectroscopy is developed and formularized. The spectroscopy combines normal time-resolved pump-probe absorption spectroscopy with a binary transmission grating, is sensitive to the spatiotemporal evolution of photoinjected carriers, and has extensive applicability in the study of diffusion transport dynamics of photoinjected carriers. This spectroscopy has many advantages over reported optical methods to measure diffusion dynamics, such as simple experimental setup and operation, and high detection sensitivity. The measurement of diffusion dynamics is demonstrated on bulk intrinsic GaAs films. A carrier density dependence of carrier diffusion coefficient is obtained and agrees well with reported results.

Optimization design and laser damage threshold analysis of pulse compression multilayer dielectric gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fan, Shuwei; Bai, Liang; Chen, Nana

2016-08-01

As one of the key elements of high-power laser systems, the pulse compression multilayer dielectric grating is required for broader band, higher diffraction efficiency and higher damage threshold. In this paper, the multilayer dielectric film and the multilayer dielectric gratings(MDG) were designed by eigen matrix and optimized with the help of generic algorithm and rigorous coupled wave method. The reflectivity was close to 100% and the bandwith were over 250nm, twice compared to the unoptimized film structure. The simulation software of standing wave field distribution within MDG was developed and the electric field of the MDG was calculated. And the key parameters which affected the electric field distribution were also studied.

Soft X-ray holographic grating beam splitter including a double frequency grating for interferometer pre-alignment.

PubMed

Liu, Ying; Tan, Xin; Liu, Zhengkun; Xu, Xiangdong; Hong, Yilin; Fu, Shaojun

2008-09-15

Grating beam splitters have been fabricated for soft X-ray Mach- Zehnder interferometer using holographic interference lithography. The grating beam splitter consists of two gratings, one works at X-ray laser wavelength of 13.9 nm with the spatial frequency of 1000 lines/mm as the operation grating, the other works at visible wavelength of 632.8 nm for pre-aligning the X-ray interferometer with the spatial frequency of 22 lines/mm as the pre-alignment grating. The two gratings lie vertically on the same substrate. The main feature of the beam splitter is the use of low-spatial- frequency beat grating of a holographic double frequency grating as the pre-alignment grating of the X-ray interferometer. The grating line parallelism between the two gratings can be judged by observing the diffraction patterns of the pre-alignment grating directly.

Film sensor based on cascaded tilted long-period and tilted fiber Bragg grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sang, Jiangang; Gu, Zhengtian; Ling, Qiang; Feng, Wenbin

2018-06-01

A film sensor based on a tilted long-period fiber grating (TLPFG) inserted before a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is proposed. The sensor is described theoretically using the transfer matrix method. This structure has two reflected peaks in the reflection spectrum. One peak is for the selected recoupled cladding mode of azimuthal order l = 2 and the other one is for the coupled core mode. The tilt angles of the TLPFG and TFBG and the mode order of the l = 2 cladding mode mainly determine the reflected power of the recoupled-(l = 2) cladding-mode peak in the reflection spectrum. By analyzing the relation between the film parameters (film refractive index and film thickness) and reflection spectrum, the characteristics of the film sensor are studied. The results show that this film sensor has a high sensitivity to the film parameters and increases the sensitivity of the film refractive index by two orders of magnitude in comparison with the normal cascaded long-period fiber grating (LPFG) and the fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The resolutions of the refractive index and the thickness of the sensing film are predicted to be 10‑6 and 10‑3 nm.

Fiber Bragg Grating Filter High Temperature Sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lyons, Donald R.; Brass, Eric D.; Pencil, Eric (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

We present a scaled-down method for determining high temperatures using fiber-based Bragg gratings. Bragg gratings are distributed along the length of the optical fiber, and have high reflectivities whenever the optical wavelength is twice the grating spacing. These spatially distinct Bragg regions (located in the core of a fiber) are sensitive to local temperature changes. Since these fibers are silica-based they are easily affected by localized changes in temperature, which results in changes to both the grating spacing and the wavelength reflectivity. We exploit the shift in wavelength reflectivity to measure the change in the local temperature. Note that the Bragg region (sensing area) is some distance away from where the temperature is being measured. This is done so that we can measure temperatures that are much higher than the damage threshold of the fiber. We do this by affixing the fiber with the Bragg sensor to a material with a well-known coefficient of thermal expansion, and model the heat gradient from the region of interest to the actual sensor. The research described in this paper will culminate in a working device as well as be the second portion of a publication pending submission to Optics Letters.

An analysis of the surface-normal coupling efficiency of a metal grating coupler embedded in a Scotch tape optical waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barrios, Carlos Angulo; Canalejas-Tejero, Víctor

2017-01-01

The coupling efficiency at normal incidence of recently demonstrated aluminum grating couplers integrated in flexible Scotch tape waveguides has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) and rigorously coupled wave analysis (RCWA) methods have been used to optimize the dimensions (duty cycle and metal thickness) of Scotch tape-embedded 1D Al gratings for maximum coupling at 635 nm wavelength. Good dimension and tape refractive index tolerances are predicted. FDTD simulations reveal the incident beam width and impinging position (alignment) values that avoid rediffraction and thus maximize the coupling efficiency. A 1D Al diffraction grating integrated into a Scotch tape optical waveguide has been fabricated and characterized. The fabrication process, based on pattern transfer, has been optimized to allow complete Al grating transfer onto the Scotch tape waveguide. A maximum coupling efficiency of 20% for TM-polarized normal incidence has been measured, which is in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The measured coupling efficiency is further increased up to 28% for TM polarization under oblique incidence. Temperature dependence measurements have been also achieved and related to the simulations results and fabrication procedure.

A novel hybrid decomposition-and-ensemble model based on CEEMD and GWO for short-term PM2.5 concentration forecasting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niu, Mingfei; Wang, Yufang; Sun, Shaolong; Li, Yongwu

2016-06-01

To enhance prediction reliability and accuracy, a hybrid model based on the promising principle of "decomposition and ensemble" and a recently proposed meta-heuristic called grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is introduced for daily PM2.5 concentration forecasting. Compared with existing PM2.5 forecasting methods, this proposed model has improved the prediction accuracy and hit rates of directional prediction. The proposed model involves three main steps, i.e., decomposing the original PM2.5 series into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) via complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) for simplifying the complex data; individually predicting each IMF with support vector regression (SVR) optimized by GWO; integrating all predicted IMFs for the ensemble result as the final prediction by another SVR optimized by GWO. Seven benchmark models, including single artificial intelligence (AI) models, other decomposition-ensemble models with different decomposition methods and models with the same decomposition-ensemble method but optimized by different algorithms, are considered to verify the superiority of the proposed hybrid model. The empirical study indicates that the proposed hybrid decomposition-ensemble model is remarkably superior to all considered benchmark models for its higher prediction accuracy and hit rates of directional prediction.

Dominant modal decomposition method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dombovari, Zoltan

2017-03-01

The paper deals with the automatic decomposition of experimental frequency response functions (FRF's) of mechanical structures. The decomposition of FRF's is based on the Green function representation of free vibratory systems. After the determination of the impulse dynamic subspace, the system matrix is formulated and the poles are calculated directly. By means of the corresponding eigenvectors, the contribution of each element of the impulse dynamic subspace is determined and the sufficient decomposition of the corresponding FRF is carried out. With the presented dominant modal decomposition (DMD) method, the mode shapes, the modal participation vectors and the modal scaling factors are identified using the decomposed FRF's. Analytical example is presented along with experimental case studies taken from machine tool industry.

A comparison of reduced-order modelling techniques for application in hyperthermia control and estimation.

PubMed

Bailey, E A; Dutton, A W; Mattingly, M; Devasia, S; Roemer, R B

1998-01-01

Reduced-order modelling techniques can make important contributions in the control and state estimation of large systems. In hyperthermia, reduced-order modelling can provide a useful tool by which a large thermal model can be reduced to the most significant subset of its full-order modes, making real-time control and estimation possible. Two such reduction methods, one based on modal decomposition and the other on balanced realization, are compared in the context of simulated hyperthermia heat transfer problems. The results show that the modal decomposition reduction method has three significant advantages over that of balanced realization. First, modal decomposition reduced models result in less error, when compared to the full-order model, than balanced realization reduced models of similar order in problems with low or moderate advective heat transfer. Second, because the balanced realization based methods require a priori knowledge of the sensor and actuator placements, the reduced-order model is not robust to changes in sensor or actuator locations, a limitation not present in modal decomposition. Third, the modal decomposition transformation is less demanding computationally. On the other hand, in thermal problems dominated by advective heat transfer, numerical instabilities make modal decomposition based reduction problematic. Modal decomposition methods are therefore recommended for reduction of models in which advection is not dominant and research continues into methods to render balanced realization based reduction more suitable for real-time clinical hyperthermia control and estimation.

Grating Oriented Line-Wise Filtration (GOLF) for Dual-Energy X-ray CT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xi, Yan; Cong, Wenxiang; Harrison, Daniel; Wang, Ge

2017-12-01

In medical X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), the use of two distinct X-ray source spectra (energies) allows dose-reduction and material discrimination relative to that achieved with only one source spectrum. Existing dual-energy CT methods include source kVp-switching, double-layer detection, dual-source gantry, and two-pass scanning. Each method suffers either from strong spectral correlation or patient-motion artifacts. To simultaneously address these problems, we propose to improve CT data acquisition with the Grating Oriented Line-wise Filtration (GOLF) method, a novel X-ray filter that is placed between the source and patient. GOLF uses a combination of absorption and filtering gratings that are moved relative to each other and in synchronization with the X-ray tube kVp-switching process and/or the detector view-sampling process. Simulation results show that GOLF can improve the spectral performance of kVp-switching to match that of dual-source CT while avoiding patient motion artifacts and dual imaging chains. Although significant flux is absorbed by this pre-patient filter, the proposed GOLF method is a novel path for cost-effectively extracting dual-energy or multi-energy data and reducing radiation dose with or without kVp switching.

Grating Oriented Line-Wise Filtration (GOLF) for Dual-Energy X-ray CT

PubMed Central

Xi, Yan; Cong, Wenxiang; Harrison, Daniel

2017-01-01

In medical X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), the use of two distinct X-ray source spectra (energies) allows dose-reduction and material discrimination relative to that achieved with only one source spectrum. Existing dual-energy CT methods include source kVp-switching, double-layer detection, dual-source gantry, and two-pass scanning. Each method suffers either from strong spectral correlation or patient-motion artifacts. To simultaneously address these problems, we propose to improve CT data acquisition with the Grating Oriented Line-wise Filtration (GOLF) method, a novel X-ray filter that is placed between the source and patient. GOLF uses a combination of absorption and filtering gratings that are moved relative to each other and in synchronization with the X-ray tube kVp-switching process and/or the detector view-sampling process. Simulation results show that GOLF can improve the spectral performance of kVp-switching to match that of dual-source CT while avoiding patient motion artifacts and dual imaging chains. Although significant flux is absorbed by this pre-patient filter, the proposed GOLF method is a novel path for cost-effectively extracting dual-energy or multi-energy data and reducing radiation dose with or without kVp switching. PMID:29333113

Trimodal low-dose X-ray tomography

PubMed Central

Zanette, I.; Bech, M.; Rack, A.; Le Duc, G.; Tafforeau, P.; David, C.; Mohr, J.; Pfeiffer, F.; Weitkamp, T.

2012-01-01

X-ray grating interferometry is a coherent imaging technique that bears tremendous potential for three-dimensional tomographic imaging of soft biological tissue and other specimens whose details exhibit very weak absorption contrast. It is intrinsically trimodal, delivering phase contrast, absorption contrast, and scattering (“dark-field”) contrast. Recently reported acquisition strategies for grating-interferometric phase tomography constitute a major improvement of dose efficiency and speed. In particular, some of these techniques eliminate the need for scanning of one of the gratings (“phase stepping”). This advantage, however, comes at the cost of other limitations. These can be a loss in spatial resolution, or the inability to fully separate the three imaging modalities. In the present paper we report a data acquisition and processing method that optimizes dose efficiency but does not share the main limitations of other recently reported methods. Although our method still relies on phase stepping, it effectively uses only down to a single detector frame per projection angle and yields images corresponding to all three contrast modalities. In particular, this means that dark-field imaging remains accessible. The method is also compliant with data acquisition over an angular range of only 180° and with a continuous rotation of the specimen. PMID:22699500

Descent theory for semiorthogonal decompositions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Elagin, Alexei D

We put forward a method for constructing semiorthogonal decompositions of the derived category of G-equivariant sheaves on a variety X under the assumption that the derived category of sheaves on X admits a semiorthogonal decomposition with components preserved by the action of the group G on X. This method is used to obtain semiorthogonal decompositions of equivariant derived categories for projective bundles and blow-ups with a smooth centre as well as for varieties with a full exceptional collection preserved by the group action. Our main technical tool is descent theory for derived categories. Bibliography: 12 titles.

About decomposition approach for solving the classification problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrianova, A. A.

2016-11-01

This article describes the features of the application of an algorithm with using of decomposition methods for solving the binary classification problem of constructing a linear classifier based on Support Vector Machine method. Application of decomposition reduces the volume of calculations, in particular, due to the emerging possibilities to build parallel versions of the algorithm, which is a very important advantage for the solution of problems with big data. The analysis of the results of computational experiments conducted using the decomposition approach. The experiment use known data set for binary classification problem.

On the Possibility of Studying the Reactions of the Thermal Decomposition of Energy Substances by the Methods of High-Resolution Terahertz Spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vaks, V. L.; Domracheva, E. G.; Chernyaeva, M. B.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Revin, L. S.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Yablokov, A. A.; Lukyanenko, I. A.; Sheikov, Yu. V.

2018-02-01

We show prospects for using the method of high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy for a continuous analysis of the decomposition products of energy substances in the gas phase (including short-lived ones) in a wide temperature range. The experimental setup, which includes a terahertz spectrometer for studying the thermal decomposition reactions, is described. The results of analysis of the gaseous decomposition products of energy substances by the example of ammonium nitrate heated from room temperature to 167°C are presented.

Applications of singular value analysis and partial-step algorithm for nonlinear orbit determination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ryne, Mark S.; Wang, Tseng-Chan

1991-01-01

An adaptive method in which cruise and nonlinear orbit determination problems can be solved using a single program is presented. It involves singular value decomposition augmented with an extended partial step algorithm. The extended partial step algorithm constrains the size of the correction to the spacecraft state and other solve-for parameters. The correction is controlled by an a priori covariance and a user-supplied bounds parameter. The extended partial step method is an extension of the update portion of the singular value decomposition algorithm. It thus preserves the numerical stability of the singular value decomposition method, while extending the region over which it converges. In linear cases, this method reduces to the singular value decomposition algorithm with the full rank solution. Two examples are presented to illustrate the method's utility.

Rank-based decompositions of morphological templates.

PubMed

Sussner, P; Ritter, G X

2000-01-01

Methods for matrix decomposition have found numerous applications in image processing, in particular for the problem of template decomposition. Since existing matrix decomposition techniques are mainly concerned with the linear domain, we consider it timely to investigate matrix decomposition techniques in the nonlinear domain with applications in image processing. The mathematical basis for these investigations is the new theory of rank within minimax algebra. Thus far, only minimax decompositions of rank 1 and rank 2 matrices into outer product expansions are known to the image processing community. We derive a heuristic algorithm for the decomposition of matrices having arbitrary rank.

Integrated control/structure optimization by multilevel decomposition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zeiler, Thomas A.; Gilbert, Michael G.

1990-01-01

A method for integrated control/structure optimization by multilevel decomposition is presented. It is shown that several previously reported methods were actually partial decompositions wherein only the control was decomposed into a subsystem design. One of these partially decomposed problems was selected as a benchmark example for comparison. The system is fully decomposed into structural and control subsystem designs and an improved design is produced. Theory, implementation, and results for the method are presented and compared with the benchmark example.

High-energy x-ray grating-based phase-contrast radiography of human anatomy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horn, Florian; Hauke, Christian; Lachner, Sebastian; Ludwig, Veronika; Pelzer, Georg; Rieger, Jens; Schuster, Max; Seifert, Maria; Wandner, Johannes; Wolf, Andreas; Michel, Thilo; Anton, Gisela

2016-03-01

X-ray grating-based phase-contrast Talbot-Lau interferometry is a promising imaging technology that has the potential to raise soft tissue contrast in comparison to conventional attenuation-based imaging. Additionally, it is sensitive to attenuation, refraction and scattering of the radiation and thus provides complementary and otherwise inaccessible information due to the dark-field image, which shows the sub-pixel size granularity of the measured object. Until recent progress the method has been mainly limited to photon energies below 40 keV. Scaling the method to photon energies that are sufficient to pass large and spacious objects represents a challenging task. This is caused by increasing demands regarding the fabrication process of the gratings and the broad spectra that come along with the use of polychromatic X-ray sources operated at high acceleration voltages. We designed a setup that is capable to reach high visibilities in the range from 50 to 120 kV. Therefore, spacious and dense parts of the human body with high attenuation can be measured, such as a human knee. The authors will show investigations on the resulting attenuation, differential phase-contrast and dark-field images. The images experimentally show that X-ray grating-based phase-contrast radiography is feasible with highly absorbing parts of the human body containing massive bones.

A novel iterative scheme and its application to differential equations.

PubMed

Khan, Yasir; Naeem, F; Šmarda, Zdeněk

2014-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to employ an alternative approach to reconstruct the standard variational iteration algorithm II proposed by He, including Lagrange multiplier, and to give a simpler formulation of Adomian decomposition and modified Adomian decomposition method in terms of newly proposed variational iteration method-II (VIM). Through careful investigation of the earlier variational iteration algorithm and Adomian decomposition method, we find unnecessary calculations for Lagrange multiplier and also repeated calculations involved in each iteration, respectively. Several examples are given to verify the reliability and efficiency of the method.

Analysis of grating doublets for achromatic beam-splitting

PubMed Central

Pacheco, Shaun; Milster, Tom; Liang, Rongguang

2015-01-01

Achromatic beam-splitting grating doublets are designed for both continuous phase and binary phase gratings. By analyzing the sensitivity to lateral shifts between the two grating layers, it is shown that continuous-profile grating doublets are extremely difficult to fabricate. Achromatic grating doublets that have profiles with a constant first spatial derivative are significantly more resistant to lateral shifts between grating layers, where one design case showed a 17 times improvement in performance. Therefore, binary phase, multi-level phase, and blazed grating doublets perform significantly better than continuous phase grating doublets in the presence of a lateral shift between two grating layers. By studying the sensitivity to fabrication errors in the height of both grating layers, one grating layer height can be adjusted to maintain excellent performance over a large wavelength range if the other grating layer is fabricated incorrectly. It is shown in one design case that the performance of an achromatic Dammann grating doublet can be improved by a factor of 215 if the heights of the grating layers are chosen to minimize the performance change in the presence of fabrication errors. PMID:26368261

Artifact removal from EEG data with empirical mode decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grubov, Vadim V.; Runnova, Anastasiya E.; Efremova, Tatyana Yu.; Hramov, Alexander E.

2017-03-01

In the paper we propose the novel method for dealing with the physiological artifacts caused by intensive activity of facial and neck muscles and other movements in experimental human EEG recordings. The method is based on analysis of EEG signals with empirical mode decomposition (Hilbert-Huang transform). We introduce the mathematical algorithm of the method with following steps: empirical mode decomposition of EEG signal, choosing of empirical modes with artifacts, removing empirical modes with artifacts, reconstruction of the initial EEG signal. We test the method on filtration of experimental human EEG signals from movement artifacts and show high efficiency of the method.

Adaptive Fourier decomposition based ECG denoising.

PubMed

Wang, Ze; Wan, Feng; Wong, Chi Man; Zhang, Liming

2016-10-01

A novel ECG denoising method is proposed based on the adaptive Fourier decomposition (AFD). The AFD decomposes a signal according to its energy distribution, thereby making this algorithm suitable for separating pure ECG signal and noise with overlapping frequency ranges but different energy distributions. A stop criterion for the iterative decomposition process in the AFD is calculated on the basis of the estimated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the noisy signal. The proposed AFD-based method is validated by the synthetic ECG signal using an ECG model and also real ECG signals from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database both with additive Gaussian white noise. Simulation results of the proposed method show better performance on the denoising and the QRS detection in comparing with major ECG denoising schemes based on the wavelet transform, the Stockwell transform, the empirical mode decomposition, and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Iterative image-domain decomposition for dual-energy CT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Niu, Tianye; Dong, Xue; Petrongolo, Michael

2014-04-15

Purpose: Dual energy CT (DECT) imaging plays an important role in advanced imaging applications due to its capability of material decomposition. Direct decomposition via matrix inversion suffers from significant degradation of image signal-to-noise ratios, which reduces clinical values of DECT. Existing denoising algorithms achieve suboptimal performance since they suppress image noise either before or after the decomposition and do not fully explore the noise statistical properties of the decomposition process. In this work, the authors propose an iterative image-domain decomposition method for noise suppression in DECT, using the full variance-covariance matrix of the decomposed images. Methods: The proposed algorithm ismore » formulated in the form of least-square estimation with smoothness regularization. Based on the design principles of a best linear unbiased estimator, the authors include the inverse of the estimated variance-covariance matrix of the decomposed images as the penalty weight in the least-square term. The regularization term enforces the image smoothness by calculating the square sum of neighboring pixel value differences. To retain the boundary sharpness of the decomposed images, the authors detect the edges in the CT images before decomposition. These edge pixels have small weights in the calculation of the regularization term. Distinct from the existing denoising algorithms applied on the images before or after decomposition, the method has an iterative process for noise suppression, with decomposition performed in each iteration. The authors implement the proposed algorithm using a standard conjugate gradient algorithm. The method performance is evaluated using an evaluation phantom (Catphan©600) and an anthropomorphic head phantom. The results are compared with those generated using direct matrix inversion with no noise suppression, a denoising method applied on the decomposed images, and an existing algorithm with similar formulation as the proposed method but with an edge-preserving regularization term. Results: On the Catphan phantom, the method maintains the same spatial resolution on the decomposed images as that of the CT images before decomposition (8 pairs/cm) while significantly reducing their noise standard deviation. Compared to that obtained by the direct matrix inversion, the noise standard deviation in the images decomposed by the proposed algorithm is reduced by over 98%. Without considering the noise correlation properties in the formulation, the denoising scheme degrades the spatial resolution to 6 pairs/cm for the same level of noise suppression. Compared to the edge-preserving algorithm, the method achieves better low-contrast detectability. A quantitative study is performed on the contrast-rod slice of Catphan phantom. The proposed method achieves lower electron density measurement error as compared to that by the direct matrix inversion, and significantly reduces the error variation by over 97%. On the head phantom, the method reduces the noise standard deviation of decomposed images by over 97% without blurring the sinus structures. Conclusions: The authors propose an iterative image-domain decomposition method for DECT. The method combines noise suppression and material decomposition into an iterative process and achieves both goals simultaneously. By exploring the full variance-covariance properties of the decomposed images and utilizing the edge predetection, the proposed algorithm shows superior performance on noise suppression with high image spatial resolution and low-contrast detectability.« less

Phase retrieval with the reverse projection method in the presence of object's scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zhili; Gao, Kun; Wang, Dajiang

2017-08-01

X-ray grating interferometry can provide substantially increased contrast over traditional attenuation-based techniques in biomedical applications, and therefore novel and complementary information. Recently, special attention has been paid to quantitative phase retrieval in X-ray grating interferometry, which is mandatory to perform phase tomography, to achieve material identification, etc. An innovative approach, dubbed ;Reverse Projection; (RP), has been developed for quantitative phase retrieval. The RP method abandons grating scanning completely, and is thus advantageous in terms of higher efficiency and reduced radiation damage. Therefore, it is expected that this novel method would find its potential in preclinical and clinical implementations. Strictly speaking, the reverse projection method is applicable for objects exhibiting only absorption and refraction. In this contribution, we discuss the phase retrieval with the reverse projection method for general objects with absorption, refraction and scattering simultaneously. Especially, we investigate the influence of the object's scattering on the retrieved refraction signal. Both theoretical analysis and numerical experiments are performed. The results show that the retrieved refraction signal is the product of object's refraction and scattering signals for small values. In the case of a strong scattering, the reverse projection method cannot provide reliable phase retrieval. Those presented results will guide the use of the reverse projection method for future practical applications, and help to explain some possible artifacts in the retrieved images and/or reconstructed slices.

Curing dynamics of photopolymers measured by single-shot heterodyne transient grating method.

PubMed

Arai, Mika; Fujii, Tomomi; Inoue, Hayato; Kuwahara, Shota; Katayama, Kenji

2013-01-01

The heterodyne transient grating (HD-TG) method was first applied to the curing dynamics measurement of photopolymers. The curing dynamics for various monomers including an initiator (2.5 vol%) was monitored optically via the refractive index change after a single UV pulse irradiation. We could obtain the polymerization time and the final change in the refractive index, and the parameters were correlated with the viscosity, molecular structure, and reaction sites. As the polymerization time was longer, the final refractive change was larger, and the polymerization time was explained in terms of the monomer properties.

Visually testing the dynamic character of a blazed-angle adjustable grating by digital holographic microscopy.

PubMed

Qin, Chuan; Zhao, Jianlin; Di, Jianglei; Wang, Le; Yu, Yiting; Yuan, Weizheng

2009-02-10

We employed digital holographic microscopy to visually test microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS). The sample is a blazed-angle adjustable grating. Considering the periodic structure of the sample, a local area unwrapping method based on a binary template was adopted to demodulate the fringes obtained by referring to a reference hologram. A series of holograms at different deformation states due to different drive voltages were captured to analyze the dynamic character of the MOEMS, and the uniformity of different microcantilever beams was also inspected. The results show this testing method is effective for a periodic structure.

Time multiplexing based extended depth of focus imaging.

PubMed

Ilovitsh, Asaf; Zalevsky, Zeev

2016-01-01

We propose to utilize the time multiplexing super resolution method to extend the depth of focus of an imaging system. In standard time multiplexing, the super resolution is achieved by generating duplication of the optical transfer function in the spectrum domain, by the use of moving gratings. While this improves the spatial resolution, it does not increase the depth of focus. By changing the gratings frequency and, by that changing the duplication positions, it is possible to obtain an extended depth of focus. The proposed method is presented analytically, demonstrated via numerical simulations and validated by a laboratory experiment.

Parallel demodulation system and signal-processing method for extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer and fiber Bragg grating sensors.

PubMed

Jiang, Junfeng; Liu, Tiegen; Zhang, Yimo; Liu, Lina; Zha, Ying; Zhang, Fan; Wang, Yunxin; Long, Pin

2005-03-15

A parallel demodulation system for extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is presented that is based on a Michelson interferometer and combines the methods of low-coherence interference and Fourier transform spectrum. Signals from EFPI and FBG sensors are obtained simultaneously by scanning one arm of a Michelson interferometer, and an algorithm model is established to process the signals and retrieve both the wavelength of the FBG and the cavity length of the EFPI at the same time, which are then used to determine the strain and temperature.

Method for Measurement of Multi-Degrees-of-Freedom Motion Parameters Based on Polydimethylsiloxane Cross-Coupling Diffraction Gratings.

PubMed

Duan, Junping; Zhu, Qiang; Qian, Kun; Guo, Hao; Zhang, Binzhen

2017-08-30

This work presents a multi-degrees-of-freedom motion parameter measurement method based on the use of cross-coupling diffraction gratings that were prepared on the two sides of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate using oxygen plasma processing technology. The laser beam that travels pass the cross-coupling optical grating would be diffracted into a two-dimensional spot array. The displacement and the gap size of the spot-array were functions of the movement of the laser source, as explained by the Fraunhofer diffraction effect. A 480 × 640 pixel charge-coupled device (CCD) was used to acquire images of the two-dimensional spot-array in real time. A proposed algorithm was then used to obtain the motion parameters. Using this method and the CCD described above, the resolutions of the displacement and the deflection angle were 0.18 μm and 0.0075 rad, respectively. Additionally, a CCD with a higher pixel count could improve the resolutions of the displacement and the deflection angle to sub-nanometer and micro-radian scales, respectively. Finally, the dynamic positions of hovering rotorcraft have been tracked and checked using the proposed method, which can be used to correct the craft's position and provide a method for aircraft stabilization in the sky.

Method for Measurement of Multi-Degrees-of-Freedom Motion Parameters Based on Polydimethylsiloxane Cross-Coupling Diffraction Gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duan, Junping; Zhu, Qiang; Qian, Kun; Guo, Hao; Zhang, Binzhen

2017-08-01

This work presents a multi-degrees-of-freedom motion parameter measurement method based on the use of cross-coupling diffraction gratings that were prepared on the two sides of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate using oxygen plasma processing technology. The laser beam that travels pass the cross-coupling optical grating would be diffracted into a two-dimensional spot array. The displacement and the gap size of the spot-array were functions of the movement of the laser source, as explained by the Fraunhofer diffraction effect. A 480 × 640 pixel charge-coupled device (CCD) was used to acquire images of the two-dimensional spot-array in real time. A proposed algorithm was then used to obtain the motion parameters. Using this method and the CCD described above, the resolutions of the displacement and the deflection angle were 0.18 μm and 0.0075 rad, respectively. Additionally, a CCD with a higher pixel count could improve the resolutions of the displacement and the deflection angle to sub-nanometer and micro-radian scales, respectively. Finally, the dynamic positions of hovering rotorcraft have been tracked and checked using the proposed method, which can be used to correct the craft's position and provide a method for aircraft stabilization in the sky.

Rapid Transient Pressure Field Computations in the Nearfield of Circular Transducers using Frequency Domain Time-Space Decomposition

PubMed Central

Alles, E. J.; Zhu, Y.; van Dongen, K. W. A.; McGough, R. J.

2013-01-01

The fast nearfield method, when combined with time-space decomposition, is a rapid and accurate approach for calculating transient nearfield pressures generated by ultrasound transducers. However, the standard time-space decomposition approach is only applicable to certain analytical representations of the temporal transducer surface velocity that, when applied to the fast nearfield method, are expressed as a finite sum of products of separate temporal and spatial terms. To extend time-space decomposition such that accelerated transient field simulations are enabled in the nearfield for an arbitrary transducer surface velocity, a new transient simulation method, frequency domain time-space decomposition (FDTSD), is derived. With this method, the temporal transducer surface velocity is transformed into the frequency domain, and then each complex-valued term is processed separately. Further improvements are achieved by spectral clipping, which reduces the number of terms and the computation time. Trade-offs between speed and accuracy are established for FDTSD calculations, and pressure fields obtained with the FDTSD method for a circular transducer are compared to those obtained with Field II and the impulse response method. The FDTSD approach, when combined with the fast nearfield method and spectral clipping, consistently achieves smaller errors in less time and requires less memory than Field II or the impulse response method. PMID:23160476

Nanointaglio fabrication of optical lipid multilayer diffraction gratings with applications in biosensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lowry, Troy Warren

The dynamic self-organization of lipids in biological systems is a highly regulated process that enables the compartmentalization of living systems at microscopic and nanoscopic levels. Exploiting the self-organization and innate biofunctionality of lyotropic liquid crystalline phospholipids, a novel nanofabrication process called "nanointaglio" was invented in order to rapidly and scalably integrate lipid nanopatterns onto the surface. The work presented here focuses on using nanointaglio fabricated lipid diffraction micro- and nanopatterns for the development of new sensing and bioactivity studies. The lipids are patterned as diffraction gratings for sensor functionality. The lipid multilayer gratings operate as nanomechanical sensor elements that are capable of transducing molecular binding to fluid lipid multilayers into optical signals in a label free manner due to shape changes in the lipid nanostructures. To demonstrate the label free detection capabilities, lipid nanopatterns are shown to be suitable for the integration of chemically different lipid multilayer gratings into a sensor array capable of distinguishing vapors by means of an optical nose. Sensor arrays composed of six different lipid formulations are integrated onto a surface and their optical response to three different vapors (water, ethanol and acetone) in air as well as pH under water is monitored as a function of time. Principal component analysis of the array response results in distinct clustering, indicating the suitability of the arrays for distinguishing these analytes. Importantly, the nanointaglio process used is capable of producing lipid gratings out of different materials with sufficiently uniform heights for the fabrication of an optical nose. A second main application is demonstrated for the study of membrane binding proteins. Although in vitro methods for assaying the catalytic activity of individual enzymes are well established, quantitative methods for assaying the kinetics of supramolecular remodeling such as vesicle formation from planar lipid bilayers or multilayers are needed to understand cellular self-organization. Presented next is a nanointaglio based method for quantitative measurements of lipid-protein interactions and its suitability for quantifying the membrane binding, inflation, and budding activity of the membrane-remodeling protein Sar1. Optical diffraction gratings composed of lipids are printed on surfaces using nanointaglio, resulting in lipid multilayer gratings. Exposure of lipid multilayer gratings to Sar1 results in the inflation of lipid multilayers into unilamellar structures, the kinetics of which can be detected in a label-free manner by monitoring the diffraction of white light through an optical microscope. Local variations in lipid multilayer volume on the surface can be used to vary substrate availability in a microarray format, allowing kinetic and thermodynamic data to be obtained from a single experiment without the need for varying enzyme concentration. A quantitative model is developed and fits to the data allow measurements of both binding affinity (KD) and kinetics (kon and koff). Importantly, this assay is uniquely capable of quantifying membrane remodeling. Upon Sar1 induced inflation of single bilayers from surface supported multilayers, the semi-cylindrical grating lines are observed to remodel into semi-spherical buds when a critical radius of curvature equal to 300 nm is reached, which is explained in terms of a Rayleigh type instability.

Large enhancement of second harmonic generation from transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayer on grating near bound states in the continuum.

PubMed

Wang, Tiecheng; Zhang, Shihao

2018-01-08

Second harmonic generation from the two-layer structure where a transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayer is put on a one-dimensional grating has been studied. This grating supports bound states in the continuum which have no leakage lying within the continuum of radiation modes, we can enhance the second harmonic generation from the transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayer by more than four orders of magnitude based on the critical field enhancement near the bound states in the continuum. In order to complete this calculation, the scattering matrix theory has been extended to include the nonlinear effect and the scattering matrix of a two-dimensional material including nonlinear terms; furthermore, two methods to observe the bound states in the continuum are considered, where one is tuning the thickness of the grating and the other is changing the incident angle of the electromagnetic wave. We have also discussed various modulation of the second harmonic generation enhancement by adjusting the azimuthal angle of the transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayer.

Fabry-Perot color filter with antireflective nano-grating surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jiayuan; Zhang, Jie; Dong, Xiaoxuan

2013-12-01

In order to improve the color saturation of reflective Fabry-Perot(FP) color filter, we proposed a reflective color filter incorporating FP resonator with a dielectric grating. The FP resonator consists of high reflection metal film, dielectric film and semi-transparent metal film. The dielectric grating, above the semi-transparent metal film, can reduce the reflection from the semi-transparent film in which case high saturation will be achieved. By using Finite Difference Time Domain(FDTD) method, the reflection spectra characteristic is analyzed as a function of duty cycle, period, refractive index and thickness of the dielectric grating. Based on the simulation results, a high performance color filter is proposed by optimizing the structural parameters. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) reflection spectrum of the filters are reduced from 100 nm to 70 nm and the peak reflection efficiency of the filters are about 90%. The overlap of the tricolor output spectra decreases effectively, which will increase the color saturation of the color filter.

Off-axis digital holographic camera for quantitative phase microscopy.

PubMed

Monemhaghdoust, Zahra; Montfort, Frédéric; Emery, Yves; Depeursinge, Christian; Moser, Christophe

2014-06-01

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a digital holographic camera which can be attached to the camera port of a conventional microscope for obtaining digital holograms in a self-reference configuration, under short coherence illumination and in a single shot. A thick holographic grating filters the beam containing the sample information in two dimensions through diffraction. The filtered beam creates the reference arm of the interferometer. The spatial filtering method, based on the high angular selectivity of the thick grating, reduces the alignment sensitivity to angular displacements compared with pinhole based Fourier filtering. The addition of a thin holographic grating alters the coherence plane tilt introduced by the thick grating so as to create high-visibility interference over the entire field of view. The acquired full-field off-axis holograms are processed to retrieve the amplitude and phase information of the sample. The system produces phase images of cheek cells qualitatively similar to phase images extracted with a standard commercial DHM.

Kinetics and mechanism of solid decompositions — From basic discoveries by atomic absorption spectrometry and quadrupole mass spectroscopy to thorough thermogravimetric analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

L'vov, Boris V.

2008-02-01

This paper sums up the evolution of thermochemical approach to the interpretation of solid decompositions for the past 25 years. This period includes two stages related to decomposition studies by different techniques: by ET AAS and QMS in 1981-2001 and by TG in 2002-2007. As a result of ET AAS and QMS investigations, the method for determination of absolute rates of solid decompositions was developed and the mechanism of decompositions through the congruent dissociative vaporization was discovered. On this basis, in the period from 1997 to 2001, the decomposition mechanisms of several classes of reactants were interpreted and some unusual effects observed in TA were explained. However, the thermochemical approach has not received any support by other TA researchers. One of the potential reasons of this distrust was the unreliability of the E values measured by the traditional Arrhenius plot method. The theoretical analysis and comparison of metrological features of different methods used in the determinations of thermochemical quantities permitted to conclude that in comparison with the Arrhenius plot and second-law methods, the third-law method is to be very much preferred. However, this method cannot be used in the kinetic studies by the Arrhenius approach because its use suggests the measuring of the equilibrium pressures of decomposition products. On the contrary, the method of absolute rates is ideally suitable for this purpose. As a result of much higher precision of the third-law method, some quantitative conclusions that follow from the theory were confirmed, and several new effects, which were invisible in the framework of the Arrhenius approach, have been revealed. In spite of great progress reached in the development of reliable methodology, based on the third-law method, the thermochemical approach remains unclaimed as before.

Comparison of diffusion length measurements from the Flying Spot Technique and the photocarrier grating method in amorphous thin films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vieira, M.; Fantoni, A.; Martins, R.

1994-12-31

Using the Flying Spot Technique (FST) the authors have studied minority carrier transport parallel and perpendicular to the surface of amorphous silicon films (a-Si:H). To reduce slow transients due to charge redistribution in low resistivity regions during the measurement they have applied a strong homogeneously absorbed bias light. The defect density was estimated from Constant Photocurrent Method (CPM) measurements. The steady-state photocarrier grating technique (SSPG) is a 1-dimensional approach. However, the modulation depth of the carrier profile is also dependent on film surface properties, like surface recombination velocity. Both methods yield comparable diffusion lengths when applied to a-Si:H.

Infrared wire-grid polarizer with sol-gel antireflection films on both sides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamada, Itsunari; Ishihara, Yoshiro

2017-12-01

We fabricated an infrared wire-grid polarizer with the high transverse magnetic (TM) polarization transmittance and high extinction ratio by soft imprint lithography, sol-gel method, and Al shadow coating processes. A zilconia film was coated on Si substrate by using sol-gel method and spin coating method. Then, sol-gel zirconia grating was formed on the back side using imprinting using a silicone mold. The polarizer was produced by depositing Al obliquely on the grating. The TM transmittance of the fabricated element was greater than 80% at a wavelength of 4.8 μm. The sol-gel zilconia films acted as antireflection films. The extinction ratio exceeded 26 dB at its wavelength.

DBR, Sub-wavelength grating, and Photonic crystal slab Fabry-Perot cavity design using phase analysis by FDTD.

PubMed

Kim, Jae Hwan Eric; Chrostowski, Lukas; Bisaillon, Eric; Plant, David V

2007-08-06

We demonstrate a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) phase methodology to estimate resonant wavelengths in Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity structures. We validate the phase method in a conventional Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) structure using a transfer-matrix method, and compare results with a FDTD reflectance method. We extend this approach to a Sub-Wavelength Grating (SWG) and a Photonic Crystal (Phc) slab, either of which may replace one of the Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) in the VCSEL, and predict resonant conditions with varying lithographic parameters. Finally, we compare the resonant tunabilities of three different VCSEL structures, taking quality factors into account.

Integrated control/structure optimization by multilevel decomposition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zeiler, Thomas A.; Gilbert, Michael G.

1990-01-01

A method for integrated control/structure optimization by multilevel decomposition is presented. It is shown that several previously reported methods were actually partial decompositions wherein only the control was decomposed into a subsystem design. One of these partially decomposed problems was selected as a benchmark example for comparison. The present paper fully decomposes the system into structural and control subsystem designs and produces an improved design. Theory, implementation, and results for the method are presented and compared with the benchmark example.

Advanced Fibre Bragg Grating and Microfibre Bragg Grating Fabrication Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chung, Kit Man

Fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) have become a very important technology for communication systems and fibre optic sensing. Typically, FBGs are less than 10-mm long and are fabricated using fused silica uniform phase masks which become more expensive for longer length or non-uniform pitch. Generally, interference UV laser beams are employed to make long or complex FBGs, and this technique introduces critical precision and control issues. In this work, we demonstrate an advanced FBG fabrication system that enables the writing of long and complex gratings in optical fibres with virtually any apodisation profile, local phase and Bragg wavelength using a novel optical design in which the incident angles of two UV beams onto an optical fibre can be adjusted simultaneously by moving just one optical component, instead of two optics employed in earlier configurations, to vary the grating pitch. The key advantage of the grating fabrication system is that complex gratings can be fabricated by controlling the linear movements of two translation stages. In addition to the study of advanced grating fabrication technique, we also focus on the inscription of FBGs written in optical fibres with a cladding diameter of several ten's of microns. Fabrication of microfibres was investigated using a sophisticated tapering method. We also proposed a simple but practical technique to filter out the higher order modes reflected from the FBG written in microfibres via a linear taper region while the fundamental mode re-couples to the core. By using this technique, reflection from the microfibre Bragg grating (MFBG) can be effectively single mode, simplifying the demultiplexing and demodulation processes. MFBG exhibits high sensitivity to contact force and an MFBG-based force sensor was also constructed and tested to investigate their suitability for use as an invasive surgery device. Performance of the contact force sensor packaged in a conforming elastomer material compares favourably to one of the best-performing commercial contact force sensors in catheterization applications. The proposed sensor features extremely high sensitivity up to 1.37-mN, miniature size (2.4-mm) that meets standard specification, excellent linearity, low hysteresis, and magnetic resonance imaging compatibility.

Decomposition of metabolic network into functional modules based on the global connectivity structure of reaction graph.

PubMed

Ma, Hong-Wu; Zhao, Xue-Ming; Yuan, Ying-Jin; Zeng, An-Ping

2004-08-12

Metabolic networks are organized in a modular, hierarchical manner. Methods for a rational decomposition of the metabolic network into relatively independent functional subsets are essential to better understand the modularity and organization principle of a large-scale, genome-wide network. Network decomposition is also necessary for functional analysis of metabolism by pathway analysis methods that are often hampered by the problem of combinatorial explosion due to the complexity of metabolic network. Decomposition methods proposed in literature are mainly based on the connection degree of metabolites. To obtain a more reasonable decomposition, the global connectivity structure of metabolic networks should be taken into account. In this work, we use a reaction graph representation of a metabolic network for the identification of its global connectivity structure and for decomposition. A bow-tie connectivity structure similar to that previously discovered for metabolite graph is found also to exist in the reaction graph. Based on this bow-tie structure, a new decomposition method is proposed, which uses a distance definition derived from the path length between two reactions. An hierarchical classification tree is first constructed from the distance matrix among the reactions in the giant strong component of the bow-tie structure. These reactions are then grouped into different subsets based on the hierarchical tree. Reactions in the IN and OUT subsets of the bow-tie structure are subsequently placed in the corresponding subsets according to a 'majority rule'. Compared with the decomposition methods proposed in literature, ours is based on combined properties of the global network structure and local reaction connectivity rather than, primarily, on the connection degree of metabolites. The method is applied to decompose the metabolic network of Escherichia coli. Eleven subsets are obtained. More detailed investigations of the subsets show that reactions in the same subset are really functionally related. The rational decomposition of metabolic networks, and subsequent studies of the subsets, make it more amenable to understand the inherent organization and functionality of metabolic networks at the modular level. http://genome.gbf.de/bioinformatics/

Primary decomposition of zero-dimensional ideals over finite fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Shuhong; Wan, Daqing; Wang, Mingsheng

2009-03-01

A new algorithm is presented for computing primary decomposition of zero-dimensional ideals over finite fields. Like Berlekamp's algorithm for univariate polynomials, the new method is based on the invariant subspace of the Frobenius map acting on the quotient algebra. The dimension of the invariant subspace equals the number of primary components, and a basis of the invariant subspace yields a complete decomposition. Unlike previous approaches for decomposing multivariate polynomial systems, the new method does not need primality testing nor any generic projection, instead it reduces the general decomposition problem directly to root finding of univariate polynomials over the ground field. Also, it is shown how Groebner basis structure can be used to get partial primary decomposition without any root finding.

Electro-Optic Diffraction Grating Tuned Laser.

DTIC Science & Technology

The patent concerns an electro - optic diffraction grating tuned laser comprising a laser medium, output mirror, retro-reflective grating and an electro - optic diffraction grating beam deflector positioned between the laser medium and the reflective diffraction grating. An optional angle multiplier may be used between the electro - optic diffraction grating and the reflective grating.

Adaptive variational mode decomposition method for signal processing based on mode characteristic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lian, Jijian; Liu, Zhuo; Wang, Haijun; Dong, Xiaofeng

2018-07-01

Variational mode decomposition is a completely non-recursive decomposition model, where all the modes are extracted concurrently. However, the model requires a preset mode number, which limits the adaptability of the method since a large deviation in the number of mode set will cause the discard or mixing of the mode. Hence, a method called Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition (AVMD) was proposed to automatically determine the mode number based on the characteristic of intrinsic mode function. The method was used to analyze the simulation signals and the measured signals in the hydropower plant. Comparisons have also been conducted to evaluate the performance by using VMD, EMD and EWT. It is indicated that the proposed method has strong adaptability and is robust to noise. It can determine the mode number appropriately without modulation even when the signal frequencies are relatively close.

Effects of calibration methods on quantitative material decomposition in photon-counting spectral computed tomography using a maximum a posteriori estimator.

PubMed

Curtis, Tyler E; Roeder, Ryan K

2017-10-01

Advances in photon-counting detectors have enabled quantitative material decomposition using multi-energy or spectral computed tomography (CT). Supervised methods for material decomposition utilize an estimated attenuation for each material of interest at each photon energy level, which must be calibrated based upon calculated or measured values for known compositions. Measurements using a calibration phantom can advantageously account for system-specific noise, but the effect of calibration methods on the material basis matrix and subsequent quantitative material decomposition has not been experimentally investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the range and number of contrast agent concentrations within a modular calibration phantom on the accuracy of quantitative material decomposition in the image domain. Gadolinium was chosen as a model contrast agent in imaging phantoms, which also contained bone tissue and water as negative controls. The maximum gadolinium concentration (30, 60, and 90 mM) and total number of concentrations (2, 4, and 7) were independently varied to systematically investigate effects of the material basis matrix and scaling factor calibration on the quantitative (root mean squared error, RMSE) and spatial (sensitivity and specificity) accuracy of material decomposition. Images of calibration and sample phantoms were acquired using a commercially available photon-counting spectral micro-CT system with five energy bins selected to normalize photon counts and leverage the contrast agent k-edge. Material decomposition of gadolinium, calcium, and water was performed for each calibration method using a maximum a posteriori estimator. Both the quantitative and spatial accuracy of material decomposition were most improved by using an increased maximum gadolinium concentration (range) in the basis matrix calibration; the effects of using a greater number of concentrations were relatively small in magnitude by comparison. The material basis matrix calibration was more sensitive to changes in the calibration methods than the scaling factor calibration. The material basis matrix calibration significantly influenced both the quantitative and spatial accuracy of material decomposition, while the scaling factor calibration influenced quantitative but not spatial accuracy. Importantly, the median RMSE of material decomposition was as low as ~1.5 mM (~0.24 mg/mL gadolinium), which was similar in magnitude to that measured by optical spectroscopy on the same samples. The accuracy of quantitative material decomposition in photon-counting spectral CT was significantly influenced by calibration methods which must therefore be carefully considered for the intended diagnostic imaging application. © 2017 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

Field singularities at lossless metal-dielectric arbitrary-angle edges and their ramifications to the numerical modeling of gratings.

PubMed

Li, Lifeng

2012-04-01

I extend a previous work [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 738 (2011)] on field singularities at lossless metal-dielectric right-angle edges and their ramifications to the numerical modeling of gratings to the case of arbitrary metallic wedge angles. Simple criteria are given that allow one knowing the lossless permittivities and the arbitrary wedge angles to determine if the electric field at the edges is nonsingular, can be regularly singular, or can be irregularly singular without calculating the singularity exponent. Furthermore, the knowledge of the singularity type enables one to predict immediately if a numerical method that uses Fourier expansions of the transverse electric field components at the edges will converge or not without making any numerical tests. All conclusions of the previous work about the general relationships between field singularities, Fourier representation of singular fields, and convergence of numerical methods for modeling lossless metal-dielectric gratings have been reconfirmed.

A simplified digital lock-in amplifier for the scanning grating spectrometer.

PubMed

Wang, Jingru; Wang, Zhihong; Ji, Xufei; Liu, Jie; Liu, Guangda

2017-02-01

For the common measurement and control system of a scanning grating spectrometer, the use of an analog lock-in amplifier requires complex circuitry and sophisticated debugging, whereas the use of a digital lock-in amplifier places a high demand on the calculation capability and storage space. In this paper, a simplified digital lock-in amplifier based on averaging the absolute values within a complete period is presented and applied to a scanning grating spectrometer. The simplified digital lock-in amplifier was implemented on a low-cost microcontroller without multipliers, and got rid of the reference signal and specific configuration of the sampling frequency. Two positive zero-crossing detections were used to lock the phase of the measured signal. However, measurement method errors were introduced by the following factors: frequency fluctuation, sampling interval, and integer restriction of the sampling number. The theoretical calculation and experimental results of the signal-to-noise ratio of the proposed measurement method were 2055 and 2403, respectively.

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers.

PubMed

Lindley, Emma Y; Min, Seong-Sik; Leon-Saval, Sergio G; Cvetojevic, Nick; Lawrence, Jon; Ellis, Simon C; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss

2016-04-20

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers.

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

PubMed Central

Lindley, Emma Y.; Min, Seong-sik; Leon-Saval, Sergio G.; Cvetojevic, Nick; Lawrence, Jon; Ellis, Simon C.; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss

2016-01-01

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers. PMID:27167576

Concentration sensor based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating for anions monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Melo, L. B.; Rodrigues, J. M. M.; Farinha, A. S. F.; Marques, C. A.; Bilro, L.; Alberto, N.; Tomé, J. P. C.; Nogueira, R. N.

2014-08-01

The ubiquity and importance of anions in many crucial roles accounts for the current high interest in the design and preparation of effective sensors for these species. Therefore, a tilted fiber Bragg grating sensor was fabricated to investigate individual detection of different anion concentrations in ethyl acetate, namely acetate, fluoride and chloride. The influence of the refractive index on the transmission spectrum of a tilted fiber Bragg grating was determined by developing a new demodulation method. This is based on the calculation of the standard deviation between the cladding modes of the transmission spectrum and its smoothing function. The standard deviation method was used to monitor concentrations of different anions. The sensor resolution obtained for the anion acetate, fluoride and chloride is 79 × 10-5 mol/dm3, 119 × 10-5 mol/dm3 and 78 × 10-5 mol/dm3, respectively, within the concentration range of (39-396) × 10-5 mol/dm3.

Aluminum alloy material structure impact localization by using FBG sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Xiubin

2014-12-01

The aluminum alloy structure impact localization system by using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and impact localization algorithm was investigated. A four-FBG sensing network was established. And the power intensity demodulation method was initialized employing the narrow-band tunable laser. The wavelet transform was used to weaken the impact signal noise. And the impact signal time difference was extracted to build the time difference localization algorithm. At last, a fiber Bragg grating impact localization system was established and experimentally verified. The experimental results showed that in the aluminum alloy plate with the 500 mm*500 mm*2 mm test area, the maximum and average impact abscissa localization errors were 11 mm and 6.25 mm, and the maximum and average impact ordinate localization errors were 9 mm and 4.25 mm, respectively. The fiber Bragg grating sensors and demodulation system are feasible to realize the aviation aluminum alloy material structure impact localization. The research results provide a reliable method for the aluminum alloy material structure impact localization.

System and method for determination of the reflection wavelength of multiple low-reflectivity bragg gratings in a sensing optical fiber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, Jason P. (Inventor)

2009-01-01

A system and method for determining a reflection wavelength of multiple Bragg gratings in a sensing optical fiber comprise: (1) a source laser; (2) an optical detector configured to detect a reflected signal from the sensing optical fiber; (3) a plurality of frequency generators configured to generate a signal having a frequency corresponding to an interferometer frequency of a different one of the plurality of Bragg gratings; (4) a plurality of demodulation elements, each demodulation element configured to combine the signal produced by a different one of the plurality of frequency generators with the detected signal from the sensing optical fiber; (5) a plurality of peak detectors, each peak detector configured to detect a peak of the combined signal from a different one of the demodulation elements; and (6) a laser wavenumber detection element configured to determine a wavenumber of the laser when any of the peak detectors detects a peak.

Design of compact long-period gratings imprinted in optimized photonic crystal fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seraji, F. E.; Chehreghani Anzabi, L.; Farsinezhad, S.

2009-10-01

To imprint a long-period grating (LPG) in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with an optimum response, first the parameters of the PCF should be optimized. In this paper, by using a semi-analytical enhanced improved vectorial effective index method, the optimized PCF parameters are determined by dividing the single-mode operation of the PCF into two regions in terms of air-hole spacing Λ ( Λ>3 μm and Λ≤3 μm). For each region appropriate expressions are suggested to evaluate the PCF parameters. By calculating the effective refractive index difference between the optimized core and cladding of the PCF under a phase-matching condition, the optimum grating period in terms of the PCF parameters is obtained.

Polarization-independent beam focusing by high-contrast grating reflectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Wei; Zheng, Gaige; Jiang, Liyong; Li, Xiangyin

2014-08-01

A kind of high-contrast grating (HCG) reflector for beam focusing has been proposed. We design a planar grating structure with a parabolic surface and numerical simulations using a finite different time domain (FDTD) method to verify that the structure has the capability of focusing both transverse-magnetic (TM) and transverse-electric (TE) polarized lights. Finally, we expand the design structure into a three-dimensional (3D) case. Numerical results demonstrate that the power intensities at the focal point are all greater than 8.5 dB compared with incident intensity, which means the structure has a better focusing effect. Further analysis of incident wavelength sensitivity (1.55, 1.79 and 2 μm) reveals that the proposed structure has a wide range of working wavelength.

Strain Sharing Assessment in Woven Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

PubMed Central

Montanini, Roberto; Recupero, Antonino; De Domenico, Fabrizio; Freni, Fabrizio

2016-01-01

Embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors have been extensively used worldwide for health monitoring of smart structures. In civil engineering, they provide a powerful method for monitoring the performance of composite reinforcements used for concrete structure rehabilitation and retrofitting. This paper discusses the problem of investigating the strain transfer mechanism in composite strengthened concrete beams subjected to three-point bending tests. Fiber Bragg grating sensors were embedded both in the concrete tensioned surface and in the woven fiber reinforcement. It has been shown that, if interface decoupling occurs, strain in the concrete can be up to 3.8 times higher than that developed in the reinforcement. A zero friction slipping model was developed which fitted very well the experimental data. PMID:27669251

Strain Sharing Assessment in Woven Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors.

PubMed

Montanini, Roberto; Recupero, Antonino; De Domenico, Fabrizio; Freni, Fabrizio

2016-09-22

Embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors have been extensively used worldwide for health monitoring of smart structures. In civil engineering, they provide a powerful method for monitoring the performance of composite reinforcements used for concrete structure rehabilitation and retrofitting. This paper discusses the problem of investigating the strain transfer mechanism in composite strengthened concrete beams subjected to three-point bending tests. Fiber Bragg grating sensors were embedded both in the concrete tensioned surface and in the woven fiber reinforcement. It has been shown that, if interface decoupling occurs, strain in the concrete can be up to 3.8 times higher than that developed in the reinforcement. A zero friction slipping model was developed which fitted very well the experimental data.

Zonal wavefront sensing using a grating array printed on a polyester film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pathak, Biswajit; Kumar, Suraj; Boruah, Bosanta R.

2015-12-01

In this paper, we describe the development of a zonal wavefront sensor that comprises an array of binary diffraction gratings realized on a transparent sheet (i.e., polyester film) followed by a focusing lens and a camera. The sensor works in a manner similar to that of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The fabrication of the array of gratings is immune to certain issues associated with the fabrication of the lenslet array which is commonly used in zonal wavefront sensing. Besides the sensing method offers several important advantages such as flexible dynamic range, easy configurability, and option to enhance the sensing frame rate. Here, we have demonstrated the working of the proposed sensor using a proof-of-principle experimental arrangement.

Thin film solar cell design based on photonic crystal and diffractive grating structures.

PubMed

Mutitu, James G; Shi, Shouyuan; Chen, Caihua; Creazzo, Timothy; Barnett, Allen; Honsberg, Christiana; Prather, Dennis W

2008-09-15

In this paper we present novel light trapping designs applied to multiple junction thin film solar cells. The new designs incorporate one dimensional photonic crystals as band pass filters that reflect short light wavelengths (400 - 867 nm) and transmit longer wavelengths(867 -1800 nm) at the interface between two adjacent cells. In addition, nano structured diffractive gratings that cut into the photonic crystal layers are incorporated to redirect incoming waves and hence increase the optical path length of light within the solar cells. Two designs based on the nano structured gratings that have been realized using the scattering matrix and particle swarm optimization methods are presented. We also show preliminary fabrication results of the proposed devices.

Highly efficient color filter array using resonant Si3N4 gratings.

PubMed

Uddin, Mohammad Jalal; Magnusson, Robert

2013-05-20

We demonstrate the design and fabrication of a highly efficient guided-mode resonant color filter array. The device is designed using numerical methods based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis and is patterned using UV-laser interferometric lithography. It consists of a 60-nm-thick subwavelength silicon nitride grating along with a 105-nm-thick homogeneous silicon nitride waveguide on a glass substrate. The fabricated device exhibits blue, green, and red color response for grating periods of 274, 327, and 369 nm, respectively. The pixels have a spectral bandwidth of ~12 nm with efficiencies of 94%, 96%, and 99% at the center wavelength of blue, green, and red color filter, respectively. These are higher efficiencies than reported in the literature previously.

LCD real-time mask technique for fabrication of arbitrarily shaped microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Qinjun; Guo, Yongkang; Chen, Bo; Du, Jinglei; Xiang, Jinshan; Cui, Zheng

2002-04-01

A new technique to fabricate arbitrarily shaped microstructures by using LCD (liquid crystal display) real- time mask is reported in this paper. Its principle and design method are explained. Based on partial coherent imaging theory, the process to fabricate micro-axicon array and zigzag grating has been simulated. The experiment using a color LCD as real-time mask has been set up. Micro-axicon array and zigzag grating has been fabricated by the LCD real-time mask technique. The 3D surface relief structures were made on pan chromatic silver-halide sensitized gelatin (Kodak-131) with trypsinase etching. The pitch size of zigzag grating is 46.26micrometers . The caliber of axicon is 118.7micrometers , and the etching depth is 1.332micrometers .

Optical multiple-image hiding based on interference and grating modulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Wenqi; Peng, Xiang; Meng, Xiangfeng

2012-07-01

We present a method for multiple-image hiding on the basis of interference-based encryption architecture and grating modulation. By using a modified phase retrieval algorithm, we can separately hide a number of secret images into one arbitrarily preselected host image associated with a set of phase-only masks (POMs), which are regarded as secret keys. Thereafter, a grating modulation operation is introduced to multiplex and store the different POMs into a single key mask, which is then assigned to the authorized users in privacy. For recovery, after an appropriate demultiplexing process, one can reconstruct the distributions of all the secret keys and then recover the corresponding hidden images with suppressed crosstalk. Computer simulation results are presented to validate the feasibility of our approach.

Ultra-flat SPM-broadened spectra in a highly nonlinear fiber using parabolic pulses formed in a fiber Bragg grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parmigiani, Francesca; Finot, Christophe; Mukasa, Kazunori; Ibsen, Morten; Roelens, Michael A.; Petropoulos, Periklis; Richardson, David J.

2006-08-01

We propose a new method for generating flat self-phase modulation (SPM)-broadened spectra based on seeding a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) with chirp-free parabolic pulses generated using linear pulse shaping in a superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG). We show that the use of grating reshaped parabolic pulses allows substantially better performance in terms of the extent of SPM-based spectral broadening and flatness relative to conventional hyperbolic secant (sech) pulses. We demonstrate both numerically and experimentally the generation of SPM-broadened pulses centred at 1542 nm with 92% of the pulse energy remaining within the 29 nm 3 dB spectral bandwidth. Applications in spectra slicing and pulse compression are demonstrated.

Measuring short electron bunch lengths using coherent smith-purcell radiation

DOEpatents

Nguyen, Dinh C.

1999-01-01

A method is provided for directly determining the length of sub-picosecond electron bunches. A metallic grating is formed with a groove spacing greater than a length expected for the electron bunches. The electron bunches are passed over the metallic grating to generate coherent and incoherent Smith-Purcell radiation. The angular distribution of the coherent Smith-Purcell radiation is then mapped to directly deduce the length of the electron bunches.

Measuring short electron bunch lengths using coherent Smith-Purcell radiation

DOEpatents

Nguyen, D.C.

1999-03-30

A method is provided for directly determining the length of sub-picosecond electron bunches. A metallic grating is formed with a groove spacing greater than a length expected for the electron bunches. The electron bunches are passed over the metallic grating to generate coherent and incoherent Smith-Purcell radiation. The angular distribution of the coherent Smith-Purcell radiation is then mapped to directly deduce the length of the electron bunches. 8 figs.

Utilization of a balanced steady state free precession signal model for improved fat/water decomposition.

PubMed

Henze Bancroft, Leah C; Strigel, Roberta M; Hernando, Diego; Johnson, Kevin M; Kelcz, Frederick; Kijowski, Richard; Block, Walter F

2016-03-01

Chemical shift based fat/water decomposition methods such as IDEAL are frequently used in challenging imaging environments with large B0 inhomogeneity. However, they do not account for the signal modulations introduced by a balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) acquisition. Here we demonstrate improved performance when the bSSFP frequency response is properly incorporated into the multipeak spectral fat model used in the decomposition process. Balanced SSFP allows for rapid imaging but also introduces a characteristic frequency response featuring periodic nulls and pass bands. Fat spectral components in adjacent pass bands will experience bulk phase offsets and magnitude modulations that change the expected constructive and destructive interference between the fat spectral components. A bSSFP signal model was incorporated into the fat/water decomposition process and used to generate images of a fat phantom, and bilateral breast and knee images in four normal volunteers at 1.5 Tesla. Incorporation of the bSSFP signal model into the decomposition process improved the performance of the fat/water decomposition. Incorporation of this model allows rapid bSSFP imaging sequences to use robust fat/water decomposition methods such as IDEAL. While only one set of imaging parameters were presented, the method is compatible with any field strength or repetition time. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Combined iterative reconstruction and image-domain decomposition for dual energy CT using total-variation regularization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dong, Xue; Niu, Tianye; Zhu, Lei, E-mail: leizhu@gatech.edu

2014-05-15

Purpose: Dual-energy CT (DECT) is being increasingly used for its capability of material decomposition and energy-selective imaging. A generic problem of DECT, however, is that the decomposition process is unstable in the sense that the relative magnitude of decomposed signals is reduced due to signal cancellation while the image noise is accumulating from the two CT images of independent scans. Direct image decomposition, therefore, leads to severe degradation of signal-to-noise ratio on the resultant images. Existing noise suppression techniques are typically implemented in DECT with the procedures of reconstruction and decomposition performed independently, which do not explore the statistical propertiesmore » of decomposed images during the reconstruction for noise reduction. In this work, the authors propose an iterative approach that combines the reconstruction and the signal decomposition procedures to minimize the DECT image noise without noticeable loss of resolution. Methods: The proposed algorithm is formulated as an optimization problem, which balances the data fidelity and total variation of decomposed images in one framework, and the decomposition step is carried out iteratively together with reconstruction. The noise in the CT images from the proposed algorithm becomes well correlated even though the noise of the raw projections is independent on the two CT scans. Due to this feature, the proposed algorithm avoids noise accumulation during the decomposition process. The authors evaluate the method performance on noise suppression and spatial resolution using phantom studies and compare the algorithm with conventional denoising approaches as well as combined iterative reconstruction methods with different forms of regularization. Results: On the Catphan©600 phantom, the proposed method outperforms the existing denoising methods on preserving spatial resolution at the same level of noise suppression, i.e., a reduction of noise standard deviation by one order of magnitude. This improvement is mainly attributed to the high noise correlation in the CT images reconstructed by the proposed algorithm. Iterative reconstruction using different regularization, including quadratic orq-generalized Gaussian Markov random field regularization, achieves similar noise suppression from high noise correlation. However, the proposed TV regularization obtains a better edge preserving performance. Studies of electron density measurement also show that our method reduces the average estimation error from 9.5% to 7.1%. On the anthropomorphic head phantom, the proposed method suppresses the noise standard deviation of the decomposed images by a factor of ∼14 without blurring the fine structures in the sinus area. Conclusions: The authors propose a practical method for DECT imaging reconstruction, which combines the image reconstruction and material decomposition into one optimization framework. Compared to the existing approaches, our method achieves a superior performance on DECT imaging with respect to decomposition accuracy, noise reduction, and spatial resolution.« less

Measurement of Galactic Logarithmic Spiral Arm Pitch Angle Using Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform Decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, Benjamin L.; Berrier, J. C.; Shields, D. W.; Kennefick, J.; Kennefick, D.; Seigar, M. S.; Lacy, C. H. S.; Puerari, I.

2012-01-01

A logarithmic spiral is a prominent feature appearing in a majority of observed galaxies. This feature has long been associated with the traditional Hubble classification scheme, but historical quotes of pitch angle of spiral galaxies have been almost exclusively qualitative. We have developed a methodology, utilizing Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transformations of images of spiral galaxies, in order to isolate and measure the pitch angles of their spiral arms. Our technique provides a quantitative way to measure this morphological feature. This will allow the precise comparison of spiral galaxy evolution to other galactic parameters and test spiral arm genesis theories. In this work, we detail our image processing and analysis of spiral galaxy images and discuss the robustness of our analysis techniques. The authors gratefully acknowledge support for this work from NASA Grant NNX08AW03A.

A general framework of noise suppression in material decomposition for dual-energy CT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Petrongolo, Michael; Dong, Xue; Zhu, Lei, E-mail: leizhu@gatech.edu

Purpose: As a general problem of dual-energy CT (DECT), noise amplification in material decomposition severely reduces the signal-to-noise ratio on the decomposed images compared to that on the original CT images. In this work, the authors propose a general framework of noise suppression in material decomposition for DECT. The method is based on an iterative algorithm recently developed in their group for image-domain decomposition of DECT, with an extension to include nonlinear decomposition models. The generalized framework of iterative DECT decomposition enables beam-hardening correction with simultaneous noise suppression, which improves the clinical benefits of DECT. Methods: The authors propose tomore » suppress noise on the decomposed images of DECT using convex optimization, which is formulated in the form of least-squares estimation with smoothness regularization. Based on the design principles of a best linear unbiased estimator, the authors include the inverse of the estimated variance–covariance matrix of the decomposed images as the penalty weight in the least-squares term. Analytical formulas are derived to compute the variance–covariance matrix for decomposed images with general-form numerical or analytical decomposition. As a demonstration, the authors implement the proposed algorithm on phantom data using an empirical polynomial function of decomposition measured on a calibration scan. The polynomial coefficients are determined from the projection data acquired on a wedge phantom, and the signal decomposition is performed in the projection domain. Results: On the Catphan{sup ®}600 phantom, the proposed noise suppression method reduces the average noise standard deviation of basis material images by one to two orders of magnitude, with a superior performance on spatial resolution as shown in comparisons of line-pair images and modulation transfer function measurements. On the synthesized monoenergetic CT images, the noise standard deviation is reduced by a factor of 2–3. By using nonlinear decomposition on projections, the authors’ method effectively suppresses the streaking artifacts of beam hardening and obtains more uniform images than their previous approach based on a linear model. Similar performance of noise suppression is observed in the results of an anthropomorphic head phantom and a pediatric chest phantom generated by the proposed method. With beam-hardening correction enabled by their approach, the image spatial nonuniformity on the head phantom is reduced from around 10% on the original CT images to 4.9% on the synthesized monoenergetic CT image. On the pediatric chest phantom, their method suppresses image noise standard deviation by a factor of around 7.5, and compared with linear decomposition, it reduces the estimation error of electron densities from 33.3% to 8.6%. Conclusions: The authors propose a general framework of noise suppression in material decomposition for DECT. Phantom studies have shown the proposed method improves the image uniformity and the accuracy of electron density measurements by effective beam-hardening correction and reduces noise level without noticeable resolution loss.« less

High sensitivity phase retrieval method in grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Zhao; Gao, Kun; Chen, Jian

2015-02-15

Purpose: Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging is considered as one of the most promising techniques for future medical imaging. Many different methods have been developed to retrieve phase signal, among which the phase stepping (PS) method is widely used. However, further practical implementations are hindered, due to its complex scanning mode and high radiation dose. In contrast, the reverse projection (RP) method is a novel fast and low dose extraction approach. In this contribution, the authors present a quantitative analysis of the noise properties of the refraction signals retrieved by the two methods and compare their sensitivities. Methods: Using themore » error propagation formula, the authors analyze theoretically the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the refraction images retrieved by the two methods. Then, the sensitivities of the two extraction methods are compared under an identical exposure dose. Numerical experiments are performed to validate the theoretical results and provide some quantitative insight. Results: The SNRs of the two methods are both dependent on the system parameters, but in different ways. Comparison between their sensitivities reveals that for the refraction signal, the RP method possesses a higher sensitivity, especially in the case of high visibility and/or at the edge of the object. Conclusions: Compared with the PS method, the RP method has a superior sensitivity and provides refraction images with a higher SNR. Therefore, one can obtain highly sensitive refraction images in grating-based phase contrast imaging. This is very important for future preclinical and clinical implementations.« less

Regularization of nonlinear decomposition of spectral x-ray projection images.

PubMed

Ducros, Nicolas; Abascal, Juan Felipe Perez-Juste; Sixou, Bruno; Rit, Simon; Peyrin, Françoise

2017-09-01

Exploiting the x-ray measurements obtained in different energy bins, spectral computed tomography (CT) has the ability to recover the 3-D description of a patient in a material basis. This may be achieved solving two subproblems, namely the material decomposition and the tomographic reconstruction problems. In this work, we address the material decomposition of spectral x-ray projection images, which is a nonlinear ill-posed problem. Our main contribution is to introduce a material-dependent spatial regularization in the projection domain. The decomposition problem is solved iteratively using a Gauss-Newton algorithm that can benefit from fast linear solvers. A Matlab implementation is available online. The proposed regularized weighted least squares Gauss-Newton algorithm (RWLS-GN) is validated on numerical simulations of a thorax phantom made of up to five materials (soft tissue, bone, lung, adipose tissue, and gadolinium), which is scanned with a 120 kV source and imaged by a 4-bin photon counting detector. To evaluate the method performance of our algorithm, different scenarios are created by varying the number of incident photons, the concentration of the marker and the configuration of the phantom. The RWLS-GN method is compared to the reference maximum likelihood Nelder-Mead algorithm (ML-NM). The convergence of the proposed method and its dependence on the regularization parameter are also studied. We show that material decomposition is feasible with the proposed method and that it converges in few iterations. Material decomposition with ML-NM was very sensitive to noise, leading to decomposed images highly affected by noise, and artifacts even for the best case scenario. The proposed method was less sensitive to noise and improved contrast-to-noise ratio of the gadolinium image. Results were superior to those provided by ML-NM in terms of image quality and decomposition was 70 times faster. For the assessed experiments, material decomposition was possible with the proposed method when the number of incident photons was equal or larger than 10 5 and when the marker concentration was equal or larger than 0.03 g·cm -3 . The proposed method efficiently solves the nonlinear decomposition problem for spectral CT, which opens up new possibilities such as material-specific regularization in the projection domain and a parallelization framework, in which projections are solved in parallel. © 2017 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

xEMD procedures as a data - Assisted filtering method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Machrowska, Anna; Jonak, Józef

2018-01-01

The article presents the possibility of using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) and Improved Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (ICEEMD) algorithms for mechanical system condition monitoring applications. There were presented the results of the xEMD procedures used for vibration signals of system in different states of wear.

Continuous wavelength tunable laser source with optimum positioning of pivot axis for grating

DOEpatents

Pushkarsky, Michael; Amone, David F.

2010-06-08

A laser source (10) for generating a continuously wavelength tunable light (12) includes a gain media (16), an optical output coupler (36F), a cavity collimator (38A), a diffraction grating (30), a grating beam (54), and a beam attacher (56). The diffraction grating (30) is spaced apart from the cavity collimator (38A) and the grating (30) cooperates with the optical output coupler (36F) to define an external cavity (32). The grating (30) includes a grating face surface (42A) that is in a grating plane (42B). The beam attacher (56) retains the grating beam (54) and allows the grating beam (54) and the grating (30) to effectively pivot about a pivot axis (33) that is located approximately at an intersection of a pivot plane (50) and the grating plane (42B). As provided herein, the diffraction grating (30) can be pivoted about the unique pivot axis (33) to move the diffraction grating (30) relative to the gain media (16) to continuously tune the lasing frequency of the external cavity (32) and the wavelength of the output light (12) so that the output light (12) is mode hop free.

Transmission grating spectroscopy and the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schattenburg, M. L.; Canizares, C. R.; Dewey, D.; Levine, A. M.; Markert, T. H.

1988-01-01

The use of transmission gratings with grazing-incidence telescopes in celestial X-ray astrononmy is reviewed. The basic properties of transmission grating spectrometers and the use of 'phased' gratings to enhance the diffraction efficiency are outlined. The fabrication of the gratings is examined, giving special attention to the AXAF High Energy Transmission Grating. The performance of finite-period thick gratings is briefly discussed, and the performance of the transmission grating spectrometers planned for SPECTROSAT and AXAF are examined.

Efficient material decomposition method for dual-energy X-ray cargo inspection system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Donghyeon; Lee, Jiseoc; Min, Jonghwan; Lee, Byungcheol; Lee, Byeongno; Oh, Kyungmin; Kim, Jaehyun; Cho, Seungryong

2018-03-01

Dual-energy X-ray inspection systems are widely used today for it provides X-ray attenuation contrast of the imaged object and also its material information. Material decomposition capability allows a higher detection sensitivity of potential targets including purposely loaded impurities in agricultural product inspections and threats in security scans for example. Dual-energy X-ray transmission data can be transformed into two basis material thickness data, and its transformation accuracy heavily relies on a calibration of material decomposition process. The calibration process in general can be laborious and time consuming. Moreover, a conventional calibration method is often challenged by the nonuniform spectral characteristics of the X-ray beam in the entire field-of-view (FOV). In this work, we developed an efficient material decomposition calibration process for a linear accelerator (LINAC) based high-energy X-ray cargo inspection system. We also proposed a multi-spot calibration method to improve the decomposition performance throughout the entire FOV. Experimental validation of the proposed method has been demonstrated by use of a cargo inspection system that supports 6 MV and 9 MV dual-energy imaging.

High temperature sensing using higher-order-mode rejected sapphire-crystal fiber gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhan, Chun; Kim, Jae Hun; Lee, Jon; Yin, Stuart; Ruffin, Paul; Luo, Claire

2007-09-01

In this paper, we report the fabrication of higher-order-mode rejected fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in sapphire crystal fiber using infrared (IR) femtosecond laser illumination. The grating is tested in high temperature furnace up to 1600 degree Celsius. As sapphire fiber is only available as highly multimode fiber, a scheme to filter out higher order modes in favor for the fundamental mode is theoretically evaluated and experimentally demonstrated. The approach is to use an ultra thin sapphire crystal fiber (60 micron in diameter) to decrease the number of modes. The small diameter fiber also enables bending the fiber to certain radius which is carefully chosen to provide low loss for the fundamental mode LP01 and high loss for the other high-order modes. After bending, less-than-2-nm resonant peak bandwidth is achieved. The grating spectrum is improved, and higher resolution sensing measurement can be achieved. This mode filtering method is very easy to implement. Furthermore, the sapphire fiber is sealed with hi-purity alumina ceramic cement inside a flexible high temperature titanium tube, and the highly flexible titanium tube offers a robust packaging to sapphire fiber. Our high temperature sapphire grating sensor is very promising in extremely high temperature sensing application.

Active phase correction of high resolution silicon photonic arrayed waveguide gratings

DOE PAGES

Gehl, M.; Trotter, D.; Starbuck, A.; ...

2017-03-10

Arrayed waveguide gratings provide flexible spectral filtering functionality for integrated photonic applications. Achieving narrow channel spacing requires long optical path lengths which can greatly increase the footprint of devices. High index contrast waveguides, such as those fabricated in silicon-on-insulator wafers, allow tight waveguide bends which can be used to create much more compact designs. Both the long optical path lengths and the high index contrast contribute to significant optical phase error as light propagates through the device. Thus, silicon photonic arrayed waveguide gratings require active or passive phase correction following fabrication. We present the design and fabrication of compact siliconmore » photonic arrayed waveguide gratings with channel spacings of 50, 10 and 1 GHz. The largest device, with 11 channels of 1 GHz spacing, has a footprint of only 1.1 cm 2. Using integrated thermo-optic phase shifters, the phase error is actively corrected. We present two methods of phase error correction and demonstrate state-of-the-art cross-talk performance for high index contrast arrayed waveguide gratings. As a demonstration of possible applications, we perform RF channelization with 1 GHz resolution. In addition, we generate unique spectral filters by applying non-zero phase offsets calculated by the Gerchberg Saxton algorithm.« less

Active phase correction of high resolution silicon photonic arrayed waveguide gratings.

PubMed

Gehl, M; Trotter, D; Starbuck, A; Pomerene, A; Lentine, A L; DeRose, C

2017-03-20

Arrayed waveguide gratings provide flexible spectral filtering functionality for integrated photonic applications. Achieving narrow channel spacing requires long optical path lengths which can greatly increase the footprint of devices. High index contrast waveguides, such as those fabricated in silicon-on-insulator wafers, allow tight waveguide bends which can be used to create much more compact designs. Both the long optical path lengths and the high index contrast contribute to significant optical phase error as light propagates through the device. Therefore, silicon photonic arrayed waveguide gratings require active or passive phase correction following fabrication. Here we present the design and fabrication of compact silicon photonic arrayed waveguide gratings with channel spacings of 50, 10 and 1 GHz. The largest device, with 11 channels of 1 GHz spacing, has a footprint of only 1.1 cm². Using integrated thermo-optic phase shifters, the phase error is actively corrected. We present two methods of phase error correction and demonstrate state-of-the-art cross-talk performance for high index contrast arrayed waveguide gratings. As a demonstration of possible applications, we perform RF channelization with 1 GHz resolution. Additionally, we generate unique spectral filters by applying non-zero phase offsets calculated by the Gerchberg Saxton algorithm.

Overview of diffraction gratings technologies for spaceflight satellites and ground-based telescopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cotel, A.; Liard, A.; Desserouer, F.; Pichon, P.

2017-11-01

The diffraction gratings are widely used in Space-flight satellites for spectrograph instruments or in ground-based telescopes in astronomy. The diffraction gratings are one of the key optical components of such systems and have to exhibit very high optical performances. HORIBA Jobin Yvon S.A.S. (part of HORIBA Group) is in the forefront of such gratings development for more than 40 years. During the past decades, HORIBA Jobin Yvon (HJY) has developed a unique expertise in diffraction grating design and manufacturing processes for holographic, ruled or etched gratings. We will present in this paper an overview of diffraction grating technologies especially designed for space and astronomy applications. We will firstly review the heritage of the company in this field with the space qualification of different grating types. Then, we will describe several key grating technologies developed for specific space or astronomy projects: ruled blazed low groove density plane reflection grating, high-groove density holographic toroidal and spherical grating, and finally transmission Fused Silica Etched (FSE) grism-assembled grating. We will not present the Volume Phase Holographic (VPHG) grating type which is used in Astronomy.

Overview of diffraction gratings technologies for space-flight satellites and astronomy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cotel, Arnaud; Liard, Audrey; Desserouer, Frédéric; Bonnemason, Francis; Pichon, Pierre

2014-09-01

The diffraction gratings are widely used in Space-flight satellites for spectrograph instruments or in ground-based telescopes in astronomy. The diffraction gratings are one of the key optical components of such systems and have to exhibit very high optical performances. HORIBA Jobin Yvon S.A.S. (part of HORIBA Group) is in the forefront of such gratings development for more than 40 years. During the past decades, HORIBA Jobin Yvon (HJY) has developed a unique expertise in diffraction grating design and manufacturing processes for holographic, ruled or etched gratings. We will present in this paper an overview of diffraction grating technologies especially designed for space and astronomy applications. We will firstly review the heritage of the company in this field with the space qualification of different grating types. Then, we will describe several key grating technologies developed for specific space or astronomy projects: ruled blazed low groove density plane reflection grating, holographic blazed replica plane grating, high-groove density holographic toroidal and spherical grating and transmission Fused Silica Etched (FSE) grismassembled grating.

New spectrophotometric assay for pilocarpine.

PubMed

El-Masry, S; Soliman, R

1980-07-01

A quick method for the determination of pilocarpine in eye drops in the presence of decomposition products is described. The method involves complexation of the alkaloid with bromocresol purple at pH 6. After treatment with 0.1N NaOH, the liberated dye is measured at 580 nm. The method has a relative standard deviation of 1.99%, and has been successfully applied to the analysis of 2 batches of pilocarpine eye drops. The recommended method was also used to monitor the stability of a pilocarpine nitrate solution in 0.05N NaOH at 65 degrees C. The BPC method failed to detect any significant decomposition after 2 h incubation, but the recommended method revealed 87.5% decomposition.

Microbial genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics: new discoveries in decomposition research using complementary methods.

PubMed

Baldrian, Petr; López-Mondéjar, Rubén

2014-02-01

Molecular methods for the analysis of biomolecules have undergone rapid technological development in the last decade. The advent of next-generation sequencing methods and improvements in instrumental resolution enabled the analysis of complex transcriptome, proteome and metabolome data, as well as a detailed annotation of microbial genomes. The mechanisms of decomposition by model fungi have been described in unprecedented detail by the combination of genome sequencing, transcriptomics and proteomics. The increasing number of available genomes for fungi and bacteria shows that the genetic potential for decomposition of organic matter is widespread among taxonomically diverse microbial taxa, while expression studies document the importance of the regulation of expression in decomposition efficiency. Importantly, high-throughput methods of nucleic acid analysis used for the analysis of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes indicate the high diversity of decomposer communities in natural habitats and their taxonomic composition. Today, the metaproteomics of natural habitats is of interest. In combination with advanced analytical techniques to explore the products of decomposition and the accumulation of information on the genomes of environmentally relevant microorganisms, advanced methods in microbial ecophysiology should increase our understanding of the complex processes of organic matter transformation.

The influence of grating shape formation fluctuation on DFB laser diode threshold condition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Shiwei; Song, Qinghai; Xie, Chunmei

2018-03-01

Not only the grating material refractive index itself but also the Bragg grating physical shape formation affects the coupling strength greatly. The Bragg grating shape includes three factors, namely grating depth, duty ratio and grating angle. During the lithography and wet etching process, there always will be some fluctuation between the target and real grating shape formation after fabrication process. This grating shape fluctuation will affect the DFB coupling coefficient κ , and then consequently threshold current and corresponding wavelength. This paper studied the grating shape formation fluctuation influence to improve the DFB fabrication yield. A truncated normal random distribution fluctuation is considered in this paper. The simulation results conclude that it is better to choose relative thicker grating depth with lower refractive index to obtain a better fabrication tolerance, while not quite necessary to spend too much effort on improving lithography and wet etching process to get a precisely grating duty ratio and grating angle.

The influence of grating shape formation fluctuation on DFB laser diode threshold condition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Shiwei; Song, Qinghai; Xie, Chunmei

2018-06-01

Not only the grating material refractive index itself but also the Bragg grating physical shape formation affects the coupling strength greatly. The Bragg grating shape includes three factors, namely grating depth, duty ratio and grating angle. During the lithography and wet etching process, there always will be some fluctuation between the target and real grating shape formation after fabrication process. This grating shape fluctuation will affect the DFB coupling coefficient κ, and then consequently threshold current and corresponding wavelength. This paper studied the grating shape formation fluctuation influence to improve the DFB fabrication yield. A truncated normal random distribution fluctuation is considered in this paper. The simulation results conclude that it is better to choose relative thicker grating depth with lower refractive index to obtain a better fabrication tolerance, while not quite necessary to spend too much effort on improving lithography and wet etching process to get a precisely grating duty ratio and grating angle.

A projection method for low speed flows

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colella, P.; Pao, K.

The authors propose a decomposition applicable to low speed, inviscid flows of all Mach numbers less than 1. By using the Hodge decomposition, they may write the velocity field as the sum of a divergence-free vector field and a gradient of a scalar function. Evolution equations for these parts are presented. A numerical procedure based on this decomposition is designed, using projection methods for solving the incompressible variables and a backward-Euler method for solving the potential variables. Numerical experiments are included to illustrate various aspects of the algorithm.

Polarization-resolved sensing with tilted fiber Bragg gratings: theory and limits of detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bialiayeu, Aliaksandr; Ianoul, Anatoli; Albert, Jacques

2015-08-01

Polarization based sensing with tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) sensors is analysed theoretically by two alternative approaches. The first method is based on tracking the grating transmission for two orthogonal states of linear polarized light that are extracted from the measured Jones matrix or Stokes vectors of the TFBG transmission spectra. The second method is based on the measurements along the system principle axes and polarization dependent loss (PDL) parameter, also calculated from measured data. It is shown that the frequent crossing of the Jones matrix eigenvalues as a function of wavelength leads to a non-physical interchange of the calculated principal axes; a method to remove this unwanted mathematical artefact and to restore the order of the system eigenvalues and the corresponding principal axes is provided. A comparison of the two approaches reveals that the PDL method provides a smaller standard deviation and therefore lower limit of detection in refractometric sensing. Furthermore, the polarization analysis of the measured spectra allows for the identification of the principal states of polarization of the sensor system and consequentially for the calculation of the transmission spectrum for any incident polarization state. The stability of the orientation of the system principal axes is also investigated as a function of wavelength.

Tactile Acuity Charts: A Reliable Measure of Spatial Acuity

PubMed Central

Bruns, Patrick; Camargo, Carlos J.; Campanella, Humberto; Esteve, Jaume; Dinse, Hubert R.; Röder, Brigitte

2014-01-01

For assessing tactile spatial resolution it has recently been recommended to use tactile acuity charts which follow the design principles of the Snellen letter charts for visual acuity and involve active touch. However, it is currently unknown whether acuity thresholds obtained with this newly developed psychophysical procedure are in accordance with established measures of tactile acuity that involve passive contact with fixed duration and control of contact force. Here we directly compared tactile acuity thresholds obtained with the acuity charts to traditional two-point and grating orientation thresholds in a group of young healthy adults. For this purpose, two types of charts, using either Braille-like dot patterns or embossed Landolt rings with different orientations, were adapted from previous studies. Measurements with the two types of charts were equivalent, but generally more reliable with the dot pattern chart. A comparison with the two-point and grating orientation task data showed that the test-retest reliability of the acuity chart measurements after one week was superior to that of the passive methods. Individual thresholds obtained with the acuity charts agreed reasonably with the grating orientation threshold, but less so with the two-point threshold that yielded relatively distinct acuity estimates compared to the other methods. This potentially considerable amount of mismatch between different measures of tactile acuity suggests that tactile spatial resolution is a complex entity that should ideally be measured with different methods in parallel. The simple test procedure and high reliability of the acuity charts makes them a promising complement and alternative to the traditional two-point and grating orientation thresholds. PMID:24504346

Finite difference time domain analysis of chirped dielectric gratings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hochmuth, Diane H.; Johnson, Eric G.

1993-01-01

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method for solving Maxwell's time-dependent curl equations is accurate, computationally efficient, and straight-forward to implement. Since both time and space derivatives are employed, the propagation of an electromagnetic wave can be treated as an initial-value problem. Second-order central-difference approximations are applied to the space and time derivatives of the electric and magnetic fields providing a discretization of the fields in a volume of space, for a period of time. The solution to this system of equations is stepped through time, thus, simulating the propagation of the incident wave. If the simulation is continued until a steady-state is reached, an appropriate far-field transformation can be applied to the time-domain scattered fields to obtain reflected and transmitted powers. From this information diffraction efficiencies can also be determined. In analyzing the chirped structure, a mesh is applied only to the area immediately around the grating. The size of the mesh is then proportional to the electric size of the grating. Doing this, however, imposes an artificial boundary around the area of interest. An absorbing boundary condition must be applied along the artificial boundary so that the outgoing waves are absorbed as if the boundary were absent. Many such boundary conditions have been developed that give near-perfect absorption. In this analysis, the Mur absorbing boundary conditions are employed. Several grating structures were analyzed using the FDTD method.

Application of round grating angle measurement composite error amendment in the online measurement accuracy improvement of large diameter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Biao; Yu, Xiaofen; Li, Qinzhao; Zheng, Yu

2008-10-01

The paper aiming at the influence factor of round grating dividing error, rolling-wheel produce eccentricity and surface shape errors provides an amendment method based on rolling-wheel to get the composite error model which includes all influence factors above, and then corrects the non-circle measurement angle error of the rolling-wheel. We make soft simulation verification and have experiment; the result indicates that the composite error amendment method can improve the diameter measurement accuracy with rolling-wheel theory. It has wide application prospect for the measurement accuracy higher than 5 μm/m.

Security enhancement of optical encryption based on biometric array keys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Aimin; Wei, Yang; Zhang, Jingtao

2018-07-01

A novel optical image encryption method is proposed by using Dammann grating and biometric array keys. Dammann grating is utilized to create a 2D finite uniform-intensity spot array. In encryption, a fingerprint array is used as private encryption keys. An original image can be encrypted by a scanning Fresnel zone plate array. Encrypted signals are processed by an optical coherent heterodyne detection system. Biometric array keys and optical scanning cryptography are integrated with each other to enhance information security greatly. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of this method. Analyses on key sensitivity and the resistance against to possible attacks are provided.

Overlap Spectrum Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Based on Light Power Demodulation

PubMed Central

Zhang, Hao; Jiang, Junzhen; Liu, Shuang; Chen, Huaixi; Zheng, Xiaoqian; Qiu, Yishen

2018-01-01

Demodulation is a bottleneck for applications involving fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). An overlap spectrum FBG sensor based on a light power demodulation method is presented in this paper. The demodulation method uses two chirp FBGs (cFBGs) of which the reflection spectra partially overlap each other. The light power variation of the overlap spectrum can be linked to changes in the measurand, and the sensor function can be realized via this relationship. A temperature experiment showed that the relationship between the overlap power spectrum of the FBG sensor and temperature had good linearity and agreed with the theoretical analysis. PMID:29772793

Low-noise delays from dynamic Brillouin gratings based on perfect Golomb coding of pump waves.

PubMed

Antman, Yair; Levanon, Nadav; Zadok, Avi

2012-12-15

A method for long variable all-optical delay is proposed and simulated, based on reflections from localized and stationary dynamic Brillouin gratings (DBGs). Inspired by radar methods, the DBGs are inscribed by two pumps that are comodulated by perfect Golomb codes, which reduce the off-peak reflectivity. Compared with random bit sequence coding, Golomb codes improve the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of delayed waveforms by an order of magnitude. Simulations suggest a delay of 5  Gb/s data by 9 ns, or 45 bit durations, with an OSNR of 13 dB.

Error analysis of mechanical system and wavelength calibration of monochromator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Fudong; Chen, Chen; Liu, Jie; Wang, Zhihong

2018-02-01

This study focuses on improving the accuracy of a grating monochromator on the basis of the grating diffraction equation in combination with an analysis of the mechanical transmission relationship between the grating, the sine bar, and the screw of the scanning mechanism. First, the relationship between the mechanical error in the monochromator with the sine drive and the wavelength error is analyzed. Second, a mathematical model of the wavelength error and mechanical error is developed, and an accurate wavelength calibration method based on the sine bar's length adjustment and error compensation is proposed. Based on the mathematical model and calibration method, experiments using a standard light source with known spectral lines and a pre-adjusted sine bar length are conducted. The model parameter equations are solved, and subsequent parameter optimization simulations are performed to determine the optimal length ratio. Lastly, the length of the sine bar is adjusted. The experimental results indicate that the wavelength accuracy is ±0.3 nm, which is better than the original accuracy of ±2.6 nm. The results confirm the validity of the error analysis of the mechanical system of the monochromator as well as the validity of the calibration method.

Effective grating theory for resonance domain surface-relief diffraction gratings.

PubMed

Golub, Michael A; Friesem, Asher A

2005-06-01

An effective grating model, which generalizes effective-medium theory to the case of resonance domain surface-relief gratings, is presented. In addition to the zero order, it takes into account the first diffraction order, which obeys the Bragg condition. Modeling the surface-relief grating as an effective grating with two diffraction orders provides closed-form analytical relationships between efficiency and grating parameters. The aspect ratio, the grating period, and the required incidence angle that would lead to high diffraction efficiencies are predicted for TE and TM polarization and verified by rigorous numerical calculations.

Development of a parallel demodulation system used for extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer and fiber Bragg grating sensors.

PubMed

Jiang, Junfeng; Liu, Tiegen; Zhang, Yimo; Liu, Lina; Zha, Ying; Zhang, Fan; Wang, Yunxin; Long, Pin

2006-01-20

A parallel demodulation system for extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is presented, which is based on a Michelson interferometer and combines the methods of low-coherence interference and a Fourier-transform spectrum. The parallel demodulation theory is modeled with Fourier-transform spectrum technology, and a signal separation method with an EFPI and FBG is proposed. The design of an optical path difference scanning and sampling method without a reference light is described. Experiments show that the parallel demodulation system has good spectrum demodulation and low-coherence interference demodulation performance. It can realize simultaneous strain and temperature measurements while keeping the whole system configuration less complex.

Modified complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition and intrinsic mode functions evaluation index for high-speed train gearbox fault diagnosis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Dongyue; Lin, Jianhui; Li, Yanping

2018-06-01

Complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) has been developed for the mode-mixing problem in Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method. Compared to the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), the CEEMD method reduces residue noise in the signal reconstruction. Both CEEMD and EEMD need enough ensemble number to reduce the residue noise, and hence it would be too much computation cost. Moreover, the selection of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) for further analysis usually depends on experience. A modified CEEMD method and IMFs evaluation index are proposed with the aim of reducing the computational cost and select IMFs automatically. A simulated signal and in-service high-speed train gearbox vibration signals are employed to validate the proposed method in this paper. The results demonstrate that the modified CEEMD can decompose the signal efficiently with less computation cost, and the IMFs evaluation index can select the meaningful IMFs automatically.

Grating scattering BRDF and imaging performances: A test survey performed in the frame of the flex mission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harnisch, Bernd; Deep, Atul; Vink, Ramon; Coatantiec, Claude

2017-11-01

Key components in optical spectrometers are the gratings. Their influence on the overall infield straylight of the spectrometer depends not only on the technology used for grating fabrication but also on the potential existence of ghost images caused by irregularities of the grating constant. For the straylight analysis of spectrometer no general Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model of gratings exist, as it does for optically smooth surfaces. These models are needed for the determination of spectrometer straylight background and for the calculation of spectrometer out of band rejection performances. Within the frame of the Fluorescence Earth Explorer mission (FLEX), gratings manufactured using different technologies have been investigated in terms of straylight background and imaging performance in the used diffraction order. The gratings which have been investigated cover a lithographically written grating, a volume Bragg grating, two holographic gratings and an off-the-shelf ruled grating. In this paper we present a survey of the measured bidirectional reflectance/transmittance distribution function and the determination of an equivalent surface micro-roughness of the gratings, describing the scattering of the grating around the diffraction order. This is specifically needed for the straylight modeling of the spectrometer.

Design of the soft x-ray tomography beamline at Taiwan photon source

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Su, Yi-Jr, E-mail: su.yj@nsrrc.org.tw; Fu, Huang-Wen; Chung, Shih-Chun

2016-07-27

The optical design of the varied-line-spacing plane-grating monochromator for transmission full-field imaging of frozen-hydrated biological samples at NSRRC is presented. This monochromator consists of a plane mirror and three interchangeable gratings with groove densities 600, 1200 and 2400 l/mm to cover the energy range 260 – 2600 eV. The groove parameters of the varied-line-spacing plane gratings are designed to minimize the effect of coma and spherical aberration to maintain the exit slit in focus for any value of incident angle. All parameters of optical components at the beamline are verified with a ray-tracing method. In the beamline design, the calculatedmore » results from the ray-tracing codes and the expected performances are discussed.« less

Diffraction Efficiency of Thin Film Holographic Beam Steering Devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Titus, Charles M.; Pouch, John; Nguyen, Hung; Miranda, Felix; Bos, Philip J.

2003-01-01

Dynamic holography has been demonstrated as a method for correcting aberrations in space deployable optics, and can also be used to achieve high-resolution beam steering in the same environment. In this paper, we consider some of the factors affecting the efficiency of these devices. Specifically, the effect on the efficiency of a highly collimated beam from the number of discrete phase steps per period is considered for a blazed thin film beam steering grating. The effect of the number of discrete phase steps per period on steering resolution is also considered. We also present some result of Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) calculations of light propagating through liquid crystal "blazed" gratings. Liquid crystal gratings are shown to spatially modulate both the phase and amplitude of the propagating light.

Adaptive spatiotemporal optical pulse front tilt using a digital micromirror device and its terahertz application.

PubMed

Murate, Kosuke; Roshtkhari, Mehraveh Javan; Ropagnol, Xavier; Blanchard, François

2018-05-01

We report a new method to temporally and spatially manipulate the pulse front tilt (PFT) intensity profile of an ultrashort optical pulse using a commercial microelectromechanical system, also known as a digital micromirror device (DMD). For our demonstration, we show terahertz generation in a lithium niobate crystal using the PFT pumping scheme derived from a DMD chip. The adaptive functionality of the DMD could be a convenient alternative to the more conventional grating required to generate a laser beam with a PFT intensity profile that is typically used for efficient optical rectification in noncollinear phase-matching conditions. In contrast to a grating, PFT using DMD does not suffer from wavelength dispersion, and exhibits overlap properties between grating and a stair-step echelon mirror.

Zonal wavefront sensing using a grating array printed on a polyester film

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pathak, Biswajit; Boruah, Bosanta R., E-mail: brboruah@iitg.ernet.in; Kumar, Suraj

2015-12-15

In this paper, we describe the development of a zonal wavefront sensor that comprises an array of binary diffraction gratings realized on a transparent sheet (i.e., polyester film) followed by a focusing lens and a camera. The sensor works in a manner similar to that of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The fabrication of the array of gratings is immune to certain issues associated with the fabrication of the lenslet array which is commonly used in zonal wavefront sensing. Besides the sensing method offers several important advantages such as flexible dynamic range, easy configurability, and option to enhance the sensing framemore » rate. Here, we have demonstrated the working of the proposed sensor using a proof-of-principle experimental arrangement.« less

Adaptive Fourier decomposition based R-peak detection for noisy ECG Signals.

PubMed

Ze Wang; Chi Man Wong; Feng Wan

2017-07-01

An adaptive Fourier decomposition (AFD) based R-peak detection method is proposed for noisy ECG signals. Although lots of QRS detection methods have been proposed in literature, most detection methods require high signal quality. The proposed method extracts the R waves from the energy domain using the AFD and determines the R-peak locations based on the key decomposition parameters, achieving the denoising and the R-peak detection at the same time. Validated by clinical ECG signals in the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database, the proposed method shows better performance than the Pan-Tompkin (PT) algorithm in both situations of a native PT and the PT with a denoising process.

Multilayer diffraction grating

DOEpatents

Barbee, T.W. Jr.

1990-04-10

This invention is for a reflection diffraction grating that functions at X-ray to VUV wavelengths and at normal angles of incidence. The novel grating is comprised of a laminar grating of period D with flat-topped grating bars. A multiplicity of layered synthetic microstructures, of period d and comprised of alternating flat layers of two different materials, are disposed on the tops of the grating bars of the laminar grating. In another embodiment of the grating, a second multiplicity of layered synthetic microstructures are also disposed on the flat faces, of the base of the grating, between the bars. D is in the approximate range from 3,000 to 50,000 Angstroms, but d is in the approximate range from 10 to 400 Angstroms. The laminar grating and the layered microstructures cooperatively interact to provide many novel and beneficial instrumentational advantages. 2 figs.

Multilayer diffraction grating

DOEpatents

Barbee, Jr., Troy W.

1990-01-01

This invention is for a reflection diffraction grating that functions at X-ray to VUV wavelengths and at normal angles of incidence. The novel grating is comprised of a laminar grating of period D with flat-topped grating bars. A multiplicity of layered synthetic microstructures, of period d and comprised of alternating flat layers of two different materials, are disposed on the tops of the grating bars of the laminar grating. In another embodiment of the grating, a second multiplicity of layered synthetic microstructures are also disposed on the flat faces, of the base of the grating, between the bars. D is in the approximate range from 3,000 to 50,000 Angstroms, but d is in the approximate range from 10 to 400 Angstroms. The laminar grating and the layered microstructures cooperatively interact to provide many novel and beneficial instrumentational advantages.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lottes, Steven A.; Bojanowski, Cezary

Resurfacing of urban roads with concurrent repairs and replacement of sections of curb and sidewalk may require pedestrian ramps that are compliant with the American Disabilities Act (ADA), and when street drains are in close proximity to the walkway, ADA compliant street grates may also be required. The Minnesota Department of Transportation ADA Operations Unit identified a foundry with an available grate that meets ADA requirements. Argonne National Laboratory’s Transportation Research and Analysis Computing Center used full scale three dimensional computational fluid dynamics to determine the performance of the ADA compliant grate and compared it to that of a standardmore » vane grate. Analysis of a parametric set of cases was carried out, including variation in longitudinal, gutter, and cross street slopes and the water spread from the curb. The performance of the grates was characterized by the fraction of the total volume flow approaching the grate from the upstream that was captured by the grate and diverted into the catch basin. The fraction of the total flow entering over the grate from the side and the fraction of flow directly over a grate diverted into the catch basin were also quantities of interest that aid in understanding the differences in performance of the grates. The ADA compliant grate performance lagged that of the vane grate, increasingly so as upstream Reynolds number increased. The major factor leading to the performance difference between the two grates was the fraction of flow directly over the grates that is captured by the grates.« less

The Multiscale Robin Coupled Method for flows in porous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guiraldello, Rafael T.; Ausas, Roberto F.; Sousa, Fabricio S.; Pereira, Felipe; Buscaglia, Gustavo C.

2018-02-01

A multiscale mixed method aiming at the accurate approximation of velocity and pressure fields in heterogeneous porous media is proposed. The procedure is based on a new domain decomposition method in which the local problems are subject to Robin boundary conditions. The domain decomposition procedure is defined in terms of two independent spaces on the skeleton of the decomposition, corresponding to interface pressures and fluxes, that can be chosen with great flexibility to accommodate local features of the underlying permeability fields. The well-posedness of the new domain decomposition procedure is established and its connection with the method of Douglas et al. (1993) [12], is identified, also allowing us to reinterpret the known procedure as an optimized Schwarz (or Two-Lagrange-Multiplier) method. The multiscale property of the new domain decomposition method is indicated, and its relation with the Multiscale Mortar Mixed Finite Element Method (MMMFEM) and the Multiscale Hybrid-Mixed (MHM) Finite Element Method is discussed. Numerical simulations are presented aiming at illustrating several features of the new method. Initially we illustrate the possibility of switching from MMMFEM to MHM by suitably varying the Robin condition parameter in the new multiscale method. Then we turn our attention to realistic flows in high-contrast, channelized porous formations. We show that for a range of values of the Robin condition parameter our method provides better approximations for pressure and velocity than those computed with either the MMMFEM and the MHM. This is an indication that our method has the potential to produce more accurate velocity fields in the presence of rough, realistic permeability fields of petroleum reservoirs.

Electrically-programmable diffraction grating

DOEpatents

Ricco, Antonio J.; Butler, Michael A.; Sinclair, Michael B.; Senturia, Stephen D.

1998-01-01

An electrically-programmable diffraction grating. The programmable grating includes a substrate having a plurality of electrodes formed thereon and a moveable grating element above each of the electrodes. The grating elements are electrostatically programmable to form a diffraction grating for diffracting an incident beam of light as it is reflected from the upper surfaces of the grating elements. The programmable diffraction grating, formed by a micromachining process, has applications for optical information processing (e.g. optical correlators and computers), for multiplexing and demultiplexing a plurality of light beams of different wavelengths (e.g. for optical fiber communications), and for forming spectrometers (e.g. correlation and scanning spectrometers).

An Aquatic Decomposition Scoring Method to Potentially Predict the Postmortem Submersion Interval of Bodies Recovered from the North Sea.

PubMed

van Daalen, Marjolijn A; de Kat, Dorothée S; Oude Grotebevelsborg, Bernice F L; de Leeuwe, Roosje; Warnaar, Jeroen; Oostra, Roelof Jan; M Duijst-Heesters, Wilma L J

2017-03-01

This study aimed to develop an aquatic decomposition scoring (ADS) method and investigated the predictive value of this method in estimating the postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) of bodies recovered from the North Sea. This method, consisting of an ADS item list and a pictorial reference atlas, showed a high interobserver agreement (Krippendorff's alpha ≥ 0.93) and hence proved to be valid. This scoring method was applied to data, collected from closed cases-cases in which the postmortal submersion interval (PMSI) was known-concerning bodies recovered from the North Sea from 1990 to 2013. Thirty-eight cases met the inclusion criteria and were scored by quantifying the observed total aquatic decomposition score (TADS). Statistical analysis demonstrated that TADS accurately predicts the PMSI (p < 0.001), confirming that the decomposition process in the North Sea is strongly correlated to time. © 2017 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Capturing molecular multimode relaxation processes in excitable gases based on decomposition of acoustic relaxation spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Ming; Liu, Tingting; Wang, Shu; Zhang, Kesheng

2017-08-01

Existing two-frequency reconstructive methods can only capture primary (single) molecular relaxation processes in excitable gases. In this paper, we present a reconstructive method based on the novel decomposition of frequency-dependent acoustic relaxation spectra to capture the entire molecular multimode relaxation process. This decomposition of acoustic relaxation spectra is developed from the frequency-dependent effective specific heat, indicating that a multi-relaxation process is the sum of the interior single-relaxation processes. Based on this decomposition, we can reconstruct the entire multi-relaxation process by capturing the relaxation times and relaxation strengths of N interior single-relaxation processes, using the measurements of acoustic absorption and sound speed at 2N frequencies. Experimental data for the gas mixtures CO2-N2 and CO2-O2 validate our decomposition and reconstruction approach.

Recent and emerging applications of holographic photopolymers and nanocomposites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naydenova, Izabela; Kotakonda, Pavani; Jallapuram, Raghavendra; Babeva, Tsvetanka; Mintova, S.; Bade, Denis; Martin, Suzanne; Toal, Vincent

2010-11-01

Sensing applications of holograms may be based on effects such as change in the spacing of the recorded fringes in a holographic diffraction grating in the presence of an analyte so that the direction of the diffracted laser light changes, or, in the case of a white light reflection grating, the wavelength of the diffracted light changes. An example is a reflection grating which swells in the presence of atmospheric moisture to indicate relative humidity by a change is the colour of the diffracted light. These devices make use of the photopolymer's ability to absorb moisture. In a more versatile approach one can add inorganic nanoparticles to the photopolymer composition. These nanoparticles have refractive indices that are different from that of the bulk photopolymer. During the holographic recording of diffraction gratings, the polymerisation and accompanying diffusion processes cause redistribution of the nanoparticles enhancing the holographic diffraction efficiency. Zeolite nanoparticles have the form of hollow cages enabling them to trap analyte molecules of appropriate sizes. The refractive index of the nanoparticle-analyte combination is normally different from that of the nanoparticles alone and this alters the refractive index modulation of the recorded grating, leading to a change in diffraction efficiency and hence of the strength of the diffracted light signal. Yet another approach makes use of a principle which we call dye deposition holography. The analyte is labelled using a dye which acts as a photosensitiser for the polymerisation process. When the analyte labeled is deposited on a layer containing the other photopolymer components photopolymerisation can take place. If the illumination is in the form of an interference pattern, a diffraction grating is formed, in the region where dye has been deposited. In this way the formation of a holographic diffraction grating itself becomes a sensing action with the potential for extremely high signal to noise ratio. The method also allows fabrication of photonic devices by direct writing, using photosensitising dye, of structures such as Fresnel zone plate lenses and waveguides onto the photopolymer layer followed by exposure to spatially uniform light. Our work on HDS is concerned with enhancing the diffraction efficiency of user selected very weak diffraction gratings by illumination with a single beam at the Bragg angle. Light in the illuminating beam is coupled into the diffracted beam and the two interfere to enhance the grating strength. In this way grating diffraction efficiency can be raised above a threshold so that a binary zero can be changed to binary one. A large number of identical weak holographic gratings may be multiplexed into the recording medium at the manufacturing stage, for user selection at the data recording stage. In this way consumer HDS systems could be made much more simply and cheaply than at present.

Non-invasive timing of gas gun-launched projectiles using external surface-mounted optical fiber-Bragg grating strain gauges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goodwin, Peter M.; Marshall, Bruce R.; Stevens, Gerald D.; Dattelbaum, Dana M.

2013-03-01

Non-invasive detection methods for tracking gun-launched projectiles are important not only for assessment of gun performance but are also essential for timing a variety of diagnostics, for example, to investigate plate-impact events for shock compression experiments. Measurement of the time of passage of a projectile moving inside of the gun barrel can be achieved by detection of the transient hoop strain induced in the barrel of a light-gas gun by the passage of the projectile using external, barrel surface-mounted optical fiber-Bragg grating strain gauges. Optical fiber-Bragg gratings have been implemented and their response characterized on single-stage and two-stage light gas guns routinely used for dynamic experimentation at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Two approaches, using either broadband or narrowband illumination, were used to monitor changes in the Bragg wavelength of the fiber-Bragg gratings. The second approach, using narrowband laser illumination, offered the highest sensitivity. The feasibility of using these techniques to generate early, pre-event signals useful for triggering high-latency diagnostics was demonstrated.

Non-invasive timing of gas gun-launched projectiles using external surface-mounted optical fiber-Bragg grating strain gauges.

PubMed

Goodwin, Peter M; Marshall, Bruce R; Stevens, Gerald D; Dattelbaum, Dana M

2013-03-01

Non-invasive detection methods for tracking gun-launched projectiles are important not only for assessment of gun performance but are also essential for timing a variety of diagnostics, for example, to investigate plate-impact events for shock compression experiments. Measurement of the time of passage of a projectile moving inside of the gun barrel can be achieved by detection of the transient hoop strain induced in the barrel of a light-gas gun by the passage of the projectile using external, barrel surface-mounted optical fiber-Bragg grating strain gauges. Optical fiber-Bragg gratings have been implemented and their response characterized on single-stage and two-stage light gas guns routinely used for dynamic experimentation at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Two approaches, using either broadband or narrowband illumination, were used to monitor changes in the Bragg wavelength of the fiber-Bragg gratings. The second approach, using narrowband laser illumination, offered the highest sensitivity. The feasibility of using these techniques to generate early, pre-event signals useful for triggering high-latency diagnostics was demonstrated.

Numerical Approach to Modeling and Characterization of Refractive Index Changes for a Long-Period Fiber Grating Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser

PubMed Central

Saad, Akram; Cho, Yonghyun; Ahmed, Farid; Jun, Martin Byung-Guk

2016-01-01

A 3D finite element model constructed to predict the intensity-dependent refractive index profile induced by femtosecond laser radiation is presented. A fiber core irradiated by a pulsed laser is modeled as a cylinder subject to predefined boundary conditions using COMSOL5.2 Multiphysics commercial package. The numerically obtained refractive index change is used to numerically design and experimentally fabricate long-period fiber grating (LPFG) in pure silica core single-mode fiber employing identical laser conditions. To reduce the high computational requirements, the beam envelope method approach is utilized in the aforementioned numerical models. The number of periods, grating length, and grating period considered in this work are numerically quantified. The numerically obtained spectral growth of the modeled LPFG seems to be consistent with the transmission of the experimentally fabricated LPFG single mode fiber. The sensing capabilities of the modeled LPFG are tested by varying the refractive index of the surrounding medium. The numerically obtained spectrum corresponding to the varied refractive index shows good agreement with the experimental findings. PMID:28774060

Numerical Approach to Modeling and Characterization of Refractive Index Changes for a Long-Period Fiber Grating Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser.

PubMed

Saad, Akram; Cho, Yonghyun; Ahmed, Farid; Jun, Martin Byung-Guk

2016-11-21

A 3D finite element model constructed to predict the intensity-dependent refractive index profile induced by femtosecond laser radiation is presented. A fiber core irradiated by a pulsed laser is modeled as a cylinder subject to predefined boundary conditions using COMSOL5.2 Multiphysics commercial package. The numerically obtained refractive index change is used to numerically design and experimentally fabricate long-period fiber grating (LPFG) in pure silica core single-mode fiber employing identical laser conditions. To reduce the high computational requirements, the beam envelope method approach is utilized in the aforementioned numerical models. The number of periods, grating length, and grating period considered in this work are numerically quantified. The numerically obtained spectral growth of the modeled LPFG seems to be consistent with the transmission of the experimentally fabricated LPFG single mode fiber. The sensing capabilities of the modeled LPFG are tested by varying the refractive index of the surrounding medium. The numerically obtained spectrum corresponding to the varied refractive index shows good agreement with the experimental findings.

Emission enhancement of light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmon induced by Ag/p-GaN double grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Ruijie; Li, Zhiquan; Li, Xin; Gu, Erdan; Niu, Liyong; Sha, Xiaopeng

2018-07-01

In this paper, a new type of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) structure is designed to enhance the light emission efficiency of GaN-based LEDs. The structure mainly includes Ag grating, ITO layer and p-GaN grating. The principle of stimulating the localized surface plasmon to improve the luminous characteristics of the LED by using this structure is discussed. Based on the COMSOL software, the finite element method is used to simulate the LED structure. The normalized radiated powers, the normalized absorbed powers under different wavelength and geometric parameters, and the distribution of the electric field with the particular geometric parameters are obtained. The simulation results show that with a local ITO thickness of 32 nm, an etching depth of 29 nm, a grating period of 510 nm and a duty ratio of 0.5, the emission intensity of the designed GaN-based LED structure has increased by nearly 55 times than the ordinary LED providing a reliable foundation for the development of high-performance GaN-based LEDs.

Shape measurement of objects with large discontinuities and surface isolations using complementary grating projection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hao, Yudong; Zhao, Yang; Li, Dacheng

1999-11-01

Grating projection 3D profilometry has three major problems that have to be handled with great care. They are local shadows, phase discontinuities and surface isolations. Carrying no information, shadow areas give us no clue about the profile there. Phase discontinuities often baffle phase unwrappers because they may be generated for several reasons difficult to distinguish. Spatial phase unwrapping will inevitably fail if the object under teste have surface isolations. In this paper, a complementary grating projection profilometry is reported, which attempts to tackle the three aforementioned problems simultaneously. This technique involves projecting two grating patterns form both sides of the CCD camera. Phase unwrapping is carried out pixel by pixel using the two phase maps based on the excess fraction method, which is immune to phase discontinuities or surface isolations. Complementary projection makes sure that no area in the visible volume of CCD is devoid of fringe information, although in some cases a small area of the reconstructed profile is of low accuracy compared with others. The system calibration procedures and measurement results are presented in detail, and possible improvement is discussed.

Decomposition of Multi-player Games

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Dengji; Schiffel, Stephan; Thielscher, Michael

Research in General Game Playing aims at building systems that learn to play unknown games without human intervention. We contribute to this endeavour by generalising the established technique of decomposition from AI Planning to multi-player games. To this end, we present a method for the automatic decomposition of previously unknown games into independent subgames, and we show how a general game player can exploit a successful decomposition for game tree search.

Sparse Solution of Fiber Orientation Distribution Function by Diffusion Decomposition

PubMed Central

Yeh, Fang-Cheng; Tseng, Wen-Yih Isaac

2013-01-01

Fiber orientation is the key information in diffusion tractography. Several deconvolution methods have been proposed to obtain fiber orientations by estimating a fiber orientation distribution function (ODF). However, the L 2 regularization used in deconvolution often leads to false fibers that compromise the specificity of the results. To address this problem, we propose a method called diffusion decomposition, which obtains a sparse solution of fiber ODF by decomposing the diffusion ODF obtained from q-ball imaging (QBI), diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), or generalized q-sampling imaging (GQI). A simulation study, a phantom study, and an in-vivo study were conducted to examine the performance of diffusion decomposition. The simulation study showed that diffusion decomposition was more accurate than both constrained spherical deconvolution and ball-and-sticks model. The phantom study showed that the angular error of diffusion decomposition was significantly lower than those of constrained spherical deconvolution at 30° crossing and ball-and-sticks model at 60° crossing. The in-vivo study showed that diffusion decomposition can be applied to QBI, DSI, or GQI, and the resolved fiber orientations were consistent regardless of the diffusion sampling schemes and diffusion reconstruction methods. The performance of diffusion decomposition was further demonstrated by resolving crossing fibers on a 30-direction QBI dataset and a 40-direction DSI dataset. In conclusion, diffusion decomposition can improve angular resolution and resolve crossing fibers in datasets with low SNR and substantially reduced number of diffusion encoding directions. These advantages may be valuable for human connectome studies and clinical research. PMID:24146772

Novel diffraction gratings for next generation spectrographs with high spectral dispersion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebizuka, N.; Okamoto, T.; Hosobata, T.; Yamagata, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Uomoto, M.; Shimatsu, T.; Sato, S.; Hashimoto, N.; Tanaka, I.; Hattori, T.; Ozaki, S.; Aoki, W.

2016-07-01

As a transmission grating, a surface-relief (SR) grating with sawtooth shaped ridges and volume phase holographic (VPH) grating are widely used for instruments of astronomical observations. However the SR grating is difficult to achieve high diffraction efficiency at high angular dispersion, and the VPH grating has low diffraction efficiency in high diffraction orders. We propose novel gratings that solve these problems. We introduce the hybrid grism which combines a high refractive index prism with a replicated transmission grating, which has sawtooth shaped ridges of an acute apex angle. The birefringence VPH (B-VPH) grating which contains an anisotropic medium, such as a liquid crystal, achieves diffraction efficiency up to 100% at the first diffraction order for natural polarization and for circular polarization. The quasi-Bragg (QB) grating which consists of long rectangular mirrors aligned in parallel precisely, like a window blind, achieves diffraction efficiency of 60% or more in higher than the 4th diffraction order. The volume binary (VB) grating with narrow grooves also achieves diffraction efficiency of 60% or more in higher than the 6th diffraction order. The reflector facet transmission (RFT) grating which is a SR grating with sawtooth shaped ridges of an acute apex angle achieves diffraction efficiency up to 80% in higher than the 4th diffraction order.

Real-Time Characterization of Aerospace Structures Using Onboard Strain Measurement Technologies and Inverse Finite Element Method

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

strain data provided by in-situ strain sensors. The application focus is on the stain data obtained from FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensor arrays...sparsely distributed lines to simulate strain data from FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) arrays that provide either single-core (axial) or rosette (tri...when the measured strain data are sparse, as it is often the case when FBG sensors are used. For an inverse element without strain-sensor data, the

Demonstration of coherent addition of multiple gratings for high-energy chirped-pulse-amplified lasers.

PubMed

Kessler, Terrance J; Bunkenburg, Joachim; Huang, Hu; Kozlov, Alexei; Meyerhofer, David D

2004-03-15

Petawatt solid-state lasers require meter-sized gratings to reach multiple-kilojoule energy levels without laser-induced damage. As an alternative to large single gratings, we demonstrate that smaller, coherently added (tiled) gratings can be used for subpicosecond-pulse compression. A Fourier-transform-limited, 650-fs chirped-pulse-amplified laser pulse is maintained by replacing a single compression grating with a tiled-grating assembly. Grating tiling provides a means to scale the energy and irradiance of short-pulse lasers.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dong, X; Petrongolo, M; Wang, T

Purpose: A general problem of dual-energy CT (DECT) is that the decomposition is sensitive to noise in the two sets of dual-energy projection data, resulting in severely degraded qualities of decomposed images. We have previously proposed an iterative denoising method for DECT. Using a linear decomposition function, the method does not gain the full benefits of DECT on beam-hardening correction. In this work, we expand the framework of our iterative method to include non-linear decomposition models for noise suppression in DECT. Methods: We first obtain decomposed projections, which are free of beam-hardening artifacts, using a lookup table pre-measured on amore » calibration phantom. First-pass material images with high noise are reconstructed from the decomposed projections using standard filter-backprojection reconstruction. Noise on the decomposed images is then suppressed by an iterative method, which is formulated in the form of least-square estimation with smoothness regularization. Based on the design principles of a best linear unbiased estimator, we include the inverse of the estimated variance-covariance matrix of the decomposed images as the penalty weight in the least-square term. Analytical formulae are derived to compute the variance-covariance matrix from the measured decomposition lookup table. Results: We have evaluated the proposed method via phantom studies. Using non-linear decomposition, our method effectively suppresses the streaking artifacts of beam-hardening and obtains more uniform images than our previous approach based on a linear model. The proposed method reduces the average noise standard deviation of two basis materials by one order of magnitude without sacrificing the spatial resolution. Conclusion: We propose a general framework of iterative denoising for material decomposition of DECT. Preliminary phantom studies have shown the proposed method improves the image uniformity and reduces noise level without resolution loss. In the future, we will perform more phantom studies to further validate the performance of the purposed method. This work is supported by a Varian MRA grant.« less

Comparison of two interpolation methods for empirical mode decomposition based evaluation of radiographic femur bone images.

PubMed

Udhayakumar, Ganesan; Sujatha, Chinnaswamy Manoharan; Ramakrishnan, Swaminathan

2013-01-01

Analysis of bone strength in radiographic images is an important component of estimation of bone quality in diseases such as osteoporosis. Conventional radiographic femur bone images are used to analyze its architecture using bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition method. Surface interpolation of local maxima and minima points of an image is a crucial part of bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition method and the choice of appropriate interpolation depends on specific structure of the problem. In this work, two interpolation methods of bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition are analyzed to characterize the trabecular femur bone architecture of radiographic images. The trabecular bone regions of normal and osteoporotic femur bone images (N = 40) recorded under standard condition are used for this study. The compressive and tensile strength regions of the images are delineated using pre-processing procedures. The delineated images are decomposed into their corresponding intrinsic mode functions using interpolation methods such as Radial basis function multiquadratic and hierarchical b-spline techniques. Results show that bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition analyses using both interpolations are able to represent architectural variations of femur bone radiographic images. As the strength of the bone depends on architectural variation in addition to bone mass, this study seems to be clinically useful.

Performance of tensor decomposition-based modal identification under nonstationary vibration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Friesen, P.; Sadhu, A.

2017-03-01

Health monitoring of civil engineering structures is of paramount importance when they are subjected to natural hazards or extreme climatic events like earthquake, strong wind gusts or man-made excitations. Most of the traditional modal identification methods are reliant on stationarity assumption of the vibration response and posed difficulty while analyzing nonstationary vibration (e.g. earthquake or human-induced vibration). Recently tensor decomposition based methods are emerged as powerful and yet generic blind (i.e. without requiring a knowledge of input characteristics) signal decomposition tool for structural modal identification. In this paper, a tensor decomposition based system identification method is further explored to estimate modal parameters using nonstationary vibration generated due to either earthquake or pedestrian induced excitation in a structure. The effects of lag parameters and sensor densities on tensor decomposition are studied with respect to the extent of nonstationarity of the responses characterized by the stationary duration and peak ground acceleration of the earthquake. A suite of more than 1400 earthquakes is used to investigate the performance of the proposed method under a wide variety of ground motions utilizing both complete and partial measurements of a high-rise building model. Apart from the earthquake, human-induced nonstationary vibration of a real-life pedestrian bridge is also used to verify the accuracy of the proposed method.

Electrically-programmable diffraction grating

DOEpatents

Ricco, A.J.; Butler, M.A.; Sinclair, M.B.; Senturia, S.D.

1998-05-26

An electrically-programmable diffraction grating is disclosed. The programmable grating includes a substrate having a plurality of electrodes formed thereon and a moveable grating element above each of the electrodes. The grating elements are electrostatically programmable to form a diffraction grating for diffracting an incident beam of light as it is reflected from the upper surfaces of the grating elements. The programmable diffraction grating, formed by a micromachining process, has applications for optical information processing (e.g. optical correlators and computers), for multiplexing and demultiplexing a plurality of light beams of different wavelengths (e.g. for optical fiber communications), and for forming spectrometers (e.g. correlation and scanning spectrometers). 14 figs.

Demodulation method for tilted fiber Bragg grating refractometer with high sensitivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pham, Xuantung; Si, Jinhai; Chen, Tao; Wang, Ruize; Yan, Lihe; Cao, Houjun; Hou, Xun

2018-05-01

In this paper, we propose a demodulation method for refractive index (RI) sensing with tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs). It operates by monitoring the TFBG cladding mode resonance "cut-off wavelengths." The idea of a "cut-off wavelength" and its determination method are introduced. The RI sensitivities of TFBGs are significantly enhanced in certain RI ranges by using our demodulation method. The temperature-induced cross sensitivity is eliminated. We also demonstrate a parallel-double-angle TFBG (PDTFBG), in which two individual TFBGs are inscribed in the fiber core in parallel using a femtosecond laser and a phase mask. The RI sensing range of the PDTFBG is significantly broader than that of a conventional single-angle TFBG. In addition, its RI sensitivity can reach 1023.1 nm/refractive index unit in the 1.4401-1.4570 RI range when our proposed demodulation method is used.

Fabrication and Testing of Binary-Phase Fourier Gratings for Nonuniform Array Generation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keys, Andrew S.; Crow, Robert W.; Ashley, Paul R.; Nelson, Tom R., Jr.; Parker, Jack H.; Beecher, Elizabeth A.

2004-01-01

This effort describes the fabrication and testing of binary-phase Fourier gratings designed to generate an incoherent array of output source points with nonuniform user-defined intensities, symmetric about the zeroth order. Like Dammann fanout gratings, these binary-phase Fourier gratings employ only two phase levels to generate a defined output array. Unlike Dammann fanout gratings, these gratings generate an array of nonuniform, user-defined intensities when projected into the far-field regime. The paper describes the process of design, fabrication, and testing for two different version of the binary-phase grating; one designed for a 12 micron wavelength, referred to as the Long-Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) grating, and one designed for a 5 micron wavelength, referred to as the Mid-Wavelength Infrared Grating (MWIR).

Novel gratings for next-generation instruments of astronomical observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebizuka, N.; Okamoto, T.; Takeda, M.; Hosobata, T.; Yamagata, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Uomoto, M.; Shimatsu, T.; Sato, S.; Hashimoto, N.; Tanaka, I.; Hattori, T.; Ozaki, S.; Aoki, W.

2017-05-01

We will introduce current status of development of a birefringence volume phase holographic (B-VPH) grating, volume binary (VB) grating and reflector facet transmission (RFT) grating developing as the novel dispersive optical element for astronomical instruments for the 8.2m Subaru Telescope, for next generation 30 m class huge ground-based telescopes and for next generation large space-bone telescopes. We will also introduce a hybrid grism developed for MOIRCS (Multi-Object InfraRed Camera and Spectrograph) of the Subaru Telescope and a quasi-Bragg (QB) immersion grating. Test fabrication of B-VPH gratings with a liquid crystal (LC) of UV curable and normal LCs or a resin of visible light curable are performed. We successfully fabricated VB gratings of silicon as a mold with ridges of a high aspect ratio by means of the cycle etching process, oxidation and removal of silicon oxide. The RFT grating which is a surface-relief (SR) transmission grating with sawtooth shaped ridges of an acute vertex angle. The hybrid grism, as a prototype of the RFT grating, combines a high-index prism and SR transmission grating with sawtooth shape ridges of an acute vertex angle. The mold of the SR grating for the hybrid grism on to a work of Ni-P alloy of non-electrolysic plating successfully fabricated by using our ultra-precision machine and a single-crystal diamond bite. The QB immersion grating was fabricated by a combination of an inclined QB grating, Littrow prism and surface reflection mirror.

Adaptive fault feature extraction from wayside acoustic signals from train bearings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Dingcheng; Entezami, Mani; Stewart, Edward; Roberts, Clive; Yu, Dejie

2018-07-01

Wayside acoustic detection of train bearing faults plays a significant role in maintaining safety in the railway transport system. However, the bearing fault information is normally masked by strong background noises and harmonic interferences generated by other components (e.g. axles and gears). In order to extract the bearing fault feature information effectively, a novel method called improved singular value decomposition (ISVD) with resonance-based signal sparse decomposition (RSSD), namely the ISVD-RSSD method, is proposed in this paper. A Savitzky-Golay (S-G) smoothing filter is used to filter singular vectors (SVs) in the ISVD method as an extension of the singular value decomposition (SVD) theorem. Hilbert spectrum entropy and a stepwise optimisation strategy are used to optimize the S-G filter's parameters. The RSSD method is able to nonlinearly decompose the wayside acoustic signal of a faulty train bearing into high and low resonance components, the latter of which contains bearing fault information. However, the high level of noise usually results in poor decomposition results from the RSSD method. Hence, the collected wayside acoustic signal must first be de-noised using the ISVD component of the ISVD-RSSD method. Next, the de-noised signal is decomposed by using the RSSD method. The obtained low resonance component is then demodulated with a Hilbert transform such that the bearing fault can be detected by observing Hilbert envelope spectra. The effectiveness of the ISVD-RSSD method is verified through both laboratory field-based experiments as described in the paper. The results indicate that the proposed method is superior to conventional spectrum analysis and ensemble empirical mode decomposition methods.

A compact imaging spectroscopic system for biomolecular detections on plasmonic chips.

PubMed

Lo, Shu-Cheng; Lin, En-Hung; Wei, Pei-Kuen; Tsai, Wan-Shao

2016-10-17

In this study, we demonstrate a compact imaging spectroscopic system for high-throughput detection of biomolecular interactions on plasmonic chips, based on a curved grating as the key element of light diffraction and light focusing. Both the curved grating and the plasmonic chips are fabricated on flexible plastic substrates using a gas-assisted thermal-embossing method. A fiber-coupled broadband light source and a camera are included in the system. Spectral resolution within 1 nm is achieved in sensing environmental index solutions and protein bindings. The detected sensitivities of the plasmonic chip are comparable with a commercial spectrometer. An extra one-dimensional scanning stage enables high-throughput detection of protein binding on a designed plasmonic chip consisting of several nanoslit arrays with different periods. The detected resonance wavelengths match well with the grating equation under an air environment. Wavelength shifts between 1 and 9 nm are detected for antigens of various concentrations binding with antibodies. A simple, mass-productive and cost-effective method has been demonstrated on the imaging spectroscopic system for real-time, label-free, highly sensitive and high-throughput screening of biomolecular interactions.

A Monitoring Method Based on FBG for Concrete Corrosion Cracking

PubMed Central

Mao, Jianghong; Xu, Fangyuan; Gao, Qian; Liu, Shenglin; Jin, Weiliang; Xu, Yidong

2016-01-01

Corrosion cracking of reinforced concrete caused by chloride salt is one of the main determinants of structure durability. Monitoring the entire process of concrete corrosion cracking is critical for assessing the remaining life of the structure and determining if maintenance is needed. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology is extensively developed in photoelectric monitoring technology and has been used on many projects. FBG can detect the quasi-distribution of strain and temperature under corrosive environments, and thus it is suitable for monitoring reinforced concrete cracking. According to the mechanical principle that corrosion expansion is responsible for the reinforced concrete cracking, a package design of reinforced concrete cracking sensors based on FBG was proposed and investigated in this study. The corresponding relationship between the grating wavelength and strain was calibrated by an equal strength beam test. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by an electrically accelerated corrosion experiment. The fiber grating sensing technology was able to track the corrosion expansion and corrosion cracking in real time and provided data to inform decision-making for the maintenance and management of the engineering structure. PMID:27428972

A Monitoring Method Based on FBG for Concrete Corrosion Cracking.

PubMed

Mao, Jianghong; Xu, Fangyuan; Gao, Qian; Liu, Shenglin; Jin, Weiliang; Xu, Yidong

2016-07-14

Corrosion cracking of reinforced concrete caused by chloride salt is one of the main determinants of structure durability. Monitoring the entire process of concrete corrosion cracking is critical for assessing the remaining life of the structure and determining if maintenance is needed. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology is extensively developed in photoelectric monitoring technology and has been used on many projects. FBG can detect the quasi-distribution of strain and temperature under corrosive environments, and thus it is suitable for monitoring reinforced concrete cracking. According to the mechanical principle that corrosion expansion is responsible for the reinforced concrete cracking, a package design of reinforced concrete cracking sensors based on FBG was proposed and investigated in this study. The corresponding relationship between the grating wavelength and strain was calibrated by an equal strength beam test. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by an electrically accelerated corrosion experiment. The fiber grating sensing technology was able to track the corrosion expansion and corrosion cracking in real time and provided data to inform decision-making for the maintenance and management of the engineering structure.

High-speed demodulation of weak fiber Bragg gratings based on microwave photonics and chromatic dispersion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Lei; Li, Zhengying; Xiang, Na; Bao, Xiaoyi

2018-06-01

A high speed quasi-distributed demodulation method based on the microwave photonics and the chromatic dispersion effect is designed and implemented for weak fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Due to the effect of dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), FBG wavelength shift leads to the change of the difference frequency signal at the mixer. With the way of crossing microwave sweep cycle, all wavelengths of cascade FBGs can be high speed obtained by measuring the frequencies change. Moreover, through the introduction of Chirp-Z and Hanning window algorithm, the analysis of difference frequency signal is achieved very well. By adopting the single-peak filter as a reference, the length disturbance of DCF caused by temperature can be also eliminated. Therefore, the accuracy of this novel method is greatly improved, and high speed demodulation of FBGs can easily realize. The feasibility and performance are experimentally demonstrated using 105 FBGs with 0.1% reflectivity, 1 m spatial interval. Results show that each grating can be distinguished well, and the demodulation rate is as high as 40 kHz, the accuracy is about 8 pm.

Single- and two-phase flow characterization using optical fiber bragg gratings.

PubMed

Baroncini, Virgínia H V; Martelli, Cicero; da Silva, Marco José; Morales, Rigoberto E M

2015-03-17

Single- and two-phase flow characterization using optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is presented. The sensor unit consists of the optical fiber Bragg grating positioned transversely to the flow and fixed in the pipe walls. The hydrodynamic pressure applied by the liquid or air/liquid flow to the optical fiber induces deformation that can be detected by the FBG. Given that the applied pressure is directly related to the mass flow, it is possible to establish a relationship using the grating resonance wavelength shift to determine the mass flow when the flow velocity is well known. For two phase flows of air and liquid, there is a significant change in the force applied to the fiber that accounts for the very distinct densities of these substances. As a consequence, the optical fiber deformation and the correspondent grating wavelength shift as a function of the flow will be very different for an air bubble or a liquid slug, allowing their detection as they flow through the pipe. A quasi-distributed sensing tool with 18 sensors evenly spread along the pipe is developed and characterized, making possible the characterization of the flow, as well as the tracking of the bubbles over a large section of the test bed. Results show good agreement with standard measurement methods and open up plenty of opportunities to both laboratory measurement tools and field applications.

Diffraction-analysis-based characterization of very fine gratings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bischoff, Joerg; Truckenbrodt, Horst; Bauer, Joachim J.

1997-09-01

Fine gratings with spatial periods below one micron, either ruled mechanically or patterned holographically, play a key role as encoders in high precision translational or rotational coordinate or measuring machines. Besides, the fast in-line characterization of submicron patterns is a stringent demand in recent microelectronic technology. Thus, a rapid, destruction free and highly accurate measuring technique is required to ensure the quality during manufacturing and for final testing. We propose an optical method which was already successfully introduced in semiconductor industry. Here, the inverse scatter problem inherent in this diffraction based approach is overcome by sophisticated data analysis such as multivariate regression or neural networks. Shortly sketched, the procedure is as follows: certain diffraction efficiencies are measured with an optical angle resolved scatterometer and assigned to a number of profile parameters via data analysis (prediction). Before, the specific measuring model has to be calibrated. If the wavelength-to-period rate is well below unity, it is quite easy to gather enough diffraction orders. However, for gratings with spatial periods being smaller than the probing wavelength, merely the specular reflex will propagate for perpendicular incidence (zero order grating). Consequently, it is virtually impossible to perform a regression analysis. A proper mean to tackle this bottleneck is to record the zero-order reflex as a function of the incident angle. In this paper, the measurement of submicron gratings is discussed with the examples of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.4 micron period resist gratings on silicon, etched silicon oxide on silicon (same periods) and a 512 nm pitch chromium grating on quartz. Using a He-Ne laser with 633 nm wavelength and measuring the direct reflex in both linear polarizations, it is shown that even submicron patterning processes can be monitored and the resulting profiles with linewidths below a half micron can be characterized reliably with 2(theta) - scatterometry.

The deconvolution of complex spectra by artificial immune system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galiakhmetova, D. I.; Sibgatullin, M. E.; Galimullin, D. Z.; Kamalova, D. I.

2017-11-01

An application of the artificial immune system method for decomposition of complex spectra is presented. The results of decomposition of the model contour consisting of three components, Gaussian contours, are demonstrated. The method of artificial immune system is an optimization method, which is based on the behaviour of the immune system and refers to modern methods of search for the engine optimization.

Regeneration of titanium oxide nano-coated long-period grating biosensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dominik, M.; Niedziółka-Jönsson, J.; Roźniecka, E.; Wachnicki, Ł.; Godlewski, M.; Mikulic, P.; Bock, Wojtek J.; Śmietana, M.

2016-05-01

This work presents an application of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as an effective method for regeneration of titanium oxide (TiOx) nano-coated long-period grating (LPG) biosensor. Below 100 nm in thickness TiOx coating was deposited with atomic layer deposition (ALD) method on LPGs for enhancing their refractive index sensitivity up to 2912 nm/RIU in RI range 1.33-1.36 RIU. Next, the sensors were biofunctionalized in order to immobilize receptor (biotin) on their surface and used for selective avidin detection. After successful biofunctionalization process and avidin detection the sensors were washed in NaOH and biofunctionalized again. The proposed method for recovering the sensor does not cause decrease in its functional properties. As a result of the applied procedure the biosensor was fully regenerated.

Fringe-shifting single-projector moiré topography application for cotyle implantate abrasion measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rössler, Tomáš; Hrabovský, Miroslav; Pluháček, František

2005-08-01

The cotyle implantate is abraded in the body of patient and its shape changes. Information about the magnitude of abrasion is contained in the result contour map of the implantate. The locations and dimensions of abraded areas can be computed from the contours deformation. The method called the single-projector moire topography was used for the contour lines determination. The theoretical description of method is given at first. The design of the experimental set-up follows. The light grating projector was developed to realize the periodic structure on the measured surface. The method of fringe-shifting was carried out to increase the data quantity. The description of digital processing applied to the moire grating images is introduced at the end together with the examples of processed images.

Multi-Centrality Graph Spectral Decompositions and Their Application to Cyber Intrusion Detection

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Pin-Yu; Choudhury, Sutanay; Hero, Alfred

Many modern datasets can be represented as graphs and hence spectral decompositions such as graph principal component analysis (PCA) can be useful. Distinct from previous graph decomposition approaches based on subspace projection of a single topological feature, e.g., the centered graph adjacency matrix (graph Laplacian), we propose spectral decomposition approaches to graph PCA and graph dictionary learning that integrate multiple features, including graph walk statistics, centrality measures and graph distances to reference nodes. In this paper we propose a new PCA method for single graph analysis, called multi-centrality graph PCA (MC-GPCA), and a new dictionary learning method for ensembles ofmore » graphs, called multi-centrality graph dictionary learning (MC-GDL), both based on spectral decomposition of multi-centrality matrices. As an application to cyber intrusion detection, MC-GPCA can be an effective indicator of anomalous connectivity pattern and MC-GDL can provide discriminative basis for attack classification.« less

Classification of fully polarimetric F-SAR ( X / S ) airborne radar images using decomposition methods. (Polish Title: Klasyfikacja treści polarymetrycznych obrazów radarowych z wykorzystaniem metod dekompozycji na przykładzie systemu F-SAR ( X / S ))

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mleczko, M.

2014-12-01

Polarimetric SAR data is not widely used in practice, because it is not yet available operationally from the satellites. Currently we can distinguish two approaches in POL - In - SAR technology: alternating polarization imaging (Alt - POL) and fully polarimetric (QuadPol). The first represents a subset of another and is more operational, while the second is experimental because classification of this data requires polarimetric decomposition of scattering matrix in the first stage. In the literature decomposition process is divided in two types: the coherent and incoherent decomposition. In this paper the decomposition methods have been tested using data from the high resolution airborne F - SAR system. Results of classification have been interpreted in the context of the land cover mapping capabilities

Features of Talbot effect on phase diffraction grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brazhnikov, Denis G.; Danko, Volodymyr P.; Kotov, Myhaylo M.; Kovalenko, Andriy V.

2018-01-01

The features of the Talbot effect using the phase diffraction gratings have been considered. A phase grating, unlike an amplitude grating, gives a constant light intensity in the observation plane at a distance multiple to half of the Talbot length ZT. In this case, the subject of interest consists in so-called fractional Talbot effect with the periodic intensity distribution observed in planes shifted from the position nZT/2 (the so-called Fresnel images). Binary phase diffraction gratings with varying phase steps have been investigated. Gratings were made photographically on holographic plates PFG-01. The phase shift was obtained by modulating the emulsion refraction index of the plates. Two types of gratings were used: a square grating with a fill factor of 0.5 and a checkerwise grating (square areas with a bigger and lower refractive index alternate in a checkerboard pattern). By the example of these gratings, the possibility of obtaining in the observation plane an image of a set of equidistant spots with a size smaller than the size of the phase-shifting elements of the grating (the so-called Talbot focusing) has been shown. Clear images of spots with a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio have been obtained for a square grating. Their period was equal to the period of the grating. For a grating with a checkerwise distribution of the refractive index, the spots have been located in positions corresponding to the centres of cells. In addition, the quality of the resulting pattern strongly depended on the magnitude of a grating phase step. As a result of the work, the possibility to obtain Talbot focusing has been shown and the use of this effect to wavefront investigation with a gradient sensor has been demonstrated.

Short-term standard litter decomposition across three different ecosystems in middle taiga zone of West Siberia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filippova, Nina V.; Glagolev, Mikhail V.

2018-03-01

The method of standard litter (tea) decomposition was implemented to compare decomposition rate constants (k) between different peatland ecosystems and coniferous forests in the middle taiga zone of West Siberia (near Khanty-Mansiysk). The standard protocol of TeaComposition initiative was used to make the data usable for comparisons among different sites and zonobiomes worldwide. This article sums up the results of short-term decomposition (3 months) on the local scale. The values of decomposition rate constants differed significantly between three ecosystem types: it was higher in forest compared to bogs, and treed bogs had lower decomposition constant compared to Sphagnum lawns. In general, the decomposition rate constants were close to ones reported earlier for similar climatic conditions and habitats.

Adaptive wavefront sensor based on the Talbot phenomenon.

PubMed

Podanchuk, Dmytro V; Goloborodko, Andrey A; Kotov, Myhailo M; Kovalenko, Andrey V; Kurashov, Vitalij N; Dan'ko, Volodymyr P

2016-04-20

A new adaptive method of wavefront sensing is proposed and demonstrated. The method is based on the Talbot self-imaging effect, which is observed in an illuminating light beam with strong second-order aberration. Compensation of defocus and astigmatism is achieved with an appropriate choice of size of the rectangular unit cell of the diffraction grating, which is performed iteratively. A liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is used for this purpose. Self-imaging of rectangular grating in the astigmatic light beam is demonstrated experimentally. High-order aberrations are detected with respect to the compensated second-order aberration. The comparative results of wavefront sensing with a Shack-Hartmann sensor and the proposed sensor are adduced.

NIR spectrometer using a Schottky photodetector enhanced by grating-based SPR.

PubMed

Chen, Wenjing; Kan, Tetsuo; Ajiki, Yoshiharu; Matsumoto, Kiyoshi; Shimoyama, Isao

2016-10-31

We present a near-infrared (NIR) spectrum measurement method using a Schottky photodetector enhanced by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). An Au grating was fabricated on an n-type silicon wafer to form a Schottky barrier and act as an SPR coupler. The resulting photodetector provides wavelength-selective photodetection depending on the SPR coupling angle. A matrix was pre-calculated to describe this characteristic. The spectrum was obtained from this matrix and the measured photocurrents at various SPR coupling angles. Light with single and multiple wavelengths was tested. Comparative measurements showed that our method is able to detect spectra with a wavelength resolution comparable to that of a commercial spectrometer.

Blood pressure evaluation using sphygmomanometry assisted by arterial pulse waveform detection by fiber Bragg grating pulse device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharath, Umesh; Sukreet, Raju; Apoorva, Girish; Asokan, Sundarrajan

2013-06-01

We report a blood pressure evaluation methodology by recording the radial arterial pulse waveform in real time using a fiber Bragg grating pulse device (FBGPD). Here, the pressure responses of the arterial pulse in the form of beat-to-beat pulse amplitude and arterial diametrical variations are monitored. Particularly, the unique signatures of pulse pressure variations have been recorded in the arterial pulse waveform, which indicate the systolic and diastolic blood pressure while the patient is subjected to the sphygmomanometric blood pressure examination. The proposed method of blood pressure evaluation using FBGPD has been validated with the auscultatory method of detecting the acoustic pulses (Korotkoff sounds) by an electronic stethoscope.

Impact of joint statistical dual-energy CT reconstruction of proton stopping power images: Comparison to image- and sinogram-domain material decomposition approaches.

PubMed

Zhang, Shuangyue; Han, Dong; Politte, David G; Williamson, Jeffrey F; O'Sullivan, Joseph A

2018-05-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of a novel dual-energy CT (DECT) approach for proton stopping power ratio (SPR) mapping that integrates image reconstruction and material characterization using a joint statistical image reconstruction (JSIR) method based on a linear basis vector model (BVM). A systematic comparison between the JSIR-BVM method and previously described DECT image- and sinogram-domain decomposition approaches is also carried out on synthetic data. The JSIR-BVM method was implemented to estimate the electron densities and mean excitation energies (I-values) required by the Bethe equation for SPR mapping. In addition, image- and sinogram-domain DECT methods based on three available SPR models including BVM were implemented for comparison. The intrinsic SPR modeling accuracy of the three models was first validated. Synthetic DECT transmission sinograms of two 330 mm diameter phantoms each containing 17 soft and bony tissues (for a total of 34) of known composition were then generated with spectra of 90 and 140 kVp. The estimation accuracy of the reconstructed SPR images were evaluated for the seven investigated methods. The impact of phantom size and insert location on SPR estimation accuracy was also investigated. All three selected DECT-SPR models predict the SPR of all tissue types with less than 0.2% RMS errors under idealized conditions with no reconstruction uncertainties. When applied to synthetic sinograms, the JSIR-BVM method achieves the best performance with mean and RMS-average errors of less than 0.05% and 0.3%, respectively, for all noise levels, while the image- and sinogram-domain decomposition methods show increasing mean and RMS-average errors with increasing noise level. The JSIR-BVM method also reduces statistical SPR variation by sixfold compared to other methods. A 25% phantom diameter change causes up to 4% SPR differences for the image-domain decomposition approach, while the JSIR-BVM method and sinogram-domain decomposition methods are insensitive to size change. Among all the investigated methods, the JSIR-BVM method achieves the best performance for SPR estimation in our simulation phantom study. This novel method is robust with respect to sinogram noise and residual beam-hardening effects, yielding SPR estimation errors comparable to intrinsic BVM modeling error. In contrast, the achievable SPR estimation accuracy of the image- and sinogram-domain decomposition methods is dominated by the CT image intensity uncertainties introduced by the reconstruction and decomposition processes. © 2018 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

Amplitude-cyclic frequency decomposition of vibration signals for bearing fault diagnosis based on phase editing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barbini, L.; Eltabach, M.; Hillis, A. J.; du Bois, J. L.

2018-03-01

In rotating machine diagnosis different spectral tools are used to analyse vibration signals. Despite the good diagnostic performance such tools are usually refined, computationally complex to implement and require oversight of an expert user. This paper introduces an intuitive and easy to implement method for vibration analysis: amplitude cyclic frequency decomposition. This method firstly separates vibration signals accordingly to their spectral amplitudes and secondly uses the squared envelope spectrum to reveal the presence of cyclostationarity in each amplitude level. The intuitive idea is that in a rotating machine different components contribute vibrations at different amplitudes, for instance defective bearings contribute a very weak signal in contrast to gears. This paper also introduces a new quantity, the decomposition squared envelope spectrum, which enables separation between the components of a rotating machine. The amplitude cyclic frequency decomposition and the decomposition squared envelope spectrum are tested on real word signals, both at stationary and varying speeds, using data from a wind turbine gearbox and an aircraft engine. In addition a benchmark comparison to the spectral correlation method is presented.

An optimization approach for fitting canonical tensor decompositions.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dunlavy, Daniel M.; Acar, Evrim; Kolda, Tamara Gibson

Tensor decompositions are higher-order analogues of matrix decompositions and have proven to be powerful tools for data analysis. In particular, we are interested in the canonical tensor decomposition, otherwise known as the CANDECOMP/PARAFAC decomposition (CPD), which expresses a tensor as the sum of component rank-one tensors and is used in a multitude of applications such as chemometrics, signal processing, neuroscience, and web analysis. The task of computing the CPD, however, can be difficult. The typical approach is based on alternating least squares (ALS) optimization, which can be remarkably fast but is not very accurate. Previously, nonlinear least squares (NLS) methodsmore » have also been recommended; existing NLS methods are accurate but slow. In this paper, we propose the use of gradient-based optimization methods. We discuss the mathematical calculation of the derivatives and further show that they can be computed efficiently, at the same cost as one iteration of ALS. Computational experiments demonstrate that the gradient-based optimization methods are much more accurate than ALS and orders of magnitude faster than NLS.« less

A novel proposal of GPON-oriented fiber grating sensing data digitalization system for remote sensing network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yubao; Zhu, Zhaohui; Wang, Lu; Bai, Jian

2016-05-01

A novel GPON-oriented sensing data digitalization system is proposed to achieve remote monitoring of fiber grating sensing networks utilizing existing optical communication networks in some harsh environments. In which, Quick digitalization of sensing information obtained from the reflected lightwaves by fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is realized, and a novel frame format of sensor signal is designed to suit for public transport so as to facilitate sensor monitoring center to receive and analyze the sensor data. The delay effect, identification method of the sensor data, and various interference factors which influence the sensor data to be correctly received are analyzed. The system simulation is carried out with OptiSystem/Matlab co-simulation approach. The theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the feasibility of the integration of the sensor network and communication network.

Chemical Sensing Sensitivity of Long-Period Grating Sensor Enhanced by Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles

PubMed Central

Tang, Jaw-Luen; Wang, Jien-Neng

2008-01-01

A simple and effective method is proposed to improve spectral sensitivity and detection limit of long period gratings for refractive index or chemical sensing, where the grating surface is modified by a monolayer of colloidal gold nanoparticles. The transmission spectra and optical properties of gold nanospheres vary with the different refractive index of the environment near the surface of gold nanospheres. The sensor response of gold colloids increases linearly with solvents of increasing refractive index. The results for the measurement of sucrose and sodium chloride solutions are reported, which show that this type of sensor can provide a limiting resolution of ∼10-3 to ∼10-4 for refractive indices in the range of 1.34 to 1.39 and a noticeable increase in detection limit of refractive index to external medium. PMID:27879701

Angular-dependent polarization-insensitive filter fashioned with zero-contrast grating.

PubMed

Gao, Xumin; Wu, Tong; Xu, Yin; Li, Xin; Bai, Dan; Zhu, Gangyi; Zhu, Hongbo; Wang, Yongjin

2015-06-15

We report here an angular-dependent polarization-insensitive filter fashioned with a free-standing zero-contrast grating (ZCG), which is implemented on an HfO(2)/Silicon platform. The spectral characteristics are investigated by rigorous coupled-wave analysis method and measured on angular-resolved micro-reflectance system. The proposed ZCG structure experimentally shows that the polarization-insensitive resonances occur at 595nm for the incidence angle θ of 12.8° and 500nm for the incidence angle θ of 14.2°. When the incident light is normal to the grating surface, the ZCG device generates yellow and red colors for p- and s-polarization, respectively. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations, which indicate that the free-standing ZCG device is promising for polarization-insensitive filter and polarization-controlled tunable color filter.

Fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogators on chip: challenges and opportunities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marin, Yisbel; Nannipieri, Tiziano; Oton, Claudio J.; Di Pasquale, Fabrizio

2017-04-01

In this paper we present an overview of the current efforts towards integration of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor interrogators. Different photonic integration platforms will be discussed, including monolithic planar lightwave circuit technology, silicon on insulator (SOI), indium phosphide (InP) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) material platforms. Also various possible techniques for wavelength metering and methods for FBG multiplexing will be discussed and compared in terms of resolution, dynamic performance, multiplexing capabilities and reliability. The use of linear filters, array waveguide gratings (AWG) as multiple linear filters and AWG based centroid signal processing techniques will be addressed as well as interrogation techniques based on tunable micro-ring resonators and Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) for phase sensitive detection. The paper will also discuss the challenges and perspectives of photonic integration to address the increasing requirements of several industrial applications.

Photopolymerizable nanocomposite photonic materials and their holographic applications in light and neutron optics

PubMed Central

Tomita, Yasuo; Hata, Eiji; Momose, Keisuke; Takayama, Shingo; Liu, Xiangming; Chikama, Katsumi; Klepp, Jürgen; Pruner, Christian; Fally, Martin

2016-01-01

We present an overview of recent investigations of photopolymerizable nanocomposite photonic materials in which, thanks to their high degree of material selectivity, recorded volume gratings possess high refractive index modulation amplitude and high mechanical/thermal stability at the same time, providing versatile applications in light and neutron optics. We discuss the mechanism of grating formation in holographically exposed nanocomposite materials, based on a model of the photopolymerization-driven mutual diffusion of monomer and nanoparticles. Experimental inspection of the recorded grating’s morphology by various physicochemical and optical methods is described. We then outline the holographic recording properties of volume gratings recorded in photopolymerizable nanocomposite materials consisting of inorganic/organic nanoparticles and monomers having various photopolymerization mechanisms. Finally, we show two examples of our holographic applications, holographic digital data storage and slow-neutron beam control. PMID:27594769

High efficiency spectrographs for the EUV and soft X-rays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cash, W.

1983-01-01

The use of grazing incidence optics and reflection grating designs is shown to be a method that improves the performance of spectrographs at wavelengths shorter than 1200 A. Emphasis is laid on spectroscopic designs for X ray and EUV astronomy, with sample designs for an objective reflection grating spectrograph (ORGS) and an echelle spectrograph for wavelengths longer than 100 A. Conical diffraction allows operations at grazing incidence in the echelle spectrograph. In ORGS, the extreme distance of X ray objects aids in collimating the source radiation, which encounters conical diffraction within the instrument, proceeds parallel to the optical axis, and arrives at the detector. A series of gratings is used to achieve the effect. A grazing echelle is employed for EUV observations, and offers a resolution of 20,000 over a 300 A bandpass.

Modeling and simulation of blazed grating based on MEMS scanning micro-mirror for NIR micro-spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Ying; Wen, Zhiyu; Yang, Tingyan; Lei, Hongjie

2015-11-01

Near infrared micro-spectrometer (NIRMS) as a vital detection equipment for various elements has been investigated over the last few years. Traditional MEMS NIRMS employs CCD array detectors for NIR spectrum collection and this leads to higher fabrication cost. In this paper, to ensure the higher diffraction efficiency as well as lower fabrication cost, a novel blazed grating based on MEMS scanning micro-mirror (SMM) is proposed. By our design method, the NIRMS needs only one single InGaAs detector photo diode to collect NIR spectrum and ensure the high diffraction efficiency. Our results show that the diffraction efficiency of the blazed grating is almost 50% and the peak value reaches to 90% in the range of 900-2,100 nm while the optical scanning angle is 14.2°.

Enhanced Raman scattering in porous silicon grating.

PubMed

Wang, Jiajia; Jia, Zhenhong; Lv, Changwu

2018-03-19

The enhancement of Raman signal on monocrystalline silicon gratings with varying groove depths and on porous silicon grating were studied for a highly sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) response. In the experiment conducted, porous silicon gratings were fabricated. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were then deposited on the porous silicon grating to enhance the Raman signal of the detective objects. Results show that the enhancement of Raman signal on silicon grating improved when groove depth increased. The enhanced performance of Raman signal on porous silicon grating was also further improved. The Rhodamine SERS response based on Ag NPs/ porous silicon grating substrates was enhanced relative to the SERS response on Ag NPs/ porous silicon substrates. Ag NPs / porous silicon grating SERS substrate system achieved a highly sensitive SERS response due to the coupling of various Raman enhancement factors.

The suitability of visual taphonomic methods for digital photographs: An experimental approach with pig carcasses in a tropical climate.

PubMed

Ribéreau-Gayon, Agathe; Rando, Carolyn; Morgan, Ruth M; Carter, David O

2018-05-01

In the context of increased scrutiny of the methods in forensic sciences, it is essential to ensure that the approaches used in forensic taphonomy to measure decomposition and estimate the postmortem interval are underpinned by robust evidence-based data. Digital photographs are an important source of documentation in forensic taphonomic investigations but the suitability of the current approaches for photographs, rather than real-time remains, is poorly studied which can undermine accurate forensic conclusions. The present study aimed to investigate the suitability of 2D colour digital photographs for evaluating decomposition of exposed human analogues (Sus scrofa domesticus) in a tropical savanna environment (Hawaii), using two published scoring methods; Megyesi et al., 2005 and Keough et al., 2017. It was found that there were significant differences between the real-time and photograph decomposition scores when the Megyesi et al. method was used. However, the Keough et al. method applied to photographs reflected real-time decomposition more closely and thus appears more suitable to evaluate pig decomposition from 2D photographs. The findings indicate that the type of scoring method used has a significant impact on the ability to accurately evaluate the decomposition of exposed pig carcasses from photographs. It was further identified that photographic taphonomic analysis can reach high inter-observer reproducibility. These novel findings are of significant importance for the forensic sciences as they highlight the potential for high quality photograph coverage to provide useful complementary information for the forensic taphonomic investigation. New recommendations to develop robust transparent approaches adapted to photographs in forensic taphonomy are suggested based on these findings. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Multiple Optical Traps with a Single-Beam Optical Tweezer Utilizing Surface Micromachined Planar Curved Grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuo, Ju-Nan; Chen, Kuan-Yu

2010-11-01

In this paper, we present a single-beam optical tweezer integrated with a planar curved diffraction grating for microbead manipulation. Various curvatures of the surface micromachined planar curved grating are systematically investigated. The planar curved grating was fabricated using multiuser micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) processes (MUMPs). The angular separation and the number of diffracted orders were determined. Experimental results indicate that the diffraction patterns and curvature of the planar curved grating are closely related. As the curvature of the planar curved grating increases, the vertical diffraction angle increases, resulting in the strip patterns of the planar curved grating. A single-beam optical tweezer integrated with a planar curved diffraction grating was developed. We demonstrate a technique for creating multiple optical traps from a single laser beam using the developed planar curved grating. The strip patterns of the planar curved grating that resulted from diffraction were used to trap one row of polystyrene beads.

Measurements and simulations analysing the noise behaviour of grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weber, T.; Bartl, P.; Durst, J.; Haas, W.; Michel, T.; Ritter, A.; Anton, G.

2011-08-01

In the last decades, phase-contrast imaging using a Talbot-Lau grating interferometer is possible even with a low-brilliance X-ray source. With the potential of increasing the soft-tissue contrast, this method is on its way into medical imaging. For this purpose, the knowledge of the underlying physics of this technique is necessary.With this paper, we would like to contribute to the understanding of grating-based phase-contrast imaging by presenting results on measurements and simulations regarding the noise behaviour of the differential phases.These measurements were done using a microfocus X-ray tube with a hybrid, photon-counting, semiconductor Medipix2 detector. The additional simulations were performed by our in-house developed phase-contrast simulation tool “SPHINX”, combining both wave and particle contributions of the simulated photons.The results obtained by both of these methods show the same behaviour. Increasing the number of photons leads to a linear decrease of the standard deviation of the phase. The number of used phase steps has no influence on the standard deviation, if the total number of photons is held constant.Furthermore, the probability density function (pdf) of the reconstructed differential phases was analysed. It turned out that the so-called von Mises distribution is the physically correct pdf, which was also confirmed by measurements.This information advances the understanding of grating-based phase-contrast imaging and can be used to improve image quality.