Guinea pig complement potently measures vibriocidal activity of human antibodies in response to cholera vaccines.

PubMed

Kim, Kyoung Whun; Jeong, Soyoung; Ahn, Ki Bum; Yang, Jae Seung; Yun, Cheol-Heui; Han, Seung Hyun

2017-12-01

The vibriocidal assay using guinea pig complement is widely used for the evaluation of immune responses to cholera vaccines in human clinical trials. However, it is unclear why guinea pig complement has been used over human complement in the measurement of vibriocidal activity of human sera and there have not been comparison studies for the use of guinea pig complement over those from other species. Therefore, we comparatively investigated the effects of complements derived from human, guinea pig, rabbit, and sheep on vibriocidal activity. Complements from guinea pig, rabbit, and human showed concentration-dependent vibriocidal activity in the presence of quality control serum antibodies. Of these complements, guinea pig complement was the most sensitive and effective over a wide concentration range. When the vibriocidal activity of complements was measured in the absence of serum antibodies, human, sheep, and guinea pig complements showed vibriocidal activity up to 40-fold, 20-fold, and 1-fold dilution, respectively. For human pre- and post-vaccination sera, the most potent vibriocidal activity was observed when guinea pig complement was used. In addition, the highest fold-increases between pre- and post- vaccinated sera were obtained with guinea pig complement. Furthermore, human complement contained a higher amount of V. cholerae- and its lipopolysaccharide-specific antibodies than guinea pig complement. Collectively, these results suggest that guinea pig complements are suitable for vibriocidal assays due to their high sensitivity and effectiveness to human sera.

Infection of guinea pigs with vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus Transmitted by Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

PubMed

Pérez De León, Adalberto A; O'Toole, Donal; Tabachnick, Walter J

2006-05-01

Intrathoracically inoculated Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones were capable of transmitting vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Vesiculovirus, VSNJV) during blood feeding on the abdomen of six guinea pigs. None of the guinea pigs infected in this manner developed clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis despite seroconversion for VSNJV. Guinea pigs infected by intradermal inoculations of VSNJV in the abdomen also failed to develop clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis. Three guinea pigs given intradermal inoculations of VSNJV in the foot pad developed lesions typical of vesicular stomatitis. Transmission by the bite of C. sonorensis may have facilitated guinea pig infection with VSNJV because a single infected C. sonorensis caused seroconversion and all guinea pigs infected by insect bite seroconverted compared with 50% of the guinea pigs infected by intradermal inoculation with a higher titer VSNJV inoculum. The role of C. sonorensis in the transmission of VSNJV is discussed.

Development of an Active Topical Skin Protectant (aTSP)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

therapeutic compounds was clearly needed. Euthymic hairless guinea pigs [Crl:IAF/HA(hr/hr)Br] were selected for development at the USAMRICD. Vapor HD...hairless guinea pig offered several advantages over haired guinea pigs as a cutaneous vesicant animal model. These advantages included greater...the hairless guinea pig model. Many TSP formulations were evaluated and rank ordered. The supply of hairless guinea pigs , however, was interrupted

TransNewGuinea.org: An Online Database of New Guinea Languages

PubMed Central

Greenhill, Simon J.

2015-01-01

The island of New Guinea has the world’s highest linguistic diversity, with more than 900 languages divided into at least 23 distinct language families. This diversity includes the world’s third largest language family: Trans-New Guinea. However, the region is one of the world’s least well studied, and primary data is scattered across a wide range of publications and more often then not hidden in unpublished “gray” literature. The lack of primary research data on the New Guinea languages has been a major impediment to our understanding of these languages, and the history of the peoples in New Guinea. TransNewGuinea.org aims to collect data about these languages and place them online in a consistent format. This database will enable future research into the New Guinea languages with both traditional comparative linguistic methods and novel cutting-edge computational techniques. The long-term aim is to shed light into the prehistory of the peoples of New Guinea, and to understand why there is such major diversity in their languages. PMID:26506615

ON THE CARCINORESISTANCE OF THE GUINEA PIG. PART I. SPONTANEOUS TUMORS IN THE GUINEA PIG,

DTIC Science & Technology

Among the rodents, the guinea pig is known for its great carcino-resistance. In analyzing this phenomenon, it is best to study on the one hand the...spontaneous tumors of the guinea pig and on the other, the experimental tumors that one can obtain in the same animal. In this first work, only the spontaneous tumors of the guinea pig are studied. (Author)

C-Kit expression in the gallbladder of guinea pig with chronic calculous cholecystitis and the effect of Artemisia capillaris Thunb on interstitial cells of Cajal.

PubMed

Feng, Hua; Wang, Fang; Wang, Changmiao

2016-07-01

To study the c-Kit expression in the gallbladder of cholesterol lithogenic guinea pig model and the effect of Artemisia capillaris Thunb on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). A total of 45 guinea pigs were randomly assigned into three groups: the control group (guinea pigs fed a standard diet, normal group); the model group (guinea pigs fed a cholesterol gallstone-inducing diet); and the Chinese medicine group (guinea pigs fed the cholesterol gallstone-inducing diet and treated with A. capillaris through intragastric administration, therapy group). Each group had 15 guinea pigs. The gallbladders of the guinea pigs were harvested after 8 weeks. C-Kit expression was detected using an immunohistochemistry staining, real-time PCR, and Western blot analyses. The effect of A. capillaris on ICCs was evaluated by muscle strip contraction experiments. C-Kit expression significantly decreased in the gallbladder of model group, but increased in the Chinese medicine group. The Contractility of guinea pig gallbladder muscle strip significantly improved in the Chinese medicine group. Our results indicated that A. capillaris improves gallbladder impairment by up-regulating c-Kit expression, and it also can improve the contractile response of in vitro guinea pig gallbladder muscle strips.

Distance Education in Papua New Guinea.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Avalos, Beatrice, Ed.

1991-01-01

The theme of this special double serial issue is "Distance Education in Papua New Guinea." The following articles are featured: (1) "Distance Education in Papua New Guinea" (John Lynch); (2) "Distance Education in Papua New Guinea: Context, Issues and Prospects" (Michael Crossley and Richard Guy); (3) "Distance…

Carcass composition and breast muscle microstructure in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris L.) of different origin.

PubMed

Bernacki, Zenon; Bawej, Małgorzata; Kokoszyński, Dariusz

2012-01-01

Evaluation of dressing percentage and postmortem traits in 14-week-old white and grey guinea fowl, extended with evaluation of breast muscle microstructure, was the aim of the study. Subjects were two varieties of guinea fowl kept in an environmentally controlled house. Birds received complete commercial feeds. At 14 weeks of rearing, their whole carcasses were dissected postmortem. Diameters and percentages of white (alphaW) and red muscle fibres (betaR) were determined based on histological analysis of the musculus pectoralis superficialis. Similar dressing percentage was found in both guinea fowl varieties. At 14 weeks of age, grey guinea fowl had greater body weight, and weight and proportion of leg muscles and wings compared to white guinea fowl. Females of the white variety had greater weight of breast muscles than males. Breast muscle microstructure showed significantly (P < or = 0.05) greater content and diameter of white fibres in grey guinea fowl, and of red fibres in white guinea fowl.

Prokaryotic expression and in vitro functional analysis of IL-1β and MCP-1 from guinea pig.

PubMed

Dirisala, Vijaya R; Jeevan, Amminikutty; Ly, Lan H; McMurray, David N

2013-06-01

The Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is an excellent animal model for studying human tuberculosis (TB) and also for a number of other infectious and non-infectious diseases. One of the major roadblocks in effective utilization of this animal model is the lack of readily available immunological reagents. In order to address this issue, guinea pig interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were efficiently cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic expression vector, and the expressed proteins in soluble form from both the genes were confirmed by N-terminal sequencing. The biological activity of recombinant guinea pig IL-1β was demonstrated by its ability to drive proliferation in thymocytes, and the recombinant guinea pig MCP-1 exhibited chemotactic activity for guinea pig resident peritoneal macrophages. These biologically active recombinant guinea pig proteins will facilitate an in-depth understanding of the role they play in the immune responses of the guinea pig to TB and other diseases.

Malignant transformation of guinea pig cells after exposure to ultraviolet-irradiated guinea pig cytomegalovirus

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Isom, H.C.; Mummaw, J.; Kreider, J.W.

1983-04-30

Guinea pig cells were malignantly transformed in vitro by ultraviolet (uv)-irradiated guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV). When guinea pig hepatocyte monolayers were infected with uv-irradiated GPCMV, three continuous epithelioid cell lines which grew in soft agarose were established. Two independently derived GPCMV-transformed liver cells and a cell line derived from a soft agarose clone of one of these lines induced invasive tumors when inoculated subcutaneously or intraperitoneally into nude mice. The tumors were sarcomas possibly derived from hepatic stroma or sinusoid. Transformed cell lines were also established after infection of guinea pig hepatocyte monolayers with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or simian virusmore » 40 (SV40). These cell lines also formed colonies in soft agarose and induced sarcomas in nude mice. It is concluded that (i) GPCMV can malignantly transform guinea pig cells; (ii) cloning of GPCMV-transformed cells in soft agarose produced cells that induced tumors with a shorter latency period but with no alteration in growth rate or final tumor size; and (iii) the tumors produced by GPCMV-and HCMV-transformed guinea pig cells were more similar to each other in growth rate than to those induced by SV40-transformed guinea pig cells.« less

Physical and chemical properties of meat from scavenging chickens and helmeted guinea fowls in response to age and sex.

PubMed

Musundire, M T; Halimani, T E; Chimonyo, M

2017-08-01

1. The effects of age and sex on body weight, carcass traits, physical and chemical properties of breast muscle from chickens and helmeted guinea fowls managed under village free-range conditions were assessed in random samples of 48 guinea fowls and 48 chickens obtained from local markets. 2. Guinea fowls had higher body weight, hot carcass weight, cold dressed weight and breast weight than chickens. 3. Guinea fowls had more dry matter, protein and less fat than chickens. Ash content did not differ between guinea fowls and chickens. Protein and fat increased, whereas dry matter and ash decreased with age (P < 0.05) 4. Chicken meat was lighter, less red and more yellow than guinea fowl meat. Cooking loss was higher in guinea fowls, male and grower birds than chickens, females and adult birds, respectively. Shear force was affected by age, as mature birds had a higher value than growers. 5. Guinea fowl carcasses contained more meat that was leaner, higher in protein and redder compared with chicken meat. As age increased the meat increased in protein and fat content and shear force, whereas colour became darker, redder and yellower.

The innate immunity of guinea pigs against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection

PubMed Central

Zhang, Kun; wei Xu, Wei; Zhang, Zhaowei; liu, Jing; Li, Jing; Sun, Lijuan; Sun, Weiyang; Jiao, Peirong; Sang, Xiaoyu; Ren, Zhiguang; Yu, Zhijun; Li, Yuanguo; Feng, Na; Wang, Tiecheng; Wang, Hualei; Yang, Songtao; Zhao, Yongkun; Zhang, Xuemei; Wilker, Peter R.; Liu, WenJun; Liao, Ming; Chen, Hualan; Gao, Yuwei; Xia, Xianzhu

2017-01-01

H5N1 avian influenza viruses are a major pandemic concern. In contrast to the highly virulent phenotype of H5N1 in humans and many animal models, guinea pigs do not typically display signs of severe disease in response to H5N1 virus infection. Here, proteomic and transcriptional profiling were applied to identify host factors that account for the observed attenuation of A/Tiger/Harbin/01/2002 (H5N1) virulence in guinea pigs. RIG-I and numerous interferon stimulated genes were among host proteins with altered expression in guinea pig lungs during H5N1 infection. Overexpression of RIG-I or the RIG-I adaptor protein MAVS in guinea pig cell lines inhibited H5N1 replication. Endogenous GBP-1 expression was required for RIG-I mediated inhibition of viral replication upstream of the activity of MAVS. Furthermore, we show that guinea pig complement is involved in viral clearance, the regulation of inflammation, and cellular apoptosis during influenza virus infection of guinea pigs. This work uncovers features of the guinea pig innate immune response to influenza that may render guinea pigs resistant to highly pathogenic influenza viruses. PMID:28418930

Differences in cholinergic responses from outer hair cells of rat and guinea pig.

PubMed

Chen, C; LeBlanc, C; Bobbin, R P

1996-09-01

A cholinergic receptor on outer hair cells (OHC) in guinea pig cochlea induces a K+ current when it is activated by acetylcholine and suberyldicholine but not by nicotine or muscarine (Bobbin, 1995). This unusual receptor may contain an alpha 9-subunit. However, the pharmacology of the alpha 9-subunit cloned from rat and expressed in Xenopus oocytes does not completely match that obtained for the ACh receptor in guinea pig OHCs. The response to 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) is large in guinea pig OHCs and small in oocytes containing receptors of the alpha 9-subunit. Therefore, we compared the effects of cholinergic receptor agonists in rat and guinea pig OHCs using the whole-cell variant of the patch-clamp technique. ACh caused the largest outward K+ current in OHCs from both rat and guinea pig. Carbachol- and suberyldicholine-induced responses were similar in magnitude in OHCs of rat and guinea pig. However, DMPP produced a small response in OHCs from rat and a large response in OHCs from guinea pig. At a concentration of 100 microM, muscarine, oxotremorine M, nicotine and cytisine induced little response in guinea pig OHCs and none in rat OHCs. Results suggest that the ACh receptor on rat OHCs is similar to the alpha 9-subunit-containing receptor expressed in oocytes but different from the ACh receptor on guinea pig OHCs.

Specific immune response genes of new inbred strains of guinea pigs.

PubMed

Chiba, J; Egashira, Y

1978-01-01

Distribution of specific immune-response (Ir) genes controlling responsiveness to synthetic polypeptide antigens, homopolymer of poly-L-lysine (PLL), copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA) and copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), and limiting doses of 2,4-dinitrophenyl guinea pig serum albumin (DNP-GPA) was surveyed in new inbred strains of guinea pigs, JY 1, JY 2, JY 9 and JY 10, established in this Institute. The PLL gene was not found in any of the guinea pigs. The GA gene was found in JY 1 and JY 2 guinea pigs and the GT gene in all the guinea pigs. The gene controlling responsiveness to low doses (1 microgram) of DNP-GPA was found in JY 1, JY 9 and JY 10 guinea pigs. The associated (Ia) antigens was discussed.

A First Generation Comparative Chromosome Map between Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) and Humans.

PubMed

Romanenko, Svetlana A; Perelman, Polina L; Trifonov, Vladimir A; Serdyukova, Natalia A; Li, Tangliang; Fu, Beiyuan; O'Brien, Patricia C M; Ng, Bee L; Nie, Wenhui; Liehr, Thomas; Stanyon, Roscoe; Graphodatsky, Alexander S; Yang, Fengtang

2015-01-01

The domesticated guinea pig, Cavia porcellus (Hystricomorpha, Rodentia), is an important laboratory species and a model for a number of human diseases. Nevertheless, genomic tools for this species are lacking; even its karyotype is poorly characterized. The guinea pig belongs to Hystricomorpha, a widespread and important group of rodents; so far the chromosomes of guinea pigs have not been compared with that of other hystricomorph species or with any other mammals. We generated full sets of chromosome-specific painting probes for the guinea pig by flow sorting and microdissection, and for the first time, mapped the chromosomal homologies between guinea pig and human by reciprocal chromosome painting. Our data demonstrate that the guinea pig karyotype has undergone extensive rearrangements: 78 synteny-conserved human autosomal segments were delimited in the guinea pig genome. The high rate of genome evolution in the guinea pig may explain why the HSA7/16 and HSA16/19 associations presumed ancestral for eutherians and the three syntenic associations (HSA1/10, 3/19, and 9/11) considered ancestral for rodents were not found in C. porcellus. The comparative chromosome map presented here is a starting point for further development of physical and genetic maps of the guinea pig as well as an aid for genome assembly assignment to specific chromosomes. Furthermore, the comparative mapping will allow a transfer of gene map data from other species. The probes developed here provide a genomic toolkit, which will make the guinea pig a key species to unravel the evolutionary biology of the Hystricomorph rodents.

A First Generation Comparative Chromosome Map between Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) and Humans

PubMed Central

Romanenko, Svetlana A.; Perelman, Polina L.; Trifonov, Vladimir A.; Serdyukova, Natalia A.; Li, Tangliang; Fu, Beiyuan; O’Brien, Patricia C. M.; Ng, Bee L.; Nie, Wenhui; Liehr, Thomas; Stanyon, Roscoe; Graphodatsky, Alexander S.; Yang, Fengtang

2015-01-01

The domesticated guinea pig, Cavia porcellus (Hystricomorpha, Rodentia), is an important laboratory species and a model for a number of human diseases. Nevertheless, genomic tools for this species are lacking; even its karyotype is poorly characterized. The guinea pig belongs to Hystricomorpha, a widespread and important group of rodents; so far the chromosomes of guinea pigs have not been compared with that of other hystricomorph species or with any other mammals. We generated full sets of chromosome-specific painting probes for the guinea pig by flow sorting and microdissection, and for the first time, mapped the chromosomal homologies between guinea pig and human by reciprocal chromosome painting. Our data demonstrate that the guinea pig karyotype has undergone extensive rearrangements: 78 synteny-conserved human autosomal segments were delimited in the guinea pig genome. The high rate of genome evolution in the guinea pig may explain why the HSA7/16 and HSA16/19 associations presumed ancestral for eutherians and the three syntenic associations (HSA1/10, 3/19, and 9/11) considered ancestral for rodents were not found in C. porcellus. The comparative chromosome map presented here is a starting point for further development of physical and genetic maps of the guinea pig as well as an aid for genome assembly assignment to specific chromosomes. Furthermore, the comparative mapping will allow a transfer of gene map data from other species. The probes developed here provide a genomic toolkit, which will make the guinea pig a key species to unravel the evolutionary biology of the Hystricomorph rodents. PMID:26010445

Development of a Guinea Pig Lung Deposition Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

Development of a Guinea Pig Lung Deposition Model Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. January...4 Figure 2. Particle deposition in the lung of the guinea pig via endotracheal breathing...Particle deposition in the lungs of guinea pigs via nasal breathing. ......................................... 12 v PREFACE The research work

Histocompatibility type and immune responsiveness in random bred Hartley strain guinea pigs.

PubMed

Martin, W J; Ellman, L; Green, I; Benacerraf, B

1970-12-01

Outbred Hartley strain guinea pigs capable of responding immunologically to 2,4-dinitrophenylated poly-L-lysine were shown to display a histocompatibility specificity in common with inbred strain 2 guinea pigs. This histocompatibility specificity was not detected in guinea pigs unable to respond immunologically to DNP-PLL. The result suggests that the poly-L-lysine specific immune response gene is very closely linked or even identical with a gene determining a major histocompatibility antigen in guinea pigs.

9 CFR 3.36 - Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... live guinea pigs and hamsters. 3.36 Section 3.36 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.36 Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters. No person subject to the Animal Welfare...

9 CFR 3.36 - Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... live guinea pigs and hamsters. 3.36 Section 3.36 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.36 Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters. No person subject to the Animal Welfare...

9 CFR 3.36 - Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... live guinea pigs and hamsters. 3.36 Section 3.36 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.36 Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters. No person subject to the Animal Welfare...

9 CFR 3.36 - Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... live guinea pigs and hamsters. 3.36 Section 3.36 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.36 Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters. No person subject to the Animal Welfare...

9 CFR 3.36 - Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... live guinea pigs and hamsters. 3.36 Section 3.36 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.36 Primary enclosures used to transport live guinea pigs and hamsters. No person subject to the Animal Welfare...

Hairless pigmented guinea pigs: a new model for the study of mammalian pigmentation.

PubMed

Bolognia, J L; Murray, M S; Pawelek, J M

1990-09-01

A stock of hairless pigmented guinea pigs was developed to facilitate studies of mammalian pigmentation. This stock combines the convenience of a hairless animal with a pigmentary system that is similar to human skin. In both human and guinea pig skin, active melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis. Hairless albino guinea pigs on an outbred Hartley background (CrI:IAF/HA(hr/hr)BR; designated hr/hr) were mated with red-haired guinea pigs (designated Hr/Hr). Red-haired heterozygotes from the F1 generation (Hr/hr) were then mated with each other or with hairless albino guinea pigs. The F2 generation included hairless pigmented guinea pigs that retained their interfollicular epidermal melanocytes and whose skin was red-brown in color. Following UV irradiation, there was an increase in cutaneous pigmentation as well as an increase in the number of active epidermal melanocytes. An additional strain of black hairless guinea pigs was developed using black Hr/Hr animals and a similar breeding scheme. These two strains should serve as useful models for studies of the mammalian pigment system.

Molecular cloning and expression of the calmodulin gene from guinea pig hearts.

PubMed

Feng, Rui; Liu, Yan; Sun, Xuefei; Wang, Yan; Hu, Huiyuan; Guo, Feng; Zhao, Jinsheng; Hao, Liying

2015-06-01

The aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding the calmodulin (CaM; GenBank accession no. FJ012165) gene from guinea pig hearts. The CaM gene was amplified from cDNA collected from guinea pig hearts and inserted into a pGEM®-T Easy vector. Subsequently, CaM nucleotide and protein sequence similarity analysis was conducted between guinea pigs and other species. In addition, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to investigate the CaM 3 expression patterns in different guinea pig tissues. Sequence analysis revealed that the CaM gene isolated from the guinea pig heart had ∼90% sequence identity with the CaM 3 genes in humans, mice and rats. Furthermore, the deduced peptide sequences of CaM 3 in the guinea pig showed 100% homology to the CaM proteins from other species. In addition, the RT-PCR results indicated that CaM 3 was widely and differentially expressed in guinea pigs. In conclusion, the current study provided valuable information with regard to the cloning and expression of CaM 3 in guinea pig hearts. These findings may be helpful for understanding the function of CaM3 and the possible role of CaM3 in cardiovascular diseases.

The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs

PubMed Central

Sun, Yubo; Kiraly, Alex J.; Cox, Michael; Mauerhan, David R.; Hanley, Edward N.

2018-01-01

Phosphocitrate (PC) and its analogue, PC-β ethyl ester, inhibit articular cartilage degeneration in Hartley guinea pigs. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that PC exerted its disease-modifying effect on osteoarthritis (OA), in part, by inhibiting a molecular program similar to that in the endochondral pathway of ossification. The results demonstrated that severe proteoglycan loss occurred in the superficial and middle zones, as well as in the calcified zone of articular cartilage in the Hartley guinea pigs. Subchondral bone advance was greater in the control Hartley guinea pigs compared with PC- or PC analogue-treated guinea pigs. Resorption of cartilage bars or islands and vascular invasion in the growth plate were also greater in the control guinea pigs compared with the PC- or PC analogue-treated guinea pigs. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and type X collagen within the articular cartilage and growth plate were significantly increased in the control guinea pigs compared with PC-treated guinea pigs (P<0.05). These results indicated that articular chondrocytes in Hartley guinea pigs exhibited a hypertrophic phenotype and recapitulated a developmental molecular program similar to the endochondral pathway of ossification. Activation of this molecular program resulted in resorption of calcified articular cartilage and subchondral bone advance. This suggests that PC and PC analogues exerted their OA disease-modifying activity, in part, by inhibiting this molecular program. PMID:29545850

[Analysis of the main components of inner ear antigens inducing autoimmune Meniere's disease in guinea pigs].

PubMed

Lu, Ling; Tan, Chang-Qiang; Cui, Yu-Gui; Ding, Gui-Peng; Ju, Xiao-Bin; Li, Yu-Jin; Cai, Wen-Jun

2008-08-01

To investigate the main components of inner ear antigens inducing autoimmune Meniere's disease (AIMD) in guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were immunized with isologous crude inner ear antigens (ICIEAg). Then, the hearing function was measured with auditory brainstem response (ABR), the vestibular function was measured with electronystagmography (including spontaneous nystagmus and caloric test), and inner ear histopathological changes were observed by inner ear celloidin section with haematoxylin-eosin staining and observed under light microscope. According to these results, the AIMD-model animals from non-AIMD-model ones were distinguished. The special antibodies against ICIEAg in sera were measured with ELISA. The antigen-antibody reactions against different components of ICIEAg were detected by Western blotting with sera of AIMD and non-AIMD guinea pigs respectively. Then, we analysed the contrast between them and found the main components of the ICIEAg that were positive reaction in AIMD guinea pigs and negative reaction in non-AIMD guinea pigs. The result of ELISA demonstrated that the sera of both the AIMD and non-AIMD guniea pigs contained the special antibodies against ICIEAg after immunized with ICIEAg. The difference of the amount of antibody against ICIEAg between AIMD guinea pig group and non-AIMD guinea pig group was not significant. Western blotting assay showed only the sera of AIMD guinea pig contained the antibodies against the specific antigens with the molecular of 68 000, 58 000, 42 000 and 28 000. ICIEAg contain many different components, the AIMD might only happen in the guinea pigs in which the special immunization against the main components that could induce this kind of disorder appeared. The inner ear antigens with molecular of 68 000, 58 000, 42 000 and 28 000 might be the main components inducing AIMD in guinea pigs.

Differences in the distribution and characteristics of tachykinin NK1 binding sites between human and guinea pig lung.

PubMed Central

Walsh, D A; Salmon, M; Featherstone, R; Wharton, J; Church, M K; Polak, J M

1994-01-01

1. The distribution and characteristics of tachykinin NK1 binding sites have been compared in human and guinea pig lung using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography with [125I]-Bolton Hunter-labelled substance P ([125I]-BH-SP). In addition, the effects on these sites of ovalbumin sensitization and challenge have been determined in guinea pig lung. 2. [125I]-BH-SP bound specifically and with high affinity to microvascular endothelium in both human and guinea pig lung, but to bronchial smooth muscle and pulmonary artery media in only guinea pig lung. 3. Specific binding of [125I]-BH-SP to guinea pig bronchial smooth muscle was positively correlated with airway diameter in the range 150-800 microns and was less dense in trachea than in main bronchi. 4. [125I]-BH-SP binding was inhibited by tachykinins with rank orders of affinity of SP > NKA > NKB (human microvessels) and SP > NKA = NKB (guinea pig bronchi and pulmonary arteries). NKA displayed a higher affinity for [125I]-BH-SP binding sites in human microvessels than in guinea pig tissues (P < 0.0001), indicating differences in selectivity for tachykinins between human and guinea pig NK1 receptors. 5. In both human and guinea pig lung, [125I]-BH-SP binding was inhibited by the specific tachykinin receptor antagonists FK888 (NK1 selective antagonist) and FK224 (mixed NK1/NK2 antagonist), with FK888 displaying equal affinity to SP and > 500 times higher affinity than FK224. SP, NKA, NKB and FK888 exhibited similar affinities for [125I]-BH-SP binding sites in both guinea pig arteries and bronchi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Images Figure 1 Figure 2 PMID:7534186

High lenticular tolerance to ultraviolet radiation-B by pigmented guinea-pig; application of a safety limit strategy for UVR-induced cataract.

PubMed

Mody, Vino C; Kakar, Manoj; Söderberg, Per G; Löfgren, Stefan

2012-05-01

The purpose of this study was to determine a threshold measure, maximum tolerable dose (MTD), for avoidance of UVR-B-induced cataract in the pigmented guinea-pig. Thirty pupil-dilated anesthetized young female guinea-pigs, divided into five equal groups, received between 0 and 84.9 kJ/m(2) unilateral UVR-B. Lens extraction and in vitro lens photography occurred 24 hr after exposure. Measurement of intensity of lens light scattering served as quantifying tool for the degree of cataract. Data analysis included regression, using a second order polynomial model. The applied MTD concept was based on the UVR-B dose-response curve obtained for the pigmented guinea-pig. A smaller number of pigmented guinea-pigs, pigmented rats and albino rats underwent morphometric analysis of the anterior segment geometry. All eyes exposed to UVR-B developed cataract in the anterior subcapsular region. MTD for avoidance of UVR-B-induced cataract was 69.0 kJ/m(2) in the pigmented guinea-pig. Iris was considerably thicker in the guinea-pig than in the rats. Lens blockage by the dilated iris was lowest in the guinea-pig. Maximum tolerable dose for avoidance of UVR-B-induced cataract in the pigmented guinea-pig was 69.0 kJ/m(2), over 10-fold higher than the threshold 5 kJ/m(2) obtained by Pitts et al. in the pigmented rabbit. Maximum tolerable dose is an appropriate method for estimation of toxicity for UVR-B-induced cataract in the guinea-pig. The pigmented guinea-pig is significantly less sensitive to UVR-B exposure than the pigmented rabbit and pigmented rat. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Acta Ophthalmol.

Transmission pattern of parainfluenza 3 virus in guinea pig breeding herds.

PubMed

Blomqvist, Gunilla A M; Martin, Krister; Morein, Bror

2002-07-01

In searching for the cause of experimental variations in respiratory research data, serology revealed the prevalence of antibodies against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV 3) in guinea pigs. The aim of the present study was to explore the transmission rate, course, and kinetics of enzootic PIV 3 infection in guinea pig breeding units. In the first part of the study, blood samples to be analyzed for PIV 3 antibodies were collected from guinea pigs of a PIV 3-positive breeding colony at different times after birth. In the same breeding unit, 6 of 12 2-week-old guinea pigs were relocated and separately housed. The PIV 3 serum antibody titers of the two groups were compared at various times from birth to 13 weeks after birth. In the second part of the study, the spread of infectious virus and virus persistence were explored by housing seronegative sentinel animals together with 2- to 3-week-old guinea pigs from three different PIV 3-positive breeding units. The guinea pigs remaining in the breeding colony as well as those removed and housed separately showed declining serum antibody titers for about 1 month after birth, thereafter the titers were stable until about 8 weeks after birth. Five weeks later, the mean antibody titer of the guinea pigs remaining in the breeding colony had increased to a markedly higher level than that of the relocated, separately housed guinea pigs. Seroconversion was demonstrated in 7 of the 14 sentinels housed with the 2- to 3-week-old guinea pigs from PIV 3-positive breeding units. Sentinels housed together with PIV 3-positive guinea pigs 24 weeks after the start of the experiment did not seroconvert. We conclude that young guinea pigs born to PIV 3-positive mothers were protected by maternal immunity against infection with PIV 3 during their first 14 days of life. The guinea pig offspring became infected during the period from about 2 weeks until 8 weeks after birth, as demonstrated by seroconversion of sentinel animals and an increasing mean antibody titer seen beyond 8 weeks of age. The study did not reveal any indication of virus persistence or prolonged carrier status.

English and Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin English) in Papua New Guinea.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Romaine, Suzanne

1989-01-01

Tok Pisin, New Guinea Pidgin English, is becoming increasingly important as a "lingua franca" in Papua New Guinea, even though English is the country's official language. Urban versus rural and spoken versus written varieties of the pidgin are examined, and the influence of English on Tok Pisin is investigated. 73 references. (Author/CB)

9 CFR 113.106 - Clostridium Chauvoei Bacterin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... provided in this paragraph. (1) Each of at least 8 but not more than 10 guinea pigs, each weighing 300 to 500 grams, shall be injected subcutaneously with a guinea pig dose. A second guinea pig dose shall be injected 21 to 23 days after the first dose. Each guinea pig dose shall be one-fifth of the dose...

9 CFR 113.106 - Clostridium Chauvoei Bacterin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... provided in this paragraph. (1) Each of at least 8 but not more than 10 guinea pigs, each weighing 300 to 500 grams, shall be injected subcutaneously with a guinea pig dose. A second guinea pig dose shall be injected 21 to 23 days after the first dose. Each guinea pig dose shall be one-fifth of the dose...

9 CFR 113.451 - Tetanus Antitoxin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... subcutaneously into a 340 to 380 gram guinea pig, results in death of that guinea pig within 60 to 120 hours with... 25 °C for 1 hour before injections of guinea pigs are made. (4) A sample from each serial of... percent overage for 3 year dating. (5) Normal guinea pigs weighing within a range of 340 to 380 grams...

9 CFR 113.106 - Clostridium Chauvoei Bacterin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... provided in this paragraph. (1) Each of at least 8 but not more than 10 guinea pigs, each weighing 300 to 500 grams, shall be injected subcutaneously with a guinea pig dose. A second guinea pig dose shall be injected 21 to 23 days after the first dose. Each guinea pig dose shall be one-fifth of the dose...

9 CFR 113.451 - Tetanus Antitoxin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... subcutaneously into a 340 to 380 gram guinea pig, results in death of that guinea pig within 60 to 120 hours with... 25 °C for 1 hour before injections of guinea pigs are made. (4) A sample from each serial of... percent overage for 3 year dating. (5) Normal guinea pigs weighing within a range of 340 to 380 grams...

9 CFR 113.106 - Clostridium Chauvoei Bacterin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... provided in this paragraph. (1) Each of at least 8 but not more than 10 guinea pigs, each weighing 300 to 500 grams, shall be injected subcutaneously with a guinea pig dose. A second guinea pig dose shall be injected 21 to 23 days after the first dose. Each guinea pig dose shall be one-fifth of the dose...

9 CFR 113.106 - Clostridium Chauvoei Bacterin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... provided in this paragraph. (1) Each of at least 8 but not more than 10 guinea pigs, each weighing 300 to 500 grams, shall be injected subcutaneously with a guinea pig dose. A second guinea pig dose shall be injected 21 to 23 days after the first dose. Each guinea pig dose shall be one-fifth of the dose...

9 CFR 113.451 - Tetanus Antitoxin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... subcutaneously into a 340 to 380 gram guinea pig, results in death of that guinea pig within 60 to 120 hours with... 25 °C for 1 hour before injections of guinea pigs are made. (4) A sample from each serial of... percent overage for 3 year dating. (5) Normal guinea pigs weighing within a range of 340 to 380 grams...

9 CFR 113.451 - Tetanus Antitoxin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... subcutaneously into a 340 to 380 gram guinea pig, results in death of that guinea pig within 60 to 120 hours with... 25 °C for 1 hour before injections of guinea pigs are made. (4) A sample from each serial of... percent overage for 3 year dating. (5) Normal guinea pigs weighing within a range of 340 to 380 grams...

Endocrine tumours in the guinea pig.

PubMed

Künzel, Frank; Mayer, Jörg

2015-12-01

Functional endocrine tumours have long been thought to be rare in guinea pigs, although conditions such as hyperthyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism have been documented with increasing frequency so the prevalence of hormonal disorders may have been underestimated. Both the clinical signs and diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in guinea pigs appear to be very similar to those described in feline hyperthyroidism, and methimazole has been proven to be a practical therapy option. Hyperadrenocorticism has been confirmed in several guinea pigs with an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test using saliva as a non-invasive sample matrix; trilostane has been successfully used to treat a guinea pig with hyperadrenocorticism. Insulinomas have only rarely been documented in guinea pigs and one animal was effectively treated with diazoxide. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Natural infection of guinea pigs exposed to patients with highly drug-resistant tuberculosis

PubMed Central

Dharmadhikari, Ashwin S.; Basaraba, Randall J.; Van Der Walt, Martie L.; Weyer, Karin; Mphahlele, Matsie; Venter, Kobus; Jensen, Paul A.; First, Melvin W.; Parsons, Sydney; McMurray, David N.; Orme, Ian M.; Nardell, Edward A.

2012-01-01

A natural TB infection model using guinea pigs may provide useful information for investigating differences in transmission efficiency and establishment of active disease by clinical TB strains in a highly susceptible host under controlled environmental conditions. We sought to examine the capacity of naturally transmitted multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis to establish infection and produce active disease in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were continuously exposed for 4 months to the exhaust air of a 6-bed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis inpatient hospital ward in South Africa. Serial tuberculin skin test reactions were measured to determine infection. All animals were subsequently evaluated for histologic disease progression at necropsy. Although 75% of the 362 exposed guinea pigs had positive skin test reactions [≥6mm], only 12% had histopathologic evidence of active disease. Reversions (≥ 6 mm change) in skin test reactivity were seen in 22% of animals, exclusively among those with reactions of 6 to 13 mm. Only two of 86 guinea pigs with reversion had histological evidence of disease compared to 47% (31/66) of guinea pigs with large, non-reverting reactions. Immunosuppression of half the guinea pigs across all skin test categories did not significantly accelerate disease progression. In guinea pigs that reverted a skin test, a second positive reaction in 27 (33%) of them strongly suggested re-infection due to ongoing exposure. These results show that a large majority of guinea pigs naturally exposed to human-source strains of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis became infected, but that many resolved their infection and a large majority failed to progress to detectable disease. PMID:21478054

Molecular cloning, expression, and in silico structural analysis of guinea pig IL-17.

PubMed

Dirisala, Vijaya R; Jeevan, Amminikutty; Ramasamy, Suresh K; McMurray, David N

2013-11-01

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, a subset which is involved in cytokine and chemokine production, neutrophil recruitment, promotion of T cell priming, and antibody production. IL-17 may play an important role in tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. In preparation for investigating its role in the highly relevant guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis, we cloned guinea pig IL-17A for the first time. The complete coding sequence of the guinea pig IL-17A gene (477 nucleotides; 159 amino acids) was subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector (pET-30a) resulting in the expression of a 17 kDa recombinant guinea pig IL-17A protein which was confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. Homology modeling of guinea pig IL-17A revealed that the three-dimensional structure resembles that of human IL-17A. The secondary structure predicted for this protein showed the presence of one extra helix in the N-terminal region. The expression profile of IL-17A was analyzed quantitatively in spleen, lymph node, and lung cells from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs by real-time PCR. The guinea pig IL-17A cDNA and its recombinant protein will serve as valuable tools for molecular and immunological studies in the guinea pig model of pulmonary TB and other human diseases.

The morphological changes of optically cleared cochlea using optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jaeyul; Song, Jaewon; Jeon, Mansik; Kim, Jeehyun

2017-02-01

In this study, we monitored the optical clearing effects by immersing ex vivo guinea pig cochlea samples in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to study the internal microstructures in the morphology of guinea pig cochlea. The imaging limitations due to the guinea pig cochlea structures were overcome by optical clearing technique. Subsequently, the study was carried out to confirm the required approximate immersing duration of cochlea in EDTA-based optical clearing to obtain the best optimal depth visibility for guinea pig cochlea samples. Thus, we implemented a decalcification-based optical clearing effect to guinea pig cochlea samples to enhance the depth visualization of internal microstructures using swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT). The obtained nondestructive two-dimensional OCT images successfully illustrated the feasibility of the proposed method by providing clearly visible microstructures in the depth direction as a result of decalcification. The most optimal clearing outcomes for the guinea pig cochlea were obtained after 14 consecutive days. The quantitative assessment results verified the increase of the intensity as well as the thickness measurements of the internal microstructures. Following this method, difficulties in imaging of internal cochlea microstructures of guinea pigs could be avoided. The obtained results verified that the depth visibility of the decalcified ex vivo guinea pig cochlea samples was enhanced. Therefore, the proposed EDTA-based optical clearing method for guinea pig can be considered as a potential application for depth-enhanced OCT visualization.

3 CFR 8741 - Proclamation 8741 of October 25, 2011. To Take Certain Actions Under the African Growth and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...’Ivoire (Côte d’Ivoire), the Republic of Guinea (Guinea), and the Republic of Niger (Niger) meet the..., Guinea, and Niger as eligible sub-Saharan African countries and as beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries. 5. Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, and Niger each satisfy the criterion for treatment as a “lesser...

9 CFR 113.207 - Encephalomyelitis Vaccine, Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan, Killed Virus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... the fractions shall not be released. (1) For this test, a guinea pig dose shall be one-half the amount... guinea pigs (vaccinates) shall be injected with two guinea pig doses with an interval of 14 to 21 days between doses. Two additional guinea pigs from the same source shall be held as controls. (2) Fourteen to...

9 CFR 113.451 - Tetanus Antitoxin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... injected subcutaneously into a 340 to 380 gram guinea pig, results in death of that guinea pig within 60 to... shall be held at 20° to 25 ° C for 1 hour before injections of guinea pigs are made. (4) A sample from... dating and 20 percent overage for 3 year dating. (5) Normal guinea pigs weighing within a range of 340 to...

The Anticomplementary Activity of ’Fusobacterium polymorphum’ in Normal and C-4 Deficient Sources of Guinea Pig Complement.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-01-12

A complement consumption assay was used to show that the anticomplementary activity of a cell wall preparation from F. polymorphum in guinea pig complement...tests with C𔃾-deficient guinea pig sera confirmed that F. polymorphum cell walls were capable of generating alternate complement pathway activity in guinea pig sera.

Investigation Into the Humaneness of Slaughter Methods for Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcelus) in the Andean Region

PubMed Central

Limon, Georgina; Gonzales-Gustavson, Eloy A.; Gibson, Troy J.

2016-01-01

Guinea pigs (Cavia porcelus) are an important source of nonhuman animal protein in the Andean region of South America. Specific guidelines regarding the welfare of guinea pigs before and during slaughter have yet to be developed. This study critically assessed the humaneness of 4 different stunning/slaughter methods for guinea pigs: cervical neck dislocation (n = 60), electrical head-only stunning (n = 83), carbon dioxide (CO2) stunning (n = 21), and penetrating captive bolt (n = 10). Following cervical neck dislocation, 97% of guinea pigs had at least 1 behavioral or cranial/spinal response. Six percent of guinea pigs were classified as mis-stunned after electrical stunning, and 1% were classified as mis-stunned after captive bolt. Increased respiratory effort was observed during CO2 stunning. Apart from this finding, there were no other obvious behavioral responses that could be associated with suffering. Of the methods assessed, captive bolt was deemed the most humane, effective, and practical method of stunning guinea pigs. Cervical neck dislocation should not be recommended as a slaughter method for guinea pigs. PMID:26963642

Tamsulosin modulates, but does not abolish the spontaneous activity in the guinea pig prostate gland.

PubMed

Chakrabarty, Basu; Dey, Anupa; Lam, Michelle; Ventura, Sabatino; Exintaris, Betty

2015-06-01

To examine the effects of the α1A -adrenoceptor antagonist, tamsulosin, on spontaneous contractile and electrical activity in the guinea-pig prostate gland. The effects of tamsulosin (0.1 and 0.3 nM) were investigated in adult and ageing male guinea pig prostate glands using conventional tension recording and electrophysiological intracellular microelectrode recording techniques. Tamsulosin reduced spontaneous activity, and had different age-dependent effects on adult and ageing guinea pigs at different concentrations. 0.1 nM tamsulosin caused a significantly greater reduction of spontaneous contractile and electrical activity in ageing guinea pigs in comparison to adult guinea pigs. In contrast, 0.3 nM tamsulosin had a significantly greater reduction of spontaneous contractile and electrical activity in adult guinea pigs in comparison to ageing guinea pigs. This study demonstrates that tamsulosin can modulate spontaneous myogenic stromal contractility and the underlying spontaneous electrical activity; tamsulosin does not block spontaneous activity. This reduction in spontaneous activity suggests that downstream cellular mechanisms underlying smooth muscle tone are being targeted, and these may represent novel therapeutic targets to better treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Gastric Volvulus in Guinea Pigs: Comparison with Other Species

PubMed Central

Dudley, Emily S; Boivin, Gregory P

2011-01-01

Gastric volvulus has been documented in several species of animals and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We report 2 cases of gastric volvulus in guinea pigs that died without detection of prior clinical signs. Both guinea pigs were adult female guinea pigs in a breeding colony and had given birth to multiple litters; one was pregnant at the time of death. Gastric rotations of 540° and 360° were identified at necropsy examination. These cases include the first known report of gastric rotation greater than 360° in any species. Although gastric volvulus has been reported to occur in guinea pigs, little is known about its risk factors, etiology, and pathogenesis. We conducted a literature review to compare gastric volvulus between guinea pigs and other species. PMID:21838984

2. HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPH, VIEW OF GUINEA ROAD BRIDGE,CA. 1940. COLLECTION ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPH, VIEW OF GUINEA ROAD BRIDGE,CA. 1940. COLLECTION CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. - Merritt Parkway, Guinea Road Bridge, Spanning Merritt Parkway, Stamford, Fairfield County, CT

Free Radicals Mediate Peroxidative Damage in Guinea Pig Hippocampus in vitro

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

Peroxidative Damage in Guinea Pig Hippocampus In Vitro T.C. Pellmar, K.L. Neel, and K.H. Lee Physiology Department. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research...removed from brains of euthanized evaluate the free radical involvement in peroxidative guinea pigs . Electrical stimulation of an orthodromic damage to...Hartley guinea pigs as previously described (Pellmar, 1986, 1987). Animals were anesthetized with halothane and euthanized by cervical dislocation

The guinea-pig expresses functional CYP2C and P-glycoprotein: further validation of its usefulness in drug biotransformation/transport studies.

PubMed

Hasibu, Ibrahim; Patoine, Dany; Pilote, Sylvie; Drolet, Benoit; Simard, Chantale

2015-04-01

The guinea-pig is an excellent animal model for studying cardiopulmonary physiology/pharmacology. Interestingly, it also possesses a number of drug-metabolizing enzymes found in humans, such as CYP1A, CYP2D and CYP3A. To evaluate the hypothesis that the guinea-pig also expresses a functional CYP2C drug-metabolizing enzyme and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug transporter in various tissues. cDNAs encoding CYP2C and P-gp were obtained from guinea-pig liver or small intestine and sequenced. Western blotting was performed to confirm the expression of CYP2C and P-gp. The functional enzymatic activity of guinea-pig CYP2C was evaluated with microsomal preparations using diclofenac and tolbutamide as specific drug substrates in HPLC analyses. To further study both P-gp and CYP2C functional activities, the guinea-pig ABCB1/MDR1 and CYP2C genes were cloned. The recombinant plasmids were then transfected in HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cells and either calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (AM) accumulation assays or 14,15-EET/DHET formation experiments were performed to evaluate either P-gp transport activity or CYP2C epoxygenase activity, respectively. The guinea-pig tissue distribution of P-gp was studied by Western blotting. Functional expression of CYP2C was demonstrated in guinea-pig liver microsomal preparations. CYP2C-mediated biotransformation of diclofenac and tolbutamide were shown. Expression of P-gp protein was detected in guinea-pig liver and small intestine. Functional activity of guinea-pig P-gp was demonstrated in ABCB1/MDR1-transfected cells. GP-CYP2C-transfected cells also showed functional epoxygenase activity. The guinea-pig expresses functional CYP2C and P-gp, thus suggesting its usefulness for further validating data obtained with other animal models in drug biotransformation/transport studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Unilateral flank ovariohysterectomy in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).

PubMed

Rozanska, D; Rozanski, P; Orzelski, M; Chlebicka, N; Putowska, K

2016-11-01

To describe a simple, minimally invasive method of ovariohysterectomy via a unilateral flank approach in guinea pigs, for use in routine desexing of healthy female guinea pigs or treatment of ovarian cysts. The subjects of this retrospective study were 41 client-owned guinea pigs submitted for routine desexing or treatment of ovarian cysts. They included 16 healthy female guinea pigs aged 8-12 months (Group 1), and 15 females aged from 9 months to 3 years (Group 2), and 10 females aged from 3 to 7 years (Group 3) with different-sized ovarian cysts. Prior to surgery, the animals received clinical examination, blood testing (complete blood count and serum biochemistry profile) and examination of the abdomen using ultrasonography, to assess the condition of the reproductive tract and ensure the guinea pigs were fit for surgery. Ovariohysterectomy was performed via a unilateral flank incision made close to the erector spinae muscle starting approximately 1 cm caudal to the last rib. Both ovaries, uterine horns, and the uterine cervix were localised, ligated, and dissected through this unilateral retroperitoneal incision. Ovariohysterectomy was successfully completed via a single flank incision in 38/41 (93%) guinea pigs. Three guinea pigs with ovarian cysts from Group 3, which were >6 years old died during surgery due to circulatory and respiratory failure under anaesthesia. In the remaining 38 cases, surgery proceeded without complications. A further two guinea pigs from Group 3 were reluctant to move or eat for the first 3 days after surgery but recovered after provision of supportive care. All 38 animals fully recovered and wound healing was normal. This is the first report of ovariohysterectomy via a unilateral flank incision in guinea pigs. This approach is a simple, minimally invasive and safe alternative to the midline or bilateral flank approaches currently used for surgery of the reproductive tract in guinea pigs.

15 CFR 2013.1 - Designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

.... Afr. Rep. Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire Dem. Rep. of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea... Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines South Africa St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent...

15 CFR 2013.1 - Designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

.... Afr. Rep. Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire Dem. Rep. of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea... Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines South Africa St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent...

15 CFR 2013.1 - Designations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... Afr. Rep. Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire Dem. Rep. of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea... Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines South Africa St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent...

Towards global Guinea worm eradication in 2015: the experience of South Sudan.

PubMed

Awofeso, Niyi

2013-08-01

For centuries, the Guinea worm parasite (Dracunculus medinensis) has caused disabling misery, infecting people who drink stagnant water contaminated with the worm's larvae. In 2012, there were 542 cases of Guinea worm reported globally, of which 521 (96.1%) were reported in South Sudan. Protracted civil wars, an inadequate workforce, neglect of potable water provision programs, suboptimal Guinea worm surveillance and case containment, and fragmented health systems account for many of the structural and operational factors encumbering South Sudan's Guinea worm eradication efforts. This article reviews the impacts of six established Guinea worm control strategies in South Sudan: (1) surveillance to determine actual caseload distribution and trends in response to control measures; (2) educating community members from whom worms are emerging to avoid immersing affected parts in sources of drinking water; (3) filtering potentially contaminated drinking water using cloth filters or filtered drinking straws; (4) treating potentially contaminated surface water with the copepod larvicide temephos (Abate); (5) providing safe drinking water from boreholes or hand-dug wells; and (6) containment of transmission through voluntary isolation of each patient to prevent contamination of drinking water sources, provision of first aid, and manual extraction of the worm. Surveillance, community education, potable water provision, and case containment remain weak facets of the program. Abate pesticide is not a viable option for Guinea worm control in South Sudan. In light of current case detection and containment trends, as well as capacity building efforts for Guinea worm eradication, South Sudan is more likely to eradicate Guinea worm by 2020, rather than by 2015. The author highlights areas in which substantial improvements are required in South Sudan's Guinea worm eradication program, and suggests improvement strategies. Copyright © 2013 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Further evidence from functional studies for somatostatin receptor heterogeneity in guinea-pig isolated ileum, vas deferens and right atrium.

PubMed Central

Feniuk, W.; Dimech, J.; Jarvie, E. M.; Humphrey, P. P.

1995-01-01

1. Somatostatin (SRIF) causes a concentration-dependent inhibition of neurotransmission in guinea-pig ileum and vas deferens as well as negative inotropy in guinea-pig isolated right atrium. The SRIF receptors mediating these effects have now been further characterized by use of the peptides BIM-23027, BIM-23056 and L-362855, reported as selective for the recombinant SRIF receptor types, sst2, sst3 and sst5, respectively. 2. BIM-23027 was a highly potent agonist at causing an inhibition of neurotransmission in the guinea-pig ileum (EC50 value 1.9 nM), being about 3 times more potent than SRIF (EC50 value 6.8 nM). In contrast, in both guinea-pig vas deferens and right atrial preparations, BIM-23027 was a relatively weak agonist being at least 30-100 times weaker than SRIF. In guinea-pig atria, BIM-23027 (3 microM) antagonized the negative inotropic action of SRIF28 (apparent pKB = 5.9 +/- 0.1) but had no effect on the negative inotropic action of cyclohexyladenosine. 3. The inhibitory effect of BIM-23027 in the guinea-pig ileum was readily desensitized. Prior exposure to BIM-23027 (0.3 microM) markedly attenuated the inhibitory effect of SRIF but had no effect on the inhibitory action of clonidine suggesting that BIM-23027 and SRIF act via a common receptor mechanism. 4. L-362855 caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of neurotransmission in both the guinea-pig ileum and vas deferens as well as causing negative inotropy in the guinea-pig atrium but was at least 30-100 times weaker than SRIF. In guinea-pig isolated atria, L-362855 (3 microM) did not antagonize the negative inotropic action of SRIF28.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:7582529

Guinea Pig Chymase Is Leucine-specific

PubMed Central

Caughey, George H.; Beauchamp, Jeremy; Schlatter, Daniel; Raymond, Wilfred W.; Trivedi, Neil N.; Banner, David; Mauser, Harald; Fingerle, Jürgen

2008-01-01

To explore guinea pigs as models of chymase biology, we cloned and expressed the guinea pig ortholog of human chymase. In contrast to rats and mice, guinea pigs appear to express just one chymase, which belongs to the α clade, like primate chymases and mouse mast cell protease-5. The guinea pig enzyme autolyzes at Leu residues in the loop where human chymase autolyzes at Phe. In addition, guinea pig α-chymase selects P1 Leu in a combinatorial peptide library and cleaves Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-4-nitroanilide but has negligible activity toward substrates with P1 Phe and does not cleave angiotensin I. This contrasts with human chymase, which cleaves after Phe or Tyr, prefers P1 Phe in peptidyl 4-nitroanilides, and avidly hydrolyzes angiotensin I at Phe8 to generate bioactive angiotensin II. The guinea pig enzyme also is inactivated more effectively by α1-antichymotrypsin, which features P1 Leu in the reactive loop. Unlike mouse, rat, and hamster α-chymases, guinea pig chymase lacks elastase-like preference for P1 Val or Ala. Partially humanized A216G guinea pig chymase acquires human-like P1 Phe- and angiotensin-cleaving capacity. Molecular models suggest that the wild type active site is crowded by the Ala216 side chain, which potentially blocks access by bulky P1 aromatic residues. On the other hand, the guinea pig pocket is deeper than in Val-selective chymases, explaining the preference for the longer aliphatic side chain of Leu. These findings are evidence that chymase-like peptidase specificity is sensitive to small changes in structure and provide the first example of a vertebrate Leu-selective peptidase. PMID:18353771

Connecting the Bird's Head to the Bird's Body - Cenozoic arc magmatism extends along the length of New Guinea.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Webb, Max; White, Lloyd; Jost, Benjamin

2017-04-01

New Guinea has a long, complicated history of arc magmatism. The present day shape of the island (resembling that of a bird in flight) formed as a result of oblique convergence of the Pacific and Caroline/Philippine plates with the northward moving Australian plate. This convergence resulted in multiple collisions of island arcs with continental crust, representing a modern day analogue to ancient accretionary orogens. This complex geological history has formed four major tectonic belts; accreted Palaeogene island arcs, the New Guinea Mobile Belt, the New Guinea Fold Belt and a stable platform. These tectonic belts are drawn across most of New Guinea in major review papers. However, these tectonic belts are not generally considered to extend through to New Guinea's western most peninsula (the Bird's Head). We present new field evidence, together with new U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemical analyses from rocks collected within the Bird's Head. These document Middle to Late Miocene intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks and associated granitoid intrusives that formed along an active continental margin. These are effectively the equivalent of the Maramuni arc and Freida River Complex in eastern New Guinea. Several, broadly Eocene island arcs composed of dominantly mafic volcanic rocks are also found in the Bird's Head. These island arcs accreted along the Bird's Head sometime after their initial formation, possibly coinciding with Middle to Late Miocene active continental margin magmatism and we consider them to be equivalents of the Cyclops Mountains arc in Central New Guinea. This work demonstrates that New Guinea's east-west terranes are more extensive than previously thought. This potentially has implications for locating future ore deposits and understanding the relative position of the Bird's Head with respect to the rest of New Guinea in major plate reconstructions.

Recombinant interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 antitumor therapy in a guinea-pig hepatoma cell implant model.

PubMed

Shiratori, Ikuo; Suzuki, Yasuhiko; Oshiumi, Hiroyuki; Begum, Nasim A; Ebihara, Takashi; Matsumoto, Misako; Hazeki, Kaoru; Kodama, Ken; Kashiwazaki, Yasuo; Seya, Tsukasa

2007-12-01

Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 are secreted by myeloid cells activated with adjuvants such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) cell wall. They induce T-helper 1 polarization in the host immune system and upregulate production of lymphocyte interferon-gamma, which leads to the induction of an antitumor gene program. It has been reported that humans have an immune system that more closely resembles that of the guinea pig in adjuvant-response features rather than the mouse system, which prevents the mouse results being extrapolated to human immunotherapy. Here we have constructed a tumor-implant system in guinea pigs to evaluate the antitumor potential of guinea pig IL-12 (gpIL-12) and guinea pig IL-18 (gpIL-18). Purified recombinant gpIL-12 and gpIL-18 were prepared and applied intraperitoneally to tumor-bearing (line 10 hepatoma) guinea pigs as the basis of the adjuvant immunotherapy. Intraperitoneal administration of gpIL-12 and gpIL-18 led to retardation of primary tumor growth and suppression of lymph-node metastasis in tumor-bearing guinea pigs. The permissible range of IL-12 appeared wider in guinea pigs than in mice. Even at an IL-12 dose higher than that in mice, there was no evidence of side-effects until day 26, when the guinea pigs were killed. gpIL-18 augmented the antitumor effect of gpIL-12 but exerted less ability to suppress lymph-node metastasis. The effects of gpIL-12 and gpIL-18 on the tumors implanted in guinea pigs will encourage us to use IL-12- and IL-18-inducible adjuvants for immunotherapy in human patients with solid cancer.

Gastric volvulus in guinea pigs: comparison with other species.

PubMed

Dudley, Emily S; Boivin, Gregory P

2011-07-01

Gastric volvulus has been documented in several species of animals and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We report 2 cases of gastric volvulus in guinea pigs that died without detection of prior clinical signs. Both guinea pigs were adult female guinea pigs in a breeding colony and had given birth to multiple litters; one was pregnant at the time of death. Gastric rotations of 540° and 360° were identified at necropsy examination. These cases include the first known report of gastric rotation greater than 360° in any species. Although gastric volvulus has been reported to occur in guinea pigs, little is known about its risk factors, etiology, and pathogenesis. We conducted a literature review to compare gastric volvulus between guinea pigs and other species. Copyright 2011 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science

Effect of several compounds on biliary excretion of paclitaxel and its metabolites in guinea-pigs.

PubMed

Bun, Sok-Siya; Giacometti, Sarah; Fanciullino, Raphaëlle; Ciccolini, Joseph; Bun, Hot; Aubert, Claude

2005-07-01

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo metabolic profile of paclitaxel and to examine the effect of potential co-administered drugs on the biliary secretion of paclitaxel and its metabolites in guinea-pigs. We first investigated in vitro paclitaxel metabolism using liver microsomes obtained from various species to identify the most suitable animal model with a similar metabolism to humans. Then, in vivo paclitaxel metabolism was investigated in male guinea-pigs. The levels of paclitaxel and its metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in bile samples from guinea-pigs after paclitaxel i.v. injection (6 mg/kg). We further evaluated the effects of various drugs (quercetin, ketoconazole, dexamethasone, cotrimoxazole) on the biliary secretion of paclitaxel and its metabolites in guinea-pigs. This work demonstrated significant in vitro interspecies differences in paclitaxel metabolism. Our findings showed both in vitro and in vivo similarities between human and guinea-pig biotransformation of paclitaxel. 6alpha-Hydroxypaclitaxel, the main human metabolite of paclitaxel, was found in guinea-pig bile. After paclitaxel combination with ketoconazole or quercetin in guinea-pigs, the cumulative biliary excretion of paclitaxel and its metabolites up to 6 h was significantly decreased by 62 and 76%, respectively. The co-administration of cotrimoxazole or pretreatment with dexamethasone did not alter significantly cumulative biliary excretion. The guinea-pig is a suitable model to study metabolism and biliary excretion of paclitaxel, and to investigate in vivo drug interactions.

Prevalence and zoonotic risks of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Cheyletiella spp. in guinea pigs and rabbits in Dutch pet shops.

PubMed

Overgaauw, P A M; Avermaete, K H A van; Mertens, C A R M; Meijer, M; Schoemaker, N J

2017-06-01

Young rabbits and guinea pigs are often purchased as pets for children and may be infected with zoonotic skin infections. To assess the risk of acquiring such an infection from rabbits or guinea pigs, this study investigated the prevalence of the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes and the fur mite Cheyletiella parasitovorax in asymptomatic rabbits and guinea pigs in Dutch pet shops. In 91 pet shops a total of 213 rabbits and 179 guinea pigs were sampled using the Mackenzie technique and cultured. Clean cultures were examined microscopically and a PCR was performed on at least one sample from each pet shop. All animals were investigated for fur mite using a flea comb, a magnifying glass and white paper. From the fur of 3.8% (8/213) of the rabbits and 16.8% (30/179) of the guinea pigs, T. mentagrophytes was isolated. From 1 guinea pig (0,6%) Chrysosporium keratinophilum was isolated. Dermatophyte-positive rabbits and guinea pigs originated from 5.6% (5/90) and 27.3% (24/88) of the investigated pet shops, respectively. Fur mites were not found. Pet shops can play an important role in preventing transmission of zoonotic ringworm infections (dermatophytosis) and educating their customers. Specific preventive measures such as routine screening examinations and (prophylactic) treatment of rabbits and guinea pigs are recommended next to regular hygiene when handling animals. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Generation and Characterization of Inhibitory Antibodies Specific to Guinea Pig CXCR1 and CXCR2.

PubMed

Tanaka, Kento; Yoshimura, Chigusa; Shiina, Tetsuo; Terauchi, Tomoko; Yoshitomi, Tomomi; Hirahara, Kazuki

2017-04-01

CXCR1 and CXCR2 are chemokine receptors that have different selectivity of chemokine ligands, but the distinct role of each receptor is not clearly understood. This is due to the absence of specific inhibitors in guinea pigs, which are the appropriate species for investigation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 because of their functional similarity to humans. In this study, we generated and evaluated monoclonal antibodies that specifically bound to guinea pig CXCR1 (gpCXCR1) and guinea pig CXCR2 (gpCXCR2) for acquisition of specific inhibitors. To assess the activity of antibodies, we established CHO-K1 cells stably expressing either gpCXCR1 or gpCXCR2 (CHO/gpCXCR1 or CHO/gpCXCR2). CHO/gpCXCR1 showed migration in response to guinea pig interleukin (IL)-8, and CHO/gpCXCR2 showed migration in response to both guinea pig IL-8 and guinea pig growth-regulated oncogene α. The receptor selectivities of the chemokines of guinea pigs were the same as the human orthologs. The inhibitory activities of the anti-gpCXCR1 and anti-gpCXCR2 monoclonal antibodies on cell migration were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, we successfully obtained inhibitory antibodies specific to gpCXCR1 and gpCXCR2. These inhibitory antibodies will be useful to clarify the physiological roles of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in guinea pigs.

Comparative analysis of detection methods for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a Guinea pig model.

PubMed

Park, Albert H; Mann, David; Error, Marc E; Miller, Matthew; Firpo, Matthew A; Wang, Yong; Alder, Stephen C; Schleiss, Mark R

2013-01-01

To assess the validity of the guinea pig as a model for congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection by comparing the effectiveness of detecting the virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood, urine, and saliva. Case-control study. Academic research. Eleven pregnant Hartley guinea pigs. Blood, urine, and saliva samples were collected from guinea pig pups delivered from pregnant dams inoculated with guinea pig CMV. These samples were then evaluated for the presence of guinea pig CMV by real-time PCR assuming 100% transmission. Thirty-one pups delivered from 9 inoculated pregnant dams and 8 uninfected control pups underwent testing for guinea pig CMV and for auditory brainstem response hearing loss. Repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated no statistically significantly lower weight for the infected pups compared with the noninfected control pups. Six infected pups demonstrated auditory brainstem response hearing loss. The sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR assay on saliva samples were 74.2% and 100.0%, respectively. The sensitivity of the real-time PCR on blood and urine samples was significantly lower than that on saliva samples. Real-time PCR assays of blood, urine, and saliva revealed that saliva samples show high sensitivity and specificity for detecting congenital CMV infection in guinea pigs. This finding is consistent with recent screening studies in human newborns. The guinea pig may be a good animal model in which to compare different diagnostic assays for congenital CMV infection.

alpha-Mannosidosis in the guinea pig: cloning of the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase cDNA and identification of a missense mutation causing alpha-mannosidosis.

PubMed

Berg, Thomas; Hopwood, John J

2002-03-16

alpha-Mannosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase. We report here the sequencing and expression of the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase cDNA from normal and alpha-mannosidosis guinea pigs. The amino acid sequence of the guinea pig enzyme displayed 82-85% identity to the lysosomal alpha-mannosidase in other mammals. The cDNA of the alpha-mannosidosis guinea pig contained a missense mutation, 679C>T, leading to substitution of arginine by tryptophan at amino acid position 227 (R227W). The R227W allele segregated with the alpha-mannosidosis genotype in the guinea pig colony and introduction of R227W into the wild-type sequence eliminated the production of recombinant alpha-mannosidase activity in heterologous expression studies. Furthermore, the guinea pig mutation has been found in human patients. Our results strongly indicate that the 679C>T mutation causes alpha-mannosidosis and suggest that the guinea pig will be an excellent model for investigation of pathogenesis and evaluation of therapeutic strategies for human alpha-mannosidosis.

Glucocorticoids inhibit sulfur mustard-induced airway muscle hyperresponsiveness to substance P.

PubMed

Calvet, J H; D'Ortho, M P; Jarreau, P H; Levame, M; Harf, A; Macquin-Mavier, I

1994-11-01

To explore the mechanisms of airway hyperreactivity to aerosolized substance P observed in guinea pigs 14 days after intratracheal injection of sulfur mustard (SM), we studied the effects of epithelium removal and inhibition of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) activity on airway muscle responsiveness. Tracheal rings from SM-intoxicated guinea pigs expressed a greater contractile response to substance P than rings from nonintoxicated guinea pigs. After epithelium removal or incubation with the NEP inhibitor phosphoramidon, the contractile responses of tracheal rings to substance P did not differ in guinea pigs injected with SM or ethanol (SM solvent). Treatment of the guinea pigs with betamethasone for 7 days before measurement abolished the airway muscle hyperresponsiveness observed in untreated SM-intoxicated guinea pigs and partially restored tracheal epithelium NEP activity. In addition, the tracheal epithelium height and cell density of SM-intoxicated guinea pigs treated with betamethasone were significantly greater than in those without betamethasone. These results demonstrate that SM intoxication induces airway muscle hyperresponsiveness to substance P by reducing tracheal epithelial NEP activity and that glucocorticoids might inhibit this hyperresponsiveness by increasing this activity.

Immunohistopathology in the Guinea Pig Following Chronic Low-Level Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-11-01

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense USAMRICD-TR-05-09 Immunohistopathology in the Guinea Pig Following Chronic Low...2005 2. REPORT TYPE Technical Report 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) May 2003 to April 2005 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Immunohistopathology in the Guinea Pig Following...release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Guinea pigs exposed repeatedly to low levels of chemical warfare nerve agents

DNA vaccines elicit durable protective immunity against individual or simultaneous infections with Lassa and Ebola viruses in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Cashman, Kathleen A; Wilkinson, Eric R; Wollen, Suzanne E; Shamblin, Joshua D; Zelko, Justine M; Bearss, Jeremy J; Zeng, Xiankun; Broderick, Kate E; Schmaljohn, Connie S

2017-12-02

We previously developed optimized DNA vaccines against both Lassa fever and Ebola hemorrhagic fever viruses and demonstrated that they were protective individually in guinea pig and nonhuman primate models. In this study, we vaccinated groups of strain 13 guinea pigs two times, four weeks apart with 50 µg of each DNA vaccine or a mock vaccine at discrete sites by intradermal electroporation. Five weeks following the second vaccinations, guinea pigs were exposed to lethal doses of Lassa virus, Ebola virus, or a combination of both viruses simultaneously. None of the vaccinated guinea pigs, regardless of challenge virus and including the coinfected group, displayed weight loss, fever or other disease signs, and all survived to the study endpoint. All of the mock-vaccinated guinea pigs that were infected with Lassa virus, and all but one of the EBOV-infected mock-vaccinated guinea pigs succumbed. In order to determine if the dual-agent vaccination strategy could protect against both viruses if exposures were temporally separated, we held the surviving vaccinates in BSL-4 for approximately 120 days to perform a cross-challenge experiment in which guinea pigs originally infected with Lassa virus received a lethal dose of Ebola virus and those originally infected with Ebola virus were infected with a lethal dose of Lassa virus. All guinea pigs remained healthy and survived to the study endpoint. This study clearly demonstrates that DNA vaccines against Lassa and Ebola viruses can elicit protective immunity against both individual virus exposures as well as in a mixed-infection environment.

DNA vaccines elicit durable protective immunity against individual or simultaneous infections with Lassa and Ebola viruses in guinea pigs

PubMed Central

Cashman, Kathleen A.; Wilkinson, Eric R.; Wollen, Suzanne E.; Shamblin, Joshua D.; Zelko, Justine M.; Bearss, Jeremy J.; Zeng, Xiankun; Broderick, Kate E.; Schmaljohn, Connie S.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT We previously developed optimized DNA vaccines against both Lassa fever and Ebola hemorrhagic fever viruses and demonstrated that they were protective individually in guinea pig and nonhuman primate models. In this study, we vaccinated groups of strain 13 guinea pigs two times, four weeks apart with 50 µg of each DNA vaccine or a mock vaccine at discrete sites by intradermal electroporation. Five weeks following the second vaccinations, guinea pigs were exposed to lethal doses of Lassa virus, Ebola virus, or a combination of both viruses simultaneously. None of the vaccinated guinea pigs, regardless of challenge virus and including the coinfected group, displayed weight loss, fever or other disease signs, and all survived to the study endpoint. All of the mock-vaccinated guinea pigs that were infected with Lassa virus, and all but one of the EBOV-infected mock-vaccinated guinea pigs succumbed. In order to determine if the dual-agent vaccination strategy could protect against both viruses if exposures were temporally separated, we held the surviving vaccinates in BSL-4 for approximately 120 days to perform a cross-challenge experiment in which guinea pigs originally infected with Lassa virus received a lethal dose of Ebola virus and those originally infected with Ebola virus were infected with a lethal dose of Lassa virus. All guinea pigs remained healthy and survived to the study endpoint. This study clearly demonstrates that DNA vaccines against Lassa and Ebola viruses can elicit protective immunity against both individual virus exposures as well as in a mixed-infection environment. PMID:29135337

Development of a novel, guinea pig-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT assay and characterization of guinea pig cytomegalovirus GP83-specific cellular immune responses following immunization with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-vectored GP83 vaccine.

PubMed

Gillis, Peter A; Hernandez-Alvarado, Nelmary; Gnanandarajah, Josephine S; Wussow, Felix; Diamond, Don J; Schleiss, Mark R

2014-06-30

The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) provides a useful animal model for studying the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases, and for preclinical evaluation of vaccines. However, guinea pig models are limited by the lack of immunological reagents required for characterization and quantification of antigen-specific T cell responses. To address this deficiency, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for guinea pig interferon (IFN)-γ was developed to measure antigen/epitope-specific T cell responses to guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) vaccines. Using splenocytes harvested from animals vaccinated with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector encoding the GPCMV GP83 (homolog of human CMV pp65 [gpUL83]) protein, we were able to enumerate and map antigen-specific responses, both in vaccinated as well as GPCMV-infected animals, using a panel of GP83-specific peptides. Several potential immunodominant GP83-specific peptides were identified, including one epitope, LGIVHFFDN, that was noted in all guinea pigs that had a detectable CD8+ response to GP83. Development of a guinea pig IFN-γ ELISPOT should be useful in characterization of additional T cell-specific responses to GPCMV, as well as other pathogens. This information in turn can help focus future experimental evaluation of immunization strategies, both for GPCMV as well as for other vaccine-preventable illnesses studied in the guinea pig model. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

MMP-2 participates in the sclera of guinea pig with form-deprivation myopia via IGF-1/STAT3 pathway.

PubMed

Liu, Y-X; Sun, Y

2018-05-01

To investigate the expression changes of MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinases-2) mediated by IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factors-1) STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) pathway in the sclera of the form-deprivation myopia guinea pigs. Twenty-four three-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (Control), B, C and D. Guinea pigs in group A were sacrificed after 21 days without any special treatment. Guinea pigs in group B were sacrificed 7 days after receiving stitch in the right eye. Guinea pigs in group C were sacrificed 14 days after receiving stitch in the right eye. Guinea pigs in group D were sacrificed 21 days after receiving stitch in the right eye. Eyeball refraction and axial length of guinea pigs were measured before sacrifice. Eyeballs of guinea pigs were enucleated after sacrifice. The expressions of IGF-1, STAT3 and MMP-2 in scleral tissue were detected by Western blot. Axial length extension and myopia appeared in the right eye of guinea pigs in group B. The expressions of IGF-1, STAT3 and MMP-2 in the sclera significantly increased after 7 days of occlusion compared with that in control group A (p<0.05). In the right eye of group C, the axial prolongation and myopia formation appeared after 14-day occlusion. The expressions of IGF-1, STAT3 and MMP-2 in sclera significantly increased compared with that in group A (p<0.05). In the right eye of group D, the axial extension and myopia formation occurred. IGF-1, STAT3 and MMP-2 in scleral significantly upregulated 21 days after occlusion (p<0.05). Furthermore, at different stages of deprivation, protein expressions of MMP-2 and IGF-1 in sclera were positively correlated (r = 0.962, p<0.01). Form-deprivation of guinea pigs lead to increased expressions of IGF-1, STAT3 and MMP-2 in the sclera and myopia of guinea pigs. The expressions of IGF-1, STAT3 and MMP-2 increased progressively over the time of deprivation. Additionally, overexpression of MMP-2 mediated by IGF-1/STAT3 pathway in sclera might promote the formation of myopia.

The antigenicity in guinea pigs and monkeys of three mycobacterial polysaccharides purified by affinity chromatography with concanavalin A.

PubMed

Daniel, T M

1975-06-01

The antigenicity of 3 polysaccharides purified from culture filtrates of Mycobacterim tuberculosis by affinity chromatography using a concanavalin A-agarose absorbent was studied. All 3 purified polysaccharides were found to be potent elicitors of delayed skin test reactions in sensitized guinea pigs and in a tuberculos monkey. This antigenicity could not be attributed to contaminating protein. Small dermal reactions were also observed in control guinea pigs. All 3 polysaccharides reacted with precipitating antibody in guinea pig sera, the antigenic specificity observed with the guinea pig sera differing from that demonstrated with reference goat antiserum. The 3 polysaccharides were also demonstrated to contain hemagglutination antigenic sites.

[Use of guinea pigs for assessing the efficacy of vaccines against Lassa fever].

PubMed

Firsova, I V; Shatokhina, I V; Borisevich, I V; Evseev, A A; Maksimov, V A; Pantiukhov, V B; Khmelev, A L

2003-01-01

The use of guinea pigs as a laboratory model was proven to be appropriate in investigating the vaccines developed against Lassa fever at the preclinical study stage. An adapted variant of Lassa virus was cultivated, which caused death of guinea pigs with respect for an agent's dose. Finally, it was shown to be possible to investigate the immunogenic and protective properties of the inactivated antigen of Lassa virus in experiments with guinea pigs.

Comparison of Four Skin Decontamination Procedures Using Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) Following Cutaneous VX Exposure in Guinea Pigs

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

DC) product following cutaneous exposure to VX was affected by the DC procedure. Fur-clipped, male, unanesthetized guinea pigs were used as subjects...RSDL) Following Cutaneous VX Exposure in Guinea Pigs Irwin Koplovitz Susan Schulz Julia Morgan Robert Reed Edward Clarkson C. Gary Hurst...Decontamination Procedures Using Reactive Skin 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) Following Cutaneous VX Exposure in Guinea Pigs 5b

Oxidative Damage in the Guinea Pig Hippocampal Slice

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

Original Contribution OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN THE GUINEA PIG HIPPOCAMPAL SLICE TIRRY C. Pnt.N1.iAR’ and KATIlRNN L. Nt-t-t- Physiology Department. Armed Forces...responses in the hippocampal slice isolated from the brains of guinea pigs . Electrical stim- ulation of afferents to neurons of the CA I region of...from the brains be secreted by the microglia invading a region of in- of euthanized male Hartley guinea pigs as previously Jury. ’ Another possible

The Potential Neurotoxic Effects of Low-Dose Sarin Exposure in a Guinea Pig Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

1 THE POTENTIAL NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF LOW-DOSE SARIN EXPOSURE IN A GUINEA PIG MODEL Melinda R. Roberson, PhD, Michelle B. Schmidt...Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA ABSTRACT This study is assessing the effects in guinea pigs of repeated low-dose exposure to the nerve...COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Potential Neurotoxic Effects Of Low-Dose Sarin Exposure In A Guinea Pig Model 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b

Detection of antibodies against Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus GDVII strain in experimental guinea pigs.

PubMed

Häger, C; Glage, S; Held, N; Bleich, E M; Burghard, A; Mähler, M; Bleich, André

2016-10-01

A disease affecting guinea pigs called 'guinea pig lameness' characterized by clinical signs of depression, lameness of limbs, flaccid paralysis, weight loss and death within a few weeks was first described by Römer in 1911. After a research group in our facility kept laboratory guinea pigs from two different origins together in one room, lameness was observed in two animals. Further investigations revealed a serological immune response against Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV; GDVII strain) in these animals. Histopathology of the lumbar spinal cord of these animals showed mononuclear cell infiltration and necrotic neurons in the anterior horn. Therefore, all guinea pigs from this contaminated animal unit, from other units in our facility, as well as from different European institutions and breeding centres were screened for antibodies directed against GDVII. Our investigations showed that approximately 80% of all guinea pigs from the contaminated animal unit were seropositive for GDVII, whereas animals from other separate units were completely negative. In addition, 43% of tested sera from the different European institutions and breeding centres contained antibodies against GDVII. The present data confirm that an unknown viral infection causes an immune response in experimental guinea pigs leading to seroconversion against GDVII and that guinea pigs from a commercial breeder are the source of the infection. © The Author(s) 2015.

The provision of potable water in eradication of Guinea worm infection in Ezza North, Southeastern, Nigeria.

PubMed

Ede, Alison Okorie; Nwaokoro, Joakin Chidozie; Iwuala, C C; Amadi, A N; Akpelu, Ugochinyere Alvana

2014-10-01

Guinea worm is a parasite found in unprotected drinking water sources, causes considerable morbidity and loss of agricultural production among rural people. The study was to determine the current status of Guinea worm infection in Ezza North and to evaluate the impact of control measures on guinea worm infection. A total of 200 individuals in Ezza North Southeastern, Nigeria were examined for guinea worm infection. A standardized questionnaire was used to determine the effect of potable water on guinea worm eradication/control, the source of drinking water, information on the knowledge, attitude, symptom management practices, availability of health facilities and boreholes installation status. The instrument for data collection was well constructed, validated and reliable tested questionnaire by an expert. Data obtained was analyzed using Epi-Info model 3.4 versions. Results of a study indicated majority of the respondents 195 (97.5 %) have access to safe drinking water supply which indicated no case of Guinea worm infection. The active use of potable water supply was found among the age group of 20-30 years 71 (35.5 %) and higher in male (57.5 %) than females (42.5 %). The drastic reduction of Guinea worm infection to zero (0) level in Ezza North were due to multiple factors as health education, availability of functional boreholes, presence of health centers for immediate treatment if any case discovered.

Functional analysis of guinea pig β1-adrenoceptor.

PubMed

Tanaka, Yoshio; Takahashi, Hiromi; Shibata, Sayuri; Namiki, Kana; Kimura, Sadao; Koike, Katsuo; Kasuya, Yoshitoshi

2011-12-01

Although similarity of pharmacological responses to certain stimuli between guinea pigs and humans has been reported, this has been poorly defined by a molecular biological approach. In this study, we cloned the gene of guinea pig ?1-adrenoceptor (ADRB1). The deduced amino acid sequence of guinea pig ADRB1 (467-aa) showed 91% and 92% identity with the human and rat ADRB1 sequences, respectively. Using HEK293T cells expressing guinea pig, human and rat ADRB1s independently, we elucidated the functional characteristics of each ADRB1. The ligand-binding profiles and the concentration-response relationships for isoprenaline-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production were similar among the three ADRB1s. Isoprenaline also induced phosphorylation of extracellular-signal related kinases (ERK) through ADRB1s in a concentration-dependent manner. The minimum effective concentration of isoprenaline for phosphorylation of ERK, through guinea pig ADRB1 was the same as through human ADRB1, but markedly lower than that of through rat ADRB1. ERK phosphorylation through guinea pig ADRB1 was sensitive to pertussis toxin, a dominant-negative ras and PD98059, indicating that a G(i)-mediated pathway is involved in the ADRB1/ERK signaling loop. These results suggest that the G(i)-coupling efficacy of guinea pig and human ADRB1s may be higher than that of rat ADRB1.

Seismotectonics of New Guinea: a Model for Arc Reversal Following Arc-Continent Collision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cooper, Patricia; Taylor, Brian

1987-02-01

The structure and evolution of the northern New Guinea collision zone is deduced from International Seismological Center (ISC) seismicity (1964-1985), new and previously published focal mechanisms and a reexamination of pertinent geological data. A tectonic model for the New Guinea margin is derived which illustrates the sequential stages in the collision and suturing of the Bewani-Toricelli-Adelbert-Finisterre-Huon-New Britain arc to central New Guinea followed by subduction polarity reversal in the west. East of 149°E, the Solomon plate is being subducted both to the north and south; bringing the New Britain and Trobriand forearcs toward collision. West of 149°E the forearcs have collided, and together they override a fold in the doubly subducted Solomon plate lithosphere, which has an axis that is parallel to the strike of the Ramu-Markham suture and that plunges westward at an angle of 5° beneath the coast ranges of northern New Guinea. Active volcanism off the north coast of New Guinea is related to subduction of the Solomon plate beneath the Bismarck plate. Active volcanism of the Papuan peninsula and Quaternary volcanism of the New Guinea highlands are related to slow subduction of the Solomon plate beneath the Indo-Australian plate along the Trobriand Trough and the trough's former extension to the west, respectively. From 144°-148°E, seismicity and focal mechanisms reveal that convergence between the sutured Bismarck and Indo-Australian plates is accommodated by thrusting within the Finisterre and Adelbert ranges and compression of the New Guinea orogenic belt, together with basement-involved foreland folding and thrusting to the south. The Finisterre block overthrusts the New Guinea orogenic belt, whereas the Adelbert block is sutured to New Guinea and overthrusts the oceanic lithosphere of the Bismarck Sea. Along the New Guinea Trench, west of 144°E, seismicity defines a southward dipping Wadati-Benioif zone, and focal mechanisms indicate oblique subduction. Only this oldest, westernmost portion of the collision has progressed past suturing to a full reversal in subduction polarity.

[Ototoxicity study of netilmicin in pregnant guinea pigs and the embryo].

PubMed

Kawasaki, H; Yamada, Y; Takei, T; Akiyoshi, M

1982-06-01

The ototoxicity of netilmicin (NTL) in pregnant guinea pigs (Hartley strain) and the newborn was examined and compared to that of gentamicin (GM). NTL was administered intramuscularly at dose of 90 mg/kg to pregnant guinea pigs from day 0 to day 35 of pregnancy (the early period of pregnancy) or from day 42 of pregnancy to 1 day prior to delivery (the late period of pregnancy). GM at dose of 45 mg/kg or physiological saline were administered intramuscularly to pregnant guinea pigs during the late period of pregnancy. Four of 5 dams given NTL during the early period of pregnancy, 4 of 7 dams given TNL during the late period of pregnancy, and 2 of 4 dams given GM during the late period of pregnancy died. No pinna reflex loss in frequency range from 2 to 20 KHz were detected in mother guinea pigs treated with NTL either during the early period of pregnancy or during the late period of pregnancy. GM caused a loss of pinna reflex at 20 KHz in mother guinea pigs treated during the late period of pregnancy. Histopathologically, no damages were detected in the cochlea of mother guinea pigs treated with NTL during the early or late period of pregnancy, whereas slight scattered loss of hair cells was seen in the vestibulum. However, GM at dose of 45 mg/kg, caused an incomplete scattered loss of outer hair cells in the spiral organ, moderate atrophy of the spiral ganglion cells and a partial loss of hair cells in the vestibular organs in mother guinea pigs treated during the late period of pregnancy. In newborn guinea pig from the pregnant one treated with NTL during the early period of pregnancy, there was no loss of pinna reflex. The same results were obtained in newborn guinea pigs from the pregnant ones treated with either NTL or GM during the late period of pregnancy. No histopathological damages were detected. The present study suggests that NTL has a minimal effect on the auditory and vestibular organs in pregnant guinea pigs and the newborn and is considered to be 1 of the aminoglycosides with low ototoxic potential.

The Guinea-Bissau Family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Revisited

PubMed Central

Groenheit, Ramona; Ghebremichael, Solomon; Svensson, Jenny; Rabna, Paulo; Colombatti, Raffaella; Riccardi, Fabio; Couvin, David; Hill, Véronique; Rastogi, Nalin; Koivula, Tuija; Källenius, Gunilla

2011-01-01

The Guinea-Bissau family of strains is a unique group of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that, although genotypically closely related, phenotypically demonstrates considerable heterogeneity. We have investigated 414 M. tuberculosis complex strains collected in Guinea-Bissau between 1989 and 2008 in order to further characterize the Guinea-Bissau family of strains. To determine the strain lineages present in the study sample, binary outcomes of spoligotyping were compared with spoligotypes existing in the international database SITVIT2. The major circulating M. tuberculosis clades ranked in the following order: AFRI (n = 195, 47.10%), Latin-American-Mediterranean (LAM) (n = 75, 18.12%), ill-defined T clade (n = 53, 12.8%), Haarlem (n = 37, 8.85%), East-African-Indian (EAI) (n = 25, 6.04%), Unknown (n = 12, 2.87%), Beijing (n = 7, 1.68%), X clade (n = 4, 0.96%), Manu (n = 4, 0.97%), CAS (n = 2, 0.48%). Two strains of the LAM clade isolated in 2007 belonged to the Cameroon family (SIT61). All AFRI isolates except one belonged to the Guinea-Bissau family, i.e. they have an AFRI_1 spoligotype pattern, they have a distinct RFLP pattern with low numbers of IS6110 insertions, and they lack the regions of difference RD7, RD8, RD9 and RD10, RD701 and RD702. This profile classifies the Guinea-Bissau family, irrespective of phenotypic biovar, as part of the M. africanum West African 2 lineage, or the AFRI_1 sublineage according to the spoligtyping nomenclature. Guinea-Bissau family strains display a variation of biochemical traits classically used to differentiate M. tuberculosis from M. bovis. Yet, the differential expression of these biochemical traits was not related to any genes so far investigated (narGHJI and pncA). Guinea-Bissau has the highest prevalence of M. africanum recorded in the African continent, and the Guinea-Bissau family shows a high phylogeographical specificity for Western Africa, with Guinea-Bissau being the epicenter. Trends over time however indicate that this family of strains is waning in most parts of Western Africa, including Guinea-Bissau (p = 0.048). PMID:21533101

Spontaneous axial myopia and emmetropization in a strain of wild-type guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).

PubMed

Jiang, Liqin; Schaeffel, Frank; Zhou, Xiangtian; Zhang, Sen; Jin, Xi; Pan, Miaozhen; Ye, Lingying; Wu, Xiaomin; Huang, Qinzhu; Lu, Fan; Qu, Jia

2009-03-01

To describe a wild-type guinea pig strain with an incidence of spontaneous axial myopia, minimal pupil responses, lack of accommodation, and apparently normal spatial vision. Such a strain is of interest because it may permit the exploration of defective emmetropization and mapping of the underlying quantitative trait loci. Twenty-eight guinea pigs were selected from 220 animals based on binocular myopia (exceeding -1.50 diopter [D]) or anisometropia (difference between both eyes exceeding 10 D) at 4 weeks of age. Refractions and pupil responses were measured with eccentric infrared photoretinoscopy, corneal curvature by modified conventional keratometer, and axial lengths by A-scan ultrasonography once a week. Twenty-one guinea pigs were raised under a normal 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle. From a sample of 18 anisometropic guinea pigs, 11 were raised under normal light cycle and 7 were raised in the dark to determine the extent to which visual input guides emmetropization. Spatial vision was tested in an automated optomotor drum. In 10 guinea pigs with myopia in both eyes, refractive errors ranged from -15.67 D to -1.50 D at 3 weeks with a high interocular correlation (R = 0.82); axial length and corneal curvature grew almost linearly over time. Strikingly, two patterns of recovery were observed in anisometropic guinea pigs: in 12 (67%) anisometropia persisted, and in 6 (33%) it declined over time. These ratios remained similar in dark-reared guinea pigs. Unlike published strains, all guinea pigs of this strain showed weak pupil responses and no signs of accommodation but up to 3 cyc/deg of spatial resolution. This strain of guinea pigs has spontaneous axial refractive errors that may be genetically or epigenetically determined. Interestingly, it differs from other published strains that show no refractive errors, vivid accommodation, or pupil responses.

THE STATE OF IMMUNITY IN GUINEA-PIGS IMMUNIZED WITH LIVE BRUCELLOSIS VACCINE AND EXPOSED TO RADIATION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shevtsova, Z.V.

1960-01-01

On immunization with 19-BA live brucellosis vaccine on the 3rd and 10th days after exposure to radiation in a dose of 200 r, guinea pigs died 4 and 2 times more frequently than unvaccinated guinea pigs. If immunization was carried out on the 30th day after irradiation the mortality among irradiated animals showed only a slight increase compared with the mortality among unvaccinated control animals. Immunization carried out before exposure to radiation had no influence upon the mortality of the animals caused by radiation sickness. Guinea pigs immunized after exposure to radiation were insusceptible when infected with the doses ofmore » virulent strains of Brucella usually employed to challenge immunity (2-4 infective doses). If, however, the animals were infected with a dose twice as high (8 infective doses) the degree of immunity proved to be lower in guinea pigs exposed to radiation, than in guinea pigs immunized and not exposed to radiation. Exposure of guinea pigs to radiation at a time when immunity had already developed had no influence upon the degree of immunity on infection with 4 infective doses of the virulent strain. (auth)« less

Ebola Virus Disease--Sierra Leone and Guinea, August 2015.

PubMed

Hersey, Sara; Martel, Lise D; Jambai, Amara; Keita, Sakoba; Yoti, Zabulon; Meyer, Erika; Seeman, Sara; Bennett, Sarah; Ratto, Jeffrey; Morgan, Oliver; Akyeampong, Mame Afua; Sainvil, Schabbethai; Worrell, Mary Claire; Fitter, David; Arnold, Kathryn E

2015-09-11

The Ebola virus disease (Ebola) outbreak in West Africa began in late 2013 in Guinea (1) and spread unchecked during early 2014. By mid-2014, it had become the first Ebola epidemic ever documented. Transmission was occurring in multiple districts of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, and for the first time, in capital cities (2). On August 8, 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (3). Ministries of Health, with assistance from multinational collaborators, have reduced Ebola transmission, and the number of cases is now declining. While Liberia has not reported a case since July 12, 2015, transmission has continued in Guinea and Sierra Leone, although the numbers of cases reported are at the lowest point in a year. In August 2015, Guinea and Sierra Leone reported 10 and four confirmed cases, respectively, compared with a peak of 526 (Guinea) and 1,997 (Sierra Leone) in November 2014. This report details the current situation in Guinea and Sierra Leone, outlines strategies to interrupt transmission, and highlights the need to maintain public health response capacity and vigilance for new cases at this critical time to end the outbreak.

Effects of omega-conotoxin GVIA on the activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferent sensory nerves in guinea pig airway tissues.

PubMed

Morimoto, H; Matsuda, A; Ohori, M; Fujii, T

1996-06-01

We examined the effects of Ca2+ channel antagonists on various respiratory reactions induced by the activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferent sensory nerves. Intravenous (i.v.) injection of the N-type Ca2+ channel antagonist omega-conotoxin GVIA (CgTX) (1-20 micrograms/kg) dose-dependently inhibited capsaicin-induced guinea pig bronchoconstriction, whereas i.v. administration of the L-type antagonist nicardipine (100 micrograms/kg), the P-type antagonist omega-agatoxin IVA (AgaTX) (20 micrograms/kg) or the OPQ family-type antagonist omega-conotoxin MVIIC (CmTX) (20 micrograms/kg) had no effect. However, CgTX (20 micrograms/kg) failed to inhibit substance P-induced guinea pig bronchoconstriction. CgTX (20 micrograms/kg) significantly inhibited cigarette smoke-induced guinea pig tracheal plasma extravasation, but not the substance P-induced reaction. CgTX also reduced electrical field stimulation-induced guinea pig bronchial smooth muscle contraction (0.01-10 microM) and capsaicin-induced substance P-like immunoreactivity release from guinea pig lung (0.14 microM). This evidence suggests that N-type Ca2+ channels modulate tachykinin release from capsaicin-sensitive afferent sensory nerve endings in guinea pig airway tissue.

Median Lethal Doses Associated with Intravenous Exposure to the Optically Pure Enantiomers of VX in Guinea Pigs

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

highly toxic based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Acute Toxicity Categories for Pesticide Products . 15. SUBJECT TERMS Guinea pig ...in Guinea Pigs 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Wright, Linnzi K. M.; Forster, Jeffry S...intravenous exposure of adult, male guinea pigs to the individual VX enantiomers, and we compared those potencies to that for a racemic mixture. The P

Evaluation of RSDL, M291 SDK, 0.5% Bleach, 1% Soapy Water and SERPACWA. Part 12: Challenge with EA1212 (GF, cyclosarin)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

products in the haired guinea pig model following exposure to GF (EA1212). 15. SUBJECT TERMS decontamination, delayed decontamination, Reactive Skin...the four listed decontamination products in the haired guinea pig model following exposure to GF (EA1212). In all experiments, guinea pigs were close...the four listed decontamination products and SERPACWA in the haired guinea pig model following exposure to GF [cyclosarin, EA1212, Cyclohexyl

In Vitro Response of Guinea Pig Peritoneal Macrophages to Legionella pneumophila

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-03-01

In Vitro Responlse of Guinea Pig Peritoneal Macrophages to Legionella pneumophila It. A. KISIIIMi~O~’ .1. Ii.,W11ITE, F. G. SIREY, V. (U.1 Mc(GANN, R...Tlhe inter- act ion between L. lincumnophila andl( peritoneal macrophages front normial guinea pigs or front animials that had survived infection was...roagglujtiniat titer) guinea pig serum to The purp~ose of this study "as to investigate contain approximately 108 organisms per ml. the phagocytic and

Efficacy of the Tertiary Oxime Monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) Against Lethal Sarin Intoxication in the Guinea Pig

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

Sarin 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Intoxication in the Guinea Pig 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Koplovitz, I and...efficacy of MINA as a treatment for lethal sarin (GB) intoxication in guinea pigs . Male animals were challenged subcutaneously (s.c.) with 2 LD50s...oximes that are readily able to enter the brain. 15. SUBJECT TERMS oximes, brain, sarin, reactivation, nerve agents, guinea pigs 16. SECURITY

Gamma Radiation (5-10 Gy) Impairs Neuronal Function in the Guinea Pig Hippocampus

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

Radiation (5-10 Gy) Impairs Neuronal Function in the Guinea Pig Hippocampus TERRY C. PELLMAR AND DENNIS L. LEPINSKI Ph.vsiology Department..Irmned Forces...L. Gamma Radiation ioral effects. Within hours of irradiation with 10 Gy and (5- 10 Gy) Impairs Neuronal Function in the Guinea Pig Hippo- less...acti v- Guinea pigs were exposed to 5 and 10 Gy ’y radiation. Hippo- ity (9) are evident. campal brain slices were isolated 30 min, I day, 3 days and 5

New Methods for Evaluating Skin Injury from Sulfur Mustard in the Hairless Guinea Pig

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-13

MUSTARD IN THE HAIRLESS GUINEA PIG Ernest H. Braue, Jr., Catherine R. Bangledorf, and Robert G. Rieder "U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical...evaluating the skin hydration state. The skin of anesthetized hairless guinea pigs was exposed to saturated HD vapor (1.4mg/ml) at 4 sites for 3, 5, 7, or 9...assessment of skin damage following cutaneous exposure to HD vapor. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Each hairless guinea pig (HGP) was exposed to saturated HD vapor

Subacute Low Dose Nerve Agent Exposure Causes DNA Fragmentation in Guinea Pig Leukocytes

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-10-01

1 SUBACUTE LOW DOSE NERVE AGENT EXPOSURE CAUSES DNA FRAGMENTATION IN GUINEA PIG LEUKOCYTES. Jitendra R. Dave1, John R. Moffett1, Sally M...DNA fragmentation in blood leukocytes from guinea pigs by ‘Comet’ assay after exposure to soman at doses ranging from 0.1LD50 to 0.4 LD50, once per...computer. Data obtained for exposure to soman demonstrated significant increases in DNA fragmentation in circulating leukocytes in CWNA treated guinea pigs as

Effects of Dithiothreitol, a Sulfhydryl Reducing Agent, on CA1 Pyramidal Cells of the Guinea Pig Hippocampus in Vitro

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

pyramidal cells of the guinea pig hippocampus in vitro J.M. Tolliver* and T.C. Pellmar Physiology Department. Armed Forces Radiohiology Research...Hartley guinea pigs as scavenging free radicals’K3 ). 32 and by donating hy- previously described&𔃾t . Slices were incubated at drogen to damaged...Dithiothreitol-induced al- 29 Pellmar, T.C.. Electrophysiological correlates of peroxide teration in histamine H,-agonist binding in guinea - pig cere

Effects of Potassium Channel Blockers on the Negative Inotropic Responses Induced by Cromakalim and Pinacidil in Guinea Pig Atrium

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

RD-A2•4 875 EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS ON THE NEGATIVE 1/1 INOTROPIC RESPONSES INDUCED BY CRONAKALIM RND PINACIDIL IN GUINEA PIG ATRIUM(U...INOTROPICTRSPONSES INDUCED BY CROMAKAUM AND PINACIDILIN GUINEA PIG ATRIUM a AUTHOR WAI-MAN LAU 7 FORMING ORG NAMES/ADDRESSES DEFENCE SCIENCE AND a...and Technology Organisaio Aot Val. Negative Inotropic Responses Victoria. Australia Induced by Cromakalim and Pinacidil in Guinea Pig Atrium Key

Cloning of guinea pig IL-4: reduced IL-4 mRNA after vaccination or Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

PubMed

Jeevan, Amminikutty; Yoshimura, Teizo; Ly, Lan H; Dirisala, Vijaya R; McMurray, David N

2011-01-01

Interleukin-4 (IL-4), a pleiotropic cytokine produced by T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells, is involved in promoting humoral immune responses, allergic reactions and asthma. Previous studies suggested an important role for IL-4 in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis; however, the role of IL-4 has not been studied in the guinea pig, a highly relevant model for this disease. In the present study, we cloned a cDNA for guinea pig IL-4 and examined, for the first time, mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR in cultured guinea pig cells. High levels of IL-4 mRNA expression were detected in spleen T cells of naïve animals after in vitro stimulation with PMA plus ionomycin for 4-24 h. The expression of IL-4 mRNA was low in spleen and lymph node cells immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) plus Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in response to OVA (Th1), but significantly higher in the guinea pigs immunized with OVA plus alum (Th2). BCG vaccination reduced the expression of IL-4 mRNA in both spleen and lung digest cells compared to naïve guinea pigs, while levels of IFN-γ were similar in both groups. Furthermore, lung cells from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected guinea pigs stimulated in vitro with PPD or MPT64 showed low levels of IL-4 mRNA expression. Thus, BCG vaccination or M. tuberculosis infection modulates IL-4 mRNA expression in the guinea pig. Cloning of guinea pig IL-4 will allow us to address the role of IL-4 in vaccine-induced resistance to pulmonary TB in a highly relevant animal model. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Behavioral responses of deafened guinea pigs to intracochlear electrical stimulation: a new rapid psychophysical procedure.

PubMed

Agterberg, Martijn J H; Versnel, Huib

2014-07-01

In auditory research the guinea pig is often preferred above rats and mice because of the easily accessible cochlea and because the frequency range of its hearing is more comparable to that of humans. Studies of the guinea-pig auditory system primarily apply histological and electrophysiological measures. Behavioral animal paradigms, in particular in combination with these histological and electrophysiological methods, are necessary in the development of new therapeutic interventions. However, the guinea pig is not considered an attractive animal for behavioral experiments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a behavioral task suitable for guinea pigs, that can be utilized in cochlear-implant related research. Guinea pigs were trained in a modified shuttle-box in which a stream of air was used as unconditioned stimulus (UCS). A stream of air was preferred over conventionally used methods as electric foot-shocks since it produces less stress, which is a confounding factor in behavioral experiments. Hearing guinea pigs were trained to respond to acoustic stimuli. They responded correctly within only five sessions of ten minutes. The animals maintained their performance four weeks after the right cochlea was implanted with an electrode array. After systemic deafening, the animals responded in the first session immediately to intracochlear electrical stimulation. These responses were not affected by daily chronic electrical stimulation (CES). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that guinea pigs can be trained relatively fast to respond to acoustic stimuli, and that the training has a lasting effect, which generalizes to intracochlear electrical stimulation after deafening. Furthermore, it demonstrates that bilaterally deafened guinea pigs with substantial (∼50%) loss of spiral ganglion cells (SGCs), detect intracochlear electrical stimulation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A model of type 2 diabetes in the guinea pig using sequential diet-induced glucose intolerance and streptozotocin treatment

PubMed Central

Ackart, David F.; Richardson, Michael A.; DiLisio, James E.; Pulford, Bruce; Basaraba, Randall J.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among noncommunicable diseases, and additional animal models that more closely replicate the pathogenesis of human type 2 diabetes are needed. The goal of this study was to develop a model of type 2 diabetes in guinea pigs, in which diet-induced glucose intolerance precedes β-cell cytotoxicity, two processes that are crucial to the development of human type 2 diabetes. Guinea pigs developed impaired glucose tolerance after 8 weeks of feeding on a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, as determined by oral glucose challenge. Diet-induced glucose intolerance was accompanied by β-cell hyperplasia, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia with hepatocellular steatosis. Streptozotocin (STZ) treatment alone was ineffective at inducing diabetic hyperglycemia in guinea pigs, which failed to develop sustained glucose intolerance or fasting hyperglycemia and returned to euglycemia within 21 days after treatment. However, when high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet-fed guinea pigs were treated with STZ, glucose intolerance and fasting hyperglycemia persisted beyond 21 days post-STZ treatment. Guinea pigs with diet-induced glucose intolerance subsequently treated with STZ demonstrated an insulin-secretory capacity consistent with insulin-independent diabetes. This insulin-independent state was confirmed by response to oral antihyperglycemic drugs, metformin and glipizide, which resolved glucose intolerance and extended survival compared with guinea pigs with uncontrolled diabetes. In this study, we have developed a model of sequential glucose intolerance and β-cell loss, through high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet and extensive optimization of STZ treatment in the guinea pig, which closely resembles human type 2 diabetes. This model will prove useful in the study of insulin-independent diabetes pathogenesis with or without comorbidities, where the guinea pig serves as a relevant model species. PMID:28093504

[Effect of down-regulation of IKs repolarization-reserve on ventricular arrhythmogenesis in a guinea pig model of cardiac hypertrophy].

PubMed

Wang, Hegui; Huang, Ting; Wang, Zheng; Ge, Nannan; Ke, Yongsheng

2018-04-28

To observe the changes of rapidly activated delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKr) and slowly activated delayed rectifier potassium channel (IKs) in cardiac hypertrophy and to evaluate the effects of IKr and IKs blocker on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in guinea pigs with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).
 Methods: Guinea pigs were divided into a sham operation group and a left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) group. LVH model was prepared. Whole cell patch-clamp technique was used to record IKr and IKs tail currents in a guinea pig model with LVH. The changes of QTc and the incidence rate of ventricular arrhythmias in LVH guinea pigs were observed by using the IKr and IKs blockers.
 Results: Compared with cardiac cells in the control group, the interventricular septal thickness at end systole (IVSs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end systole (LVPWs), QTc interval and cell capacitance in guinea pigs with LVH were significantly increased (P<0.05); while IKs densities were significantly reduced [+60 mV: (0.36±0.03) pA/pF vs (0.58±0.05) pA/pF, P<0.01]. However, LVH exerted no significant effect on IKr densities. IKr blocker markedly prolonged the QTc interval (P<0.01) and increased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in guinea pigs with LVH compared with the control guinea pigs. In contrast, IKs blocker produced modest increase in QTc interval in guinea pigs of control group with no increase in LVH animals. IKs blocker did not induce ventricular arrhythmias incidence in either control or LVH animals.
 Conclusion: The cardiac hypertrophy-induced arrhythmogenesis is due to the down-regulation 
of IKs.

Pharmacologic properties of brewery dust extracts in vitro.

PubMed

Schachter, E N; Zuskin, E; Rienzi, N; Goswami, S; Castranova, V; Whitmer, M; Siegel, P

2001-06-01

To study the effects of extracts of brewery dust on isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. Parallel pharmacologic intervention on guinea pig tracheal rings that were obtained from the same animal. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine. The isolated guinea pig tracheal tissue of 18 guinea pigs. Pretreatment of guinea pig rings by mediator-modifying agents before challenge with the brewery dust extracts. The effect of brewery dust extracts on isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle was studied using water-soluble extracts of dust obtained from brewery materials, including hops, barley, and brewery yeast. Dust extracts were prepared as a 1:10 (wt/vol) aqueous solution. Dose-related contractions of nonsensitized guinea pig tracheas were demonstrated using these extracts. The dust extracts contained significant quantities of bacterial components (eg, endotoxin and n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine), but these agents were not thought to contribute directly to the constrictor effect of the dusts. Pharmacologic studies were performed by pretreating guinea pig tracheal tissue with the following drugs known to modulate smooth muscle contraction: atropine; indomethacin; pyrilamine; LY171883; nordihydroguaiaretic acid; captopril; thiorphan; verapamil; and TMB8. The constrictor effects of the dust extracts were inhibited by a wide variety of agents, the patterns of which depended on the dust extract. Atropine consistently and strikingly reduced the contractile effects of these extracts. These observations may suggest an interaction of the extracts with parasympathetic nerves or, more directly, with muscarinic receptors. The inhibition of contraction by the blocking of other mediators was less effective and varied with the dust extract. We suggest that brewery dust extracts cause a dose-related airway smooth muscle constriction by nonimmunologic mechanisms involving a variety of airway mediators and, possibly, cholinergic receptors. This effect is not dependent on presensitization of the guinea pigs.

Pathogenesis of a genotype C strain of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 infection in albino guinea pigs.

PubMed

Shi, Hong-Fei; Zhu, Yuan-Mao; Dong, Xiu-Mei; Cai, Hong; Ma, Lei; Wang, Shu; Yan, Hao; Wang, Xue-Zhi; Xue, Fei

2014-08-08

Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) is one of the most important of the known viral respiratory tract agents of both young and adult cattle and widespread among cattle around the world. Up to present, three genotypes A, B and C of BPIV3 have been described on the basis of genetic and phylogenetic analysis and only limited studies on the pathogenesis of the genotype A of BPIV3 infection in calves and laboratory animals have been performed. The report about experimental infections of the genotypes B and C of BPIV3 in laboratory animals and calves was scant. Therefore, an experimental infection of guinea pigs with the Chinese BPIV3 strain SD0835 of the genotype C was performed. Sixteen guinea pigs were intranasally inoculated with the suspension of SD0835, while eight control guinea pigs were also intranasally inoculated with the same volume of supernatant from uninfected MDBK cells. The virus-inoculated guinea pigs displayed a few observable clinical signs that were related to the respiratory tract disease and two of the sixteen experimentally infected guinea pigs died at 2 and 3 days post inoculation (PI), respectively, and apparent gross pneumonic lesions were observed at necropsy. The gross pneumonic lesions in guinea pigs inoculated with SD0835 consisted of dark red, slightly depressed, irregular areas of consolidation in the lung lobes from the second to 9th day of infection at necropsy, and almost complete consolidation and atelectasis of the lung lobes were seen at 7 days PI. Histopathological changes including alveoli septa thickening and focal cellulose pneumonia were also observed in the lungs of guinea pigs experimentally infected with SD0835. Viral replication was detectable by virus isolation and titration, real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in the respiratory tissues of guinea pigs as early as 24h after intranasal inoculation with SD0835. The results of virus isolation and titration showed that guinea pigs were permissive for SD0835 replication and exhibited a higher virus replication level in both lungs and tracheas. As well, the results of IHC staining implicated that the lungs and tracheas were the major tissues in which SD0835 replicated. Virus-specific serum neutralizing antibodies against BPIV3 were detected in virus-inoculated guinea pigs. The aforementioned results indicated that BPIV3 strain SD0835 of the genotype C was pathogenic to guinea pigs and could cause a few observable clinical signs, and gross and histologic lesions in virus-inoculated guinea pigs. Thus guinea pig is an ideal laboratory animal infection model for BPIV3 and would cast more light on the genotype C of BPIV3 infection process, in vivo tropism and pathogenesis or serve as a useful system for monitoring the pathogenesis of SD0835 and other BPIV3 isolates. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of pregnancy on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs and rats.

PubMed

Keith, A B

1978-10-01

Pregnancy in guinea pigs and rats exerted a suppressive influence on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Early or late stages in pregnancy had a similar effect in delaying the onset of EAE, a greater delay being observed in pregnant guinea pigs with full term pregnancies. However, the suppressive effect in the majority of animals was only temporary and when they developed the disease the clinical severity was then similar to that in the controls. Clinical symptoms of EAE, in guinea pigs that did not maintain their pregnancy, developed soon after abortion or resorption and these animals deteriorated rapidly. Histologic lesions were markedly enhanced with prominent demyelination in the majority of guinea pigs that were sensitised when pregnant.

Ecological data in support of an analysis of Guinea-Bissau׳s medicinal flora.

PubMed

Catarino, Luís; Havik, Philip J; Indjai, Bucar; Romeiras, Maria M

2016-06-01

This dataset presents an annotated list of medicinal plants used by local communities in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa), in a total of 218 species. Data was gathered by means of herbarium and bibliographic research, as well as fieldwork. Biological and ecological information is provided for each species, including in-country distribution, geographical range, growth form and main vegetation types. The dataset was used to prepare a paper on the medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau "Medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau: therapeutic applications, ethnic diversity and knowledge transfer" (Catarino et al., 2016) [1]. The table and figures provide a unique database for Guinea-Bissau in support of ethno-medical and ethno-pharmacological research, and their ecological dimensions.

Family Outbreaks of Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis following a Meal of Guinea Pigs

PubMed Central

Fournier, John B.; Knox, Kimberly; Harris, Maureen; Newstein, Michael

2015-01-01

Salmonella outbreaks have been linked to a wide variety of foods, including recent nationwide outbreaks. Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as cuy or cobayo, has long been a popular delicacy and ceremonial food in the Andean region in South America. This case report describes three family outbreaks of nontyphoidal salmonellosis, each occurring after a meal of guinea pigs. We believe this case report is the first to describe a probable association between the consumption of guinea pig meat and human salmonellosis. Physicians should be aware of the association of Salmonella and the consumption of guinea pigs, given the increasing immigration of people from the Andean region of South America and the increasing travel to this region. PMID:25821613

Family Outbreaks of Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis following a Meal of Guinea Pigs.

PubMed

Fournier, John B; Knox, Kimberly; Harris, Maureen; Newstein, Michael

2015-01-01

Salmonella outbreaks have been linked to a wide variety of foods, including recent nationwide outbreaks. Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as cuy or cobayo, has long been a popular delicacy and ceremonial food in the Andean region in South America. This case report describes three family outbreaks of nontyphoidal salmonellosis, each occurring after a meal of guinea pigs. We believe this case report is the first to describe a probable association between the consumption of guinea pig meat and human salmonellosis. Physicians should be aware of the association of Salmonella and the consumption of guinea pigs, given the increasing immigration of people from the Andean region of South America and the increasing travel to this region.

9 CFR 3.30 - Watering.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... consumed by guinea pigs or hamsters supply them with their normal water requirements, potable water shall... containers used for dispensing water to guinea pigs or hamsters shall be so placed in or attached to the... WELFARE STANDARDS Specifications for the Humane Handling, Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea...

9 CFR 3.28 - Primary enclosures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... for guinea pigs and hamsters shall conform to the following requirements: (a) General. (1) Primary enclosures shall be structurally sound and maintained in good repair to protect the guinea pigs and hamsters... be constructed and maintained so that the guinea pigs or hamsters contained therein have convenient...

A 2-D guinea pig lung proteome map

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Guinea pigs represent an important model for a number of infectious and non-infectious pulmonary diseases. The guinea pig genome has recently been sequenced to full coverage, opening up new research avenues using genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics techniques in this species. In order to furth...

Guinea Pigs: Versatile Animals for the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barman, Charles R.

1977-01-01

Guinea pigs are presented as versatile classroom animals. Suggestions for animal behavior and genetics studies are given. Also included is information concerning sex determination and the breeding of guinea pigs, and hints on keeping these animals in the classroom. References and illustrations complete the article. (MA)

9 CFR 3.40 - Terminal facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Welfare regulations shall commingle shipments of live guinea pigs or hamsters with inanimate cargo. All animal holding areas of a terminal facility where shipments of live guinea pigs or hamsters are... established and maintained for all animal holding areas. Any animal holding area containing live guinea pigs...

Optimization of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactivity in Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Guinea Pig Brain Sections

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-09-01

fixed, paraffin-embedded guinea pig brain sections using a variety of commercially available GFAP antibody clones. Of the 7 clones tested for cross...determining neuropathological consequences in the guinea pig following exposure to chemical warfare nerve agent.

Notes from the Field: Baseline Assessment of the Use of Ebola Rapid Diagnostic Tests--Forécariah, Guinea, October-November 2015.

PubMed

Huang, Jennifer Y; Louis, Frantz Jean; Dixon, Meredith G; Sefu, Marcel; Kightlinger, Lon; Martel, Lise D; Jayaraman, Gayatri C; Gueye, Abdou Salam

2016-04-01

The Ebola virus disease (Ebola) epidemic in West Africa began in Guinea in early 2014. The reemergence of Ebola and risk of ongoing, undetected transmission continues because of the potential for sexual transmission and other as yet unknown transmission pathways. On March 17, 2016, two new cases of Ebola in Guinea were confirmed by the World Health Organization. This reemergence of Ebola in Guinea is the first since the original outbreak in the country was declared over on December 29, 2015. The prefecture of Forécariah, in western Guinea, was considerably affected by Ebola in 2015, with an incidence rate of 159 cases per 100,000 persons. Guinea also has a high prevalence of malaria; in a nationwide 2012 survey, malaria prevalence was reported to be 44% among healthy children aged ≤5 years. Malaria is an important reason for seeking health care; during 2014, 34% of outpatient consultations were related to malaria.

Guinea pig for meat production: A systematic review of factors affecting the production, carcass and meat quality.

PubMed

Sánchez-Macías, Davinia; Barba-Maggi, Lida; Morales-delaNuez, Antonio; Palmay-Paredes, Julio

2018-09-01

In developing countries, interest in guinea pig farming is growing exponentially because it provides a regular source of high quality animal protein for domestic consumption. Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are prolific animals, grow and are capable of reproduction on a flexible diet, and are adaptable to a wide range of climates. This article mainly reviews findings on guinea pig meat production, including factors affecting raising guinea pigs, carcass and meat quality. We also present some studies that describe biological and pathologic effects on carcass component composition. During the last decades no standard procedure has been established for guinea pig carcass evaluation, which makes very difficult any comparison of results with other studies around the world. Herein we highlight a variety of factors that significantly affect carcass and meat quality. Some of these factors are production systems, environmental and genetic factors, management systems, the diet and health status, age, sex and reproductive management. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cloning and characterization of the hamster and guinea pig nicotinic acid receptors.

PubMed

Torhan, April Smith; Cheewatrakoolpong, Boonlert; Kwee, Lia; Greenfeder, Scott

2007-09-01

In this study, we present the identification and characterization of hamster and guinea pig nicotinic acid receptors. The hamster receptor shares approximately 80-90% identity with the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human, mouse, and rat receptors. The guinea pig receptor shares 76-80% identity with the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of these other species. [(3)H]nicotinic acid binding affinity at guinea pig and hamster receptors is similar to that in human (dissociation constant = 121 nM for guinea pig, 72 nM for hamster, and 74 nM for human), as are potencies of nicotinic acid analogs in competition binding studies. Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production by nicotinic acid and related analogs is also similar to the activity in the human receptor. Analysis of mRNA tissue distribution for the hamster and guinea pig nicotinic acid receptors shows expression across a number of tissues, with higher expression in adipose, lung, skeletal muscle, spleen, testis, and ovary.

Sex Genotyping of Archival Fixed and Immunolabeled Guinea Pig Cochleas.

PubMed

Depreux, Frédéric F; Czech, Lyubov; Whitlon, Donna S

2018-03-26

For decades, outbred guinea pigs (GP) have been used as research models. Various past research studies using guinea pigs used measures that, unknown at the time, may be sex-dependent, but from which today, archival tissues may be all that remain. We aimed to provide a protocol for sex-typing archival guinea pig tissue, whereby past experiments could be re-evaluated for sex effects. No PCR sex-genotyping protocols existed for GP. We found that published sequence of the GP Sry gene differed from that in two separate GP stocks. We used sequences from other species to deduce PCR primers for Sry. After developing a genomic DNA extraction for archival, fixed, decalcified, immunolabeled, guinea pig cochlear half-turns, we used a multiplex assay (Y-specific Sry; X-specific Dystrophin) to assign sex to tissue as old as 3 years. This procedure should allow reevaluation of prior guinea pig studies in various research areas for the effects of sex on experimental outcomes.

Temperature Preference in IAF Hairless and Hartley Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

PubMed Central

Kleven, Gale A; Joshi, Prianca

2016-01-01

The Hairless strain of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) is the result of a spontaneous recessive mutation first identified at the Institute Armand Frappier (IAF) in 1978. Despite the longstanding availability of this strain, little is known about its thermoregulatory behavior. The aim of this study was to determine temperature preference in Hartley and Hairless guinea pigs by observing each strain in a ring-shaped apparatus containing a nonlinear temperature gradient. Temperatures were maintained by separately controlled heating mats lining the apparatus. Set point temperatures ranged from 24 to 38 °C. Guinea pigs (Hartley female, Hairless female, and Hairless male guinea pigs; n = 8 each group) were placed either singly or in pairs at 1 of the 8 randomized starting points within the apparatus. Subjects were observed for 30 min and coded for location within the temperature gradient by both frequency and duration. When placed singly in the apparatus, all 3 groups spent more time in the 30 °C zones. However, when placed as pairs with a cagemate, Hartley female guinea pigs spent more time in the cooler range of temperatures from 24 to 30 °C, whereas Hairless guinea pigs preferred a range of 30 to 38 °C. These results confirm a temperature preference of 30 ± 2 °C for both Hartley and Hairless guinea pigs when singly housed. However, data from the paired housing condition suggest that context plays an important role in thermoregulatory behavior. PMID:27025807

Brain and visceral involvement during congenital cytomegalovirus infection of guinea pigs.

PubMed

Griffith, B P; Lucia, H L; Hsiung, G D

1982-06-01

The virologic and histologic characteristics of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) were defined in 65 neonatal guinea pigs born from 27 mothers infected pregnancy. Infectious virus or tissue lesions were present in 54% of the neonates tested. Guinea pig CMV was detected most often in the salivary glands (72%) and spleen (33%) of infected guinea pigs. Less frequently, virus was also detected in the brain, lung, pancreas and liver. Tissue lesions were most frequently observed in the brain and kidney, but also occurred in the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, thymus and spleen. The histopathology was identical to that observed in infants with congenital CMV infection. Infectious virus and histopathology were present in newborn guinea pigs born from mothers infected at any time during gestation. Newborns from mothers infected during early stages of gestation and virus present most frequently in the salivary glands, whereas offspring of mothers infected in late pregnancy had virus present in several tissues. Acute maternal guinea pig CMV infection produced generalized CMV infection of the offspring which was followed by persistent infection in neonatal salivary glands. Lesions remained present in several neonatal tissues including the brain. The long term consequences of such lesions in affected guinea pigs remain to be determined. The results of the study emphasize the similarities between human congenital CMV infection and congenital guinea pig CMV infection, thereby underlining the utility of this animal model as a means of understanding human congenital CMV infection.

Sudden death in the presence of overt beta-adrenergic receptor activation in guinea pigs immediately following isoflurane anesthesia.

PubMed

Overholser, Brian R; Zheng, Xiaomei; Pell, Carrie; Blickman, Andrew

2010-05-01

A case series of sudden death is reported in five consecutive guinea pigs following anesthesia with inhalational isoflurane during beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation with isoproterenol. Sustained-release isoproterenol pellets or mini-osmotic pumps were implanted subcutaneously in male Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs as part of a research study to assess the interplay of adrenergic receptor activation and the development of atrial arrhythmias. The continuous exposure to isoproterenol resulted in a similar presentation and eventual sudden death in all guinea pigs exposed to inhalational isoflurane between 15 to 40 minutes after discontinuation of anesthesia. Death occurred in guinea pigs in this case series despite the fact that doses of isoproterenol used were more than 10-fold lower than previously reported in guinea pigs in the absence of isoflurane anesthesia. The cause of death was suspected to be due to an interaction of isoproterenol with isoflurane anesthesia, as placebo implantation or anesthesia alone did not result in cardiac arrest. Of four subsequent guinea pigs anesthetized with the combination of xylazine and ketamine (X/K), three survived isoproterenol implantation for the full 21-day study period while one died perioperatively. There was an increased rate of post-anesthetic mortality associated with isoproterenol pellet implantation in guinea pigs anesthetized with isoflurane compared to X/K. This may be due to the detrimental effects of the combination of isoflurane during overt beta-adrenergic receptor activation or cardioprotective effects of X/K anesthesia during beta-adrenergic receptor hyperactivity.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhuang Wenquan; Tan Guosheng; Guo Wenbo, E-mail: patrickguo2008@163.com

Objective: This study was designed to establish guinea pigs as an animal model for uterine artery embolization (UAE) with tris-acryl gelatin microspheres (TAGM). Methods: Twenty-five female adult guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups, including a uterine artery casting mould group (n = 10) and a UAE group (n = 15). Pelvic angiography and vascular casting mould were performed in the first group. The anatomical characters of the pelvic cavity in guinea pigs were described. In the second group, the technical feasibility of performing UAE with TAGM in guinea pigs was investigated. The histopathological slides of the uterus ofmore » guinea pigs after UAE were examined to inspect the outcomes of UAE. Results: The uterine artery springs from the internal iliac artery, ascends tortuously along the cervix, and gives off vertically 8-10 branches to the cervix uteri and uterine horns. The diameters of the trunk of the uterine artery and its first branch were 0.32 {+-} 0.027 mm and 0.14 {+-} 0.01 mm, respectively. For UAE animals, the dosages of 40-120 and 100-300 {mu}m TAGM were 0.033 {+-} 0.003 ml and 0.015 {+-} 0.002 ml, respectively. On histopathological slides, embosphere particles were found in the first branches of the uterine artery, the subserous arteries, and the intramural arteries. Inflammatory reactions in the uterus were common in guinea pigs after UAE. Local or dispersed areas of necrosis in uterus also were observed in a few guinea pigs. Conclusions: Guinea pigs are an appropriate and feasible model for UAE with TAGM.« less

Guinea pig model for evaluating the potential public health risk of swine and avian influenza viruses.

PubMed

Sun, Yipeng; Bi, Yuhai; Pu, Juan; Hu, Yanxin; Wang, Jingjing; Gao, Huijie; Liu, Linqing; Xu, Qi; Tan, Yuanyuan; Liu, Mengda; Guo, Xin; Yang, Hanchun; Liu, Jinhua

2010-11-23

The influenza viruses circulating in animals sporadically transmit to humans and pose pandemic threats. Animal models to evaluate the potential public health risk potential of these viruses are needed. We investigated the guinea pig as a mammalian model for the study of the replication and transmission characteristics of selected swine H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and avian H9N2 influenza viruses, compared to those of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal human H1N1, H3N2 influenza viruses. The swine and avian influenza viruses investigated were restricted to the respiratory system of guinea pigs and shed at high titers in nasal tracts without prior adaptation, similar to human strains. None of the swine and avian influenza viruses showed transmissibility among guinea pigs; in contrast, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus transmitted from infected guinea pigs to all animals and seasonal human influenza viruses could also horizontally transmit in guinea pigs. The analysis of the receptor distribution in the guinea pig respiratory tissues by lectin histochemistry indicated that both SAα2,3-Gal and SAα2,6-Gal receptors widely presented in the nasal tract and the trachea, while SAα2,3-Gal receptor was the main receptor in the lung. We propose that the guinea pig could serve as a useful mammalian model to evaluate the potential public health threat of swine and avian influenza viruses.

Ebola Virus Imported from Guinea to Senegal, 2014.

PubMed

Ka, Daye; Fall, Gamou; Diallo, Viviane Cissé; Faye, Ousmane; Fortes, Louise Deguenonvo; Faye, Oumar; Bah, Elhadji Ibrahim; Diallo, Kadia Mbaye; Balique, Fanny; Ndour, Cheikh Tidiane; Seydi, Moussa; Sall, Amadou Alpha

2017-06-01

In March 2014, the World Health Organization declared an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea. In August 2014, a case caused by virus imported from Guinea occurred in Senegal, most likely resulting from nonsecure funerals and travel. Preparedness and surveillance in Senegal probably prevented secondary cases.

9 CFR 3.31 - Sanitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... foods, or moisture condensation, the guinea pigs or hamsters shall be transferred to clean primary enclosures. (3) Prior to the introduction of guinea pigs or hamsters into empty primary enclosures previously...) Primary enclosures for guinea pigs or hamsters shall be sanitized by washing them with hot water (180 °F...

9 CFR 3.29 - Feeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS Specifications for the Humane Handling, Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.29 Feeding. (a) Guinea pigs and hamsters shall be fed... the normal daily requirements for the condition and size of the guinea pig or hamster. (b) Food...

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEHAVIORAL AND AUTONOMIC THERMOREGULATION IN THE GUINEA PIG

EPA Science Inventory

The study was conducted to correlate the preferred thermal environment of the unrestrained guinea pig with the activity of its thermoregulatory effectors when maintained under a wide range of ambient temperatures (Ta). Eight male guinea pigs were used in a series of experiments o...

9 CFR 3.33 - Classification and separation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.33 Classification and... following additional restrictions: (a) Except where harem breeding is practiced, preweanling guinea pigs shall not be housed in the same primary enclosure with adults other than their parents. (b) Guinea pigs...

9 CFR 3.33 - Classification and separation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.33 Classification and... following additional restrictions: (a) Except where harem breeding is practiced, preweanling guinea pigs shall not be housed in the same primary enclosure with adults other than their parents. (b) Guinea pigs...

9 CFR 3.33 - Classification and separation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.33 Classification and... following additional restrictions: (a) Except where harem breeding is practiced, preweanling guinea pigs shall not be housed in the same primary enclosure with adults other than their parents. (b) Guinea pigs...

9 CFR 3.33 - Classification and separation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Animal Health and Husbandry Standards § 3.33 Classification and... following additional restrictions: (a) Except where harem breeding is practiced, preweanling guinea pigs shall not be housed in the same primary enclosure with adults other than their parents. (b) Guinea pigs...

Estrogen and Hydroxysteroid Sulfotransterases in Guinea Pig Adrenal Cortex: Cellular and Subcellular Distributions

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-06-01

hydroxysteroid substrate specificities (32 and 33 kilodaltons, respectively) were previously purified from guinea pig adrenal cortex and characterized. Western...labeling with these antisera revealed that the sulfortransferases were expressed only within the ACTH- responsive layers of the guinea pig adrenal cortex

Brevetoxin Depresses Synaptic Transmission in Guinea Pig Hippocampal Slices

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

Brevetoxin depresses synaptic transmission in guinea pig hippocampal slices. Brain Res Bull 31(1/2) 201-207, 1993.--Extracellular recordings were...obtained from area CA1 of guinea pig hippocampal slices. PbTx-3, a brevetoxin fraction isolated from the red tide dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis, was

Crossed Looks: Globalisations and Curriculum in Guinea-Bissau

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

da Silva, Rui; dos Santos, Júlio Gonçalves; Pacheco, José Augusto

2015-01-01

This article focuses on education in Guinea-Bissau in the context of globalisations, examining the concept of globalisation and its relation to education and the curriculum. It focuses on the relatively neglected area of national education policies in Guinea-Bissau, comparing differences and common points of interference/influence of multilateral…

78 FR 16030 - Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Guinea

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-13

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8225] Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Guinea Pursuant to Section 7031(b)(3) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and... Guinea and I hereby waive this restriction. This determination and the accompanying Memorandum of...

Disrupting Assumptions about Vernacular Education in Papua New Guinea.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Honan, Eileen

2003-01-01

Outlines the author's experience at the Papua New Guinea Education Institute delivering in-service professional development programs to teachers who were implementing the country's new curriculum. Explains the notion of the "bridging years," when children in Papua New Guinea develop skills and knowledge in two cultures and two languages.…

Ebola Virus Imported from Guinea to Senegal, 2014

PubMed Central

Ka, Daye; Fall, Gamou; Diallo, Viviane Cissé; Fortes, Louise Deguenonvo; Faye, Oumar; Bah, Elhadji Ibrahim; Diallo, Kadia Mbaye; Balique, Fanny; Ndour, Cheikh Tidiane; Seydi, Moussa; Sall, Amadou Alpha

2017-01-01

In March 2014, the World Health Organization declared an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea. In August 2014, a case caused by virus imported from Guinea occurred in Senegal, most likely resulting from nonsecure funerals and travel. Preparedness and surveillance in Senegal probably prevented secondary cases. PMID:28518019

9 CFR 1.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... means any live or dead dog, cat, nonhuman primate, guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, or any other warmblooded... a pet in family households in the United States, such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and... are sold or offered for sale, at retail, for use as pets: Dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters...

9 CFR 3.26 - Facilities, indoor.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... housing facilities for guinea pigs or hamsters shall be sufficiently heated when necessary to protect the... facilities for guinea pigs or hamsters shall have ample light, by natural or artificial means, or both, of.... Primary enclosures shall be so placed as to protect the guinea pigs or hamsters from excessive...

21 CFR 610.11 - General safety.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... chamber, or heat treatment bath. (b) Test animals. Only overtly healthy guinea pigs weighing less than 400... guinea pigs. (2) Freeze-dried product for which the volume of reconstitution is not indicated on the....9. Administer the test product as approved on at least two mice and at least two guinea pigs. (3...

9 CFR 3.39 - Care in transit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... any of the live guinea pigs or hamsters are in obvious physical distress and to provide any needed veterinary care as soon as possible. When transported by air, live guinea pigs and hamsters shall be visually... during flight, the carrier shall visually observe the live guinea pigs or hamsters whenever loaded and...

9 CFR 3.35 - Consignments to carriers and intermediate handlers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.35 Consignments to... for transportation or transport, in commerce any live guinea pig or hamster in a primary enclosure... it cannot reasonably be expected to contain the live guinea pig or hamster without causing suffering...

77 FR 28799 - Animal Welfare; Retail Pet Stores and Licensing Exemptions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-16

... as pets are considered retail pet stores: Dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, rats... following animals are sold or offered for sale, at retail, for use as pets: Dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs... dogs, cats, birds, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, gophers, domestic ferrets, chinchilla, rats, and...

The Guinea Pigs of a Problem-Based Learning Curriculum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reddy, Sarasvathie; McKenna, Sioux

2016-01-01

Participants in a study on learning the clinical aspects of medicine in a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum repeatedly referred to themselves as "Guinea pigs" at the mercy of a curriculum experiment. This article interrogates and problematises the "Guinea pig" identity ascribed to and assumed by the first cohort of…

Supporting Early Childhood Teachers in Guinea-Bissau

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Portugal, Maria Gabriela; Aveleira, Ana Paula

2009-01-01

This article presents a reflective report on a project aiming to strengthen educators and improve early childhood education in Guinea-Bissau--one of the poorest countries on the African continent, where preschool teachers have no training and have to face several ongoing difficulties. Helping these Guinea-Bissau teachers to focus on curriculum…

Anticonvulsant Effects of Memantine and MK-801 in Guinea Pig Hippocampal Neurons.

DTIC Science & Technology

investigation we compared the anticonvulsant properties of Mem to those of MK-801 in guinea pig hippocampal slices. Extracellular recordings were...obtained from area CA1 of guinea pig hippocampal slices in a total submersion chamber at 32 deg C in normal oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF

[The phrenic nerve in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus L. 1756)].

PubMed

Salgado, M C; Orsi, A M; Vicentini, C A; Mello Dias, S

1983-01-01

The aim of the present study was the ascertain in the mode of origin of the phrenic nerve and to provide a morphological basis for experimental studies of this nerve in the guinea pig. In sketches made of the dissections, in 10 male and 10 female guinea pigs adults, the modes of origin of the phrenic roots were demonstrated to arise from the fourth to the seventh cervical nerves. Four types of origin could be distinguished. The phrenic nerve of guinea pig has three or four roots.

[Use of guinea pigs to evaluate the efficacy of a heterological immunoglobulin against Bolivian hemorrhagic fever].

PubMed

Khmelev, A L; Borisevich, I V; Pantiukhov, V B; Pirozhkov, A P; Syromiatnikova, S I; Shatokhina, I V; Mel'nikov, S A; Shagarov, E E

2009-01-01

The use of guinea pigs as a laboratory model was proven to be appropriate in investigating the protective properties of a heterological immunoglobulin against Bolivian hemorrhagic fever at the preclinical stage of the study. A highly pathogenic Machupo virus strain that caused guinea pigs' death with respect with an agent's dose was cultivated. Injection of 1.0 ml of the immunoglobulin provided a 100% protective effect for the guinea pigs infected with the highly pathogenic Machupo virus strain in a dose of 10 LD50.

Hypochlorite Solution as a Decontaminant in Sulfur Mustard Contaminated Skin Defects in the Euthymic Hairless Guinea Pig

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-13

AD-P008 792 Hyochlorte Solution as a Decossitamrsrl nan Sultur Mustard Contaminated Skin Defects in the Euthymesc Hailess Guinea Pig Mark B. Gol, OVM...euthymic hairles guinea pigs (EHGP) (n--6) were exposed tn 0 4 LD50 HO in a hA-thickntss 8 mm surgical bmop~sy skin deflect (ioe wound) Each animal was...in a animal model of an HO contaminated wound. The euthymic hairless guinea pig (EHGP) has been extensrvely studied and aicepted as the model of

Determining Optimal Microwave Antigen Retrieval Conditions for Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 Immunohistochemistry in the Guinea Pig Brain

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-12-01

sections of formalin-fixed guinea pig brains using different MAP-2 monoclonal antibodies. Brain sections were boiled in sodium citrate, citric acid...citric acid solution at pH 6.0 is the optimal microwave-assisted AR method for immunolabeling MAP-2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-processed guinea pig brain...studies on archival guinea pig brain paraffin blocks, ultimately relaxing the use of additional animals to evaluate changes in MAP-2 expression between chemical warfare nerve agent-treated and control samples.

Experimental Research Into High Barometric Oxygen Prevention of Guinea Pig Hearing Loss,

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-28

PREVENTION OF GUINEA PIG HEARING LOSS by Yin Jiacai, Sun Fang ren, et al. DTIC MLECTE •<• EP 2 9 1992 Approved for public release, Distribution unlimited...PREVENTION OF GUINEA PIG HEARING LOSS By: Yin Jiacai, Sun Fang ren, et al. English pages: 9 Source: Chung-Hua I Shueh Tsa Chih, Vol. 65, Nr. 11, Nov.eember...Distributionf._DL~~~t .•b • / or __ Dlist szeccat .lef ’ ~1 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTO HIGH BAROMETRIC OXYGEN PREVENTION OF GUINEA PIG HEARING LOSS BY: Yin

Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) eradication: a pilot study conducted at the Ohaukwu Local Government Areas, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, West Africa.

PubMed

Ogamdi, S O; Onwe, F

2001-01-01

The incidence and the prevalence of Guinea worm disease, a major cause of disability and a frequent cause of serious permanent deformity, were both drastically reduced in Ohaukwu Local Government Communities, with the provision (through bore holes) of a safer form of drinking water. Since 1986, the Carter Center program has been working to eradicate Guinea worm. The bore holes were dug through the Wasatan Project, a Japanese-funded grant awarded to the Enugu State Ministry of Health to help provide safer drinking water in the local communities. Bore holes were dug in several communities in Ohaukwu Local Government Areas between January 1991 and June 1991. The number of Guinea worm cases in the selected communities was ascertained and recorded by health workers. There was more than a 90% reduction in the number of Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) cases after one year. Data collection began in June 1991, shortly after the completion of bore holes in the selected communities. By December 1998, when one of the villages was spot checked for Guinea worm infection, no active case was found. There is a need for post evaluation of all the villages studied to determine the current prevalence of Guinea worm disease.

A new assay system for guinea pig interferon biological activity.

PubMed

Yamamoto, Toshiko; Jeevan, Amminikutty; Ohishi, Kazue; Nojima, Yasuhiro; Umemori, Kiyoko; Yamamoto, Saburo; McMurray, David N

2002-07-01

We have developed an assay system for guinea pig interferon (IFN) based on reduction of viral cytopathic effect (CPE) in various cell lines. CPE inhibition was detected optimally in the guinea pig fibroblast cell line 104C1 infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The amount of biologically active guinea pig IFN was quantified by estimating viable cell numbers colorimetrically by means of a tetrazolium compound, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST-1) and 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methylsulfate (PMS). WST-1 color developed until stopped by the addition of sulfuric acid. This had no effect on the colorimetric assay, and the color was stable for at least 24 h. The acid also inactivated the EMCV and, thus, eliminated the viral hazard. Inhibition of CPE activity was highly correlated with the concentration of culture supernatants from BCG-vaccinated guinea pig splenocytes stimulated in vitro with tuberculin or an immunostimulatory oligoDNA. This assay detected guinea pig IFN and human IFN-alpha, but not IFN-gamma from human, mouse, rat, pig, or dog. This assay system has proved useful for the titration of guinea pig IFN, being easy to perform, free from viral hazard, relatively species specific, highly reproducible, and inexpensive.

Chlamydia caviae infection alters abundance but not composition of the guinea pig vaginal microbiota

PubMed Central

Neuendorf, Elizabeth; Gajer, Pawel; Bowlin, Anne K.; Marques, Patricia X.; Ma, Bing; Yang, Hongqiu; Fu, Li; Humphrys, Michael S.; Forney, Larry J.; Myers, Garry S.A.; Bavoil, Patrik M.; Rank, Roger G.; Ravel, Jacques

2015-01-01

In humans, the vaginal microbiota is thought to be the first line of defense again pathogens including Chlamydia trachomatis. The guinea pig has been extensively used as a model to study chlamydial infection because it shares anatomical and physiological similarities with humans, such as a squamous vaginal epithelium as well as some of the long-term outcomes caused by chlamydial infection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the guinea pig-C. caviae model of genital infection as a surrogate for studying the role of the vaginal microbiota in the early steps of C. trachomatis infection in humans. We used culture-independent molecular methods to characterize the relative and absolute abundance of bacterial phylotypes in the guinea pig vaginal microbiota in animals non-infected, mock-infected or infected by C. caviae. We showed that the guinea pig and human vaginal microbiotas are of different bacterial composition and abundance. Chlamydia caviae infection had a profound effect on the absolute abundance of bacterial phylotypes but not on the composition of the guinea pig vaginal microbiota. Our findings compromise the validity of the guinea pig-C. caviae model to study the role of the vaginal microbiota during the early steps of sexually transmitted infection. PMID:25761873

Chlamydia caviae infection alters abundance but not composition of the guinea pig vaginal microbiota.

PubMed

Neuendorf, Elizabeth; Gajer, Pawel; Bowlin, Anne K; Marques, Patricia X; Ma, Bing; Yang, Hongqiu; Fu, Li; Humphrys, Michael S; Forney, Larry J; Myers, Garry S A; Bavoil, Patrik M; Rank, Roger G; Ravel, Jacques

2015-06-01

In humans, the vaginal microbiota is thought to be the first line of defense again pathogens including Chlamydia trachomatis. The guinea pig has been extensively used as a model to study chlamydial infection because it shares anatomical and physiological similarities with humans, such as a squamous vaginal epithelium as well as some of the long-term outcomes caused by chlamydial infection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the guinea pig-C. caviae model of genital infection as a surrogate for studying the role of the vaginal microbiota in the early steps of C. trachomatis infection in humans. We used culture-independent molecular methods to characterize the relative and absolute abundance of bacterial phylotypes in the guinea pig vaginal microbiota in animals non-infected, mock-infected or infected by C. caviae. We showed that the guinea pig and human vaginal microbiotas are of different bacterial composition and abundance. Chlamydia caviae infection had a profound effect on the absolute abundance of bacterial phylotypes but not on the composition of the guinea pig vaginal microbiota. Our findings compromise the validity of the guinea pig-C. caviae model to study the role of the vaginal microbiota during the early steps of sexually transmitted infection. © FEMS 2015.

Elucidation of Distinct Roles of Guinea Pig CXCR1 and CXCR2 in Neutrophil Migration toward IL-8 and GROα by Specific Antibodies.

PubMed

Tanaka, Kento; Yoshitomi, Tomomi; Hirahara, Kazuki

2017-01-01

Chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 are conserved between guinea pigs and humans, but the distinct role of each receptor in chemotactic responses of neutrophils against chemokine ligands has not been elucidated due in part to the lack of specific inhibitors against these receptors in guinea pigs. In this study, we investigated the roles of guinea pig CXCR1 and CXCR2 on neutrophils in chemotactic responses to guinea pig interleukin (IL)-8 and growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)α by using specific inhibitory antibodies against these receptors. Neutrophil migration induced by IL-8 was partially inhibited by either anti-CXCR1 antibody or anti-CXCR2 antibody. In addition, the migration was inhibited completely when both anti-CXCR1 and anti-CXCR2 antibodies were combined. On the other hand, neutrophil migration induced by GROα was not inhibited by anti-CXCR1 antibody while inhibited profoundly by anti-CXCR2 antibody. These results indicated that CXCR1 and CXCR2 mediated migration induced by the IL-8 synergistically and only CXCR2 mediated migration induced by GROα in guinea pig neutrophils. Our findings on ligand selectivity of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in guinea pigs are consistent with those in humans.

Vaccination with Trypanosoma rangeli induces resistance of guinea pigs to virulent Trypanosoma cruzi.

PubMed

Basso, B; Moretti, E; Fretes, R

2014-01-15

Chagas' disease, endemic in Latin America, is spread in natural environments through animal reservoirs, including marsupials, mice and guinea pigs. Farms breeding guinea pigs for food are located in some Latin-American countries with consequent risk of digestive infection. The aim of this work was to study the effect of vaccination with Trypanosoma rangeli in guinea pigs challenged with Trypanosoma cruzi. Animals were vaccinated with fixated epimastigotes of T. rangeli, emulsified with saponin. Controls received only PBS. Before being challenged with T. cruzi, parasitemia, survival rates and histological studies were performed. The vaccinated guinea pigs revealed significantly lower parasitemia than controls (p<0.0001-0.01) and a discrete lymphomonocytic infiltrate in cardiac and skeletal muscles was present. In the chronic phase, the histological view was normal. In contrast, control group revealed amastigote nests and typical histopathological alterations compatible with chagasic myocarditis, endocarditis and pericarditis. These results, together with previous works in our laboratory, show that T. rangeli induces immunoprotection in three species of animals: mice, guinea pigs and dogs. The development of vaccines for use in animals, like domestic dogs and guinea pigs in captivity, opens up new opportunities for preventive tools, and could reduce the risk of infection with T. cruzi in the community. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Protective effects of isorhynchophylline on cardiac arrhythmias in rats and guinea pigs.

PubMed

Gan, Runtao; Dong, Guo; Yu, Jiangbo; Wang, Xu; Fu, Songbin; Yang, Shusen

2011-09-01

As one important constituent extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine, Uncaria Rhynchophylla Miq Jacks, isorhynchophylline has been used to treat hypertension, epilepsy, headache, and other illnesses. Whether isorhynchophylline protects hearts against cardiac arrhythmias is still incompletely investigated. This study was therefore aimed to examine the preventive effects of isorhynchophylline on heart arrhythmias in guinea pigs and rats and then explore their electrophysiological mechanisms. In vivo, ouabain and calcium chloride were used to establish experimental arrhythmic models in guinea pigs and rats. In vitro, the whole-cell patch-lamp technique was used to study the effect of isorhynchophylline on action potential duration and calcium channels in acutely isolated guinea pig and rat cardiomyocytes. The dose of ouabain required to induce cardiac arrhythmias was much larger in guinea pigs administered with isorhynchophylline. Additionally, the onset time of cardiac arrhythmias induced by calcium chloride was prolonged, and the duration was shortened in rats pretreated with isorhynchophylline. The further study showed that isorhynchophylline could significantly decrease action potential duration and inhibit calcium currents in isolated guinea pig and rat cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, isorhynchophylline played a remarkably preventive role in cardiac arrhythmias through the inhibition of calcium currents in rats and guinea pigs. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Comparison of human and guinea pig acetylcholinesterase sequences and rates of oxime-assisted reactivation.

PubMed

Cadieux, C Linn; Broomfield, Clarence A; Kirkpatrick, Melanie G; Kazanski, Meghan E; Lenz, David E; Cerasoli, Douglas M

2010-09-06

Poisoning via organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents occurs when the OP binds and inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) which transmits signals between nerves and several key somatic regions. When AChE is inhibited, the signal initiated by ACh is not properly terminated. Excessive levels of ACh result in a cholinergic crisis, and in severe cases can lead to death. Current treatments for OP poisoning involve the administration of atropine, which blocks ACh receptors, and oximes, which reactivate AChE after inhibition. Efforts to improve the safety, efficacy, and broad spectrum utility of these treatments are ongoing and usually require the use of appropriate animal model systems. For OP poisoning, the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is a commonly used animal model because guinea pigs more closely mirror primate susceptibility to OP poisoning than do other animals such as rats and mice. This is most likely because among rodents and other small mammals, guinea pigs have a very low relative concentration of serum carboxylesterase, an enzyme known to bind OPs in vitro and to act as an endogenous bioscavenger in vivo. Although guinea pigs historically have been used to test OP poisoning therapies, it has been found recently that guinea pig AChE is substantially more resistant to oxime-mediated reactivation than human AChE. To examine the molecular basis for this difference, we reverse transcribed mRNA encoding guinea pig AChE, amplified the resulting cDNA, and sequenced this product. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of guinea pig AChE were then compared to the human version. Several amino acid differences were noted, and the predicted locations of these differences were mapped onto a structural model of human AChE. To examine directly how these differences affect oxime-mediated reactivation of AChE after inhibition by OPs, human and guinea pig red blood cell ghosts were prepared and used as sources of AChE, and the relative capacity of several different oximes to reactivate each OP-inhibited AChE were determined. The differences we report between human and guinea pig AChE raise additional concerns about the suitability of the guinea pig as an appropriate small animal model to approximate human responses to OP poisoning and therapies. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Guinea-Bissau.

PubMed

1985-04-01

This discussion of Guinea-Bissau focuses on the following: the people; geography; history; government and political conditions; the economy; foreign relations; and relations between the US and Guinea-Bissau. In 1983 the population was estimated at 827,000 with an annual estimated growth rate of 2.2%. 87% of the population was rural, with 13% living in urban areas. The infant mortality rate is 200/1000 with a life expectancy of 42 years. The population comprises several diverse tribal groups, each with its own language, customs, and social organization. Most people are farmers and follow the traditional religious beliefs of their forebears. Most of the nonindigenous population consists of a significant Cape Verdian ethnic community, a small Portuguese community engaged primarily in commerce and civil service, and a few foreign technical consultants. Guinea-Bissau is a small enclave on the west coast of Africa, bounded by Senegal and on the south and east by Guinea (Conakry). Portugal claimed Portuguese Guinea in 1446 when the fleet of Nuno Tristao arrived on the west coast of Africa. In 1956 the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) was organized clandestinely by the Amilcar Cabral and Raphael Barbosa. The PAIGC moved its headquarters to Conakry in 1960 and began an armed rebellion in 1961. Despite the presence of more than 30,000 Portuguese troops, the PAIGC exercised influence over much of the country by 1972. It established civilian rule in the territory that it controlled and elections took place for a National Assembly. The National Assembly of the PAIGC declared the independence of Guinea-Bissau on September 24, 1973. Portugal granted "de jure" independence on September 10, 1974, when the US recognized the new nation. Guinea-Bissau is a 1-party state. Until May 1984, power was held by a provisional government responsible to a Revolutionary Council. In May 1984 the Revolutionary Council was dissolved, and the 150-member National Popular Assembly was reconstituted. Guinea-Bissau is among the world's least developed nations. The principal economic activity is agriculture, and manufacturing is very limited. Guinea-Bissau has proclained a policy of nonalignment, balancing close ties with most communist states and good relations with other states. US assistance began in 1975, and in 1984 the Agency for International Development contributed $6 million in food and project and training assistance.

Expressed sequence tag analysis of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) eye tissues for NEIBank

PubMed Central

Simpanya, Mukoma F.; Wistow, Graeme; Gao, James; David, Larry L.; Giblin, Frank J.

2008-01-01

Purpose To characterize gene expression patterns in guinea pig ocular tissues and identify orthologs of human genes from NEIBank expressed sequence tags. Methods RNA was extracted from dissected eye tissues of 2.5-month-old guinea pigs to make three unamplified and unnormalized cDNA libraries in the pCMVSport-6 vector for the lens, retina, and eye minus lens and retina. Over 4,000 clones were sequenced from each library and were analyzed using GRIST for clustering and gene identification. Lens crystallin EST data were validated using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). Results Combined data from the three libraries generated a total of 6,694 distinctive gene clusters, with each library having between 1,000 and 3,000 clusters. Approximately 60% of the total gene clusters were novel cDNA sequences and had significant homologies to other mammalian sequences in GenBank. Complete cDNA sequences were obtained for many guinea pig lens proteins, including αA/αAinsert-, γN-, and γS-crystallins, lengsin and GRIFIN. The ratio of αA- to αB-crystallin on 2-DE gels was 8: 1 in the lens nucleus and 6.5: 1 in the cortex. Analysis of ESTs, genome sequence, and proteins (by MALDI), did not reveal any evidence for the presence of γD-, γE-, and γF-crystallin in the guinea pig. Predicted masses of many guinea pig lens crystallins were confirmed by ESIMS analysis. For the retina, orthologs of human phototransduction genes were found, such as Rhodopsin, S-antigen (Sag, Arrestin), and Transducin. The guinea-pig ortholog of NRL, a key rod photoreceptor-specific transcription factor, was also represented in EST data. In the ‘rest-of-eye’ library, the most abundant transcripts included decorin and keratin 12, representative of the cornea. Conclusions Genomic analysis of guinea pig eye tissues provides sequence-verified clones for future studies. Guinea pig orthologs of many human eye specific genes were identified. Guinea pig gene structures were similar to their human and rodent gene counterparts. Surprisingly, no orthologs of γD-, γE-, and γF-crystallin were found in EST, proteomic, or the current guinea pig genome data. PMID:19104676

Demonstration of a specific C3a receptor on guinea pig platelets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fukuoka, Y.; Hugli, T.E.

1988-05-15

Guinea pig platelets reportedly contain receptors specific for the anaphylatoxin C3a based on both ligand-binding studies and functional responses. A portion of the human 125I-C3a that binds to guinea pig platelets is competitively displaced by excess unlabeled C3a; however, the majority of ligand uptake was nonspecific. Uptake of 125I-C3a by guinea pig platelets is maximal in 1 min, and stimulation of guinea pig platelets by thrombin, ADP, or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 showed little influence on binding of the ligand. Scatchard analysis indicated that approximately 1200 binding sites for C3a exist per cell with an estimated Kd of 8 xmore » 10(-10) M. Human C3a des Arg also binds to guinea pig platelets, but Scatchard analysis indicated that no specific binding occurred. Because the ligand-binding studies were complicated by high levels of nonspecific uptake, we attempted to chemically cross-link the C3a molecule to a specific component on the platelet surface. Cross-linkage of 125I-C3a to guinea pig platelets with bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate revealed radioactive complexes at 105,000 and 115,000 m.w. on SDS-PAGE gels by autoradiographic analysis. In the presence of excess unlabeled C3a, complex formation was inhibited. No cross-linkage could be demonstrated between the inactive 125I-C3a des Arg and the putative C3a-R on guinea pig platelets. Human C3a, but not C3a des Arg induces serotonin release and aggregation of the guinea pig platelets. Human C3a was unable to induce either serotonin release or promote aggregation of human platelets. Uptake of human 125I-C3a by human platelets was not saturable, and Scatchard analysis was inconclusive. Attempts to cross-link 125I-C3a to components on the surface of human platelets also failed to reveal a ligand-receptor complex. Therefore, we conclude that guinea pig platelets have specific surface receptors to C3a and that human platelets appear devoid of receptors to the anaphylatoxin.« less

The OARSI Histopathology Initiative - Recommendations for Histological Assessments of Osteoarthritis in the Guinea Pig

PubMed Central

Kraus, Virginia B; Huebner, Janet L.; DeGroot, Jeroen; Bendele, Alison

2010-01-01

Objective This review focuses on the criteria for assessing osteoarthritis (OA) in the guinea pig at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, and recommends particular assessment criteria to assist standardization in the conduct and reporting of preclinical trails in guinea pig models of OA. Methods A review was conducted of all OA studies from 1958 until the present that utilized the guinea pig. The PubMed database was originally searched August 1, 2006 using the following search terms: guinea pig and osteoarthritis. We continued to check the database periodically throughout the process of preparing this chapter and the final search was conducted January 7, 2009. Additional studies were found in a review of abstracts from the OsteoArthritis Research Society International (OARSI) conferences, Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) conferences, and literature related to histology in other preclinical models of OA reviewed for relevant references. Studies that described or used systems for guinea pig joint scoring on a macroscopic, microscopic, or ultrastructural basis were included in the final comprehensive summary and review. General recommendations regarding methods of OA assessment in the guinea pig were derived on the basis of a comparison across studies and an inter-rater reliability assessment of the recommended scoring system. Results A histochemical-histological scoring system (based on one first introduced by H. Mankin) is recommended for semi-quantitative histological assessment of OA in the guinea pig, due to its already widespread adoption, ease of use, similarity to scoring systems used for OA in humans, its achievable high inter-rater reliability, and its demonstrated correlation with synovial fluid biomarker concentrations. Specific recommendations are also provided for histological scoring of synovitis and scoring of macroscopic lesions of OA. Conclusions As summarized herein, a wealth of tools exist to aid both in the semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment of OA in the guinea pig and provide a means of comprehensively characterizing the whole joint organ. In an ongoing effort at standardization, we recommend specific criteria for assessing the guinea pig model of OA as part of an OARSI initiative, termed herein the OARSI-HISTOgp recommendations. PMID:20864022

Assessment of gastrointestinal pH, fluid and lymphoid tissue in the guinea pig, rabbit and pig, and implications for their use in drug development.

PubMed

Merchant, Hamid A; McConnell, Emma L; Liu, Fang; Ramaswamy, Chandrasekaran; Kulkarni, Rucha P; Basit, Abdul W; Murdan, Sudaxshina

2011-01-18

Laboratory animals are often used in drug delivery and research. However, basic information about their gastrointestinal pH, fluid volume, and lymphoid tissue is not completely known. We have investigated these post-mortem in healthy guinea pigs, rabbits and pigs, to assess their suitability for pre-clinical studies by comparing the results with reported human literature. The mean gastric pH (fed ad libitum) was 2.9 and 4.4 in guinea pig and pig, respectively. In contrast, a very low pH (1.6) was recorded in the rabbits. The small intestinal pH was found in the range of 6.4-7.4 in the guinea pigs and rabbits, whereas lower pH (6.1-6.7) was recorded in the pig, which may have consequences for ionisable or pH responsive systems when tested in pig. A relatively lower pH than in the small intestine was found in the caecum (6.0-6.4) and colon (6.1-6.6) of the guinea pig, rabbit and the pig. The water content in the gastrointestinal tract of guinea pig, rabbit and pig was 51g, 153g and 1546g, respectively. When normalized to the body weight, the guinea pig, had larger amounts of water compared to the rabbit and the pig (guinea pig>rabbit>pig); in contrast, a reverse order was found when normalized to per unit length of the gut (guinea pig

Wild genius - domestic fool? Spatial learning abilities of wild and domestic guinea pigs.

PubMed

Lewejohann, Lars; Pickel, Thorsten; Sachser, Norbert; Kaiser, Sylvia

2010-03-25

Domestic animals and their wild relatives differ in a wide variety of aspects. The process of domestication of the domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus), starting at least 4500 years ago, led to changes in the anatomy, physiology, and behaviour compared with their wild relative, the wild cavy, Cavia aperea. Although domestic guinea pigs are widely used as a laboratory animal, learning and memory capabilities are often disregarded as being very scarce. Even less is known about learning and memory of wild cavies. In this regard, one striking domestic trait is a reduction in relative brain size, which in the domesticated form of the guinea pig amounts to 13%. However, the common belief, that such a reduction of brain size in the course of domestication of different species is accomplished by less learning capabilities is not at all very well established in the literature. Indeed, domestic animals might also even outperform their wild conspecifics taking advantage of their adaptation to a man-made environment.In our study we compared the spatial learning abilities of wild and domestic guinea pigs. We expected that the two forms are different regarding their learning performance possibly related to the process of domestication. Therefore wild cavies as well as domestic guinea pigs of both sexes, aged 35 to 45 days, were tested in the Morris water maze to investigate their ability of spatial learning. Both, wild cavies and domestic guinea pigs were able to learn the task, proving the water maze to be a suitable test also for wild cavies. Regarding the speed of learning, male as well as female domestic guinea pigs outperformed their wild conspecifics significantly. Interestingly, only domestic guinea pigs showed a significant spatial association of the platform position, while other effective search strategies were used by wild cavies. The results demonstrate that domestic guinea pigs do not at all perform worse than their wild relatives in tests of spatial learning abilities. Yet, the contrary seems to be true. Hence, artificial selection and breeding did not lead to a cognitive decline but rather to an adaptation to man-made environment that allows solving the task more efficiently.

Wild genius - domestic fool? Spatial learning abilities of wild and domestic guinea pigs

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background Domestic animals and their wild relatives differ in a wide variety of aspects. The process of domestication of the domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus), starting at least 4500 years ago, led to changes in the anatomy, physiology, and behaviour compared with their wild relative, the wild cavy, Cavia aperea. Although domestic guinea pigs are widely used as a laboratory animal, learning and memory capabilities are often disregarded as being very scarce. Even less is known about learning and memory of wild cavies. In this regard, one striking domestic trait is a reduction in relative brain size, which in the domesticated form of the guinea pig amounts to 13%. However, the common belief, that such a reduction of brain size in the course of domestication of different species is accomplished by less learning capabilities is not at all very well established in the literature. Indeed, domestic animals might also even outperform their wild conspecifics taking advantage of their adaptation to a man-made environment. In our study we compared the spatial learning abilities of wild and domestic guinea pigs. We expected that the two forms are different regarding their learning performance possibly related to the process of domestication. Therefore wild cavies as well as domestic guinea pigs of both sexes, aged 35 to 45 days, were tested in the Morris water maze to investigate their ability of spatial learning. Results Both, wild cavies and domestic guinea pigs were able to learn the task, proving the water maze to be a suitable test also for wild cavies. Regarding the speed of learning, male as well as female domestic guinea pigs outperformed their wild conspecifics significantly. Interestingly, only domestic guinea pigs showed a significant spatial association of the platform position, while other effective search strategies were used by wild cavies. Conclusion The results demonstrate that domestic guinea pigs do not at all perform worse than their wild relatives in tests of spatial learning abilities. Yet, the contrary seems to be true. Hence, artificial selection and breeding did not lead to a cognitive decline but rather to an adaptation to man-made environment that allows solving the task more efficiently. PMID:20334697

Kinetics of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha gene expression and their relationship with disease progression after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Roh, In Soon; Cho, Sungae; Eum, Seok-Yong; Cho, Sang-Nae

2013-05-01

Guinea pig is one of the most suitable animal models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection since it shows similarities to pulmonary infection in humans. Although guinea pig shows hematogenous spread of M. tb infection into the whole body, immunological studies have mainly focused on granulomatous tissues in lungs and spleens. In order to investigate the time-course of disease pathogenesis and immunological profiles in each infected organ, we performed the following approaches with guinea pigs experimentally infected with M. tb over a 22-week post-infection period. We examined body weight changes, M. tb growth curve, cytokine gene expression (IFN-γ and TNF-α), and histopathology in liver, spleen, lungs and lymph nodes of infected guinea pigs. The body weights of infected guinea pigs did not increase as much as uninfected ones and the number of M. tb bacilli in their organs increased except bronchotracheal lymph node during the experimental period. The gene expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α was induced between 3 and 6 weeks of infection; however, kinetic profiles of cytokine gene expression showed heterogeneity among organs over the study period. Histophathologically granulomatous lesions were developed in all four organs of infected guinea pigs. Although IFN-γ and TNF-α gene expression profiles showed heterogeneity, the granuloma formation was clearly observed in every organ regardless of whether the number of bacilli increased or decreased. However, this protective immunity was accompanied with severe tissue damage in all four organs, which may lead to the death of guinea pigs.

Evolution of the Southern Guinea Plateau: Implications on Guinea-Demerara Plateau formation using insights from seismic, subsidence, and gravity data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olyphant, Jared R.; Johnson, Roy A.; Hughes, Amanda N.

2017-10-01

The Guinea Plateau (offshore Guinea) and its conjugate, the Demerara Plateau (offshore French Guiana), comprise two of the most prominent passive continental margins in the Atlantic Ocean. The conjugate plateaus formed as a result of two periods of rifting, the Jurassic opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean and the northward-propagating Cretaceous opening of the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Although several studies are published on the Demerara Plateau that explain the evolution of its multi-rift history and the effect of rifting on its distinct geometry, the Guinea Plateau, and in particular its south-eastern margin, remain relatively unexplored in the literature. Here we present interpretations of the structure and evolution of the Guinea Plateau using recent 2-D and 3-D seismic-reflection data collected at the intersection of the southern and eastern margins. We substantiate our study with calculated subsidence curves at four locations along the southern margin, as well as two 2-D gravity forward models along regional seismic-reflection profiles to estimate stretching factors (β) and crustal thicknesses. We combine our results with previous studies concerning the south-western Guinea margin, and compare them to published interpretations regarding the conjugate margins of the Demerara Plateau. The resolved amounts of rift-related volcanism, listric-style normal faults, and moderate stretching factors suggest that a component of upper-crustal asymmetry (simple shear) and depth-dependent stretching may have persisted at the Demerara-Guinea conjugate margins during Cretaceous rifting of the equatorial segment of the Southern Atlantic Ocean.

Receptors for substance P. II. Classification by agonist fragments and homologues.

PubMed

Regoli, D; Mizrahi, J; D'Orléans-Juste, P; Escher, E

1984-01-27

Substance P (SP), a series of C-terminal fragments, SP-(2-11), SP-(3-11), SP-(4-11), SP-(5-11), SP-(6-11), SP-(7-11) and the homologues physalaemin, eledoisin and kassinin were used to measure the order of potency of agonists in five pharmacological preparations. These are: the guinea pig ileum, the guinea pig trachea, the rabbit mesenteric vein, the dog common carotid artery and the rabbit aorta. Apparent affinities (pD2) and relative activities of SP-related peptides were measured in the absence and presence of antagonists (a mixture of atropine, indomethacin and diphenhydramine) in the guinea pig ileum and the rabbit mesenteric vein, in the absence and presence of indomethacin in the guinea pig trachea and in tissues with intact endothelium (the dog carotid artery and the rabbit aorta). The orders of potency measured in the absence and presence of antagonists in the guinea pig ileum were different, while no major changes were noted in two other preparations, namely the guinea pig trachea and the rabbit mesenteric vein. The order of potency of agonists determined with homologues revealed the existence of three major patterns namely: kassinin greater than eledoisin greater than physalaemin = SP in the guinea pig trachea and the rabbit mesenteric vein, SP = physalaemin greater than eledoisin greater than kassinin in the arterial smooth muscle of the dog carotid artery and the rabbit aorta and physalaemin greater than kassinin greater than eledoisin greater than SP in the guinea pig ileum treated with antagonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation of H9N2 AIV in guinea pigs enables efficient transmission by direct contact and inefficient transmission by respiratory droplets

PubMed Central

Sang, Xiaoyu; Wang, Airong; Ding, Jie; Kong, Huihui; Gao, Xiaolong; Li, Lin; Chai, Tongjie; Li, Yuanguo; Zhang, Kun; Wang, Chengyu; Wan, Zhonghai; Huang, Geng; Wang, Tiecheng; Feng, Na; Zheng, Xuexing; Wang, Hualei; Zhao, Yongkun; Yang, Songtao; Qian, Jun; Hu, Guixue; Gao, Yuwei; Xia, Xianzhu

2015-01-01

H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulate worldwide in poultry and have sporadically infected humans, raising concern whether H9N2 viruses have pandemic potential. Here, we use a guinea pig model to examine whether serial passage results in adaptive viral changes that confer a transmissible phenotype to a wild-type H9N2 virus. After nine serial passages of an H9N2 virus through guinea pigs, productive transmission by direct contact occurred in 2/3 guinea pig pairs. The efficiency of transmission by direct contact increased following the fifteenth passage and occurred in 3/3 guinea pig pairs. In contrast, airborne transmission of the passaged virus was less efficient and occurred in 1/6 guinea pig pairs and 0/6 ferret pairs after the fifteenth passage. Three amino acid substitutions, HA1-Q227P, HA2-D46E, and NP-E434K, were sufficient for contact transmission in guinea pigs (2/3 pairs). The two HA amino acid substitutions enhanced receptor binding to α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors. Additionally, the HA2-D46E substitution increased virus thermostability whereas the NP-E434K mutation enhanced viral RNA polymerase activity in vitro. Our findings suggest that adaptive changes that enhance viral receptor binding, thermostability, and replicative capacity in mammalian cells can collectively enhance the transmissibility of H9N2 AIVs by direct contact in the guinea pig model. PMID:26552719

Guinea Pig Model for Evaluating the Potential Public Health Risk of Swine and Avian Influenza Viruses

PubMed Central

Pu, Juan; Hu, Yanxin; Wang, Jingjing; Gao, Huijie; Liu, Linqing; Xu, Qi; Tan, Yuanyuan; Liu, Mengda; Guo, Xin; Yang, Hanchun; Liu, Jinhua

2010-01-01

Background The influenza viruses circulating in animals sporadically transmit to humans and pose pandemic threats. Animal models to evaluate the potential public health risk potential of these viruses are needed. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the guinea pig as a mammalian model for the study of the replication and transmission characteristics of selected swine H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and avian H9N2 influenza viruses, compared to those of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal human H1N1, H3N2 influenza viruses. The swine and avian influenza viruses investigated were restricted to the respiratory system of guinea pigs and shed at high titers in nasal tracts without prior adaptation, similar to human strains. None of the swine and avian influenza viruses showed transmissibility among guinea pigs; in contrast, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus transmitted from infected guinea pigs to all animals and seasonal human influenza viruses could also horizontally transmit in guinea pigs. The analysis of the receptor distribution in the guinea pig respiratory tissues by lectin histochemistry indicated that both SAα2,3-Gal and SAα2,6-Gal receptors widely presented in the nasal tract and the trachea, while SAα2,3-Gal receptor was the main receptor in the lung. Conclusions/Significance We propose that the guinea pig could serve as a useful mammalian model to evaluate the potential public health threat of swine and avian influenza viruses. PMID:21124850

78 FR 76699 - Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Guinea

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-18

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8556] Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Guinea Pursuant to Section 7031(b)(3) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and... prior year Acts with respect to Guinea and I hereby waive this restriction. This determination and the...

76 FR 61133 - Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Guinea-Bissau

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-03

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice: 7626] Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Guinea-Bissau Pursuant to Section 7086(c)(2) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations... Guinea-Bissau and I hereby waive such restriction. This determination shall be reported to the Congress...

9 CFR 3.37 - Primary conveyances (motor vehicle, rail, air, and marine).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.37 Primary... transporting live guinea pigs and hamsters shall be designed and constructed to protect the health, and ensure the safety and comfort of the live guinea pigs and hamsters at all times. (b) The animal cargo space...

Pidgin and English in Melanesia: Is There a Continuum?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Siegel, Jeff

1997-01-01

Examines the linguistic features of Tok Pisin (the Papua New Guinea variety of Melanesian Pidgin) resulting from decreolization and the linguistic features of Papua New Guinea English. Discusses code-switching and transference between Tok Pisin and English and concludes that an English-to-pidgin continuum does not exist in Papua New Guinea or in…

Virginia Woolf's "Three Guineas" and Betty Friedan's "The Second Stage": The Role of the Outsider.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hynes, Nancy

Although both Virginia Woolf in "Three Guineas" and Betty Friedan in "The Second Stage" address the role of women as "outsiders" in a male-dominated society, their attitudes towards the issue--despite certain similarities--differ in at least one important way. "Three Guineas," a feminist-pacifist satire on…

9 CFR 113.66 - Anthrax Spore Vaccine-Nonencapsulated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Forty-two susceptible guinea pigs from the same source each weighing 400 to 500 grams, shall be used as... conducted. The guinea pigs used as vaccinates shall be injected as recommended on the label with a... and controls shall each be challenged with not less than 4,500 guinea pig LD50 of a virulent...

9 CFR 3.37 - Primary conveyances (motor vehicle, rail, air, and marine).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.37 Primary... transporting live guinea pigs and hamsters shall be designed and constructed to protect the health, and ensure the safety and comfort of the live guinea pigs and hamsters at all times. (b) The animal cargo space...

9 CFR 3.41 - Handling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Welfare regulations and who moves live guinea pigs or hamsters from an animal holding area of a terminal... person subject to the Animal Welfare Act and holding any live guinea pig or hamster in an animal holding area of a terminal facility or transporting any live guinea pig or hamster to or from a terminal...

Spot-on Treatments of Diflubenzuron and Permethrin to Control a Guinea Pig Louse, Gliricola Porcelli (Phthiraptera: Gyropidae)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus (L.)) (Rodentia: Caviidae) are pets and laboratory animals. They can be infested by a chewing louse, Gliricola porcelli (Schrank) (Phthiraptera: Gyropidae), which is fairly common in some animal rearing facilities, pet stores, and on wild guinea pigs. Infestation with G....

9 CFR 3.38 - Food and water requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.38 Food and water requirements. (a) If live guinea pigs or hamsters are to be transported for a period of more than 6 hours, the animals shall..., research facility, exhibitor or operator of an auction sale offering any live guinea pig or hamster to any...

9 CFR 113.409 - Tuberculin-PPD Bovis, Intradermic.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Tuberculin supplied by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (1) Test animals. White female guinea pigs... used in a previous test, shall be used in the specificity test. Twenty-three guinea pigs (10 sensitized... being tested, and 20 guinea pigs (10 sensitized with M. bovis and 10 sensitized with M. avium) shall be...

Zika Virus IgG in Infants with Microcephaly, Guinea-Bissau, 2016.

PubMed

Rosenstierne, Maiken Worsøe; Schaltz-Buchholzer, Frederik; Bruzadelli, Fernanda; Có, Asson; Cardoso, Placido; Jørgensen, Charlotte Sværke; Michiels, Johan; Heyndrickx, Leo; Ariën, Kevin K; Fischer, Thea Kølsen; Fomsgaard, Anders

2018-05-01

We analyzed blood samples from infants born with microcephaly and their mothers in Guinea-Bissau in 2016 for pathogens associated with birth defects. No Zika virus RNA was detected, but Zika virus IgG was highly prevalent. We recommend implementing pathogen screening of infants with congenital defects in Guinea-Bissau.

9 CFR 3.37 - Primary conveyances (motor vehicle, rail, air, and marine).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.37 Primary... transporting live guinea pigs and hamsters shall be designed and constructed to protect the health, and ensure the safety and comfort of the live guinea pigs and hamsters at all times. (b) The animal cargo space...

9 CFR 3.37 - Primary conveyances (motor vehicle, rail, air, and marine).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.37 Primary... transporting live guinea pigs and hamsters shall be designed and constructed to protect the health, and ensure the safety and comfort of the live guinea pigs and hamsters at all times. (b) The animal cargo space...

9 CFR 3.37 - Primary conveyances (motor vehicle, rail, air, and marine).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Transportation Standards § 3.37 Primary... transporting live guinea pigs and hamsters shall be designed and constructed to protect the health, and ensure the safety and comfort of the live guinea pigs and hamsters at all times. (b) The animal cargo space...

SOME HISTOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF GUINEA PIG TISSUES TO COLD,

DTIC Science & Technology

Guinea pigs weighing approximately 300 gm were kept in a cold room, held at 6C, for two weeks. Various organs were then studied histochemically...Liver glycogen is rapidly used up in cold-exposed guinea pigs . The fate of liver lipids is unknown. Lipids in the cortex of the adrenals appear to

[The problem of intoxication in the population of the Republic of Guinea due to venomous snake bites].

PubMed

Bal'de, M S; Konstantinov, O K; Kamara, S K

2006-01-01

Intoxication of the population of Guinea due to venomous snake bites (100-150 intoxications per 100,000 with an 18% mortality rate) is a serious public health problem in the Republic of Guinea. Guinea's fauna of venomous snakes is diverse and numbers 20 species that are dangerous to human beings. The representatives of the family Elapidae (cobras and mambas) whose venom is highly toxic (LD50 5-12 mg) are responsible for the bulk (59.6%) of their bites. There has been recently an increase in the number of deaths from venomous snake bites, as high as 60% of the patients consulting a doctor being notified in one of the prefectures. At the same time the situation associated with the availability of antisnake serum is critical in the country due to its minute amount and to the inaccessibility of its high prices. By taking into account the great demand for the serum in Guinea, as everywhere over West Africa (thousands of doses every year), its manufacture may be profitable for potential investors and partners of the Pasteur Institute of Guinea.

Usefulness and limitations of various guinea-pig test methods in detecting human skin sensitizers-validation of guinea-pig tests for skin hypersensitivity.

PubMed

Marzulli, F; Maguire, H C

1982-02-01

Several guinea-pig predictive test methods were evaluated by comparison of results with those obtained with human predictive tests, using ten compounds that have been used in cosmetics. The method involves the statistical analysis of the frequency with which guinea-pig tests agree with the findings of tests in humans. In addition, the frequencies of false positive and false negative predictive findings are considered and statistically analysed. The results clearly demonstrate the superiority of adjuvant tests (complete Freund's adjuvant) in determining skin sensitizers and the overall superiority of the guinea-pig maximization test in providing results similar to those obtained by human testing. A procedure is suggested for utilizing adjuvant and non-adjuvant test methods for characterizing compounds as of weak, moderate or strong sensitizing potential.

Epidemiology of Epidemic Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry and Surrounding Prefectures, Guinea, 2014-2015.

PubMed

Rico, Adriana; Brody, Debra; Coronado, Fátima; Rondy, Marc; Fiebig, Lena; Carcelen, Andrea; Deyde, Varough M; Mesfin, Samuel; Retzer, Kyla D; Bilivogui, Pepe; Keita, Sakoba; Dahl, Benjamin A

2016-02-01

In 2014, Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa was first reported during March in 3 southeastern prefectures in Guinea; from there, the disease rapidly spread across West Africa. We describe the epidemiology of EVD cases reported in Guinea's capital, Conakry, and 4 surrounding prefectures (Coyah, Dubreka, Forecariah, and Kindia), encompassing a full year of the epidemic. A total of 1,355 EVD cases, representing ≈40% of cases reported in Guinea, originated from these areas. Overall, Forecariah had the highest cumulative incidence (4× higher than that in Conakry). Case-fatality percentage ranged from 40% in Conakry to 60% in Kindia. Cumulative incidence was slightly higher among male than female residents, although incidences by prefecture and commune differed by sex. Over the course of the year, Conakry and neighboring prefectures became the EVD epicenter in Guinea.

Expression of interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA does not correlate with protection in guinea pigs challenged with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the respiratory route.

PubMed

Jeevan, Amminikutty; Bonilla, Diana Lucia; McMurray, David Neil

2009-09-01

Cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was investigated in the spleen and lung digest cells of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated and non-vaccinated guinea pigs following low-dose, pulmonary exposure to virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After purified protein derivative (PPD) stimulation, the levels of lung cell interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and spleen cell interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40 mRNAs were significantly increased in the non-vaccinated M. tuberculosis-infected guinea pigs compared to the BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. In contrast, the expression of anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor-beta and IL-10 mRNAs was significantly enhanced in the spleens of BCG-vaccinated animals. Despite the presence of protective cytokine mRNA expression, the non-vaccinated guinea pigs had significantly higher lung and spleen bacterial burdens. In contrast, BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs controlled the bacterial multiplication in their lungs and spleens, indicating that both protective as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine responses are associated with a reduction in bacteria. In addition, lung digest cells from non-vaccinated guinea pigs contained a significantly higher percentage of neutrophils, CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells, while the percentage of macrophages was increased in the BCG-vaccinated animals. Total and purified lung digest T cells co-cultured with lung macrophages (LMøs) proliferated poorly after PPD stimulation in both non-vaccinated and BCG-vaccinated animals while robust proliferation to PPD was observed when T cells were co-cultured with peritoneal macrophages (PMøs). Macrophages within the lung compartment appear to regulate the response of T cells irrespective of the vaccination status in guinea pigs. Taken together, our results suggest that type I cytokine mRNA expression is not associated with vaccine-induced protection in the low-dose guinea pig model of tuberculosis.

Spontaneous Behavior in Noise and Silence: A Possible New Measure to Assess Tinnitus in Guinea Pigs

PubMed Central

Heeringa, Amarins N.; Agterberg, Martijn J. H.; van Dijk, Pim

2014-01-01

This study describes two experiments that were conducted in search for a behavioral paradigm to test for tinnitus in guinea pigs. Conditioning paradigms are available to determine the presence of tinnitus in animals and are based on the assumption that tinnitus impairs their ability to detect silent intervals in continuous noise. Guinea pigs have not been subjected to these paradigms yet; therefore, we investigated whether guinea pigs could be conditioned in the two-way shuttle-box paradigm to respond to silent intervals in noise. Even though guinea pigs could be trained relatively easy to respond to the presence of a noise interval, training guinea pigs to silent intervals in noise was unsuccessful. Instead, it appeared that they became immobile when the continuous stimulus was suddenly stopped. This was confirmed by the next experiment, in which we subjected guinea pigs to alternating intervals of noise and silence with a random duration between 30 and 120 s. Indeed, guinea pigs were significantly longer immobile during silence compared to during noise. By interpreting immobility as a signature of perceiving silence, we hypothesized that the presence of tinnitus would reduce immobility in silence. Therefore, we unilaterally exposed one group of guinea pigs to an 11-kHz tone of 124 dB sound pressure level for 1 h. A subset of the exposed animals was significantly more active in silence, but also more active in noise, as compared to the control group. The increased mobility during silent intervals might represent tinnitus. However, the increased mobility in noise of this group implies that the observed behavior could have derived from, e.g., an overall increase in activity. Therefore, conducting validation experiments is very important before implementing this method as a new screening tool for tinnitus. Follow-up experiments are discussed to further elucidate the origin of the increased mobility in both silence and noise. PMID:25360130

M/sub r/ 25,000 heparin-binding protein from guinea pig brain is a high molecular weight form of basic fibroblast growth factor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moscatelli, D.; Joseph-Silverstein, J.; Manejias, R.

1987-08-01

A M/sub r/ 25,000 form of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been isolated from guinea pig grain along with the typical M/sub r/ 18,000 form. Both forms were purified to homogeneity by a combination of heparin-affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography on an FPLC Mono S column. The M/sub r/ 25,000 form, like the M/sub r/ 18,000 form was not eluted from the heparin-affinity column with 0.95 M NaCl, but was eluted with 2 M NaCl. The M/sub r/ 25,000 guinea pig protein stimulated plasminogen activator production by cultured bovine capillary endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentration ofmore » 0.1-10 ngml, the same range that was effective for guinea pig and human M/sub r/ 18,000 bFGFs. The binding of human /sup 125/I-labeled bFGF to baby hamster kidney cells is inhibited equally by the M/sub r/ 25,000 guinea pig protein and the M/sub r/ 18,000 guinea pig and human bFGFs. Polyclonal antibodies raised against human bFGF recognize both the M/sub r/ 25,000 and 18,000 guinea pig proteins in an immunoblot analysis. In a radioimmunoassay, both the M/sub r/ 25,000 and M/sub r/ 18,000 guinea pig proteins compete equally well with iodinated human bFGF for binding to the anti-human bFGF antibodies. When treated with low concentrations of trypsin, the M/sub r/ 25,000 guinea pig bFGF was converted to a M/sub r/ 18,000 protein. These results show that the two molecules are closely related and suggest that the M/sub r/ 25,000 protein shares substantial homology with the M/sub r/ 18,000 bFGF« less

Neogene carbonate exploration play concepts for Northern New Guinea: New iteration from field work and seismic stratigraphy along the Northern New Guinea Fault Zone

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pigott, J.D.; Geiger, C.

1994-07-01

Recent field reconnaissance, petrography, nanno and foraminifera age determinations, and seismic stratigraphy of the Sepik and Piore subbasins of northern New Guinea reveal the existence of an extensive, tectonically unstable, Miocene-Pliocene carbonate shelf system. These findings represent the first recorded evidence of northern Papuan limestones coeval in age to those of the hydrocarbon productive Salawati Basin of Irian Jaya. Moreover, these observations also demonstrate the significance of episodic activities of the northern New Guinea fault zone upon the changes in carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis. During the Neogene, algal biosparites to foraminiferal biomicrites defined the clean portion of a mixed clastic-carbonatemore » shelf system of the northern New Guinea basin, which began at the central New Guinea cordillera and deepened northward. This shelf was interrupted by coral-coralline algal boundstone fringing- to patch-reef buildups with associated skeletal grainstones. Clean carbonates were spatially and temporally restricted to basement blocks, which episodically underwent uplift while terrigenous dilutes carbonates were more common in adjacently subsiding basement block bathymetric lows. These tectonic expressions were caused by the spatially transient nature of constraining bends of the evolving north New Guinea faults. As shown by seismic stratigraphy, by the late Miocene to the early Pliocene the uplift of the Bewani-Torricelli Mountains sagittally divided the shelf of the northern New Guinea basin into the Ramu-Sepik and the Piore basins. Continued regional sinistral transpression between the Pacific and the New Guinea leading edge of the Indo-Australian plates led to the reverse tilting of the Piore basin, the shallowing of the former distal shelf with concomitant extensive biolithite development (e.g., on subsiding volcanic islands) eventual uplifting of the Oenake Range, and en echelon faulting of the Bewani-Torricelli Mountains.« less

DEMONSTRATION IN VITRO OF ANAPHYLACTOID RESPONSE OF THE UTERUS AND ILEUM OF GUINEA PIGS INJECTED WITH TESTIS OR SPERM

PubMed Central

Katsh, Seymour

1958-01-01

Female guinea pigs were injected with the following materials: homogenates of guinea pig testis in saline or in adjuvant; suspensions of washed guinea pig sperm in saline or in adjuvant; homogenates of rabbit testis in adjuvant; guinea pig sperm and rabbit sperm in adjuvant. Control animals were not injected or were injected with adjuvant alone. At various times between 15 and 39 days after injection, the animals were sacrificed. Their ilea and uterine horns were removed and tested in vitro for reaction to washed epididymal sperm of the guinea pig, rabbit, or bull. It was found that the animals which were injected with homologous testis or sperm in adjuvant possessed organs which responded strongly to the challenge with homologous sperm. The response was a contracture which began 10 to 30 seconds after the sperm were injected into the bath and lasted for 5 minutes to 4 hours, the longest period of observation. Responses which lasted for periods of 5 minutes to 30 minutes were obtained with the uteri of the animals injected with guinea pig testis in saline or with guinea pig sperm in saline. Animals which were injected with rabbit testis and adjuvant responded to rabbit sperm, and animals injected with guinea pig sperm and rabbit sperm in adjuvant reacted to both gametes. A large proportion of the control animals possessed organs which reacted weakly to the challenge with homologous sperm. Retesting the organ which had contracted following exposure to sperm indicated that desensitization had occurred. Testing with heterologous sperm indicated a species selectivity. The evidence is interpreted to mean that injections of sperm or testis induce a hypersensitivity which is similar in some respects but differs from true anaphylaxis. The findings are discussed from the point of view of the nature of the response and the implications regarding natural immunity to sperm. PMID:13481258

Immunogenicity, Protective Efficacy, and Non-Replicative Status of the HSV-2 Vaccine Candidate HSV529 in Mice and Guinea Pigs

PubMed Central

Bernard, Marie-Clotilde; Barban, Véronique; Pradezynski, Fabrine; de Montfort, Aymeric; Ryall, Robert; Caillet, Catherine; Londono-Hayes, Patricia

2015-01-01

HSV-2 vaccine is needed to prevent genital disease, latent infection, and virus transmission. A replication-deficient mutant virus (dl5-29) has demonstrated promising efficacy in animal models of genital herpes. However, the immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and non-replicative status of the highly purified clinical vaccine candidate (HSV529) derived from dl5-29 have not been evaluated. Humoral and cellular immune responses were measured in mice and guinea pigs immunized with HSV529. Protection against acute and recurrent genital herpes, mortality, latent infection, and viral shedding after vaginal HSV-2 infection was determined in mice or in naïve and HSV-1 seropositive guinea pigs. HSV529 replication and pathogenicity were investigated in three sensitive models of virus replication: severe combined immunodeficient (SCID/Beige) mice inoculated by the intramuscular route, suckling mice inoculated by the intracranial route, and vaginally-inoculated guinea pigs. HSV529 immunization induced HSV-2-neutralizing antibody production in mice and guinea pigs. In mice, it induced production of specific HSV-2 antibodies and splenocytes secreting IFNγ or IL-5. Immunization effectively prevented HSV-2 infection in all three animal models by reducing mortality, acute genital disease severity and frequency, and viral shedding. It also reduced ganglionic viral latency and recurrent disease in naïve and HSV-1 seropositive guinea pigs. HSV529 replication/propagation was not detected in the muscles of SCID/Beige mice, in the brains of suckling mice, or in vaginal secretions of inoculated guinea pigs. These results confirm the non-replicative status, as well as its immunogenicity and efficacy in mice and guinea pigs, including HSV-1 seropositive guinea pigs. In mice, HSV529 produced Th1/Th2 characteristic immune response thought to be necessary for an effective vaccine. These results further support the clinical investigation of HSV529 in human subjects as a prophylactic vaccine. PMID:25837802

A model of type 2 diabetes in the guinea pig using sequential diet-induced glucose intolerance and streptozotocin treatment.

PubMed

Podell, Brendan K; Ackart, David F; Richardson, Michael A; DiLisio, James E; Pulford, Bruce; Basaraba, Randall J

2017-02-01

Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among noncommunicable diseases, and additional animal models that more closely replicate the pathogenesis of human type 2 diabetes are needed. The goal of this study was to develop a model of type 2 diabetes in guinea pigs, in which diet-induced glucose intolerance precedes β-cell cytotoxicity, two processes that are crucial to the development of human type 2 diabetes. Guinea pigs developed impaired glucose tolerance after 8 weeks of feeding on a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, as determined by oral glucose challenge. Diet-induced glucose intolerance was accompanied by β-cell hyperplasia, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia with hepatocellular steatosis. Streptozotocin (STZ) treatment alone was ineffective at inducing diabetic hyperglycemia in guinea pigs, which failed to develop sustained glucose intolerance or fasting hyperglycemia and returned to euglycemia within 21 days after treatment. However, when high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet-fed guinea pigs were treated with STZ, glucose intolerance and fasting hyperglycemia persisted beyond 21 days post-STZ treatment. Guinea pigs with diet-induced glucose intolerance subsequently treated with STZ demonstrated an insulin-secretory capacity consistent with insulin-independent diabetes. This insulin-independent state was confirmed by response to oral antihyperglycemic drugs, metformin and glipizide, which resolved glucose intolerance and extended survival compared with guinea pigs with uncontrolled diabetes. In this study, we have developed a model of sequential glucose intolerance and β-cell loss, through high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet and extensive optimization of STZ treatment in the guinea pig, which closely resembles human type 2 diabetes. This model will prove useful in the study of insulin-independent diabetes pathogenesis with or without comorbidities, where the guinea pig serves as a relevant model species. © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Calcium-independent haemolysis via the lectin pathway of complement activation in the guinea-pig and other *

PubMed Central

Zhang, Y; Suankratay, C; Zhang, X-H; Jones, D R; Lint, T F; Gewurz, H

1999-01-01

We previously reported that complement-dependent haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes (E) coated with mannan (M) and sensitized with human mannan-binding lectin (MBL) via the lectin pathway in man occurs in Mg-EGTA and requires alternative pathway amplification. Calcium was required for MBL binding to E-M, but once the E-M-MBL intermediate was formed, MBL was retained and haemolysis occurred in the absence of calcium. Comparable or greater lectin pathway haemolysis in the absence of calcium was observed upon incubation of E-M-MBL in guinea-pig, rat, dog and pig sera, and was further investigated in the guinea-pig, in which titres were much higher (∼14-fold) than in man, and in contrast to humans, greater than classical pathway haemolytic activity. As in human serum, no lysis was observed in C4- or C2-deficient guinea-pig serum until purified C4 or C2, respectively, were restored. However, lectin pathway haemolytic activity in the guinea-pig did not require the alternative pathway. Removal (>98%) of factor D activity by three sequential passages through Sephadex G-75, resulting in serum which retained a normal classical pathway but no alternative pathway haemolytic activity, did not reduce the ability of guinea-pig serum to mediate haemolysis via the lectin pathway. Further, the C3-convertase formed via the lectin pathway (E-M-MBL-C4,2) lysed in C2-deficient guinea-pig but not human serum chelated with EDTA, a condition which precludes alternative pathway amplification. Thus, lectin pathway haemolysis occurs efficiently in guinea-pig serum, in the absence of calcium and without requirement for alternative pathway amplification. The guinea-pig provides a model for studying the assembly and haemolytic function of a lectin pathway which contrasts with the lectin pathway of man, and allows for comparisons that may help clarify the role of this pathway in complement biology. PMID:10457224

Development of a Method to Determine the Audiogram of the Guinea Pig for Threshold Shift Studies,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

AD-A139 717 DEVELOPENI OF A MEHO 10O DEUUUINE tHE AU0IOOGAB Of II THE GUINEA PIG FP0.6 I ARM AEOICAL RESEARCH LAO FORT RUICKER AL. C COMPEIIAIOAE It...tS4 USAARL REPORT NO. 84 - 4 RESU DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD TO DETERMINE THE AUDIOGRAM OF THE GUINEA PIG FOR THRESHOLD SHIFT STUDIES By Carlos Comperatore...Determine the Audiogram of the Guinea Pig for Threshold Shift Studies G. PERFORMING ORo. REPORT MummaR 7. AUTHOR(e) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSERa) Carlos

Immunologic studies of poisonous Anacardiaceae: I. Production of tolerance and desensitization to poison Ivy and oak urushiols using esterified urushiol derivatives in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Watson, E S; Murphy, J C; Wirth, P W; Waller, C W; Elsohly, M A

1981-03-01

The development of contact sensitivity to poison ivy urushiol in Hartley guinea pigs was inhibited by i.v. injection of the diacetate esters of poison ivy and oak urushiols into guinea pigs 2 weeks prior to attempted sensitization with homologous antigen. Immune tolerance to urushiols of poison ivy and oak developed in 80% or more of the treated animals and persisted for the duration of the study, 8 weeks. The tolerance was immunologically specific for urushiols since the tolerant animals were sensitizable to the unrelated sensitizer 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene. Guinea pigs already sensitive to urushiol were also desensitized or hyposensitizied by i.v. injection of urushiol acetates in successively increasing doses. After receiving the equivalent of 16 mg of poison ivy and oak urushiols in the acetate form over a period of 12 weeks, 54% of a group of guinea pigs were desensitized to poison ivy. all of the remaining 46% of the guinea pigs still sensitive to poison ivy were substantially hyposensitized (no longer responded to 1.5 or 0.80 microgram test doses of PDC). A control group of guinea pigs was not hyposensitized by injection of vehicle, and remained highly sensitive throughout the 15 week study. The majority of treated animals (less than 80%) were also hyposensitized to poison sumac and cashew nut shell liquid allergens.

Veterinarian Nominated Common Conditions of Rabbits and Guinea Pigs Compared with Published Literature

PubMed Central

Robinson, Natalie J.; Lyons, Emma; Grindlay, Douglas

2017-01-01

Rabbits and guinea pigs are increasingly popular pets in the UK, yet little is known about their common ailments, or how these relate to what appears in the published literature. The aim of this study was to characterise the common conditions of rabbits and guinea pigs, and to compare these with the topics found in the published literature. Information about the common conditions seen in rabbits and guinea pigs in clinical practice was obtained from a survey of UK veterinarians. The common conditions seen were compared with results from a structured literature search. Conditions relating to the dental (29.9%), and skin (37.6%) body systems were commonly nominated by veterinarians for rabbits and guinea pigs, respectively. A total of 655 rabbit and 1086 guinea pig citations were examined and there appeared to be a mismatch between the conditions nominated in the veterinary questionnaire, and those found in the literature. This is the first time that the published literature has been compared to the nominated caseload of veterinarians in practice, and there is concern that the literature about rabbits and guinea pigs may not be representative of, or relevant to the caseload seen in clinical practice. This is of importance for clinicians being able to apply an objective, evidence-based approach. The publishing of clinically-relevant, research-based evidence should be prioritised. PMID:29165371

76 FR 61133 - Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Guinea

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-03

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice: 7629] Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Guinea Pursuant to Section 7086(c)(2) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and... United States to waive the requirements of Section 7086(c)(1) of the Act with respect to Guinea and I...

9 CFR 113.114 - Tetanus Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... tested for potency. A group of 10 guinea pigs consisting of an equal number of males and females weighing... product labels. (1) Six weeks after injection, all surviving guinea pigs shall be bled and equal portions... serums have an antitoxin titer of at least 2.0 A.U. per ml, the serial may be retested in 10 guinea pigs...

Endemic human paragonimiasis in Equatorial Guinea. Detection of the existence of endemic human paragonimiasis in Equatorial Guinea as a result of an integrated sanitary programme.

PubMed

Simarro, P P; Alamo, A; Sima, F O; Roche, J; Mir, M; Ndong, P

1991-07-01

Between February and April 1990 the first five cases of human paragonimiasis, tentatively due to Paragonimus africanus, have been detected in Equatorial Guinea, thanks to the normal activities of the National Schistosomiasis Project and its coordination with the National Tuberculosis Project.

9 CFR 113.114 - Tetanus Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... tested for potency. A group of 10 guinea pigs consisting of an equal number of males and females weighing... product labels. (1) Six weeks after injection, all surviving guinea pigs shall be bled and equal portions... serums have an antitoxin titer of at least 2.0 A.U. per ml, the serial may be retested in 10 guinea pigs...

9 CFR 113.114 - Tetanus Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... tested for potency. A group of 10 guinea pigs consisting of an equal number of males and females weighing... product labels. (1) Six weeks after injection, all surviving guinea pigs shall be bled and equal portions... serums have an antitoxin titer of at least 2.0 A.U. per ml, the serial may be retested in 10 guinea pigs...

9 CFR 113.114 - Tetanus Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... tested for potency. A group of 10 guinea pigs consisting of an equal number of males and females weighing... product labels. (1) Six weeks after injection, all surviving guinea pigs shall be bled and equal portions... serums have an antitoxin titer of at least 2.0 A.U. per ml, the serial may be retested in 10 guinea pigs...

9 CFR 113.114 - Tetanus Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... tested for potency. A group of 10 guinea pigs consisting of an equal number of males and females weighing... product labels. (1) Six weeks after injection, all surviving guinea pigs shall be bled and equal portions... serums have an antitoxin titer of at least 2.0 A.U. per ml, the serial may be retested in 10 guinea pigs...

THE BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF NORMAL GUINEA PIG SERUM AGAINST LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND ITS INHIBITION BY A LISTERIAL CELL EXTRACT,

DTIC Science & Technology

Normal guinea pig serum contains bactericidins active against Listeria monocytogenes. The listeriocidal activity of the serum did not increase after...factor. Lysozyme was not implicated in the bactericidal system. It was suggested that the bactericidal activity of guinea pig serum might be due either to

Phenotypic diversity, major genes and production potential of local chickens and guinea fowl in Tamale, northern Ghana

PubMed Central

Brown, Michael Mensah; Alenyorege, Benjamin; Teye, Gabriel Ayum; Roessler, Regina

2017-01-01

Objective Our study provides information on phenotypes of local chickens and guinea fowl and their body measures as well as on major genes in local chickens in northern Ghana. Methods Qualitative and morphometric traits were recorded on 788 local chickens and 394 guinea fowl in urban households in Tamale, Ghana. Results The results showed considerable variation of color traits and numerous major genes in local chickens, while color variations and related genotypes in guinea fowl were limited. In local chickens, white was preferred for plumage, whereas dark colors were preferred for beak and shanks. More than half of the chickens carried at least one major gene, but the contributions of single gene carriers were low. All calculated allele frequencies were significantly lower than their expected Mendelian allele frequencies. We observed higher mean body weight and larger linear body measures in male as compared to female chickens. In female chickens, we detected a small effect of major genes on body weight and chest circumference. In addition, we found some association between feather type and plumage color. In guinea fowl, seven distinct plumage colors were observed, of which pearl grey pied and pearl grey were the most prevalent. Male pearl grey pied guinea fowl were inferior to pearl grey and white guinea fowl in terms of body weight, body length and chest circumference; their shank length was lower than that of pearl grey fowl. Conclusion Considerable variation in qualitative traits of local chickens may be indicative of genetic diversity within local chicken populations, but major genes were rare. In contrast, phenotypic and genetic diversity in local guinea fowl is limited. Broader genetic diversity studies and evaluation of trait preferences of local poultry producers are required for the design of appropriate breeding programs. PMID:28728378

Feeding of Dehulled-micronized Faba Bean (Vicia faba var. minor) as Substitute for Soybean Meal in Guinea Fowl Broilers: Effect on Productive Performance and Meat Quality

PubMed Central

Tufarelli, Vincenzo; Laudadio, Vito

2015-01-01

The present study aimed to assess the effect of dietary substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with dehulled-micronized faba bean (Vicia faba var. minor) in guinea fowl broilers on their growth traits, carcass quality, and meat fatty acids composition. In this trial, 120 day-old guinea fowl keets were randomly assigned to two treatments which were fed from hatch to 12 weeks of age. Birds were fed two wheat middlings-based diets comprising of a control treatment which contained SBM (78.3 g/kg) and a test diet containing dehulled-micronized faba bean (130 g/kg) as the main protein source. Substituting SBM with faba bean had no adverse effect on growth traits, dressing percentage, or breast and thigh muscles relative weight of the guinea fowls. Conversely, a decrease (p<0.05) of abdominal fat was found in guinea fowls fed the faba bean-diet. Breast muscle of birds fed faba bean had higher L* score (p<0.05) and water-holding capacity (p<0.05) than the SBM control diet. Meat from guinea fowls fed faba bean had less total lipids (p<0.05) and cholesterol (p<0.01), and higher concentrations of phospholipids (p<0.01). Feeding faba bean increased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in breast meat and decreased the saturated fatty acid levels. Moreover, dietary faba bean improved the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes in guinea fowl breast meat. Results indicated that substitution of SBM with faba bean meal in guinea fowl diet can improve carcass qualitative traits, enhancing also meat lipid profile without negatively affecting growth performance. PMID:26323403

Phenotypic diversity, major genes and production potential of local chickens and guinea fowl in Tamale, northern Ghana.

PubMed

Brown, Michael Mensah; Alenyorege, Benjamin; Teye, Gabriel Ayum; Roessler, Regina

2017-10-01

Our study provides information on phenotypes of local chickens and guinea fowl and their body measures as well as on major genes in local chickens in northern Ghana. Qualitative and morphometric traits were recorded on 788 local chickens and 394 guinea fowl in urban households in Tamale, Ghana. The results showed considerable variation of color traits and numerous major genes in local chickens, while color variations and related genotypes in guinea fowl were limited. In local chickens, white was preferred for plumage, whereas dark colors were preferred for beak and shanks. More than half of the chickens carried at least one major gene, but the contributions of single gene carriers were low. All calculated allele frequencies were significantly lower than their expected Mendelian allele frequencies. We observed higher mean body weight and larger linear body measures in male as compared to female chickens. In female chickens, we detected a small effect of major genes on body weight and chest circumference. In addition, we found some association between feather type and plumage color. In guinea fowl, seven distinct plumage colors were observed, of which pearl grey pied and pearl grey were the most prevalent. Male pearl grey pied guinea fowl were inferior to pearl grey and white guinea fowl in terms of body weight, body length and chest circumference; their shank length was lower than that of pearl grey fowl. Considerable variation in qualitative traits of local chickens may be indicative of genetic diversity within local chicken populations, but major genes were rare. In contrast, phenotypic and genetic diversity in local guinea fowl is limited. Broader genetic diversity studies and evaluation of trait preferences of local poultry producers are required for the design of appropriate breeding programs.

Guinea pig adenovirus infection does not inhibit cochlear transfection with human adenoviral vectors in a model of hearing loss.

PubMed

Hankenson, F Claire; Wathen, Asheley B; Eaton, Kathryn A; Miyazawa, Toru; Swiderski, Donald L; Raphael, Yehoash

2010-04-01

Routine surveillance of guinea pigs maintained within a barrier facility detected guinea pig adenovirus (GPAdV) in sentinel animals. These guinea pigs served as models of induced hearing loss followed by regeneration of cochlear sensory (hair) cells through transdifferentiation of nonsensory cells by using human adenoviral (hAV) gene therapy. To determine whether natural GPAdV infection affected the ability of hAV vectors to transfect inner ear cells, adult male pigmented guinea pigs (n = 7) were enrolled in this study because of their prolonged exposure to GPAdV-seropositive conspecifics. Animals were deafened chemically (n = 2), received an hAV vector carrying the gene for green fluorescent protein (hAV-GFP) surgically without prior deafening (n = 2), or were deafened chemically with subsequent surgical inoculation of hAV-GFP (n = 3). Cochleae were evaluated by using fluorescence microscopy, and GFP expression in supporting cells indicated that the hAV-GFP vector was able to transfect inner ears in GPAdV-seropositive guinea pigs that had been chemically deafened. Animals had histologic evidence of interstitial pneumonia, attributable to prior infection with GPAdV. These findings confirmed that the described guinea pigs were less robust animal models with diminished utility for the overall studies. Serology tests confirmed that 5 of 7 animals (71%) were positive for antibodies against GPAdV at necropsy, approximately 7 mo after initial detection of sentinel infection. Control animals (n = 5) were confirmed to be seronegative for GPAdV with clinically normal pulmonary tissue. This study is the first to demonstrate that natural GPAdV infection does not negatively affect transfection with hAV vectors into guinea pig inner ear cells, despite the presence of other health complications attributed to the viral infection.

[Study of the effect of JNK signal transduction pathway in intense noise-induced apoptosis in cochlea of guinea pig].

PubMed

Xue, Qiuhong; Chen, Jia; Gong, Shusheng; Xie, Jing; He, Jian; Chen, Xiaolin

2009-12-01

To investigate the mechanism of intense noise-induced cochlea cells death in guinea pig, and the effect of JNK signal transduction pathway in the procedure of cochlea cells apoptosis by intense noise-induced. Thirty-two guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups. The guinea pigs in the experiment groups were exposed to 4 kHz narrow band noise at 120 dB SPL for 4 h. After the noise expose for 1, 4, 14 days of the experiment guinea pigs, ABR of the guinea pigs on experiment and control groups were tested before put them to death. Four guinea pig's cochleas of every group were taken to paraffin section, and the rest was extracted the total cochlear's protein. Apoptosis was tested by terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (d-UTP) nick and labeling method (TUNEL). The phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun were tested by immunohistochemistry and western blot methods. Tunel-Positive cells in the Corti's, SGC and SV of experiment groups, and there have significant differences compared with the control group (P<0.01) and Tunel-Positive cells are most in 1 d experiment group. The positive cells of P-JNK and P-c-Jun could be detected in guinea pig's cochleas after noise exposed, but no positive cells were found in the control. Protein levels of P-JNK and P-c-Jun were risen up and activated quickly after noise exposed, and achieved peak in 1 d, 4 d and then fallen-offs, but still maintained higher levels within 14 d. Intense noise causes cochlea cell lesion by inducing apoptosis to result in and JNK signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the procedure of apoptosis.

PCO(2) in the large intestine of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and dogs and effects of the dietary substrate.

PubMed

Rasmussen, Henrik; Mirtaheri, Peyman; Dirven, Hubert; Johnsen, Helge; Kvarstein, Gunnvald; Tønnessen, Tor Inge; Midtvedt, Tore

2002-01-01

PCO(2) in the lumen and serosa of cecum and colon was measured in rats, guinea pigs, and dogs to examine the relationship between serosal PCO(2) and the incidence of intestinal necrotic lesions after administration of gas-carrier contrast agents in rodents. The effects of the dietary substrate were tested in a group of mice maintained on a diet based on glucose as the only carbohydrate source. The anesthetic used was a fentanyl-fluanison-midazolam mixture (rodents) and pentobarbital (dogs). PCO(2) was measured in vivo and postmortem, and the kinetics of the postmortem serosal PCO(2) [transmural CO(2) flux (J(CO(2)))] was calculated. PCO(2) in the cecal serosa and lumen, respectively, was 64 +/- 4 and 392 +/- 18 Torr in rats, 67 +/- 3 and 276 +/- 17 Torr in guinea pigs, and 73 +/- 6 and 137 +/- 7 Torr in mice on glucose-based diet. In the colon serosa and lumen of dogs, PCO(2) was 30 +/- 6 and 523 +/- 67 Torr, respectively. Serosal PCO(2) increased rapidly after death in rats and slower in guinea pigs and mice, and the slowest change was observed in dogs. Compared with dogs, serosal PCO(2) and J(CO(2)) of rats and guinea pigs were significantly higher. Serosal PCO(2) of guinea pigs was similar to that of rats, whereas the J(CO(2)) of guinea pigs was significantly lower. These data suggest a causal relationship between the ability of the cecal and colonic wall to act as a barrier to CO(2) diffusion and the presence of characteristic gas-carrier contrast agent-induced intestinal lesions in mice and rats and their absence in guinea pigs, dogs, and other species.

Feeding of Dehulled-micronized Faba Bean (Vicia faba var. minor) as Substitute for Soybean Meal in Guinea Fowl Broilers: Effect on Productive Performance and Meat Quality.

PubMed

Tufarelli, Vincenzo; Laudadio, Vito

2015-10-01

The present study aimed to assess the effect of dietary substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with dehulled-micronized faba bean (Vicia faba var. minor) in guinea fowl broilers on their growth traits, carcass quality, and meat fatty acids composition. In this trial, 120 day-old guinea fowl keets were randomly assigned to two treatments which were fed from hatch to 12 weeks of age. Birds were fed two wheat middlings-based diets comprising of a control treatment which contained SBM (78.3 g/kg) and a test diet containing dehulled-micronized faba bean (130 g/kg) as the main protein source. Substituting SBM with faba bean had no adverse effect on growth traits, dressing percentage, or breast and thigh muscles relative weight of the guinea fowls. Conversely, a decrease (p<0.05) of abdominal fat was found in guinea fowls fed the faba bean-diet. Breast muscle of birds fed faba bean had higher L* score (p<0.05) and water-holding capacity (p<0.05) than the SBM control diet. Meat from guinea fowls fed faba bean had less total lipids (p<0.05) and cholesterol (p<0.01), and higher concentrations of phospholipids (p<0.01). Feeding faba bean increased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in breast meat and decreased the saturated fatty acid levels. Moreover, dietary faba bean improved the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes in guinea fowl breast meat. Results indicated that substitution of SBM with faba bean meal in guinea fowl diet can improve carcass qualitative traits, enhancing also meat lipid profile without negatively affecting growth performance.

Characterization of the guinea pig animal model and subsequent comparison of the behavioral effects of selective dopaminergic drugs and methamphetamine

PubMed Central

Lee, Kiera-Nicole; Pellom, Samuel T.; Oliver, Ericka; Chirwa, Sanika

2014-01-01

Though not commonly used in behavior tests guinea pigs may offer subtle behavior repertoires that better mimic human activity and warrant study. To test this, 31 Hartley guinea pigs (male, 200–250 g) were evaluated in PhenoTyper cages using the video-tracking EthoVision XT 7.0 software. Results showed that guinea pigs spent more time in the hidden zone (small box in corner of cage) than the food/water zone, or arena zone. Guinea pigs exhibited thigmotaxis (a wall following strategy) and were active throughout the light and dark phases. Eating and drinking occurred throughout the light and dark phases. An injection of 0.25 mg/kg SCH23390, the dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) antagonist, produced significant decreases in time spent in the hidden zone. There were insignificant changes in time spent in the hidden zone for guinea pigs treated with 7.5 mg SKF38393 (D1R agonist), 1.0 mg/kg sulpiride (D2R antagonist), and 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg methamphetamine. Locomotor activity profiles were unchanged after injections of saline, SKF38393, SCH23390 and sulpiride. By contrast, a single injection or repeated administration for 7 days of low-dose methamphetamine induced transient hyperactivity but this declined to baseline levels over the 22-hour observation period. Guinea pigs treated with high-dose methamphetamine displayed sustained hyperactivity and travelled significantly greater distances over the circadian cycle. Subsequent 7-day treatment with high-dose methamphetamine induced motor sensitization and significant increases in total distances moved relative to single drug injections or saline controls. These results highlight the versatility and unique features of the guinea pig for studying brain-behavior interactions. PMID:24436154

Monovalent virus-like particle vaccine protects guinea pigs and nonhuman primates against infection with multiple Marburg viruses.

PubMed

Swenson, Dana L; Warfield, Kelly L; Larsen, Tom; Alves, D Anthony; Coberley, Sadie S; Bavari, Sina

2008-05-01

Virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines have the advantage of being morphologically and antigenically similar to the live virus from which they are derived. Expression of the glycoprotein and VP40 matrix protein from Lake Victoria marburgvirus (MARV) results in spontaneous production of VLPs in mammalian cells. Guinea pigs vaccinated with Marburg virus VLPs (mVLPs) or inactivated MARV (iMARV) develop homologous humoral and T-cell responses and are completely protected from a lethal homologous MARV challenge. To determine whether mVLPs based on the Musoke (aka Lake Victoria) isolate of MARV could broadly protect against diverse isolates of MARV, guinea pigs were vaccinated with mVLPs or iMARV-Musoke and challenged with MARV-Musoke, -Ravn or -Ci67. Prior to challenge, the mVLP- and iMARV-vaccinated guinea pigs had high levels of homologous MARV-Musoke and heterologous MARV-Ravn and -Ci67 antibodies. The Musoke-based mVLPs and iMARV vaccines provided complete protection in guinea pigs against viremia, viral replication and pathological changes in tissues, and lethal disease following challenge with MARV-Musoke, -Ravn or -Ci67. Guinea pigs vaccinated with RIBI adjuvant alone and infected with guinea pig-adapted MARV-Musoke, -Ravn or -Ci67 had histopathologic findings similar to those seen in the nonhuman primate model for MARV infection. Based on the strong protection observed in guinea pigs, we next vaccinated cynomolgus macaques with Musoke-based mVLPs and showed the VLP-vaccinated monkeys were broadly protected against three isolates of MARV (Musoke, Ravn and Ci67). Musoke mVLPs are effective at inducing broad heterologous immunity and protection against multiple MARV isolates.

Epidemiology of chronic kidney diseases in the Republic of Guinea; future dialysis needs

PubMed Central

Bah, Alpha Oumar; Lamine, Cisse; Balde, Mamadou Cellou; Bah, Mamadou Lamine Yaya; Rostaing, Lionel

2015-01-01

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide and can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Objectives: Because few patients with ESRD in the Republic of Guinea have access to haemodialysis, we retrospectively evaluated the prevalence of CKD, ESRD and access to supportive therapies. Patients and Methods: 579 CKD patients (304 males; mean age: 44 ± 16 years) were admitted into Conakry nephrology department, the only centre in the Republic of Guinea, between 2009 and 2013. Most patients (63%) resided within Conakry (the capital), 12.5% came from lower Guinea, 11.7% from middle Guinea, 7.9% from upper Guinea and 4.8% from forest Guinea. Results: Reasons for referral were increased serum creatinine (49.5%), hypertension (27%) and diffuse edema (17%). Also, 11% were diabetic, 12.5% were smokers, 17% were HIV-positive, 8.3% were HBV-positive and 15% were HCV-positive. The most frequent symptom at admission was nausea/vomiting (56%). Upon admission, 70.5% of patients already had ESRD. Although no kidney biopsies were performed it was assumed that 34% and 27% of patients had vascular nephropathy and chronic glomerulonephritis, respectively. Of the 385 ESRD patients, only 140 (36.3%) had access to haemodialysis (two sessions/week, 4 hours each). Most patients that received haemodialysis resided within the Conakry region (P < 0.0001). There were significant associations between mortality and (i) terminal stage of CKD (P = 0.0005), (ii) vascular nephropathy (P = 0.002), and (iii) nephropathies of unknown origin (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: A fourfold increase in haemodialysis machines is needed in Conakry, plus four new nephrology/haemodialysis centres within the Republic of Guinea, each holding ≥30 haemodialysis machines. PMID:26457260

Epidemiology of chronic kidney diseases in the Republic of Guinea; future dialysis needs.

PubMed

Bah, Alpha Oumar; Lamine, Cisse; Balde, Mamadou Cellou; Bah, Mamadou Lamine Yaya; Rostaing, Lionel

2015-10-01

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide and can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Because few patients with ESRD in the Republic of Guinea have access to haemodialysis, we retrospectively evaluated the prevalence of CKD, ESRD and access to supportive therapies. 579 CKD patients (304 males; mean age: 44 ± 16 years) were admitted into Conakry nephrology department, the only centre in the Republic of Guinea, between 2009 and 2013. Most patients (63%) resided within Conakry (the capital), 12.5% came from lower Guinea, 11.7% from middle Guinea, 7.9% from upper Guinea and 4.8% from forest Guinea. Reasons for referral were increased serum creatinine (49.5%), hypertension (27%) and diffuse edema (17%). Also, 11% were diabetic, 12.5% were smokers, 17% were HIV-positive, 8.3% were HBV-positive and 15% were HCV-positive. The most frequent symptom at admission was nausea/vomiting (56%). Upon admission, 70.5% of patients already had ESRD. Although no kidney biopsies were performed it was assumed that 34% and 27% of patients had vascular nephropathy and chronic glomerulonephritis, respectively. Of the 385 ESRD patients, only 140 (36.3%) had access to haemodialysis (two sessions/week, 4 hours each). Most patients that received haemodialysis resided within the Conakry region (P < 0.0001). There were significant associations between mortality and (i) terminal stage of CKD (P = 0.0005), (ii) vascular nephropathy (P = 0.002), and (iii) nephropathies of unknown origin (P = 0.0001). A fourfold increase in haemodialysis machines is needed in Conakry, plus four new nephrology/haemodialysis centres within the Republic of Guinea, each holding ≥30 haemodialysis machines.

The ototoxic effect of boric acid solutions applied into the middle ear of guinea pigs.

PubMed

Oztürkcan, Sedat; Dündar, Riza; Katilmis, Hüseyin; Ilknur, Ali Ekber; Aktaş, Sinem; Haciömeroğlu, Senem

2009-05-01

This study analyzed the ototoxic effects of boric acid solutions. Boric acid solutions have been used as otologic preparations for many years. Boric acid is commonly found in solutions prepared with alcohol or distilled water but can also be found in a powder form. These preparations are used for both their antiseptic and acidic qualities in external and middle ear infections. We investigated the ototoxic effect of boric acid solutions on guinea pigs. We are unaware of any similar, previously published study of this subject in English. The study was conducted on 28 young albino guinea pigs. Prior to application of the boric acid solution under general anesthesia, an Auditory Brainstem Response (ABRs) test was applied to the right ear of the guinea pigs. Following the test, a perforation was created on the tympanic membrane of the right ear of each guinea pig and small gelfoam pieces were inserted into the perforated area. Test solutions were administered to the middle ear for 10 days by means of a transcanal route. Fifteen days after inserting the gelfoams in all of the guinea pigs, we anasthesized the guinea pigs and removed the gelfoams from the perforated region of the ear and then performed an ABRs on each guinea pig. The ABRs were within the normal range before the applications. After the application, no significant changes were detected in the ABRs thresholds in neither the saline group nor the group administered boric acid and distilled water solution; however, significant changes were detected in the ABRs thresholds of the Gentamicine and boric acid and alcohol solution groups. We believe that a 4% boric acid solution prepared with distilled water can be a more reliable preparation than a 4% boric acid solution prepared with alcohol.

Ca(2+)-dependent nonspecific permeability of the inner membrane of liver mitochondria in the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).

PubMed

Vedernikov, Aleksander A; Dubinin, Mikhail V; Zabiakin, Vladimir A; Samartsev, Victor N

2015-06-01

This comparative study presents the results of the induction of Ca(2+)-dependent nonspecific permeability of the inner membrane (pore opening) of rat and guinea fowl liver mitochondria by mechanisms that are both sensitive and insensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA). It was established that energized rat and guinea fowl liver mitochondria incubated with 1 mM of inorganic phosphate (Pi) are capable of swelling upon addition of at least 125 and 875 nmol of CaCl2 per 1 mg protein, respectively. Under these conditions, the Ca(2+) release from the mitochondria of these animals and a drop in Δψ are observed. All of these processes are inhibited by 1 μM of CsA. FCCP, causing organelle de-energization, induces pore opening in rat and guinea fowl liver mitochondria upon addition of 45 и 625 nmol of CaCl2 per 1 mg protein, respectively. These results suggest the existence of a CsA-sensitive mechanism for the induction of Ca(2+)-dependent pores in guinea fowl liver mitochondria, which has been reported in rat liver mitochondria. However, guinea fowl liver mitochondria have a significantly greater resistance to Ca(2+) as a pore inducer compared to rat liver mitochondria. It was found that the addition of α,ω-hexadecanedioic acid (HDA) to rat and guinea fowl liver mitochondria incubated with CsA and loaded with Ca(2+) causes organelle swelling and Ca(2+) release from the matrix. It is assumed that in contrast to the CsA-sensitive pore, the CsA-insensitive pore induced by HDA in the inner membrane of guinea fowl liver mitochondria, as well as in rat liver mitochondria, is lipid in nature.

Use of the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to assess insulin sensitivity in guinea pigs: dose response, partitioned glucose metabolism, and species comparisons.

PubMed

Horton, Dane M; Saint, David A; Owens, Julie A; Gatford, Kathryn L; Kind, Karen L

2017-07-01

The guinea pig is an alternate small animal model for the study of metabolism, including insulin sensitivity. However, only one study to date has reported the use of the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in anesthetized animals in this species, and the dose response has not been reported. We therefore characterized the dose-response curve for whole body glucose uptake using recombinant human insulin in the adult guinea pig. Interspecies comparisons with published data showed species differences in maximal whole body responses (guinea pig ≈ human < rat < mouse) and the insulin concentrations at which half-maximal insulin responses occurred (guinea pig > human ≈ rat > mouse). In subsequent studies, we used concomitant d-[3- 3 H]glucose infusion to characterize insulin sensitivities of whole body glucose uptake, utilization, production, storage, and glycolysis in young adult guinea pigs at human insulin doses that produced approximately half-maximal (7.5 mU·min -1 ·kg -1 ) and near-maximal whole body responses (30 mU·min -1 ·kg -1 ). Although human insulin infusion increased rates of glucose utilization (up to 68%) and storage and, at high concentrations, increased rates of glycolysis in females, glucose production was only partially suppressed (~23%), even at high insulin doses. Fasting glucose, metabolic clearance of insulin, and rates of glucose utilization, storage, and production during insulin stimulation were higher in female than in male guinea pigs ( P < 0.05), but insulin sensitivity of these and whole body glucose uptake did not differ between sexes. This study establishes a method for measuring partitioned glucose metabolism in chronically catheterized conscious guinea pigs, allowing studies of regulation of insulin sensitivity in this species. Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society.

External Genital Development, Urethra Formation, and Hypospadias Induction in Guinea Pig: A Double Zipper Model for Human Urethral Development.

PubMed

Wang, Shanshan; Shi, Mingxin; Zhu, Dongqing; Mathews, Ranjiv; Zheng, Zhengui

2018-03-01

To determine whether the guinea pig phallus would be an appropriate model of human penile development, we characterized the embryology and sexual differentiation of guinea pig external genitalia and attended to induce hypospadias in males and tubular urethra formation in females pharmacologically. The external genitalia of guinea pig were collected from genital swelling initiation to newborn stages, and scanning electronic microscopy and histology were performed to visualize the morphology and structure. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the androgen receptor localization. Bicalutamide and methyltestosterone were given to pregnant dams to reveal the role and timing of androgen in guinea pig penile masculinization. Canalization and dorsal-to-ventral movement of the urethral canal develops the urethral groove in both sexes, and then the males perform distal-opening-proximal-closing to form tubular urethra. More nuclear-localized androgen receptor is found in proximal genital tubercles of males than in females at (E) 29. Antiandrogen treatment at E26-E30 can cause hypospadias, and methyltestosterone administration at E27-E31 can induce tubular urethra formation in females. Fetal development of the guinea pig phallus is homologous to that of humans. Although guinea pig has structures similar to mouse, the urethral groove and the tubular urethra formation are more similar to humans. Antiandrogen treatment causes hypospadias in males and additional androgen induces tubular urethra formation in females. Thus, guinea pig is an appropriate model for further study of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in distal-opening-proximal-closing in tubular urethra formation and the evaluation of the pathophysiological processes of hypospadias. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Catecholamine secretion by chemical hypoxia in guinea-pig, but not rat, adrenal medullary cells: differences in mitochondria.

PubMed

Harada, K; Endo, Y; Warashina, A; Inoue, M

2015-08-20

The effects of mitochondrial inhibitors (CN(-), a complex IV inhibitor and CCCP, protonophore) on catecholamine (CA) secretion and mitochondrial function were explored functionally and biochemically in rat and guinea-pig adrenal chromaffin cells. Guinea-pig chromaffin cells conspicuously secreted CA in response to CN(-) or CCCP, but rat cells showed a little, if any, secretory response to either of them. The resting metabolic rates in rat adrenal medullae did not differ from those in guinea-pig adrenal medullae. On the other hand, the time course of depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in guinea-pig chromaffin cells in response to CN(-) was slower than that in rat chromaffin cells, and this difference was abolished by oligomycin, an F1F0-ATPase inhibitor. The extent of CCCP-induced decrease in cellular ATP in guinea-pig chromaffin cells, which was indirectly measured using a Mg(2+) indicator, was smaller than that in rat chromaffin cells. Relative expression levels of F1F0-ATPase inhibitor factor in guinea-pig adrenal medullae were smaller than in rat adrenal medullae, and the opposite was true for F1F0-ATPase α subunit. The present results indicate that guinea-pig chromaffin cells secrete more CA in response to a mitochondrial inhibitor than rat chromaffin cells and this higher susceptibility in the former is accounted for by a larger extent of reversed operation of F1F0-ATPase with the consequent decrease in ATP under conditions where ΔΨm is depolarized. Copyright © 2015 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Expression Profile of the Integrin Receptor Subunits in the Guinea Pig Sclera.

PubMed

Wang, Kevin K; Metlapally, Ravikanth; Wildsoet, Christine F

2017-06-01

The ocular dimensional changes in myopia reflect increased scleral remodeling, and in high myopia, loss of scleral integrity leads to biomechanical weakening and continued scleral creep. As integrins, a type of cell surface receptors, have been linked to scleral remodeling, they represent potential targets for myopia therapies. As a first step, this study aimed to characterize the integrin subunits at the messenger RNA level in the sclera of the guinea pig, a more recently added but increasingly used animal model for myopia research. Primers for α and β integrin subunits were designed using NCBI/UCSC Genome Browser and Primer3 software tools. Total RNA was extracted from normal scleral tissue and isolated cultured scleral fibroblasts, as well as liver and lung, as reference tissues, all from guinea pig. cDNA was produced by reverse transcription, PCR was used to amplify products of predetermined sizes, and products were sequenced using standard methods. Guinea pig scleral tissue expressed all known integrin alpha subunits except αD and αE. The latter integrin subunits were also not expressed by cultured guinea pig scleral fibroblasts; however, their expression was confirmed in guinea pig liver. In addition, isolated cultured fibroblasts did not express integrin subunits αL, αM, and αX. This difference between results for cultured cells and intact sclera presumably reflects the presence in the latter of additional cell types. Both guinea pig scleral tissue and isolated scleral fibroblasts expressed all known integrin beta subunits. All results were verified through sequencing. The possible contributions of integrins to scleral remodeling make them plausible targets for myopia prevention. Data from this study will help guide future ex vivo and in vitro studies directed at understanding the relationship between scleral integrins and ocular growth regulation in the guinea pig model for myopia.

Two dimensional vibrations of the guinea pig apex organ of Corti measured in vivo using phase sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramamoorthy, Sripriya; Zhang, Yuan; Petrie, Tracy; Fridberger, Anders; Ren, Tianying; Wang, Ruikang; Jacques, Steven L.; Nuttall, Alfred L.

2015-02-01

In this study, we measure the in vivo apical-turn vibrations of the guinea pig organ of Corti in both axial and radial directions using phase-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. The apical turn in guinea pig cochlea has best frequencies around 100 - 500 Hz which are relevant for human speech. Prior measurements of vibrations in the guinea pig apex involved opening the otic capsule, which has been questioned on the basis of the resulting changes to cochlear hydrodynamics. Here this limitation is overcome by measuring the vibrations through bone without opening the otic capsule. Furthermore, we have significantly reduced the surgery needed to access the guinea pig apex in the axial direction by introducing a miniature mirror inside the bulla. The method and preliminary data are discussed in this article.

Isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii from guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and rabbits from Brazil

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from a feral guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and domestic rabbits from Brazil for the first time. Serum and brains from 10 guinea fowl and 21 rabbits from Brazil were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 2 of 10 fowl and 2 of 21 rabbit...

Monovalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Protects Guinea Pigs and Nonhuman Primates Against Infection with Multiple Marburg Viruses

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-01

illness and death. Guinea pig necropsy, histology & immunohistochemistry Two animals randomly selected from each group were eutha- nized on 6–7 days... Gastritis , neutrophilic - - - - - - +/++ +/++ - Intestine Cellular lysis - - - - - - + + + Enteritis, neutrophilic...isolates in both guinea pigs and NHPs. Clinical, histological and immunohisto- logical findings, restricted to six animals in the three RIBI-vaccinated

Transmission of Enterocytozoon bieneusi between a child and guinea pigs.

PubMed

Cama, Vitaliano A; Pearson, Julie; Cabrera, Lilia; Pacheco, Luz; Gilman, Robert; Meyer, Sarah; Ortega, Ynes; Xiao, Lihua

2007-08-01

An unusual Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype was found in seven guinea pigs and a 2-year-old child in the same household. The genetic uniqueness of the parasite, its wide occurrence in other guinea pigs in the community, and its absence in other children in the community suggest the possibility of zoonotic transmission of the infection to the study child.

Interrelationships of Non-Formal Mother Tongue Education and Citizenship in Guinea and Senegal

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clemons, Andrea; Yerende, Eva

2009-01-01

Guinea and Senegal are multilingual countries that use French as a language of instruction in the formal educational sector with some significant exceptions. As in many other African countries, such exceptions in Guinea and Senegal, use local African languages primarily in the non-formal sector for a variety of purposes, such as adult literacy and…

First record of Mugil capurrii (Mugilidae, Perciformes) in the Gulf of Guinea.

PubMed

Trape, S; Durand, J-D

2011-03-01

Leaping African mullet Mugil capurrii was caught along the Togolese coast in the Gulf of Guinea. This is the first record of this species which usually occurs from Morocco to Guinea Bissau and the southernmost point of its known distribution. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology © 2011 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

76 FR 50284 - Request for Public Comments on Interim Review of Eligibility of Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, and Niger...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-12

... Eligibility of Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, and Niger for Benefits Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act.... SUMMARY: The African Growth and Opportunity Act Implementation Subcommittee of the Trade Policy Staff... eligibility of Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, and Niger to receive the benefits of the African Growth and Opportunity...

Epizootic guinea pig herpes-like virus infection in a breeding colony.

PubMed

Connelly, B L; Keller, G L; Myers, M G

1987-01-01

A breeding colony of strain-2 guinea pigs which had been relatively free of indigenous caviid herpesviruses experienced an explosive outbreak of guinea pig herpes-like virus apparently as a consequence of intermixing groups and contamination of the water supply. A new breeding colony has been established and has been maintained apparently free of recognized caviid herpesviruses.

Higher Education, the Universities and Secondary Teacher Training in Papua New Guinea

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palmer, W. P.

1986-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to trace the growth of secondary and higher education in Papua New Guinea from its beginnings through the United Nations mission led by Sir Hugh Foot in 1962. The mission was most disappointed in the rate of educational progress in the territory of New Guinea which remained under United Nations mandate in the…

Plasma concentrations of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF-2 alpha, oestrone sulphate, oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone in pregnant guinea-pigs treated with polychlorinated biphenyls.

PubMed

Lundkvist, U; Kindahl, H

1989-09-01

Guinea-pigs treated by gavage with a total dose of 100 mg polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB: Clophen A50) during Days 17-61 of gestation had higher plasma concentrations of 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F-2 alpha, oestrone sulphate and oestradiol-17 beta during the later stages of gestation than did vehicle-treated guinea-pigs. No changes were observed in plasma progesterone concentrations. Our results provide no support for the hypothesis that an enzyme-induced decrease in progesterone concentrations is the main cause of the fetal death observed in PCB-treated guinea-pigs.

Long-term effects of substance P on the isolated guinea pig trachea.

PubMed

Schreiber, J; Slapke, J; Nieber, K; Oehme, P

1988-01-01

The undecapeptide substance P(SP) and its C-terminal sequence SP-5-11 induced a dose-dependent contraction of the isolated guinea pig trachea. SP-5-11 had a more potent bronchoconstrictive action than SP-1-11. The distal part of the isolated guinea pig trachea showed a greater reagibility to SP-5-11 than the proximal one. There was a continuous increase of the amplitude of the SP-1-11-induced contractions when the neuropeptide was added several times at one-hour intervals. Incubation with 10(-6) M SP-1-11 for 5 h reduced the reagibility of the isolated guinea pig trachea to acetylcholine.

GENETIC CONTROL IN GUINEA PIGS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE TO CONJUGATES OF HAPTENS AND POLY-L-LYSINE.

PubMed

LEVINE, B B; BENACERRAF, B

1965-01-29

Random-bred Hartley strain guinea pigs which do not respond immunologically to conjugates of hapten and poly-L-lysine mere mated with heterozygous guinea pigs which do. These responders were considered heterozygous for this trait since their mating resulted in at least one nonresponder offspring. Of 31 offspring from 10 breeding pairs (nonresponder x heterozygous responder) 14 were responders. There was no evidence that this trait is sex-linked. This finding confirms the view that, in guinea pigs, development of an immune response to the aforementioned conjugates is a genetically transmitted autosomal, unigenic Mendelian dominant trait.

Acute Inhalation Toxicity of T-2 Mycotoxin in the Rat and Guinea Pig

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

2/kg body weight for the guinea pig . These data show that inhaled T-2 toxin is approximately 20 times more toxic to the rat (0.05 mg T-2/kg body wt...inhaled vs 1.0 mg T-2/kg body wt ip) and at least twice as toxic to the guinea pig (0.4 mg T-2/kg body wt inhaled vs 1-2 mg T-2/kg body wt ip) than ip...administered T-2 toxin. Histopathologic examination of major organs in both the rat and guinea pig after respiratory exposure to T-2 toxin indicated

Reduced noise susceptibility in littermate offspring from heterozygous animals of the German waltzing guinea pig.

PubMed

Skjönsberg, Åsa; Mannström, Paula

2015-07-08

The German waltzing guinea pig is a spontaneously mutated strain with severe auditory and vestibular impairment caused by a so far unknown genetic mutation. The animals are born deaf and show a circling behavior. The heterozygote animals of this guinea pig strain have functionally normal hearing and balance. However, these animals have, in earlier studies, shown an increased resistance to noise compared with normal wild-type guinea pigs. In the present study, we explored the functional hearing with auditory brainstem response thresholds before and at different time points after noise exposure. Symptom-free littermates from heterozygote couples of the German waltzing guinea pigs were exclusively used for the study, which, after the hearing test, were sent back for breeding to confirm their genotype (i.e. heterozygote or normal). The aim of this paper was to ascertain that the previously shown reduced susceptibility to noise trauma in the heterozygote animals of the German waltzing guinea pig was also evident when littermates were used as control animals. The findings are important for further analysis of the heterozygote animals of this strain and for future investigations of the underlying mechanisms behind the diverse susceptibility to exposures of loud sound.

Hypervitaminosis D in Guinea Pigs with α-Mannosidosis

PubMed Central

Jensen, JanLee A; Brice, Angela K; Bagel, Jessica H; Mexas, Angela M; Yoon, Sea Young; Wolfe, John H

2013-01-01

A colony of guinea pigs (n = 9) with α-mannosidosis was fed a pelleted commercial laboratory guinea pig diet. Over 2 mo, all 9 guinea pigs unexpectedly showed anorexia and weight loss (11.7% to 30.0% of baseline weight), and 3 animals demonstrated transient polyuria and polydipsia. Blood chemistry panels in these 3 guinea pigs revealed high-normal total calcium, high-normal phosphate, and high ALP. Urine specific gravity was dilute (1.003, 1.009, 1.013) in the 3 animals tested. Postmortem examination of 7 animals that were euthanized after failing to respond to supportive care revealed renal interstitial fibrosis with tubular mineralization, soft tissue mineralization in multiple organs, hepatic lipidosis, and pneumonia. Analysis of the pelleted diet revealed that it had been formulated with a vitamin D3 content of more than 150 times the normal concentration. Ionized calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D values were both high in serum saved from 2 euthanized animals, confirming the diagnosis of hypervitaminosis D. This report discusses the clinical signs, blood chemistry results, and gross and histologic findings of hypervitaminosis D in a colony of guinea pigs. When unexpected signs occur colony-wide, dietary differentials should be investigated at an early time point. PMID:23582422

Hypervitaminosis D in guinea pigs with α-mannosidosis.

PubMed

Jensen, Janlee A; Brice, Angela K; Bagel, Jessica H; Mexas, Angela M; Yoon, Sea Young; Wolfe, John H

2013-04-01

A colony of guinea pigs (n = 9) with α-mannosidosis was fed a pelleted commercial laboratory guinea pig diet. Over 2 mo, all 9 guinea pigs unexpectedly showed anorexia and weight loss (11.7% to 30.0% of baseline weight), and 3 animals demonstrated transient polyuria and polydipsia. Blood chemistry panels in these 3 guinea pigs revealed high-normal total calcium, high-normal phosphate, and high ALP. Urine specific gravity was dilute (1.003, 1.009, 1.013) in the 3 animals tested. Postmortem examination of 7 animals that were euthanized after failing to respond to supportive care revealed renal interstitial fibrosis with tubular mineralization, soft tissue mineralization in multiple organs, hepatic lipidosis, and pneumonia. Analysis of the pelleted diet revealed that it had been formulated with a vitamin D3 content of more than 150 times the normal concentration. Ionized calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D values were both high in serum saved from 2 euthanized animals, confirming the diagnosis of hypervitaminosis D. This report discusses the clinical signs, blood chemistry results, and gross and histologic findings of hypervitaminosis D in a colony of guinea pigs. When unexpected signs occur colony-wide, dietary differentials should be investigated at an early time point.

Effects of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on amino acid content in guinea pig skin irradiated by chronic ultraviolet A and B

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Guoying; Cao, Pengli; Guo, Kun; Wang, Yuejun; Sun, Mi; Wang, Chunbo

2004-12-01

We examined the effects of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) on the amount of hydroxyproline in guinea pig skin irradiated by chronic ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. PCF was applied locally before repeated exposure of guinea pig to UVA and UVB. The contents of hydroxyproline and other amino acids in guinea pig skin were determined by automatic amino acid analyzer. Our results showed that: (1) long-time UVA and UVB radiation can reduce dramatically the amounts of hydroxyproline, aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, phenylalanine and lysine in guinea pig skin in comparison with the control group ( P<0.05); (2) Compared with model group, pre-treatment with 5% and 20% PCF prior to UVA and UVB radiation can inhibit the decline of amino acids content in guinea pig skin in a dose-dependent manner ( P<0.05). As the decrease of hydroxyproline, glycine and lysine contents in the skin directly reflexes type I collagen degeneration, our results indicated that the chronic application of PCF can protect skin type I collagen against UV radiation, and thus protect skin from photoaging.

Inner ear test battery in guinea pig models - a review.

PubMed

Young, Yi-Ho

2018-06-01

This study reviewed the development of the inner ear test battery comprising auditory brainstem response (ABR), and caloric, ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP), and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) tests in guinea pig models at our laboratory over the last 20 years. Detailed description of the methodology for testing the small animals is also included. Inner ear disorders, i.e. ototoxicity, noise exposure, or perilymph fistula were established in guinea pig models first. One to four weeks after operation, each animal underwent ABR, oVEMP, cVEMP, and caloric tests. Then, animals were sacrificed for morphological study in the temporal bones. Inner ear endorgans can be comprehensively evaluated in guinea pig models via an inner ear test battery, which provides thorough information on the cochlea, saccule, utricle, and semicircular canal function of guinea pigs. Coupled with morphological study in the temporal bones of the animals may help elucidate the mechanism of inner ear disorders in humans. The inner ear test battery in guinea pig models may encourage young researchers to perform basic study in animals and stimulate the progress of experimental otology which is in evolution.

Reproductive performance and fertility testing in strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs.

PubMed

Doyle, R E; Sharp, G C; Irvin, W S; Berck, K

1976-08-01

A study to test the effects of certain experimental manipulation on the reproductive capacity of male guinea pigs required verifying the fertility of the male guinea pigs before and after manipulation. Methods of testing fertility were evaluated, and normal reproductive data from preexperimental and control groups were tabulated and analyzed. No data from the actual experiments were included. Virgin and proven fertile males were mated with 1 (1:1) or 2 (2:1) virgin or proven fertile females. Inbred (13/N Umm) and conventional (Mfi:CFDH-ML (DH) ) guinea pigs were used. Ninety-five percent of both groups of males were fertile. Eighty-four percent of both groups of females were fertile. Male guinea pigs previously proven fertile had the same subsequent fertility rate as virgin males. Over one-third of the conceptions did not take place during the first estrus cycle (16 da) during which the males and females were mated. Strain 13 and Hartley females had litters of approximately the same size (3.1 vs 3.0), but the neonatal mortality was statistically lower (P less than 0.001) in the Hartley stock (9.3%) than in the Strain 13 guinea pigs (28.4%).

Development of the first oligonucleotide microarray for global gene expression profiling in guinea pigs: defining the transcription signature of infectious diseases.

PubMed

Jain, Ruchi; Dey, Bappaditya; Tyagi, Anil K

2012-10-02

The Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is one of the most extensively used animal models to study infectious diseases. However, despite its tremendous contribution towards understanding the establishment, progression and control of a number of diseases in general and tuberculosis in particular, the lack of fully annotated guinea pig genome sequence as well as appropriate molecular reagents has severely hampered detailed genetic and immunological analysis in this animal model. By employing the cross-species hybridization technique, we have developed an oligonucleotide microarray with 44,000 features assembled from different mammalian species, which to the best of our knowledge is the first attempt to employ microarray to study the global gene expression profile in guinea pigs. To validate and demonstrate the merit of this microarray, we have studied, as an example, the expression profile of guinea pig lungs during the advanced phase of M. tuberculosis infection. A significant upregulation of 1344 genes and a marked down regulation of 1856 genes in the lungs identified a disease signature of pulmonary tuberculosis infection. We report the development of first comprehensive microarray for studying the global gene expression profile in guinea pigs and validation of its usefulness with tuberculosis as a case study. An important gap in the area of infectious diseases has been addressed and a valuable molecular tool is provided to optimally harness the potential of guinea pig model to develop better vaccines and therapies against human diseases.

A combined deficiency of vitamins E and C causes severe central nervous system damage in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Burk, Raymond F; Christensen, Joani M; Maguire, Mark J; Austin, Lori M; Whetsell, William O; May, James M; Hill, Kristina E; Ebner, Ford F

2006-06-01

A short period of combined deficiency of vitamins E and C causes profound central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction in guinea pigs. For this report, CNS histopathology was studied to define the nature and extent of injury caused by this double deficiency. Weanling guinea pigs were fed a vitamin E-deficient or -replete diet for 14 d. Then vitamin C was withdrawn from the diet of some guinea pigs. Four diet groups were thus formed: replete, vitamin E deficient, vitamin C deficient, and both vitamin E and C deficient. From 5 to 11 d after institution of the doubly deficient diet, 9 of 12 guinea pigs developed paralysis, and 2 more were found dead. The remaining guinea pig in the doubly deficient group and all animals in the other 3 groups survived without clinical impairment until the experiment was terminated at 13-15 d. Brains and spinal cords were serially sectioned and stained for examination. Only the combined deficiency produced damage in the CNS. The damage consisted mainly of nerve cell death, axonal degeneration, vascular injury, and associated glial cell responses. The spinal cord and the ventral pons in the brainstem were most severely affected, often exhibiting asymmetric cystic lesions. Several features of the lesions suggest that the primary damage was to blood vessels. These results indicate that the paralysis and death caused by combined deficiency of vitamins E and C in guinea pigs is caused by severe damage in the brainstem and spinal cord.

Adenosine transport systems on dissociated brain cells from mouse, guinea-pig, and rat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnston, M.E.; Geiger, J.D.

1990-09-01

The kinetics and sodium dependence of adenosine transport were determined using an inhibitor-stop method on dissociated cell body preparations obtained from mouse, guinea-pig and rat brain. Transport affinity (KT) values for the high affinity adenosine transport systems KT(H) were significantly different between these three species; mean +/- SEM values were 0.34 +/- 0.1 in mouse, 0.9 +/- 0.2 in rat, and 1.5 +/- 0.5 microM in guinea-pig. The KT values for the low affinity transport system KT(L) were not different between the three species. Brain cells from rat displayed a significantly greater maximal capacity to accumulate (3H)adenosine (Vmax) than didmore » mouse or guinea-pig for the high affinity system, or than did mouse for the low affinity system. When sodium chloride was replaced in the transport medium with choline chloride, the KT(H) values for guinea-pig and rat were both increased by approximately 100%; only in rat did the change reach statistical significance. The sodium-dependence of adenosine transport in mouse brain was clearly absent. The differences between KT(H) values in mouse and those in guinea-pig or rat were accentuated in the absence of sodium. The differences in kinetic values, ionic requirements, and pharmacological characteristics between adenosine transporters in CNS tissues of mouse, guinea-pig and rat may help account for some of the variability noted among species in terms of their physiological responses to adenosine.« less

Electrophysiological changes of autonomic cells in left ventricular outflow tract in guinea pigs with iron deficiency anemia complicated with chronic heart failure.

PubMed

Fan, Ling; Chen, Li-Feng; Fan, Jing

2017-12-01

To investigate the electrophysiological changes of autonomic cells in left ventricular outflow tract in guinea pigs with iron deficiency anemia complicated with chronic heart failure. Guinea pigs model of iron deficiency anemia complicated with chronic heart failure in 10 guinea pigs of the experimental group was made by feeding a low iron diet, pure water and subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol. The control group consisting of 11 guinea pigs was given normal food, normal water and injected with normal saline. The left ventricular outflow tract model specimen was also prepared. The standard microelectrode technique was used to observe electrophysiological changes of autonomic cells in the outflow tract of left ventricular heart failure complicated with iron deficiency anemia in guinea pig model. The indicators of observation were maximal diastolic potential, action potential amplitude, 0 phase maximal depolarization velocity, 4 phase automatic depolarization velocity, repolarization 50% and 90%, and spontaneous discharge frequency. Compared with the control group, 4 phase automatic depolarization velocity, spontaneous discharge frequency and 0 phase maximal depolarization velocity decreased significantly (P < 0.01) and action potential amplitude reduced (P < 0.01) in model group. Moreover, repolarization 50% and 90% increased (P < 0.01). There are electrophysiological abnormalities of the left ventricular outflow tract in guinea pigs with iron deficiency anemia complicated with heart failure. Copyright © 2017 Hainan Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Protein A Suppresses Immune Responses during Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection in Guinea Pigs

PubMed Central

Kim, Hwan Keun; Falugi, Fabiana; Thomer, Lena; Missiakas, Dominique M.

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT   Staphylococcus aureus infection is not associated with the development of protective immunity, and disease relapses occur frequently. We hypothesize that protein A, a factor that binds immunoglobulin Fcγ and cross-links VH3 clan B cell receptors (IgM), is the staphylococcal determinant for host immune suppression. To test this, vertebrate IgM was examined for protein A cross-linking. High VH3 binding activity occurred with human and guinea immunoglobulin, whereas mouse and rabbit immunoglobulins displayed little and no binding, respectively. Establishing a guinea pig model of S. aureus bloodstream infection, we show that protein A functions as a virulence determinant and suppresses host B cell responses. Immunization with SpAKKAA, which cannot bind immunoglobulin, elicits neutralizing antibodies that enable guinea pigs to develop protective immunity. Importance  Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of soft tissue and bloodstream infections; however, a vaccine with clinical efficacy is not available. Using mice to model staphylococcal infection, earlier work identified protective antigens; however, corresponding human clinical trials did not reach their endpoints. We show that B cell receptor (IgM) cross-linking by protein A is an important immune evasion strategy of S. aureus that can be monitored in a guinea pig model of bloodstream infection. Further, immunization with nontoxigenic protein A enables infected guinea pigs to elicit antibody responses that are protective against S. aureus. Thus, the guinea pig model may support preclinical development of staphylococcal vaccines. PMID:25564466

Characterization of fetal growth by repeated ultrasound measurements in the wild guinea pig (Cavia aperea).

PubMed

Schumann, K; Guenther, A; Göritz, F; Jewgenow, K

2014-08-01

Fetal growth during pregnancy has previously been studied in the domesticated guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) after dissecting pregnant females, but there are no studies describing the fetal growth in their wild progenitor, the wild guinea pig (C aperea). In this study, 50 pregnancies of wild guinea pig sows were investigated using modern ultrasound technique. The two most common fetal growth parameters (biparietal diameter [BPD] and crown-rump-length [CRL]) and uterine position were measured. Data revealed similar fetal growth patterns in the wild guinea pig and domesticated guinea pig in the investigated gestation period, although they differ in reproductive milestones such as gestation length (average duration of pregnancy 68 days), average birth weight, and litter mass. In this study, pregnancy lasted on average 60.2 days with a variance of less than a day (0.96 days). The measured fetal growth parameters are strongly correlated with each (R = 0.91; P < 0.001) other and with gestational age (BPD regression equation y = 0.04x - 0.29; P < 0.001 and CRL regression equation y = 0.17x - 2.21; P < 0.01). Furthermore, fetuses in the most frequent uterine positions did not differ in their growth parameters and were not influenced by the mother ID. Our results imply that ultrasound measurement of a single fetal growth parameter is sufficient to reliably estimate gestational age in the wild guinea pig. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Primate occurrence across a human-impacted landscape in Guinea-Bissau and neighbouring regions in West Africa: using a systematic literature review to highlight the next conservation steps

PubMed Central

Bessa, Joana; Frazão-Moreira, Amélia; Biro, Dora; Hockings, Kimberley Jane

2018-01-01

Background West African landscapes are largely characterised by complex agroforest mosaics. Although the West African forests are considered a nonhuman primate hotspot, knowledge on the distribution of many species is often lacking and out-of-date. Considering the fast-changing nature of the landscapes in this region, up-to-date information on primate occurrence is urgently needed, particularly of taxa such as colobines, which may be more sensitive to habitat modification than others. Understanding wildlife occurrence and mechanisms of persistence in these human-dominated landscapes is fundamental for developing effective conservation strategies. Methods In this paper, we aim to review current knowledge on the distribution of three threatened primates in Guinea-Bissau and neighbouring regions, highlighting research gaps and identifying priority research and conservation action. We conducted a systematic literature review of primate studies from 1976 to 2016 in Guinea-Bissau, southern Senegal and western Guinea (Boké Region). We mapped historical observation records of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), Temminck’s red colobus (Pilicolobus badius temminckii) and king colobus (Colobus polykomos), including our preliminary survey data from Dulombi, a newly established National Park (NP) in Guinea-Bissau. Results We found 151 documents, including 87 journal articles, that contained field data on primates in this region. In Guinea-Bissau, nearly all studies focussed south of the Corubal River, including mainly Cantanhez, Cufada, and Boé NP’s. In Senegal, most of the data came from Fongoli and Niokolo-Koba NP. In Boké (Guinea) studies are few, with the most recent data coming from Sangarédi. In Dulombi NP we recorded eight primate species, including chimpanzees, red colobus and king colobus. Across the selected region, chimpanzees, red colobus and king colobus were reported in eleven, twelve and seven protected areas, respectively. Discussion Our study demonstrates large geographical research gaps particularly for the two colobines. For the first time after more than two decades, we confirm the presence of red colobus and king colobus north of the Corubal River in Guinea-Bissau. The little information available from large parts of the red colobus range raises questions regarding levels of population fragmentation in this species, particularly in Casamance and across northern Guinea-Bissau. There are still no records demonstrating the occurrence of king colobus in Senegal, and the presence of a viable population in north-eastern Guinea-Bissau remains uncertain. While the occurrence of chimpanzees in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal is well documented, data from Boké (Guinea) are sparse and out-of-date. Our approach—the mapping of data gathered from a systematic literature review—allows us to provide recommendations for selecting future geographical survey locations and planning further research and conservation strategies in this region. PMID:29844988

An Assessment of Language Needs for Technical Communication in a Multilingual Speech Community: Implications for Teaching LSP in Papua New Guinea.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moody, James

A survey of 98 Papua New Guinea technical university graduates in the applied sciences, engineering fields, and forestry investigated their language skill use and language needs in the workplace. Results indicate that, as in Papua New Guinea society in general, English and Tok Pisin are the two most important languages for technical communication…

Psychotoxic Substances

DTIC Science & Technology

1964-11-16

mechanism of LSD is given by the finding that, after administration of LSD, the acetylchlorine contents of the guinea - pig brain increased.28 Systematic...enzy- matically transformed in vitro by guinea - pig liver mitochondria into 2-oxy- LSD, a substance having no psychotoxic properties. The data on type of...showed that the carbohydrate metabolism is influenced very little. The finding, however, was notable that in guinea - pigs ’ brain pulp, in the presence

STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENT

PubMed Central

Klein, Paul G.; Burkholder, Peter M.

1960-01-01

Evidence is presented to show that guinea pig complement fixed on sensitized sheep red cells acts as a specific agglutinogen. Agglutinating antibodies that react with cell-fixed complement can be produced by immunizing rabbits with a complex of stromata-amboceptor-complement or with guinea pig serum globulin. These agglutinins can be removed by precipitation with guinea pig serum. They are, therefore, distinct from immunoconglutinins. PMID:14409702

Spleens and holoendemic malaria in West New Guinea.

PubMed

METSELAAR, D

1956-01-01

The author describes the results obtained in recent malaria surveys in West New Guinea, where what is essentially holoendemic malaria prevails. However, the spleen-rate in adults differs markedly from what is regarded as normal under holoendemic conditions according to the definition put forward at the Malaria Conference in Equatorial Africa in 1950. The author therefore concludes that that definition is not properly applicable to New Guinea.

The Changing Face of Librarianship in Papua New Guinea: Libraries for Life in the Papua New Guinea Information Society?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Obi, Margaret J.

"Libraries for life" in Papua New Guinea today is not an impossible goal to strive for to achieve with today's new and old information and communication technologies. However, in order for this to happen, a number of questions will need to be asked. There are three that need immediate attention: (1) What is an "information…

Informal Lifelong Learning for Development in Papua New Guinea: A Case Study from the Margins into the Mainstream

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kidu, Carol

2018-01-01

This article traces the impact of the Ginigoada Foundation on the educational development of thousands of children and adults in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Port Moresby, capital city of Papua New Guinea (PNG), had been noted for the lack of educational opportunities for the majority of the population who lived in urban villages and squatter…

The Effect of Smallpox and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination on the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection in Guinea-Bissau and Denmark

PubMed Central

Villumsen, Marie; Jensen, Mette Lundsby; Ravn, Henrik; da Silva, Zacarias J; Sørup, Signe; Baker, Jennifer Lyn; Rodrigues, Amabélia; Benn, Christine Stabell; Roth, Adam E; Aaby, Peter

2017-01-01

Abstract Background The live smallpox and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccinations have been associated with better adult survival in both Guinea-Bissau and Denmark. In Guinea-Bissau, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 became an important cause of death after smallpox vaccination was phased out globally in 1980. We hypothesised that smallpox and BCG vaccinations were associated with a lower prevalence of HIV-1 infection, and we tested this hypothesis in both Guinea-Bissau and Denmark. Methods We conducted 2 studies: (1) a cross-sectional study of HIV infection and vaccination scars in Guinea-Bissau including 1751 individuals and (2) a case-base study with a background population of 46239 individuals in Denmark. In Guinea-Bissau, HIV-1 transmission was almost exclusively sexually transmitted. In Denmark, we excluded intravenous drug users. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Results Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and/or smallpox vaccination compared with neither of these vaccines was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for HIV-1 of 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36–1.07) in Guinea-Bissau and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.43–1.15) in Denmark. We combined the results from both settings in a meta-analysis (aOR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46–0.96). Data from Guinea-Bissau indicated a stronger effect of multiple smallpox vaccination scars (aOR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.10–0.75) as follows: women, aOR = 0.18 (95% CI, 0.05–0.64); men, aOR = 0.52 (95% CI, 0.12–2.33); sex-differential effect, P = .29. Conclusions The studies from Guinea-Bissau and Denmark, 2 very different settings, both suggest that the BCG and smallpox vaccines could be associated with a decreased risk of sexually transmitted HIV-1. It might be informative to pursue this observation and explore possible protective mechanisms as part of the search for an HIV-1 vaccine. PMID:28852677

Epithelium-dependent and -independent inhibitory effects of sivelestat, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, on substance P-induced contraction of airway smooth muscle in lipopolysaccharide-treated guinea-pigs.

PubMed

Takayama, Naomi; Uchida, Kohsuke

2005-10-01

The underlying mechanism involved in the interaction between neutrophil elastase inhibitors and tachykinins has not been elucidated. In this study we have examined the effects of sivelestat, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, on the in vitro responses of airways from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-untreated or -treated guinea-pigs to substance P. Substance P (0.01-30 micromol/l) produced concentration-dependent contractions of both tracheal and bronchial ring preparations of LPS-untreated or -treated guinea-pigs. Responsiveness to substance P in these isolated airway preparations was augmented by either epithelium removal or LPS treatment. In epithelium-intact tracheal ring preparations isolated from LPS-untreated guinea-pigs, sivelestat (100 micromol/l) significantly inhibited substance P-induced contractions. The inhibitory action was markedly attenuated by pretreatment with L-NAME (100 micromol/l) or indomethacin (2 micromol/l), and was almost undetected following removal of the epithelium. On the other hand, in bronchial ring preparations isolated from LPS-untreated guinea-pigs, sivelestat had only a very slight effect on substance P-induced contraction of the epithelium-intact preparation, whereas sivelestat greatly inhibited contraction in epithelium-removed bronchial ring preparations. In LPS-treated guinea-pigs, whether the epithelium was intact or not, sivelestat significantly inhibited the substance P-induced contraction of bronchial ring preparations. Pretreatment with L-NAME (100 micromol/l) or indomethacin (2 micromol/l) did not affect the inhibitory effect of sivelestat in bronchial ring preparations. In conclusion, epithelium removal or LPS treatment induced hyperreactivity to substance P in the guinea-pig airway. Sivelestat caused epithelium-, nitric oxide- and prostaglandin-dependent inhibition of the substance P-induced contraction of isolated guinea-pig tracheal ring preparations. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of sivelestat on substance P-induced contraction of guinea-pig bronchial ring preparations is mediated by epithelium-, nitric oxide- and prostaglandin-independent mechanisms. Sivelestat may be effective in reducing the airway hyperresponsiveness to tachykinins induced by epithelial injury as occurs in LPS-mediated inflammatory lung diseases.

Replication and Transmission of the Novel Bovine Influenza D Virus in a Guinea Pig Model

PubMed Central

Sreenivasan, Chithra; Thomas, Milton; Sheng, Zizhang; Hause, Ben M.; Collin, Emily A.; Knudsen, David E. B.; Pillatzki, Angela; Nelson, Eric; Wang, Dan; Kaushik, Radhey S.

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT Influenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel influenza virus that infects cattle and swine. The goal of this study was to investigate the replication and transmission of bovine FLUDV in guinea pigs. Following direct intranasal inoculation of animals, the virus was detected in nasal washes of infected animals during the first 7 days postinfection. High viral titers were obtained from nasal turbinates and lung tissues of directly inoculated animals. Further, bovine FLUDV was able to transmit from the infected guinea pigs to sentinel animals by means of contact and not by aerosol dissemination under the experimental conditions tested in this study. Despite exhibiting no clinical signs, infected guinea pigs developed seroconversion and the viral antigen was detected in lungs of animals by immunohistochemistry. The observation that bovine FLUDV replicated in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs was similar to observations described previously in studies of gnotobiotic calves and pigs experimentally infected with bovine FLUDV but different from those described previously in experimental infections in ferrets and swine with a swine FLUDV, which supported virus replication only in the upper respiratory tract and not in the lower respiratory tract, including lung. Our study established that guinea pigs could be used as an animal model for studying this newly emerging influenza virus. IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel emerging pathogen with bovine as its primary host. The epidemiology and pathogenicity of the virus are not yet known. FLUDV also spreads to swine, and the presence of FLUDV-specific antibodies in humans could indicate that there is a potential for zoonosis. Our results showed that bovine FLUDV replicated in the nasal turbinate and lungs of guinea pigs at high titers and was also able to transmit from an infected animal to sentinel animals by contact. The fact that bovine FLUDV replicated productively in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of guinea pigs, similarly to virus infection in its native host, demonstrates that guinea pigs would be a suitable model host to study the replication and transmission potential of bovine FLUDV. PMID:26378161

Replication and Transmission of the Novel Bovine Influenza D Virus in a Guinea Pig Model.

PubMed

Sreenivasan, Chithra; Thomas, Milton; Sheng, Zizhang; Hause, Ben M; Collin, Emily A; Knudsen, David E B; Pillatzki, Angela; Nelson, Eric; Wang, Dan; Kaushik, Radhey S; Li, Feng

2015-12-01

Influenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel influenza virus that infects cattle and swine. The goal of this study was to investigate the replication and transmission of bovine FLUDV in guinea pigs. Following direct intranasal inoculation of animals, the virus was detected in nasal washes of infected animals during the first 7 days postinfection. High viral titers were obtained from nasal turbinates and lung tissues of directly inoculated animals. Further, bovine FLUDV was able to transmit from the infected guinea pigs to sentinel animals by means of contact and not by aerosol dissemination under the experimental conditions tested in this study. Despite exhibiting no clinical signs, infected guinea pigs developed seroconversion and the viral antigen was detected in lungs of animals by immunohistochemistry. The observation that bovine FLUDV replicated in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs was similar to observations described previously in studies of gnotobiotic calves and pigs experimentally infected with bovine FLUDV but different from those described previously in experimental infections in ferrets and swine with a swine FLUDV, which supported virus replication only in the upper respiratory tract and not in the lower respiratory tract, including lung. Our study established that guinea pigs could be used as an animal model for studying this newly emerging influenza virus. Influenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel emerging pathogen with bovine as its primary host. The epidemiology and pathogenicity of the virus are not yet known. FLUDV also spreads to swine, and the presence of FLUDV-specific antibodies in humans could indicate that there is a potential for zoonosis. Our results showed that bovine FLUDV replicated in the nasal turbinate and lungs of guinea pigs at high titers and was also able to transmit from an infected animal to sentinel animals by contact. The fact that bovine FLUDV replicated productively in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of guinea pigs, similarly to virus infection in its native host, demonstrates that guinea pigs would be a suitable model host to study the replication and transmission potential of bovine FLUDV. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Ordinance No. 054/PRG/SGG/87 on conditions of entry and stay in the Republic of Guinea, 22 July 1987.

PubMed

1989-01-01

An ordinance passed on July 22, 1987, governs the entry and residence of foreigners in Guinea. Passports are required for everyone but citizens of Guinea, and entry visas are necessary unless a person is in transit on a ship or airplane or is a citizen of a country which has a reciprocity agreement with Guinea. The entry visa, which is valid for 3 months, is gained by submitting a written request, proof of financial means, a return ticket or security deposit, and 2 photographs. The request may be granted or denies without explanation. Further entry requirements are a valid medical certificate and, if employed in Guinea, an approved employment contract. A transit visa is required of foreigners staying for no more than 5 days, unless they stay n areas designated by competent authorities. A temporary stay visa (renewable once) is required for foreigners who are staying from 5-90 days; they, like all foreigners in Guinea, must have a return ticket or means to leave. Foreigners who wish to stay in Guinea after expiration of their 90-day visa (except accompanied minors, citizens of certain countries, and diplomats) must obtain an extended stay visa, a residence permit, and an allied card. Experts working for the government of Guinea on a longterm basis need an expert resident identity card. Foreigners who wish to reside in Guinea must obtain a foreign resident card or alien card. Refugees and stateless persons must acquire a political refugee or stateless person identification card. To obtain a residence permit, foreigners must have entered Guinea, legally, paid visa and permit taxes, and have an extended stay visa, a certificate of recent physical examination, a work permit, and an employment contract. This permit may be renewed or replaced if lost. An alien card must be obtained by foreigners over the age of fifteen who work in Guinea and want to establish residence; this is issued after the foreigner has paid a tax and gotten an extended stay visa. Foreigners are permitted to move freely in the country, except in places designated by policy or security forces. Holders of alien cards or work permits must notify authorities if they change their address. Landlords, in turn, must notify authorities if they have foreigners as tenants. A foreign resident care and work permit are required in order to secure employment. In general, travelers and temporary residents are not allowed to hold a job. Employers who hire a foreigner must notify the National Employment Office and Immigration authorities. A foreigner's stay may be terminated by public authorities at any time. Those who help a foreigner enter, move through, or stay in the country illegally can be punished.

A preliminary assessment of the Nactus pelagicus species group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in New Guinea and a new species from the Admiralty Islands

USGS Publications Warehouse

Zug, George R.; Fisher, Robert N.

2012-01-01

The Slender-toed Geckos (Nactus) currently have four recognized species in New Guinea, and these species divide into two sister clades: a pelagicus clade and a vankampeni clade (Heinicke et al. 2010). The latter contains three dwarf species. The former consists of five bisexual populations, of which numerous New Guinea populations are uncharacterized nomenclaturally and lumped under the epithet ‘pelagicus.’ This report and description of a new species of the pelagicus group from Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands encourages us to offer a preliminary assessment of morphology and diversity in New Guinea ‘pelagicus’ populations.

Origin of platelet-derived growth factor in megakaryocytes in guinea pigs.

PubMed Central

Chernoff, A; Levine, R F; Goodman, D S

1980-01-01

Growth factor activity, as determined by the stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of quiescent 3T3 cells in culture, was found in lysates of guinea pig platelets and megakaryocytes. Quantitative dilution studies demonstrated that, of the cells present in the guinea pig bone marrow, only the megakaryocyte possessed quantitatively significant growth factor activity. The amount of activity present in one megakaryocyte was equivalent to that present in 1,000-5,000 platelets, a value approximately comparable to the number of platelets shed from a single megakaryocyte. It is suggested that guinea pig platelet-derived growth factor has its origin in the megakaryocyte. PMID:7358851

An Investigation into the Relationship between Owner Knowledge, Diet, and Dental Disease in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

PubMed Central

Norman, Rosemary; Wills, Alison P.

2016-01-01

Simple Summary Dental disease is a serious problem in small mammals, with cases in rabbits well documented. Guinea pigs also suffer from this condition, yet the literature investigating the underlying causes in guinea pigs is limited. Owners of guinea pigs were surveyed to investigate what they fed their animals. It was discovered that there was no relationship between the overall diet of the animals and whether or not they had been diagnosed with dental disease or displayed clinical signs of the disease. However, the environment was important, with animals that had access to the outside, including the use of runs on both concrete and grass, less likely to display clinical signs of disease. Some of the clinical signs of dental disease in guinea pigs, including difficulty eating, were related to dental problems. These findings are important, as many guinea pigs may not have continuous access to the outdoors. Dental disease is a serious welfare concern, as many owners may not pick up on the clinical signs, leaving animals susceptible to pain, dysphagia, malnutrition, and secondary infection. It is important that owners are aware of key clinical signs, particularly in multi-animal households where monitoring food consumption may be challenging. Abstract Recent studies have highlighted a high prevalence of dental disease in domestic guinea pigs, yet the aetiology of this multi-factorial disease is still unclear. Factors that have been associated with dental disease include feeding a diet that is high in energy but low in fibre, feeding an insufficiently abrasive diet, a lack of dietary calcium, and genetics. As many of these factors relate to the husbandry requirements of guinea pigs, owner awareness of dietary requirements is of the utmost importance. An online questionnaire was created based on previous research into the husbandry and feeding of rabbits. Guinea pig owners were asked to answer questions on the clinical history of their animals and their diet and management. In total, 150 surveys were completed for 344 guinea pigs, where owners of multiple animals could complete the survey for individuals. According to the owners, 6.7% of guinea pigs had been clinically diagnosed with dental disease, but 16.6% had signs consistent with dental disease. The specific clinical signs of having difficulty eating (Exp(B) = 33.927, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.301, p < 0.05) and producing fewer or smaller faecal droppings (Exp(B) = 13.733, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.149, p < 0.05) were predictive for the presence of dental disease. Having access to an outside environment, including the use of runs on both concrete and grass, was significantly related to not displaying clinical signs of dental disease (Exp(B) = 1.894, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.021, p < 0.05). There was no significant relationship between owner knowledge, guinea pig diet, and dental disease in the study population. This study highlights the importance of access to the outdoors for the health and welfare of guinea pigs in addition to the need for owners to be alert to key clinical signs. A relationship between diet and dental disease was not identified in this study; however, the underlying aetiological causes of this condition require further investigation. PMID:27854241

Biphasic kill curve of isoniazid reveals the presence of drug-tolerant, not drug-resistant, Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the guinea pig.

PubMed

Ahmad, Zahoor; Klinkenberg, Lee G; Pinn, Michael L; Fraig, Mostafa M; Peloquin, Charles A; Bishai, William R; Nuermberger, Eric L; Grosset, Jacques H; Karakousis, Petros C

2009-10-01

The marked reduction in the potent early bactericidal activity of isoniazid during the initial phase of antituberculosis (anti-TB) therapy has been attributed not only to the depletion of logarithmically growing bacilli but also to the emergence of isoniazid resistance. We studied the anti-TB activity of isoniazid and its ability to select for drug-resistant mutant strains in guinea pigs, in which the histopathology of TB closely resembles that of human TB. Prior mouse passage did not appear to enhance the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs. The human-equivalent dose of isoniazid was determined to be 60 mg/kg. Although isoniazid therapy caused rapid killing of bacilli in guinea pig lungs during the first 14 days of administration and rescued guinea pigs from acute death, its activity was dramatically reduced thereafter. This reduction in activity was not associated with the emergence of isoniazid-resistant mutant strains but, rather, with the selection of phenotypically tolerant "persisters."

Protective effect of taurine on cardiotoxicity of the bufadienolides derived from toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans Canto) venom in guinea-pigs in vivo and in vitro.

PubMed

Ma, Hongyue; Jiang, Jiejun; Zhang, Junfeng; Zhou, Jing; Ding, Anwei; Lv, Gaohong; Xu, Huiqin; You, Fenqiang; Zhan, Zhen; Duan, Jinao

2012-01-01

In China, toad venom is an anti-inflammatory agent used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation. Bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of toad venom. We studied the protective effect of taurine on the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides in guinea-pigs. Bufadienolides (8 mg/kg) caused arrhythmias, cardiac dysfunction and death in guinea-pigs. Pretreatment with taurine (150, 300 mg/kg) significantly prevented bufadienolide-induced cardiotoxicity and reduced the mortality in vivo. Taurine markedly increased the cumulative doses of bufadienolides and resibufogenin required for lethal arrhythmia in ex vivo isolated guinea-pig heart. Taurine did not compromise the anti-inflammatory activity of the bufadienolides on concanavalin-A-stimulated proliferation of guinea-pig splenocytes in vitro. These data indicate that taurine can prevent bufadienolide-induced cardiotoxicity and could be a novel antidote in combination with bufadienolide therapy.

[Postmortem distribution of tetrodotoxin in tissues and body fluids of guinea pigs].

PubMed

Liu, Wei; Da, Qing; Shen, Min

2012-06-01

To investigate the postmortem distribution of tetrodotoxin in tissues and body fluids of guinea pig, and to provide method and evidence for forensic identification and clinical diagnosis and treatment. Guinea pigs were intragastric administrated with 100, 50, 15 microg/kg tetrodotoxin, respectively. The poisoning symptoms were observed. The samples of heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, stomach, intestines, bile, heart blood and urine were collected. The concentrations of tetrodotoxin in tissues and body fluids were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). After administrated with tetrodotoxin, all guinea pigs came out poisoning signs including tachypnea, weary and dead finally. Tetrodotoxin concentrations in lung, stomach, intestines and urine were higher, followed by blood, heart and brain. The concentration in bile was the lowest. Postmortem distribution of tetrodotoxin in guinea pig is uneven. The concentration in the lung, stomach, intestines, urine and heart blood are higher, those tissues could be used for diagnosis of tetrodotoxin poisoning.

The pathology of halothane hepatotoxicity in a guinea-pig model: a comparison with human halothane hepatitis.

PubMed Central

Lunam, C. A.; Hall, P. M.; Cousins, M. J.

1989-01-01

The pathology of halothane hepatotoxicity is described in detail in a guinea-pig model. Twenty-two of 40 guinea-pigs developed liver damage after exposure to 1% halothane in 21% O2 for 4 h. The other 18 animals showed no evidence of hepatic injury. Two distinct patterns of damage were identified: mild damage, in which livers had focal areas of necrosis, and severe damage, where necrosis was confluent around the terminal hepatic venules, often extending to the portal tracts. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly elevated in guinea-pigs with severe liver damage. Hepatocytes in the damaged areas showed degenerative changes ranging from vacuolization to ballooning degeneration and necrosis. Inflammatory cells, predominantly lymphocytes, were often present in the areas of necrosis. The pathology of mild and severe liver injury in the guinea-pig closely resembles the spectrum of injury observed in non-fatal halothane hepatitis in man. Images Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 PMID:2818932

Comparison of social resistance to Ebola response in Sierra Leone and Guinea suggests explanations lie in political configurations not culture

PubMed Central

Wilkinson, Annie; Fairhead, James

2017-01-01

Abstract Sierra Leone and Guinea share broadly similar cultural worlds, straddling the societies of the Upper Guinea Coast with Islamic West Africa. There was, however, a notable difference in their reactions to the Ebola epidemic. As the epidemic spread in Guinea, acts of violent or everyday resistance to outbreak control measures repeatedly followed, undermining public health attempts to contain the crisis. In Sierra Leone, defiant resistance was rarer. Instead of looking to ‘culture’ to explain patterns of social resistance (as was common in the media and in the discourse of responding public health authorities) a comparison between Sierra Leone and Guinea suggests that explanations lie in divergent political practice and lived experiences of the state. In particular the structures of state authority through which the national epidemic response were organised integrated very differently with trusted institutions in each country. Predicting and addressing social responses to epidemic control measures should assess such political-trust configurations when planning interventions. PMID:28366999

Neuronally mediated non-cholinergic contraction of guinea-pig bronchial smooth muscle is inhibited by a substance P antagonist.

PubMed

Leander, S; Grundström, N; Andersson, R G; Håkanson, R

1984-04-01

The isolated main bronchi of the guinea-pig respond to electrical field stimulation with a twitch followed by a slow contraction. Atropine blocked the slow contraction. The substance P antagonist, (D-Pro2, D- Trp7 ,9)-SP, greatly reduced the atropine-resistant contraction. The results suggest the involvement of substance P in non-cholinergic neurotransmission in the guinea-pig airways.

A Stem Cell-Seeded Nanofibrous Scaffold for Auditory Nerve Replacement

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-10-01

guinea pigs . Initial results show improved electrically-evoked auditory brainstem responses in cell-seeded implants compared to control, cell-free...scaffold’s conduit, but the IAM of the guinea pig and limits imposed by the surgical approach make this difficult. Alternatives are being pursued...transplantation of the seeded nanofibrous scaffold Task 13. Group 1: Pilot deafening. Confirm efficacy of ß-bungarotoxin in guinea pig and time point of

Comparative proteomic analysis of lung tissue from guinea pigs with Leptospiral Pulmonary Haemorrhage Syndrome (LPHS) reveals a decrease in abundance of host proteins involved in cytoskeletal and cellular organization

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The recent completion of the complete genome sequence of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) provides innovative opportunities to apply proteomic technologies to an important animal model of disease. In this study, a 2-D guinea pig proteome lung map was used to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of ...

Candidate Medical Countermeasures Targeting Ebola Virus Cell Entry

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-03

interface, rather than as expected to the more exposed surface of the 134 GP1,2 trimer [16]. Importantly, KZ52 protected guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus...from death after 135 inoculation with guinea pig -adapted EBOV [64], but failed to have a beneficial effect on EBOV-136 exposed rhesus monkeys... guinea pigs infected with 145 rodent-adapted EBOV or its antigenically distant relative, Sudan virus (SUDV) [68]. 146 Identification of ebolavirus

Candidate Medical Countermeasures Targeting Ebola Virus Cell Entry

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-31

interface, rather than as expected to the more exposed surface of the 134 GP1,2 trimer [16]. Importantly, KZ52 protected guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus...from death after 135 inoculation with guinea pig -adapted EBOV [64], but failed to have a beneficial effect on EBOV-136 exposed rhesus monkeys... guinea pigs infected with 145 rodent-adapted EBOV or its antigenically distant relative, Sudan virus (SUDV) [68]. 146 Identification of ebolavirus

Inhalation and Percutaneous Toxicokinetics of Sulfur Mustard and Its adducts in Hairless Guinea Pigs and Marmosets. Efficacy of Nasal Scavengers

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-08-01

As a follow-up to DAMDl7-94-V-4OO9, the inhalation toxicokinetics of sulfur mustard are studied in more detail in the hairless guinea pig as well as...in a species more relevant for man, i.e., the marmoset. Furthermore, its percutaneous toxicokinetics are studied in the hairless guinea pig at a lower

Differential susceptibility of rats and guinea pigs to the ototoxic effects of ethyl benzene.

PubMed

Cappaert, Natalie L M; Klis, Sjaak F L; Muijser, Hans; Kulig, Beverly M; Ravensberg, Luco C; Smoorenburg, Guido F

2002-01-01

The present study was designed to compare the ototoxic effects of volatile ethyl benzene in guinea pigs and rats. Rats showed deteriorated auditory thresholds in the mid-frequency range, based on electrocochleography, after 550-ppm ethyl benzene (8 h/day, 5 days). Outer hair cell (OHC) loss was found in the corresponding cochlear regions. In contrast, guinea pigs showed no threshold shifts and no OHC loss after exposure to much higher ethyl benzene levels (2500 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days). Subsequently, a limited study (four rats and four guinea pigs) was performed in an attempt to understand these differences in susceptibility. Ethyl benzene concentration in blood was determined in both species after exposure to 500-ppm ethyl benzene (8 h/day, 3 days). At the end of the first day, blood of the rats contained 23.2+/-0.8-microg/ml ethyl benzene, whereas the concentration in guinea pig blood was 2.8+/-0.1 microg/ml. After 3 days, the concentration in both species decreased with respect to the first day, but the ethyl benzene concentration in rat blood was still 4.3 times higher than that in guinea pig blood. Thus, the difference in susceptibility between the species may be related to the ethyl benzene concentration in blood.

Serological evidence for transmission of multiple dengue virus serotypes in Papua New Guinea and West Papua prior to 1963.

PubMed

Luang-Suarkia, Dagwin; Ernst, Timo; Alpers, Michael P; Garruto, Ralph; Smith, David; Imrie, Allison

2017-04-01

Little is known about the natural history of dengue in Papua New Guinea (PNG). We assessed dengue virus (DENV)-specific neutralizing antibody profiles in serum samples collected from northern and southern coastal areas and the highland region of New Guinea between 1959 and 1963. Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in sera from the northern coast of New Guinea: from Sabron in Dutch New Guinea (now known as West Papua) and from four villages in East Sepik in what is now PNG. Previous monotypic infection with DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-4 was identified, with a predominance of anti-DENV-2 neutralizing antibody. The majority of positive sera demonstrated evidence of multiple previous DENV infections and neutralizing activity against all four serotypes was detected, with anti-DENV-2 responses being most frequent and of greatest magnitude. No evidence of previous DENV infection was identified in the Asmat villages of the southern coast and a single anti-DENV-positive sample was identified in the Eastern Highlands of PNG. These findings indicate that multiple DENV serotypes circulated along the northern coast of New Guinea at different times in the decades prior to 1963 and support the notion that dengue has been a significant yet neglected tropical infection in PNG for many decades.

Serological evidence for transmission of multiple dengue virus serotypes in Papua New Guinea and West Papua prior to 1963

PubMed Central

Luang-Suarkia, Dagwin; Ernst, Timo; Alpers, Michael P.; Garruto, Ralph; Smith, David

2017-01-01

Little is known about the natural history of dengue in Papua New Guinea (PNG). We assessed dengue virus (DENV)-specific neutralizing antibody profiles in serum samples collected from northern and southern coastal areas and the highland region of New Guinea between 1959 and 1963. Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in sera from the northern coast of New Guinea: from Sabron in Dutch New Guinea (now known as West Papua) and from four villages in East Sepik in what is now PNG. Previous monotypic infection with DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-4 was identified, with a predominance of anti-DENV-2 neutralizing antibody. The majority of positive sera demonstrated evidence of multiple previous DENV infections and neutralizing activity against all four serotypes was detected, with anti-DENV-2 responses being most frequent and of greatest magnitude. No evidence of previous DENV infection was identified in the Asmat villages of the southern coast and a single anti-DENV-positive sample was identified in the Eastern Highlands of PNG. These findings indicate that multiple DENV serotypes circulated along the northern coast of New Guinea at different times in the decades prior to 1963 and support the notion that dengue has been a significant yet neglected tropical infection in PNG for many decades. PMID:28437465

Non-terminal blood sampling techniques in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Birck, Malene M; Tveden-Nyborg, Pernille; Lindblad, Maiken M; Lykkesfeldt, Jens

2014-10-11

Guinea pigs possess several biological similarities to humans and are validated experimental animal models(1-3). However, the use of guinea pigs currently represents a relatively narrow area of research and descriptive data on specific methodology is correspondingly scarce. The anatomical features of guinea pigs are slightly different from other rodent models, hence modulation of sampling techniques to accommodate for species-specific differences, e.g., compared to mice and rats, are necessary to obtain sufficient and high quality samples. As both long and short term in vivo studies often require repeated blood sampling the choice of technique should be well considered in order to reduce stress and discomfort in the animals but also to ensure survival as well as compliance with requirements of sample size and accessibility. Venous blood samples can be obtained at a number of sites in guinea pigs e.g., the saphenous and jugular veins, each technique containing both advantages and disadvantages(4,5). Here, we present four different blood sampling techniques for either conscious or anaesthetized guinea pigs. The procedures are all non-terminal procedures provided that sample volumes and number of samples do not exceed guidelines for blood collection in laboratory animals(6). All the described methods have been thoroughly tested and applied for repeated in vivo blood sampling in studies within our research facility.

The guinea pig as an animal model for developmental and reproductive toxicology studies.

PubMed

Rocca, Meredith S; Wehner, Nancy G

2009-04-01

Regulatory guidelines for developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) studies require selection of "relevant" animal models as determined by kinetic, pharmacological, and toxicological data. Traditionally, rats, mice, and rabbits are the preferred animal models for these studies. However, for test articles that are pharmacologically inactive in the traditional animal models, the guinea pig may be a viable option. This choice should not be made lightly, as guinea pigs have many disadvantages compared to the traditional species, including limited historical control data, variability in pregnancy rates, small and variable litter size, long gestation, relative maturity at birth, and difficulty in dosing and breeding. This report describes methods for using guinea pigs in DART studies and provides results of positive and negative controls. Standard study designs and animal husbandry methods were modified to allow mating on the postpartum estrus in fertility studies and were used for producing cohorts of pregnant females for developmental studies. A positive control study with the pregnancy-disrupting agent mifepristone resulted in the anticipated failure of embryo implantation and supported the use of the guinea pig model. Control data for reproductive endpoints collected from 5 studies are presented. In cases where the traditional animal models are not relevant, the guinea pig can be used successfully for DART studies. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Spontaneous occurrence of a potentially night blinding disorder in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Racine, Julie; Behn, Darren; Simard, Eric; Lachapelle, Pierre

2003-07-01

Several hereditary retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa and congenital stationary night blindness compromise, sometimes exclusively, the activity of the rod pathway. Unfortunately, there are few animal models of these disorders that could help us better understand the pathophysiological processes involved. The purpose of this report is to present a pedigree of guinea pigs where, as a result of a consanguineous mating and subsequent selective breeding, we developed a new and naturally occurring animal model of a rod disorder. Analysis of the retinal function with the electroretinogram reveals that the threshold for rod-mediated electroretinograms (ERGs) is significantly increased by more than 2 log-units compared to that of normal guinea pigs. Furthermore, in response to a suprathreshold stimulus, also delivered under scotopic condition, which yield a mixed cone-rod response in normal guinea pigs, the ERG waveform in our mutant guinea pigs is almost identical (amplitude and timing of a- and b-waves) to that evoked in photopic condition. The above would thus suggest either a structural (abnormal development or absence) or a functional deficiency of the rod photoreceptors. We believe that our pedigree possibly represents a new animal model of a night blinding disorder, and that this condition is inherited as anautosomal recessive trait in the guinea pig population.

Characterization of two strains of selectively bred guinea-pigs. 2. Differences in immune response to synthetic polypeptides.

PubMed

Lundberg, L; Koch, C; Magnusson, M; Bertelsen, C

1983-06-01

Two strains of guinea-pigs selectively bred for either high (IMM/S) or low (IMM/R) responsiveness to ovalbumin-induced respiratory anaphylaxis were examined for their immune response to a copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA), a copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), and to a dinitro-phenyl derivative of a homopolymer of L-lysine (DNP-PLL). Considerable differences between the strains in development of cellular hypersensitivity and in the production of antibodies were observed. Guinea-pigs from IMM/S were all responders to GA and DNP-PLL and non-responders to GT, while guinea-pigs from two of three lines from IMM/R were responders to GT and non-responders to GA and DNP-PLL. The third IMM/R line showed an immune response pattern similar to guinea-pigs of strain IMM/S. Preliminary breeding studies confirmed that the immune response to these three antigens is under the control of dominant autosomal genes, since (IMM/S x IMM/R) F1 animals responded to all three antigens. It is concluded that these three antigens may serve as immune response markers in genetic studies of the differences between guinea-pigs from IMM/S and IMM/R in their ability to develop respiratory anaphylaxis.

Equatorial Guinea.

PubMed

1989-03-01

Equatorial Guinea is situated on the Gulf of Guinea along the west African coast between Cameroon and Gabon. The people are predominantly of Bantu origin. The country's ties with Spain are significant; in 1959, it became the Spanish Equatorial region ruled by Spain's commissioner general. Recent political developments in Equatorial Guinea include the formation of the Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea in July of 1987 and the formation of a 60-member unicameral Chamber of Representatives of the People in 1983. Concerning the population, 83% of the people are Catholic and the official language is Spanish. Poverty and serious health, education and sanitary problems exist. There is no adequate hospital and few trained physicians, no dentists, and no opticians. Malaria is endemic and immunization for yellow fever is required for entrance into the country. The water is not potable and many visitors to the country bring bottled water. The tropical climate of Equatorial Guinea provides the climate for the country's largest exports and source of economy; cacao, wood and coffee. Although the country, as a whole, has progressed towards developing a participatory political system, there are still problems of governmental corruption in the face of grave health and welfare conditions. In recent years, the country has received assistance from the World Bank and the United States to aid in its development.

Delayed Hippocampal Effects From a Single Exposure of Prepubertal Guinea Pigs to sub-lethal dose of Chlorpyrifos: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Study

PubMed Central

Mullins, Roger J.; Xu, Su; Pereira, Edna F.R.; Mamczarz, Jacek; Albuquerque, Edson X.; Gullapalli, Rao P.

2013-01-01

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy (MRS) can detect in adulthood the neurotoxic effects of a single exposure of prepubertal guinea pigs to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. Twelve female guinea pigs were given either a single dose of chlorpyrifos (0.6xLD50 or 300 mg/kg, sc) or peanut oil (vehicle; 0.5 ml/kg, sc) at 35–40 days of age. One year after the exposure, the animals were tested in the Morris water maze. Three days after the end of the behavioral testing, the metabolic and structural integrity of the brain of the animals was examined by means of MRI/MRS. In the Morris water maze, the chlorpyrifos-exposed guinea pigs showed significant memory deficit. Although no significant anatomical differences were found between the chlorpyrifos-exposed guinea pigs and the control animals by in vivo MRI, the chlorpyrifos-exposed animals showed significant decreases in hippocampal myo-inositol concentration using MRS. The present results indicate that a single sub-lethal exposure of prepubertal guinea pigs to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos can lead to long-term memory deficits that are accompanied by significant reductions in the levels of hippocampal myo-inositol. PMID:23411083

Guinea Pig ID-Like Families of SINEs

PubMed Central

Kass, David H.; Schaetz, Brian A.; Beitler, Lindsey; Bonney, Kevin M.; Jamison, Nicole; Wiesner, Cathy

2009-01-01

Previous studies have indicated a paucity of SINEs within the genomes of the guinea pig and nutria, representatives of the Hystricognathi suborder of rodents. More recent work has shown that the guinea pig genome contains a large number of B1 elements, expanding to various levels among different rodents. In this work we utilized A–B PCR and screened GenBank with sequences from isolated clones to identify potentially uncharacterized SINEs within the guinea pig genome, and identified numerous sequences with a high degree of similarity (>92%) specific to the guinea pig. The presence of A-tails and flanking direct repeats associated with these sequences supported the identification of a full-length SINE, with a consensus sequence notably distinct from other rodent SINEs. Although most similar to the ID SINE, it clearly was not derived from the known ID master gene (BC1), hence we refer to this element as guinea pig ID-like (GPIDL). Using the consensus to screen the guinea pig genomic database (Assembly CavPor2) with Ensembl BlastView, we estimated at least 100,000 copies, which contrasts markedly to just over 100 copies of ID elements. Additionally we provided evidence of recent integrations of GPIDL as two of seven analyzed conserved GPIDL-containing loci demonstrated presence/absence variants in Cavia porcellus and C. aperea. Using intra-IDL PCR and sequence analyses we also provide evidence that GPIDL is derived from a hystricognath-specific SINE family. These results demonstrate that this SINE family continues to contribute to the dynamics of genomes of hystricognath rodents. PMID:19232383

Guinea pig ID-like families of SINEs.

PubMed

Kass, David H; Schaetz, Brian A; Beitler, Lindsey; Bonney, Kevin M; Jamison, Nicole; Wiesner, Cathy

2009-05-01

Previous studies have indicated a paucity of SINEs within the genomes of the guinea pig and nutria, representatives of the Hystricognathi suborder of rodents. More recent work has shown that the guinea pig genome contains a large number of B1 elements, expanding to various levels among different rodents. In this work we utilized A-B PCR and screened GenBank with sequences from isolated clones to identify potentially uncharacterized SINEs within the guinea pig genome, and identified numerous sequences with a high degree of similarity (>92%) specific to the guinea pig. The presence of A-tails and flanking direct repeats associated with these sequences supported the identification of a full-length SINE, with a consensus sequence notably distinct from other rodent SINEs. Although most similar to the ID SINE, it clearly was not derived from the known ID master gene (BC1), hence we refer to this element as guinea pig ID-like (GPIDL). Using the consensus to screen the guinea pig genomic database (Assembly CavPor2) with Ensembl BlastView, we estimated at least 100,000 copies, which contrasts markedly to just over 100 copies of ID elements. Additionally we provided evidence of recent integrations of GPIDL as two of seven analyzed conserved GPIDL-containing loci demonstrated presence/absence variants in Cavia porcellus and C. aperea. Using intra-IDL PCR and sequence analyses we also provide evidence that GPIDL is derived from a hystricognath-specific SINE family. These results demonstrate that this SINE family continues to contribute to the dynamics of genomes of hystricognath rodents.

The non-nucleoside antiviral, BAY 38-4766, protects against cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and mortality in immunocompromised guinea pigs

PubMed Central

Schleiss, Mark R.; Bernstein, David I.; McVoy, Michael A.; Stroup, Greg; Bravo, Fernando; Creasy, Blaine; McGregor, Alistair; Henninger, Kristin; Hallenberger, Sabine

2008-01-01

New antiviral drugs are needed for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. These studies evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activity of the non-nucleosidic CMV inhibitor, BAY 38-4766, against guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV). Plaque reduction assays indicated that BAY 38-4766 was active against GPCMV, with an IC50 of 0.5 μM. Yield reduction assays demonstrated an ED90 and ED99 of 0.4 and 0.6 μM, respectively, of BAY 38-4766 against GPCMV. Guinea pigs tolerated oral administration of 50 mg/kg/day of BAY 38-4766 without evidence of biochemical or hematologic toxicity. Plasma concentrations of BAY 38-4766 were high following oral dosing, with a mean peak level at 1-h post-dose of 26.7 mg/ml (n = 6; range, 17.8-35.4). Treatment with BAY 38-4766 reduced both viremia and DNAemia, as determined by a real-time PCR assay, following GPCMV infection of cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed strain 2 guinea pigs (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). BAY 38-4766 also reduced mortality following lethal GPCMV challenge in immunosuppressed Hartley guinea pigs, from 83% (20/24) in placebo-treated guinea pigs, to 17% (4/24) in BAY 38-4766-treated animals (p < 0.0001, Fisher’s exact test). Mortality differences were accompanied by reduction in DNAemia in Hartley guinea pigs. Based upon its favorable safety, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic profiles, BAY 38-4766 warrants further investigation in the GPCMV model. PMID:15652969

Assessing Zika virus replication and the development of Zika-specific antibodies after a mid-gestation viral challenge in guinea pigs

PubMed Central

Fernández-Alarcón, Claudia; Hernandez-Alvarado, Nelmary; Zabeli, Jason C.; Janus, Bradley C.; Putri, Dira S.; Schleiss, Mark R.

2017-01-01

Primary Zika virus (ZIKV) infections that occur during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion and profoundly disrupt fetal development. While the full range of developmental abnormalities associated with congenital Zika syndrome is not yet known, severe cases of the syndrome can present with microcephaly, extensive neurologic and ocular damage, and pronounced joint malformations. Animal models that accurately recapitulate congenital Zika syndrome are urgently needed for vaccine development and for the study of ZIKV pathogenesis. As guinea pigs have successfully been used to model transplacental infections by cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and Listeria monocytogenes, we sought to test whether ZIKV could productively infect guinea pigs and whether viral transmission with attendant fetal pathology would occur after a mid-gestation viral challenge. We found that guinea pig cells supported ZIKV replication in vitro. Experimental infection of non-pregnant animals did not result in overt disease but low-level, detectable viremia was observed. When pregnant guinea pigs were challenged with ZIKV at between 18 and 21 days gestational age, ZIKV was not detected in maternal or pup blood, plasma, or tissues and no significant differences in maternal weight gain or pup size were observed following challenge. Nonetheless, a robust antibody response against ZIKV was detected in both the pups and dams. These results suggest that, while guinea pigs can model aspects of the immune response to ZIKV infection during pregnancy, naturally circulating ZIKV strains are not pathogenic during the pregnancy of immunocompetent guinea pigs and do not interfere with normal pup development. PMID:29099873

[Construction of recombinant adenovirus and mediated reported gene expression in the guinea pig cochlea].

PubMed

Liu, Yingpeng; Wang, Guopeng; Shen, Anmin; Wang, Jianting; Chen, Pei; Li, Zeweng; Gong, Shusheng

2007-08-01

To purify P0 protein from guinea pig's inner ear by preparative SDS-PAGE and study the possible role it may play in the etiology of autoimmune inner ear disease. A mixture of membraneous proteins of inner ear was separated by preparative SDS-PAGE. The corresponding band at 30kd was cut and electrically eluted. The protein collected was identified by analytical SDS-PAGE and Western blot assay. A group of 20 guinea pigs were immunized with P0 protein emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, another 10 guinea pigs were immunized with complete Freund 's adjuvant only as control. The guinea pigs' hearing thresholds, serum IgG level and morphological changes in the inner ear were investigated. The distribution of P0 protein in the cochlear was detected by immunohistochemical technique. The purity of the protein was demonstrated by a single band at the 30 kD site in SDS-PAGE, which was identified as P0 protein by western blot analysis assay. About 17.5% P0-immunized guinea pigs showed increased hearing thresholds, elevated IgG level (F =6.48, P <0. 01), as well as a decreased number of spiral ganglion cells and inflammatory cell infiltration in the cochlear nerve region. The P0 protein is distributed in the cochlear nerve and spiral ganglion only. P0 protein from guinea pig's inner ear can be successfully purified by preparative SDS-PAGE and an animal model of experimental autoimmune inner ear disease induced by P0 protein is successfully established.

Temporal Progression of Lesions in Guinea Pigs Infected With Lassa Virus.

PubMed

Bell, T M; Shaia, C I; Bearss, J J; Mattix, M E; Koistinen, K A; Honnold, S P; Zeng, X; Blancett, C D; Donnelly, G C; Shamblin, J D; Wilkinson, E R; Cashman, K A

2017-05-01

Lassa virus (LASV) infection causes an acute, multisystemic viral hemorrhagic fever that annually infects an estimated 100 000 to 300 000 persons in West Africa. This pathogenesis study evaluated the temporal progression of disease in guinea pigs following aerosol and subcutaneous inoculation of the Josiah strain of LASV as well as the usefulness of Strain 13 guinea pigs as an animal model for Lassa fever. After experimental infection, guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus; n = 67) were serially sampled to evaluate the temporal progression of infection, gross and histologic lesions, and serum chemistry and hematologic changes. Guinea pigs developed viremia on day 5 to 6 postexposure (PE), with clinical signs appearing by day 7 to 8 PE. Complete blood counts revealed lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. Gross pathologic findings included skin lesions and congested lungs. Histologic lesions consisted of cortical lymphoid depletion by day 6 to 7 PE with lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia at 7 to 8 days PE. Scattered hepatocellular degeneration and cell death were also noted in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in other tissues including the haired skin, lung, heart, adrenal gland, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. The first cell types to demonstrate staining for viral antigen were fibroblastic reticular cells and macrophages/dendritic cells in the lymph nodes on day 5 to 6 PE. This study demonstrates similarities between Lassa viral disease in human infections and experimental guinea pig infection. These shared pathologic characteristics support the utility of guinea pigs as an additional animal model for vaccine and therapeutic development under the Food and Drug Administration's Animal Rule.

Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury through upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in adult guinea pigs

PubMed Central

Guo, Hui-cai; Zhang, Zhe; Zhang, Li-nan; Xiong, Chen; Feng, Chen; Liu, Qian; Liu, Xu; Shi, Xiao-lu; Wang, Yong-li

2009-01-01

Aim: To investigate the protection and the anti-oxidative mechanism afforded by chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in guinea pig hearts. Methods: Adult male guinea pigs were exposed to CIHH by mimicking a 5000 m high altitude (pB=404 mmHg, pO2=84 mmHg) in a hypobaric chamber for 6 h/day for 28 days. Langendorff-perfused isolated guinea pig hearts were used to measure variables of left ventricular function during baseline perfusion, ischemia and the reperfusion period. The activity and protein expression of antioxidant enzymes in the left myocardium were evaluated using biochemical methods and Western blotting, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed using ROS-sensitive fluorescence. Results: After 30 min of global no-flow ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion, myocardial function had better recovery rates in CIHH guinea pig hearts than in control hearts. The activity and protein expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased in the myocardium of CIHH guinea pigs. Pretreatment of control hearts with an antioxidant mixture containing SOD and CAT exerted cardioprotective effects similar to CIHH. The irreversible CAT inhibitor aminotriazole (ATZ) abolished the cardioprotection of CIHH. Cardiac contractile dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were attenuated by CIHH and CAT. Conclusions: These data suggest that CIHH protects the heart against I/R injury through upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in guinea pig. PMID:19543301

On the origin of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) genetic diversity in New Guinea, a secondary centre of diversity

PubMed Central

Roullier, C; Kambouo, R; Paofa, J; McKey, D; Lebot, V

2013-01-01

New Guinea is considered the most important secondary centre of diversity for sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). We analysed nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity of 417 New Guinea sweet potato landraces, representing agro-morphological diversity collected throughout the island, and compared this diversity with that in tropical America. The molecular data reveal moderate diversity across all accessions analysed, lower than that found in tropical America. Nuclear data confirm previous results, suggesting that New Guinea landraces are principally derived from the Northern neotropical genepool (Camote and Batata lines, from the Caribbean and Central America). However, chloroplast data suggest that South American clones (early Kumara line clones or, more probably, later reintroductions) were also introduced into New Guinea and then recombined with existing genotypes. The frequency distribution of pairwise distances between New Guinea landraces suggests that sexual reproduction, rather than somaclonal variation, has played a predominant role in the diversification of sweet potato. The frequent incorporation of plants issued from true seed by farmers, and the geographical and cultural barriers constraining crop diffusion in this topographically and linguistically heterogeneous island, has led to the accumulation of an impressive number of variants. As the diversification of sweet potato in New Guinea is primarily the result of farmers' management of the reproductive biology of their crop, we argue that on-farm conservation programmes that implement distribution of core samples (clones representing the useful diversity of the species) and promote on-farm selection of locally adapted variants may allow local communities to fashion relatively autonomous strategies for coping with ongoing global change. PMID:23531982

Characterization of guinea pig T cell responses elicited after EP-assisted delivery of DNA vaccines to the skin

PubMed Central

Schultheis, Katherine; Schaefer, Hubert; Yung, Bryan S.; Oh, Janet; Muthumani, Karuppiah; Humeau, Laurent; Broderick, Kate E.

2016-01-01

The skin is an ideal target tissue for vaccine delivery for a number of reasons. It is highly accessible, and most importantly, enriched in professional antigen presenting cells. Possessing strong similarities to human skin physiology and displaying a defined epidermis, the guinea pig is an appropriate model to study epidermal delivery of vaccine. However, whilst we have characterized the humoral responses in the guinea pig associated with skin vaccine protocols we have yet to investigate the T cell responses. In response to this inadequacy, we developed an IFN-γ ELISpot assay to characterize the cellular immune response in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs. Using a nucleoprotein (NP) influenza pDNA vaccination regimen, we characterized host T cell responses. After delivery of the DNA vaccine to the guinea pig epidermis we detected robust and rapid T cell responses. The levels of IFN-γ spot-forming units averaged approximately 5000 per million cells after two immunizations. These responses were broad in that multiple regions across the NP antigen elicited a T cell response. Interestingly, we identified a number of NP immunodominant T cell epitopes to be conserved across an outbred guinea pig population, a phenomenon which was also observed after immunization with a RSV DNA vaccine. We believe this data enhances our understanding of the cellular immune response elicited to a vaccine in guinea pigs, and globally, will advance the use of this model for vaccine development, especially those targeting skin as a delivery site. PMID:27894716

Conjugated linoleic acid mitigates testosterone-related changes in body composition in male guinea pigs.

PubMed

Yang, Susan Q; DeGuire, Jason R; Lavery, Paula; Mak, Ivy L; Weiler, Hope A; Santosa, Sylvia

2016-05-01

We hypothesize that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may be effective in preventing the changes in total and regional body composition and increases in interleukin (IL) 6 that occur as a result of hypogonadism. Male guinea pigs (n = 40, 70- to 72-week retired breeders) were block randomized by weight into 4 groups: (1) sham surgery (SHAM)/control (CTRL) diet, (2) SHAM/conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) diet (1%), (3) orchidectomy (ORX)/CTRL diet, and (4) ORX/CLA diet. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed at baseline and week 16 to assess body composition. Serum IL-6 was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Fatty acids (FAs) from visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue were analyzed using gas chromatography. In ORX/CTRL guinea pigs, percent total body fat increased by 6.1%, and percent lean mass decreased by 6.7% over the 16-week treatment period, whereas no changes were observed for either parameter in ORX/CLA guinea pigs. Guinea pigs fed the CLA diet gained less percent total, upper, and lower body fat than those fed the CTRL diet regardless of surgical treatment. Regional adipose tissue FA composition was reflective of dietary FAs. Serum IL-6 concentrations were not different among groups. In this study, we observed that, in male guinea pigs, hypogonadism resulted in increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. In addition, CLA was effective in reducing gains in body fat and maintaining lean mass in both hypogonadal and intact guinea pigs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the skin blanching of topically applied steroids using a chroma meter in animals.

PubMed

Ishii, Hiroshi; Fujino, Konomi; Todo, Hiroaki; Sugibayashi, Kenji

2012-01-01

We evaluated the utility of animal skins for determining the skin blanching of steroids. A Chroma Meter was used to determine the skin blanching of steroids. Hydrophilic creams containing clobetasol propionate (CP) or prednisolone (PS) were selected as model steroid formulations. Skin blanching, a*, was determined using a Chroma Meter after the application of 0.005, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0% CP or PS hydrophilic cream to the back skin of guinea pigs and hairless rats for 24 h. The relationships between Δa*(6h) and the skin concentrations of the steroids were determined at 6 h after removal of the cream. Δa*(6h) was markedly decreased after the application of CP hydrophilic cream to guinea pigs, and a good linear relationship was observed between Δa*(6h) and skin concentration (r=0.98). In contrast, no relationship was observed between these parameters after the application of CP cream to the hairless rats. Although skin blanching was observed after PS cream application in guinea pigs, no relationship was observed between Δa*(6h) and skin concentration of PS in each animal. These results suggest that the skin blanching effect of CP in guinea pigs is greater than that of PS and that its blanching effect in guinea pigs was stronger than that in hairless rats. Guinea pigs were found to be a good animal model for determining the skin blanching produced by steroid creams. In addition, Chroma Meters can be effectively used in skin vasoconstrictive tests in guinea pigs.

Characteristic plethysmographic findings in a guinea pig model of COPD.

PubMed

Ramírez-Ramírez, Edgar; Torres-Ramírez, Armando; Alquicira-Mireles, Jesús; Cañavera-Constantino, Abraham; Segura-Medina, Patricia; Montaño-Ramírez, Martha; Ramos-Abraham, Carlos; Vargas, Mario H; Arreola-Ramírez, José Luis

2017-03-01

Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke generates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in guinea pigs, but a comprehensive evaluation of changes in lung function, as assessed by barometric whole body plethysmography (WBP), is lacking. Female guinea pigs were exposed to the smoke of 20 cigarettes/day, 5 days/week, during 10 weeks (COPD group, n = 8), and were compared with unexposed female guinea pigs of the same age (control group, n = 8). WBP was performed in both groups, followed by lung histology. At the end of the exposure period, guinea pigs in the COPD group had higher respiratory frequency, while duty cycle (Ti/Ttot) was unaffected. There was a trend toward minute ventilation (MV) and expiratory flow at the mid-tidal volume (EF50) to be higher in the COPD group. Enhanced pause (Penh) was lower, while time of braking (TB) and time to PEF relative to Te (Rpef) were higher in the COPD group. All guinea pigs exposed to tobacco smoke developed emphysematous lesions in their lungs and gained less body weight than controls. In this COPD model, exposure to cigarette smoke produced changes in WBP characterized by a shallow breathing pattern with decreased Penh and a trend toward increasing EF50 (probably due to decreased elastic recoil), increased TB (suggesting dynamic laryngeal narrowing), and a trend of increasing MV (probably due to a higher metabolic rate). Many of these functional changes resemble those observed in patients with COPD and corroborate the suitability of this guinea pig model for the study of COPD.

Immunoglobulin Genomics in the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

PubMed Central

Guo, Yongchen; Bao, Yonghua; Meng, Qingwen; Hu, Xiaoxiang; Meng, Qingyong; Ren, Liming; Li, Ning; Zhao, Yaofeng

2012-01-01

In science, the guinea pig is known as one of the gold standards for modeling human disease. It is especially important as a molecular and cellular biology model for studying the human immune system, as its immunological genes are more similar to human genes than are those of mice. The utility of the guinea pig as a model organism can be further enhanced by further characterization of the genes encoding components of the immune system. Here, we report the genomic organization of the guinea pig immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain genes. The guinea pig IgH locus is located in genomic scaffolds 54 and 75, and spans approximately 6,480 kb. 507 VH segments (94 potentially functional genes and 413 pseudogenes), 41 DH segments, six JH segments, four constant region genes (μ, γ, ε, and α), and one reverse δ remnant fragment were identified within the two scaffolds. Many VH pseudogenes were found within the guinea pig, and likely constituted a potential donor pool for gene conversion during evolution. The Igκ locus mapped to a 4,029 kb region of scaffold 37 and 24 is composed of 349 Vκ (111 potentially functional genes and 238 pseudogenes), three Jκ and one Cκ genes. The Igλ locus spans 1,642 kb in scaffold 4 and consists of 142 Vλ (58 potentially functional genes and 84 pseudogenes) and 11 Jλ -Cλ clusters. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the guinea pig’s large germline VH gene segments appear to form limited gene families. Therefore, this species may generate antibody diversity via a gene conversion-like mechanism associated with its pseudogene reserves. PMID:22761756

Guinea Pig Oxygen-Sensing and Carotid Body Functional Properties

PubMed Central

Gonzalez-Obeso, Elvira; Docio, Inmaculada; Olea, Elena; Cogolludo, Angel; Obeso, Ana; Rocher, Asuncion; Gomez-Niño, Angela

2017-01-01

Mammals have developed different mechanisms to maintain oxygen supply to cells in response to hypoxia. One of those mechanisms, the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors, is able to detect physiological hypoxia and generate homeostatic reflex responses, mainly ventilatory and cardiovascular. It has been reported that guinea pigs, originally from the Andes, have a reduced ventilatory response to hypoxia compared to other mammals, implying that CB are not completely functional, which has been related to genetically/epigenetically determined poor hypoxia-driven CB reflex. This study was performed to check the guinea pig CB response to hypoxia compared to the well-known rat hypoxic response. These experiments have explored ventilatory parameters breathing different gases mixtures, cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxia, in vitro CB response to hypoxia and other stimuli and isolated guinea pig chemoreceptor cells properties. Our findings show that guinea pigs are hypotensive and have lower arterial pO2 than rats, probably related to a low sympathetic tone and high hemoglobin affinity. Those characteristics could represent a higher tolerance to hypoxic environment than other rodents. We also find that although CB are hypo-functional not showing chronic hypoxia sensitization, a small percentage of isolated carotid body chemoreceptor cells contain tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme and voltage-dependent K+ currents and therefore can be depolarized. However hypoxia does not modify intracellular Ca2+ levels or catecholamine secretion. Guinea pigs are able to hyperventilate only in response to intense acute hypoxic stimulus, but hypercapnic response is similar to rats. Whether other brain areas are also activated by hypoxia in guinea pigs remains to be studied. PMID:28533756

Characterization of guinea pig T cell responses elicited after EP-assisted delivery of DNA vaccines to the skin.

PubMed

Schultheis, Katherine; Schaefer, Hubert; Yung, Bryan S; Oh, Janet; Muthumani, Karuppiah; Humeau, Laurent; Broderick, Kate E; Smith, Trevor R F

2017-01-03

The skin is an ideal target tissue for vaccine delivery for a number of reasons. It is highly accessible, and most importantly, enriched in professional antigen presenting cells. Possessing strong similarities to human skin physiology and displaying a defined epidermis, the guinea pig is an appropriate model to study epidermal delivery of vaccine. However, whilst we have characterized the humoral responses in the guinea pig associated with skin vaccine protocols we have yet to investigate the T cell responses. In response to this inadequacy, we developed an IFN-γ ELISpot assay to characterize the cellular immune response in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs. Using a nucleoprotein (NP) influenza pDNA vaccination regimen, we characterized host T cell responses. After delivery of the DNA vaccine to the guinea pig epidermis we detected robust and rapid T cell responses. The levels of IFN-γ spot-forming units averaged approximately 5000 per million cells after two immunizations. These responses were broad in that multiple regions across the NP antigen elicited a T cell response. Interestingly, we identified a number of NP immunodominant T cell epitopes to be conserved across an outbred guinea pig population, a phenomenon which was also observed after immunization with a RSV DNA vaccine. We believe this data enhances our understanding of the cellular immune response elicited to a vaccine in guinea pigs, and globally, will advance the use of this model for vaccine development, especially those targeting skin as a delivery site. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Inhaled Versus Deposited Dose Using the Exponential Dose-Response Model for Inhalational Anthrax in Nonhuman Primate, Rabbit, and Guinea Pig.

PubMed

Gutting, Bradford W; Rukhin, Andrey; Mackie, Ryan S; Marchette, David; Thran, Brandolyn

2015-05-01

The application of the exponential model is extended by the inclusion of new nonhuman primate (NHP), rabbit, and guinea pig dose-lethality data for inhalation anthrax. Because deposition is a critical step in the initiation of inhalation anthrax, inhaled doses may not provide the most accurate cross-species comparison. For this reason, species-specific deposition factors were derived to translate inhaled dose to deposited dose. Four NHP, three rabbit, and two guinea pig data sets were utilized. Results from species-specific pooling analysis suggested all four NHP data sets could be pooled into a single NHP data set, which was also true for the rabbit and guinea pig data sets. The three species-specific pooled data sets could not be combined into a single generic mammalian data set. For inhaled dose, NHPs were the most sensitive (relative lowest LD50) species and rabbits the least. Improved inhaled LD50 s proposed for use in risk assessment are 50,600, 102,600, and 70,800 inhaled spores for NHP, rabbit, and guinea pig, respectively. Lung deposition factors were estimated for each species using published deposition data from Bacillus spore exposures, particle deposition studies, and computer modeling. Deposition was estimated at 22%, 9%, and 30% of the inhaled dose for NHP, rabbit, and guinea pig, respectively. When the inhaled dose was adjusted to reflect deposited dose, the rabbit animal model appears the most sensitive with the guinea pig the least sensitive species. © 2014 Society for Risk Analysis.

Guinea Pig Oxygen-Sensing and Carotid Body Functional Properties.

PubMed

Gonzalez-Obeso, Elvira; Docio, Inmaculada; Olea, Elena; Cogolludo, Angel; Obeso, Ana; Rocher, Asuncion; Gomez-Niño, Angela

2017-01-01

Mammals have developed different mechanisms to maintain oxygen supply to cells in response to hypoxia. One of those mechanisms, the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors, is able to detect physiological hypoxia and generate homeostatic reflex responses, mainly ventilatory and cardiovascular. It has been reported that guinea pigs, originally from the Andes, have a reduced ventilatory response to hypoxia compared to other mammals, implying that CB are not completely functional, which has been related to genetically/epigenetically determined poor hypoxia-driven CB reflex. This study was performed to check the guinea pig CB response to hypoxia compared to the well-known rat hypoxic response. These experiments have explored ventilatory parameters breathing different gases mixtures, cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxia, in vitro CB response to hypoxia and other stimuli and isolated guinea pig chemoreceptor cells properties. Our findings show that guinea pigs are hypotensive and have lower arterial pO 2 than rats, probably related to a low sympathetic tone and high hemoglobin affinity. Those characteristics could represent a higher tolerance to hypoxic environment than other rodents. We also find that although CB are hypo-functional not showing chronic hypoxia sensitization, a small percentage of isolated carotid body chemoreceptor cells contain tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme and voltage-dependent K + currents and therefore can be depolarized. However hypoxia does not modify intracellular Ca 2+ levels or catecholamine secretion. Guinea pigs are able to hyperventilate only in response to intense acute hypoxic stimulus, but hypercapnic response is similar to rats. Whether other brain areas are also activated by hypoxia in guinea pigs remains to be studied.

Effects of sildenafil on cardiac repolarization.

PubMed

Chiang, Chern-En; Luk, Hsiang-Ning; Wang, Tsui-Min; Ding, Philip Yu-An

2002-08-01

Sudden death has occasionally been reported in patients taking sildenafil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sildenafil on cardiac repolarization. We used conventional microelectrode recording technique in isolated guinea pig papillary muscles and canine Purkinje fibers, whole-cell patch clamp techniques in guinea pig ventricular myocytes, and in vivo ECG measurements in guinea pigs. Action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD(90)) was not affected by sildenafil in the therapeutic ranges (< or =1 microM), but shortened by higher concentration (> or =10 microM) in both guinea pig papillary muscles and canine Purkinje fibers. D-Sotalol prolonged APD(90) in the same preparations with concentrations > or =1 microM in a reverse frequency-dependent manner. Co-administration of sildenafil (10 and 30 microM) abolished the APD-prolonging effects of D-sotalol (30 microM) and amiodarone (100 microM). Sildenafil, with concentrations up to 30 microM, had no significant effect on both the rapid (I(Kr)) and the slow (I(Ks)) components of the delayed rectifier potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Sildenafil dose-dependently blocked L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca,L)), but had no effect on persistent Na(+) current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. ECG recordings in intact guinea pigs revealed significant shortening of QTc interval by sildenafil (10 and 30 mg/kg orally). The QT-prolonging effects by D,L-sotalol (50 mg/kg) and amiodarone (100 mg/kg) were abolished by sildenafil (30 mg/kg). Sildenafil does not prolong cardiac repolarization. Instead, in supra-therapeutic concentrations, it accelerates cardiac repolarization, presumably through its blocking effect on I(Ca,L).

Evaluation of vaccine candidate potential of deltaaroA, deltahtrA and deltaaroAdeltahtrA mutants of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Abortusequi in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Singh, Bhoj Raj; Chandra, Mudit; Hansda, Dhananjoy; Alam, Javed; Babu, Narayanan; Siddiqui, Mehtab Z; Agrawal, Ravi K; Sharma, Gautam

2013-04-01

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Abortusequi (S. Abortusequi), a host adapted Salmonella causes abortions, still births and foal mortality in equids. Though known since more than 100 years, it is still a problem in many of the developing countries including India. There is dearth of really good vaccine affording immunity lasting at least for one full gestation. In search of a potential vaccine candidate, three defined deletion mutants (deltaaroA, deltahtrA and deltaaroAdeltahtrA) of S. Abortusequi were tested in guinea pig model for attenuation, safety, immunogenicity, humoral immune response, protective efficacy and persistence in host. The deltahtrA and deltaaroAdeltahtrA mutants were found to be safe on oral inoculation in doses as high as 4.2 x 10(9) cfu/animal. Also through subcutaneous inoculation deltaaroAdeltahtrA mutant did not induce any abortion in pregnant guinea pigs. All the three mutants did not induce any illness or death in 1-2 week-old baby guinea pigs except deltahtrA mutant which caused mortality on intraperitoneal inoculation. Inoculation with mutants protected against challenge and increased breeding efficiency of guinea pigs. After >4.5 months of mutant inoculation, guinea pigs were protected against abortifacient dose of wild type S. Abortusequi and mother guinea pigs also conferred resistance to their babies to the similar challenge. Early humoral immune response of S. Abortusequi mutants was characteristic. Faecal excretion of deltaaroA and htrA mutants was detected up to 45 days of inoculation in guinea pigs while deltaaroAdeltahtrA mutant could not be detected after 21 days of inoculation. The results indicated that the double deletion mutant (deltaaroAdeltahtrA) was the most effective and safe candidate for vaccination against S. Abortusequi through mucosal route of inoculation.

In-vitro activity of levofloxacin against clinical isolates of Legionella spp, its pharmacokinetics in guinea pigs, and use in experimental Legionella pneumophila pneumonia.

PubMed

Edelstein, P H; Edelstein, M A; Lehr, K H; Ren, J

1996-01-01

The activities of levofloxacin and ofloxacin against 22 clinical legionella isolates was determined by microbroth dilution susceptibility testing. Growth inhibition of two Legionella pneumophila strains grown in guinea pig alveolar macrophages by levofloxacin, ofloxacin, or erythromycin was also determined. The drug concentrations required to inhibit 90% of strains tested was 0.032 mg/L for levofloxacin or ofloxacin, and was 0.016 mg/L for ciprofloxacin. BYE alpha broth significantly inhibited the activities of all three drugs tested, as judged by the susceptibility of control Escherichia coli strains. Levofloxacin (0.25 mg/L) reduced bacterial counts of two L. pneumophila strains grown in guinea pig alveolar macrophages by 1 log10, but regrowth occurred over a 3 day period; levofloxacin (1 mg/L) reduced bacterial counts by 2-3 log10 cfu/mL. Levofloxacin was significantly more active than erythromycin, and as active as ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin in this assay. Pharmacokinetic and therapy studies of levofloxacin and ofloxacin were performed in guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia. For the pharmacokinetic study, levofloxacin was given (10 mg/kg) by the intraperitoneal route to infected guinea pigs; mean peak plasma and lung concentrations were 3.4 mg/L and 1.4 micrograms/g, respectively, at 0.5 h and 2.6 mg/L and 0.6 micrograms/g at 1 h. The terminal half-life phase of elimination from plasma and lung was c. 1 h. All 15 infected guinea pigs treated with levofloxacin (10 mg/kg/day given ip once daily) for 5 days survived for 9 days after antimicrobial therapy, as did all 14 guinea pigs treated with the same dose of ofloxacin. None of 13 animals treated with saline survived. Levofloxacin is effective against L. pneumophila in vitro and in a guinea pig model of legionnaire's disease. Levofloxacin should be evaluated as a treatment of human legionnaires' disease.

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE); comparative accumulation in human and guinea pig hair as a biomarker for prenatal alcohol exposure.

PubMed

Kulaga, Vivian; Caprara, Daniela; Iqbal, Umar; Kapur, Bhushan; Klein, Julia; Reynolds, James; Brien, James; Koren, Gideon

2006-01-01

To compare the incorporation rate (ICR) of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in hair between guinea pigs and humans, and to assess the relationship between ethanol exposure and FAEE concentrations in hair. Published data from pregnant guinea pigs, including maximum blood ethanol concentration (BEC), dosage regimen, and total hair FAEE concentration, were compared with published data from alcoholic patients, where dose of ethanol consumed and total hair FAEE concentration were reported. Mean values of ethanol Vmax for pregnant guinea pigs and humans were obtained from published data (26.2 and 24 mg/dl/h, respectively). Total and individual FAEE ICRs, defined as the ratio of hair FAEE to the area under the BEC-time curve (total systemic ethanol exposure), were found to be on average an order of magnitude lower in the guinea pig than in the human. The profiles of ester incorporation also differed slightly between species, with ethyl stearate being highly incorporated in guinea pig hair and less so in human hair. The results may reflect in the human greater FAEE production, greater FAEE deposition in hair, slower FAEE catabolism, differential sebum production and composition, or a combination thereof. Also, ethyl oleate was found to correlate with total systemic ethanol exposure for both guinea pigs and humans, correlation coefficients equalling 0.67 (P < 0.05) and 0.49 (P < 0.05), respectively. No other ethyl esters, nor total FAEE, were found to correlate with systemic ethanol exposure. When extrapolating FAEE concentrations in hair from guinea pigs to humans, an order of magnitude difference should be considered, with humans incorporating more FAEE per unit of ethanol exposure. Also, the results suggest caution should be taken when interpreting values of single esters because of their differential incorporation among species. Lastly, our findings suggest ethyl oleate may be of keen interest in FAEE hair analysis, particularly across species.

Electrophysiological effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in bull-frog and guinea-pig atrial myocytes.

PubMed Central

Ono, K; Giles, W R

1991-01-01

1. Electrophysiological effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on action potentials and corresponding transmembrane currents in single myocytes from bull-frog and guinea-pig atria were studied using a whole-cell voltage-clamp method. 2. CGRP at relatively low concentrations increased the height of the action potential plateau in a dose-dependent manner in both bull-frog and guinea-pig myocytes. In addition, in bull-frog cells CGRP accelerated the early phase of repolarization, thus shortening the overall duration of the action potential. In contrast, in guinea-pig myocytes CGRP prolonged the action potential duration at all concentrations that were studied. 3. Voltage-clamp measurements demonstrated that CGRP increased transmembrane calcium current (ICa) in guinea-pig myocytes without a significant change in its voltage dependence. The ED50 value for this effect on ICa was 1.28 +/- 0.55 X 10(-8) M (n = 4). The time course of the inactivation of ICa was not affected by CGRP. 4. CGRP increased the delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) at relatively low concentrations in bull-frog atria, whereas relatively high concentrations were needed to increase IK in guinea-pig myocytes. This effect was observed even after complete inhibition of ICa. 5. CGRP had no significant effect on the inwardly rectifying background K+ current, IK1, even at very high concentrations. 6. Comparison of the time course of ICa augmentation in bull-frog and guinea-pig myocytes revealed an important difference in the effect of CGRP in these two types of cells. CGRP at maximal concentrations increased ICa transiently in bull-frog myocytes, whereas this response was sustained in guinea-pig myocytes. Isoprenaline (Iso) induced sustained increase in ICa in both species. When ICa was fully activated by Iso, CGRP at high concentrations strongly inhibited ICa in the bull-frog, whereas it had little effect on ICa in guinea-pig myocytes. 7. Intracellular application of GTP gamma S (guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) 10(-4) M) greatly potentiated the CGRP effect on ICa; in contrast, GDP beta S (guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), 2 x 10(-3) M) partially inhibited the CGRP-induced augmentation of ICa. Taken together, these results indicate that the stimulation of ICa by CGRP is mediated by a GTP-binding protein. 8. The observed dose-dependent changes in ICa and IK in bull-frog and guinea-pig myocytes can explain the different patterns of CGRP-induced changes in action potential shape in these two myocyte preparations. PMID:1905755

"Training by Papua New Guinea Women, for Papua New Guinea Women": Lessons from the Development of a Co-Constructed Course for Women Smallholder Farmers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pamphilon, Barbara; Mikhailovich, Katja; Chambers, Barbara

2014-01-01

This article examines the lessons from a collaborative project that worked with women agricultural leaders in Papua New Guinea. The project sought to build the capacity of these leaders as trainers in a way that would enable the development of a sustainable community of practice and worked within a critical and place-based pedagogy underpinned by…

Ebola Virus Disease Candidate Vaccines Under Evaluation in Clinical Trials

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-02

studies in HPIV-3-immune guinea pigs with EBOV GP1,2-expressing HPIV-3 have suggested that while pre-existing immunity to the vector suppressed... guinea pigs and nonhuman primates against infection with multiple Marburg viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines, 7(4), 417-429 (2008). 98. Warfield KL...Swenson DL, Negley DL et al. Marburg virus-like particles protect guinea pigs from lethal Marburg virus infection. Vaccine, 22(25-26), 3495-3502 (2004

Vals Cape, New Guinea

NASA Image and Video Library

1994-09-30

STS068-261-062 (30 September-11 October 1994) --- Vals Cape (left) is the prominent point of the island of New Guinea (Indonesia's Irian Jaya) that juts southwest into the Arafura Sea, pointing towards Australia. The part of New Guinea in this northwest-looking view is entirely low-lying swampland with very low population density. The Digul River, snaking across the middle of the view, drains the high mountain chain, which runs along the spine of the island.

Effect of intradermal tuberculin tests on BCG-induced allergy

PubMed Central

Magnus, Knut

1957-01-01

Trials are going forward to determine whether intradermal tuberculin testing with 10 TU at yearly intervals after BCG vaccination may prevent waning of BCG-induced allergy in schoolchildren. Meanwhile, two experiments to the same purpose, carried out in guinea-pigs, are described. They show that waning allergy in guinea-pigs can be sustantially enhanced by intradermal injection of either purified tuberculin or Old Tuberculin, the effect lasting for at least 8 weeks, even with so small a dose as 5 TU. It is pointed out that this enhancing effect has been demonstrated only in BCG-vaccinated guinea-pigs and that it is not known whether the same phenomenon would occur in guinea-pigs infected with living human tubercle bacilli. PMID:13489466

Optic nerve head and intraocular pressure in the guinea pig eye.

PubMed

Ostrin, Lisa A; Wildsoet, Christine F

2016-05-01

The guinea pig is becoming an increasingly popular model for studying human myopia, which carries an increased risk of glaucoma. As a step towards understanding this association, this study sought to characterize the normal, developmental intraocular pressure (IOP) profiles, as well as the anatomy of the optic nerve head (ONH) and adjacent sclera of young guinea pigs. IOP was tracked in pigmented guinea pigs up to 3 months of age. One guinea pig was imaged in vivo with OCT and one with a fundus camera. The eyes of pigmented and albino guinea pigs (ages 2 months) were enucleated and sections from the posterior segment, including the ONH and surrounding sclera, processed for histological analyses - either hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of paraffin embedded, sectioned tissue (n = 1), or cryostat sectioned tissue, processed for immunohistochemistry (n = 3), using primary antibodies against collagen types I-V, elastin, fibronectin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM) studies of ONHs were also undertaken (n = 2 & 5 respectively). Mean IOPs ranged from 17.33 to 22.7 mmHg, increasing slightly across the age range studied, and the IOPs of individual animals also exhibited diurnal variations, peaking in the early morning (mean of 25.8, mmHg, ∼9 am), and decreasing across the day. H&E-stained sections showed retinal ganglion cell axons organized into fascicles in the prelaminar and laminar region of the ONHs, with immunostained sections revealing collagen types I, III, IV and V, as well as elastin, GFAP and fibronectin in the ONHs. SEM revealed a well-defined lamina cribrosa (LC), with radially-oriented collagen beams. TEM revealed collagen fibrils surrounding non-myelinated nerve fiber bundles in the LC region, with myelination and decreased collagen posterior to the LC. The adjacent sclera comprised mainly crimped collagen fibers in a crisscross arrangement. Both the sclera and LC were qualitatively similar in structure in pigmented and albino guinea pigs. The well-organized, collagen-based LC of the guinea pig ONH is similar to that described for tree shrews and more similar to the human LC than that of other rodents that lack collagen. Based on these latter structural similarities the guinea pig would seem a promising model for investigating the relationship between myopia and glaucoma. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antigen challenge induces pulmonary airway eosinophil accumulation and airway hyperreactivity in sensitized guinea-pigs: the effect of anti-asthma drugs.

PubMed Central

Sanjar, S.; Aoki, S.; Kristersson, A.; Smith, D.; Morley, J.

1990-01-01

1. Guinea-pigs were sensitized with 3 injections of ovalbumin (OA) (1 or 10 micrograms per animal) using Al(OH)3 and pertussis vaccine as adjuvants at two week intervals. 2. Sensitized guinea-pigs were challenged with an aerosol of OA (0.1%) over a one hour period and both airway reactivity and cellular content of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were assessed at intervals for up to 7 days. 3. Guinea-pigs sensitized with 1 microgram of ovalbumin responded to an aerosol of OA with increased pulmonary airway eosinophilia, which was evident 1 day after challenge and was present for up to 7 days. Airway hyperreactivity was not detectable in these animals. 4. Guinea-pigs sensitized with 10 micrograms of ovalbumin responded to an aerosol of OA with increased pulmonary airway neutrophilia and eosinophilia and with increased airway reactivity which was maximal between 8 and 24 h after exposure to OA. 5. Depletion of circulating platelets or neutrophils, by use of selective antisera, did not alter either the magnitude of eosinophilia or the intensity of airway reactivity in sensitized guinea-pigs (10 micrograms) exposed to an aerosol of OA. 6. Pretreatment of sensitized guinea-pigs (10 micrograms) for 6 days with AH 21-132, aminophylline, dexamethasone or ketotifen inhibited pulmonary airway eosinophilia, but did not diminish airway hyperreactivity. Neither eosinophil accumulation nor development of airway hyperreactivity was influenced by treatment with mepyramine or salbutamol over a 6 day period before OA inhalation. 7. Although eosinophilia may occur in association with increased airway reactivity in this animal model, there is no evidence of a causal relationship. PMID:2361168

Expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes in tobacco by a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector.

PubMed

Wu, Ligang; Jiang, Lubin; Zhou, Zhiai; Fan, Jihua; Zhang, Qingqi; Zhu, Huihui; Han, Qi; Xu, Zhengkai

2003-10-01

We expressed two immunogenic dominant epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O in tobacco plant using a vector based on a recombinant tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The recombinant viruses TMVF11 and TMVF14 contained peptides of 11 and 14 amino acid residues, respectively, from FMDV VP 1 fused to the open reading frame of TMV coat protein (CP) gene between amino acid residues 154 and 155. TMVF11 and TMVF14 systemically infected tobacco plant and produced large quantities of stable progeny viral particles assembled with the modified CP subunits. Guinea pigs, mice and swine were used to test the protective effects of the recombinant viruses against FMDV infection. Most guinea pigs were protected against FMDV challenge after parenteral injection with TMVF11, TMVF14, or the mixture TMVF11/TMVF14, but not wtTMV. The TMVF11/TMVF14 mixture protected all animals when challenged with 150 guinea pig 50% infection dosage (GPID(50)) FMDV. Oral administration of the TMVF11/TMVF14 mixture (3mg total) protected 3/8 guinea pigs against the same FMDV challenge. Most of the suckling mice parenterally injected with antiserum from guinea pigs immunized with the TMVF11/TMVF14 mixture, but not with wtTMV, were also protected against FMDV challenge with 10 suckling mouse 50% lethal dosage (SMLD(50)), indicating that antibodies produced in guinea pigs immunized with the TMVF11/TMVF14 mixture specifically neutralized FMDV. Western blot analysis indicated that antiserum from those guinea pigs reacted with the FMDV VP1 protein. The protective effect of TMVF11 was also demonstrated in swine, where preliminary tests showed that nine pigs immunized with TMVF11 in three experiments were protected against FMDV challenge with 20 minimal infecting dose (MID).

Immunoglobulin genomics in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).

PubMed

Guo, Yongchen; Bao, Yonghua; Meng, Qingwen; Hu, Xiaoxiang; Meng, Qingyong; Ren, Liming; Li, Ning; Zhao, Yaofeng

2012-01-01

In science, the guinea pig is known as one of the gold standards for modeling human disease. It is especially important as a molecular and cellular biology model for studying the human immune system, as its immunological genes are more similar to human genes than are those of mice. The utility of the guinea pig as a model organism can be further enhanced by further characterization of the genes encoding components of the immune system. Here, we report the genomic organization of the guinea pig immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain genes. The guinea pig IgH locus is located in genomic scaffolds 54 and 75, and spans approximately 6,480 kb. 507 V(H) segments (94 potentially functional genes and 413 pseudogenes), 41 D(H) segments, six J(H) segments, four constant region genes (μ, γ, ε, and α), and one reverse δ remnant fragment were identified within the two scaffolds. Many V(H) pseudogenes were found within the guinea pig, and likely constituted a potential donor pool for gene conversion during evolution. The Igκ locus mapped to a 4,029 kb region of scaffold 37 and 24 is composed of 349 V(κ) (111 potentially functional genes and 238 pseudogenes), three J(κ) and one C(κ) genes. The Igλ locus spans 1,642 kb in scaffold 4 and consists of 142 V(λ) (58 potentially functional genes and 84 pseudogenes) and 11 J(λ) -C(λ) clusters. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the guinea pig's large germline V(H) gene segments appear to form limited gene families. Therefore, this species may generate antibody diversity via a gene conversion-like mechanism associated with its pseudogene reserves.

Malformation of stria vascularis in the developing inner ear of the German waltzing guinea pig.

PubMed

Jin, Zhe; Mannström, Paula; Järlebark, Leif; Ulfendahl, Mats

2007-05-01

Auditory function and cochlear morphology have previously been described in the postnatal German waltzing guinea pig, a strain with recessive deafness. In the present study, cochlear histopathology was further investigated in the inner ear of the developing German waltzing guinea pig (gw/gw). The lumen of the cochlear duct diminished progressively from embryonic day (E) 35 to E45 and was absent at E50 because of the complete collapse of Reissner's membrane onto the hearing organ. The embryonic stria vascularis, consisting of a simple epithelium, failed to transform into the complex trilaminar tissue seen in normal animals and displayed signs of degeneration. Subsequent degeneration of the sensory epithelium was observed from E50 and onwards. Defective and insufficient numbers of melanocytes were observed in the developing gw/gw stria vascularis. A gene involved in cochlear melanocyte development, Pax3, was markedly reduced in lateral wall tissue of the cochlea of both E40 and adult gw/gw individuals, whereas its expression was normal in the skin and diaphragm muscle of adult gw/gw animals. The Pax3 gene may thus be involved in the pathological process but is unlikely to be the primary mutated gene in the German waltzing guinea pig. TUNEL assay showed no signs of apoptotic cell death in the developing stria vascularis of this type of guinea pig. Thus, malformation of the stria vascularis appears to be the primary defect in the inner ear of the German waltzing guinea pig. Defective and insufficient numbers of melanocytes might migrate to the developing stria vascularis but fail to provide the proper support for the subsequent development of marginal and basal cells, thereby leading to stria vascularis malformation and dysfunction in the inner ear of the German waltzing guinea pig.

Aerosolized polymerized type I collagen reduces airway inflammation and remodelling in a guinea pig model of allergic asthma.

PubMed

Moreno-Alvarez, Paola; Sánchez-Guerrero, Edgar; Martínez-Cordero, Erasmo; Hernández-Pando, Rogelio; Campos, María G; Cetina, Lucely; Bazán-Perkins, Blanca

2010-04-01

Collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone (Collagen-PVP) has been demonstrated to elicit immunomodulatory properties in different chronic inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, its effects on asthma are still unknown. We have evaluated whether collagen-PVP could modulate airway inflammation and remodelling in a guinea pig model of allergic asthma. Sensitized guinea pigs were challenged with the allergen (ovalbumin) six times (at 10-day intervals). From the third challenge on, animals were treated every 5 days with saline aerosols containing 0.16, 0.33, or 0.66 mg/ml of collagen-PVP (n = 5, respectively). Some guinea pigs, sensitized and challenged with saline as well as treated with 0 or 0.66 mg/ml collagen-PVP, were included in the study as control (n = 7) and sham groups (n = 5), respectively. From the first challenge on, ovalbumin induced a transient airway obstruction, measured by barometric plethysmography, which was not modified by collagen-PVP treatments. After the last allergen challenge, guinea pigs were anesthetized to obtain bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and the left lung caudal lobe. As expected, BAL cell count from allergen-challenged guinea pigs showed abundant neutrophils and eosinophils, as well as numerous tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-expressing granulocytes and macrophages in airway wall (determined by immunohistochemical assay). Neutrophilia and TNF-alpha-expressing leukocytes, from collagen-PVP treated animals, diminished from 0.16 mg/ml, and eosinophilia from 0.66 mg/ml of collagen-PVP doses. Histological changes induced by allergen challenges include thickening of connective tissue below airway epithelium and vascular wall widening of airway adjacent vessels; these changes were reduced by collagen-PVP treatment. Collagen-PVP seems to have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties in this guinea pig asthma model.

Immunoreactivities for glutathione S-transferases and glutathione peroxidase in the lateral wall of pigmented and albino guinea pig cochlea.

PubMed

Fujimura, Takeyuki; Suzuki, Hideaki; Udaka, Tsuyoshi; Shiomori, Teruo; Mori, Takanori; Inaba, Tsuyoshi; Hiraki, Nobuaki; Kayashima, Kotaro; Doi, Yoshiaki

2008-09-01

Dark-skinned people are known to be more tolerant of ototraumatic noise than are light-skinned people, and pigmented animals are more tolerant of ototraumatic noise and aminoglycoside ototoxicity than are albino animals. Such tolerance may be dependent on the local ability of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSPx). In the present study, we examined the difference in GST/GSPx expression in the lateral wall of the cochlea between pigmented and albino guinea pigs. Eight-week-old male pigmented and albino guinea pigs were killed by transcardiac perfusion with 2% paraformaldehyde. The cochlear ducts were isolated, further fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, decalcified, and then embedded in paraffin. Sections prepared at 5-microm thickness were incubated with anti-GST-alpha,-mu,-pi, or anti-GSPx antibody, reacted with Alexa Fluorconjugated secondary antibody, and examined under a Carl Zeiss Axioskop 2 plus fluorescence microscope. The cochlea ducts were also subjected to immunoelectron microscopy for GST-pi by the postembedment method. The stria vascularis of pigmented guinea pigs was strongly immunoreactive for GST-alpha,-mu,-pi, and GSPx, whereas no or only weak immunoreactivities were seen in the stria vascularis of albino guinea pigs. The spiral ligament showed positive but different immunoreactivities for these enzymes between the strains. Double-stained immunofluorescence micrographs for GST-pi and GSPx showed a close resemblance of localization between the two enzymes in both pigmented and albino guinea pigs. At the ultrastructural level, immunoreactivity for GST-pi was localized preferentially in the melanin cells of pigmented guinea pigs. These results suggest that correlation between pigmentation and inner ear susceptibility is, at least partially, attributed to the different distribution of GST/GSPx in the stria vascularis.

Species differences in the localization and number of CNS beta adrenergic receptors: Rat versus guinea pig

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Booze, R.M.; Crisostomo, E.A.; Davis, J.N.

1989-06-01

The localization and number of beta adrenergic receptors were directly compared in the brains of rats and guinea pigs. The time course of association and saturability of (125I)cyanopindolol (CYP) binding to slide-mounted tissue sections was similar in rats (Kd = 17 pM) and guinea pigs (Kd = 20 pM). The beta-1 and beta-2 receptor subtypes were examined through the use of highly selective unlabeled receptor antagonists, ICI 118,551 (50 nM) and ICI 89,406 (70 nM). Dramatic species differences between rats and guinea pigs were observed in the neuroanatomical regional localization of the beta adrenergic receptor subtypes. For example, in themore » thalamus prominent beta-1 and beta-2 receptor populations were identified in the rat; however, the entire thalamus of the guinea pig had few, if any, beta adrenergic receptors of either subtype. Hippocampal area CA1 had high levels of beta-2 adrenergic receptors in both rats and guinea pigs but was accompanied by a widespread distribution of beta-2 adrenergic receptors only in rats. Quantitative autoradiographic analyses of 25 selected neuroanatomical regions (1) confirmed the qualitative differences in CNS beta adrenergic receptor localization, (2) determined that guinea pigs had significantly lower levels of beta adrenergic receptors than rats and (3) indicated a differential pattern of receptor subtypes between the two species. Knowledge of species differences in receptor patterns may be useful in designing effective experiments as well as in exploring the relationships between receptor and innervation patterns. Collectively, these data suggest caution be used in extrapolation of the relationships of neurotransmitters and receptors from studies of a single species.« less

Next-generation sequencing based genotyping, cytometry and phenotyping for understanding diversity and evolution of Guinea yams.

PubMed

Girma, Gezahegn; Hyma, Katie E; Asiedu, Robert; Mitchell, Sharon E; Gedil, Melaku; Spillane, Charles

2014-08-01

Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is used to understand the origin and domestication of guinea yams, including the contribution of wild relatives and polyploidy events to the cultivated guinea yams. Patterns of genetic diversity within and between two cultivated guinea yams (Dioscorea rotundata and D. cayenensis) and five wild relatives (D. praehensilis, D. mangenotiana, D. abyssinica, D. togoensis and D. burkilliana) were investigated using next-generation sequencing (genotyping by sequencing, GBS). Additionally, the two cultivated species were assessed for intra-specific morphological and ploidy variation. In guinea yams, ploidy level is correlated with species identity. Using flow cytometry a single ploidy level was inferred across D. cayenensis (3x, N = 21), D. praehensilis (2x, N = 7), and D. mangenotiana (3x, N = 5) accessions, whereas both diploid and triploid (or aneuploid) accessions were present in D. rotundata (N = 11 and N = 32, respectively). Multi-dimensional scaling and maximum parsimony analyses of 2,215 SNPs revealed that wild guinea yam populations form discrete genetic groupings according to species. D. togoensis and D. burkilliana were most distant from the two cultivated yam species, whereas D. abyssinica, D. mangenotiana, and D. praehensilis were closest to cultivated yams. In contrast, cultivated species were genetically less clearly defined at the intra-specific level. While D. cayenensis formed a single genetic group, D. rotundata comprised three separate groups consisting of; (1) a set of diploid individuals genetically similar to D. praehensilis, (2) a set of diploid individuals genetically similar to D. cayenensis, and (3) a set of triploid individuals. The current study demonstrates the utility of GBS for assessing yam genomic diversity. Combined with morphological and biological data, GBS provides a powerful tool for testing hypotheses regarding the evolution, domestication and breeding of guinea yams.

Preclinical pharmacology of bilastine, a new selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist: receptor selectivity and in vitro antihistaminic activity.

PubMed

Corcóstegui, Reyes; Labeaga, Luis; Innerárity, Ana; Berisa, Agustin; Orjales, Aurelio

2005-01-01

This study aimed to establish the receptor selectivity and antihistaminic activity of bilastine, a new selective antihistamine receptor antagonist. In vitro experiments were conducted using a receptor binding screening panel and guinea-pig and rat tissues. Antihistaminic activity was determined using H1 receptor binding studies and in vitro H1 antagonism studies conducted in guinea-pig tissues and human cell lines. Receptor selectivity was established using a receptor binding screening panel and a receptor antagonism screening conducted in guinea-pig, rat and rabbit tissues. Inhibition of inflammatory mediators was determined through the Schultz-Dale reaction in sensitised guinea-pig ileum. Bilastine binds to histamine H1-receptors as indicated by its displacement of [3H]-pyrilamine from H1-receptors expressed in guinea-pig cerebellum and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell lines. The studies conducted on guinea-pig smooth muscle demonstrated the capability of bilastine to antagonise H1-receptors. Bilastine is selective for histamine H1-receptors as shown in receptor-binding screening conducted to determine the binding capacity of bilastine to 30 different receptors. The specificity of its H1-receptor antagonistic activity was also demonstrated in a series of in vitro experiments conducted on guinea-pig and rat tissues. The results of these studies confirmed the lack of significant antagonism against serotonin, bradykinin, leukotriene D4, calcium, muscarinic M3-receptors, alpha1-adrenoceptors, beta2-adrenoceptors, and H2- and H3-receptors. The results of the in vitro Schultz-Dale reaction demonstrated that bilastine also has anti-inflammatory activity. These preclinical studies provide evidence that bilastine has H1- antihistamine activity, with high specificity for H1-receptors, and poor or no affinity for other receptors. Bilastine has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties.

Eradicating guinea worm without wells: unrealized hopes of the Water Decade.

PubMed

Brieger, W R; Otusanya, S; Adeniyi, J D; Tijani, J; Banjoko, M

1997-12-01

At the start of the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade in the 1980s, guinea worm disease was targeted as the major indicator of the success of the Decade's efforts to promote safe water. By the late 1980s, most of the guinea worm endemic countries in Africa and South Asia had established guinea worm eradication programmes that included water supply as one of their main technical strategies. By surveying the water supply situation in Ifeloju Local Government Area (LGA) in Oyo State, Nigeria, in June 1996, as a case study, it was possible to determine the role that water supply has played in the eradication effort. Although two major agencies, the former Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure and UNICEF, provided hand dug and bore-hole wells respectively in many parts of the LGA, coverage of the smaller farm hamlets has been minor compared to efforts in the larger towns. This is ironic because the farm hamlets served as a reservoir for the disease in the 1980s, such that when the piped water system in the towns broke down, guinea worm was easily reintroduced into the towns. The survey of 188 ever-endemic hamlets with an estimated population of 23,556 found that 74.3% of the people still drink only pond water. Another 11.3% have wells that have become dysfunctional. Only 14.4% of this rural population has access' to functioning wells. Guinea worm was eliminated from 107 of the hamlets mainly by the use of cloth filters and chemical treatment of ponds. While this proves that it is possible to eradicate guinea worm, it fails to leave behind the legacy of reliable, safe water supplies that was the hope of the Water Decade.

L-dehydroascorbic acid can substitute l-ascorbic acid as dietary vitamin C source in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Frikke-Schmidt, Henriette; Tveden-Nyborg, Pernille; Lykkesfeldt, Jens

2016-04-01

Vitamin C deficiency globally affects several hundred million people and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in numerous studies. In this study, bioavailability of the oxidized form of vitamin C (l-dehydroascorbic acid or DHA)-commonly found in vitamin C containing food products prone to oxidation-was studied. Our aim was to compare tissue accumulation of vitamin C in guinea pigs receiving different oral doses of either ascorbate or DHA. In all tissues tested (plasma, liver, spleen, lung, adrenal glands, kidney, muscle, heart, and brain), only sporadic differences in vitamin C accumulation from ascorbate or DHA were observed except for the lowest dose of DHA (0.25mg/ml in the drinking water), where approximately half of the tissues had slightly yet significantly less vitamin C accumulation than from the ascorbate source. As these results contradicted data from rats, we continued to explore the ability to recycle DHA in blood, liver and intestine in guinea pigs, rats and mice. These investigations revealed that guinea pigs have similar recycling capacity in red blood cells as observed in humans, while rats and mice do not have near the same ability to reduce DHA in erythrocytes. In liver and intestinal homogenates, guinea pigs also showed a significantly higher ability to recycle DHA compared to rats and mice. These data demonstrate that DHA in guinea pigs-as in humans-is almost as effective as ascorbate as vitamin C source when it comes to taking up and storing vitamin C and further suggest that the guinea pig is superior to other rodents in modeling human vitamin C homeostasis. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

l-dehydroascorbic acid can substitute l-ascorbic acid as dietary vitamin C source in guinea pigs

PubMed Central

Frikke-Schmidt, Henriette; Tveden-Nyborg, Pernille; Lykkesfeldt, Jens

2015-01-01

Vitamin C deficiency globally affects several hundred million people and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in numerous studies. In this study, bioavailability of the oxidized form of vitamin C (l-dehydroascorbic acid or DHA)—commonly found in vitamin C containing food products prone to oxidation—was studied. Our aim was to compare tissue accumulation of vitamin C in guinea pigs receiving different oral doses of either ascorbate or DHA. In all tissues tested (plasma, liver, spleen, lung, adrenal glands, kidney, muscle, heart, and brain), only sporadic differences in vitamin C accumulation from ascorbate or DHA were observed except for the lowest dose of DHA (0.25 mg/ml in the drinking water), where approximately half of the tissues had slightly yet significantly less vitamin C accumulation than from the ascorbate source. As these results contradicted data from rats, we continued to explore the ability to recycle DHA in blood, liver and intestine in guinea pigs, rats and mice. These investigations revealed that guinea pigs have similar recycling capacity in red blood cells as observed in humans, while rats and mice do not have near the same ability to reduce DHA in erythrocytes. In liver and intestinal homogenates, guinea pigs also showed a significantly higher ability to recycle DHA compared to rats and mice. These data demonstrate that DHA in guinea pigs—as in humans—is almost as effective as ascorbate as vitamin C source when it comes to taking up and storing vitamin C and further suggest that the guinea pig is superior to other rodents in modeling human vitamin C homeostasis. PMID:26609560

Dietary micronized-dehulled white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) in meat-type guinea fowls and its influence on growth performance, carcass traits and meat lipid profile.

PubMed

Tufarelli, V; Demauro, R; Laudadio, V

2015-10-01

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with micronized-dehulled white lupin (Lupinus albus L. cv. Multitalia) in guinea fowl broilers on their growth performance, carcass traits, and meat fatty acids composition. A total of 120 one-day-old guinea fowl females were randomly assigned to 2 treatments which were fed from hatch to 12 wk of age. Birds were fed 2 wheat middlings-based diets comprising of a control treatment which contained SBM (195 g/kg) and a test diet containing micronized-dehulled lupin (240 g/kg) as the main protein source. Replacing SBM with treated lupin had no adverse effect on growth traits, dressing percentage, or breast and thigh muscles relative to the weight of guinea fowls. A decrease (P < 0.05) of abdominal fat was found in guinea fowls fed lupin-diet. Breast muscle from birds fed lupin had higher lightness (L*) (P < 0.01) and redness (a*) (P < 0.05) scores and water-holding capacity (P < 0.05) than the SBM-control diet. Meat from guinea fowls fed lupin had less total lipids (P < 0.05) and cholesterol (P < 0.01), and higher concentrations of phospholipids (P < 0.01). Feeding treated lupin increased polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in breast meat and decreased saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations. Our findings suggest that replacing SBM as protein source with micronized-dehulled lupin in meat-type guinea fowl diet can improve carcass qualitative characteristics, enhancing also meat lipid profile with no effect on growth traits. © 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Evaluation of Pain Assessment Techniques and Analgesia Efficacy in a Female Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Model of Surgical Pain

PubMed Central

Oliver, Vanessa L; Athavale, Stephanie; Simon, Katherine E; Kendall, Lon V; Nemzek, Jean A; Lofgren, Jennifer L

2017-01-01

Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are a frequently used species in research, often involving potentially painful procedures. Therefore, evidence-based recommendations regarding analgesia are critically needed to optimize their wellbeing. Our laboratory examined the efficacy of carprofen and extended-release (ER) buprenorphine, alone and as a multimodal combination, for relieving postsurgical pain in guinea pigs. Animals were assessed by using evoked (mechanical hypersensitivity), nonevoked (video ethogram, cageside ethogram, time-to-consumption test), and clinical (weight loss) measurements for 96 h during baseline, anesthesia–analgesia, and hysterectomy conditions. In addition, ER buprenorphine was evaluated pharmacologically. Guinea pigs treated with a single analgesic showed increased mechanical sensitivity for at least 96 h and indices of pain according to the video ethogram for as long as 8 h, compared with levels recorded during anesthesia–analgesia. In contrast, animals given both analgesics demonstrated increased mechanical sensitivity and behavioral evidence of pain for only 2 h after surgery compared with anesthesia–analgesia. The cageside ethogram and time-to-consumption tests failed to identify differences between conditions or treatment groups, highlighting the difficulty of identifying pain in guinea pigs without remote observation. Guinea pigs treated with multimodal analgesia or ER buprenorphine lost at least 10% of their baseline weights, whereas weight loss in carprofen animals was significantly lower (3%). Plasma levels for ER buprenorphine exceeded 0.9 ng/mL from 8 to 96 h after injection. Of the 3 analgesia regimens evaluated, multimodal analgesia provided the most effective pain control in guinea pigs. However the weight loss in the ER buprenorphine–treated animals may need to be considered during analgesia selection. PMID:28724492

Development of a guinea pig model of chorioamnionitis and fetal brain injury.

PubMed

Patrick, Lindsay A; Gaudet, Laura M; Farley, Anne E; Rossiter, John P; Tomalty, Lewis L; Smith, Graeme N

2004-10-01

The purpose of this study was to develop a guinea pig model of chorioamnionitis to study the mechanisms that lead to fetal brain injury. Study design Pregnant guinea pigs at 70% gestation were inoculated intracervically with 1000 to 2500 colony-forming units of Escherichia coli. Guinea pigs were killed 2 to 3 days after bacterial inoculation. Maternal blood and fetal amniotic fluid samples were analyzed for proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6 levels with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Fetal brains were stained for evidence of cell death with NeuroTacs stain. Of 34 maternal guinea pigs that were given an intracervical inoculation of E coli, 8 guinea pigs showed microbiologic evidence of chorioamnionitis in the amniotic fluid. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were significantly higher (P<.05) in amniotic fluid samples that were obtained from sows that were subjected to intracervical inoculation with bacteria as compared with control animals (n=6 control maternal animals). These results were observed even if no bacteria were found subsequently on culture of the amniotic fluid from inoculated animals, which indicated that indirect exposure to infectious agents was sufficient to cause an elevated inflammatory response in the fetus. Levels of white matter injury were greater in fetuses that were exposed to bacterial infection in utero, as compared with control animals (P<.05). This result was found in the staining of periventricular and cortical white matter for the immunolabeling of activated caspase 3 and NeuroTacs staining for cells that exhibited evidence of apoptotic cell death (positive stain with evidence of karyorrhexis). Intracervical inoculation with E coli results in chorioamnionitis in guinea pigs that is associated with fetal brain injury.

Role of αA-crystallin-derived αA66-80 peptide in guinea pig lens crystallin aggregation and insolubilization

PubMed Central

Raju, Murugesan; Mooney, Brian P.; Thakkar, Kavi M.; Giblin, Frank J.; Schey, Kevin L.; Sharma, K. Krishna

2015-01-01

Earlier we reported that low molecular weight (LMW) peptides accumulate in aging human lens tissue and that among the LMW peptides, the chaperone inhibitor peptide αA66-80, derived from α-crystallin protein, is one of the predominant peptides. We showed that in vitro αA66-80 induces protein aggregation. The current study was undertaken to determine whether LMW peptides are also present in guinea pig lens tissue subjected to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in vivo. The nuclear opacity induced by HBO in guinea pig lens is the closest animal model for studying age-related cataract formation in humans. A LMW peptide profile by mass spectrometry showed the presence of an increased amount of LMW peptides in HBO-treated guinea pig lenses compared to age-matched controls. Interestingly, the mass spectrometric data also showed that the chaperone inhibitor peptide αA66-80 accumulates in HBO-treated guinea pig lens. Following incubation of synthetic chaperone inhibitor peptide αA66-80 with α-crystallin from guinea pig lens extracts, we observed a decreased ability of α-crystallin to inhibit the amorphous aggregation of the target protein alcohol dehydrogenase and the formation of large light scattering aggregates, similar to those we have observed with human α-crystallin and αA66-80 peptide. Further, time-lapse recordings showed that a preformed complex of α-crystallin and αA66-80 attracted additional crystallin molecules to form even larger aggregates. These results demonstrate that LMW peptide–mediated cataract development in aged human lens and in HBO-induced lens opacity in the guinea pig may have common molecular pathways. PMID:25639202

Mechanism of resveratrol-induced relaxation of the guinea pig fundus.

PubMed

Tsai, Ching-Chung; Tey, Shu-Leei; Lee, Ming-Che; Liu, Ching-Wen; Su, Yu-Tsun; Huang, Shih-Che

2018-04-01

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that can be isolated from plants and also is a constituent of red wine. Resveratrol induces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and may prevent cardiovascular diseases. Impaired gastric accommodation plays an important role in functional dyspepsia and fundic relaxation and is a therapeutic target of functional dyspepsia. Although drugs for fundic relaxation have been developed, these types of drugs are still rare. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relaxant effects of resveratrol in the guinea pig fundus. We studied the relaxant effects of resveratrol in the guinea pig fundus. In addition, we investigated the mechanism of resveratrol-induced relaxation on the guinea pig fundus by using tetraethylammonium (a non-selective potassium channel blocker), apamine (a selective inhibitor of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel), iberiotoxin (an inhibitor of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels), glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker), KT 5720 (a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor), KT 5823 (a cGMP-dependent protein kinase G inhibitor), NG-nitro-L-arginine (a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase), tetrodotoxin (a selective neuronal Na + channel blocker), ω-conotoxin GVIA (a selective neuronal Ca 2+ channel blocker) and G-15 (a G-protein coupled estrogen receptor antagonist). The results of this study showed that resveratrol has potent and dose-dependent relaxant effects on the guinea pig fundic muscle. In addition, the results showed that resveratrol-induced relaxation of the guinea pig fundus occurs through nitric oxide and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. This study provides the first evidence concerning the relaxant effects of resveratrol in the guinea pig fundic muscle strips. Furthermore, resveratrol may be a potential drug to relieve gastrointestinal dyspepsia. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Role of αA-crystallin-derived αA66-80 peptide in guinea pig lens crystallin aggregation and insolubilization.

PubMed

Raju, Murugesan; Mooney, Brian P; Thakkar, Kavi M; Giblin, Frank J; Schey, Kevin L; Sharma, K Krishna

2015-03-01

Earlier we reported that low molecular weight (LMW) peptides accumulate in aging human lens tissue and that among the LMW peptides, the chaperone inhibitor peptide αA66-80, derived from α-crystallin protein, is one of the predominant peptides. We showed that in vitro αA66-80 induces protein aggregation. The current study was undertaken to determine whether LMW peptides are also present in guinea pig lens tissue subjected to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in vivo. The nuclear opacity induced by HBO in guinea pig lens is the closest animal model for studying age-related cataract formation in humans. A LMW peptide profile by mass spectrometry showed the presence of an increased amount of LMW peptides in HBO-treated guinea pig lenses compared to age-matched controls. Interestingly, the mass spectrometric data also showed that the chaperone inhibitor peptide αA66-80 accumulates in HBO-treated guinea pig lens. Following incubation of synthetic chaperone inhibitor peptide αA66-80 with α-crystallin from guinea pig lens extracts, we observed a decreased ability of α-crystallin to inhibit the amorphous aggregation of the target protein alcohol dehydrogenase and the formation of large light scattering aggregates, similar to those we have observed with human α-crystallin and αA66-80 peptide. Further, time-lapse recordings showed that a preformed complex of α-crystallin and αA66-80 attracted additional crystallin molecules to form even larger aggregates. These results demonstrate that LMW peptide-mediated cataract development in aged human lens and in HBO-induced lens opacity in the guinea pig may have common molecular pathways. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone precursor cDNA in the Old World mole-rat Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae: high degree of identity with the New World guinea pig sequence.

PubMed

Kalamatianos, T; du Toit, L; Hrabovszky, E; Kalló, I; Marsh, P J; Bennett, N C; Coen, C W

2005-05-01

Regulation of pituitary gonadotrophins by the decapeptide gonadotrophin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1) is crucial for the development and maintenance of reproductive functions. A common amino acid sequence for this decapeptide, designated as 'mammalian' GnRH, has been identified in all mammals thus far investigated with the exception of the guinea pig, in which there are two amino acid substitutions. Among hystricognath rodents, the members of the family Bathyergidae regulate reproduction in response to diverse cues. Thus, highveld mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae) are social bathyergids in which breeding is restricted to a particular season in the dominant female, but continuously suppressed in subordinate colony members. Elucidation of reproductive control in these animals will be facilitated by characterization of their GnRH1 gene. A partial sequence of GnRH1 precursor cDNA was isolated and characterized. Comparative analysis revealed the highest degree of identity (86%) to guinea pig GnRH1 precursor mRNA. Nevertheless, the deduced amino acid sequence of the mole-rat decapeptide is identical to the 'mammalian' sequence rather than that of guinea pigs. Successful detection of GnRH1-synthesizing neurones using either a guinea pig GnRH1 riboprobe or an antibody against the 'mammalian' decapeptide is consistent with the guinea pig-like sequence for the precursor and the classic 'mammalian' form for the decapeptide. The high degree of identity in the GnRH1 precursor sequence between this Old World mole-rat and the New World guinea pig is consistent with the theory that caviomorphs and phiomorphs originated from a common ancestral line in the Palaeocene to mid Eocene, some 63-45 million years ago.

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of guinea fowl broilers fed micronized-dehulled pea (Pisum sativum L.) as a substitute for soybean meal.

PubMed

Laudadio, V; Nahashon, S N; Tufarelli, V

2012-11-01

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with dehulled-micronized peas (Pisum sativum) in diets of guinea fowl broilers on their growth performance, carcass yields, and fatty acid composition of meat. One hundred forty 1-d-old guinea fowl keets were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments, which were fed from hatch to 12 wk. The birds were fed 2 wheat middling-based diets comprising a control diet, which contained SBM (78 g/kg) and a test diet containing dehulled-micronized peas (180 g/kg) as the main protein source. The substitution of SBM with peas had no adverse effect on growth performance, dressing percentage, or breast and thigh muscle relative weights of the guinea broilers. However, a reduction of abdominal fat content (P < 0.05) was observed in birds fed the pea diet compared with the control. Breast and thigh meat of birds fed the pea diet had higher lightness scores (P < 0.05) and water-holding capacity (P < 0.01) than the control. Meat from guinea fowls fed the pea diet had less cholesterol (P < 0.01) and lipids (P < 0.05), and higher concentrations of phospholipids (P < 0.05). Feeding peas increased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in breast and thigh muscles, and decreased the saturated fatty acid concentration. Feeding the pea diet also lowered the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of the guinea broiler muscles. Our results suggest that replacing the conventional SBM as the protein source with dehulled-micronized pea meal in diets of guinea fowls broilers can improve carcass quality and favorable lipid profile without adversely affecting growth performance traits.

Acute toxicity of organophosphorus compounds in guinea pigs is sex- and age-dependent and cannot be solely accounted for by acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

PubMed

Fawcett, William P; Aracava, Yasco; Adler, Michael; Pereira, Edna F R; Albuquerque, Edson X

2009-02-01

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the acute toxicity of the nerve agents S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX), O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman), and O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin) in guinea pigs is age- and sex-dependent and cannot be fully accounted for by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The subcutaneous doses of nerve agents needed to decrease 24-h survival of guinea pigs by 50% (LD(50) values) were estimated by probit analysis. In all animal groups, the rank order of LD(50) values was sarin > soman > VX. The LD(50) value of soman was not influenced by sex or age of the animals. In contrast, the LD(50) values of VX and sarin were lower in adult male than in age-matched female or younger guinea pigs. A colorimetric assay was used to determine the concentrations of nerve agents that inhibit in vitro 50% of AChE activity (IC(50) values) in guinea pig brain extracts, plasma, red blood cells, and whole blood. A positive correlation between LD(50) values and IC(50) values for AChE inhibition would support the hypothesis that AChE inhibition is a major determinant of the acute toxicity of the nerve agents. However, such a positive correlation was found only between LD(50) values and IC(50) values for AChE inhibition in brain extracts from neonatal and prepubertal guinea pigs. These results demonstrate for the first time that the lethal potencies of some nerve agents in guinea pigs are age- and sex-dependent. They also support the contention that mechanisms other than AChE inhibition contribute to the lethality of nerve agents.

Endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit neurogenic inflammations in guinea pig airways.

PubMed

Yoshihara, Shigemi; Morimoto, Hiroshi; Ohori, Makoto; Yamada, Yumi; Abe, Toshio; Arisaka, Osamu

2005-09-01

Although neurogenic inflammation via the activation of C fibers in the airway must have an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, their regulatory mechanism remains uncertain. The pharmacological profiles of endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists on the activation of C fibers in airway tissues were investigated and the mechanisms how cannabinoids regulate airway inflammatory reactions were clarified. The effects of endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists on electrical field stimulation-induced bronchial smooth muscle contraction, capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction and capsaicin-induced substance P release in guinea pig airway tissues were investigated. The influences of cannabinoid receptor antagonists and K+ channel blockers to the effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists on these respiratory reactions were examined. Both endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists, anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide, inhibited electrical field stimulation-induced guinea pig bronchial smooth muscle contraction, but not neurokinin A-induced contraction. A cannabinoid CB2 antagonist, SR 144528, reduced the inhibitory effect of endogenous agonists, but not a cannabinoid CB1 antagonist, SR 141716A. Inhibitory effects of agonists were also reduced by the pretreatment of large conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channel (maxi-K+ channel) blockers, iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin, but not by other K+ channel blockers, dendrotoxin or glibenclamide. Anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide blocked the capsaicin-induced release of substance P-like immunoreactivity from guinea pig airway tissues. Additionally, intravenous injection of palmitoylethanolamide dose-dependently inhibited capsaicin-induced guinea pig bronchoconstriction, but not neurokinin A-induced reaction. However, anandamide did not reduce capsaicin-induced guinea pig bronchoconstriction. These findings suggest that endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit the activation of C fibers via cannabinoid CB2 receptors and maxi-K+ channels in guinea pig airways. Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Ribavirin Treatment of Toga-, Arena- and Bunyavirus Infections in Subhuman Primates and Other Laboratory Animal Species

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-09-01

trernd reversed. After 1 hour, only 15 -percent of the la - beled ribavirin was retained by BW-JII cells and only I1 percent at 24 hours. Glial and...days after the cessation of treatment. E. Studies in Subhuman Primates (Intramuscular Administracion of Ribavirin) Rhesus monkeys inoculated with FVF...guinea pigs) ~4AC + + (guinea pigs)+ LAS + + (guinea pigs) + Bunva- RVF +’ + + (mice) + SFS + No model No model MIyxo- Influenza + (mice) + Ribavirin

In Vivo Microdialysis and Electroencephalographic Activity in Freely Moving Guinea Pigs Exposed to Organophosphorus Nerve Agents Sarin and VX: Analysis of Acetylcholine and Glutamate

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE In vivo microdialysis and electroencephalographic activity in freely moving guinea pigs 5a...microdialysis and electroencephalographic activity in freely moving guinea pigs exposed to organophosphorus nerve agents sarin and VX: analysis of...brain seizure activity . This robust double multi- variate design provides greater fidelity when comparing data while also reducing the required number

The Potential Application of Hairless Guinea Pigs as a Replacement for the Yucatan Mini-pig in Animal Studies

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-01

tissue. 4. The biopsy sample was removed using forceps . 5. The sample was placed into a pre-labeled holder and then inserted into a jar of 10% neutral...are excessive for projects using smaller beams. This experiment performed histological analysis of skin biopsies from pigmented Hairless Guinea Pigs...smaller beams. This experiment performed histological analysis of skin biopsies from pigmented Hairless Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) for epidermal

GPS and seismological constraints on active tectonics and arc-continent collision in Papua New Guinea: Implications for mechanics of microplate rotations in a plate boundary zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wallace, Laura M.; Stevens, Colleen; Silver, Eli; McCaffrey, Rob; Loratung, Wesley; Hasiata, Suvenia; Stanaway, Richard; Curley, Robert; Rosa, Robert; Taugaloidi, Jones

2004-05-01

The island of New Guinea is located within the deforming zone between the Pacific and Australian plates that converge obliquely at ˜110 mm/yr. New Guinea has been fragmented into a complex array of microplates, some of which rotate rapidly about nearby vertical axes. We present velocities from a network of 38 Global Positioning System (GPS) sites spanning much of the nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG). The GPS-derived velocities are used to explain the kinematics of major tectonic blocks in the region and the nature of strain accumulation on major faults in PNG. We simultaneously invert GPS velocities, earthquake slip vectors on faults, and transform orientations in the Woodlark Basin for the poles of rotation of the tectonic blocks and the degree of elastic strain accumulation on faults in the region. The data are best explained by six distinct tectonic blocks: the Australian, Pacific, South Bismarck, North Bismarck, and Woodlark plates and a previously unrecognized New Guinea Highlands Block. Significant portions of the Ramu-Markham Fault appear to be locked, which has implications for seismic hazard determination in the Markham Valley region. We also propose that rapid clockwise rotation of the South Bismarck plate is controlled by edge forces initiated by the collision between the Finisterre arc and the New Guinea Highlands.

Bilirubin attenuates bufadienolide-induced ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac dysfunction in guinea-pigs by reducing elevated intracellular Na(+) levels.

PubMed

Ma, Hongyue; Zhang, Junfeng; Jiang, Jiejun; Zhou, Jing; Xu, Huiqin; Zhan, Zhen; Wu, Qinan; Duan, Jinao

2012-03-01

Bufadienolides, known ligands of the sodium pump, have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of several cancer cell types. However, their development to date as anticancer agents has been impaired by a narrow therapeutic margin resulting from their potential to induce cardiotoxicity. In the present study, we examined the effects of bilirubin, an endogenous antioxidant, on the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides (derived from toad venom) in guinea-pigs. The results showed that bufadienolides (8 mg/kg) caused ventricular arrhythmias, conduction block, cardiac dysfunction and death in guinea-pigs. Pretreatment with bilirubin (75 and 150 mg/kg) significantly prevented bufadienolide-induced premature ventricular complexes, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and death. Bilirubin also markedly improved the inhibition of cardiac contraction in bufadienolide-treated guinea-pigs as evidenced by increases in left ventricular systolic pressure and decreases in left ventricular diastolic pressure in vivo. Furthermore, bilirubin significantly reduced the intracellular sodium content ([Na(+)]( i )) in ex vivo bufadienolide-stimulated guinea-pig ventricular myocytes loaded with the sodium indicator Sodium Green. An antitumor study showed that bilirubin did not compromise the ability of bufadienolides to inhibit gastric cancer cell MGC-803 proliferation. These results suggested that bilirubin can attenuate bufadienolide-induced arrhythmias and cardiac dysfunction in guinea-pigs by reducing elevated [Na(+)]( i ) and may improve bufadienolide therapeutic index in cancer treatment.

Ebola transmission linked to a single traditional funeral ceremony - Kissidougou, Guinea, December, 2014-January 2015.

PubMed

Victory, Kerton R; Coronado, Fátima; Ifono, Sâa O; Soropogui, Therese; Dahl, Benjamin A

2015-04-17

On December 18, 2014, the Guinea Ministry of Health was notified by local public health authorities in Kissidougou, a prefecture in southeastern Guinea (pop. 284,000), that the number of cases of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) had increased from one case reported during December 8-14, 2014, to 62 cases reported during December 15-21. Kissidougou is one of the four Guinea prefectures (the others are Macenta, Gueckedou, and Conakry) where Ebola was first reported in West Africa in March 2014, and the mid-December increase was the largest documented by any prefecture in Guinea in a single week since the beginning of the epidemic. The Guinea Ministry of Health requested assistance from CDC and the World Health Organization to investigate the local outbreak, identify and isolate persons with suspected Ebola, assess transmission chains, and implement control measures. The investigation found that 85 confirmed Ebola cases were linked to one traditional funeral ceremony, including 62 (73%) cases reported during December 15-21. No additional cases related to this funeral ceremony were reported after January 10, 2015. After the outbreak was identified, rapid implementation of interventions limited additional Ebola virus transmission. Improved training for prompt reporting of cases, investigation, and contact tracing, and community acceptance of safe burial methods can reduce the risk for Ebola transmission in rural communities.

An ecologically relevant guinea pig model of fetal behavior.

PubMed

Bellinger, S A; Lucas, D; Kleven, G A

2015-04-15

The laboratory guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, shares with humans many similarities during pregnancy and prenatal development, including precocial offspring and social dependence. These similarities suggest the guinea pig as a promising model of fetal behavioral development as well. Using innovative methods of behavioral acclimation, fetal offspring of female IAF hairless guinea pigs time mated to NIH multicolored Hartley males were observed longitudinally without restraint using noninvasive ultrasound at weekly intervals across the 10 week gestation. To ensure that the ultrasound procedure did not cause significant stress, salivary cortisol was collected both before and after each observation. Measures of fetal spontaneous movement and behavioral state were quantified from video recordings from week 3 through the last week before birth. Results from prenatal quantification of Interlimb Movement Synchrony and state organization reveal guinea pig fetal development to be strikingly similar to that previously reported for other rodents and preterm human infants. Salivary cortisol readings taken before and after sonography did not differ at any observation time point. These results suggest this model holds translational promise for studying the prenatal mechanisms of neurobehavioral development, including those that may result from adverse events. Because the guinea pig is a highly social mammal with a wide range of socially oriented vocalizations, this model may also have utility for studying the prenatal origins and trajectories of developmental disabilities with social-emotional components, such as autism. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A comparative analysis of microbial profile of Guinea fowl and chicken using metagenomic approach

PubMed Central

Bhogoju, Sarayu; Wang, Xiaofei; Darris, Carl; Kilonzo-Nthenge, Agnes

2018-01-01

Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that promote growth and health to the host by minimizing non-essential and pathogenic microorganisms in the host’s gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The campaign to minimize excessive use of antibiotics in poultry production has necessitated development of probiotics with broad application in multiple poultry species. Design of such probiotics requires understanding of the diversity or similarity in microbial profiles among avian species of economic importance. Therefore, the objective of this research was to establish and compare the microbial profiles of the GIT of Guinea fowl and chicken and to establish the microbial diversity or similarity between the two avian species. A metagenomic approach consisting of the amplification and sequence analysis of the hypervariable regions V1-V9 of the 16S rRNA gene was used to identify the GIT microbes. Collectively, we detected more than 150 microbial families. The total number of microbial species detected in the chicken GIT was higher than that found in the Guinea Fowl GIT. Our studies also revealed phylogenetic diversity among the microbial species found in chicken and guinea fowl. The phylum Firmicutes was most abundant in both avian species whereas Phylum Actinobacteria was most abundant in chickens than Guinea fowls. The diversity of the microbial profiles found in broiler chickens and Guinea fowls suggest that the design of effective avian probiotics would require species specificity. PMID:29494648

Rapid non-genomic effects of glucocorticoids on oxidative stress in a guinea pig model of asthma.

PubMed

Long, Fei; Wang, Yan; Qi, Hui-Hui; Zhou, Xin; Jin, Xian-Qiao

2008-03-01

Glucocorticoids (GC) may exert therapeutic effects in asthma by a rapid non-genomic mechanism. The lungs of asthmatic patients are exposed to oxidative stress, which is believed to be critical in the pathogenesis of asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate whether GC exert a rapid non-genomic effect on oxidative stress in asthmatic guinea pigs. The guinea pig asthma model was used to assess inhibitory effects of budesonide (BUD) on oxidative stress. BAL fluid (BALF), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and lung manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity were measured by spectrophotometry. Superoxide anion production was measured by cytochrome c reduction assay. Oxidative stress occurred within minutes following antigen challenge and BUD reduced the severity of oxidative stress in asthmatic guinea pigs within 15 min. BUD significantly decreased BALF trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and lung MnSOD activity, as compared with those of vehicle-treated asthmatic guinea pigs (P < 0.05). Additionally, BUD rapidly inhibited in vitro superoxide anion production by BALF cells and bronchi harvested from sensitized animals. These rapid effects were not blocked by the GC receptor antagonist RU486 and/or the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. BUD reduced oxidative stress in a guinea pig model of asthma by a rapid non-genomic mechanism. These data suggest new mechanisms whereby GC treatments may benefit asthma.

Modeling the Disease Course of Zaire ebolavirus Infection in the Outbred Guinea Pig.

PubMed

Cross, Robert W; Fenton, Karla A; Geisbert, Joan B; Mire, Chad E; Geisbert, Thomas W

2015-10-01

Rodent models that accurately reflect human filovirus infection are needed as early screens for medical countermeasures. Prior work in rodents with the Zaire species of Ebola virus (ZEBOV) primarily used inbred mice and guinea pigs to model disease. However, these inbred species do not show some of the important features of primate ZEBOV infection, most notably, coagulation abnormalities. Thirty-six outbred guinea pigs were infected with guinea pig-adapted ZEBOV and examined sequentially over an 8-day period to investigate the pathologic events that lead to death. Features of disease in ZEBOV-infected outbred guinea pigs were largely consistent with disease in humans and nonhuman primates and included early infection of macrophages and dendritiform cells, apoptosis of bystander lymphocytes, and increases in levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Most importantly, dysregulation of circulating levels of fibrinogen, protein C activity, and antifibrinolytic proteins and deposition of fibrin in tissues demonstrated both biochemical and microscopic evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. These findings suggest that the outbred guinea pig model recapitulates ZEBOV infection of primates better than inbred rodent models, is useful for dissecting key events in the pathogenesis of ZEBOV, and is useful for evaluating candidate interventions prior to assessment in primates. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

An ecologically relevant guinea pig model of fetal behavior

PubMed Central

Bellinger, S. A.; Lucas, D.; Kleven, G. A.

2015-01-01

The laboratory guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, shares with humans many similarities during pregnancy and prenatal development, including precocial offspring and social dependence. These similarities suggest the guinea pig as a promising model of fetal behavioral development as well. Using innovative methods of behavioral acclimation, fetal offspring of female IAF hairless guinea pigs time mated to NIH multi-colored Hartley males were observed longitudinally without restraint using noninvasive ultrasound at weekly intervals across the 10 week gestation. To insure that the ultrasound procedure did not cause significant stress, salivary cortisol was collected both before and after each observation. Measures of fetal spontaneous movement and behavioral state were quantified from video recordings from week 3 through the last week before birth. Results from prenatal quantification of Interlimb Movement Synchrony and state organization reveal guinea pig fetal development to be strikingly similar to that previously reported for other rodents and preterm human infants. Salivary cortisol readings taken before and after sonography did not differ at any observation time point. These results suggest this model holds translational promise for studying the prenatal mechanisms of neurobehavioral development, including those that may result from adverse events. Because the guinea pig is a highly social mammal with a wide range of socially oriented vocalizations, this model may also have utility for studying the prenatal origins and trajectories of developmental disabilities with social-emotional components, such as autism. PMID:25655512

Strain difference in the immune response to hydralazine in inbred guinea-pigs

PubMed Central

Ellman, L.; Inman, J.; Green, Ira

1971-01-01

Guinea-pigs were immunized with hydralazine in Freund's complete adjuvant. A marked strain difference in the immune response involving both anti-hydralazine antibody and delayed hypersensitivity to hydralazine was observed in different strains of guinea-pigs: Hartley guinea-pigs and inbred strain 13 guinea-pigs were able to mount a vigorous immune response to the drug while inbred strain 2 guinea-pigs appeared to be `low or non-responders'. This difference could not be explained in terms of metabolism of the drug in that no differences in acetylation were observed. Breeding studies suggest that immune responsiveness to hydralazine is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The immune response to hydralazine may be controlled by a `specific immune response gene' which appears not to be linked to the major strain 13 histocompatibility gene. Anti-nuclear and anti-DNA antibodies could not be demonstrated at a time when the animals manifested a strong immune response to hydralazine. Thus, the development of auto-immune phenomena does not appear to be related to the development of an immune response to the drug in short term immunization. Hydralazine-protein conjugates were synthesized, radio-iodinated and used in a Farr technique for the measurement of anti-hydralazine antibody. These techniques for the assay of anti-hydralazine antibodies may be useful in clinical investigations. Imagesp933-a PMID:5316639

Yaws

MedlinePlus

... in 5 countries (Congo, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) has provided promising results and ... in 5 countries (Congo, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) has provided promising results and ...

Petroleum scene heating in fledgling crude exporter Papua New Guinea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1994-04-18

Operators, paced by a feisty independent based in Port Moresby, have drilled a string of discoveries near the infrastructure of the Kutubu development project that supports Papua New Guinea crude exports. All signs point to the increasing likelihood of good sized -- maybe world class -- oil discoveries that promise to sustain exploration and development interest beyond 2000. Also in the offing are world class gas strikes that eventually could support a liquefied natural gas export project. And integration is the newest concept in Papua New Guinea petroleum. Efforts are under way to build the country's first refineries. Most operatorsmore » in Papua New Guinea believe thy have merely scratched the surface of the country's oil and gas potential. Thy agree there still will be frustrations and setbacks -- political as well as technical -- but the prevailing opinion is that these problems are no greater than they are in a number of other countries with similar exploration/development potential. The paper discusses the development of Papua New Guinea's oil and gas industry, and exploratory drilling in areas other than Kutubu.« less

Calcium antagonistic activity of Bacopa monniera in guinea-pig trachea.

PubMed

Channa, Shabana; Dar, Ahsana

2012-01-01

To demonstrate the calcium antagonistic property of ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera in guinea-pig trachea. The dose response curves of CaCl(2) (1 × 10(-5) to 1 × 10(-1) M) were constructed in the absence and presence of ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera (100, 500 and 700 μg/ml) or nifedipine (1 × 10(-6) M) in guinea-pig trachea in calcium free high K(+)-MOPS-PSS (3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulphonic acid physiological salt solution). The data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by least significant difference test or by Student's 't' test for unequal variance when appropriate. A probability of at least P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The plant extract (500 and 700 μg/ml) significantly (P < 0.05) depressed and shifted the calcium concentration-response curves (1 × 10(-3)- 1 × 10(-1) M) to rightward similar to that of nifedipine. Bacopa monniera extract exhibited calcium channel blocking activity in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscles that may rationalize its relaxant action on guinea-pig trachea and its traditional use in respiratory disorders.

Territorial and land-use rights perspectives on human-chimpanzee-elephant coexistence in West Africa (Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, nineteenth to twenty-first centuries).

PubMed

Leblan, Vincent

2016-07-01

The first part of this article compares the distribution of chimpanzee and elephant populations in reaction to human territorial dynamics of West African trade in parts of nineteenth century Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. It answers for this specific region the question of whether present-day situations of close chimpanzee-human spatial proximity are stable or only temporary phenomena in long-term processes of environmental change, and shows that conservation policies centred on either of these two "flagship" species carry radically different ecological, political and territorial implications. The second part shifts to local-level perspectives on human-chimpanzee relationships, emphasizing the land rights contentions and misunderstandings created by the implementation of protected areas at Bossou and in the Boké region of Guinea. These case studies help to look at acts of resistance and local interpretations of primate conservation policies as opportunities to reconsider what is being protected, for what purpose, as whose heritage, and to move towards new and more legitimate opportunities for the implementation of conservation policies.

Effect of production system (barn and free range) and slaughter age on some production traits of guinea fowl.

PubMed

Yamak, U S; Sarica, M; Boz, M A; Ucar, A

2018-01-01

A total of 200 guinea fowl was reared in either barn or free-range systems and slaughtered at 14, 16, or 18 wk of age in order to determine the effects of production system on live weight, feed consumption, and some carcass and slaughter traits. Production system had a significant effect on live weight until 14 wk of age. Live weights were similar between free-range and indoor production systems at 16 (1,150 g vs. 1,152 g) and 18 (1,196 g vs. 1,203 g) wk of age. Guinea fowl reared in a free-range system consumed more feed (7,693 g vs. 6,983 g), and guinea fowl reared in a barn had better feed conversion ratio (5.80 vs. 6.43) (P < 0.05). Production system, gender, and slaughter age did not affect the dressing percentage. Guinea fowl reared in a free-range system had significantly less abdominal fat (P < 0.05). © 2017 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant Mitoquinone Reduces Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity in Guinea Pigs.

PubMed

Tate, Alan D; Antonelli, Patrick J; Hannabass, Kyle R; Dirain, Carolyn O

2017-03-01

Objective To determine if mitoquinone (MitoQ) attenuates cisplatin-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Study Design Prospective and controlled animal study. Setting Academic, tertiary medical center. Subjects and Methods Guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with either 5 mg/kg MitoQ (n = 9) or normal saline (control, n = 9) for 7 days and 1 hour before receiving a single dose of 10 mg/kg cisplatin. Auditory brainstem response thresholds were measured before MitoQ or saline administration and 3 to 4 days after cisplatin administration. Results Auditory brainstem response threshold shifts after cisplatin treatment were smaller by 28 to 47 dB in guinea pigs injected with MitoQ compared with those in the control group at all tested frequencies (4, 8, 16, and 24 kHz, P = .0002 to .04). Scanning electron microscopy of cochlear hair cells showed less outer hair cell loss and damage in the MitoQ group. Conclusion MitoQ reduced cisplatin-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. MitoQ appears worthy of further investigation as a means of preventing cisplatin ototoxicity in humans.

The potential of non-invasive pre- and post-mortem carcass measurements to predict the contribution of carcass components to slaughter yield of guinea pigs.

PubMed

Barba, Lida; Sánchez-Macías, Davinia; Barba, Iván; Rodríguez, Nibaldo

2018-06-01

Guinea pig meat consumption is increasing exponentially worldwide. The evaluation of the contribution of carcass components to carcass quality potentially can allow for the estimation of the value added to food animal origin and make research in guinea pigs more practicable. The aim of this study was to propose a methodology for modelling the contribution of different carcass components to the overall carcass quality of guinea pigs by using non-invasive pre- and post mortem carcass measurements. The selection of predictors was developed through correlation analysis and statistical significance; whereas the prediction models were based on Multiple Linear Regression. The prediction results showed higher accuracy in the prediction of carcass component contribution expressed in grams, compared to when expressed as a percentage of carcass quality components. The proposed prediction models can be useful for the guinea pig meat industry and research institutions by using non-invasive and time- and cost-efficient carcass component measuring techniques. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Causal cognition in a non-human primate: field playback experiments with Diana monkeys.

PubMed

Zuberbühler, K

2000-09-14

Crested guinea fowls (Guttera pucherani) living in West African rainforests give alarm calls to leopards (Panthera pardus) and sometimes humans (Homo sapiens), two main predators of sympatric Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana). When hearing these guinea fowl alarm calls, Diana monkeys respond as if a leopard were present, suggesting that by default the monkeys associate guinea fowl alarm calls with the presence of a leopard. To assess the monkeys' level of causal understanding, I primed monkeys to the presence of either a leopard or a human, before exposing them to playbacks of guinea fowl alarm calls. There were significant differences in the way leopard-primed groups and human-primed groups responded to guinea fowl alarm calls, suggesting that the monkeys' response was not directly driven by the alarm calls themselves but by the calls' underlying cause, i.e. the predator most likely to have caused the calls. Results are discussed with respect to three possible cognitive mechanisms - associative learning, specialized learning programs, and causal reasoning - that could have led to causal knowledge in Diana monkeys.

Experimental Genital Infection of Male Guinea Pigs with the Agent of Guinea Pig Inclusion Conjunctivitis and Transmission to Females

PubMed Central

Mount, David T.; Bigazzi, Pierluigi E.; Barron, Almen L.

1973-01-01

Male guinea pigs were inoculated intraurethrally with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (Gp-ic). Cytoplasmic inclusions were found in superficial epithelial cells of the urethra in smears and stained sections. Gp-ic antigen(s) was detected by immunofluorescent staining of sections. There was no marked urethral exudate, but many animals developed bullous lesions on the glans and the body of the penis and a severe inflammatory lesion of the hind leg. All males demonstrated an antibody response and most of them showed a positive skin test reaction. Venereal transmission to females of Gp-ic infection was shown to occur as determined by detection of inclusions in vaginal smears, antibody response, and positive skin tests. Images PMID:4594119

Effects of long term feeding of raw soya bean flour on virus-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in guinea fowl.

PubMed

Kirev, T; Woutersen, R A; Kiril, A

1999-01-29

The effects of a diet enriched with 25% raw soya bean flour (RSF) on the pancreas and on the avian retrovirus Pts 56-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in guinea fowl were studied. It has been shown that prolonged RSF feeding of new-hatched virus-infected and uninfected guinea fowl-poults induced enlargement of the pancreas, which was less pronounced when administration of the RSF supplemented diet started at the age of 75 days. Time-dependent multifocal inter- and intralobular hyperplasia of pleomorphic ducts lined by mucin-producing epithelium in the exocrine pancreas of virus-infected guinea fowls fed a RSF supplemented diet was regularly observed. Enlargement of virus-induced ductular neoplasms has been shown only after simultaneous RSF and virus administration.

Pick a Pack of Prizewinners.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Penny Folley

1983-01-01

Provides references and addresses to obtain information to help in the purchase, care, and showing of guinea pigs (cavies). Includes line drawings of six common guinea pigs suitable for class use. (JM)

Spontaneous Transitional Cell Carcinoma in the Urinary Bladder of a Strain 13 Guinea Pig.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-01

less than I of all canine neoplasms. In the feline , the extremely low incidence of bladder tumors observed may well be due to a difference in...factor of age. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1967;9:261-85. ..................... , 12. Ediger R D, Rabstein M M. Spontaneous leukemia in a Hartley strain guinea pig...Intracisternal virus -like particles in two guinea pig mammary adenocarcinomas. Lab Anim Sci 1976;26:607-9. 17.. Yoshida A, Iqbal Z M, Epstein. S S

Fate and Distribution of 3H-Labeled T-2 Mycotoxin in Guinea Pigs

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-03

HPLC as well as TLC. . . of T-2 sycotox in guinea pigs. To establish the toxicity of an im injection of T-2 mycotoxin in the guinea pig, si:: ;A...that remained at the origin with p- glucuronidase , two additional less-polar radiolabeled peaks were smnarated by HPLC. This suggests that at least one...all tissues within 30 min - ’af.ter, an a injection" of, thr toxin. The rapi& reationff label suggests that toxic effects could begin shortly after

Use of a Guinea Pig-Specific Transcriptome Array for Evaluation of Protective Immunity against Genital Chlamydial Infection following Intranasal Vaccination in Guinea Pigs.

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-11

modulation in several innate immunity markers particularly associated with NK cells and Th1/Th2 specific cytokines and chemokines in immunized guinea pigs...reduced antigen-specific activation (IL-12 and IFN-c production) of CD4+ T cells isolated from lymphoid tissues and genital tract, and an associated...CD4+ T cells [12, 13]. However, due to differences in immunological responses [23, 24, 25, 26], and chlamydial strain susceptibilities between mice

Development of Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays for the Detection of Punta Toro Virus and Pichinde Virus

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-09

Gowen et al., 2006c; Smee et al., 1993) and guinea pigs (Jahrling et al., 1981; Lucia et al., 1989) 91 as LASV infection in humans. Both PICV and...Moe, J.B., 1981. Pathogenesis of a pichinde virus 281 strain adapted to produce lethal infections in guinea pigs . Infect Immun 32, 872-880. 282... guinea pig model: antiviral 286 therapy with recombinant interferon-alpha, the immunomodulator CL246,738 and ribavirin. Antiviral 287 Res 12, 279-292

Evaluation of RSDL, M291 SDK, 0.5 Bleach, 1% Soapy Water and SERPACWA: Part 11: Challenge with EA4243 (VR, Russian VX)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

listed decontamination products in the haired guinea pig model following exposure to VR (Russian VX, EA4243). 15. SUBJECT TERMS decontamination...the efficacy of the barrier skin cream SERPACWA and the four listed decontamination products in the haired guinea pig model following exposure to VR...four listed decontamination products and SERPACWA in the haired guinea pig model following exposure to VR (Russian VX, EA4243, Soviet V-gas

VX Toxicity in the Gottingen Minipig

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

mouse, and guinea pig ) to determine estimates for differences in lethality based on route of administration. The slope of the dose-response curve was...alter agent toxicity in other species, such as rats (Benke and Murphy, 1975; Karanth and Pope, 2000; Shih et al., 1990) and guinea pigs (Myers and...LD50 is between 8 µg/kg and 16.25 µg/kg (Maxwell, 1992; Shih and McDonough, 1999). In the guinea pig (Dunkin-Hartley) the IM LD50 of VX has been

[Spontaneous neoplasms in guinea pigs].

PubMed

Khar'kovskaia, N A; Khrustalev, S A; Vasil'eva, N N

1977-01-01

The authors present an analysis of the data of foreign literature and the results of their personal studies of spontaneous neoplasms in 40 guinea pigs of national breeding observed during observed during a 5-year period. In 4 of them malignant tumors were diagnosed-lympholeucosis (2 cases), dermoid ovarian cysts and also cancer and adenoma of the adrenal cortex (in one animal). The neoplasms described developed in guinea pigs, aged over 4 years, and they are referred to as mostly common tumors in this species of animals.

[Evaluation of the protection efficiency of secretory antibodies in experimental Yersinia infection in guinea-pigs immunized with polyvalent vaccine against this infection].

PubMed

Pogorel'skiĭ, I P; Drobkov, V I

2009-01-01

The paper presents the results of experiments to elucidate the protection efficiency of secretory antibodies via parenteral and oral inoculation with pathogenic Yersinia in guinea pigs immunized with a polyvalent yersiniasis vaccine designed on the basis of the pseudotuberculosis microbial strain that synthesizes the F1 antigen of a plague microbe. Immunization of guinea pigs with the polyvalent yersiniasis vaccine protects experimental animals against pseudotuberculosis, intestinal yersiniasis, and plague infections.

75 FR 17289 - Citrus Seed Imports; Citrus Greening and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-06

..., Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, R[eacute]union..., Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, R...

Validation of an indirect ELISA to detect antibodies against BoHV-1 in bovine and guinea-pig serum samples using ISO/IEC 17025 standards.

PubMed

Parreño, Viviana; Romera, S Alejandra; Makek, Lucia; Rodriguez, Daniela; Malacari, Darío; Maidana, Silvina; Compaired, Diego; Combessies, Gustavo; Vena, María Marta; Garaicoechea, Lorena; Wigdorovitz, Andrés; Marangunich, Laura; Fernandez, Fernando

2010-10-01

Two ELISAs to quantify antibodies to BoHV-1 in the sera of cattle and immunized guinea pigs were developed and validated using ISO/IEC 17025 standards. The cut-off value of the assay was established at 20% positivity of a high positive control for screening of cattle. Using this threshold, the assay properly classified the OIE bovine reference sera EU1, EU2 and EU3. For vaccine potency testing, a cut-off of 40% was selected for both species. The reliability of the assays, given by their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, using the threshold of 40% was 89.7% and 100%, respectively, for bovines and 94.9% and 100% for guinea pigs, respectively. There was almost perfect agreement between the ELISA and virus neutralization results. In addition, after vaccination, there was a good correlation between the neutralizing and ELISA antibody titers of the serum from the same bovine or guinea pig, sampled at 60 and 30 days post-vaccination, respectively (R(bovine)=0.88, R(guinea pig)=0.92; p<0.0001). A similar correlation was observed when analyzing the mean antibody titers of groups of vaccinated animals (R(bovine)=0.95 and R(guinea pig)=0.97; p<0.0001), indicating the relevance of the ELISAs for batch to batch vaccine potency testing in the target species and in the laboratory animal model. The intermediate precision of the assays expressed as the relative coefficient of variation (CV) of the positive control assayed over a 3-year period in the same laboratory was 22.2% for bovines and 23.1% for guinea pigs. The reproducibility of both techniques obtained in inter-laboratory assays was CV=12.4% for bovines and CV approximately 0 for guinea pigs, which met the requirements of the OIE (CV<30%). The validated ELISAs represent important methods for vaccine potency testing and for controlling BoHV-1 infections. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Pig and guinea pig skin as surrogates for human in vitro penetration studies: a quantitative review.

PubMed

Barbero, Ana M; Frasch, H Frederick

2009-02-01

Both human and animal skin in vitro models are used to predict percutaneous penetration in humans. The objective of this review is a quantitative comparison of permeability and lag time measurements between human and animal skin, including an evaluation of the intra and inter species variability. We limit our focus to domestic pig and rodent guinea pig skin as surrogates for human skin, and consider only studies in which both animal and human penetration of a given chemical were measured jointly in the same lab. When the in vitro permeability of pig and human skin were compared, the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) was 0.88 (P<0.0001), with an intra species average coefficient of variation of skin permeability of 21% for pig and 35% for human, and an inter species average coefficient of variation of 37% for the set of studied compounds (n=41). The lag times of pig skin and human skin did not correlate (r=0.35, P=0.26). When the in vitro permeability of guinea pig and human skin were compared, r=0.96 (P<0.0001), with an average intra species coefficient of variation of 19% for guinea pig and 24% for human, and an inter species coefficient of variation of permeability of 41% for the set of studied compounds (n=15). Lag times of guinea pig and human skin correlated (r=0.90, P<0.0001, n=12). When permeability data was not reported a factor of difference (FOD) of animal to human skin was calculated for pig skin (n=50) and guinea pig skin (n=25). For pig skin, 80% of measurements fell within the range 0.3

Specific immune response genes of the guinea pig. II. Relationship between the poly-L-lysine gene and the genes controlling immune responsiveness to copolymers of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine and L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine in random-bred Hartley guinea pigs.

PubMed

Bluestein, H G; Green, I; Benacerraf, B

1971-08-01

The ability of guinea pigs to make immune responses to GA, a linear random copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine, GT, a random linear copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine, and PLL, a linear homopolymer of L-lysine, is controlled by different autosomal dominant genes specific for each of those polymers. We have investigated the relationship between the PLL gene and the GA and GT immune response genes by simultaneously immunizing random-bred Hartley strain guinea pigs with GA and PLL, GT and PLL, or GA and GT. In most Hartley guinea pigs the ability to respond immunologically to GA and to PLL is inherited together; that is, most animals responding to GA respond to PLL and vice versa. However, a few animals respond to either GA or to PLL but not both, demonstrating that the GA and PLL immune response genes are not identical but linked in most Hartley animals. Conversely, when simultaneously immunized with GT and PLL, most Hartley guinea pigs respond to either PLL or GT but not both, indicating that GT and PLL responsiveness tends to segregate away from each other. Thus, the GT and PLL immune response genes also are not inherited independently but, rather, behave as alleles or pseudoalleles. Similar results are observed when Hartley guinea pigs are simultaneously immunized with GA and GT. The ability to respond to GA segregates away from the ability to respond to GT. Our studies demonstrated that the specific immune response genes thus far identified in guinea pigs controlling the ability to respond to GA, GT, and PLL, respectively, are found on the same chromosome. In most Hartley animals, the GA and PLL immune response genes are often linked, i.e. occur on the same chromosome strand, and tend to behave as alleles or pseudoalleles to the GT immune response gene.

Petroleum service projects in the Gulf of Guinea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ken-Worgu, Kenneth Chukwumeka

2011-07-01

The goal of this record of study is to examine the major facets involved in managing several petroleum service projects located in three different countries in the Gulf of Guinea simultaneously, while effectively engaging in business development activities for the Oil and Industrial Services Group (OIS). This work also furnishes adequate background on related subject matters to enable understanding of the projects presented. The petroleum services sector is the back bone of the oil and gas industry. Services companies are vital to the success of all petroleum and energy producers in the USA, the Gulf of Guinea and the world. There is a need and demand for these service companies because they play various roles such as logistics, drilling, construction, dredging, pipe laying, procurement, food supply, human resource supply, etc. The Gulf of Guinea comprises of countries from west and central Africa. This project was limited to Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon. This area holds the largest petroleum reserves in Africa and plays a vital role in the global supply of petroleum. The Oil and Industrial Services Group (OIS), plans to establish herself as one of the leading petroleum service companies in this gulf. To manage this expansion, I have taken the role of Gulf of Guinea manager to apply my background as a petroleum engineer as well as my business skills to build a successful division of the company. This work provides a record of study of the management of services, projects and contracts carried out by the OIS group in the gulf of Guinea. The following are the specific projects in the Gulf of Guinea that I participated in: Managing delivering, maintenance and marketing of offshore vessels, Offshore pipe laying project, Integrated pipeline maintenance project, Development a petroleum technical training facilities, Agbami pipe insulation project, Engineering lift project and Capital budgeting analysis for potential investments. The details of the specific tasks of the job, including objectives, description, managerial role, nontechnical aspects, approaches, information sources, discussions and contributions are projected in the body of this literature.

21 CFR 558.550 - Salinomycin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., adult turkeys, guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters, or ruminants access to this feed. Ingestion by these... water may result in leg weakness. Do not feed to layers. Do not allow horses, adult turkeys, guinea pigs...

Guinea pig models of asthma.

PubMed

McGovern, Alice E; Mazzone, Stuart B

2014-12-01

Described in this unit are methods for establishing guinea pig models of asthma. Sufficient detail is provided to enable investigators to study bronchoconstriction, cough, airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Protein A suppresses immune responses during Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in guinea pigs

DOE PAGES

Kim, Hwan Keun; Falugi, Fabiana; Thomer, Lena; ...

2015-01-06

Staphylococcus aureus infection is not associated with the development of protective immunity, and disease relapses occur frequently. We hypothesize that protein A, a factor that binds immunoglobulin Fcγ and cross-links V H3 clan B cell receptors (IgM), is the staphylococcal determinant for host immune suppression. To test this, vertebrate IgM was examined for protein A cross-linking. High V H3 binding activity occurred with human and guinea immunoglobulin, whereas mouse and rabbit immunoglobulins displayed little and no binding, respectively. Establishing a guinea pig model of S. aureus bloodstream infection, we show that protein A functions as a virulence determinant and suppressesmore » host B cell responses. Immunization with SpA KKAA, which cannot bind immunoglobulin, elicits neutralizing antibodies that enable guinea pigs to develop protective immunity.« less

Jejuno-jejunal intussusception in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

PubMed Central

Fetzer, Tara J.; Mans, Christoph

2017-01-01

An approximately four-year-old male castrated guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) was presented for painful defecation with a 24-hour history of hyporexia and intermittent episodes of rolling behavior. Upon presentation the patient was quiet, alert, and responsive, and mildly hypothermic. Abdominal palpation revealed an approximately 2-cm long oblong mass within the caudal abdomen. Abdominal radiographs revealed gastric dilation without volvulus and a peritoneal mass effect. The patient was euthanized following gastric reflux of brown malodorous fluid from his nares and oral cavity. A necropsy was performed and revealed a jejuno-jejunal intussusception causing mechanical gastrointestinal ileus, and gastric dilatation without volvulus. While non-obstructive gastrointestinal stasis is common and obstructive ileus is uncommon in guinea pigs, this report shows that intestinal intussusception is a differential in guinea pigs with ileus and gastric dilatation. PMID:29038782

Bcl-2 upregulation and neuroprotection in guinea pig brain following chronic simvastatin treatment.

PubMed

Franke, Cornelia; Nöldner, Michael; Abdel-Kader, Reham; Johnson-Anuna, Leslie N; Gibson Wood, W; Müller, Walter E; Eckert, Gunter P

2007-02-01

The present study determined if chronic simvastatin administration in vivo would provide neuroprotection in brain cells isolated from guinea pigs after challenge with the Bcl-2 inhibitor HA 14-1 or the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Bcl-2 levels were significantly increased in brains of simvastatin-treated guinea pigs while levels of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax were significantly reduced. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, being a critical factor of the apoptotic state of cells, was significantly reduced in simvastatin-treated animals. Cholesterol levels in the brain remained unchanged in the simvastatin group. Brain cells isolated from simvastatin-treated guinea pigs were significantly less vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-activation. These results provide new insight into potential mechanisms for the protective actions of statins within the CNS where programmed cell death has been implicated.

Effect of ribavirin on junin virus infection in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Salazar, M; Yun, N E; Poussard, A L; Smith, J N; Smith, J K; Kolokoltsova, O A; Patterson, M J; Linde, J; Paessler, S

2012-06-01

Junin virus (JUNV) is the aetiological agent of Argentine haemorrhagic fever. The pathogenesis of the infection is not well understood, no licensed vaccines exist and no specific antiviral therapy is available. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of ribavirin to delay and reduce JUNV disease and virus burden in guinea pigs without preventing death. Based on available data, we performed three different studies to determine the efficacy of ribavirin against JUNV in the guinea pig model with a focus on survival. Different doses and treatment schedules of ribavirin were tested in a lethal model of JUNV infection. Our results show that prolonged treatment with high doses of ribavirin significantly reduces the mortality in guinea pigs infected with JUNV. These results may be useful in future experimental studies or clinical testing. © 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Protein A suppresses immune responses during Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in guinea pigs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Hwan Keun; Falugi, Fabiana; Thomer, Lena

Staphylococcus aureus infection is not associated with the development of protective immunity, and disease relapses occur frequently. We hypothesize that protein A, a factor that binds immunoglobulin Fcγ and cross-links V H3 clan B cell receptors (IgM), is the staphylococcal determinant for host immune suppression. To test this, vertebrate IgM was examined for protein A cross-linking. High V H3 binding activity occurred with human and guinea immunoglobulin, whereas mouse and rabbit immunoglobulins displayed little and no binding, respectively. Establishing a guinea pig model of S. aureus bloodstream infection, we show that protein A functions as a virulence determinant and suppressesmore » host B cell responses. Immunization with SpA KKAA, which cannot bind immunoglobulin, elicits neutralizing antibodies that enable guinea pigs to develop protective immunity.« less

Treatment and control of Trixacarus caviae infestation in a conventional guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) breeding colony.

PubMed

Nath, Anjan Jyoti

2016-12-01

A case of sarcoptic mange caused by Trixacarus caviae in a conventional guinea pig breeding colony is reported. The infestation was reported in a large colony of guinea pigs during the month of July, 2013 affecting 30 breeder guinea pigs. Severely infested animals were treated individually with subcutaneous injection of ivermectin 1 % w/v (Neomec ® ) at the rate of 400 µg/kg body weight 10 days apart. Three doses of ivermectin were sufficient to eliminate the parasite which tested negative after 30 days of the first treatment. The entire colony was given preventive dose of ivermectin spray (2 mg/ml solution) following the same schedule. Strict hygienic measures were followed. New hair growth in the severely affected animals was evidenced on 30th day of treatment.

T helper 1 background protects against airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in guinea pigs with persistent respiratory syncytial virus infection.

PubMed

Sutton, Troy C; Tayyari, Farnoosh; Khan, M Aatif; Manson, Heather E; Hegele, Richard G

2007-05-01

A family history of allergy has been implicated in children who develop post-bronchiolitis wheezing and asthma. In a guinea pig model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lung infection, we evaluated the role of host Th1 background (either genetic or induced) on the development of a persistent infection, nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation. Allergy resistant/T helper 1 (Th1)-skewed strain 2 guinea pigs (STR2) and cytosine phosphate guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) (Th1 stimuli) pretreated Cam Hartley guinea pigs (CH) were inoculated with RSV and compared with virus-inoculated allergy-susceptible/Th2-skewed CHs and to sham-inoculated STR2 and CH, 60 d post-inoculation. We measured titers of intrapulmonary RSV, lung interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-5 mRNA expression, AHR and airway T cells and eosinophils. All virus-inoculated groups of animals showed evidence of persistent RSV lung infection; however, Th2-skewed guinea pigs had virus-associated AHR and significantly greater levels of airway T cells and eosinophils. In conclusion, RSV can establish persistent infection of the guinea pig lung regardless of host Th1/Th2 background; however; a host Th1 background limits the extent of virus-associated AHR and airway inflammation. Heterogeneity in virus-host interactions may be relevant to understanding why some children hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis go on to develop recurrent wheezing/asthma symptoms.

Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of spontaneous thyroid gland neoplasms in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).

PubMed

Gibbons, P M; Garner, M M; Kiupel, M

2013-03-01

Reports of thyroid gland neoplasms in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are rare, but thyroid tumors are among the most common neoplasms seen in cases submitted to Northwest ZooPath. This report describes the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of thyroid neoplasms and lists the concurrent conditions found in guinea pig cases submitted to Northwest ZooPath during 1998 to 2008. Of 526 guinea pig case submissions, 19 had thyroid neoplasms. The most common clinical findings included a palpable mass on the ventral neck and progressive weight loss. Neoplasms were removed as an excisional biopsy from 7 guinea pigs, and 3 of these animals died within a few days after surgery. Radiographic mineral density was detected in 2 masses. Five of the neoplasms were reported as cystic; 5 were black or a dark color. Histologically, the neoplasms were classified as macrofollicular thyroid adenoma (8), thyroid cystadenoma (1), papillary thyroid adenoma (3), follicular thyroid carcinoma (5), follicular-compact thyroid carcinoma (1), and small-cell thyroid carcinoma (1). Osseous metaplasia was present in 8 neoplasms, and myeloid hyperplasia was present in 1 neoplasm. All 19 neoplasms were positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 and thyroglobulin but negative for parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Numerous concurrent diseases, including hepatopathies, cardiomyopathies, and nephropathies, were present and considered to be the cause of death in many cases. Research is needed to determine the appropriate modalities for antemortem diagnosis and treatment and whether thyroid disease plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic degenerative diseases in guinea pigs.

[Effects of asphyxia on endocochlear direct-current potential in guinea pig].

PubMed

Liu, Xiuli; Ren, Zhong; Lü, Mei; Nakashima, Tsutomu

2006-04-01

To investigate the mechanism of auditory function disturbance due to asphyxiants. Guinea pigs with nice auricle reflex were selected in the experiment. The changes of endocochlear direct-current potential (EP) were detected when apnea and after artificial respiration, using the stria vascularis method. (1) The original EP of experimental group was (76.4+/-8.4) mV, and the original EP of control group was (80.8+/-8.4) mV, there was no significant difference between them. (2) During apnea, the EP of all the guinea pigs decreased precipitously after incubation period of 8 to 34 seconds. The decreasing rate of EP was positively correlated to the incubation period (P=0.008). (3) After 3 minutes of apnea, the mean minimum of EP was (-17.5+/-4.4) mV, which was positively correlated with decreasing rate and incubation period (P was 0.0002, 0.000 separately). (4) After artificial respiration, it needed the average time of (85.0+/-16.0) s to return original EP, and 7 cases got an overrun. The EP of all the guinea pigs decreased when apnea, which showed the abnormal living circumstance of acoustic hair cells. After 3 minutes of apnea, the EP of all the guinea pigs decreased to negative value, which demonstrated that the functions of acoustic hair cells had not lost within 3 minutes of apnea. After artificial respiration, all the guinea pigs' EP returned to original value, which indicated that the functions of the stria vascularis had not failed irreversibly.

Combined deficiency of vitamins E and C causes paralysis and death in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Hill, Kristina E; Montine, Thomas J; Motley, Amy K; Li, Xia; May, James M; Burk, Raymond F

2003-06-01

On the basis of in vitro studies, the antioxidant nutrients vitamins E and C are postulated to interact in vivo. We developed a guinea pig model to evaluate the combined deficiency of vitamins E and C in vivo. Weanling guinea pigs were fed a control diet or a vitamin E-deficient diet for 14 d, after which one-half of each group had vitamin C removed from their diet, thus creating 4 diet groups. Some animals were observed for clinical signs. Others were killed for evaluation. Of 21 guinea pigs that were observed after being fed the diet deficient in both vitamins, 8 died 9 +/- 2 d (x +/- SD) after starting the diet. Eight additional guinea pigs developed a characteristic syndrome at 11 +/- 3 d. First, they became paralyzed in the hind limbs. Within a few hours, the paralysis progressed to include all 4 limbs and caused difficulty in breathing, which would have caused death had the animals not been euthanized. Histopathologic evaluation did not identify a lesion in the muscles or nervous system that could account for the paralysis. Biochemical measurements confirmed the deficiencies and indicated that the double deficiency caused lipid peroxidation in the central nervous system. A distinct clinical syndrome of combined vitamin E and vitamin C deficiency occurs in guinea pigs. This syndrome indicates that these antioxidant vitamins are related in vivo. We speculate that acute oxidative injury in the central nervous system underlies the clinical syndrome.

Functional Evolution of the Feeding System in Rodents

PubMed Central

Cox, Philip G.; Rayfield, Emily J.; Fagan, Michael J.; Herrel, Anthony; Pataky, Todd C.; Jeffery, Nathan

2012-01-01

The masticatory musculature of rodents has evolved to enable both gnawing at the incisors and chewing at the molars. In particular, the masseter muscle is highly specialised, having extended anteriorly to originate from the rostrum. All living rodents have achieved this masseteric expansion in one of three ways, known as the sciuromorph, hystricomorph and myomorph conditions. Here, we used finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the biomechanical implications of these three morphologies, in a squirrel, guinea pig and rat. In particular, we wished to determine whether each of the three morphologies is better adapted for either gnawing or chewing. Results show that squirrels are more efficient at muscle-bite force transmission during incisor gnawing than guinea pigs, and that guinea pigs are more efficient at molar chewing than squirrels. This matches the known diet of nuts and seeds that squirrels gnaw, and of grasses that guinea pigs grind down with their molars. Surprisingly, results also indicate that rats are more efficient as well as more versatile feeders than both the squirrel and guinea pig. There seems to be no compromise in biting efficiency to accommodate the wider range of foodstuffs and the more general feeding behaviour adopted by rats. Our results show that the morphology of the skull and masticatory muscles have allowed squirrels to specialise as gnawers and guinea pigs as chewers, but that rats are high-performance generalists, which helps explain their overwhelming success as a group. PMID:22558427

Late effects of radiation on the lumbar spinal cord of guinea pigs: Re-treatment tolerance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mason, K.A.; Withers, H.R.; Chiang, Chi-Shiun

Using a guinea pig model of lumbar myelopathy, various factors affecting the tolerance of spinal cord to irradiation were assessed: (a) extent of initial injury; (b) time interval between priming and test doses; and (c) animal age at the time of initial radiation treatment. A 3 cm section of lumbar spinal cord of guinea pigs was irradiated with fractionated doses of 4.5 Gy gamma rays given as 9 fractions per week. Guinea pigs were primed with 9 x 4.5 Gy in 7 days which is 60% of the ED[sub 50] for a continuous course of treatment. After 28 or 40more » weeks, animal were retreated with 6-14 fractions of 4.5 Gy. Animals were observed for 2 years following the priming dose and both the incidence and latency of myelopathy recorded. Young adult guinea pigs (8 wk old) showed both a decreased radiation tolerance and latency compared to old individuals (40 wk old). At 28 or 40 wk after 9 x 4.5 Gy, only about 8% of the initial injury was remembered in young adult guinea pigs. The amount of residual injury was dependent on the initial damage as a proportion of the tolerance dose. The spinal cord shows a greater capacity for long-term recovery than generally appreciated and re-treatment doses clinically prescribed may be lower than necessary. 8 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.« less

A guinea pig model of Zika virus infection.

PubMed

Kumar, Mukesh; Krause, Keeton K; Azouz, Francine; Nakano, Eileen; Nerurkar, Vivek R

2017-04-11

Animal models are critical to understand disease and to develop countermeasures for the ongoing epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV). Here we report that immunocompetent guinea pigs are susceptible to infection by a contemporary American strain of ZIKV. Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated with 10 6 plaque-forming units of ZIKV via subcutaneous route and clinical signs were observed. Viremia, viral load in the tissues, anti-ZIKV neutralizing antibody titer, and protein levels of multiple cytokine and chemokines were analyzed using qRT-PCR, plaque assay, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and multiplex immunoassay. Upon subcutaneous inoculation with PRVABC59 strain of ZIKV, guinea pigs demonstrated clinical signs of infection characterized by fever, lethargy, hunched back, ruffled fur, and decrease in mobility. ZIKV was detected in the whole blood and serum using qRT-PCR and plaque assay. Anti-ZIKV neutralizing antibody was detected in the infected animals using PRNT. ZIKV infection resulted in a dramatic increase in protein levels of multiple cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in the serum. ZIKV replication was observed in spleen and brain, with the highest viral load in the brain. This data demonstrate that after subcutaneous inoculation, the contemporary ZIKV strain is neurotropic in guinea pigs. The guinea pig model described here recapitulates various clinical features and viral kinetics observed in ZIKV-infected patients, and therefore may serve as a model to study ZIKV pathogenesis, including pregnancy outcomes and for evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics.

Toluene-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig.

PubMed

Waniusiow, Delphine; Campo, Pierre; Venet, Thomas; Cossec, Benoît; Cosnier, Frédéric; Beydon, Dominique; Rieger, Benoît; Burgart, Manuella; Ferrari, Luc; Parietti-Winkler, Cécile

2009-10-01

Toluene is a high-production industrial solvent, which can disrupt the auditory system in rats. However, toluene-induced hearing loss is species dependent. For instance, despite long-lasting exposures to high concentrations of aromatic solvent, no study has yet succeeded in causing convincing hearing loss in the guinea pig. This latter species can be characterized by two metabolic particularities: a high amount of hepatic cytochrome P-450s (P-450s) and a high concentration of glutathione in the cochlea. It is therefore likely that the efficiency of both the hepatic and cochlear metabolisms plays a key role in the innocuousness of the hearing of guinea pigs to exposure to solvent. The present study was carried out to test the auditory resistance to toluene in glutathione-depleted guinea pigs whose the P-450 activity was partly inhibited. To this end, animals on a low-protein diet received a general P-450 inhibitor, namely SKF525-A. Meanwhile, they were exposed to 1750 ppm toluene for 4 weeks, 5 days/week, 6 h/day. Auditory function was tested by electrocochleography and completed by histological analyses. For the first time, a significant toluene-induced hearing loss was provoked in the P-450-inhibited guinea pigs. However, the ototoxic process caused by the solvent exposure was different from that observed in the rat. Only the stria vascularis and the spiral fibers were disrupted in the apical coil of the cochlea. The protective mechanisms developed by guinea pigs are discussed in the present publication.

Cryptosporidium homai n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiiae) from the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).

PubMed

Zahedi, Alireza; Durmic, Zoey; Gofton, Alexander W; Kueh, Susan; Austen, Jill; Lawson, Malcolm; Callahan, Lauren; Jardine, John; Ryan, Una

2017-10-15

The morphological, biological, and molecular characterisation of a new Cryptosporidium species from the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) are described, and the species name Cryptosporidium homai n. sp. is proposed. Histological analysis conducted on a post-mortem sample from a guinea pig euthanised due to respiratory distress, identified developmental stages of C. homai n. sp. (trophozoites and meronts) along the intestinal epithelium. Molecular analysis at 18S rRNA (18S), actin and hsp70 loci was then conducted on faeces from an additional 7 guinea pigs positive for C. homai n. sp. At the 18S, actin and hsp70 loci, C. homai n. sp. exhibited genetic distances ranging from 3.1% to 14.3%, 14.4% to 24.5%, and 6.6% to 20.9% from other Cryptosporidium spp., respectively. At the 18S locus, C. homai n. sp. shared 99.1% similarity with a previously described Cryptosporidium genotype in guinea pigs from Brazil and it is likely that they are the same species, however this cannot be confirmed as actin and hsp70 sequences from the Brazilian guinea pig genotype are not available. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated 18S, actin and hsp70 sequences showed that C. homai n. sp. exhibited 9.1% to 17.3% genetic distance from all other Cryptosporidium spp. This clearly supports the validity of C. homai n. sp. as a separate species. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Generation and characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells from guinea pig fetal fibroblasts.

PubMed

Wu, Yuehong; Li, Ouyang; He, Chengwen; Li, Yong; Li, Min; Liu, Xiaoming Liu; Wang, Yujiong; He, Yulong

2017-06-01

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) represent an important tool to develop disease‑modeling assays, drug testing assays and cell‑based replacement therapies. The application of iPS in these fields requires the development of suitable animal models. Of the suitable species, guinea pigs are particularly important and offer significant advantages. Successful iPS generation has been accomplished in a number of species; however, it has not been reported in the guinea pig. The present study successfully generated iPS from guinea pigs (giPS) using single polycistronic virus transduction with mouse octamer‑binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), sex determining region Y‑box 2 (Sox2), Kruppel‑like factor 4 and c‑Myc. The giPS cell lines were cultured in media containing leukemia inhibitory factor and guinea pig fibroblast cells were used as feeder cells. These cultures were expanded under feeder‑free culture conditions using ESGRO Complete Plus Clonal Grade medium containing 15% fetal bovine serum on gelatin‑coated dishes. The resultant cells had a normal karyotype, exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed the pluripotency markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. The cells differentiated in vivo to form teratomas that contained all three germ layers of the tissue cells. The generation of giPS may facilitate future studies investigating the mechanisms underlying innate immunity, particularly for tuberculosis. These experiments provide proof of principle that iPS technology may be adapted to use the guinea pig as a model of human diseases.

Trypanosoma cruzi: partial prevention of the natural infection of guinea pigs with a killed parasite vaccine.

PubMed

Basombrio, M A

1990-07-01

Guinea pigs are natural reservoirs of Chagas' disease. Domestic breeding and local trade of these animals are common practices among andean communities in South America. Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi occurs when the animals live in triatomine-infested houses or yards. The preventive effect of a vaccine consisting of cultured T. cruzi killed by freezing and thawing plus saponin was tested both in mice and in the guinea pig ecosystem. Resistance against T. cruzi challenge in mice was improved by increasing the trypomastigote/epimastigote ratio in live attenuated vaccines but not in killed parasite vaccines. Although the killing of attenuated parasites sharply reduced their immunogenicity for mice, a protective effect against natural T. cruzi infection was detected in guinea pigs. A total of 88 guinea pigs were vaccinated in four intradermal sites on three occasions. Eighty controls received similar inoculations of culture medium plus saponin. All animals were kept in a triatomine-infested yard. Parasitemia was studied with the capillary microhematocrit method. After an exposure time averaging 4 months, natural T. cruzi infection occurred in 55% (44/80) of the controls and in 33% (29/88) of the vaccinated group (P less than 0.01). The number of highly parasitemic guinea pigs was also significantly decreased (6/80 vs 0/88, P less than 0.01). Thus, immunizing protocols which are only partially protective against artificial callenge with T. cruzi may nevertheless constrain the exchange of parasites between natural hosts and vectors.

Generation and characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells from guinea pig fetal fibroblasts

PubMed Central

Wu, Yuehong; Li, Ouyang; He, Chengwen; Li, Yong; Li, Min; Liu, Xiaoming; Wang, Yujiong; He, Yulong

2017-01-01

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) represent an important tool to develop disease-modeling assays, drug testing assays and cell-based replacement therapies. The application of iPS in these fields requires the development of suitable animal models. Of the suitable species, guinea pigs are particularly important and offer significant advantages. Successful iPS generation has been accomplished in a number of species; however, it has not been reported in the guinea pig. The present study successfully generated iPS from guinea pigs (giPS) using single polycistronic virus transduction with mouse octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), Kruppel-like factor 4 and c-Myc. The giPS cell lines were cultured in media containing leukemia inhibitory factor and guinea pig fibroblast cells were used as feeder cells. These cultures were expanded under feeder-free culture conditions using ESGRO Complete Plus Clonal Grade medium containing 15% fetal bovine serum on gelatin-coated dishes. The resultant cells had a normal karyotype, exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed the pluripotency markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. The cells differentiated in vivo to form teratomas that contained all three germ layers of the tissue cells. The generation of giPS may facilitate future studies investigating the mechanisms underlying innate immunity, particularly for tuberculosis. These experiments provide proof of principle that iPS technology may be adapted to use the guinea pig as a model of human diseases. PMID:28393187

Effects of the tripeptide substance P antagonist, FR113680, on airway constriction and airway edema induced by neurokinins in guinea-pigs.

PubMed

Murai, M; Morimoto, H; Maeda, Y; Fujii, T

1992-06-24

FR113680 is a newly developed tripeptide substance P (SP) receptor antagonist. The effects of FR113680 on airway constriction and airway edema induced by neurokinins were investigated in guinea-pigs. In in vitro experiments, FR113680 inhibited the contraction of isolated guinea-pig trachea induced by SP and neurokinin A (NKA) in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 2.3 x 10(-6) and 1.5 x 10(-5) M, respectively. The tracheal contraction induced by histamine and acetylcholine was not affected by FR113680. FR113680 (5 x 10(-5) M) also significantly inhibited the atropine-resistant contraction of isolated guinea-pig bronchi induced by electrical field stimulation. In in vivo experiments, FR113680 given i.v. inhibited SP-induced airway constriction in guinea-pigs at doses of 1 and 10 mg kg-1. However, FR113680 only inhibited NKA- and capsaicin-induced airway constriction by 40-50% even at a dose of 10 mg kg-1. FR113680 also inhibited SP-induced airway edema in guinea-pigs with the same potency as it inhibited SP-induced airway constriction. Histamine-induced airway constriction and airway edema were not affected at a dose of 10 mg kg-1. These results suggest that FR113680 preferentially inhibits responses induced by NK1 receptor activation (SP-induced airway constriction and airway edema), but is less effective on a NK2 receptor-induced response (airway constriction by NKA and neurogenic stimulation).

Activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) against Legionella pneumophila in vitro and in guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia.

PubMed

Edelstein, Paul H; Weiss, William J; Edelstein, Martha A C

2003-02-01

The activities of tigecycline (Wyeth Research) against extracellular and intracellular Legionella pneumophila and for the treatment of guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia were studied. The tigecycline MIC at which 50% of strains are inhibited for 101 different Legionella sp. strains was 4 micro g/ml versus 0.125 and 0.25 micro g/ml for azithromycin and erythromycin, respectively. Tigecycline was about as active as erythromycin (tested at 1 micro g/ml) against the F889 strain of L. pneumophila grown in guinea pig alveolar macrophages and more active than erythromycin against the F2111 strain. Azithromycin (0.25 micro g/ml) was more active than (F889) or as active as (F2111) tigecycline (1 micro g/ml) in the macrophage model. When tigecycline was given (7.5 mg/kg of body weight subcutaneously once) to guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia, the mean peak serum and lung levels were 2.3 and 1.8 micro g/ml (1.2 and 1.5 micro g/g) at 1 and 2 h postinjection, respectively. The serum and lung areas under the concentration time curve from 0 to 24 h were 13.7 and 15.8 micro g. h/ml, respectively. Thirteen of 16 guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia treated with tigecycline (7.5 mg/kg subcutaneously once daily for 5 days) survived for 7 days post-antimicrobial therapy, as did 11 of 12 guinea pigs treated with azithromycin (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally once daily for 2 days). None of 12 guinea pigs treated with saline survived. Tigecycline-treated guinea pigs had average end of therapy lung counts of 1 x 10(6) CFU/g (range, 2.5 x 10(4) to 3.2 x 10(6) CFU/g) versus <1 x 10(2) CFU/g for azithromycin (range, undetectable to 100 CFU/g). A second guinea pig study examined the ability of tigecycline to clear L. pneumophila from the lung after 5 to 9 days of therapy; bacterial concentrations 1 day posttherapy ranged from log(10) 4.2 to log(10) 5.5 CFU/g for four different dosing regimens. Tigecycline is about as effective as erythromycin against intracellular L. pneumophila, but tigecycline inactivation by the test media confounded the interpretation of susceptibility data. Tigecycline was effective at preventing death from pneumonia in an animal model of Legionnaires' disease, warranting human clinical trials of the drug for the disease.

Activities of Tigecycline (GAR-936) against Legionella pneumophila In Vitro and in Guinea Pigs with L. pneumophila Pneumonia

PubMed Central

Edelstein, Paul H.; Weiss, William J.; Edelstein, Martha A. C.

2003-01-01

The activities of tigecycline (Wyeth Research) against extracellular and intracellular Legionella pneumophila and for the treatment of guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia were studied. The tigecycline MIC at which 50% of strains are inhibited for 101 different Legionella sp. strains was 4 μg/ml versus 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml for azithromycin and erythromycin, respectively. Tigecycline was about as active as erythromycin (tested at 1 μg/ml) against the F889 strain of L. pneumophila grown in guinea pig alveolar macrophages and more active than erythromycin against the F2111 strain. Azithromycin (0.25 μg/ml) was more active than (F889) or as active as (F2111) tigecycline (1 μg/ml) in the macrophage model. When tigecycline was given (7.5 mg/kg of body weight subcutaneously once) to guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia, the mean peak serum and lung levels were 2.3 and 1.8 μg/ml (1.2 and 1.5 μg/g) at 1 and 2 h postinjection, respectively. The serum and lung areas under the concentration time curve from 0 to 24 h were 13.7 and 15.8 μg · h/ml, respectively. Thirteen of 16 guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia treated with tigecycline (7.5 mg/kg subcutaneously once daily for 5 days) survived for 7 days post-antimicrobial therapy, as did 11 of 12 guinea pigs treated with azithromycin (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally once daily for 2 days). None of 12 guinea pigs treated with saline survived. Tigecycline-treated guinea pigs had average end of therapy lung counts of 1 × 106 CFU/g (range, 2.5 × 104 to 3.2 × 106 CFU/g) versus <1 × 102 CFU/g for azithromycin (range, undetectable to 100 CFU/g). A second guinea pig study examined the ability of tigecycline to clear L. pneumophila from the lung after 5 to 9 days of therapy; bacterial concentrations 1 day posttherapy ranged from log10 4.2 to log10 5.5 CFU/g for four different dosing regimens. Tigecycline is about as effective as erythromycin against intracellular L. pneumophila, but tigecycline inactivation by the test media confounded the interpretation of susceptibility data. Tigecycline was effective at preventing death from pneumonia in an animal model of Legionnaires' disease, warranting human clinical trials of the drug for the disease. PMID:12543655

In Vitro Activity of the Ketolide HMR 3647 (RU 6647) for Legionella spp., Its Pharmacokinetics in Guinea Pigs, and Use of the Drug To Treat Guinea Pigs with Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia

PubMed Central

Edelstein, Paul H.; Edelstein, Martha A. C.

1999-01-01

The activities of HMR 3647, HMR 3004, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin for 97 Legionella spp. isolates were determined by microbroth dilution susceptibility testing. Growth inhibition of two Legionella pneumophila strains grown in guinea pig alveolar macrophages was also determined. The concentrations required to inhibit 50% of strains tested were 0.06, 0.02, 0.25, 0.03, and 0.02 μg/ml for HMR 3647, HMR 3004, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin, respectively. BYEα broth did not significantly inhibit the activities of the drugs tested, as judged by the susceptibility of the control Staphylococcus aureus strain; however, when Escherichia coli was used as the test strain, levofloxacin activity tested in BYEα broth was fourfold lower. HMR 3647, HMR 3004, erythromycin, and clarithromycin (0.25 and 1 μg/ml) reduced bacterial counts of two L. pneumophila strains grown in guinea pig alveolar macrophages by 0.5 to 1 log10, but regrowth occurred over a 2-day period. HMR 3647, erythromycin, and clarithromycin appeared to have equivalent intracellular activities which were solely static in nature. HMR 3004 was more active than all drugs tested except levofloxacin. In contrast, levofloxacin (1 μg/ml) was bactericidal against intracellular L. pneumophila and significantly more active than the other drugs tested. Therapy studies with HMR 3647 and erythromycin were performed in guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia. When HMR 3647 was given (10 mg/kg of body weight) by the intraperitoneal route to infected guinea pigs, mean peak plasma levels were 1.4 μg/ml at 0.5 h and 1.0 μg/ml at 1 h postinjection. The terminal half-life phase of elimination from plasma was 1.4 h. All 16 L. pneumophila-infected guinea pigs treated with HMR 3647 (10 mg/kg/dose given intraperitoneally once daily) for 5 days survived for 9 days after antimicrobial therapy, as did all 16 guinea pigs treated with the same dose of HMR 3647 given twice daily. Fourteen of 16 erythromycin-treated (30 mg/kg/dose given intraperitoneally twice daily) animals survived, whereas 0 of 12 animals treated with saline survived. HMR 3647 is effective against L. pneumophila in vitro, in infected macrophages, and in a guinea pig model of Legionnaires’ disease. HMR 3647 given once daily should be evaluated as a treatment for Legionnaires’ disease in humans. PMID:9869571

[Dermatophyte colonization on guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) kept in pet stores. First report from Santiago, Chile].

PubMed

Thomson, Pamela; Monsalves, Pamela; Maier, Liliana; Silva, Víctor

2015-01-01

Dermatophytes are pathogenic fungi that can be present in the flora of mammals, such as dogs, cats and rodents, which can be a source and transmission vehicle to other hosts, including humans. In Chile, there is a steady increase of acquiring guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) as pets, with no local studies on their colonization by dermatophytes. To determine the presence of dermatophytes on clinically healthy guinea pigs, kept in pet stores in Santiago, Chile. A total of 52 clinically healthy animals were studied using the method by Mariat and Tapia (1966). The specimen culture and identification of the dermatophytes were performed using classical mycological procedures. Four guinea pigs (7.7%) out of 52 were colonized by dermatophytes, and were identified as Trichophyton mentagrophytes (3 cases) and Trichophyton verrucosum (one case). This study shows, for the first time in Chile, that guinea pigs can be colonized by dermatophytes, which should alert administrators of pet stores, veterinarians and physicians, to keep this in mind when purchasing or looking after this type of pet in a veterinary office. Copyright © 2013 Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Iron does not cause arrhythmias in the guinea pig model of transfusional iron overload.

PubMed

Kaiser, Lana; Davis, John; Patterson, Jon; Boyd, Ryan F; Olivier, N Bari; Bohart, George; Schwartz, Kenneth A

2007-08-01

Cardiac events, including heart failure and arrhythmias, are the leading cause of death in patients with beta thalassemia. Although cardiac arrhythmias in humans are believed to result from iron overload, excluding confounding factors in the human population is difficult. The goal of the current study was to determine whether cardiac arrhythmias occurred in the guinea pig model of secondary iron overload. Electrocardiograms were recorded by using surgically implanted telemetry devices in guinea pigs loaded intraperitoneally with iron dextran (test animals) or dextran alone (controls). Loading occurred over approximately 6 wk. Electrocardiograms were recorded for 1 wk prior to loading, throughout loading, and for approximately 4 wk after loading was complete. Cardiac and liver iron concentrations were significantly increased in the iron-loaded animals compared with controls and were in the range of those reported for humans with thalassemia. Arrhythmias were rare in both iron-loaded and control guinea pigs. No life-threatening arrhythmias were detected in either group. These data suggest that iron alone may be insufficient to cause cardiac arrhythmias in the iron-loaded guinea pig model and that arrhythmias detected in human patients with iron overload may be the result of a complex interplay of factors.

Three new species of Oreophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea.

PubMed

Kraus, Fred

2013-01-01

I describe three new species of the diverse microhylid frog genus Oreophryne from Papua New Guinea. Two of these occur in two isolated mountain ranges along the northern coast of Papua New Guinea; the third is from Rossel Island in the very southeasternmost part of the country. All three are the first Oreophryne known from these areas to have a cartilaginous connection between the procoracoid and scapula, a feature usually seen in species far to the west or from the central cordillera of New Guinea. Each of the new species also differs from the many other Papuan Oreophryne in a variety of other morphological, color-pattern, and call features. Advertisement-call data for Oreophryne species from the north-coast region suggest that they represent only two of the several call types seen in regions further south, consistent with the relatively recent derivation of these northern regions as accreted island-arc systems. The distinctively different, whinnying, call type of the new species from Rossel Island occurs among other Oreophryne from southeastern Papua New Guinea but has been unreported elsewhere, raising the possibility that it may characterize a clade endemic to that region.

Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).

PubMed

Greenaway, Chris

2004-02-17

Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease) is a parasitic disease that is limited to remote, rural villages in 13 sub-Saharan African countries that do not have access to safe drinking water. It is one the next diseases targeted for eradication by the World Health Organization. Guinea worm disease is transmitted by drinking water containing copepods (water fleas) that are infected with Dracunculiasis medinensis larvae. One year after human ingestion of infected water a female adult worm emerges, typically from a lower extremity, producing painful ulcers that can impair mobility for up to several weeks. This disease occurs annually when agricultural activities are at their peak. Large proportions of economically productive individuals of a village are usually affected simultaneously, resulting in decreased agricultural productivity and economic hardship. Eradication of guinea worm disease depends on prevention, as there is no effective treatment or vaccine. Since 1986, there has been a 98% reduction in guinea worm disease worldwide, achieved primarily through community-based programs. These programs have educated local populations on how to filter drinking water to remove the parasite and how to prevent those with ulcers from infecting drinking-water sources. Complete eradication will require sustained high-level political, financial and community support.

In vivo evaluation of antiviral efficacy against genital herpes using mouse and guinea pig models.

PubMed

Valencia, Frances; Veselenak, Ronald L; Bourne, Nigel

2013-01-01

Both the guinea pig and mouse are important animal models for the study of genital herpes. The murine model has been used extensively to evaluate vaccines and antiviral agents by measuring the incidence of infection and the magnitude of viral replication; however, this model is limited with regard to distinguishing between candidate vaccines or treatments. In contrast, the guinea pig closely mimics human infection and provides an excellent model of both primary and recurrent genital herpes disease. This animal model is especially important in the study of viral transmission through the evaluation of latent viral reactivation and virus shedding into the genital tract. Here, we describe methodologies to determine viral infection, severity of primary disease, and quantification of primary viral replication in the genital tract for both the guinea pig and murine models of genital herpes. Additionally, we detail the evaluation of the onset of primary disease and progression to the day of death in the mouse model. Further, we summarize methods to assess the frequency of recurrences, frequency and magnitude of virus shedding, and latent viral load in the sensory nerve ganglia of the guinea pig.

The induction by X-rays of chromosome aberrations in male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits. II. Properties of translocations induced in post-meiotic stages.

PubMed

Cox, B D; Lyon, M F

1975-07-01

Translocations induced by X-rays in post-meiotic germ cells of male guinea-pigs, golden hamsters and rabbits were studied cytologically in the F1 sons of the irradiated males. The percentage of spermatocytes displaying multivalent configurations varied with the translocation, but the average percentage appeared to depend on the species: fewer quadrivalents were observed in hamster than in guinea-pig heterozygotes and most were recorded for rabbit heterozygotes. Chain quadrivalents were more abundant than ring quadrivalents at meiosis for the guinea-pig and hamster, in contrast to the mouse. Too few translocation heterozygotes were examined to determine which meiotic configuration was the more prevalent in the rabbit. In all three species, as in the mouse, translocations were found which caused male sterility, due to partial or complete failure of spermatogenesis, although most translocations caused semi-sterility. For these semi-sterile males both the frequency and time of embryonic death in the progeny appeared to be the same as in the mouse. It is concluded that similar types of chromosome aberrations are induced by X-rays in post-meiotic germ cells of male guinea-pigs, rabbits, golden hamsters and mice.

Effect of ozone exposure on antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vargas, M.H.; Segura, P.; Campos, M.G.

1994-12-31

Airway hyperresponsiveness can be induced by several stimuli including antigen and ozone, both of which may be present in the air of polluted cities. Though the effect of ozone on the bronchoconstrictor response to antigen has been well described, the combined effect of these stimuli on airway hyperresponsiveness has not yet been studied. Sensitized guinea pigs with or without ozone exposure for 1 h at 3 ppm, 18 h prior to study, were challenged with a dose-response curve to histamine (0.01-1.8 {mu}g/kg, iv), and then by a second histamine dose-response curve 1 h later. Airway responses were measured as themore » increase in pulmonary insufflation pressure. In sensitized guinea pigs, the histamine ED50 significantly decreased after antigen challenge, demonstrating the development of airway hyperresponsiveness. Sensitized guinea pigs exposed to ozone showed airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine when compared with nonexposed animals, and such hyperresponsiveness was further enhanced after antigen challenge. We conclude that in this guinea pig model of acute allergic bronchoconstriction both antigen challenge and ozone induce airway hyperresponsiveness, while ozone exposure does not modify the development of antigen-induced hyperresponsiveness. 25 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.« less

Species Identification and Resistance Status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Guinea.

PubMed

Keita, K; Camara, D; Barry, Y; Ossè, R; Wang, L; Sylla, M; Miller, D; Leite, L; Schopp, P; Lawrence, G G; Akogbéto, M; Dotson, E M; Guilavogui, T; Keita, M; Irish, S R

2017-05-01

Insecticide resistance is one of the primary threats to the recent gains in malaria control. This is especially true in Guinea, where long-lasting insecticidal nets are currently the primary vector control intervention. To better inform the national malaria control program on the current status of insecticide resistance in Guinea, resistance bioassays were conducted, using Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles, in three sites. Molecular analyses were also done on An. gambiae s.l. to determine the species and find whether the target-site mutations kdr and Ace1R were present. Susceptibility tests revealed resistance to DDT and pyrethroids, although mosquitoes were susceptible to deltamethrin in two of the three sites tested. Mosquitoes were susceptible to bendiocarb, except in Kissidougou, Guinea. The kdr-west mutation was widespread and the frequency was 60% or more in all sites. However, the Ace1R mutation was present in low levels. Insecticide susceptibility should continue to be monitored in Guinea to ensure insecticide-based vector control methods remain effective. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2017. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.

Calcium antagonistic activity of Bacopa monniera in guinea-pig trachea

PubMed Central

Channa, Shabana; Dar, Ahsana

2012-01-01

Objective: To demonstrate the calcium antagonistic property of ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera in guinea-pig trachea. Materials and Methods: The dose response curves of CaCl2 (1 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-1 M) were constructed in the absence and presence of ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera (100, 500 and 700 μg/ml) or nifedipine (1 × 10-6 M) in guinea-pig trachea in calcium free high K+-MOPS-PSS (3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulphonic acid physiological salt solution). The data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by least significant difference test or by Student's ‘t’ test for unequal variance when appropriate. A probability of at least P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The plant extract (500 and 700 μg/ml) significantly (P < 0.05) depressed and shifted the calcium concentration-response curves (1 × 10-3- 1 × 10-1 M) to rightward similar to that of nifedipine. Conclusions: Bacopa monniera extract exhibited calcium channel blocking activity in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscles that may rationalize its relaxant action on guinea-pig trachea and its traditional use in respiratory disorders. PMID:23087517

The 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa.

PubMed

Gatherer, Derek

2014-08-01

On 23 March 2014, the World Health Organization issued its first communiqué on a new outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD), which began in December 2013 in Guinée Forestière (Forested Guinea), the eastern sector of the Republic of Guinea. Located on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, Guinea is the first country in this geographical region in which an outbreak of EVD has occurred, leaving aside the single case reported in Ivory Coast in 1994. Cases have now also been confirmed across Guinea as well as in the neighbouring Republic of Liberia. The appearance of cases in the Guinean capital, Conakry, and the transit of another case through the Liberian capital, Monrovia, presents the first large urban setting for EVD transmission. By 20 April 2014, 242 suspected cases had resulted in a total of 147 deaths in Guinea and Liberia. The causative agent has now been identified as an outlier strain of Zaire Ebola virus. The full geographical extent and degree of severity of the outbreak, its zoonotic origins and its possible spread to other continents are sure to be subjects of intensive discussion over the next months. © 2014 The Authors.

Inactivation of complement by Loxosceles reclusa spider venom.

PubMed

Gebel, H M; Finke, J H; Elgert, K D; Cambell, B J; Barrett, J T

1979-07-01

Zymosan depletion of serum complement in guinea pigs rendered them highly resistant to lesion by Loxosceles reclusa spider venom. Guinea pigs deficient in C4 of the complement system are as sensitive to the venom as normal guinea pigs. The injection of 35 micrograms of whole recluse venom intradermally into guinea pigs lowered their complement level by 35.7%. Brown recluse spider venom in concentrations as slight as 0.02 micrograms protein/ml can totally inactivate one CH50 of guinea pig complement in vitro. Bee, scorpion, and other spider venoms had no influence on the hemolytic titer of complement. Fractionation of recluse spider venom by Sephadex G-200 filtration separated the complement-inactivating property of the venom into three major regions which could be distinguished on the basis of heat stability as well as size. None was neutralized by antivenom. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of venom resolved the complement inactivators into five fractions. Complement inactivated by whole venom or the Sephadex fractions could be restored to hemolytic activity by supplements of fresh serum but not by heat-inactivated serum, pure C3, pure C5, or C3 and C5 in combination.

The Peptide Vaccine Combined with Prior Immunization of a Conventional Diphtheria-Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine Induced Amyloid β Binding Antibodies on Cynomolgus Monkeys and Guinea Pigs.

PubMed

Yano, Akira; Ito, Kaori; Miwa, Yoshikatsu; Kanazawa, Yoshito; Chiba, Akiko; Iigo, Yutaka; Kashimoto, Yoshinori; Kanda, Akira; Murata, Shinji; Makino, Mitsuhiro

2015-01-01

The reduction of brain amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides by anti-Aβ antibodies is one of the possible therapies for Alzheimer's disease. We previously reported that the Aβ peptide vaccine including the T-cell epitope of diphtheria-tetanus combined toxoid (DT) induced anti-Aβ antibodies, and the prior immunization with conventional DT vaccine enhanced the immunogenicity of the peptide. Cynomolgus monkeys were given the peptide vaccine subcutaneously in combination with the prior DT vaccination. Vaccination with a similar regimen was also performed on guinea pigs. The peptide vaccine induced anti-Aβ antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs without chemical adjuvants, and excessive immune responses were not observed. Those antibodies could preferentially recognize Aβ 40, and Aβ 42 compared to Aβ fibrils. The levels of serum anti-Aβ antibodies and plasma Aβ peptides increased in both animals and decreased the brain Aβ 40 level of guinea pigs. The peptide vaccine could induce a similar binding profile of anti-Aβ antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs. The peptide vaccination could be expected to reduce the brain Aβ peptides and their toxic effects via clearance of Aβ peptides by generated antibodies.

Arrangement of Renal Arteries in Guinea Pig.

PubMed

Mazensky, David; Flesarova, Slavka

2017-03-01

The aim of this study was to describe origin, localization, and variations of renal arteries in guinea pig. The study was carried out on 26 adult guinea pigs. We prepared corrosion casts of the guinea pig arterial system. Batson's corrosion casting kit no. 17 was used as the casting medium. In 57.7% of specimens, a. renalis dextra was present as a single vessel with different level of its origin from aorta abdominalis. In 38.5% of specimens, two aa. renales dextrae were present with variable origin and arrangement. The presence of three aa. renales dextrae we found in one specimen. In 76.9% of specimens, a. renalis sinistra was present as a single vessel with different level of its origin from aorta abdominalis and variable arrangement. In 23.1% of specimens, we found two aa. renales sinistrae with variable origin and arrangement. The anatomical knowledge of the renal arteries, and its variations are of extreme importance for the surgeon that approaches the retroperitoneal region in several experiments, results of which are extrapolated in human. This is the first work dealing with the description of renal arteries arrangement in guinea pig. Anat Rec, 300:556-559, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Diadenosine pentaphosphate affects electrical activity in guinea pig atrium via activation of potassium acetylcholine-dependent inward rectifier.

PubMed

Abramochkin, Denis V; Karimova, Viktoria M; Filatova, Tatiana S; Kamkin, Andre

2017-07-01

Diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A) belongs to the family of diadenosine polyphosphates, endogenously produced compounds that affect vascular tone and cardiac performance when released from platelets. The previous findings indicate that Ap5A shortens action potentials (APs) in rat myocardium via activation of purine P2 receptors. The present study demonstrates alternative mechanism of Ap5A electrophysiological effects found in guinea pig myocardium. Ap5A (10 -4  M) shortens APs in guinea pig working atrial myocardium and slows down pacemaker activity in the sinoatrial node. P1 receptors antagonist DPCPX (10 -7  M) or selective GIRK channels blocker tertiapin (10 -6  M) completely abolished all Ap5A effects, while P2 blocker PPADS (10 -4  M) was ineffective. Patch-clamp experiments revealed potassium inward rectifier current activated by Ap5A in guinea pig atrial myocytes. The current was abolished by DPCPX or tertiapin and therefore was considered as potassium acetylcholine-dependent inward rectifier (I KACh ). Thus, unlike rat, in guinea pig atrium Ap5A produces activation of P1 receptors and subsequent opening of KACh channels leading to negative effects on cardiac electrical activity.

4. THREE HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS, VIEWS OF STONEWORK BEING LAID FOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. THREE HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS, VIEWS OF STONEWORK BEING LAID FOR THE GUINEA ROAD BRIDGE, CA. 1935. COLLECTION CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. - Merritt Parkway, Guinea Road Bridge, Spanning Merritt Parkway, Stamford, Fairfield County, CT

Caring for Pets When You're Pregnant

MedlinePlus

... t feed your cat undercooked meat. Are hamsters, guinea pigs and mice safe pets to have when you’ ... Many peoples have rodents, including mice, hamsters and guinea pigs, as pets. If you’re pregnant or planning ...

75 FR 10280 - Government-Owned Inventions; Availability for Licensing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-05

... has been demonstrated for this technology in dog and guinea pig models. Potential Applications and... effects in dogs and guinea pigs. J Clin Invest. 2009 Aug;119(8):2271-2280. [PubMed: 19620788] Patent...

Studies of foetal death and foetal weight in guinea pigs fed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).

PubMed

Brunström, B; Kihlström, I; Lundkvist, U

1982-02-01

Pregnant guinea pigs were fed a total dose of 100 mg of the commercial PCB preparation Clophen A50 during days 16 to 60 of gestation. This treatment caused severe foetal, but no maternal, death. Contrarily, a total dose of 25 mg or 100 mg of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) did not cause foetal death in the guinea pig. The prenatal growth rate was increased by a total dose of 25 mg, but not by 100 mg, of HCB.

[Lethal anaphylactic shock model induced by human mixed serum in guinea pigs].

PubMed

Ren, Guang-Mu; Bai, Ji-Wei; Gao, Cai-Rong

2005-08-01

To establish an anaphylactic shock model induced by human mixed serum in guinea pigs. Eighteen guinea pigs were divided into two groups: sensitized and control, The sensitized group were immunized intracutaneously with human mixed serum and then induced by endocardiac injection after 3 weeks. Symptoms of anaphylactic shock appeared in the sensitized group. The level of serum IgE were increased in the sensitized group significantly. An animal model of anaphylactic shock wer established successfully. It provide a tool for both forensic study and anaphylactic shock therapy.

A seminoma in a monorchid guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).

PubMed

Kurkure, N V; Pande, V V; Thomas, F; Bhandarkar, A G

2006-02-01

A case of seminoma in a monorchid adult guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) is described. Grossly, a right enlarged testis, which was soft in consistency, and white to pale in colour with few spots of haemorrhages was observed. Histologically, the testicle revealed diffusely spread sheets of tumour cells. The cells were large pleomorphic with eccentrically placed hyperchromic nuclei. Mitotic figures were evident. A scanty fibrous stroma, containing lymphocytes and histiocytes, separating the groups of tumour cells, along with few areas of haemorrhages were observed. Occurrence of seminoma in guinea fowl is unusual and hence reported.

Regeneration of guinea PIG facial nerve: the effect of hypergravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosenzweig, E.; Horodiceanu, E.; Ishay, J. S.

Exposure to moderate hypergravity improves the regenerative capacity of sectioned guinea-pig facial nerve. The improvement in regeneration is tri-directional as follows: a) an average 1.7 fold increase in rate of regeneration in guinea pigs subjected to hypergravity; b) a 25% enhancement of facial muscle activity following the exposure to hypergravity; and c) improvement in the quality of regeneration from an esthetic standpoint. A good correlation was recorded between the histological structure of the severed nerve at the end of the regeneration and the clinical results.

a Middle-Ear Reverse Transfer Function Computed from Vibration Measurements of Otoacoustic Emissions on the Ear Drum of the Guinea PIG

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dalhoff, Ernst; Turcanu, Diana; Gummer, Anthony W.

2009-02-01

Using distortion products measured as vibration of the umbo and as sound pressure in the ear canal of guinea pigs, we calculated the corresponding reverse transfer function. We compare the measurements with a middle-ear model taken from the literature and adapted to the guinea pig. A reasonable fit could be achieved. We conclude that the reverse transfer function will be useful to aid fitting a middle-ear model to measured transfer functions of human subjects.

Expression of Membrane-Bound Human AminopeptidaseP as a Soluble Enzyme and an Investigation into Its Efficacy Towards Offering Protection Against the Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

survival rate of guinea pigs from GF toxicity [31]. The overall catalytic efficiency of II-G1 reported by Worek against GF was 8.4 × 107 M-1 min-1 and...al., Protection against soman or VX poisoning by human butyrylcholinesterase in guinea pigs and cynomolgus monkeys. Chem Biol Interact, 2005. 157...97-102. 30. Valiyaveettil, M., et al., Protective efficacy of catalytic bioscavenger, paraoxonase 1 against sarin and soman exposure in guinea pigs

Temperature adaptation of active sodium-potassium transport and of passive permeability in erythrocytes of ground squirrels.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kimzey, S. L.; Willis, J. S.

1971-01-01

Unidirectional active and passive fluxes of K-42 and Na-24 were measured in red blood cells of ground squirrels (hibernators) and guinea pigs (nonhibernators). As the temperature was lowered, ?active' (ouabain-sensitive) K influx and Na efflux were more considerably diminished in guinea pig cells than in those of ground squirrels. The fraction of total K influx which is ouabain-sensitive in red blood cells of ground squirrels was virtually constant at all temperatures, whereas it decreased abruptly in guinea pig cells as temperature was lowered.

Vocal communication in a complex multi-level society: constrained acoustic structure and flexible call usage in Guinea baboons.

PubMed

Maciej, Peter; Ndao, Ibrahima; Hammerschmidt, Kurt; Fischer, Julia

2013-09-23

To understand the evolution of acoustic communication in animals, it is important to distinguish between the structure and the usage of vocal signals, since both aspects are subject to different constraints. In terrestrial mammals, the structure of calls is largely innate, while individuals have a greater ability to actively initiate or withhold calls. In closely related taxa, one would therefore predict a higher flexibility in call usage compared to call structure. In the present study, we investigated the vocal repertoire of free living Guinea baboons (Papio papio) and examined the structure and usage of the animals' vocal signals. Guinea baboons live in a complex multi-level social organization and exhibit a largely tolerant and affiliative social style, contrary to most other baboon taxa. To classify the vocal repertoire of male and female Guinea baboons, cluster analyses were used and focal observations were conducted to assess the usage of vocal signals in the particular contexts. In general, the vocal repertoire of Guinea baboons largely corresponded to the vocal repertoire other baboon taxa. The usage of calls, however, differed considerably from other baboon taxa and corresponded with the specific characteristics of the Guinea baboons' social behaviour. While Guinea baboons showed a diminished usage of contest and display vocalizations (a common pattern observed in chacma baboons), they frequently used vocal signals during affiliative and greeting interactions. Our study shows that the call structure of primates is largely unaffected by the species' social system (including grouping patterns and social interactions), while the usage of calls can be more flexibly adjusted, reflecting the quality of social interactions of the individuals. Our results support the view that the primary function of social signals is to regulate social interactions, and therefore the degree of competition and cooperation may be more important to explain variation in call usage than grouping patterns or group size.

Vocal communication in a complex multi-level society: constrained acoustic structure and flexible call usage in Guinea baboons

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background To understand the evolution of acoustic communication in animals, it is important to distinguish between the structure and the usage of vocal signals, since both aspects are subject to different constraints. In terrestrial mammals, the structure of calls is largely innate, while individuals have a greater ability to actively initiate or withhold calls. In closely related taxa, one would therefore predict a higher flexibility in call usage compared to call structure. In the present study, we investigated the vocal repertoire of free living Guinea baboons (Papio papio) and examined the structure and usage of the animals’ vocal signals. Guinea baboons live in a complex multi-level social organization and exhibit a largely tolerant and affiliative social style, contrary to most other baboon taxa. To classify the vocal repertoire of male and female Guinea baboons, cluster analyses were used and focal observations were conducted to assess the usage of vocal signals in the particular contexts. Results In general, the vocal repertoire of Guinea baboons largely corresponded to the vocal repertoire other baboon taxa. The usage of calls, however, differed considerably from other baboon taxa and corresponded with the specific characteristics of the Guinea baboons’ social behaviour. While Guinea baboons showed a diminished usage of contest and display vocalizations (a common pattern observed in chacma baboons), they frequently used vocal signals during affiliative and greeting interactions. Conclusions Our study shows that the call structure of primates is largely unaffected by the species’ social system (including grouping patterns and social interactions), while the usage of calls can be more flexibly adjusted, reflecting the quality of social interactions of the individuals. Our results support the view that the primary function of social signals is to regulate social interactions, and therefore the degree of competition and cooperation may be more important to explain variation in call usage than grouping patterns or group size. PMID:24059742

Intranasal mucosal boosting with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine markedly enhances the protection of BCG-primed guinea pigs against pulmonary tuberculosis.

PubMed

Xing, Zhou; McFarland, Christine T; Sallenave, Jean-Michel; Izzo, Angelo; Wang, Jun; McMurray, David N

2009-06-10

Recombinant adenovirus-vectored (Ad) tuberculosis (TB) vaccine platform has demonstrated great potential to be used either as a stand-alone or a boost vaccine in murine models. However, Ad TB vaccine remains to be evaluated in a more relevant and sensitive guinea pig model of pulmonary TB. Many vaccine candidates shown to be effective in murine models have subsequently failed to pass the test in guinea pig models. Specific pathogen-free guinea pigs were immunized with BCG, AdAg85A intranasally (i.n), AdAg85A intramuscularly (i.m), BCG boosted with AdAg85A i.n, BCG boosted with AdAg85A i.m, or treated only with saline. The animals were then infected by a low-dose aerosol of M. tuberculosis (M.tb). At the specified times, the animals were sacrificed and the levels of infection in the lung and spleen were assessed. In separate studies, the long-term disease outcome of infected animals was monitored until the termination of this study. Immunization with Ad vaccine alone had minimal beneficial effects. Immunization with BCG alone and BCG prime-Ad vaccine boost regimens significantly reduced the level of M.tb infection in the tissues to a similar extent. However, while BCG alone prolonged the survival of infected guinea pigs, the majority of BCG-immunized animals succumbed by 53 weeks post-M.tb challenge. In contrast, intranasal or intramuscular Ad vaccine boosting of BCG-primed animals markedly improved the survival rate with 60% of BCG/Ad i.n- and 40% of BCG/Ad i.m-immunized guinea pigs still surviving by 74 weeks post-aerosol challenge. Boosting, particularly via the intranasal mucosal route, with AdAg85A vaccine is able to significantly enhance the long-term survival of BCG-primed guinea pigs following pulmonary M.tb challenge. Our results thus support further evaluation of this viral-vectored TB vaccine in clinical trials.

NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 Deficiency Conjoint with Marginal Vitamin C Deficiency Causes Cigarette Smoke Induced Myelodysplastic Syndromes

PubMed Central

Das, Archita; Dey, Neekkan; Ghosh, Arunava; Das, Tanusree; Chatterjee, Indu B.

2011-01-01

Background The etiology of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is largely unknown. Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is reported to be associated with MDS risk. There is inconsistent evidence that deficiency of NAD(P)H-quinone: oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) increases the risk of MDS. Earlier we had shown that CS induces toxicity only in marginal vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs but not in vitamin C-sufficient ones. We therefore considered that NQO1 deficiency along with marginal vitamin C deficiency might produce MDS in CS-exposed guinea pigs. Methodology and Principal Findings Here we show that CS exposure for 21 days produces MDS in guinea pigs having deficiency of NQO1 (fed 3 mg dicoumarol/day) conjoint with marginal vitamin C deficiency (fed 0.5 mg vitamin C/day). As evidenced by morphology, histology and cytogenetics, MDS produced in the guinea pigs falls in the category of refractory cytopenia with unilineage dysplasia (RCUD): refractory anemia; refractory thrombocytopenia that is associated with ring sideroblasts, micromegakaryocytes, myeloid hyperplasia and aneuploidy. MDS is accompanied by increased CD34(+) cells and oxidative stress as shown by the formation of protein carbonyls and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine. Apoptosis precedes MDS but disappears later with marked decrease in the p53 protein. MDS produced in the guinea pigs are irreversible. MDS and all the aforesaid pathophysiological events do not occur in vitamin C-sufficient guinea pigs. However, after the onset of MDS vitamin C becomes ineffective. Conclusions and Significance CS exposure causes MDS in guinea pigs having deficiency of NQO1 conjoint with marginal vitamin C deficiency. The syndromes are not produced in singular deficiency of NQO1 or marginal vitamin C deficiency. Our results suggest that human smokers having NQO1 deficiency combined with marginal vitamin C deficiency are likely to be at high risk for developing MDS and that intake of a moderately large dose of vitamin C would prevent MDS. PMID:21655231

Goats' milk of defective alpha(s1)-casein genotype decreases intestinal and systemic sensitization to beta-lactoglobulin in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Bevilacqua, C; Martin, P; Candalh, C; Fauquant, J; Piot, M; Roucayrol, A M; Pilla, F; Heyman, M

2001-05-01

Contradictory results have been reported on the use of goats' milk in cows' milk allergy. In this study the hypothesis was tested, using a guinea pig model of cows' milk allergy, that these discrepancies could be due to the high genetic polymorphism of goats' milk proteins. Forty guinea pigs were fed over a 20 d period with pelleted diets containing one of the following: soyabean proteins (group S), cows' milk proteins (group CM), goats' milk proteins with high (group GM1) or low (group GM2) alpha(s1)-casein content. Parenteral sensitization to GM1 and GM2 proteins as also assessed. The sensitization was measured (1) by systemic IgG1 antibodies directed against bovine or caprine beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg), alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) and whole caseins, and (2) by intestinal anaphylaxis measured in vitro in Ussing chambers, by the rise in short-circuit current (delta Isc) in response to milk proteins. Guinea pigs fed on CM and GM1 developed high titres (> 1500) of anti-beta-lg IgG1, with an important cross reactivity between goat and cow beta-lg. However, in guinea pigs fed on GM2, anti-goat beta-lg IgG1 antibodies were significantly decreased compared with GM1 guinea pigs (mean IgG1 titres were 546 and 2046 respectively), and the intestinal anaphylaxis was significantly decreased (3.5+/-4.5 microA/cm2) compared with that observed in GM1 guinea pigs (8.3+/-7.6 microA/cm2). Animals receiving GM1 or GM2 proteins via the parenteral route developed a marked sensitization. These results suggest that the discrepancies observed in the use of goats milk in cows' milk allergy could be due, at least in part, to the high genetic polymorphism of goats' milk proteins.

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the Siwai and Buin districts of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville.

PubMed

Waruruai, Julie; Sipana, Beulah; Koch, Michael; Barrows, Louis R; Matainaho, Teatulohi K; Rai, Prem P

2011-11-18

Traditional knowledge of medicinal plant use in many regions of Papua New Guinea and the Autonomous Region of Bougainville is poorly described and rapidly disappearing. A program initiated by the University of Papua New Guinea to systematically document and preserve traditional knowledge of medicinal plant use was initiated with WHO help in 2001. To document and compare medicinal plant use in the Siwai and Buin districts of the Island of Bougainville. Siwai and Buin districts represent two adjacent geographic regions of differing language traditions. This report is a combination of two University of Papua New Guinea reports generated using a University of Papua New Guinea and Papua New Guinea Department of Health approved survey questionnaire "Information sheet on traditional herbal reparations and medicinal plants of Papua New Guinea". Although Siwai and Buin districts are adjacent in Southern Bougainville, there is considerable variation in the specific plants used medicinally and the specific uses of those plants that are used commonly in the two regions. In addition, many of the plants used in the region are widely distributed species that are used medicinally in other settings. Nevertheless, the high endemicity of plants and the extraordinary cultural diversity in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville has yielded description of the medicinal use of many plants that have not previously been reported in the wider scientific literature. Efforts to document and preserve traditional knowledge of plant use in Papua New Guinea have yielded important new records of plants with potential application in the provision of health care for a developing nation with an under developed Western style rural health care system. This report documents substantial commonality in the general modes of medicinal plant preparation and in the health care applications of plant use in the Siwai and Buin traditions, however, there was considerable difference noted in the particular uses of the specific plants used in one or another of the districts. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Education, employment and practice: Midwifery graduates in Papua New Guinea.

PubMed

Moores, Alison; Puawe, Paula; Buasi, Nancy; West, Florence; Samor, Mary K; Joseph, Nina; Rumsey, Michele; Dawson, Angela; Homer, Caroline S E

2016-10-01

Papua New Guinea has a very high maternal mortality rate (773/100,000), low rates of supervised births and a critical shortage of skilled midwives. A midwifery education initiative commenced in 2012, funded by the Australian Government and led by the National Department of Health. One specific objective of the initiative was to improve the standard of clinical teaching and practice in four schools of midwifery. There were 394 midwives educated over the 4 year period (2012-2015) representing half of all midwives in Papua New Guinea. A study was undertaken to describe the educational programme, employment, practices and experiences of graduates who studied midwifery in 2012 and 2013 as part of the initiative. the aim of this paper is to explore the education, employment and practice of newly graduated midwives in Papua New Guinea. a mixed methods descriptive study design was used. Surveys and focus groups were used to gather data. Ethical approval was granted by the relevant Human Research Ethics Committees. all midwifery graduates in 2012 and 2013 from the four midwifery schools in Papua New Guinea were included in the study and almost 80% were contacted. nearly 90% of graduates were working as midwives, with an additional 3% working as midwifery or nursing educators. This study discovered that graduates exhibited increased skills acquisition and confidence, leadership in maternal and newborn care services and a marked improvement in the provision of respectful care to women. The graduates faced challenges to implement evidence based care with barriers including the lack of appropriate resources and differences of opinion with senior staff. factors affecting the quality of midwifery education will need to be addressed if Papua New Guinea is to continue to improve the status of maternal and newborn health. Specifically, the length of the midwifery education, the quality of clinical practice and the exposure to rural and remote area practice need addressing in many contexts like Papua New Guinea. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Disruption of emmetropization and high susceptibility to deprivation myopia in albino guinea pigs.

PubMed

Jiang, Liqin; Long, Keli; Schaeffel, Frank; Zhang, Sen; Zhou, Xiangtian; Lu, Fan; Qu, Jia

2011-08-03

To compare emmetropization in albino and pigmented guinea pigs. Distributions of refractive state were examined in 214 albino and 234 pigmented guinea pigs. Albino (A) and pigmented (P) guinea pigs were divided into two groups, hyperopic (H) and myopic (M). Eye development was separately followed in 10 randomly selected animals from each group (AH, AM, PH, PM) from 2 to 10 weeks of age. In addition, deprivation myopia was induced in 36 age-matched albino (18 AH and 18 AM) and 36 pigmented (18 PH and 18 PM) guinea pigs by diffusers that were worn from 2 to 6 weeks of age. Finally, sclera fibril diameters were measured using transmission electron microscopy. Strikingly, the distributions of refractive errors were bimodal at 2 weeks of age, both in albino and pigmented animals, with clearly different averages (-2.86 ± 5.60 diopters [D] vs. 2.13 ± 5.27 D respectively; t = 9.712; P < 0.001). Spontaneous myopia was more common in albino animals: 70.1% were myopic (AM) and 29.9% hyperopic (AH), whereas only 28.6% were myopic (PM) and 71.4% hyperopic (PH) in pigmented guinea pigs. Different from PM and AM did not show any recovery from myopia. With diffusers, AH became more myopic (-7.61 ± 2.71 D and -11.17 ± 2.55 D) than PH (-4.48 ± 1.46 D and -8.28 ± 2.13 D) after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Deprivation myopia could still be induced in PM (-1.64 ± 1.44 D and -5.17 ± 1.88 D after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively; P < 0.01) but not in AM. Scleral fibril diameters were smaller in myopic animals, both albino and pigmented. Deprivation myopia could not be induced in spontaneously myopic but only in hyperopic albino guinea pigs, where it was even higher than in pigmented animals. The distinct effects of albinism on emmetropization will help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the emmetropization.

Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects of 3 Sustained-release Buprenorphine Dosages in Healthy Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

PubMed Central

Zanetti, Andrea S; Putta, Sumanth K; Casebolt, Donald B; Louie, Stan G

2017-01-01

In guinea pigs, studies addressing the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles of different sustained-release buprenorphine (SRB) formulations are still in their infancy. Here we assessed the pharmacokinetic profiles of 3 SRB dosages (SR-LAB, ZooPharm; SRBLow, 0.15 mg/kg; SRBMedium, 0.3 mg/kg; and SRBHigh, 0.6 mg/kg) for 72 h after a single subcutaneous administration to 8 (4 male and 4 female) healthy guinea pigs. Body weight, fecal output, and cortisol levels were also monitored and the results compared with those of the sham group. Within the first h after administration, the maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) of the drug was 64.3 ± 9.2 ng/mL (males) and 71.3 ± 3.7 ng/mL (females) in the SRBHigh group; 11.5 ± 3.2 ng/mL (males) and 6.9 ± 0.9 ng/mL (females) in the SRBMedium group; and 2.3 ± 0.8 ng/mL (males) and 2.0 ± 0.5 ng/mL (females) in the SRBLow group. After 72 h, therapeutic levels of the drug (>1 ng/mL) were observed only in guinea pigs treated with SRBHigh (both sexes) and males treated with SRBMediu cm. Fecal output (quantity and distribution) and body weight were significantly lower in the SRB groups as compared with the sham group, and with the SRBHigh group showing larger reductions. Baseline levels of serum cortisol in healthy females (1440 ± 106 ng/mL) were significantly greater than in males (550 ± 66 ng/mL). But, independent of the sex, SRB administration significantly reduced those levels. In conclusion, the data indicate that all 3 SRB dosages can be safely used in guinea pigs. However, therapeutic levels of the drug were observed for at least 48 h only guinea pigs treated with SRBHigh and SRBMedium. Further investigation is needed to determine if these dosages can alleviate pain in guinea pigs. PMID:29256372

Vaccination with a HSV-2 UL24 mutant induces a protective immune response in murine and guinea pig vaginal infection models.

PubMed

Visalli, Robert J; Natuk, Robert J; Kowalski, Jacek; Guo, Min; Blakeney, Susan; Gangolli, Seema; Cooper, David

2014-03-10

The rational design and development of genetically attenuated HSV-2 mutant viruses represent an attractive approach for developing both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for genital herpes. Previously, HSV-2 UL24 was shown to be a virulence determinant in both murine and guinea pig vaginal infection models. An UL24-βgluc insertion mutant produced syncytial plaques and replicated to nearly wild type levels in tissue culture, but induced little or no pathological effects in recipient mice or guinea pigs following vaginal infection. Here we report that immunization of mice or guinea pigs with high or low doses of UL24-βgluc elicited a highly protective immune response. UL24-βgluc immunization via the vaginal or intramuscular routes was demonstrated to protect mice from a lethal vaginal challenge with wild type HSV-2. Moreover, antigen re-stimulated splenic lymphocytes harvested from immunized mice exhibited both HSV-2 specific CTL activity and IFN-γ expression. Humoral anti-HSV-2 responses in serum were Th1-polarized (IgG2a>IgG1) and contained high-titer anti-HSV-2 neutralizing activity. Guinea pigs vaccinated subcutaneously with UL24-βgluc or the more virulent parental strain (186) were challenged with a heterologous HSV-2 strain (MS). Acute disease scores were nearly indistinguishable in guinea pigs immunized with either virus. Recurrent disease scores were reduced in UL24-βgluc immunized animals but not to the same extent as those immunized with strain 186. In addition, challenge virus was not detected in 75% of guinea pigs subcutaneously immunized with UL24-βgluc. In conclusion, disruption of the UL24 gene is a prime target for the development of a genetically attenuated live HSV-2 vaccine. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Market potential for guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris) products.

PubMed

Madzimure, James; Saina, Happyson; Ngorora, Grace P K

2011-12-01

The survey evaluated the market potential for guinea fowl (GF; Numidia meleagris) products in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe. Questionnaires were administered to traders/producers (n = 17), retailers (n = 12), cafeteria industry (n = 33) and consumers (n = 1,680) to establish their perceptions on guinea fowl products. The average household size was 6 ± 2. Each trader sold 10 ± 6.30 keets (mean ± standard error), 33 ± 15.05 growers, 20 ± 12.69 breeders and 20 ± 10.1 crates of 30 eggs per month. Each household consumed 2.5 ± 1.39 kg of GF meat and 3 ± 0.65 dozens of GF eggs per month. Retailers purchased 52 ± 44.42 crates of GF eggs and 41 ± 30.50/kg of GF meat whilst cafeteria purchased 33.6 ± 14 crates of GF eggs and 65.5 ± 33.52 kg of GF meat per month. Growers for breeding were the major product for sale by traders (94.1%) at a price of US$7.50 ± 1.74/bird. Different industries were offering different prices for guinea fowl products because of their scarcity on the market. The mean purchase price per crate of 30 guinea fowl eggs sold to the retail and cafeteria were US$3.00 ± 0.58 and US$4.50 ± 0.50, respectively. The mean purchase prices for GF meat was lower (P < 0.05) for retailers (US$2.5 ± 0.81/kg) than cafeteria (US$3.67 ± 0.83/kg). The challenges faced by producers in the marketing of guinea fowl products included poor supply due to the absence of good road networks to connect source areas and the market, perishability of dressed chickens due to power cuts and poor publicity. Overall, the study showed that there is greater market potential for guinea fowl products and farmers can channel their products through traders, cafeteria and retail industries.

Models of torsades de pointes: effects of FPL64176, DPI201106, dofetilide, and chromanol 293B in isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts.

PubMed

Cheng, Hsien C; Incardona, Josephine

2009-01-01

For studying the torsades de pointes (TdP) liability of a compound, most high and medium throughput methods use surrogate markers such as HERG inhibition and QT prolongation. In this study, we have tested whether isolated hearts may be modified to allow TdP to be the direct readout. Isolated spontaneously beating rabbit and guinea pig hearts were perfused according to the Langendorff method in hypokalemic (2.1 mM) solution. The in vitro lead II ECG equivalent and the incidence of TdP were monitored for 1 h. In addition, heart rate, QTc, Tp-Te, short-term variability (STV), time to arrhythmia, and time to TdP were also analyzed. FPL64176, a calcium channel activator; and DPI201106, a sodium channel inactivation inhibitor, produced TdP in isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts in a concentration dependent manner; guinea pig hearts were 3- to 5-fold more sensitive than rabbit hearts. Both compounds also increased QTc and STV. In contrast, dofetilide, an IKr inhibitor, produced no (or a low incidence of) TdP in both species, in spite of prolongation of QTc intervals. Chromanol 293B, an IKs inhibitor, did not produce TdP in rabbit hearts but elicited TdP concentration dependently in guinea pig hearts even though the compound had no effect on QTc intervals. IKs inhibition appears to be more likely to produce TdP in isolated guinea pig hearts than IKr inhibition. Chromanol 293B did not produce TdP in rabbit hearts presumably due to a low level of IKs channels in the heart. TdP produced in this study was consistent with the notion that its production was a consequence of reduced repolarization reserve, thereby causing rhythmic abnormalities. This isolated, perfused, and spontaneously beating rabbit and guinea pig heart preparation in hypokalemic medium may be useful as a preclinical test model for studying proarrhythmic liability of compounds in new drug development.

Comparison of mouse, guinea pig and rabbit models for evaluation of plague subunit vaccine F1+rV270.

PubMed

Qi, Zhizhen; Zhou, Lei; Zhang, Qingwen; Ren, Lingling; Dai, Ruixia; Wu, Benchuan; Wang, Tang; Zhu, Ziwen; Yang, Yonghai; Cui, Baizhong; Wang, Zuyun; Wang, Hu; Qiu, Yefeng; Guo, Zhaobiao; Yang, Ruifu; Wang, Xiaoyi

2010-02-10

In this study, a new subunit vaccine that comprised native F1 and recombinant rV270 was evaluated for protective efficacy using mouse, guinea pig and rabbit models in comparison with the live attenuated vaccine EV76. Complete protection against challenging with 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) of virulent Yersinia pestis strain 141 was observed for mice immunized with the subunit vaccines and EV76 vaccine. In contrast, the subunit vaccine recipes VII (F1-20 microg+rV270-10 microg) and IX (F1-40 microg+rV270-20 microg) and EV76 vaccine provided 86%, 79% and 93% protection against the same level of challenge in guinea pigs and 100%, 83% and 100% protection in rabbits, respectively. The immunized mice with the vaccines had significantly higher IgG titres than the guinea pigs and rabbits, and the immunized guinea pigs developed significantly higher IgG titres than the rabbits, but the anti-F1 response in guinea pigs was more variable than in the mice and rabbits, indicating that guinea pig is not an ideal model for evaluating protective efficacy of plague subunit vaccine, instead the rabbits could be used as an alternative model. All the immunized animals with EV76 developed a negligible IgG titre to rV270 antigen. Furthermore, analysis of IgG subclasses in the immunized animals showed a strong response for IgG1, whereas those receiving EV76 immunization demonstrated predominant production of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes. The subunit vaccine and EV76 vaccine are able to provide protection for animals against Y. pestis challenge, but the subunit vaccines have obvious advantages over EV76 in terms of safety of use. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The multidrug resistance 1 gene Abcb1 in brain and placenta: comparative analysis in human and guinea pig.

PubMed

Pappas, Jane J; Petropoulos, Sophie; Suderman, Matthew; Iqbal, Majid; Moisiadis, Vasilis; Turecki, Gustavo; Matthews, Stephen G; Szyf, Moshe

2014-01-01

The Multidrug Resistance 1 (MDR1; alternatively ABCB1) gene product P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP binding cassette transporter, extrudes multiple endogenous and exogenous substrates from the cell, playing an important role in normal physiology and xenobiotic distribution and bioavailability. To date, the predominant animal models used to investigate the role of P-gp have been the mouse and rat, which have two distinct genes, Abcb1a and Abcb1b. In contrast, the human has a single gene, ABCB1, for which only a single isoform has been validated. We and others have previously shown important differences between Abcb1a and Abcb1b, limiting the extrapolation from rodent findings to the human. Since the guinea pig has a relatively long gestation, hemomonochorial placentation and neuroanatomically mature offspring, it is more similar to the human, and may provide a more comparable model for investigating the regulation of P-gp in the brain and placenta, however, to date, the Abcb1 gene in the guinea pig remains to be characterized. The placenta and fetal brain are barrier sites that express P-gp and that play a critical role of protection of the fetus and the fetal brain from maternally administered drugs and other xenobiotics. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR (QPCR) to sequence the expressed isoforms of guinea pig Abcb1, we demonstrate that like the human, the guinea pig genome contains one gene for Abcb1 but that it is expressed as at least three different isoforms via alternative splicing and alternate exon usage. Further, we demonstrate that these isoforms are more closely related to human than to rat or mouse isoforms. This striking, overall similarity and evolutionary relatedness between guinea pig Abcb1 and human ABCB1 indicate that the guinea pig represents a relevant animal model for investigating the function and regulation of P-gp in the placenta and brain.

The role of TRPM8 in the Guinea-pig bladder-cooling reflex investigated using a novel TRPM8 antagonist.

PubMed

Gardiner, Jennifer C; Kirkup, Anthony J; Curry, John; Humphreys, Sian; O'Regan, Paul; Postlethwaite, Michael; Young, Kimberley C; Kitching, Linda; Ethell, Brian T; Winpenny, David; McMurray, Gordon

2014-10-05

Patients with overactive bladder often exhibit abnormal bladder contractions in response to intravesical cold saline (positive ice-water test). The molecular entity involved in cold sensation within the urinary bladder is unknown, but a potential candidate is the ion channel, transient receptor potential (melastatin)-8 (TRPM8). The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of TRPM8 in a bladder-cooling reflex evoked in anaesthetised guinea-pigs that is comparable to the positive ice-water test seen in patients. Guinea-pig TRPM8 was cloned from L6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and expressed in HEK293 cells. Functional agonist- and cold-induced Ca2+ influx and electrophysiology assays were performed in these cells, and for comparison in HEK293 cells expressing human TRPM8, using a novel TRPM8 antagonist, the S-enantiomer of 1-phenylethyl 4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxybenzyl (2-aminoethyl) carbamate hydrochloride (PBMC). Potency data from these assays was used to calculate intravenous infusion protocols for targeted plasma concentrations of PBMC in studies on micturition reflexes evoked by intravesical infusion of menthol or cold saline in anaesthetised guinea-pigs. Tissue expression of TRPM8 in guinea-pig bladder, urethra and in dorsal root ganglia neurones traced from the bladder was also investigated. TRPM8 mRNA and protein were detected in L6 dorsal root ganglia, bladder urothelium and smooth muscle. PBMC antagonised in vitro activation of human and guinea-pig TRPM8 and reversed menthol and cold-induced facilitation of the micturition reflex at plasma concentrations consistent with in vitro potencies. The present data suggest that the bladder-cooling reflex in the guinea-pig involves TRPM8. The potential significance of TRPM8 in bladder disease states deserves future investigation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of Guinea Pig Antibody Responses to Salivary Proteins of Triatoma infestans for the Development of a Triatomine Exposure Marker

PubMed Central

Dorňáková, Veronika; Salazar-Sanchez, Renzo; Borrini-Mayori, Katty; Carrion-Navarro, Oscar; Levy, Michael Z.; Schaub, Günter A.; Schwarz, Alexandra

2014-01-01

Background Salivary proteins of Triatoma infestans elicit humoral immune responses in their vertebrate hosts. These immune responses indicate exposure to triatomines and thus can be a useful epidemiological tool to estimate triatomine infestation. In the present study, we analyzed antibody responses of guinea pigs to salivary antigens of different developmental stages of four T. infestans strains originating from domestic and/or peridomestic habitats in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. We aimed to identify developmental stage- and strain-specific salivary antigens as potential markers of T. infestans exposure. Methodology and Principal Findings In SDS-PAGE analysis of salivary proteins of T. infestans the banding pattern differed between developmental stages and strains of triatomines. Phenograms constructed from the salivary profiles separated nymphal instars, especially the 5th instar, from adults. To analyze the influence of stage- and strain-specific differences in T. infestans saliva on the antibody response of guinea pigs, twenty-one guinea pigs were exposed to 5th instar nymphs and/or adults of different T. infestans strains. Western blot analyses using sera of exposed guinea pigs revealed stage- and strain-specific variations in the humoral response of animals. In total, 27 and 17 different salivary proteins reacted with guinea pig sera using IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Despite all variations of recognized salivary antigens, an antigen of 35 kDa reacted with sera of almost all challenged guinea pigs. Conclusion Salivary antigens are increasingly considered as an epidemiological tool to measure exposure to hematophagous arthropods, but developmental stage- and strain-specific variations in the saliva composition and the respective differences of immunogenicity are often neglected. Thus, the development of a triatomine exposure marker for surveillance studies after triatomine control campaigns requires detailed investigations. Our study resulted in the identification of a potential antigen as useful marker of T. infestans exposure. PMID:24699441

Do β3-adrenergic receptors play a role in guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle excitability and contractility?

PubMed Central

Afeli, Serge A. Y.; Hristov, Kiril L.

2012-01-01

In many species, β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) have been reported to play a primary role in pharmacologically induced detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) relaxation. However, their role in guinea pig DSM remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate whether β3-ARs are expressed in guinea pig DSM and to evaluate how BRL37344 and L-755,507, two selective β3-AR agonists, modulate guinea pig DSM excitability and contractility. We used a combined experimental approach including RT-PCR, patch-clamp electrophysiology, and isometric DSM tension recordings. β3-AR mRNA message was detected in freshly isolated guinea pig DSM single cells. BRL37344 but not L-755,507 caused a slight decrease in DSM spontaneous phasic contraction amplitude and frequency in a concentration-dependent manner. In the presence of atropine (1 μM), only the spontaneous phasic contractions frequency was inhibited by BRL37344 at higher concentrations. Both BRL37344 and L-755,507 significantly decreased DSM carbachol-induced phasic and tonic contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. However, only BRL37344 inhibitory effect was partially antagonized by SR59230A (10 μM), a β3-AR antagonist. In the presence of atropine, BRL37344 and L-755,507 had no inhibitory effect on electrical field stimulation-induced contractions. Patch-clamp experiments showed that BRL37344 (100 μM) did not affect the DSM cell resting membrane potential and K+ conductance. Although β3-ARs are expressed at the mRNA level, they play a minor to no role in guinea pig DSM spontaneous contractility without affecting cell excitability. However, BRL37344 and L-755,507 have pronounced inhibitory effects on guinea pig DSM carbachol-induced contractions. The study outlines important DSM β3-ARs species differences. PMID:21993887

The role of substance P and bradykinin in the cough reflex and bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs.

PubMed

El-Hashim, Ahmed Z; Amine, Sanaa A

2005-04-18

In this study we investigated the ability of aerosolized substance P to induce either cough or bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs. We have also examined whether pre-treatment, by the inhaled route, of animals with a combination of the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon (10(-3) M), and the diaminopeptidase IV inhibitor, diprotin A (10(-3) M), enhances the airway response to substance P. Moreover, we also assessed whether aerosol pre-treatment of guinea-pigs with either substance P or bradykinin, at 10(-4) M, affects the citric acid-induced cough and/or bronchoconstriction. Challenge of guinea-pigs with substance P only at 10(-3) M resulted in significant bronchconstriction but only a weak and variable cough response (1.1+/-0.6; P>0.05). Pre-treatment of guinea-pigs with both phosphoramidon and diprotin A resulted in a small non-significant increase in the cough response (2.8+/-0.9 vs. 1.1+/-0.6; P>0.05) but significantly enhanced substance P-induced bronchoconstriction (P<0.05). Moreover, exposure of guinea-pigs to substance P (10(-4) M) prior to citric acid challenge (0.6 M) resulted in a significant (P<0.05) enhancement of the citric acid-induced bronchoconstriction but not the citric acid-induced cough (11.7+/-1.8 vs. 12.8+/-1.5; P>0.05). In contrast, exposure of guinea-pigs to bradykinin (10(-4) M) prior to the citric acid challenge resulted in a significant enhancement of the cough response (9.2+/-1.9 vs. 25.8+/-2.5; P<0.05) but not the bronchoconstriction (P>0.05). These data do not support a major peripheral role for substance P in the cough reflex, although bradykinin is able to sensitize the cough reflex. Furthermore, these data suggest that bronchoconstriction, induced by citric acid, is not responsible for the cough associated with this irritant.

The effect of restraining on the heart rate in guinea pigs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mikiskova, H.

1980-01-01

The emotional effect of different applications of electrodes and the fixation for cariographic examination was investigated using guinea pigs. The effect of the stress is discussed in terms of heart rhythm and behavior.

Vaccination for the prevention of maternal and fetal infection with guinea pig cytomegalovirus.

PubMed

Bia, F J; Griffith, B P; Tarsio, M; Hsiung, G D

1980-11-01

Live guinea pig cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine was prepared after 11 serial passages in tissue culture; noninfectious envelope antigen vaccine was prepared by n-octyl glucoside treatment of CMV-derived dense bodies and virions. Hartley strain guinea pigs immunized with either vaccine were compared with guinea pigs inoculated with virulent, salivary gland-passaged CMV (approximating natural infection), with passively immunized animals, and with nonimmune controls. All vaccinated animals had neutralizing antibodies to CMV. After challenge with virulent CMV, animals previously inoculated with either tissue culture-passaged or virulent CMV were protected against acute viremia and death; pregnant animals previously inoculated with live CMV vaccine had lower incidences of viremia and generalized maternal and fetal infection. Envelope antigen-vaccinated and passively immunized pregnant animals showed acute viremia after similar challenge with virulent virus; however, infection was less generalized than that in control animals, and CMV was not isolated from the fetuses of these vaccinated mothers.

A Neolithic expansion, but strong genetic structure, in the independent history of New Guinea.

PubMed

Bergström, Anders; Oppenheimer, Stephen J; Mentzer, Alexander J; Auckland, Kathryn; Robson, Kathryn; Attenborough, Robert; Alpers, Michael P; Koki, George; Pomat, William; Siba, Peter; Xue, Yali; Sandhu, Manjinder S; Tyler-Smith, Chris

2017-09-15

New Guinea shows human occupation since ~50 thousand years ago (ka), independent adoption of plant cultivation ~10 ka, and great cultural and linguistic diversity today. We performed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping on 381 individuals from 85 language groups in Papua New Guinea and find a sharp divide originating 10 to 20 ka between lowland and highland groups and a lack of non-New Guinean admixture in the latter. All highlanders share ancestry within the last 10 thousand years, with major population growth in the same period, suggesting population structure was reshaped following the Neolithic lifestyle transition. However, genetic differentiation between groups in Papua New Guinea is much stronger than in comparable regions in Eurasia, demonstrating that such a transition does not necessarily limit the genetic and linguistic diversity of human societies. Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Analysis of the temperature sensitivity of Japanese rubella vaccine strain TO-336.vac and its effect on immunogenicity in the guinea pig.

PubMed

Okamoto, Kiyoko; Ami, Yasushi; Suzaki, Yuriko; Otsuki, Noriyuki; Sakata, Masafumi; Takeda, Makoto; Mori, Yoshio

2016-04-01

The marker of Japanese domestic rubella vaccines is their lack of immunogenicity in guinea pigs. This has long been thought to be related to the temperature sensitivity of the viruses, but supporting evidence has not been described. In this study, we generated infectious clones of TO-336.vac, a Japanese domestic vaccine, TO-336.GMK5, the parental virus of TO-336.vac, and their mutants, and determined the molecular bases of their temperature sensitivity and immunogenicity in guinea pigs. The results revealed that Ser(1159) in the non-structural protein-coding region was responsible for the temperature sensitivity of TO-336.vac dominantly, while the structural protein-coding region affected the temperature sensitivity subordinately. The findings further suggested that the temperature sensitivity of TO-336.vac affected the antibody induction in guinea pigs after subcutaneous inoculation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Logistics of Guinea Worm Disease Eradication in South Sudan

PubMed Central

Jones, Alexander H.; Becknell, Steven; Withers, P. Craig; Ruiz-Tiben, Ernesto; Hopkins, Donald R.; Stobbelaar, David; Makoy, Samuel Yibi

2014-01-01

From 2006 to 2012, the South Sudan Guinea Worm Eradication Program reduced new Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) cases by over 90%, despite substantial programmatic challenges. Program logistics have played a key role in program achievements to date. The program uses disease surveillance and program performance data and integrated technical–logistical staffing to maintain flexible and effective logistical support for active community-based surveillance and intervention delivery in thousands of remote communities. Lessons learned from logistical design and management can resonate across similar complex surveillance and public health intervention delivery programs, such as mass drug administration for the control of neglected tropical diseases and other disease eradication programs. Logistical challenges in various public health scenarios and the pivotal contribution of logistics to Guinea worm case reductions in South Sudan underscore the need for additional inquiry into the role of logistics in public health programming in low-income countries. PMID:24445199

Logistics of Guinea worm disease eradication in South Sudan.

PubMed

Jones, Alexander H; Becknell, Steven; Withers, P Craig; Ruiz-Tiben, Ernesto; Hopkins, Donald R; Stobbelaar, David; Makoy, Samuel Yibi

2014-03-01

From 2006 to 2012, the South Sudan Guinea Worm Eradication Program reduced new Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) cases by over 90%, despite substantial programmatic challenges. Program logistics have played a key role in program achievements to date. The program uses disease surveillance and program performance data and integrated technical-logistical staffing to maintain flexible and effective logistical support for active community-based surveillance and intervention delivery in thousands of remote communities. Lessons learned from logistical design and management can resonate across similar complex surveillance and public health intervention delivery programs, such as mass drug administration for the control of neglected tropical diseases and other disease eradication programs. Logistical challenges in various public health scenarios and the pivotal contribution of logistics to Guinea worm case reductions in South Sudan underscore the need for additional inquiry into the role of logistics in public health programming in low-income countries.

Epidemiology of Epidemic Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry and Surrounding Prefectures, Guinea, 2014–2015

PubMed Central

Brody, Debra; Coronado, Fátima; Rondy, Marc; Fiebig, Lena; Carcelen, Andrea; Deyde, Varough M.; Mesfin, Samuel; Retzer, Kyla D.; Bilivogui, Pepe; Keita, Sakoba; Dahl, Benjamin A.

2016-01-01

In 2014, Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa was first reported during March in 3 southeastern prefectures in Guinea; from there, the disease rapidly spread across West Africa. We describe the epidemiology of EVD cases reported in Guinea’s capital, Conakry, and 4 surrounding prefectures (Coyah, Dubreka, Forecariah, and Kindia), encompassing a full year of the epidemic. A total of 1,355 EVD cases, representing ≈40% of cases reported in Guinea, originated from these areas. Overall, Forecariah had the highest cumulative incidence (4× higher than that in Conakry). Case-fatality percentage ranged from 40% in Conakry to 60% in Kindia. Cumulative incidence was slightly higher among male than female residents, although incidences by prefecture and commune differed by sex. Over the course of the year, Conakry and neighboring prefectures became the EVD epicenter in Guinea. PMID:26812047

Health and nutritional status of Liberian refugee children--Guinea, 1990.

PubMed

1991-01-11

Since December 1989, civil strife in Liberia has caused mass displacement of persons to neighboring Guinea and Ivory Coast (Figure 1). Liberian refugees initially settled in the Forest Region of Guinea and shared food and shelter with members of the same ethnic groups (mainly Gio and Mano) already residing in the area. The number of refugees overwhelmed the capacity of affected villages to provide basic needs, and camp-like settlements were established that received substantial external relief. In May 1990, to determine appropriate priorities for relief assistance, the health and nutritional status of Liberian refugees in the Forest Region of Guinea was assessed by CDC for the U.S. Department of State's Bureau for Refugee Programs. In May, an estimated 80,000 refugees were in the area; by December the number had increased to an estimated 400,000. This report summarizes findings of the health and nutritional assessment of Liberian refugee children.

Developing guinea pig brain as a model for cortical folding.

PubMed

Hatakeyama, Jun; Sato, Haruka; Shimamura, Kenji

2017-05-01

The cerebral cortex in mammals, the neocortex specifically, is highly diverse among species with respect to its size and morphology, likely reflecting the immense adaptiveness of this lineage. In particular, the pattern and number of convoluted ridges and fissures, called gyri and sulci, respectively, on the surface of the cortex are variable among species and even individuals. However, little is known about the mechanism of cortical folding, although there have been several hypotheses proposed. Recent studies on embryonic neurogenesis revealed the differences in cortical progenitors as a critical factor of the process of gyrification. Here, we investigated the gyrification processes using developing guinea pig brains that form a simple but fundamental pattern of gyri. In addition, we established an electroporation-mediated gene transfer method for guinea pig embryos. We introduce the guinea pig brain as a useful model system to understand the mechanisms and basic principle of cortical folding. © 2017 Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists.

A SKIN TEST FOR DETECTING GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION CAUSING EPIZOOTIC LYMPHADENITIS IN GUINEA PIGS : APPLICATIONS IN SELECTING BREEDING STOCK.

PubMed

Moen, J K

1936-09-30

1. A skin test with a crude bacterial extract prepared from group C (Lancefield) hemolytic streptococci was used as a means of detecting possible carriers of the streptococcus causing epizootic lymphadenitis in guinea pigs. A positive test similar to a positive tuberculin reaction was considered presumptive evidence of present or recent infection with this streptococcus. 2. 20 positive reactors were found in 330 supposedly normal guinea pigs. 3. 195 negatively reacting animals were used as a breeding stock which yielded 1,296 progeny over a period of 15 months. None of the breeding stock or their progeny showed evidence of spontaneous lymphadenitis. Skin tests of 100 of the progeny were all negative. 4. The use of this skin test as a means of obtaining guinea pig breeding stock free of the streptococcus causing spontaneous lymphadenitis is suggested.

A SKIN TEST FOR DETECTING GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION CAUSING EPIZOOTIC LYMPHADENITIS IN GUINEA PIGS

PubMed Central

Moen, Johannes K.

1936-01-01

1. A skin test with a crude bacterial extract prepared from group C (Lancefield) hemolytic streptococci was used as a means of detecting possible carriers of the streptococcus causing epizootic lymphadenitis in guinea pigs. A positive test similar to a positive tuberculin reaction was considered presumptive evidence of present or recent infection with this streptococcus. 2. 20 positive reactors were found in 330 supposedly normal guinea pigs. 3. 195 negatively reacting animals were used as a breeding stock which yielded 1,296 progeny over a period of 15 months. None of the breeding stock or their progeny showed evidence of spontaneous lymphadenitis. Skin tests of 100 of the progeny were all negative. 4. The use of this skin test as a means of obtaining guinea pig breeding stock free of the streptococcus causing spontaneous lymphadenitis is suggested. PMID:19870552

Modeling maternal fetal RSV F vaccine induced antibody transfer in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Glenn, Gregory M; Fries, Louis F; Smith, Gale; Kpamegan, Eloi; Lu, Hanxin; Guebre-Xabier, Mimi; Hickman, Somia P; Flyer, David

2015-11-25

Protection of newborns and young infants against RSV disease via maternal immunization mediated by transplacental transfer of antibodies is under evaluation in third-trimester pregnant women with the RSV recombinant F nanoparticle vaccine (RSV F vaccine). Since the hemichorial placental architecture in guinea pigs and humans is similar, the guinea pig model was employed to assess RSV F vaccine immunogenicity in pregnant sows and to compare RSV-specific maternal antibody levels in their pups. Thirty (30) presumptive pregnant guinea pigs were immunized on gestational day 25 and 46 with placebo (PBS), 30μg RSV F, or 30μg RSV F+400μg aluminum phosphate. Sera at delivery/birth (sows/pups) and 15 and 30 days post-partum (pups) were analyzed for the presence of anti-F IgG, palivizumab-competitive antibody (PCA) and RSV/A microneutralization (MN). The rates of pregnancy and stillbirth were similar between controls and vaccinees. The vaccine induced high levels of anti-F IgG, PCA and MN in sows, with the highest levels observed in adjuvanted vaccinees. Placental transfer to pups was proportional to the maternal antibody levels, with concentration effects observed for all immune measures. The RSV F vaccine was safe and immunogenic in pregnant guinea pigs and supported robust transplacental antibody transfer to their pups. Relative concentration of antibodies in the pups was observed even in the presence of high levels of maternal antibody. Guinea pigs may be an important safety and immunogenicity model for preclinical assessment of candidate vaccines for maternal immunization. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Neutralisation of Local Haemorrhage Induced by the Saw-Scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki Venom Using Ethanolic Extract of Hibiscus aethiopicus L.

PubMed

Hasson, S S; Al-Balushi, M S; Said, E A; Habbal, O; Idris, M A; Mothana, R A A; Sallam, T A; Al-Jabri, A A

2012-01-01

The objective of the study is to investigate the anti-snake venom activities of a local plant, Hibiscus aethiopicus L. The H. aethiopicus was dried and extracted with ethanol. Different assays were performed according to standard techniques, to evaluate the plant's acute toxicity and its antivenom activities. The results of evaluating the systemic acute toxicity of the H. aethiopicus extract using "oral and intra-peritoneal" route were normal even at the highest dose (24 g/kg) tested. All guinea pigs (n = 3) when treated with venoms E. c. sochureki (75 μg) alone induced acute skin haemorrhage. In contrast, all guinea pigs (n = 18) treated with both venom and the plant extract at a concentration between 500 and 1000 mg/kg showed no signs of haemorrhage. Moreover, all guinea pigs (n = 18) treated with venom and the plant extract below 400 mg/kg showed acute skin haemorrhage. All guinea pigs treated with venom E. c. sochureki (75 μg) alone induced acute skin haemorrhage after both 24 and 32 hours. In contrast, all guinea pigs treated with both venom and the plant extract (administered independently) at concentrations between 500 and 1000 mg/kg showed no signs of haemorrhage after 32 hours. However, after 24 hours all tested guinea pigs showed less inhibition (<60%) compared to that obtained after 32 hours. The outcome of this study reflects that the extract of H. aethiopicus plant may contain an endogenous inhibitor of venom induced local haemorrhage.

Endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid modulates tonic guinea pig airway tone and propofol-induced airway smooth muscle relaxation.

PubMed

Gallos, George; Gleason, Neil R; Virag, Laszlo; Zhang, Yi; Mizuta, Kentaro; Whittington, Robert A; Emala, Charles W

2009-04-01

Emerging evidence indicates that an endogenous autocrine/paracrine system involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is present in airways. GABAA channels, GABAB receptors, and the enzyme that synthesizes GABA have been identified in airway epithelium and smooth muscle. However, the endogenous ligand itself, GABA, has not been measured in airway tissues. The authors sought to demonstrate that GABA is released in response to contractile agonists and tonically contributes a prorelaxant component to contracted airway smooth muscle. The amount and cellular localization of GABA in upper guinea pig airways under resting and contracted tone was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contribution that endogenous GABA imparts on the maintenance of airway smooth muscle acetylcholine-induced contraction was assessed in intact guinea pig airway tracheal rings using selective GABAA antagonism (gabazine) under resting or acetylcholine-contracted conditions. The ability of an allosteric agent (propofol) to relax a substance P-induced relaxation in an endogenous GABA-dependent manner was assessed. GABA levels increased and localized to airway smooth muscle after contractile stimuli in guinea pig upper airways. Acetylcholine-contracted guinea pig tracheal rings exhibited an increase in contracted force upon addition of the GABAA antagonist gabazine that was subsequently reversed by the addition of the GABAA agonist muscimol. Propofol dose-dependently relaxed a substance P contraction that was blocked by gabazine. These studies demonstrate that GABA is endogenously present and increases after contractile stimuli in guinea pig upper airways and that endogenous GABA contributes a tonic prorelaxant component in the maintenance of airway smooth muscle tone.

Effect of active sensitization on the bronchopulmonary responses to tachykinins in the guinea pig. Modulation by peptidase inhibitors.

PubMed

Capaz, F R; Ruffié, C; Lefort, J; Manzini, S; Vargaftig, B B; Pretolani, M

1993-08-01

The i.v. administration of substance P (SP, 0.25-16 micrograms/kg) or of the selective metabolic stable NK-1 agonist, [Glp6,Pro9]SP-(6-11) (septide, 0.03-0.25 microgram) to atropine-treated guinea pigs or to isolated perfused lungs triggered a dose-dependent bronchoconstriction, which was enhanced in animals actively sensitized to ovalbumin. In vivo, bronchial hyper-responsiveness was restricted to SP and to septide, inasmuch as neurokinin A (0.06-1 microgram/kg)- or capsaicin (0.5-32 micrograms/kg)-induced bronchoconstriction were not modified. In contrast, isolated lungs from sensitized guinea pigs exhibited an increased bronchoconstriction also in response to capsaicin (0.01-10 micrograms), which was inhibited by atropine in the medium. Pretreatment of actively sensitized guinea pigs either with indomethacin plus mepyramine, the lipoxygenase inhibitor BW A4C or with the platelet-activating factor antagonist SR 27417, did not modify bronchial hyper-reactivity to SP. Captopril (5 mg/kg i.v.), but not thiorphan (0.8 mg/kg i.v.), increased the SP-induced bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized animals, whereas both inhibitors were equally effective in nonsensitized guinea pigs. Thiorphan, however, did not modify the in vivo response to septide. Our results demonstrate that guinea pigs sensitized to ovalbumin exhibit bronchial hyperreactivity to SP, but not to neurokinin A, as compared to nonsensitized animals, suggesting a decrease in the neutral endopeptidase activity in the airways brought by the immunization. However, the results obtained by using septide indicate that other mechanisms may be involved in the bronchial hyper-reactivity to SP.

[Preliminary pharmacodynamics study on antiasthmatic action of butylphthalide in guinea pig].

PubMed

Wang, Zhi-Wang; Wang, Yong-Hui; Ren, Yuan; Wang, Rui-Qiong; Lin, Xing-Yao; Duan, Hai-Jing

2017-02-08

To study the anti-asthmatic effects of butylphthalide in guinea pig. This research included isolated tra-cheal smooth muscle and in vivo animal experiments. Antispasmodic effects of butylphthalide at the concentrations of 1, 10, 100 mg/L were observed through spasmodical tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pig induced by acetylcholine or histamine ( n =10). After screened, the guinea pigs were divided into control group, model group, dexamethasone(DXM) group, high and low dose butylphthalide groups. The effects of butylphthalide on nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and asthmatic behaviors were observed on the asthmatic guinea pigs that were stimu-lated six times by the excitation fluid (1% ACh:0.05% Hist=1:1). Butylphthalide at the concentrations of 1、10、100 mg/L had an-ti-spasmodic effects on spasmodical tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pig (15.08 ±7.68、42.41 ±13.54、77.56 ±24.82 to acetylcholine, 19.40 ±7.60、56.84 ±11.72、76.35 ±19.40 to histamine), which showed a certain dose-effect relationship. Butylphthalide could prolong asth-matic incubation period (53.3 ±13.2、33.1 ±13.0), improve asthmatic behaviors, reduce NO in serum (78.71 ±19.40、84.75 ±20.97) and ET-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (24.30 ±5.80、28.50 ±6.31) ( P < 0.05, 0.01). Butylphthalide has some effects of anti-asthma and one of the mechanisms is to relieve abnormal increase of NO and ET-1.

78 FR 19413 - Listing of Color Additives Exempt From Certification; Reactive Blue 246 and Reactive Blue 247...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-01

.... Studies included guinea pig maximization studies, in vivo ocular irritation studies in rabbits, and... C. I. Reactive Blue 247. Studies included guinea pig maximization studies, in vivo ocular irritation...

77 FR 34934 - Notice of Request for Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; Animal Welfare

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-12

... rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Subpart F of 9 CFR part 3 covers warmblooded animals other than dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, marine mammals, rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Regulated facilities are...

THE EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS OF TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS IN THE GUINEA PIG

DTIC Science & Technology

The association of the two diseases generally has an unfavorable effect in the subject. This association is especially bad when one inoculates Koch’s bacilli into guinea pigs which have brucellosis.

76 FR 46209 - Importation of Tomatoes From the Economic Community of West African States Into the Continental...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-02

..., Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone..., Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo Republic. These conditions are designed to...

The extraneuronal accumulation of isoprenaline in trachea and atria of guinea-pig and cat

PubMed Central

Anning, Elizabeth N.; Bryan, Lesley J.; O'Donnell, Stella R.

1979-01-01

1 The Falck-Hillarp histochemical technique was used to locate extraneuronal sites of accumulation of isoprenaline in trachea and atria from guinea-pig and cat. With a tissue exposure time to formaldehyde gas of 3 h, isoprenaline was located as green fluorescence. 2 Quantitative microphotometry was used to measure fluorescence intensity within cells in the trachealis smooth muscle and the atrial myocardium of both species. 3 After incubation of tissues in 50 μM isoprenaline, specific fluorescence was seen in trachealis smooth muscle of both species and in the atrial myocardium of cat but not guinea-pig. In both species, fluorescence was also seen in the chondroblasts of the tracheal cartilage and in blood vessels in all tissues. 4 In trachealis smooth muscle of both species and in cat atrial myocardium, fluorescence brightness, resulting from incubation of tissues in 50 μM isoprenaline was significantly increased by 200 μM β-thujaplicin, an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). In the presence of β-thujaplicin, fluorescence was not visible in guinea-pig atrial myocardium with 50 μM isoprenaline, although fluorescence brightness measured in myocardial cells was now greater than that in corresponding controls. 5 The fluorescence intensity seen in cat and guinea-pig trachealis smooth muscle cells and in cat atrial myocardial cells after incubation in 50 μM isoprenaline was decreased significantly in the presence of phenoxybenzamine (100 μM). In guinea-pig atria, phenoxybenzamine had no effect on myocardial fluorescence. Fluorescence intensity was also decreased if the incubation with isoprenaline was carried out at 0°C or if the post-incubation washing temperature was 37°C instead of 0 to 2°C. 6 The results demonstrate that the fluorescence histochemical technique can be used to locate isoprenaline in tissues. They also indicate that guinea-pig and cat trachealis smooth muscle cells and cat atrial myocardial cells can accumulate isoprenaline (a) by a mechanism sensitive to phenoxybenzamine and (b) into sites in which COMT plays a functional role in inactivating isoprenaline at the concentration used in these histochemical experiments (50 μM). In contrast, the guinea-pig atrial myocardial cells may have a minimal capacity to accumulate isoprenaline by a phenoxybenzamine-sensitive uptake mechanism. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2 PMID:367478

Allogeneic guinea pig mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate neurological changes in experimental colitis.

PubMed

Stavely, Rhian; Robinson, Ainsley M; Miller, Sarah; Boyd, Richard; Sakkal, Samy; Nurgali, Kulmira

2015-12-30

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is of great interest because of their immunomodulatory properties. Damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS) is implicated in IBD pathophysiology and disease progression. The most commonly used model to study inflammation-induced changes to the ENS is 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonate acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in guinea pigs; however, no studies using guinea pig MSCs in colitis have been performed. This study aims to isolate and characterise guinea pig MSCs and then test their therapeutic potential for the treatment of enteric neuropathy associated with intestinal inflammation. MSCs from guinea pig bone marrow and adipose tissue were isolated and characterised in vitro. In in vivo experiments, guinea pigs received either TNBS for the induction of colitis or sham treatment by enema. MSCs were administered at a dose of 1 × 10(6) cells via enema 3 h after the induction of colitis. Colon tissues were collected 24 and 72 h after TNBS administration to assess the level of inflammation and damage to the ENS. The secretion of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was analysed in MSC conditioned medium by flow cytometry. Cells isolated from both sources were adherent to plastic, multipotent and expressed some human MSC surface markers. In vitro characterisation revealed distinct differences in growth kinetics, clonogenicity and cell morphology between MSC types. In an in vivo model of TNBS-induced colitis, guinea pig bone marrow MSCs were comparatively more efficacious than adipose tissue MSCs in attenuating weight loss, colonic tissue damage and leukocyte infiltration into the mucosa and myenteric plexus. MSCs from both sources were equally neuroprotective in the amelioration of enteric neuronal loss and changes to the neurochemical coding of neuronal subpopulations. MSCs from both sources secreted TGF-β1 which exerted neuroprotective effects in vitro. This study is the first evaluating the functional capacity of guinea pig bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived MSCs and providing evidence of their neuroprotective value in an animal model of colitis. In vitro characteristics of MSCs cannot be extrapolated to their therapeutic efficacy. TGF-β1 released by both types of MSCs might have contributed to the attenuation of enteric neuropathy associated with colitis.

Effects of domestication on biobehavioural profiles: a comparison of domestic guinea pigs and wild cavies from early to late adolescence

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Introduction Domestication can lead to marked alterations in the biobehavioural profile of a species. Furthermore, during ontogeny, the individual phenotype of an animal can be shaped by the environment in important phases such as adolescence. We investigated differences in biobehavioural profiles between domestic guinea pigs and their ancestor, the wild cavy, over the course of adolescence. At this age, comparisons between the two groups have not been conducted yet. Male guinea pigs and cavies were subjected to a series of tests twice: during the early and late phase of adolescence. We analysed emotional and social behaviours as well as cortisol reactivity and testosterone levels. Results Concerning emotional behaviour, cavies were more explorative and showed more anxiety-like behaviour in the open field test and dark-light test. They also were more risk-taking when having to jump off an elevated platform. Regarding social behaviour, cavies showed less social activity towards unfamiliar females and infants. Furthermore, while guinea pigs and cavies did not differ in basal cortisol levels, cavies showed distinctly higher and prolonged cortisol responses when exposed to an unfamiliar environment. Cavies also had lower basal testosterone titres. No substantial changes in biobehavioural profiles were revealed over the course of adolescence in both groups. Conclusions Domestication led to a substantial shift in the biobehavioural profile of the guinea pig regarding all investigated domains in early and late adolescence. Hence, the differentiation between guinea pigs and cavies emerges early in ontogeny, well before the attainment of sexual maturity. The young individuals already show adaptations that reflect the differences between the natural habitat of cavies and the man-made housing conditions guinea pigs are exposed to. Higher levels of exploration and risk-taking and lower levels of anxiety-like behaviour are necessary for cavies in order to cope with their challenging environment. Their high cortisol reactivity can be interpreted as an energy provisioning mechanism that is needed to meet these demands. By contrast, guinea pigs are adapted to a less challenging environment with much higher population densities. Hence, their biobehavioural profile is characterised by higher levels of social activity and lower levels of exploration, risk-taking, and cortisol reactivity. PMID:24716471

Ruff! Are Pets Good for our Health? | NIH MedlinePlus the Magazine

MedlinePlus

... Health? Photo: Courtesy of Marguerite E. O’Haire Guinea pigs, fish, dogs, and horses: What do these animals ... by the program. They studied if playing with guinea pigs in the classroom helps children with Autism Spectrum ...

9 CFR 3.25 - Facilities, general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... WELFARE STANDARDS Specifications for the Humane Handling, Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Guinea Pigs and Hamsters Facilities and Operating Standards § 3.25 Facilities, general. (a) Structural strength. Indoor and outdoor housing facilities for guinea pigs or hamsters shall be structurally sound and...

Changes in the Lung Lipids of Rabbits and Guinea-pigs Exposed to the Inhalation of Silica Dust

PubMed Central

Marks, G. S.; Marasas, L. W.

1960-01-01

Eight rabbits and 24 guinea-pigs were exposed to a silica dust cloud of about 40,000 pp./ml. (0·3-3·0 μ) and killed at four-weekly intervals up to 30 weeks. The guinea-pigs showed an increase of lung lipid and phospholipid; the latter showed a parallel with the rising collagen level estimated chemically. In the rabbits there was no increase of either lipid or phospholipid. The likely explanation is that the silica did not reach the lungs in sufficient quantity. PMID:14421301

THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE UPON EXPERIMENTAL BOTULISM

PubMed Central

Hall, Ivan C.; Davis, Nelson C.

1923-01-01

1. Calcium chloride given subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously has been found to have no effect upon the production of botulism following the injection of Bacillus botulinus (Strain 80B) into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs. 2. Treatment of Bacillus botulinus with alcohol has been found markedly to decrease its toxicity for guinea pigs. This is in conformity with the work of Bronfenbrenner and Schlesinger. 3. Toxin-free spores of Bacillus botulinus have been found pathogenic for guinea pigs. 4. No prejudice as to possible results in rabbits should be based upon the above conclusions. PMID:19868746

THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE ON INFLAMMATION DUE TO TUBERCULIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND TURPENTINE AND ON CIRCULATING ANTIBODY LEVELS

PubMed Central

Osgood, Charles K.; Favour, Cutting B.

1951-01-01

The treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone of guinea pigs sensitized with heat-killed tubercle bacilli caused suppression of their skin reactivity to tuberculin. Similar animals treated with saline did not show this change. Normal guinea pigs treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone showed suppression of inflammation, but not necrosis, produced by intracutaneous oil of turpentine. There was slight, but probably not significant, diminution of inflammation during saline administration. Tuberculin complement-fixing antibody titers were not altered by either adrenocorticotropic hormone or saline administration. Adrenocorticotropic hormone produced marked eosinopenia and lymphopenia in guinea pigs. PMID:14888823

Effects of Chitosan Derivative N-[(2-Hydroxy-3-Trimethylammonium)Propyl]Chloride on Anticoagulant Activity of Guinea Pig Plasma.

PubMed

Drozd, N N; Shagdarova, B Ts; Il'ina, A V; Varlamov, V P

2017-07-01

Intravenous injection of protamine sulfate or quarternized chitosan derivative to guinea pigs after injection of 70 aIIa U/kg non-fractionated heparin shortened plasma clotting time (shown by partial activated thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and prothrombin time). Intravenous injection of protamine sulfate or quarternized chitosan derivative to guinea pigs after injection of 1 mg/kg (100 aXa U/kg) low-molecular-weight heparin (clexane) led to shortening of plasma clotting time in the ReaClot Heparin test and to prolongation of plasma amidolytic activity in the factor Xa chromogenic substrate test.

Histocompatibility antigens and genetic control of the immune response in guinea-pigs. V. Evidence from further breeding studies for the polygenic control of the cellular immune response to structurally unrelated antigens in the guinea-pig.

PubMed

Geczy, A F; de Weck, A L

1977-10-01

Further breeding studies were carried out to investigate the polygenic control of the cellular immune response in the guinea-pig to low doses of aspirin anhydride (ASAN), penicilloylated bovine immunoglobulin (BPO-BGG) and to the multi-chain copolymer (T, G)-A-L. Although responsiveness to these three antigens is controlled by three independently segregating loci, at least one gene required for these responses is linked to the strain 13 haplotype.

Earliest Pottery on New Guinea Mainland Reveals Austronesian Influences in Highland Environments 3000 Years Ago

PubMed Central

Gaffney, Dylan; Summerhayes, Glenn R.; Ford, Anne; Scott, James M.; Denham, Tim; Field, Judith; Dickinson, William R.

2015-01-01

Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 years ago, continuing on to colonise Remote Oceania for the first time, where they became the ancestral populations of Polynesians. Understanding the impact of these peoples on the mainland of New Guinea before they entered Remote Oceania has eluded archaeologists. New research from the archaeological site of Wañelek in the New Guinea Highlands has broken this silence. Petrographic and geochemical data from pottery and new radiocarbon dating demonstrates that Austronesian influences penetrated into the highland interior by 3000 years ago. One potsherd was manufactured along the northeast coast of New Guinea, whereas others were manufactured from inland materials. These findings represent the oldest securely dated pottery from an archaeological context on the island of New Guinea. Additionally, the pottery comes from the interior, suggesting the movements of people and technological practices, as well as objects at this time. The antiquity of the Wañelek pottery is coincident with the expansion of Lapita pottery in the Western Pacific. Such occupation also occurs at the same time that changes have been identified in subsistence strategies in the archaeological record at Kuk Swamp suggesting a possible link between the two. PMID:26331310

Earliest Pottery on New Guinea Mainland Reveals Austronesian Influences in Highland Environments 3000 Years Ago.

PubMed

Gaffney, Dylan; Summerhayes, Glenn R; Ford, Anne; Scott, James M; Denham, Tim; Field, Judith; Dickinson, William R

2015-01-01

Austronesian speaking peoples left Southeast Asia and entered the Western Pacific c.4000-3000 years ago, continuing on to colonise Remote Oceania for the first time, where they became the ancestral populations of Polynesians. Understanding the impact of these peoples on the mainland of New Guinea before they entered Remote Oceania has eluded archaeologists. New research from the archaeological site of Wañelek in the New Guinea Highlands has broken this silence. Petrographic and geochemical data from pottery and new radiocarbon dating demonstrates that Austronesian influences penetrated into the highland interior by 3000 years ago. One potsherd was manufactured along the northeast coast of New Guinea, whereas others were manufactured from inland materials. These findings represent the oldest securely dated pottery from an archaeological context on the island of New Guinea. Additionally, the pottery comes from the interior, suggesting the movements of people and technological practices, as well as objects at this time. The antiquity of the Wañelek pottery is coincident with the expansion of Lapita pottery in the Western Pacific. Such occupation also occurs at the same time that changes have been identified in subsistence strategies in the archaeological record at Kuk Swamp suggesting a possible link between the two.

Three cases of neonatal tetanus in Papua New Guinea lead to development of national action plan for maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination

PubMed Central

Barnabas, Roland; Sitther, Adeline; Guarenti, Laura; Toikilik, Steven; Kariwiga, Grace; Sui, Gerard Pai

2013-01-01

Maternal or neonatal tetanus causes deaths primarily in Asia and Africa and is usually the result of poor hygiene during delivery. In 2011, three neonatal tetanus cases were investigated in Papua New Guinea, and all three cases were delivered at home by untrained assistants. The babies were normal at birth but subsequently developed spasms. A neonatal tetanus case must be viewed as a sentinel event indicating a failure of public health services including immunization, antenatal care and delivery care. The confirmation of these cases led to the drafting of the Papua New Guinea National Action Plan for Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination. This included three rounds of a tetanus toxoid supplementary immunization campaign targeting women of childbearing age (WBCA) and strengthening of other clean delivery practices. The first immunization round was conducted in April and May 2012, targeting 1.6 million WBCA and achieved coverage of 77%. The government of Papua New Guinea should ensure detailed investigation of all neonatal tetanus cases reported in the health information system and perform subprovincial analysis of tetanus toxoid coverage following completion of all three immunization rounds. Efforts also should be made to strengthen clean delivery practices to help eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus in Papua New Guinea. PMID:24015370

Hyperendemic Campylobacter jejuni in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) raised for food in a semi-rural community of Quito, Ecuador.

PubMed

Graham, Jay P; Vasco, Karla; Trueba, Gabriel

2016-06-01

Domestic animals and animal products are the source of pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in industrialized countries, yet little is known about the transmission of these bacteria in developing countries. Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are commonly raised for food in the Andean region of South America, however, limited research has characterized this rodent as a reservoir of zoonotic enteric pathogens. In this study, we examined the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in 203 fecal samples from domestic animals of 59 households in a semi-rural parish of Quito, Ecuador. Of the twelve animal species studied, guinea pigs showed the highest prevalence of C. jejuni (n = 39/40; 97.5%). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to characterize the genetic relationship of C. jejuni from domestic animals and 21 sequence types (STs) were identified. The majority of STs from guinea pigs appeared to form new clonal complexes that were not related to STs of C. jejuni isolated from other animal species and shared only a few alleles with other C. jejuni previously characterized. The study identifies guinea pigs as a major reservoir of C. jejuni and suggests that some C. jejuni strains are adapted to this animal species. © 2016 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Behavioural characterisation of the alpha-mannosidosis guinea pig.

PubMed

Robinson, A J; Crawley, A C; Auclair, D; Weston, P F; Hirte, C; Hemsley, K M; Hopwood, J J

2008-01-25

alpha-Mannosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder resulting from a functional deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-mannosidase. This deficiency results in the accumulation of various oligosaccharides in the lysosomes of affected individuals, causing somatic pathology and progressive neurological degeneration that results in cognitive deficits, ataxia, and other neurological symptoms. We have a naturally occurring guinea pig model of this disease which exhibits a deficiency of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase and has a similar clinical presentation to human alpha-mannosidosis. Various tests were developed in the present study to characterise and quantitate the loss of neurological function in alpha-mannosidosis guinea pigs and to follow closely the progression of the disease. General neurological examinations showed progressive differences in alpha-mannosidosis animals from approximately 1 month of age. Significant differences were observed in hind limb gait width from 2 months of age and significant cognitive (memory and learning) deficits were observed from 3 months of age. Evoked response tests showed an increase in somatosensory P1 peak latency in alpha-mannosidosis guinea pigs from approximately 2 months of age, as well as progressive hearing loss using auditory brainstem evoked responses. The alpha-mannosidosis guinea pig therefore appears to exhibit many of the characteristics of the human disease, and will be useful in evaluating therapies for treatment of central nervous system pathology.

The recombinant fusion protein CFP10-ESAT6-dIFN has protective effect against tuberculosis in guinea pigs.

PubMed

Permyakova, Natalya V; Belavin, Pavel A; Pirozhkova, Dariya S; Ufimtseva, Elena G; Rozov, Sergey M; Mursalimov, Sergey R; Sidorchuk, Yuriy V; Uvarova, Elena A; Zagorskaya, Alla A; Marenkova, Tatiana V; Bannikova, Svetlana V; Demidov, Evgeniy A; Starostin, Konstantin V; Kravchenko, Marionella A; Vakhrusheva, Diana V; Berdnikov, Roman B; Eremeeva, Natalya I; Skornyakov, Sergey N; Peltek, Sergey E; Deineko, Elena V

2018-03-01

Development of effective vaccine candidates against tuberculosis (TB) is currently the most important challenge in the prevention of this disease since the BCG vaccine fails to guarantee a lifelong protection, while any other approved vaccine with better efficiency is still absent. The protective effect of the recombinant fusion protein CFP10-ESAT6-dIFN produced in a prokaryotic expression system (Escherichia coli) has been assessed in a guinea pig model of acute TB. The tested antigen comprises the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins ESAT6 and CFP10 as well as modified human γ-interferon (dIFN) for boosting the immune response. Double intradermal immunization of guinea pigs with the tested fusion protein (2 × 0.5 µg) induces a protective effect against subsequent Mtb infection. The immunized guinea pigs do not develop the symptoms of acute TB and their body weight gain was five times more as compared with the non-immunized infected guinea pigs. The animal group immunized with this dose of antigen displays the minimum morphological changes in the internal organs and insignificant inflammatory lesions in the liver tissue, which complies with a decrease in the bacterial load in the spleen and average Mtb counts in macrophages.

In vivo effects of the IKr agonist NS3623 on cardiac electrophysiology of the guinea pig.

PubMed

Hansen, Rie Schultz; Olesen, Søren-Peter; Rønn, Lars Christian B; Grunnet, Morten

2008-07-01

The long QT syndrome is characterized by a prolongation of the QT interval measured on the surface electrocardiogram. Prolonging the QT interval increases the risk of dangerous ventricular fibrillations, eventually leading to sudden cardiac death. Pharmacologically induced QT interval prolongations are most often caused by antagonizing effects on the repolarizing cardiac current called IKr. In humans IKr is mediated by the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) potassium channel. We recently presented NS3623, a compound that selectively activates this channel. The present study was dedicated to examining the in vivo effects of NS3623. Injection of 30 mg/kg NS3623 shortened the corrected QT interval by 25 +/- 4% in anaesthetized guinea pigs. Accordingly, 50 mg/kg of NS3623 shortened the QT interval by 30 +/- 6% in conscious guinea pigs. Finally, pharmacologically induced QT prolongation by a hERG channel antagonist (0.15 mg/kg E-4031) could be reverted by injection of NS3623 (50 mg/kg) in conscious guinea pigs. In conclusion, the present in vivo study demonstrates that injection of the hERG channel agonist NS3623 results in shortening of the QTc interval as well as reversal of a pharmacologically induced QT prolongation in both anaesthetized and conscious guinea pigs.

Ebola GP-specific monoclonal antibodies protect mice and guinea pigs from lethal Ebola virus infection.

PubMed

Qiu, Xiangguo; Fernando, Lisa; Melito, P Leno; Audet, Jonathan; Feldmann, Heinz; Kobinger, Gary; Alimonti, Judie B; Jones, Steven M

2012-01-01

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes acute hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with mortality rates up to 90%. So far there are no effective treatments available. This study evaluates the protective efficacy of 8 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Ebola glycoprotein in mice and guinea pigs. Immunocompetent mice or guinea pigs were given MAbs i.p. in various doses individually or as pools of 3-4 MAbs to test their protection against a lethal challenge with mouse- or guinea pig-adapted EBOV. Each of the 8 MAbs (100 µg) protected mice from a lethal EBOV challenge when administered 1 day before or after challenge. Seven MAbs were effective 2 days post-infection (dpi), with 1 MAb demonstrating partial protection 3 dpi. In the guinea pigs each MAb showed partial protection at 1 dpi, however the mean time to death was significantly prolonged compared to the control group. Moreover, treatment with pools of 3-4 MAbs completely protected the majority of animals, while administration at 2-3 dpi achieved 50-100% protection. This data suggests that the MAbs generated are capable of protecting both animal species against lethal Ebola virus challenge. These results indicate that MAbs particularly when used as an oligoclonal set are a potential therapeutic for post-exposure treatment of EBOV infection.

Effect of Altered Retinal Cones/Opsins on Refractive Development under Monochromatic Lights in Guinea Pigs

PubMed Central

Zou, Leilei; Zhu, Xiaoyu; Liu, Rui; Ma, Fei; Yu, Manrong

2018-01-01

Purpose To analyze the changes of refraction and metabolism of the retinal cones under monochromatic lights in guinea pigs. Methods Sixty guinea pigs were randomly divided into a short-wavelength light (SL) group, a middle-wavelength light (ML) group, and a white light (WL) group. Refraction and axial length were measured before and after 10-week illumination. The densities of S-cones and M-cones were determined by retinal cone immunocytochemistry, and the expressions of S-opsins and M-opsins were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. Results After 10-week illumination, the guinea pigs developed relative hyperopia in the SL group and relative myopia in the ML group. Compared with the WL group, the density of S-cones and S-opsins increased while M-cones and M-opsins decreased in the SL group (all, p < 0.05); conversely, the density of S-cones and S-opsins decreased while M-cones and M-opsins increased in the ML group (all, p < 0.05). Increased S-cones/opsins and decreased M-cones/opsins were induced by short-wavelength lights. Decreased S-cones/opsins and increased M-cones/opsins were induced by middle-wavelength lights. Conclusions Altered retinal cones/opsins induced by monochromatic lights might be involved in the refractive development in guinea pigs. PMID:29675275

The Peptide Vaccine Combined with Prior Immunization of a Conventional Diphtheria-Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine Induced Amyloid β Binding Antibodies on Cynomolgus Monkeys and Guinea Pigs

PubMed Central

Yano, Akira; Ito, Kaori; Miwa, Yoshikatsu; Kanazawa, Yoshito; Chiba, Akiko; Iigo, Yutaka; Kashimoto, Yoshinori; Kanda, Akira; Murata, Shinji; Makino, Mitsuhiro

2015-01-01

The reduction of brain amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides by anti-Aβ antibodies is one of the possible therapies for Alzheimer's disease. We previously reported that the Aβ peptide vaccine including the T-cell epitope of diphtheria-tetanus combined toxoid (DT) induced anti-Aβ antibodies, and the prior immunization with conventional DT vaccine enhanced the immunogenicity of the peptide. Cynomolgus monkeys were given the peptide vaccine subcutaneously in combination with the prior DT vaccination. Vaccination with a similar regimen was also performed on guinea pigs. The peptide vaccine induced anti-Aβ antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs without chemical adjuvants, and excessive immune responses were not observed. Those antibodies could preferentially recognize Aβ 40, and Aβ 42 compared to Aβ fibrils. The levels of serum anti-Aβ antibodies and plasma Aβ peptides increased in both animals and decreased the brain Aβ 40 level of guinea pigs. The peptide vaccine could induce a similar binding profile of anti-Aβ antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs. The peptide vaccination could be expected to reduce the brain Aβ peptides and their toxic effects via clearance of Aβ peptides by generated antibodies. PMID:26539559

Transcriptional profiling of TLR-4/7/8-stimulated guinea pig splenocytes and whole blood by bDNA assay

PubMed Central

Ching, Lance K.; Mompoint, Farah; Guderian, Jeffrey A.; Picone, Alex; Orme, Ian M.; Coler, Rhea N.; Reed, Steven G.; Baldwin, Susan L.

2011-01-01

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are currently being examined as adjuvants for vaccines, with several lead candidates now in licensed products or in late-stage clinical development. Guinea pigs are widely used for preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines; however, evaluation of TLR agonists in this model is hindered by the limited availability of immunological tools and reagents. In this study, we validated the use of a branched-chain DNA (bDNA) assay known as the QuantiGene Plex 2.0 Reagent System for measuring innate cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels following TLR stimulation of guinea pig cells. Gene expression for T-helper-1 (Th1) polarizing cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12) and chemokines (CXCL1, CCL2) was upregulated following ex vivo stimulation of guinea pig splenocytes and whole blood with TLR-4 or TLR-7/8 agonists. These data confirm the utility of the QuantiGene system both as an alternative to RT-PCR for measuring transcript levels and as a high-throughput screening tool for dissecting the immunological response to TLR stimulation in guinea pigs. Overall, the QuantiGene platform is reliable, reproducible, and sensitive. These agonists have the potential to be used as adjuvant components in vaccines against various pathogens. PMID:21839740

Streptomycin action to the mammalian inner ear vestibular organs: comparison between pigmented guinea pigs and rats.

PubMed

Meza, Graciela; Aguilar-Maldonado, Beatriz

2007-01-01

Streptomycin is the antibiotic of choice to treat tuberculosis and other infectious diseases but it causes vestibular malfunction and hipoacusia. Rodents are usually employed as models of drug action to the inner ear and results are extrapolated to what happens in humans. In rats, streptomycin destroys macular sensory cells and does not affect cochlear ones, whereas in guinea pigs the contrary is true. Action on the vestibular cristae cells involved in vestibulo-ocular reflex integrity is less clear. Thus, we compared this response in both pigmented guinea pigs (Cavia cobaya) and rats (Rattus norvegicus) after parallel streptomycin chronic treatment. In guinea pigs, the reflex was obliterated along treatment time; in rats this behavior was not observed, suggesting that the end organ target was diverse. In recent studies, streptidine, a streptomycin derivative found in the blood of humans and rats treated with streptomycin, was the actual ototoxic agent. The putative streptomycin vestibular organ target observed in humans corresponds with the guinea pig observations. Results observed in rats are controversial: streptidine did not cause any damage either to vestibular cristae nor auditory cells. We hypothesize differential drug metabolism and distribution and conclude that results in laboratory animals may not always be applicable in the human situation.