Sample records for h2 gas mixtures

  1. Reduced gas seepages in ophiolitic complexes: Evidences for multiple origins of the H2-CH4-N2 gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vacquand, Christèle; Deville, Eric; Beaumont, Valérie; Guyot, François; Sissmann, Olivier; Pillot, Daniel; Arcilla, Carlo; Prinzhofer, Alain

    2018-02-01

    This paper proposes a comparative study of reduced gas seepages occurring in ultrabasic to basic rocks outcropping in ophiolitic complexes based on the study of seepages from Oman, the Philippines, Turkey and New Caledonia. This study is based on analyses of the gas chemical composition, noble gases contents, stable isotopes of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. These seepages are mostly made of mixtures of three main components which are H2, CH4 and N2 in various proportions. The relative contents of the three main gas components show 4 distinct types of gas mixtures (H2-rich, N2-rich, N2-H2-CH4 and H2-CH4). These types are interpreted as reflecting different zones of gas generation within or below the ophiolitic complexes. In the H2-rich type, associated noble gases display signatures close to the value of air. In addition to the atmospheric component, mantle and crustal contributions are present in the N2-rich, N2-H2-CH4 and H2-CH4 types. H2-bearing gases are either associated with ultra-basic (pH 10-12) spring waters or they seep directly in fracture systems from the ophiolitic rocks. In ophiolitic contexts, ultrabasic rocks provide an adequate environment with available Fe2+ and alkaline conditions that favor H2 production. CH4 is produced either directly by reaction of dissolved CO2 with basic-ultrabasic rocks during the serpentinization process or in a second step by H2-CO2 interaction. H2 is present in the gas when no more carbon is available in the system to generate CH4. The N2-rich type is notably associated with relatively high contents of crustal 4He and in this gas type N2 is interpreted as issued mainly from sediments located below the ophiolitic units.

  2. Reduced gas seepages in serpentinized peridotite complexes: Evidences for multiple origins of the H2-CH4-N2 gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deville, E.; Vacquand, C.; Beaumont, V.; Francois, G.; Sissmann, O.; Pillot, D.; Arcilla, C. A.; Prinzhofer, A.

    2017-12-01

    A comparative study of reduced gas seepages associated to serpentinized ultrabasic rocks was conducted in the ophiolitic complexes of Oman, the Philippines, Turkey and New Caledonia. This study is based on analyzes of the gas chemical composition, noble gases contents, and stable isotopes of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. These gas seepages are mostly made of mixtures of three main components which are H2, CH4 and N2 in various proportions. The relative contents of the three main gas components show 4 distinct families of gas mixtures (H2-rich, N2-rich, N2-H2-CH4 and H2-CH4). These families are interpreted as reflecting different zones of gas generation within or below the ophiolitic complexes. In the H2-rich family associated noble gases display signatures close to the value of air. In addition to the atmospheric component, mantle and crustal contributions are present in the N2-rich, N2-H2-CH4 and H2-CH4 families. H2-bearing gases are either associated to ultra-basic (pH 10-12) spring waters or they seep directly in fracture systems from the ophiolitic rocks. In ophiolitic contexts, ultrabasic rocks provide an adequate environment with available Fe2+ and high pH conditions that favor H2 production. CH4 is produced either directly by reaction of dissolved CO2 with basic-ultrabasic rocks during the serpentinization process or in a second step by H2-CO2 interaction. H2 is present in the gas when no more carbon is available in the system to generate CH4 (conditions of strong carbon restriction). The N2-rich family is associated with relatively high contents of crustal 4He. In this family N2 is interpreted as issued mainly from sediments located below the ophiolitic units.

  3. Rate Controlling Step in the Reduction of Iron Oxides; Kinetics and Mechanism of Wüstite-Iron Step in H2, CO and H2/CO Gas Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    El-Geassy, Abdel-Hady A.

    2017-09-01

    Wüstite (W1 and W2) micropellets (150-50 μm) were prepared from the reduction of pure Fe2O3 and 2.1% SiO2-doped Fe2O3 in 40%CO/CO2 gas mixture at 1000°C which were then isothermally reduced in H2, CO and H2/CO gas mixtures at 900-1100°C. The reduction reactions was followed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) technique. The effect of gas composition, gas pressure and temperature on the rate of reduction was investigated. The different phases formed during the reduction were chemically and physically characterized. In SiO2-doped wüstite, fayalite (Fe2SiO3) was identified. At the initial reduction stages, the highest rate was obtained in H2 and the lowest was in CO gas. In H2/CO gas mixtures, the measured rate did not follow a simple additive equation. The addition of 5% H2 to CO led to a measurable increase in the rate of reduction compared with that in pure CO. Incubation periods were observed at the early reduction stages of W1 in CO at lower gas pressure (<0.25 atm). In SiO2-doped wüstite, reaction rate minimum was detected in H2 and H2-rich gas mixtures at 925-950°C. The influence of addition of H2 to CO or CO to H2 on the reduction reactions, nucleation and grain growth of iron was intensively studied. Unlike in pure wüstite, the presence of fayalite enhances the reduction reactions with CO and CO-rich gas mixtures. The chemical reaction equations of pure wüstite with CO are given showing the formation of carbonyl-like compound [Fem(CO2)n]*. The apparent activation energy values, at the initial stages, ranged from 53.75 to 133.97 kJ/mole indicating different reaction mechanism although the reduction was designed to proceed by the interfacial chemical reaction.

  4. Corrosion of 310 stainless steel in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures: Studies at constant temperature and fixed oxygen potential

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rao, D. B.; Jacob, K. T.; Nelson, H. G.

    1981-01-01

    Corrosion of SAE 310 stainless steel in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures was studied at a constant temperature of 1150 K. Reactive gas mixtures were chosen to yield a constant oxygen potential of approximately 6 x 10 to the minus 13th power/cu Nm and sulfur potentials ranging from 0.19 x 10 to the minus 2nd power/cu Nm to 33 x 10 to the minus 2nd power/cu Nm. The kinetics of corrosion were determined using a thermobalance, and the scales were analyzed using metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Two corrosion regimes, which were dependent on sulfur potential, were identified. At high sulfur potentials (p sub S sub 2 less than or equal to 2.7 x 10 to the minus 2nd power/cu Nm) the corrosion rates were high, the kinetics obeyed a linear rate equation, and the scales consisted mainly of sulfide phases similar to those observed from pure sulfication. At low sulfur potentials (P sub S sub 2 less than or equal to 0.19 x 10 to the minus 2nd power/cu Nm) the corrosion rates were low, the kinetics obeyed a parabolic rate equation, and scales consisted mainly of oxide phases.

  5. Ternary recombination of H3+, H2D+, HD2+, and D3+ with electrons in He/Ar/H2/D2 gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kalosi, Abel; Dohnal, Petr; Plasil, Radek; Johnsen, Rainer; Glosik, Juraj

    2016-09-01

    The temperature dependence of the ternary recombination rate coefficients of H2D+ and HD2+ ions has been studied in the temperature range of 80-150 K at pressures from 500 to 1700 Pa in a stationary afterglow apparatus equipped with a cavity ring-down spectrometer. Neutral gas mixtures consisting of He/Ar/H2/D2 (with typical number densities 1017 /1014 /1014 /1014 cm-3) were employed to produce the desired ionic species and their fractional abundances were monitored as a function of helium pressure and the [D2]/[H2] ratio of the neutral gas. In addition, the translational and the rotational temperature and the ortho to para ratio were monitored for both H2D+ and HD2+ ions. A fairly strong pressure dependence of the effective recombination rate coefficient was observed for both ion species, leading to ternary recombination rate coefficients close to those previously found for (helium assisted) ternary recombination of H3+ and D3+. Work supported by: Czech Science Foundation projects GACR 14-14649P, GACR 15-15077S, GACR P209/12/0233, and by Charles University in Prague Project Nr. GAUK 692214.

  6. Overlap corrections for emissivity calculations of H2O-CO2-CO-N2 mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alberti, Michael; Weber, Roman; Mancini, Marco

    2018-01-01

    Calculations of total gas emissivities of gas mixtures containing several radiatively active species require corrections for band overlapping. In this paper, we generate such overlap correction charts for H2O-CO2-N2, H2O-CO-N2, and CO2-CO-N2 mixtures. These charts are applicable in the 0.1-40 bar total pressure range and in the 500 K-2500 K temperature range. For H2O-CO2-N2 mixtures, differences between our charts and Hottel's graphs as well as models of Leckner and Modak are highlighted and analyzed.

  7. Study of DC Circuit Breaker of H2-N2 Mixture Gas for High Voltage

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shiba, Yuji; Morishita, Yukinaga; Kaneko, Shuhei; Okabe, Shigemitsu; Mizoguchi, Hitoshi; Yanabu, Satoru

    Global warming caused by CO2 etc. is a field where the concern is very high. Especially, automobile emissions are problem for it. Therefore, the hybrid car is widely development and used recently. Hybrid car used electric power and gasoline. So, the car reduces CO2. Hybrid car has engine and motor. To rotate the motor, hybrid car has battery. This battery is large capacity. Therefore, the relay should interrupt high DC current for the switch of the motor and the engine. So, hybrid car used hydrogen gas filling relay We studied interruption test for the research of a basic characteristic of hydrogen gas. DC current has not current zero point. So, it is necessary to make the current zero by high arc voltage and forcible current zero point. The loss coefficient and arc voltage of hydrogen is high. Therefore, we studied interruption test for used high arc voltage. We studied interruption test and dielectric breakdown test of air, pure Hydrogen, and Hydrogen- nitrogen mixture gas. As a result, we realized H2-N2(80%-20%) is the best gas.

  8. Exploring the plasma chemistry in microwave chemical vapor deposition of diamond from C/H/O gas mixtures.

    PubMed

    Kelly, Mark W; Richley, James C; Western, Colin M; Ashfold, Michael N R; Mankelevich, Yuri A

    2012-09-27

    Microwave (MW)-activated CH(4)/CO(2)/H(2) gas mixtures operating under conditions relevant to diamond chemical vapor deposition (i.e., X(C/Σ) = X(elem)(C)/(X(elem)(C) + X(elem)(O)) ≈ 0.5, H(2) mole fraction = 0.3, pressure, p = 150 Torr, and input power, P = 1 kW) have been explored in detail by a combination of spatially resolved absorption measurements (of CH, C(2)(a), and OH radicals and H(n = 2) atoms) within the hot plasma region and companion 2-dimensional modeling of the plasma. CO and H(2) are identified as the dominant species in the plasma core. The lower thermal conductivity of such a mixture (cf. the H(2)-rich plasmas used in most diamond chemical vapor deposition) accounts for the finding that CH(4)/CO(2)/H(2) plasmas can yield similar maximal gas temperatures and diamond growth rates at lower input powers than traditional CH(4)/H(2) plasmas. The plasma chemistry and composition is seen to switch upon changing from oxygen-rich (X(C/Σ) < 0.5) to carbon-rich (X(C/Σ) > 0.5) source gas mixtures and, by comparing CH(4)/CO(2)/H(2) (X(C/Σ) = 0.5) and CO/H(2) plasmas, to be sensitive to the choice of source gas (by virtue of the different prevailing gas activation mechanisms), in contrast to C/H process gas mixtures. CH(3) radicals are identified as the most abundant C(1)H(x) [x = 0-3] species near the growing diamond surface within the process window for successful diamond growth (X(C/Σ) ≈ 0.5-0.54) identified by Bachmann et al. (Diamond Relat. Mater.1991, 1, 1). This, and the findings of similar maximal gas temperatures (T(gas) ~2800-3000 K) and H atom mole fractions (X(H)~5-10%) to those found in MW-activated C/H plasmas, points to the prevalence of similar CH(3) radical based diamond growth mechanisms in both C/H and C/H/O plasmas.

  9. A study of nonflammable ArCO 2-hydrocarbon gas mixtures for limited streamer tubes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cartwright, S.; Schneekloth, U.; Alpat, B.; Artemi, C.; Battiston, R.; Bilei, G.; Italiani, M.; Pauluzzi, M.; Servoli, L.; Messner, R.; Wyss, J.; Zdarko, R.; Johnson, J.

    1989-04-01

    The gas mixtures generally used until now in limited streamer tube detectors (Ar+C 4H 10 or Ar+CO 2+C 5H 12) are very flammable when leaked into air. The safety issues are therefore very relevant for large-volume underground experiments. We have found a set of completely safe (i.e. nonflammable) ternary mixtures of the kind Ar + hydrocarbon + CO 2 containing less than ˜ 5% of Ar and less than ˜ 10% of hydrocarbon. We tested C 4H 10, C 5H 12 and C 6H 14 as quenching agents. The main characteristics of the various mixtures have been measured: singles (untriggered) counting rate versus high voltage and with different dead times, and average charge. The stability of these mixtures is good, and their spurious streamer activity is compared with the standard binary or ternary mixture. We studied in particular the combination Ar(2.5%) + C 4H 10(9.5%) + CO 2(88%). All the data suggest that this or a similar gas mixture can successfully replace standard flammable mixtures both in tracking devices and hadron calorimeters.

  10. Mineral storage of CO2/H2S gas mixture injection in basaltic rocks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Clark, D. E.; Gunnarsson, I.; Aradottir, E. S.; Oelkers, E. H.; Sigfússon, B.; Snæbjörnsdottír, S. Ó.; Matter, J. M.; Stute, M.; Júlíusson, B. M.; Gíslason, S. R.

    2017-12-01

    Carbon capture and storage is one solution to reducing CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. The long-term geological storage of buoyant supercritical CO2 requires high integrity cap rock. Some of the risk associated with CO2 buoyancy can be overcome by dissolving CO2 into water during its injection, thus eliminating its buoyancy. This enables injection into fractured rocks, such as basaltic rocks along oceanic ridges and on continents. Basaltic rocks are rich in divalent cations, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+, which react with CO2 dissolved in water to form stable carbonate minerals. This possibility has been successfully tested as a part of the CarbFix CO2storage pilot project at the Hellisheiði geothermal power plant in Iceland, where they have shown mineralization occurs in less than two years [1, 2]. Reykjavik Energy and the CarbFix group has been injecting a mixture of CO2 and H2S at 750 m depth and 240-250°C since June 2014; by 1 January 2016, 6290 tons of CO2 and 3530 tons of H2S had been injected. Once in the geothermal reservoir, the heat exchange and sufficient dissolution of the host rock neutralizes the gas-charged water and saturates the formation water respecting carbonate and sulfur minerals. A thermally stable inert tracer was also mixed into the stream to monitor the subsurface transport and to assess the degree of subsurface carbonation and sulfide precipitation [3]. Water and gas samples have been continuously collected from three monitoring wells and geochemically analyzed. Based on the results, mineral saturation stages have been defined. These results and tracer mass balance calculations are used to evaluate the rate and magnitude of CO2 and H2S mineralization in the subsurface, with indications that mineralization of carbon and sulfur occurs within months. [1] Gunnsarsson, I., et al. (2017). Rapid and cost-effective capture and subsurface mineral storage of carbon and sulfur. Manuscript submitted for publication. [2] Matter, J., et al. (2016). Rapid

  11. Silicon photonic dual-gas sensor for H2 and CO2 detection.

    PubMed

    Mi, Guangcan; Horvath, Cameron; Van, Vien

    2017-07-10

    We report a silicon photonic dual-gas sensor based on a wavelength-multiplexed microring resonator array for simultaneous detection of H 2 and CO 2 gases. The sensor uses Pd as the sensing layer for H 2 gas and a novel functional material based on the Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB) polymer for CO 2 gas sensing. Gas sensing experiments showed that the PHMB-functionalized microring exhibited high sensitivity to CO 2 gas and excellent selectivity against H 2 . However, the Pd-functionalized microring was found to exhibit sensitivity to both H 2 and CO 2 gases, rendering it ineffective for detecting H 2 in a gas mixture containing CO 2 . We show that the dual-gas sensing scheme can allow for accurate measurement of H 2 concentration in the presence of CO 2 by accounting for the cross-sensitivity of Pd to the latter.

  12. Platinum catalytic effect on oxygen fugacity of CO 2H 2 gas mixtures measured with ZrO 2 oxygen sensor at 105 Pa from 1300 to 700°C

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Miyamoto, M.; Mikouchi, T.

    1996-08-01

    The oxygen fugacity of CO 2H 2 gas mixtures were measured with a ZrO 2 oxygen sensor at high temperatures in a furnace. We confirmed that the oxygen fugacity values measured by the ZrO 2 cell are more reducing than those of the CO 2H 2 gas mixtures calculated by using JANAF data at temperatures below 1150°C as was previously reported by Huebner (1975). We successfully decreased the deviation of the measured oxygen-fugacity value from the calculated one down to temperature of 800°C by using a Pt catalyst. Our results suggest that the deviation is probably due to incomplete equilibration of the gases.

  13. Reduction Kinetics of Wüstite Scale on Pure Iron and Steel Sheets in Ar and H2 Gas Mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mao, Weichen; Sloof, Willem G.

    2017-10-01

    A dense and closed Wüstite scale is formed on pure iron and Mn alloyed steel after oxidation in Ar + 33 vol pct CO2 + 17 vol pct CO gas mixture. Reducing the Wüstite scale in Ar + H2 gas mixture forms a dense and uniform iron layer on top of the remaining Wüstite scale, which separates the unreduced scale from the gas mixture. The reduction of Wüstite is controlled by the bulk diffusion of dissolved oxygen in the formed iron layer and follows parabolic growth rate law. The reduction kinetics of Wüstite formed on pure iron and on Mn alloyed steel are the same. The parabolic rate constant of Wüstite reduction obeys an Arrhenius relation with an activation energy of 104 kJ/mol if the formed iron layer is in the ferrite phase. However, at 1223 K (950 °C) the parabolic rate constant of Wüstite reduction drops due to the phase transformation of the iron layer from ferrite to austenite. The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the parabolic rate constant of Wüstite reduction is negligible when reducing in a gas mixture with a dew point below 283 K (10 °C). During oxidation of the Mn alloyed steel, Mn is dissolved in the Wüstite scale. Subsequently, during reduction of the Wüstite layer, Mn diffuses into the unreduced Wüstite. Ultimately, an oxide-free iron layer is obtained at the surface of the Mn alloyed steel, which is beneficial for coating application.

  14. Experimental investigations and geochemical modelling of site-specific fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interactions in underground storage of CO2/H2/CH4 mixtures: the H2STORE project

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    De Lucia, Marco; Pilz, Peter

    2015-04-01

    Underground gas storage is increasingly regarded as a technically viable option for meeting the energy demand and environmental targets of many industrialized countries. Besides the long-term CO2 sequestration, energy can be chemically stored in form of CO2/CH4/H2 mixtures, for example resulting from excess wind energy. A precise estimation of the impact of such gas mixtures on the mineralogical, geochemical and petrophysical properties of specific reservoirs and caprocks is crucial for site selection and optimization of storage depth. Underground gas storage is increasingly regarded as a technically viable option for meeting environmental targets and the energy demand through storage in form of H2 or CH4, i.e. resulting from excess wind energy. Gas storage in salt caverns is nowadays a mature technology; in regions where favorable geologic structures such as salt diapires are not available, however, gas storage can only be implemented in porous media such as depleted gas and oil reservoirs or suitable saline aquifers. In such settings, a significant amount of in-situ gas components such as CO2, CH4 (and N2) will always be present, making the CO2/CH4/H2 system of particular interest. A precise estimation of the impact of their gas mixtures on the mineralogical, geochemical and petrophysical properties of specific reservoirs and caprocks is therefore crucial for site selection and optimization of storage depth. In the framework of the collaborative research project H2STORE, the feasibility of industrial-scale gas storage in porous media in several potential siliciclastic depleted gas and oil reservoirs or suitable saline aquifers is being investigated by means of experiments and modelling on actual core materials from the evaluated sites. Among them are the Altmark depleted gas reservoir in Saxony-Anhalt and the Ketzin pilot site for CO2 storage in Brandenburg (Germany). Further sites are located in the Molasse basin in South Germany and Austria. In particular, two

  15. Isotopic exchange processes in cold plasmas of H2/D2 mixtures.

    PubMed

    Jiménez-Redondo, Miguel; Carrasco, Esther; Herrero, Víctor J; Tanarro, Isabel

    2011-05-28

    Isotope exchange in low pressure cold plasmas of H(2)/D(2) mixtures has been investigated by means of mass spectrometric measurements of neutrals and ions, and kinetic model calculations. The measurements, which include also electron temperatures and densities, were performed in a stainless steel hollow cathode reactor for three discharge pressures: 1, 2 and 8 Pa, and for mixture compositions ranging from 100% H(2) to 100% D(2). The data are analyzed in the light of the model calculations, which are in good global agreement with the experiments. Isotope selective effects are found both in the surface recombination and in the gas-phase ionic chemistry. The dissociation of the fuel gas molecules is followed by wall recycling, which regenerates H(2) and D(2) and produces HD. Atomic recombination at the wall is found to proceed through an Eley-Rideal mechanism, with a preference for reaction of the adsorbed atoms with gas phase D atoms. The best fit probabilities for Eley-Rideal abstraction with H and D are: γ(ER H) = 1.5 × 10(-3), γ(ER D) = 2.0 × 10(-3). Concerning ions, at 1 Pa the diatomic species H(2)(+), D(2)(+) and HD(+), formed directly by electron impact, prevail in the distributions, and at 8 Pa, the triatomic ions H(3)(+), H(2)D(+), HD(2)(+) and D(3)(+), produced primarily in reactions of diatomic ions with molecules, dominate the plasma composition. In this higher pressure regime, the formation of the mixed ions H(2)D(+) and HD(2)(+) is favoured in comparison with that of H(3)(+) and D(3)(+), as expected on statistical grounds. The model results predict a very small preference, undetectable within the precision of the measurements, for the generation of triatomic ions with a higher degree of deuteration, which is probably a residual influence at room temperature of the marked zero point energy effects (ZPE), relevant for deuterium fractionation in interstellar space. In contrast, ZPE effects are found to be decisive for the observed distribution of

  16. Effect of simulated coal-derived gas composition on H{sub 2}S poisoning behavior evaluated using a disaggregation scheme

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Li, T.S.; Miao, H.; Chen, T.

    2009-07-01

    H{sub 2}S poisoning is an important issue for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operated with syngas. The effect of simulated coal-derived gas composition on H{sub 2}S poisoning behavior was evaluated using a disaggregation scheme where the influence of H{sub 2} content was determined separately using a typical anode-supported SOFC operated with a N2/H{sub 2} mixture gas, while the effect of other compositions (CO, CO{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}O) was investigated with simulated coal-derived gas having constant H{sub 2} and CO flow rates balanced by a H{sub 2}/N2 mixture gas (83% H{sub 2} and 17% N2). The results indicated that themore » extent of H{sub 2}S poisoning was not pertinent to H{sub 2} content when the cell was tested galvanostatically with a current density of 0.3 A/cm{sup 2} at 800{sup o}C using a N2/H{sub 2} mixture gas containing 10 ppm H{sub 2}S, and the H{sub 2}S poisoning impact can be completely removed by switching to sulfur-free gas. The CO, CO{sub 2}, and high water vapor content aggravated the H{sub 2}S poisoning effect, and the performance was almost irrecoverable when the cell was tested with a 35% H{sub 2}-46% CO-16% N2-3% H{sub 2}O mixture gas containing 12.5 ppm H{sub 2}S. However, the introduction of 10% CO{sub 2} and an increase in H{sub 2}O content from 3 to 10% in the mixture gas can promote the performance recoverability to a larger extent.« less

  17. An experimental study on premixed CNG/H2/CO2 mixture flames

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yilmaz, Ilker; Yilmaz, Harun; Cam, Omer

    2018-03-01

    In this study, the effect of swirl number, gas composition and CO2 dilution on combustion and emission behaviour of CNG/H2/CO2 gas mixtures was experimentally investigated in a laboratory scale combustor. Irrespective of the gas composition, thermal power of the combustor was kept constant (5 kW). All experiments were conducted at or near stoichiometric and the local atmospheric conditions of the city of Kayseri, Turkey. During experiments, swirl number was varied and the combustion performance of this combustor was analysed by means of centreline temperature distributions. On the other hand, emission behaviour was examined with respect to emitted CO, CO2 and NOx levels. Dynamic flame behaviour was also evaluated by analysing instantaneous flame images. Results of this study revealed the great impact of swirl number and gas composition on combustion and emission behaviour of studied flames.

  18. Steady-state studies of the reactions of H2O-CO and CO2-H2 mixtures with liquid iron

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sasaki, Y.; Belton, G. R.

    1998-08-01

    Studies have been made of the steady-stata composition of liquid iron exposed to high flow rates of H2O-CO mixtures at 1550 °C to 1700 °C and CO2-H2 mixtures at 1600 °C. Values of the steady-state activity of oxygen have been established by measurement of either the carbon concentration or the silicon concentration when the iron was held in a silica crucible. Additions of sulfur or selenium to the iron have been found to result in steady-state oxygen activities, which differ significantly from those expected from water-gas equilibrium. The results are interpreted to show that the ratio of the apparent first-order rate constants for the reactions of H2O and CO2 with liquid iron is about 3 at 1600 °C. It is shown that the dependencies of the rate constants on the activities of sulfur, oxygen, and selenium must, even if complex, be similar for the H2O and CO2 reactions with liquid iron, to a good approximation.

  19. Mass-production of highly-crystalline few-layer graphene sheets by arc discharge in various H2-inert gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Yani; Zhao, Hongbin; Sheng, Leimei; Yu, Liming; An, Kang; Xu, Jiaqiang; Ando, Yoshinori; Zhao, Xinluo

    2012-06-01

    Large-scale production of graphene sheets has been achieved by direct current arc discharge evaporation of pure graphite electrodes in various H2-inert gas mixtures. The as-prepared few-layer graphene sheets have high purity, high crystallinity and high oxidation resistance temperature. Their electrochemical characteristics have been evaluated in coin-type cells versus metallic lithium. The first cell discharge capacity reached 1332 mA h g-1 at a current density of 50 mA g-1. After 350 cycles, the discharge capacity still remained at 323 mA h g-1. Graphene sheets produced by this method should be a promising candidate for the electrode material of lithium-ion batteries.

  20. Understanding the amorphous-to-microcrystalline silicon transition in SiF{sub 4}/H{sub 2}/Ar gas mixtures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dornstetter, Jean-Christophe; LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau; Bruneau, Bastien

    2014-06-21

    We report on the growth of microcrystalline silicon films from the dissociation of SiF{sub 4}/H{sub 2}/Ar gas mixtures. For this growth chemistry, the formation of HF molecules provides a clear signature of the amorphous to microcrystalline growth transition. Depositing films from silicon tetrafluoride requires the removal of F produced by SiF{sub 4} dissociation, and this removal is promoted by the addition of H{sub 2} which strongly reacts with F to form HF molecules. At low H{sub 2} flow rates, the films grow amorphous as all the available hydrogen is consumed to form HF. Above a critical flow rate, corresponding tomore » the full removal of F, microcrystalline films are produced as there is an excess of atomic hydrogen in the plasma. A simple yet accurate phenomenological model is proposed to explain the SiF{sub 4}/H{sub 2} plasma chemistry in accordance with experimental data. This model provides some rules of thumb to achieve high deposition rates for microcrystalline silicon, namely, that increased RF power must be balanced by an increased H{sub 2} flow rate.« less

  1. Study of nanosecond discharges in H2-air mixtures at atmospheric pressure for plasma assisted combustion applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kobayashi, Sumire; Bonaventura, Zdeněk; Tholin, Fabien; Popov, Nikolay A.; Bourdon, Anne

    2017-07-01

    This paper presents 2D simulations of nanosecond discharges between two point electrodes for four different H2-air mixtures defined by their equivalence ratios ϕ (i.e. φ =0, air, φ =0.3, lean mixture, φ =1, stoichiometric mixture and φ =1.5, rich mixture) at atmospheric pressure and at an initial temperature of 1000 K. In a first step, we have shown that the mixture composition has only a very small influence on the discharge dynamics and structure during the streamer phase and up to the formation of the plasma channel between the two point electrodes in H2-air mixtures with φ \\in [0,1.5]. However, as the plasma channel is formed slightly earlier as the equivalence ratio increases, for a given voltage pulse, the duration of the nanosecond spark phase increases as the equivalence ratio increases. As expected, we have shown that excited states of N2 (and in particular N2(A)) and radicals (and in particular O(D), O(P), H and OH) are very efficiently produced during the voltage pulse after the start of the spark phase. After the voltage pulse, and up to 100 ns, the densities of excited states of N2 and of O(D) decrease. Conversely, most of the O(P), H and OH radicals are produced after the voltage pulse due to the dissociative quenching of electronically excited N2. As for radicals, the gas temperature starts increasing after the start of the spark phase. For all studied mixtures, the density of O(P) atoms and the gas temperature reach their maxima after the end of the voltage pulse and the densities of O(P), H and OH radicals and the maximal gas temperature increase as the equivalence ratio increases. We have shown that the production of radicals is the highest on the discharge axis and the distribution of species after the voltage pulse and up to 100 ns has a larger diameter between the electrodes than close to both electrode tips. As for species, the temperature distribution presents two hot spots close to the point electrode tips. The non

  2. Detonability of H/sub 2/-air-diluent mixtures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tieszen, S.R.; Sherman, M.P.; Benedick, W.B.

    1987-06-01

    This report describes the Heated Detonation Tube (HDT). Detonation cell width and velocity results are presented for H/sub 2/-air mixtures, undiluted and diluted with CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O for a range of H/sub 2/ concentration, initial temperature and pressure. The results show that the addition of either CO/sub 2/ or H/sub 2/O significantly increases the detonation cell width and hence reduces the detonability of the mixture. The results also show that the detonation cell width is reduced (detonability is increased) for increased initial temperature and/or pressure.

  3. The RealGas and RealGasH2O options of the TOUGH+ code for the simulation of coupled fluid and heat flow in tight/shale gas systems

    EPA Science Inventory

    We developed two new EOS additions to the TOUGH+ family of codes, the RealGasH2O and RealGas. The RealGasH2O EOS option describes the non-isothermal two-phase flow of water and a real gas mixture in gas reservoirs, with a particular focus in ultra-tight (such as tight-sand and sh...

  4. Thermodynamic and transport properties of frozen and reacting pH2-oH2 mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Carter, H. G.; Bullock, R. E.

    1972-01-01

    Application of experimental state data and spectroscopic term values shows that the thermodynamic and transport properties of reacting pH2-oH2 mixtures are considerably different than those of chemically frozen pH2 at temperatures below 300 R. Calculated H-S data also show that radiation-induced pH2-oH2 equilibration at constant enthalpy produces a temperature drop of at least 28 R, corresponding to an ideal shaft work loss of 15% or more for a turbine operating downstream from the point of conversion. Aside from differences in thermodynamic and transport properties, frozen pH2-oH2 mixtures may differ from pure pH2 on a purely hydrodynamical basis.

  5. Hot gas, regenerative, supported H.sub.2 S sorbents

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Voecks, Gerald E. (Inventor); Sharma, Pramod K. (Inventor)

    1993-01-01

    Efficient, regenerable sorbents for removal of H.sub.2 S from moderately high temperature (usually 200.degree. C.-550.degree.C.) gas streams comprise a porous, high surface area aluminosilicate support, suitably a zeolite, and most preferably a sodium deficient zeolite containing 1 to 20 weight percent of binary metal oxides. The binary oxides are a mixture of a Group VB or VIB metal oxide with a Group IB, IIB or VIII metal oxide such as V-Zn-O, V-Cu-O, Cu-Mo-O, Zn-Mo-O or Fe-Mo-O contained in the support. The sorbent effectively removes H.sub.2 S from the host gas stream in high efficiency and can be repetitively regenerated at least 10 times without loss of activity.

  6. Selectivity and self-diffusion of CO2 and H2 in a mixture on a graphite surface

    PubMed Central

    Trinh, Thuat T.; Vlugt, Thijs J. H.; Hägg, May-Britt; Bedeaux, Dick; Kjelstrup, Signe

    2013-01-01

    We performed classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the mechanism of adsorption from a gas mixture of CO2 and H2 (mole fraction of CO2 = 0.30) and diffusion along a graphite surface, with the aim to help enrich industrial off-gases in CO2, separating out H2. The temperature of the system in the simulation covered typical industrial conditions for off-gas treatment (250–550 K). The interaction energy of single molecules CO2 or H2 on graphite surface was calculated with classical force fields (FFs) and with Density Functional Theory (DFT). The results were in good agreement. The binding energy of CO2 on graphite surface is three times larger than that of H2. At lower temperatures, the selectivity of CO2 over H2 is five times larger than at higher temperatures. The position of the dividing surface was used to explain how the adsorption varies with pore size. In the temperature range studied, the self-diffusion coefficient of CO2 is always smaller than of H2. The temperature variation of the selectivities and the self-diffusion coefficient imply that the carbon molecular sieve membrane can be used for gas enrichment of CO2. PMID:24790965

  7. Effective diffusion coefficients of gas mixture in heavy oil under constant-pressure conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Huazhou Andy; Sun, Huijuan; Yang, Daoyong

    2017-05-01

    We develop a method to determine the effective diffusion coefficient for each individual component of a gas mixture in a non-volatile liquid (e.g., heavy oil) at high pressures with compositional analysis. Theoretically, a multi-component one-way diffusion model is coupled with the volume-translated Peng-Robinson equation of state to quantify the mass transfer between gas and liquid (e.g., heavy oil). Experimentally, the diffusion tests have been conducted with a PVT setup for one pure CO2-heavy oil system and one C3H8-CO2-heavy oil system under constant temperature and pressure, respectively. Both the gas-phase volume and liquid-phase swelling effect are simultaneously recorded during the measurement. As for the C3H8-CO2-heavy oil system, the gas chromatography method is employed to measure compositions of the gas phase at the beginning and end of the diffusion measurement, respectively. The effective diffusion coefficients are then determined by minimizing the discrepancy between the measured and calculated gas-phase composition at the end of diffusion measurement. The newly developed technique can quantify the contributions of each component of mixture to the bulk mass transfer from gas into liquid. The effective diffusion coefficient of C3H8 in the C3H8-CO2 mixture at 3945 ± 20 kPa and 293.85 K, i.e., 18.19 × 10^{ - 10} {{m}}^{ 2} / {{s}}, is found to be much higher than CO2 at 3950 ± 18 kPa and 293.85 K, i.e., 8.68 × 10^{ - 10} {{m}}^{ 2} / {{s}}. In comparison with pure CO2, the presence of C3H8 in the C3H8-CO2 mixture contributes to a faster diffusion of CO2 from the gas phase into heavy oil and consequently a larger swelling factor of heavy oil.

  8. CO2 capture from simulated fuel gas mixtures using semiclathrate hydrates formed by quaternary ammonium salts.

    PubMed

    Park, Sungwon; Lee, Seungmin; Lee, Youngjun; Seo, Yongwon

    2013-07-02

    In order to investigate the feasibility of semiclathrate hydrate-based precombustion CO2 capture, thermodynamic, kinetic, and spectroscopic studies were undertaken on the semiclathrate hydrates formed from a fuel gas mixture of H2 (60%) + CO2 (40%) in the presence of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) and fluoride (TBAF). The inclusion of QASs demonstrated significantly stabilized hydrate dissociation conditions. This effect was greater for TBAF than TBAB. However, due to the presence of dodecahedral cages that are partially filled with water molecules, TBAF showed a relatively lower gas uptake than TBAB. From the stability condition measurements and compositional analyses, it was found that with only one step of semiclathrate hydrate formation with the fuel gas mixture from the IGCC plants, 95% CO2 can be enriched in the semiclathrate hydrate phase at room temperature. The enclathration of both CO2 and H2 in the cages of the QAS semiclathrate hydrates and the structural transition that results from the inclusion of QASs were confirmed through Raman and (1)H NMR measurements. The experimental results obtained in this study provide the physicochemical background required for understanding selective partitioning and distributions of guest gases in the QAS semiclathrate hydrates and for investigating the feasibility of a semiclathrate hydrate-based precombustion CO2 capture process.

  9. On thermal conductivity of gas mixtures containing hydrogen

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhukov, Victor P.; Pätz, Markus

    2017-06-01

    A brief review of formulas used for the thermal conductivity of gas mixtures in CFD simulations of rocket combustion chambers is carried out in the present work. In most cases, the transport properties of mixtures are calculated from the properties of individual components using special mixing rules. The analysis of different mixing rules starts from basic equations and ends by very complex semi-empirical expressions. The formulas for the thermal conductivity are taken for the analysis from the works on modelling of rocket combustion chambers. \\hbox {H}_2{-}\\hbox {O}_2 mixtures are chosen for the evaluation of the accuracy of the considered mixing rules. The analysis shows that two of them, of Mathur et al. (Mol Phys 12(6):569-579, 1967), and of Mason and Saxena (Phys Fluids 1(5):361-369, 1958), have better agreement with the experimental data than other equations for the thermal conductivity of multicomponent gas mixtures.

  10. Gas mixtures for gas-filled radiation detectors

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, Loucas G.; McCorkle, Dennis L.; Maxey, David V.; Carter, James G.

    1982-01-05

    Improved binary and ternary gas mixtures for gas-filled radiation detectors are provided. The components are chosen on the basis of the principle that the first component is one molecular gas or mixture of two molecular gases having a large electron scattering cross section at energies of about 0.5 eV and higher, and the second component is a noble gas having a very small cross section at and below about 1.0 eV, whereby fast electrons in the gaseous mixture are slowed into the energy range of about 0.5 eV where the cross section for the mixture is small and hence the electron mean free path is large. The reduction in both the cross section and the electron energy results in an increase in the drift velocity of the electrons in the gas mixtures over that for the separate components for a range of E/P (pressure-reduced electric field) values. Several gas mixtures are provided that provide faster response in gas-filled detectors for convenient E/P ranges as compared with conventional gas mixtures.

  11. Gas mixtures for gas-filled particle detectors

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, Loucas G.; McCorkle, Dennis L.; Maxey, David V.; Carter, James G.

    1980-01-01

    Improved binary and tertiary gas mixtures for gas-filled particle detectors are provided. The components are chosen on the basis of the principle that the first component is one gas or mixture of two gases having a large electron scattering cross section at energies of about 0.5 eV and higher, and the second component is a gas (Ar) having a very small cross section at and below aout 0.5 eV, whereby fast electrons in the gaseous mixture are slowed into the energy range of about 0.5 eV where the cross section for the mixture is small and hence the electron mean free path is large. The reduction in both the cross section and the electron energy results in an increase in the drift velocity of the electrons in the gas mixtures over that for the separate components for a range of E/P (pressure-reduced electron field) values. Several gas mixtures are provided that provide faster response in gas-filled detectors for convenient E/P ranges as compared with conventional gas mixtures.

  12. Photolysis of H2O-H2O2 Mixtures: The Destruction of H2O2

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Loeffler, M. J.; Fama, M.; Baragiola, R. A.; Carlson, R. W.

    2013-01-01

    We present laboratory results on the loss of H2O2 in solid H2O + H2O2 mixtures at temperatures between 21 and 145 K initiated by UV photolysis (193 nm). Using infrared spectroscopy and microbalance gravimetry, we measured the decrease of the 3.5 micrometer infrared absorption band during UV irradiation and obtained a photodestruction cross section that varies with temperature, being lowest at 70 K. We use our results, along with our previously measured H2O2 production rates via ionizing radiation and ion energy fluxes from the spacecraft to compare H2O2 creation and destruction at icy satellites by ions from their planetary magnetosphere and from solar UV photons. We conclude that, in many cases, H2O2 is not observed on icy satellite surfaces because the H2O2 photodestruction rate is much higher than the production rate via energetic particles, effectively keeping the H2O2 infrared signature at or below the noise level.

  13. Mass-independent fractionation of oxygen isotopes during H2O2 formation by gas-phase discharge from water vapour

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Velivetskaya, Tatiana A.; Ignatiev, Alexander V.; Budnitskiy, Sergey Y.; Yakovenko, Victoria V.; Vysotskiy, Sergey V.

    2016-11-01

    Hydrogen peroxide is an important atmospheric component involved in various gas-phase and aqueous-phase transformation processes in the Earth's atmosphere. A study of mass-independent 17O anomalies in H2O2 can provide additional insights into the chemistry of the modern atmosphere and, possibly, of the ancient atmosphere. Here, we report the results of laboratory experiments to study the fractionation of three oxygen isotopes (16O, 17O, and 18O) during H2O2 formation from products of water vapour dissociation. The experiments were carried out by passing an electrical discharge through a gaseous mixture of helium and water at atmospheric pressure. The effect of the presence of O2 in the gas mixture on the isotopic composition of H2O2 was also investigated. All of the experiments showed that H2O2 produced under two different conditions (with or without O2 added in the gas mixtures) was mass-independently fractionated (MIF). We found a positive MIF signal (∼1.4‰) in the no-O2 added experiments, and this signal increased to ∼2.5‰ once O2 was added (1.6% mixing ratio). We suggest that if O2 concentrations are very low, the hydroxyl radical recombination reaction is the dominant pathway for H2O2 formation and is the source of MIF in H2O2. Although H2O2 formation via a hydroxyl radical recombination process is limited in the modern atmosphere, it would be possible in the Archean atmosphere when O2 was a trace constituent, and H2O2 would be mass-independently fractionated. The anomalous 17O excess, which was observed in H2O2 produced by spark discharge experiments, may provide useful information about the radical chemistry of the ancient atmosphere and the role of H2O2 in maintaining and controlling the atmospheric composition.

  14. CO2 Capture by Injection of Flue Gas or CO2-N2 Mixtures into Hydrate Reservoirs: Dependence of CO2 Capture Efficiency on Gas Hydrate Reservoir Conditions.

    PubMed

    Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar; Yang, Jinhai; Tohidi, Bahman; Chuvilin, Evgeny; Istomin, Vladimir; Bukhanov, Boris; Cheremisin, Alexey

    2018-04-03

    Injection of flue gas or CO 2 -N 2 mixtures into gas hydrate reservoirs has been considered as a promising option for geological storage of CO 2 . However, the thermodynamic process in which the CO 2 present in flue gas or a CO 2 -N 2 mixture is captured as hydrate has not been well understood. In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the dependence of CO 2 capture efficiency on reservoir conditions. The CO 2 capture efficiency was investigated at different injection pressures from 2.6 to 23.8 MPa and hydrate reservoir temperatures from 273.2 to 283.2 K in the presence of two different saturations of methane hydrate. The results showed that more than 60% of the CO 2 in the flue gas was captured and stored as CO 2 hydrate or CO 2 -mixed hydrates, while methane-rich gas was produced. The efficiency of CO 2 capture depends on the reservoir conditions including temperature, pressure, and hydrate saturation. For a certain reservoir temperature, there is an optimum reservoir pressure at which the maximum amount of CO 2 can be captured from the injected flue gas or CO 2 -N 2 mixtures. This finding suggests that it is essential to control the injection pressure to enhance CO 2 capture efficiency by flue gas or CO 2 -N 2 mixtures injection.

  15. Electrochemical separation and concentration of hydrogen sulfide from gas mixtures

    DOEpatents

    Winnick, Jack; Sather, Norman F.; Huang, Hann S.

    1984-10-30

    A method of removing sulfur oxides of H.sub.2 S from high temperature gas mixtures (150.degree.-1000.degree. C.) is the subject of the present invention. An electrochemical cell is employed. The cell is provided with inert electrodes and an electrolyte which will provide anions compatible with the sulfur containing anions formed at the anode. The electrolyte is also selected to provide inert stable cations at the temperatures encountered. The gas mixture is passed by the cathode where the sulfur gases are converted to SO.sub.4 -- or, in the case of H.sub.2 S, to S--. The anions migrate to the anode where they are converted to a stable gaseous form at much greater concentration levels (>10X). Current flow may be effected by utilizing an external source of electrical energy or by passing a reducing gas such as hydrogen past the anode.

  16. ELECTROCHEMICAL SEPARATION AND CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE FROM GAS MIXTURES

    DOEpatents

    Winnick, Jack; Sather, Norman F.; Huang, Hann S.

    1984-10-30

    A method of removing sulfur oxides of H.sub.2 S from high temperature gas mixtures (150.degree.-1000.degree. C.) is the subject of the present invention. An electrochemical cell is employed. The cell is provided with inert electrodes and an electrolyte which will provide anions compatible with the sulfur containing anions formed at the anode. The electrolyte is also selected to provide inert stable cations at the temperatures encountered. The gas mixture is passed by the cathode where the sulfur gases are converted to SO.sub.4 -- or, in the case of H.sub.2 S, to S--. The anions migrate to the anode where they are converted to a stable gaseous form at much greater concentration levels (>10X). Current flow may be effected by utilizing an external source of electrical energy or by passing a reducing gas such as hydrogen past the anode.

  17. Mixture optimization for mixed gas Joule-Thomson cycle

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Detlor, J.; Pfotenhauer, J.; Nellis, G.

    2017-12-01

    An appropriate gas mixture can provide lower temperatures and higher cooling power when used in a Joule-Thomson (JT) cycle than is possible with a pure fluid. However, selecting gas mixtures to meet specific cooling loads and cycle parameters is a challenging design problem. This study focuses on the development of a computational tool to optimize gas mixture compositions for specific operating parameters. This study expands on prior research by exploring higher heat rejection temperatures and lower pressure ratios. A mixture optimization model has been developed which determines an optimal three-component mixture based on the analysis of the maximum value of the minimum value of isothermal enthalpy change, ΔhT , that occurs over the temperature range. This allows optimal mixture compositions to be determined for a mixed gas JT system with load temperatures down to 110 K and supply temperatures above room temperature for pressure ratios as small as 3:1. The mixture optimization model has been paired with a separate evaluation of the percent of the heat exchanger that exists in a two-phase range in order to begin the process of selecting a mixture for experimental investigation.

  18. Improved gas mixtures for gas-filled radiation detectors

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, L.G.; McCorkle, D.L.; Maxey, D.V.; Carter, J.G.

    1980-03-28

    Improved binary and ternary gas mixtures for gas-filled radiation detectors are provided. The components are chosen on the basis of the principle that the first component is one molecular gas or mixture of two molecular gases having a large electron scattering cross section at energies of about 0.5 eV and higher, and the second component is a noble gas having a very small cross section at and below about 1.0 eV, whereby fast electrons in the gaseous mixture are slowed into the energy range of about 0.5 eV where the cross section for the mixture is small and hence the electron mean free path is large. The reduction in both the cross section and the electron energy results in an increase in the drift velocity of the electrons in the gas mixtures over that for the separate components for a range of E/P (pressure-reduced electric field) values. Several gas mixtures are provided that provide faster response in gas-filled detectors for convenient E/P ranges as compared with conventional gas mixtures.

  19. Improved gas mixtures for gas-filled particle detectors

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, L.G.; McCorkle, D.L.; Maxey, D.V.; Carter, J.G.

    Improved binary and tertiary gas mixture for gas-filled particle detectors are provided. The components are chosen on the basis of the principle that the first component is one gas or mixture of two gases having a large electron scattering cross section at energies of about 0.5 eV and higher, and the second component is a gas (Ar) having a very small cross section at and below about 0.5 eV; whereby fast electrons in the gaseous mixture are slowed into the energy range of about 0.5 eV where the cross section for the mixture is small and hence the electron mean free path is large. The reduction in both the cross section and the electron energy results in an increase in the drift velocity of the electrons in the gas mixtures over that for the separate components for a range of E/P (pressure-reduced electron field) values. Several gas mixtures are provided that provide faster response in gas-filled detectors for convenient E/P ranges as compared with conventional gas mixtures.

  20. Molecular dynamics investigation of separation of hydrogen sulfide from acidic gas mixtures inside metal-doped graphite micropores.

    PubMed

    Huang, Pei-Hsing

    2015-09-21

    The separation of poisonous compounds from various process fluids has long been highly intractable, motivating the present study on the dynamic separation of H2S in acidic-gas-mixture-filled micropores. The molecular dynamics approach, coupled with the isothermal-isochoric ensemble, was used to model the molecular interactions and adsorption of H2S/CO2/CO/H2O mixtures inside metal-doped graphite slits. Due to the difference in the adsorption characteristics between the two distinct adsorbent materials, the metal dopant in the graphitic micropores leads to competitive adsorption, i.e. the Au and graphite walls compete to capture free adsorbates. The effects of competitive adsorption, coupled with changes in the gas temperature, concentration, constituent ratio and slit width on the constituent separation of mixtures were systematically studied. The molecule-wall binding energies calculated in this work (those of H2S, H2O and CO on Au walls and those of H2O, CO and CO2 on graphite walls) show good agreement with those obtained using density functional theory (DFT) and experimental results. The z-directional self-diffusivities (Dz) for adsorbates inside the slit ranged from 10(-9) to 10(-7) m(2) s(-1) as the temperature was increased from 10 to 500 K. The values are comparable with those for a typical microporous fluid (10(-8)-10(-9) m(2) s(-1) in a condensed phase and 10(-6)-10(-7) m(2) s(-1) in the gaseous state). The formation of H-bonding networks and hydrates of H2S is disadvantageous for the separation of mixtures. The results indicate that H2S can be efficiently separated from acidic gas mixtures onto the Au(111) surface by (i) reducing the mole fraction of H2S and H2O in the mixtures, (ii) raising the gas temperature to the high temperature limit (≥400 K), and (iii) lowering the slit width to below the threshold dimension (≤23.26 Å).

  1. Formation of H2-He substellar bodies in cold conditions. Gravitational stability of binary mixtures in a phase transition

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Füglistaler, A.; Pfenniger, D.

    2016-06-01

    Context. Molecular clouds typically consist of 3/4 H2, 1/4 He and traces of heavier elements. In an earlier work we showed that at very low temperatures and high densities, H2 can be in a phase transition leading to the formation of ice clumps as large as comets or even planets. However, He has very different chemical properties and no phase transition is expected before H2 in dense interstellar medium conditions. The gravitational stability of fluid mixtures has been studied before, but these studies did not include a phase transition. Aims: We study the gravitational stability of binary fluid mixtures with special emphasis on when one component is in a phase transition. The numerical results are aimed at applications in molecular cloud conditions, but the theoretical results are more general. Methods: First, we study the gravitational stability of van der Waals fluid mixtures using linearized analysis and examine virial equilibrium conditions using the Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential. Then, combining the Lennard-Jones and gravitational potentials, the non-linear dynamics of fluid mixtures are studied via computer simulations using the molecular dynamics code LAMMPS. Results: Along with the classical, ideal-gas Jeans instability criterion, a fluid mixture is always gravitationally unstable if it is in a phase transition because compression does not increase pressure. However, the condensed phase fraction increases. In unstable situations the species can separate: in some conditions He precipitates faster than H2, while in other conditions the converse occurs. Also, for an initial gas phase collapse the geometry is essential. Contrary to spherical or filamentary collapses, sheet-like collapses starting below 15 K easily reach H2 condensation conditions because then they are fastest and both the increase of heating and opacity are limited. Conclusions: Depending on density, temperature and mass, either rocky H2 planetoids, or gaseous He planetoids form. H2

  2. An experimental approach aiming the production of a gas mixture composed of hydrogen and methane from biomass as natural gas substitute in industrial applications.

    PubMed

    Kraussler, Michael; Schindler, Philipp; Hofbauer, Hermann

    2017-08-01

    This work presents an experimental approach aiming the production of a gas mixture composed of H 2 and CH 4 , which should serve as natural gas substitute in industrial applications. Therefore, a lab-scale process chain employing a water gas shift unit, scrubbing units, and a pressure swing adsorption unit was operated with tar-rich product gas extracted from a commercial dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasification plant. A gas mixture with a volumetric fraction of about 80% H 2 and 19% CH 4 and with minor fractions of CO and CO 2 was produced by employing carbon molecular sieve as adsorbent. Moreover, the produced gas mixture had a lower heating value of about 15.5MJ·m -3 and a lower Wobbe index of about 43.4MJ·m -3 , which is similar to the typical Wobbe index of natural gas. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. More environment-friendly and safer working gas mixtures for Bakelite RPCs operated in streamer mode

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Qingmin; Lv, Zhipeng; Lv, Jinge; Zhang, Jiawen; Xu, Jilei; Ning, Zhe

    2017-08-01

    This paper presents experimental results of RPCs performances with different working gas mixtures. Owing to Freon's high global warming potential, its threat to RPCs aging and its large consumption in large particle physics experiments, studies to minimize the concentration of HFC-134A, and even its complete replacement, have been undertaken. In addition, the reduction of iso-butane is also a favorable strategy, due to the flammability level of the gas mixture. Freon-less working gas mixture of Ar/HFC-134A/i-C4H10/CO2=20/0/8/72 was chosen with plateau efficiency of 86.3% and noise rate of 0.61 Hz/cm2. For working gas with lower ratio of Freon, Ar/HFC-134A/i-C4H10/CO2=20/20/8/52 was suggested with plateau efficiency of 91.0% and noise rate of 0.19 Hz/cm2, in which Freon was decreased by 22% compared to the BESIII RPC gas mixture. Furthermore, iso-butane was decreased to 6% with RPC's efficiency of 90% and noise rate of 0.20 Hz/cm2 achieved. Finally, the explanation of RPC's different performances at various working gas mixtures has been validated by the investigation of secondary streamers. This study will be helpful for RPC's application in future large particle physics experiments, in which RPCs can run in streamer mode.

  4. Sensor for oxygen-combustibles gas mixtures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Isenberg, A.O.

    1981-08-25

    A molten carbonate electrochemical cell is described which operates at a temperature between 400/sup 0/ and 700/sup 0/ C. It used to remove O/sub 2/ in combination with CO/sub 2/ from an oxygen/combustibles gas mixture to provide a low temperature measurement of the oxygen content of the gas mixture.

  5. Production of B atoms and BH radicals from B2H6/He/H2 mixtures activated on heated W wires.

    PubMed

    Umemoto, Hironobu; Kanemitsu, Taijiro; Tanaka, Akihito

    2014-07-17

    B atoms and BH radicals could be identified by laser-induced fluorescence when B2H6/He/H2 mixtures were activated on heated tungsten wires. The densities of these radical species increased not only with the wire temperature but also with the partial pressure of H2. The densities in the presence of 0.026 Pa of B2H6 and 2.6 Pa of H2 were on the order of 10(11) cm(-3) both for B and BH when the wire temperature was 2000 K. Densities in the absence of a H2 flow were much smaller, suggesting that the direct production of these species on wire surfaces is minor. B and BH must be produced in the H atom shifting reactions, BH(x) + H → BH(x-1) + H2 (x = 1-3), in the gas phase, while H atoms are produced from H2 on wire surfaces. The B atom density increased monotonously with the H atom density, while the BH density showed saturation. These tendencies could be reproduced by simple modeling based on ab initio potential energy calculations and the transition-state theoretical calculations of the rate constants. The absolute densities could also be reproduced within a factor of 2.5.

  6. Plasma chemistry of NO in complex gas mixtures excited with a surfatron launcher.

    PubMed

    Hueso, J L; González-Elipe, A R; Cotrino, J; Caballero, A

    2005-06-09

    The plasma chemistry of NO has been investigated in gas mixtures with oxygen and/or hydrocarbon and Ar as carrier gas. Surface wave discharges operating at microwave frequencies have been used for this study. The different plasma reactions have been analyzed for a pressure range between 30 and 75 Torr. Differences in product concentration and/or reaction yields smaller than 10% were found as a function of this parameter. The following gas mixtures have been considered for investigation: Ar/NO, Ar/NO/O2, Ar/NO/CH4, Ar/CH4/O2, Ar/NO/CH4/O2. It is found that NO decomposes into N2 and O2, whereas other products such as CO, H2, and H2O are also formed when CH4 and O2 are present in the reaction mixture. Depending on the working conditions, other minority products such as HCN, CO2, and C2 or higher hydrocarbons have been also detected. The reaction of an Ar/NO plasma with deposits of solid carbon has also been studied. The experiments have provided useful information with respect to the possible removal of soot particles by this type of plasma. It has been shown that carbon deposits are progressively burned off by interaction with the plasma, and practically 100% decomposition of NO was found. Plasma intermediate species have been studied by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Bands and/or peaks due to N2*, NO*, OH*, C2*, CN*, CH*, or H* were detected with different relative intensities depending on the gas mixture. From the analysis of both the reaction products and efficiency and the type of intermediate species detected by OES, different plasma reactions and processes are proposed to describe the plasma chemistry of NO in each particular mixture of gases. The results obtained provide interesting insights about the plasma removal of NO in real gas exhausts.

  7. Electrochemical separation and concentration of sulfur containing gases from gas mixtures

    DOEpatents

    Winnick, Jack

    1981-01-01

    A method of removing sulfur oxides of H.sub.2 S from high temperature gas mixtures (150.degree.-1000.degree. C.) is the subject of the present invention. An electrochemical cell is employed. The cell is provided with inert electrodes and an electrolyte which will provide anions compatible with the sulfur containing anions formed at the anode. The electrolyte is also selected to provide inert stable cations at the temperatures encountered. The gas mixture is passed by the cathode where the sulfur gases are converted to SO.sub.4.sup.= or, in the case of H.sub.2 S, to S.sup.=. The anions migrate to the anode where they are converted to a stable gaseous form at much greater concentration levels (>10X). Current flow may be effected by utilizing an external source of electrical energy or by passing a reducing gas such as hydrogen past the anode.

  8. High/variable mixture ratio O2/H2 engine

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Adams, A.; Parsley, R. C.

    1988-01-01

    Vehicle/engine analysis studies have identified the High/Dual Mixture Ratio O2/H2 Engine cycle as a leading candidate for an advanced Single Stage to Orbit (SSTO) propulsion system. This cycle is designed to allow operation at a higher than normal O/F ratio of 12 during liftoff and then transition to a more optimum O/F ratio of 6 at altitude. While operation at high mixture ratios lowers specific impulse, the resultant high propellant bulk density and high power density combine to minimize the influence of atmospheric drag and low altitude gravitational forces. Transition to a lower mixture ratio at altitude then provides improved specific impulse relative to a single mixture ratio engine that must select a mixture ratio that is balanced for both low and high altitude operation. This combination of increased altitude specific impulse and high propellant bulk density more than offsets the compromised low altitude performance and results in an overall mission benefit. Two areas of technical concern relative to the execution of this dual mixture ratio cycle concept are addressed. First, actions required to transition from high to low mixture ratio are examined, including an assessment of the main chamber environment as the main chamber mixture ratio passes through stoichiometric. Secondly, two approaches to meet a requirement for high turbine power at high mixture ratio condition are examined. One approach uses high turbine temperature to produce the power and requires cooled turbines. The other approach incorporates an oxidizer-rich preburner to increase turbine work capability via increased turbine mass flow.

  9. Phase Separation Kinetics in Isopycnic Mixtures of H2O/CO2/Ethoxylated Alcohol Surfactants

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lesemann, Markus; Paulaitis, Michael E.; Kaler, Eric W.

    1999-01-01

    Ternary mixtures of H2O and CO2 with ethoxylated alcohol (C(sub i)E(sub j)) surfactants form three coexisting liquid phases at conditions where two of the phases have equal densities (isopycnic phases). Isopycnic phase behavior has been observed for mixtures containing C8E5, C10E6, and C12E6 surfactants, but not for those mixtures containing either C4E1 or C8E3 surfactants. Pressure-temperature (PT) projections for this three-phase equilibrium were determined for H2O/CO2/C8E5 and H2O/CO2/C10E6 mixtures at temperatures from approximately 25 to 33 C and pressures between 90 and 350 bar. Measurements of the microstructure in H2O/CO2/C12E6 mixtures as a function of temperature (25-31 C), pressure (63.1-90.7 bar), and CO2 composition (0-3.9 wt%) have also been carried out to show that while micellar structure remains essentially un-changed, critical concentration fluctuations increase as the phase boundary and plait point are approached. In this report, we present our first measurements of the kinetics of isopycnic phase separation for ternary mixtures of H2O/CO2/C8E5.

  10. Isopycnic Phases and Structures in H2O/CO2/Ethoxylated Alcohol Surfactant Mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Paulaitis, Michael E.; Zielinski, Richard G.; Kaler, Eric W.

    1996-01-01

    Ternary mixtures of H2O and CO2 with ethoxylated alcohol (C(i)E(j)) surfactants can form three coexisting liquid phases at conditions where two of the phases have the same density (isopycnic phases). Isopycnic phase behavior has been observed for mixtures containing the surfactants C8E5, C10E6, and C12E6, but not for those mixtures containing either C4E1 or CgE3. Pressure-temperature (PT) projections for this isopycnic three-phase equilibrium were determined for H2O/CO2/C8E5 and H2O/CO2/C10E6 mixtures at temperatures from approximately 25 to 33 C and pressures between 90 and 350 bar. As a preliminary to measuring the microstructure in isopycnic three component mixtures, phase behavior and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were performed on mixtures of D2O/CO2/ n-hexaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether (C12E6) as a function of temperature (25-31 C), pressure (63.1-90.7 bar), and CO2 composition (0-3.9 wt%). Parameters extracted from model fits of the SANS spectra indicate that, while micellar structure remains essentially unchanged, critical concentration fluctuations increase as the phase boundary and plait point are approached.

  11. Gas-phase evolution of Ar/H2O and Ar/CH4 dielectric barrier discharge plasmas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barni, Ruggero; Riccardi, Claudia

    2018-04-01

    We present some experimental results of an investigation aimed to hydrogen production with atmospheric pressure plasmas, based on the use of dielectric barrier discharges, fed with a high-voltage alternating signal at frequency 30-50 kHz, in mixtures of methane or water vapor diluted in argon. The plasma gas-phase of the discharge was investigated by means of optical and electrical diagnostics. The emission spectra of the discharges was measured with a wide band spectrometer and a photosensor module, based on a photomultiplier tube. A Rogowski coil allowed to measure the electric current flowing into the circuit and a high voltage probe was employed for evaluating the voltage at the electrodes. The analysis of the signals of voltage and current shows the presence of microdischarges between the electrodes in two alternating phases during the period of oscillation of the applied voltage. The hydrogen concentration in the gaseous mixture was measured too. Besides this experimental campaign, we present also results from a numerical modeling of chemical kinetics in the gas-phase of Ar/H2O and Ar/CH4 plasmas. The simulations were conducted under conditions of single discharge to study the evolution of the system and of fixed frequency repeated discharging. In particular in Ar/H2O mixtures we could study the evolution from early atomic dissociation in the discharge, to longer time scales, when chemical reactions take place producing an increase of the density of species such as OH, H2O2 and subsequently of H and H2. The results of numerical simulations provide some insights into the evolution happening in the plasma gas-phase during the hydrogen reforming process.

  12. Program on the combustion chemistry of low- and intermediate-Btu gas mixtures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1981-11-30

    Low and intermediate Btu (LBTU and IBTU) gas mixtures are essentially mixtures of CO, H/sub 2/ and CH/sub 4/ diluted with nitrogen and CO/sub 2/. Although the combustion properties of these three fuels have been extensively investigated and their individual combustion kinetics are reasonably well established, prediction techniques for applying these gas mixtures remain for the most part empirical. This program has aimed to bring together and apply some of the fundamental combustion parameters to the CO-H/sub 2/-CH/sub 4/ flame system with the hope of reducing some of this empiricism. Four topical reports have resulted from this program. This finalmore » report summarizes these reports and other activities undertaken in this program. This program was initiated June 22, 1976 under ERDA Contract No. E(49-18)-2406 and was later continued under DOE/PETC and DOE Contract No. DE-AC22-76ET10653.« less

  13. On studies of 3He and isobutane mixture as neutron proportional counter gas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Desai, S. S.; Shaikh, A. M.

    2006-02-01

    The performance of neutron detectors filled with 3He+iC 4H 10 (isobutane) gas mixtures has been studied and compared with the performance of detectors filled with 3He+Kr gas mixtures. The investigations are made to determine suitable concentration of isobutane in the gas mixture to design neutron proportional counters and linear position sensitive neutron detectors (1-D PSDs). Energy resolution, range of proportionality, plateau and gas gain characteristics are studied for various gas mixtures of 3He and isobutane. The values for various gas constants are determined by fitting the gas gains to Diethorn and Bateman's equations and their variation with isobutane concentration in the fill gas mixture is studied.

  14. Formation of a nanobubble and its effect on the structural ordering of water in a CH4-N2-CO2-H2O mixture.

    PubMed

    Kaur, Surinder Pal; Sujith, K S; Ramachandran, C N

    2018-04-04

    The replacement of methane (CH4) from its hydrate by a mixture of nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) involves the dissociation of methane hydrate leading to the formation of a CH4-N2-CO2-H2O mixture that can significantly influence the subsequent steps of the replacement process. In the present work, we study the evolution of dissolved gas molecules in this mixture by applying classical molecular dynamics simulations. Our study shows that a higher CO2 : N2 ratio in the mixture enhances the formation of nanobubbles composed of N2, CH4 and CO2 molecules. To understand how the CO2 : N2 ratio affects nanobubble nucleation, the distribution of molecules in the bubble formed is examined. It is observed that unlike N2 and CH4, the density of CO2 in the bubble reaches a maximum at the surface of the bubble. The accumulation of CO2 molecules at the surface makes the bubble more stable by decreasing the excess pressure inside the bubble as well as surface tension at its interface with water. It is found that a frequent exchange of gas molecules takes place between the bubble and the surrounding liquid and an increase in concentration of CO2 in the mixture leads to a decrease in the number of such exchanges. The effect of nanobubbles on the structural ordering of water molecules is examined by determining the number of water rings formed per unit volume in the mixture. The role of nanobubbles in water structuring is correlated to the dynamic nature of the bubble arising from the exchange of gas molecules between the bubble and the liquid.

  15. State-to-state, multi-collision, energy transfer in H-H2 gas ensembles.

    PubMed

    McCaffery, Anthony J; Marsh, Richard J

    2013-12-21

    We use our recently developed computational model of energy flow in gas ensembles to study translation-to-internal energy conversion in an ensemble consisting of H2(0; 0) in a bath of H atoms. This mixture is found in plasmas of industrial importance and also in interstellar clouds. The storage of energy of relative motion as rovibrational energy of H2 represents a potential mechanism for cooling translation. This may have relevance in astrophysical contexts such as the post-recombination epoch of the early universe when hydrogenic species dominated and cooling was a precondition for the formation of structured objects. We find that conversion of translational motion to H2 vibration and rotation is fast and, in our closed system, is complete within around 100 cycles of ensemble collisions. Large amounts of energy become stored as H2 vibration and a tentative mechanism for this unequal energy distribution is suggested. The "structured dis-equilibrium" we observe is found to persist through many collision cycles. In contrast to the rapidity of excitation, the relaxation of H2(6; 10) in H is very slow and not complete after 10(5) collision cycles. The quasi-equilibrium modal temperatures of translation, rotation, and vibration are found to scale linearly with collision energy but at different rates. This may be useful in estimating the partitioning of energy within a given H + H2 ensemble.

  16. Quantitative analysis of multi-component gas mixture based on AOTF-NIR spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hao, Huimin; Zhang, Yong; Liu, Junhua

    2007-12-01

    Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis technology has attracted many eyes and has wide application in many domains in recent years because of its remarkable advantages. But the NIR spectrometer can only be used for liquid and solid analysis by now. In this paper, a new quantitative analysis method of gas mixture by using new generation NIR spectrometer is explored. To collect the NIR spectra of gas mixtures, a vacuumable gas cell was designed and assembled to Luminar 5030-731 Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF)-NIR spectrometer. Standard gas samples of methane (CH 4), ethane (C IIH 6) and propane (C 3H 8) are diluted with super pure nitrogen via precision volumetric gas flow controllers to obtain gas mixture samples of different concentrations dynamically. The gas mixtures were injected into the gas cell and the spectra of wavelength between 1100nm-2300nm were collected. The feature components extracted from gas mixture spectra by using Partial Least Squares (PLS) were used as the inputs of the Support Vector Regress Machine (SVR) to establish the quantitative analysis model. The effectiveness of the model is tested by the samples of predicting set. The prediction Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of CH 4, C IIH 6 and C 3H 8 is respectively 1.27%, 0.89%, and 1.20% when the concentrations of component gas are over 0.5%. It shows that the AOTF-NIR spectrometer with gas cell can be used for gas mixture analysis. PLS combining with SVR has a good performance in NIR spectroscopy analysis. This paper provides the bases for extending the application of NIR spectroscopy analysis to gas detection.

  17. Studies of CW lasing action in CO2-CO, N2O-CO, CO2-H2O, and N2O-H2O mixtures pumped by blackbody radiation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Abel, Robert W.; Christiansen, Walter H.; Li, Jian-Guo

    1988-01-01

    A proof of principle experiment to evaluate the efficacy of CO and H2O in increasing the power output for N2O and CO2 lasing mixtures has been conducted and theoretically analyzed for a blackbody radiation-pumped laser. The results for N2O-CO, CO2-CO, N2O-H2O and CO2-H2O mixtures are presented. Additions of CO to the N2O lasant increased power up to 28 percent for N2O laser mixtures, whereas additions of CO to the CO2 lasant, and the addition of H2O to both the CO2 and N2O lasants, resulted in decreased output power.

  18. Improving Students' Understanding of the Connections between the Concepts of Real-Gas Mixtures, Gas Ideal-Solutions, and Perfect-Gas Mixtures

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Privat, Romain; Jaubert, Jean-Noël; Moine, Edouard

    2016-01-01

    In many textbooks of chemical-engineering thermodynamics, a gas mixture obeying the fundamental law pV[subscript m] = RT is most often called ideal-gas mixture (in some rare cases, the term perfect-gas mixture can be found). These textbooks also define the fundamental concept of ideal solution which in theory, can be applied indifferently to…

  19. Tunneling chemical reactions D +H2→DH+H and D +DH→D2+H in solid D2-H2 and HD -H2 mixtures: An electron-spin-resonance study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kumada, Takayuki

    2006-03-01

    Tunneling chemical reactions D +H2→DH+H and D +DH→D2+H in solid HD -H2 and D2-H2 mixtures were studied in the temperature range between 4 and 8K. These reactions were initiated by UV photolysis of DI molecules doped in these solids for 30s and followed by measuring the time course of electron-spin-resonance (ESR) intensities of D and H atoms. ESR intensity of D atoms produced by the photolysis decreases but that of H atoms increases with time. Time course of the D and H intensities has the fast and slow processes. The fast process, which finishes within ˜300s after the photolysis, is assigned to the reaction of D atom with one of its nearest-neighboring H2 molecules, D(H2)n(HD)12-n→H(H2)n-1(HD)13-n or D(H2)n(D2)12-n→H(HD )(H2)n-1(D2)12-n for 12⩾n⩾1. Rate constant for the D +H2 reaction between neighboring D atom-H2 molecule pair is determined to be (7.5±0.7)×10-3s-1 in solid HD -H2 and (1.3±0.3)×10-2s-1 in D2-H2 at 4.1K, which is very close to that calculated based on the theory of chemical reaction in gas phase by Hancock et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 91, 3492 (1989)] and Takayanagi and Sato [J. Chem. Phys. 92, 2862 (1990)]. This rate constant was found to be independent of temperature up to 7K within experimental error of ±30%. The slow process is assigned to the reaction of D atom produced in a cage fully surrounded by HD or D2 molecules, D(HD)12 or D(D2)12. This D atom undergoes the D +DH reaction with one of its nearest-neighboring HD molecules in solid HD -H2 or diffuses to the neighbor of H2 molecules to allow the D +H2 reaction in solid HD -H2 and D2-H2. The former is the main channel in solid HD -H2 below 6K where D atoms diffuse very slowly, whereas the latter dominates over the former above 6K. Rate for the reactions in the slow process is independent of temperature below 6K but increases with the increase in temperature above 6K. We found that the increase is due to the increase in hopping rate of D atoms to the neighbor of H2 molecules. Rate

  20. Numerical solution of Boltzmann tranport equation for TEA CO 2 laser having nitrogen-lean gas mixtures to predict laser characteristics and gas lifetime

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kumar, Manoj; Khare, Jai; Nath, A. K.

    2007-02-01

    Selective laser isotope separation by TEA CO 2 laser often needs short tail-free pulses. Using laser mixtures having very little nitrogen almost tail free laser pulses can be generated. The laser pulse characteristics and its gas lifetime is an important issue for long-term laser operation. Boltzmann transport equation is therefore solved numerically for TEA CO 2 laser gas mixtures having very little nitrogen to predict electron energy distribution function (EEDF). The distribution function is used to calculate various excitation and dissociation rate of CO 2 to predict laser pulse characteristics and laser gas lifetime, respectively. Laser rate equations have been solved with the calculated excitation rates for numerically evaluated discharge current and voltage profiles to calculate laser pulse shape. The calculated laser pulse shape and duration are in good agreement with the measured laser characteristics. The gas lifetime is estimated by integrating the equation governing the dissociation of CO 2. An experimental study of gas lifetime was carried out using quadrapole mass analyzer for such mixtures to estimate the O 2 being produced due to dissociation of CO 2 in the pulse discharge. The theoretically calculated O 2 concentration in the laser gas mixture matches with experimentally observed value. In the present TEA CO 2 laser system, for stable discharge the O 2 concentration should be below 0.2%.

  1. Buffer gas cooling and mixture analysis

    DOEpatents

    Patterson, David S.; Doyle, John M.

    2018-03-06

    An apparatus for spectroscopy of a gas mixture is described. Such an apparatus includes a gas mixing system configured to mix a hot analyte gas that includes at least one analyte species in a gas phase into a cold buffer gas, thereby forming a supersaturated mixture to be provided for spectroscopic analysis.

  2. Effectiveness and reaction networks of H2O2 vapor with NH3 gas for decontamination of the toxic warfare nerve agent, VX on a solid surface.

    PubMed

    Gon Ryu, Sam; Wan Lee, Hae

    2015-01-01

    The nerve agent, O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX) must be promptly eliminated following its release into the environment because it is extremely toxic, can cause death within a few minutes after exposure, acts through direct skin contact as well as inhalation, and persists in the environment for several weeks after release. A mixture of hydrogen peroxide vapor and ammonia gas was examined as a decontaminant for the removal of VX on solid surfaces at ambient temperature, and the reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR). All the VX on glass wool filter disks was found to be eliminated after 2 h of exposure to the decontaminant mixtures, and the primary decomposition product was determined to be non-toxic ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA); no toxic S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioic acid (EA-2192), which is usually produced in traditional basic hydrolysis systems, was found to be formed. However, other by-products, such as toxic O-ethyl S-vinyl methylphosphonothioate and (2-diisopropylaminoethyl) vinyl disulfide, were detected up to 150 min of exposure to the decontaminant mixture; these by-products disappeared after 3 h. The two detected vinyl byproducts were identified first in this study with the decontamination system of liquid VX on solid surfaces using a mixture of hydrogen peroxide vapor and ammonia gas. The detailed decontamination reaction networks of VX on solid surfaces produced by the mixture of hydrogen peroxide vapor and ammonia gas were suggested based on the reaction products. These findings suggest that the mixture of hydrogen peroxide vapor and ammonia gas investigated in this study is an efficient decontaminant mixture for the removal of VX on solid surfaces at ambient temperature despite the formation of a toxic by-product in the reaction process.

  3. Calculation and characteristic analysis on synergistic effect of CF3I gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Su, ZHAO; Yunkun, DENG; Yuhao, GAO; Dengming, XIAO

    2018-06-01

    CF3I is a potential SF6 alternative gas. In order to study the insulation properties and synergistic effects of CF3I/N2 and CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures, two-term approximate Boltzmann equations were used to obtain the ionization coefficient α, attachment coefficient η and the critical equivalent electrical field strength (E/N)cr. The results show that the (E/N)cr of CF3I gas at 300 K is 1.2 times that of SF6 gas, and CF3I/N2 and CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures both have synergistic effect occurred. The synergistic effect coefficient of CF3I/CO2 gas mixture was higher than that of CF3I/N2 gas mixture. But the (E/N)cr of CF3I/N2 is higher than that of CF3I/CO2 under the same conditions. When the content of CF3I exceeds 20%, the (E/N)cr of CF3I/N2 and CF3I/CO2 gas mixture increase linearly with the increasing of CF3I gas content. The breakdown voltage of CF3I/N2 gas mixture is also higher than that of CF3I/CO2 gas mixture in slightly non-uniform electrical field under power frequency voltage, but the synergistic effect coefficients of the two gas mixtures are basically the same.

  4. Resolving Discrepancies in the Measurements of the Interfacial Tension for the CO2 + H2O Mixture by Computer Simulation.

    PubMed

    Müller, Erich A; Mejía, Andrés

    2014-04-03

    Literature values regarding the pressure dependence of the interfacial tension of the system of carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) show an unexplained divergence and scatter at the transition between low-pressure gas-liquid equilibrium and the high-pressure liquid-liquid equilibrium. We employ the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT) and canonical molecular dynamics simulations based on the corresponding coarse grained force field to map out the phase diagram of the mixture and the interfacial tension for this system. We showcase how at ambient temperatures a triple point (gas-liquid-liquid) is expected and detail the implications that the appearance of the third phase has on the interfacial tensions of the system.

  5. Optimization of intermolecular potential parameters for the CO2/H2O mixture.

    PubMed

    Orozco, Gustavo A; Economou, Ioannis G; Panagiotopoulos, Athanassios Z

    2014-10-02

    Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs ensemble were used to obtain optimized intermolecular potential parameters to describe the phase behavior of the mixture CO2/H2O, over a range of temperatures and pressures relevant for carbon capture and sequestration processes. Commonly used fixed-point-charge force fields that include Lennard-Jones 12-6 (LJ) or exponential-6 (Exp-6) terms were used to describe CO2 and H2O intermolecular interactions. For force fields based on the LJ functional form, changes of the unlike interactions produced higher variations in the H2O-rich phase than in the CO2-rich phase. A major finding of the present study is that for these potentials, no combination of unlike interaction parameters is able to adequately represent properties of both phases. Changes to the partial charges of H2O were found to produce significant variations in both phases and are able to fit experimental data in both phases, at the cost of inaccuracies for the pure H2O properties. By contrast, for the Exp-6 case, optimization of a single parameter, the oxygen-oxygen unlike-pair interaction, was found sufficient to give accurate predictions of the solubilities in both phases while preserving accuracy in the pure component properties. These models are thus recommended for future molecular simulation studies of CO2/H2O mixtures.

  6. Ab initio molecular dynamics study of fluid H2O-CO2 mixture in broad pressure-temperature range

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fu, Jie; Zhao, Jijun; Plyasunov, Andrey V.; Belonoshko, Anatoly B.

    2017-11-01

    Properties of H2O and CO2 fluid and their mixtures under extreme pressures and temperatures are poorly known yet critically important in a number of applications. Several hundreds of first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) runs have been performed to obtain the pressure-volume-temperature (P-V-T) data on supercritical H2O, CO2, and H2O-CO2 mixtures. The pressure-temperature (P-T) range are from 0.5 GPa to 104 GPa (48.5 GPa for CO2) and from 600 K to 4000 K. Based on these data, we evaluate several existing equations of state (EOS) for the fluid H2O, CO2, and H2O-CO2 mixture. The results show that the EOS for H2O from Belonoshko et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 381-387; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 3191-3208; Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 3611-3626; Comput. Geosci. 18, 1267-1269] not only can be used in the studied P-T range but also is accurate enough to be used for prediction of P-V-T data. In addition, IAPWS-95 EOS for H2O shows excellent extrapolation behavior beyond 1.0 GPa and 1273 K. However, for the case of CO2, none of the existing EOS produces data in agreement with the FPMD results. We created new EOS for CO2. The precision of the new EOS is tested by comparison to the calculated P-V-T data, fugacity coefficient of the CO2 fluid derived from high P-T experimental data as well as to the (very scarce) experimental volumetric data in the high P-T range. On the basis of our FPMD data we created a new EOS for H2O-CO2 mixture. The new EOS for the mixture is in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

  7. Dielectric gas mixtures containing sulfur hexafluoride

    DOEpatents

    Cooke, Chathan M.

    1979-01-01

    Electrically insulating gaseous media of unexpectedly high dielectric strength comprised of mixtures of two or more dielectric gases are disclosed wherein the dielectric strength of at least one gas in each mixture increases at less than a linear rate with increasing pressure and the mixture gases are present in such proportions that the sum of their electrical discharge voltages at their respective partial pressures exceeds the electrical discharge voltage of each individual gas at the same temperature and pressure as that of the mixture.

  8. Gas mixtures for spark gap closing switches

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, L.G.; McCorkle, D.L.; Hunter, S.R.

    1987-02-20

    Gas mixtures for use in spark gap closing switches comprised of fluorocarbons and low molecular weight, inert buffer gases. To this can be added a third gas having a low ionization potential relative to the buffer gas. The gas mixtures presented possess properties that optimized the efficiency spark gap closing switches. 6 figs.

  9. Physical limit of stability in supercooled D2O and D2O+H2O mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kiselev, S. B.; Ely, J. F.

    2003-01-01

    The fluctuation theory of homogeneous nucleation was applied for calculating the physical boundary of metastable states, the kinetic spinodal, in supercooled D2O and D2O+H2O mixtures. The kinetic spinodal in our approach is completely determined by the surface tension and equation of state of the supercooled liquid. We developed a crossover equation of state for supercooled D2O, which predicts a second critical point of low density water-high density water equilibrium, CP2, and represents all available experimental data in supercooled D2O within experimental accuracy. Using Turnbull's expression for the surface tension we calculated with the crossover equation of state for supercooled D2O the kinetic spinodal, TKS, which lies below the homogeneous nucleation temperature, TH. We show that CP2 always lies inside in the so-called "nonthermodynamic habitat" and physically does not exist. However, the concept of a second "virtual" critical point is physical and very useful. Using this concept we have extended this approach to supercooled D2O+H2O mixtures. As an example, we consider here an equimolar D2O+H2O mixture in normal and supercooled states at atmospheric pressure, P=0.1 MPa.

  10. Effect of glow DBD modulation on gas and thin film chemical composition: case of Ar/SiH4/NH3 mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vallade, Julien; Bazinette, Remy; Gaudy, Laura; Massines, Françoise

    2014-06-01

    In recent years, atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition has been identified as a convenient way to deposit good quality thin films. With this type of process, where the gas mixture is injected on one side of the electrodes, the chemical composition of the gas evolves with the gas residence time in the plasma. The consequence is a possible gradient in the chemical composition over the thickness of in-line coatings. The present work shows that the modulation of the plasma with a square signal significantly reduces this gradient while the drawback of low growth rate is avoided by increasing the discharge power. This study deals with plane/plane glow dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) in an Ar/NH3/SiH4 gas mixture to make thin films. The 50 kHz discharge power of the glow DBD was varied by increasing voltage and modulating excitation. The impact on (i) the plasma development was observed through emission spectroscopy and (ii) the thin film coating through Fourier transform infrared measurements. It is shown that the modulation significantly decreases the time and the energy needed to achieve stable chemistry, enhances secondary chemistry and limits disturbance induced by impurities because of a slower decrease of SiH4 concentration and thus a higher ratio of SiH4/impurities, all very important points for in-line AP-PECVD development. When the growth rate is limited by diffusion, coating growth continues when the discharge is off, so long as there is a precursor gradient between the surface and the gas bulk. A higher discharge power steepens this gradient, which enhances diffusion from the bulk and thus growth rate.

  11. H2S mediated thermal and photochemical methane activation

    PubMed Central

    Baltrusaitis, Jonas; de Graaf, Coen; Broer, Ria; Patterson, Eric

    2013-01-01

    Sustainable, low temperature methods of natural gas activation are critical in addressing current and foreseeable energy and hydrocarbon feedstock needs. Large portions of natural gas resources are still too expensive to process due to their high content of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) in mixture with methane, CH4, altogether deemed as sub-quality or “sour” gas. We propose a unique method for activating this “sour” gas to form a mixture of sulfur-containing hydrocarbon intermediates, CH3SH and CH3SCH3, and an energy carrier, such as H2. For this purpose, we computationally investigated H2S mediated methane activation to form a reactive CH3SH species via direct photolysis of sub-quality natural gas. Photoexcitation of hydrogen sulfide in the CH4+H2S complex results in a barrier-less relaxation via a conical intersection to form a ground state CH3SH+H2 complex. The resulting CH3SH can further be heterogeneously coupled over acidic catalysts to form higher hydrocarbons while the H2 can be used as a fuel. This process is very different from a conventional thermal or radical-based processes and can be driven photolytically at low temperatures, with enhanced controllability over the process conditions currently used in industrial oxidative natural gas activation. Finally, the proposed process is CO2 neutral, as opposed to the currently industrially used methane steam reforming (SMR). PMID:24150813

  12. New approach in direct-simulation of gas mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chung, Chan-Hong; De Witt, Kenneth J.; Jeng, Duen-Ren

    1991-01-01

    Results are reported for an investigation of a new direct-simulation Monte Carlo method by which energy transfer and chemical reactions are calculated. The new method, which reduces to the variable cross-section hard sphere model as a special case, allows different viscosity-temperature exponents for each species in a gas mixture when combined with a modified Larsen-Borgnakke phenomenological model. This removes the most serious limitation of the usefulness of the model for engineering simulations. The necessary kinetic theory for the application of the new method to mixtures of monatomic or polyatomic gases is presented, including gas mixtures involving chemical reactions. Calculations are made for the relaxation of a diatomic gas mixture, a plane shock wave in a gas mixture, and a chemically reacting gas flow along the stagnation streamline in front of a hypersonic vehicle. Calculated results show that the introduction of different molecular interactions for each species in a gas mixture produces significant differences in comparison with a common molecular interaction for all species in the mixture. This effect should not be neglected for accurate DSMC simulations in an engineering context.

  13. Laser flash-photolysis and gas discharge in N2O-containing mixture: kinetic mechanism

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kosarev, Ilya; Popov, Nikolay; Starikovskaia, Svetlana; Starikovskiy, Andrey; mipt Team

    2011-10-01

    The paper is devoted to further experimental and theoretical analysis of ignition by ArF laser flash-photolysis and nanosecond discharge in N2O-containing mixture has been done. Additional experiments have been made to assure that laser emission is distributed uniformly throughout the cross-section. The series of experiments was proposed and carried out to check validity of O(1D) determination in experiments on plasma assisted ignition initiated by flash-photolysis. In these experiments, ozone density in the given mixture (mixture composition and kinetics has been preliminary analyzed) was measured using UV light absorption in Hartley band. Good coincidence between experimental data and results of calculations have been obtained Temporal behavior of energy input, electric field and electric current has been measured and analyzed. These data are considered as initial conditions for numerical modeling of the discharge in O2:N2O:H2:Ar = 0.3:1:3:5 mixture. Ion-molecular reactions and reactions of active species production in Ar:H2:O2:N2O mixture were analyzed. The set of reactions to describe chemical transformation in the system due to the discharge action has been selected.

  14. C+/H2 gas in star-forming clouds and galaxies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nordon, Raanan; Sternberg, Amiel

    2016-11-01

    We present analytic theory for the total column density of singly ionized carbon (C+) in the optically thick photon dominated regions (PDRs) of far-UV irradiated (star-forming) molecular clouds. We derive a simple formula for the C+ column as a function of the cloud (hydrogen) density, the far-UV field intensity, and metallicity, encompassing the wide range of galaxy conditions. When assuming the typical relation between UV and density in the cold neutral medium, the C+ column becomes a function of the metallicity alone. We verify our analysis with detailed numerical PDR models. For optically thick gas, most of the C+ column is mixed with hydrogen that is primarily molecular (H2), and this `C+/H2' gas layer accounts for almost all of the `CO-dark' molecular gas in PDRs. The C+/H2 column density is limited by dust shielding and is inversely proportional to the metallicity down to ˜0.1 solar. At lower metallicities, H2 line blocking dominates and the C+/H2 column saturates. Applying our theory to CO surveys in low-redshift spirals, we estimate the fraction of C+/H2 gas out of the total molecular gas to be typically ˜0.4. At redshifts 1 < z < 3 in massive disc galaxies the C+/H2 gas represents a very small fraction of the total molecular gas (≲ 0.16). This small fraction at high redshifts is due to the high gas surface densities when compared to local galaxies.

  15. Amine–mixed oxide hybrid materials for carbon dioxide adsorption from CO2/H2 mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ravi, Navin; Aishah Anuar, Siti; Yusuf, Nur Yusra Mt; Isahak, Wan Nor Roslam Wan; Shahbudin Masdar, Mohd

    2018-05-01

    Bio-hydrogen mainly contains hydrogen and high level of carbon dioxide (CO2). High concentration of CO2 lead to a limitation especially in fuel cell application. In this study, the amine-mixed oxide hybrid materials for CO2 separation from bio-hydrogen model (50% CO2:50% H2) have been studied. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) characterizations showed that the amine–mixed oxide hybrid materials successfully adsorbed CO2 physically with no chemical adsorption evidence. The dry gas of CO2/H2 mixture adsorbed physically on amine–CuO–MgO hybrid material. No carbonates were detected after several times of adsorption, which indicated the good recyclability of adsorbents. The adsorbent system of diethanolamine (DEA)/15% CuO–75% MgO showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity of 21.2 wt% due to the presence of polar substance on MgO surface, which can adsorb CO2 at ambient condition. The alcohol group of DEA can enhance the CO2 solubility on the adsorbent surface. In the 20% CuO–50% MgO adsorbent system, DEA as amine type showed a high CO2 adsorption of 19.4 wt%. The 10% amine loading system showed that the DEA adsorption system provided high CO2 adsorption. The BET analysis confirmed that a high amine loading contributed to the decrease in CO2 adsorption due to the low surface area of the adsorbent system.

  16. Investigation of the noble gas solubility in H 2O-CO 2 bearing silicate liquids at moderate pressure II: the extended ionic porosity (EIP) model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nuccio, P. M.; Paonita, A.

    2000-12-01

    A semi-theoretical model is proposed to predict partitioning of noble gases between any silicate liquid and a H 2O-CO 2 gas phase with noble gas as a minor component, in a large range of pressures (at least up to 300 MPa). The model is based on the relationship between the concentration of dissolved noble gas and ionic porosity of the melt, found by Carroll and Stolper [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 5039-5051] for H 2O-CO 2 free melts. It evaluates the effect of dissolved H 2O and CO 2 on the melt ionic porosity and, consequently on Henry's constants of noble gases. The fugacities of the noble gases in the H 2O-CO 2-noble gas mixtures are also considered in our equilibrium calculations of dissolved gas by using a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state for the H 2O-CO 2-noble gas system. The formulated model (referred to as the extended ionic porosity model) clearly predicts a positive dependence of noble gas solubility on dissolved H 2O in melt, which becomes negligible when water concentration is higher than 3 wt%. Oppositely, noble gas solubility decreases as a consequence of increasing CO 2 in both basaltic and rhyolitic melts. The increase of noble gas solubility as a consequence of H 2O addition to the melt grows exponentially with the increase of the noble gas atomic size. As a result, although xenon solubility is much lower than the helium solubility in anhydrous melts, they become almost comparable at several percent of dissolved H 2O in the melt. On this basis, an exponential augmentation of the number of large free spaces in silicate liquid can be inferred in relation to increasing dissolved H 2O. Comparison between our predicted values and available experimental data [A. Paonita et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 181 (2000) 595-604] shows good agreement. At present, the EIP model is the unique tool which predicts how the main volatiles in magmatic systems affect the noble gas solubility in silicate melts, therefore it should be taken into account

  17. Synthesis of ultrasmooth nanostructured diamond films by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition using a He/H(2)/CH(4)/N(2) gas mixture.

    PubMed

    Chowdhury, S; Hillman, Damon A; Catledge, Shane A; Konovalov, Valery V; Vohra, Yogesh K

    2006-10-01

    Ultrasmooth nanostructured diamond (USND) films were synthesized on Ti-6Al-4V medical grade substrates by adding helium in H(2)/CH(4)/N(2) plasma and changing the N(2)/CH(4) gas flow from 0 to 0.6. We were able to deposit diamond films as smooth as 6 nm (root-mean-square), as measured by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) scan area of 2 μm(2). Grain size was 4-5 nm at 71% He in (H(2) + He) and N(2)/CH(4) gas flow ratio of 0.4 without deteriorating the hardness (~50-60 GPa). The characterization of the films was performed with AFM, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation techniques. XRD and Raman results showed the nanocrystalline nature of the diamond films. The plasma species during deposition were monitored by optical emission spectroscopy. With increasing N(2)/CH(4) feedgas ratio (CH(4) was fixed) in He/H(2)/CH(4)/N(2) plasma, a substantial increase of CN radical (normalized by Balmer H(α) line) was observed along with a drop in surface roughness up to a critical N(2)/CH(4) ratio of 0.4. The CN radical concentration in the plasma was thus correlated to the formation of ultrasmooth nanostructured diamond films.

  18. Raman analysis of an impacted α-GeO2-H2O mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rosales, Ivonne; Thions-Renero, Claude; Martinez, Erendira; Agulló-Rueda, Fernando; Bucio, Lauro; Orozco, Eligio

    2012-09-01

    Through a Raman analysis, we detected polymorphism at high pressure on mixtures of α-GeO2 microcrystalline powder and water under impact experiments with a single-stage gas gun. The Raman measurements taken from recovered samples show two vibrational modes associated with water-related species. After the impact, the size of the α-GeO2 crystallites was approximately 10 times higher showing molten zones and a lot of porous faces. Raman examination showed some unknown peaks possibly associated with other GeO2 polymorphs detected by X-ray diffraction experiments and perhaps stabilized in the porous of the α-GeO2 crystallites.

  19. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in the Mixture 1,1-Difluoroethane C2H4F2 + C4H8 2-Methylpropene (EVLM1131, LB5730_E)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cibulka, I.; Fontaine, J.-C.; Sosnkowska-Kehiaian, K.; Kehiaian, H. V.

    This document is part of Subvolume A 'Binary Liquid Systems of Nonelectrolytes I' of Volume 26 'Heats of Mixing, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium, and Volumetric Properties of Mixtures and Solutions' of Landolt-Börnstein Group IV 'Physical Chemistry'. It contains the Chapter 'Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in the Mixture 1,1-Difluoroethane C2H4F2 + C4H8 2-Methylpropene (EVLM1131, LB5730_E)' providing data from direct measurement of pressure and mole fraction in vapor phase at variable mole fraction in liquid phase and constant temperature.

  20. Kinetic model for the vibrational energy exchange in flowing molecular gas mixtures. Ph.D. Thesis

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Offenhaeuser, F.

    1987-01-01

    The present study is concerned with the development of a computational model for the description of the vibrational energy exchange in flowing gas mixtures, taking into account a given number of energy levels for each vibrational degree of freedom. It is possible to select an arbitrary number of energy levels. The presented model uses values in the range from 10 to approximately 40. The distribution of energy with respect to these levels can differ from the equilibrium distribution. The kinetic model developed can be employed for arbitrary gaseous mixtures with an arbitrary number of vibrational degrees of freedom for each type of gas. The application of the model to CO2-H2ON2-O2-He mixtures is discussed. The obtained relations can be utilized in a study of the suitability of radiation-related transitional processes, involving the CO2 molecule, for laser applications. It is found that the computational results provided by the model agree very well with experimental data obtained for a CO2 laser. Possibilities for the activation of a 16-micron and 14-micron laser are considered.

  1. Effect of inhalation of different mixtures of O2 and CO2 on retinal blood flow

    PubMed Central

    Luksch, A; Garhöfer, G; Imhof, A; Polak, K; Polska, E; Dorner, G T; Anzenhofer, S; Wolzt, M; Schmetterer, L

    2002-01-01

    Aim: To determine the effects of various mixtures of O2 and CO2 on retinal blood flow in healthy subjects. Methods: A randomised, double masked, four way crossover trial was carried out in 12 healthy male non-smoking subjects. Gas mixtures (100% O2, 97.5% O2 + 2.5% CO2, 95% O2 + 5% CO2, and 92% O2 + 8% CO2) were administered for 10 minutes each. Two non-invasive methods were used: laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) for measurement of retinal blood velocity and fundus imaging with the Zeiss retinal vessel analyser (RVA) for the assessment of retinal vessel diameters. Arterial pH, pCO2, and pO2 were determined with an automatic blood gas analysis system. Retinal blood flow through a major temporal vein was calculated. Results: Retinal blood velocity, retinal vessel diameter, and retinal blood flow decreased during all breathing periods (p <0.001 each). Administration of 92% O2 + 8% CO2 significantly increased SBP, MAP, and PR (p <0.001 each, versus baseline), whereas the other gas mixtures had little effect on systemic haemodynamics. Addition of 2.5%, 5%, and 8% CO2 to oxygen caused a marked decrease in pH and an increase in pCO2 (p <0.001 versus pure oxygen). Conclusions: Breathing of pure oxygen and oxygen in combination with carbon dioxide significantly decreases retinal blood flow. Based on these data the authors speculate that hyperoxia induced vasoconstriction is not due to changes in intravascular pH and cannot be counteracted by an intravascular increase in pCO2. PMID:12234896

  2. Superconducting cable cooling system by helium gas and a mixture of gas and liquid helium

    DOEpatents

    Dean, John W.

    1977-01-01

    Thermally contacting, oppositely streaming cryogenic fluid streams in the same enclosure in a closed cycle that changes from a cool high pressure helium gas to a cooler reduced pressure helium fluid comprised of a mixture of gas and boiling liquid so as to be near the same temperature but at different pressures respectively in go and return legs that are in thermal contact with each other and in thermal contact with a longitudinally extending superconducting transmission line enclosed in the same cable enclosure that insulates the line from the ambient at a temperature T.sub.1. By first circulating the fluid in a go leg from a refrigerator at one end of the line as a high pressure helium gas near the normal boiling temperature of helium; then circulating the gas through an expander at the other end of the line where the gas becomes a mixture of reduced pressure gas and boiling liquid at its boiling temperature; then by circulating the mixture in a return leg that is separated from but in thermal contact with the gas in the go leg and in the same enclosure therewith; and finally returning the resulting low pressure gas to the refrigerator for compression into a high pressure gas at T.sub.2 is a closed cycle, where T.sub.1 >T.sub.2, the temperature distribution is such that the line temperature is nearly constant along its length from the refrigerator to the expander due to the boiling of the liquid in the mixture. A heat exchanger between the go and return lines removes the gas from the liquid in the return leg while cooling the go leg.

  3. Process and catalyst for converting synthesis gas to liquid hydrocarbon mixture

    DOEpatents

    Rao, V. Udaya S.; Gormley, Robert J.

    1987-01-01

    Synthesis gas containing CO and H.sub.2 is converted to a high-octane hydrocarbon liquid in the gasoline boiling point range by bringing the gas into contact with a heterogeneous catalyst including, in physical mixture, a zeolite molecular sieve, cobalt at 6-20% by weight, and thoria at 0.5-3.9% by weight. The contacting occurs at a temperature of 250.degree.-300.degree. C., and a pressure of 10-30 atmospheres. The conditions can be selected to form a major portion of the hydrocarbon product in the gasoline boiling range with a research octane of more than 80 and less than 10% by weight aromatics.

  4. Synthesis of activated carbon from oil fly ash for removal of H2S from gas stream

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aslam, Zaheer; Shawabkeh, Reyad A.; Hussein, Ibnelwaleed A.; Al-Baghli, Nadhir; Eic, Mladen

    2015-02-01

    Activated carbon (AC) is made from waste oil fly ash (OFA) which is produced in large quantities from power generation plants through combustion of heavy fuel oil. OFA contains ∼80% carbon that makes it suitable for producing AC by physicochemical treatments using a mixture of HNO3, H2SO4, and H3PO4 acids to remove non-carbonaceous impurities. The acid treated OFA is then activated by CO2 at 990 °C. The physico-chemical treatments of OFA have increased the surface area from 4 to 375 m2/g. Surface morphology and pore volume of AC are characterized by combined SEM and EDX techniques. Elemental analysis shows that sulfur content is reduced from 7.1 wt% in untreated OFA to 0.51 wt% for the treated OFA. The AC is further treated with HNO3 and NH4OH solutions in order to attach the carboxylic and amine groups on the surface, respectively. FTIR characterization is used to confirm the presence of the functional groups on the surface of AC at different stages of its development. The performance of functionalized AC samples is tested for the removal of H2S from a synthetic natural gas by carrying out breakthrough experiments. The results from these tests have shown maximum adsorption capacity of 0.3001 mg/g for NH4OH functionalized activated carbon with 86.43% regeneration efficiency. The ammonium hydroxide treated AC is found to be more effective for H2S removal than acid treated AC as confirmed by breakthrough experiments. The results indicate that the presence of more acidic functionalities on the surface reduces the H2S adsorption efficiency from the gas mixture.

  5. A 490 W transversely excited atmospheric CO2 spark gap laser with added H2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zand, M.; Koushki, A. M.; Neshati, R.; Kia, B.; Khorasani, K.

    2018-02-01

    In this paper we present a new design for a high pulse repetition rate transversely excited atmospheric CO2 laser with ultraviolet pre-ionization. A new method of fast thyristor capacitor charging and discharging by a spark gap is used. The effect of H2 gas addition on the output and stability of a transversely excited atmospheric laser operating with a basic mixture of CO2, N2 and He is investigated. The output power was increased by adding H2 to the gas mixture ratio of CO2:N2:He:H2  =  1:1:8:0.5 at total pressure of 850 mbar. An average power of 490 W at 110 Hz with 4.5 J per pulse was obtained. The laser efficiency was 11.2% and oxygen gas was used in the spark gap for electron capture to reduce the recovery time and increase the repetition rate.

  6. Devices for the Production of Reference Gas Mixtures.

    PubMed

    Fijało, Cyprian; Dymerski, Tomasz; Gębicki, Jacek; Namieśnik, Jacek

    2016-09-02

    For many years there has been growing demand for gaseous reference materials, which is connected with development in many fields of science and technology. As a result, new methodological and instrumental solutions appear that can be used for this purpose. Appropriate quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) must be used to make sure that measurement data are a reliable source of information. Reference materials are a significant element of such systems. In the case of gas samples, such materials are generally called reference gas mixtures. This article presents the application and classification of reference gas mixtures, which are a specific type of reference materials, and the methods for obtaining them are described. Construction solutions of devices for the production of reference gas mixtures are detailed, and a description of a prototype device for dynamic production of reference gas mixtures containing aroma compounds is presented.

  7. Predicting possible effects of H2S impurity on CO2 transportation and geological storage.

    PubMed

    Ji, Xiaoyan; Zhu, Chen

    2013-01-02

    For CO(2) geological storage, permitting impurities, such as H(2)S, in CO(2) streams can lead to a great potential for capital and energy savings for CO(2) capture and separation, but it also increases costs and risk management for transportation and storage. To evaluate the cost-benefits, using a recently developed model (Ji, X.; Zhu, C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 91, 40-59), this study predicts phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of the system H(2)S-CO(2)-H(2)O-NaCl under transportation and storage conditions and discusses potential effects of H(2)S on transportation and storage. The prediction shows that inclusion of H(2)S in CO(2) streams may lead to two-phase flow. For H(2)S-CO(2) mixtures, at a given temperature, the bubble and dew pressures decrease with increasing H(2)S content, while the mass density increases at low pressures and decreases at high pressures. For the CO(2)-H(2)S-H(2)O system, the total gas solubility increases while the mass density of the aqueous solution with dissolved gas decreases. For the CO(2)-H(2)S-H(2)O-NaCl system, at a given temperature, pressure and NaCl concentration, the solubility of the gas mixture in aqueous phase increases with increasing H(2)S content and then decreases, while the mass density of aqueous solution decreases and may be lower than the mass density of the solution without gas dissolution.

  8. Investigation of hydrate formation in the system H2-CH4-H2O at a pressure up to 250 MPa.

    PubMed

    Skiba, Sergei S; Larionov, Eduard G; Manakov, Andrey Y; Kolesov, Boris A; Kosyakov, Viktor I

    2007-09-27

    Phase equilibria in the system H2-CH4-H2O are investigated by means of differential thermal analysis within hydrogen concentration range 0-70 mol % and at a pressure up to 250 MPa. All the experiments were carried out under the conditions of gas excess. With an increase in hydrogen concentration in the initial gas mixture, decomposition temperature of the formed hydrates decreased. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra of the quenched hydrate samples obtained at a pressure of 20 MPA from a gas mixture containing 40 mol % hydrogen were recorded. It turned out that the hydrate has cubic structure I under these conditions. The Raman spectra showed that hydrogen molecules are not detected in the hydrate within the sensitivity of the method, that is, almost pure methane hydrate is formed. The general view of the phase diagram of the investigated system is proposed. A thermodynamic model was proposed to explain a decrease in hydrate decomposition temperature in the system with an increase in the concentration of hydrogen in the initial mixture.

  9. CO2 splitting by H2O to CO and O2 under UV light in TiMCM-41silicate sieve

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lin, Wenyong; Han, Hongxian; Frei, Heinz

    2004-04-06

    The 266 nm light-induced reaction of CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O gas mixtures (including isotopic modifications {sup 13}CO{sub 2}, C{sup 18}O{sub 2}, and D{sub 2}O) in framework TiMCM-41 silicate sieve was monitored by in-situ FT-IR spectroscopy at room temperature. Carbon monoxide gas was observed as the sole product by infrared, and the growth was found to depend linearly on the photolysis laser power. H{sub 2}O was confirmed as stoichiometric electron donor. The work establishes CO as the single photon, 2-electron transfer product of CO{sub 2} photoreduction by H{sub 2}O at framework Ti centers for the first time. O{sub 2} wasmore » detected as co-product by mass spectrometric analysis of the photolysis gas mixture. These results are explained by single UV photon-induced splitting of CO{sub 2} by H{sub 2}O to CO and surface OH radical.« less

  10. Tunneling chemical reactions D+H{sub 2}{yields}DH+H and D+DH{yields}D{sub 2}+H in solid D{sub 2}-H{sub 2} and HD-H{sub 2} mixtures: An electron-spin-resonance study

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kumada, Takayuki

    2006-03-07

    Tunneling chemical reactions D+H{sub 2}{yields}DH+H and D+DH{yields}D{sub 2}+H in solid HD-H{sub 2} and D{sub 2}-H{sub 2} mixtures were studied in the temperature range between 4 and 8 K. These reactions were initiated by UV photolysis of DI molecules doped in these solids for 30 s and followed by measuring the time course of electron-spin-resonance (ESR) intensities of D and H atoms. ESR intensity of D atoms produced by the photolysis decreases but that of H atoms increases with time. Time course of the D and H intensities has the fast and slow processes. The fast process, which finishes within {approx}300more » s after the photolysis, is assigned to the reaction of D atom with one of its nearest-neighboring H{sub 2} molecules, D(H{sub 2}){sub n}(HD){sub 12-n}{yields}H(H{sub 2}){sub n-1}(HD){sub 13-n} or D(H{sub 2}){sub n}(D{sub 2}){sub 12-n}{yields}H(HD)(H{sub 2}){sub n-1}(D{sub 2}){sub 12-n} for 12{>=}n{>=}1. Rate constant for the D+H{sub 2} reaction between neighboring D atom-H{sub 2} molecule pair is determined to be (7.5{+-}0.7)x10{sup -3} s{sup -1} in solid HD-H{sub 2} and (1.3{+-}0.3)x10{sup -2} s{sup -1} in D{sub 2}-H{sub 2} at 4.1 K, which is very close to that calculated based on the theory of chemical reaction in gas phase by Hancock et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 91, 3492 (1989)] and Takayanagi and Sato [J. Chem. Phys. 92, 2862 (1990)]. This rate constant was found to be independent of temperature up to 7 K within experimental error of {+-}30%. The slow process is assigned to the reaction of D atom produced in a cage fully surrounded by HD or D{sub 2} molecules, D(HD){sub 12} or D(D{sub 2}){sub 12}. This D atom undergoes the D+DH reaction with one of its nearest-neighboring HD molecules in solid HD-H{sub 2} or diffuses to the neighbor of H{sub 2} molecules to allow the D+H{sub 2} reaction in solid HD-H{sub 2} and D{sub 2}-H{sub 2}. The former is the main channel in solid HD-H{sub 2} below 6 K where D atoms diffuse very slowly, whereas the latter dominates

  11. Investigation of Wyoming Bentonite Hydration in Dry to Water-Saturated Supercritical CH4 and CH4/CO2 Mixtures: Implications for CO2-Enhanced Gas Production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Loring, J.

    2015-12-01

    Injection of CO2 into low permeability shale formations leads to additional gas recovery and reduces the flux of CO2 into the atmosphere, thus combining a strong economic incentive with a permanent storage option for CO2. Reduced formation transmissivity due to clay swelling is a concern in CO2-enhanced gas production. Clay minerals partly determine the physical (i.e. permeability, brittleness) and certain chemical properties (i.e. wetting ability, gas adsorption) of shales, and montmorillonites are of particular interest because they swell by the uptake of species in their interlayer. In this study, the hydration and expansion of Na-, Cs-, and NH4+-saturated montmorillonite (Na-, Cs-, and NH4-SWy-2) in high-pressure (90 bar) and moderate temperature (50 °C) methane, carbon dioxide, and CO2/CH4 mixtures (3 and 25 mole% CO2) were investigated using in situ IR spectroscopic titrations, in situ XRD, in situ MAS-NMR, and ab initio electronic structure calculations. The overarching goal was to better understand the hydration/expansion behavior of Na-SWy-2 in CO2/CH4 fluid mixtures by comparison to Cs-, and NH4+-saturated clays. Specific aims were to (1) determine if CH4 intercalates the clays, (2) probe the effects of increasing dissolved CO2 and H2O concentrations, and (3) understand the role of cation solvation by H2O and/or CO2. In pure CH4, no evidence of CH4 intercalation was detected by IR for any of the clays. Similarly, no measurable changes to the basal spacing were observed by XRD in the presence of pure CH4. However, when dry Cs- and NH4-SWy-2 were exposed to dry fluids containing CO2, IR showed maximum CO2 penetrated the interlayer, XRD indicated the clays expanded, and NMR showed evidence for cation solvation by CO2, in line with theoretical predictions. IR titration of these clays with water showed sorbed H2O concentrations decreased with increasing dissolved CO2, suggesting competition for interlayer residency by CO2 and H2O. For Na-SWy-2, on the other

  12. Kinetics of Reduction of CaO-FeO x -MgO-PbO-SiO2 Slags by CO-CO2 Gas Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jahanshahi, Sharif; Wright, Steven

    2017-08-01

    Kinetics of the reaction of lead slags (PbO-CaO-SiO2-FeO x -MgO) with CO-CO2 gas mixtures was studied by monitoring the changes in the slag composition when a stream of CO-CO2 gas mixture was blown on the surface of thin layers of slags (3 to 10 mm) at temperatures in the range of 1453 K to 1593 K (1180 °C to 1320 °C). These measurements were carried out under conditions where mass transfer in the gas phase was not the rate-limiting step and the reduction rates were insensitive to factors affecting mass transfer in the slag phase. The results show simultaneous reduction of PbO and Fe2O3 in the slag. The measured specific rate of oxygen removal from the melts varied from about 1 × 10-6 to 4 × 10-5 mol O cm-2 s-1 and was strongly dependent on the slag chemistry and its oxidation state, partial pressure of CO in the reaction gas mixture, and temperature. The deduced apparent first-order rate constant increased with increasing iron oxide content, oxidation state of the slag, and temperature. The results indicate that under the employed experimental conditions, the rate of formation of CO2 at the gas-slag interface is likely to be the rate-limiting step.

  13. Numerical Prediction of Radiation Measurements Taken in the X2 Facility for Mars and Titan Gas Mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Palmer, Grant; Prabhu, Dinesh; Brandis, Aaron; McIntyre, Timothy J.

    2011-01-01

    Thermochemical relaxation behind a normal shock in Mars and Titan gas mixtures is simulated using a CFD solver, DPLR, for a hemisphere of 1 m radius; the thermochemical relaxation along the stagnation streamline is considered equivalent to the flow behind a normal shock. Flow simulations are performed for a Titan gas mixture (98% N2, 2% CH4 by volume) for shock speeds of 5.7 and 7.6 km/s and pressures ranging from 20 to 1000 Pa, and a Mars gas mixture (96% CO2, and 4% N2 by volume) for a shock speed of 8.6 km/s and freestream pressure of 13 Pa. For each case, the temperatures and number densities of chemical species obtained from the CFD flow predictions are used as an input to a line-by-line radiation code, NEQAIR. The NEQAIR code is then used to compute the spatial distribution of volumetric radiance starting from the shock front to the point where thermochemical equilibrium is nominally established. Computations of volumetric spectral radiance assume Boltzmann distributions over radiatively linked electronic states of atoms and molecules. The results of these simulations are compared against experimental data acquired in the X2 facility at the University of Queensland, Australia. The experimental measurements were taken over a spectral range of 310-450 nm where the dominant contributor to radiation is the CN violet band system. In almost all cases, the present approach of computing the spatial variation of post-shock volumetric radiance by applying NEQAIR along a stagnation line computed using a high-fidelity flow solver with good spatial resolution of the relaxation zone is shown to replicate trends in measured relaxation of radiance for both Mars and Titan gas mixtures.

  14. Experimental and simulation studies of iron oxides for geochemical fixation of CO2-SO2 gas mixtures

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Garcia, Susana; Rosenbauer, Robert J.; Palandri, James; Maroto-Valer, M. Mercedes

    2011-01-01

    Iron-bearing minerals are reactive phases of the subsurface environment and could potentially trap CO2–SO2gas mixtures derived from fossil fuel combustion processes by their conversion to siderite (FeCO3) and dissolved sulfate. Changes in fluid and mineral compositions resulting from reactions, involving the co-injection of SO2 with CO2 were observed both theoretically and experimentally. Experiments were conducted with a natural hematite (α-Fe2O3) sample. A high pressure-high temperature apparatus was used to simulate conditions in geologic formations deeper than 800 m, where CO2 is in the supercritical state. Solid samples were allowed to react with a NaCl–NaOH brine and SO2-bearing CO2-dominated gas mixtures. The predicted equilibrium mineral assemblage at 100 °C and 250 bar became hematite, dawsonite (NaAl(OH)2CO3), siderite (FeCO3) and quartz (SiO2). Experimentally, siderite and dawsonite, derived from the presence of kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) in the parent material, were present in residual solids at longer reaction time intervals, which agreed well with results from the modelling work.

  15. Investigation of H2S separation from H2S/CH4 mixtures using functionalized and non-functionalized vertically aligned carbon nanotube membranes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gilani, Neda; Towfighi, Jafar; Rashidi, Alimorad; Mohammadi, Toraj; Omidkhah, Mohammad Reza; Sadeghian, Ahmad

    2013-04-01

    Separation of H2S from binary mixtures of H2S/CH4 using vertically aligned carbon nanotube membranes fabricated in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template was studied experimentally. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown in five AAO templates with different pore diameters using chemical vapor deposition, and CNT/AAO membranes with tubular carbon nanotube structure and open caps were selected for separation of H2S. For this, two tubular CNT/AAO membranes were fabricated with the CNT inner diameters of 23 and 8 nm. It was found that permeability and selectivity of the membrane with inner diameter of 23 nm for CNT were independent of upstream feed pressure and H2S feed concentration unlike that of CNT having an inner diameter of 8 nm. Selectivity of these membranes for separation of H2S was obtained in the ranges of 1.36-1.58 and 2.11-2.86, for CNTs with internal diameters of 23 and 8 nm, respectively. In order to enhance the separation of H2S from H2S/CH4 mixtures, dodecylamine was used to functionalize the CNT/AAO membrane with higher selectivity. The results showed that for amido-functionalized membrane, both upstream feed pressure and H2S partial pressure in the feed significantly increased H2S permeability, and selectivity for H2S being in the range of 3.0-5.57 respectively.

  16. U2 8 + -intensity record applying a H2 -gas stripper cell

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barth, Winfried; Adonin, Aleksey; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Heilmann, Manuel; Hollinger, Ralph; Jäger, Egon; Khuyagbaatar, Jadambaa; Krier, Joerg; Scharrer, Paul; Vormann, Hartmut; Yakushev, Alexander

    2015-04-01

    To meet the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research science requirements higher beam intensity has to be achieved in the present GSI-accelerator complex. For this an advanced upgrade program for the UNILAC is ongoing. Stripping is a key technology for all heavy ion accelerators. For this an extensive research and development program was carried out to optimize for high brilliance heavy ion operation. After upgrade of the supersonic N2 -gas jet (2007), implementation of high current foil stripping (2011) and preliminary investigation of H2 -gas jet operation (2012), recently (2014) a new H2 -gas cell using a pulsed gas regime synchronized with arrival of the beam pulse has been developed. An obviously enhanced stripper gas density as well as a simultaneously reduced gas load for the pumping system result in an increased stripping efficiency, while the beam emittance remains the same. A new record intensity (7.8 emA) for 238U2 8 + beams at 1.4 MeV /u has been achieved applying the pulsed high density H2 stripper target to a high intensity 238U4 + beam from the VARIS ion source with a newly developed extraction system. The experimental results are presented in detail.

  17. High pressure Raman spectroscopy of H2O-CH3OH mixtures.

    PubMed

    Hsieh, Wen-Pin; Chien, Yu-Hsiang

    2015-02-23

    Complex intra-molecular interactions and the hydrogen-bonding network in H2O-volatile mixtures play critical roles in many dynamics processes in physical chemistry, biology, and Earth and planetary sciences. We used high pressure Raman spectroscopy to study the pressure evolution of vibrational frequencies and bonding behavior in H2O-CH3OH mixtures. We found that the presence of low CH3OH content in H2O increases the transition pressure where water crystallizes to ice VI, but does not significantly change the pressure where ice VI transforms to ice VII. Furthermore, the stiffening rates of C-H stretching frequencies dω/dP in CH3OH significantly decrease upon the crystallization of water, and the softening rates of the O-H stretching frequencies of ice VII are suppressed over a narrow pressure range, after which the frequencies of these modes shift with pressure in ways similar to pure CH3OH and ice VII, respectively. Such complex pressure evolution of Raman frequencies along with pronounced variations in Raman intensities of CH3OH within the sample, and the hysteresis of the water-ice VI phase transition suggest pressure-induced segregation of low content CH3OH from ice VII. These findings indicate the significant influence of volatiles on the crystallization of sub-surface ocean and thermal evolution within large icy planets and satellites.

  18. Characteristics of surface-wave plasma with air-simulated N2 O2 gas mixture for low-temperature sterilization

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, L.; Nonaka, H.; Zhou, H. Y.; Ogino, A.; Nagata, T.; Koide, Y.; Nanko, S.; Kurawaki, I.; Nagatsu, M.

    2007-02-01

    Sterilization experiments using low-pressure air discharge plasma sustained by the 2.45 GHz surface-wave have been carried out. Geobacillus stearothermoplilus spores having a population of 3.0 × 106 were sterilized for only 3 min using air-simulated N2-O2 mixture gas discharge plasma, faster than the cases of pure O2 or pure N2 discharge plasmas. From the SEM analysis of plasma-irradiated spores and optical emission spectroscopy measurements of the plasmas, it has been found that the possible sterilization mechanisms of air-simulated plasma are the chemical etching effect due to the oxygen radicals and UV emission from the N2 molecules and NO radicals in the wavelength range 200-400 nm. Experiment suggested that UV emission in the wavelength range less than 200 nm might not be significant in the sterilization. The UV intensity at 237.0 nm originated from the NO γ system (A 2Σ+ → X 2Π) in N2-O2 plasma as a function of the O2 percentage added to N2-O2 mixture gas has been investigated. It achieved its maximum value when the O2 percentage was roughly 10-20%. This result suggests that air can be used as a discharge gas for sterilization, and indeed we have confirmed a rapid sterilization with the actual air discharge at a sample temperature of less than 65 °C.

  19. Inferential determination of various properties of a gas mixture

    DOEpatents

    Morrow, Thomas B.; Behring, II, Kendricks A.

    2007-03-27

    Methods for inferentially determining various properties of a gas mixture, when the speed of sound in the gas is known at an arbitrary temperature and pressure. The method can be applied to natural gas mixtures, where the known parameters are the sound speed, temperature, pressure, and concentrations of any dilute components of the gas. The method uses a set of reference gases and their calculated density and speed of sound values to estimate the density of the subject gas. Additional calculations can be made to estimate the molecular weight of the subject gas, which can then be used as the basis for heating value calculations. The method may also be applied to inferentially determine density and molecular weight for gas mixtures other than natural gases.

  20. Palladium(II)-Catalysed Aminocarbonylation of Terminal Alkynes for the Synthesis of 2-Ynamides: Addressing the Challenges of Solvents and Gas Mixtures.

    PubMed

    Hughes, N Louise; Brown, Clare L; Irwin, Andrew A; Cao, Qun; Muldoon, Mark J

    2017-02-22

    2-Ynamides can be synthesised through Pd II catalysed oxidative carbonylation, utilising low catalyst loadings. A variety of alkynes and amines can be used to afford 2-ynamides in high yields, whilst overcoming the drawbacks associated with previous oxidative methods, which rely on dangerous solvents and gas mixtures. The use of [NBu 4 ]I allows the utilisation of the industrially recommended solvent ethyl acetate. O 2 can be used as the terminal oxidant, and the catalyst can operate under safer conditions with low O 2 concentrations. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  1. Coherent soft X-ray high-order harmonics using tight-focusing laser pulses in the gas mixture.

    PubMed

    Lu, Faming; Xia, Yuanqin; Zhang, Sheng; Chen, Deying; Zhao, Yang; Liu, Bin

    2014-01-01

    We experimentally study the harmonics from a Xe-He gas mixture using tight-focusing femtosecond laser pulses. The spectrum in the mixed gases exhibits an extended cutoff region from the harmonic H21 to H27. The potential explanation is that the harmonics photons from Xe contribute the electrons of He atoms to transmit into the excited-state. Therefore, the harmonics are emitted from He atoms easily. Furthermore, we show that there are the suppressed harmonics H15 and H17 in the mixed gases. The underlying mechanism is the destructive interference between harmonics generated from different atoms. Our results indicate that HHG from Xe-He gas mixture is an efficient method of obtaining the coherent soft X-ray source.

  2. Effect of SiO2 coating layer morphology on TiH2 gas release characteristic.

    PubMed

    Yang, Zhimao; Fang, Jixiang; Ding, Bingjun

    2005-10-15

    In this study, a uniform and compact SiO2 film-coating layer was prepared on the surface of TiH2 particles by sol-gel method using inexpensive raw materials. The preparation process of SiO2-coated TiH2 particles and the effect of the coating layer morphology on the gas release characteristic were investigated in detail. When the pH value of TiH2 suspending solution is about 4.0 and the concentration of silicic acid is more than 0.5 mol/L, the coating layer shows a SiO2 particle-coating morphology. While a homogeneous and dense film-coating layer can be obtained when the solution pH value and concentration of silicic acid are about 4.0 and 0.5 mol/L. The results of gas release at 700 degrees C show that TiH2 particles coated with silicon dioxide layers can efficiently delay the starting time of gas release of TiH2 powders to 60-100 s. Comparing the particle-coating layer, the SiO2 film-coating layer has a better delaying effect on gas release of TiH2 particles.

  3. Fabrication of COF-MOF Composite Membranes and Their Highly Selective Separation of H2/CO2.

    PubMed

    Fu, Jingru; Das, Saikat; Xing, Guolong; Ben, Teng; Valtchev, Valentin; Qiu, Shilun

    2016-06-22

    The search for new types of membrane materials has been of continuous interest in both academia and industry, given their importance in a plethora of applications, particularly for energy-efficient separation technology. In this contribution, we demonstrate for the first time that a metal-organic framework (MOF) can be grown on the covalent-organic framework (COF) membrane to fabricate COF-MOF composite membranes. The resultant COF-MOF composite membranes demonstrate higher separation selectivity of H2/CO2 gas mixtures than the individual COF and MOF membranes. A sound proof for the synergy between two porous materials is the fact that the COF-MOF composite membranes surpass the Robeson upper bound of polymer membranes for mixture separation of a H2/CO2 gas pair and are among the best gas separation MOF membranes reported thus far.

  4. Catalytic activity of Cu4-cluster to adsorb H2S gas: h-BN nanosheet

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kansara, Shivam; Gupta, Sanjeev K.; Sonvane, Yogesh

    2018-05-01

    We have investigated the electronic properties, adsorptions strength and charge transfer using first principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT). The hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrate shows metallic behavior, which helps to enhance the absorption process. The adsorption of three different orientations (S, D and T) of the H2S gas molecules to analyze the maximum adsorption strength from them onto a copper cluster (Cu4) based on h-BN nanosheet. The maximum adsorption energy of the H2S gas molecule is -1.50 eV for the S orientation and for D and U, it is -0.71 eV and -0.78 eV, respectively. The results show that Cu4 cluster helps to capture H2S gas from the environment and results are useful for the cleaning environment from the toxic gases.

  5. Ternary gas mixture for diffuse discharge switch

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, Loucas G.; Hunter, Scott R.

    1988-01-01

    A new diffuse discharge gas switch wherein a mixture of gases is used to take advantage of desirable properties of the respective gases. There is a conducting gas, an insulating gas, and a third gas that has low ionization energy resulting in a net increase in the number of electrons available to produce a current.

  6. A microporous MOF with a polar pore surface exhibiting excellent selective adsorption of CO2 from CO2-N2 and CO2-CH4 gas mixtures with high CO2 loading.

    PubMed

    Pal, Arun; Chand, Santanu; Elahi, Syed Meheboob; Das, Madhab C

    2017-11-14

    A microporous MOF {[Zn(SDB)(L) 0.5 ]·S} n (IITKGP-5) with a polar pore surface has been constructed by the combination of a V-shaped -SO 2 functionalized organic linker (H 2 SDB = 4,4'-sulfonyldibenzoic acid) with an N-rich spacer (L = 2,5-bis(3-pyridyl)-3,4-diaza-2,4-hexadiene), forming a network with sql(2,6L1) topology. IITKGP-5 is characterized by TGA, PXRD and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The framework exhibits lozenge-shaped channels of an approximate size of 4.2 × 5.6 Å 2 along the crystallographic b axis with a potential solvent accessible volume of 26%. The activated IITKGP-5a revealed a CO 2 uptake capacity of 56.4 and 49 cm 3 g -1 at 273 K/1 atm and 295 K/1 atm, respectively. On the contrary, it takes up a much smaller amount of CH 4 (17 cm 3 g -1 at 273 K and 13.6 cm 3 g -1 at 295 K) and N 2 (5.5 cm 3 g -1 at 273 K; 4 cm 3 g -1 at 295 K) under 1 atm pressure exhibiting its potential for a highly selective adsorption of CO 2 from flue gas as well as a landfill gas mixture. Based on the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST), a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 435.5 and a CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity of 151.6 have been realized at 273 K/100 kPa. The values at 295 K are 147.8 for CO 2 /N 2 and 23.8 for CO 2 /CH 4 gas mixtures under 100 kPa. In addition, this MOF nearly approaches the target values proposed for PSA and TSA processes for practical utility exhibiting its prospect for flue gas separation with a CO 2 loading capacity of 2.04 mmol g -1 .

  7. Predicting mixed-gas adsorption equilibria on activated carbon for precombustion CO2 capture.

    PubMed

    García, S; Pis, J J; Rubiera, F; Pevida, C

    2013-05-21

    We present experimentally measured adsorption isotherms of CO2, H2, and N2 on a phenol-formaldehyde resin-based activated carbon, which had been previously synthesized for the separation of CO2 in a precombustion capture process. The single component adsorption isotherms were measured in a magnetic suspension balance at three different temperatures (298, 318, and 338 K) and over a large range of pressures (from 0 to 3000-4000 kPa). These values cover the temperature and pressure conditions likely to be found in a precombustion capture scenario, where CO2 needs to be separated from a CO2/H2/N2 gas stream at high pressure (~1000-1500 kPa) and with a high CO2 concentration (~20-40 vol %). Data on the pure component isotherms were correlated using the Langmuir, Sips, and dual-site Langmuir (DSL) models, i.e., a two-, three-, and four-parameter model, respectively. By using the pure component isotherm fitting parameters, adsorption equilibrium was then predicted for multicomponent gas mixtures by the extended models. The DSL model was formulated considering the energetic site-matching concept, recently addressed in the literature. Experimental gas-mixture adsorption equilibrium data were calculated from breakthrough experiments conducted in a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor and compared with the predictions from the models. Breakthrough experiments were carried out at a temperature of 318 K and five different pressures (300, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 kPa) where two different CO2/H2/N2 gas mixtures were used as the feed gas in the adsorption step. The DSL model was found to be the one that most accurately predicted the CO2 adsorption equilibrium in the multicomponent mixture. The results presented in this work highlight the importance of performing experimental measurements of mixture adsorption equilibria, as they are of utmost importance to discriminate between models and to correctly select the one that most closely reflects the actual process.

  8. Catalyst functionalized buffer sorbent pebbles for rapid separation of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures

    DOEpatents

    Aines, Roger D

    2015-03-31

    A method for separating CO.sub.2 from gas mixtures uses a slurried media impregnated with buffer compounds and coating the solid media with a catalyst or enzyme that promotes the transformation of CO.sub.2 to carbonic acid. Buffer sorbent pebbles with a catalyst or enzyme coating are provided for rapid separation of CO.sub.2 from gas mixtures.

  9. Catalyst functionalized buffer sorbent pebbles for rapid separation of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures

    DOEpatents

    Aines, Roger D.

    2013-03-12

    A method for separating CO.sub.2 from gas mixtures uses a slurried media impregnated with buffer compounds and coating the solid media with a catalyst or enzyme that promotes the transformation of CO.sub.2 to carbonic acid. Buffer sorbent pebbles with a catalyst or enzyme coating are provided for rapid separation of CO.sub.2 from gas mixtures.

  10. Detonation velocity in poorly mixed gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Prokhorov, E. S.

    2017-10-01

    The technique for computation of the average velocity of plane detonation wave front in poorly mixed mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon fuel and oxygen is proposed. Here it is assumed that along the direction of detonation propagation the chemical composition of the mixture has periodic fluctuations caused, for example, by layered stratification of gas charge. The technique is based on the analysis of functional dependence of ideal (Chapman-Jouget) detonation velocity on mole fraction (with respect to molar concentration) of the fuel. It is shown that the average velocity of detonation can be significantly (by more than 10%) less than the velocity of ideal detonation. The dependence that permits to estimate the degree of mixing of gas mixture basing on the measurements of average detonation velocity is established.

  11. Inelastic Collisions of N2, H2, and H2+He Mixtures in Supersonic Jets by Raman Spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fernández, J. M.; Fonfría, J. P.; Ramos, A.; Tejeda, G.; Montero, S.; Thibault, F.

    2008-12-01

    We present a detailed study of inelastic collisions at low temperature in several supersonic jets of N2, H2, and H2+He mixtures using different nozzles and stagnation conditions. Absolute number density and rotational population data of unprecedented accuracy are measured along the jet axis by Raman spectroscopy with high spatial resolution (<5 μm) and high-sensitivity (<1 photon/sec). The experimental data are interpreted by means of a master equation describing the time evolution of the rotational populations in terms of the state-to-state rate coefficients derived from high-level quantum calculations. This combination of experimental and calculated data leads to a detailed understanding of the underlying physics, consistent with the assumed isentropic behaviour. The breakdown of rotational-translational thermal equilibrium, and its space-time evolution along the jet axis are accounted for by the microscopic (state-to-state rate coefficients) and macroscopic (flow velocity, number density, temperatures) physical quantities. A highly consistent picture, free from any additional parameters, bridges this way the microsopic and macroscopic approaches to fluid dynamics along the jet axis.

  12. Dilution and permeation standards for the generation of NO, NO2 and SO2 calibration gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haerri, H.-P.; Macé, T.; Waldén, J.; Pascale, C.; Niederhauser, B.; Wirtz, K.; Stovcik, V.; Sutour, C.; Couette, J.; Waldén, T.

    2017-03-01

    The evaluation results of the metrological performance of a dilution and a permeation standard for generating SI-traceable calibration gas mixtures of NO, SO2 and NO2 for ambient air measurements are presented. The composition of the in situ produced reference gas mixtures is calculated from the instantaneous values of the input quantities of the generating standards. In a measurement comparison, the calibration and measurement capabilities of five laboratories were evaluated for the three analytes at limiting amount of substance fractions in ambient air between 20 and 150 nmol mol-1. For the upper generated reference values the target relative uncertainties of  ⩽2% (for NO and SO2) and  ⩽3% (for NO2) for evaluating the laboratory results were fulfilled in 12 out of 13 cases. For the analytical results seven out of nine laboratories met the criteria for the upper values for NO and NO2, for SO2 it was one out of four. From the negative degrees of equivalence of all NO2 comparison results it was supposed that the permeation rate of NO2 through the FEP polymer membrane of the permeator was different in air and N2. Subsequent precision permeation measurements with various carrier gases revealed that the permeation rate of NO2 was  ≈0.8% lower in synthetic air compared to N2. With the corrected NO2 reference values for air the degrees of equivalence of the laboratory results were improved and closer to be symmetrically distributed.

  13. Simulation and optical spectroscopy of a DC discharge in a CH4/H2/N2 mixture during deposition of nanostructured carbon films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mironovich, K. V.; Mankelevich, Yu. A.; Voloshin, D. G.; Dagesyan, S. A.; Krivchenko, V. A.

    2017-08-01

    Two-dimensional numerical simulations of a dc discharge in a CH4/H2/N2 mixture in the regime of deposition of nanostructured carbon films are carried out with account of the cathode electron beam effects. The distributions of the gas temperature and species number densities are calculated, and the main plasmachemical kinetic processes governing the distribution of methyl radicals above the substrate are analyzed. It is shown that the number density of methyl radicals above the substrate is several orders of magnitude higher than the number densities of other hydrocarbon radicals, which indicates that the former play a dominant role in the growth of nanostructured carbon films. The model is verified by comparing the measured optical emission profiles of the H( n ≡ 3), C 2 * , CH*, and CN* species and the calculated number densities of excited species, as well as the measured and calculated values of the discharge voltage and heat fluxes onto the electrodes and reactor walls. The key role of ion-electron recombination and dissociative excitation of H2, C2H2, CH4, and HCN molecules in the generation of emitting species (first of all, in the cold regions adjacent to the electrodes) is revealed.

  14. Numerical simulation of detonation reignition in H 2-O 2 mixtures in area expansions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jones, D. A.; Kemister, G.; Tonello, N. A.; Oran, E. S.; Sichel, M.

    Time-dependent, two-dimensional, numerical simulations of a transmitted detonation show reignition occuring by one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the collision of triple points as they expand along a decaying shock front. In the second mechanism ignition results from the coalescence of a number of small, relatively high pressure regions left over from the decay of weakened transverse waves. The simulations were performed using an improved chemical kinetic model for stoichiometric H 2-O 2 mixtures. The initial conditions were a propagating, two-dimensional detonation resolved enough to show transverse wave structure. The calculations provide clarification of the reignition mechanism seen in previous H 2-O 2-Ar simulations, and again demonstrate that the transverse wave structure of the detonation front is critical to the reignition process.

  15. Novel process and catalytic materials for converting CO2 and H2 containing mixtures to liquid fuels and chemicals.

    PubMed

    Meiri, Nora; Dinburg, Yakov; Amoyal, Meital; Koukouliev, Viatcheslav; Nehemya, Roxana Vidruk; Landau, Miron V; Herskowitz, Moti

    2015-01-01

    Carbon dioxide and water are renewable and the most abundant feedstocks for the production of chemicals and fungible fuels. However, the current technologies for production of hydrogen from water are not competitive. Therefore, reacting carbon dioxide with hydrogen is not economically viable in the near future. Other alternatives include natural gas, biogas or biomass for the production of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixtures that react to yield chemicals and fungible fuels. The latter process requires a high performance catalyst that enhances the reverse water-gas-shift (RWGS) reaction and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to higher hydrocarbons combined with an optimal reactor system. Important aspects of a novel catalyst, based on a Fe spinel and three-reactor system developed for this purpose published in our recent paper and patent, were investigated in this study. Potassium was found to be a key promoter that improves the reaction rates of the RWGS and FTS and increases the selectivity of higher hydrocarbons while producing mostly olefins. It changed the texture of the catalyst, stabilized the Fe-Al-O spinel, thus preventing decomposition into Fe3O4 and Al2O3. Potassium also increased the content of Fe5C2 while shifting Fe in the oxide and carbide phases to a more reduced state. In addition, it increased the relative exposure of carbide iron on the catalysts surface, the CO2 adsorption and the adsorption strength. A detailed kinetic model of the RWGS, FTS and methanation reactions was developed for the Fe spinel catalyst based on extensive experimental data measured over a range of operating conditions. Significant oligomerization activity of the catalyst was found. Testing the pelletized catalyst with CO2, CO and H2 mixtures over a range of operating conditions demonstrated its high productivity to higher hydrocarbons. The composition of the liquid (C5+) was found to be a function of the potassium content and the composition of the feedstock.

  16. Effects on H(-) production in a multicusp ion source by mixture of H2 with H2O, NH3, CH4, N2H4, and SF6

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Orient, O. J.; Chutjian, A.; Leung, K. N.

    1987-01-01

    Effects of H(-) production in a multicusp ion source are measured by separately mixing with hydrogen small amounts (0.33-10 percent) of water, ammonia, methane, and hydrazine these are molecules which produce large amounts of H(-) via dissociative attachment (DA) resonances at higher electron energies. The mixing was done in a separate reservoir, with careful measurement of individual pressures. Experimental enhancements of 1.4 and less were observed, whereas calculated enhancements, using accurate DA cross sections for ground-state H2, should have produced factors of 1.5, 3.0, 1.3, and 2.4 enhancements for water, ammonia methane, and hydrazine, respectively, at a mean electron energy of 1.0 eV in the extraction region. The difference is accounted for by including, in the enhancement calculation, vibrationally and rotationally excited H2 molecules, with v-double prime = 5-11, and J-double prime = 0-5, and the large DA cross sections for the excited H2 (v-double prime, J-double prime). The relative populations of H2 (v-double prime, J-double prime) thus obtained are found to be substantially smaller than those predicted by theoretical calculations. The effect on H(-) current was also studied by mixing small amounts of SF6 with H2. A 1.5 percent mixture was found to reduce the H(-) output by one half.

  17. Selective Encaging of N2O in N2O-N2 Binary Gas Hydrates via Hydrate-Based Gas Separation.

    PubMed

    Yang, Youjeong; Shin, Donghoon; Choi, Seunghyun; Woo, Yesol; Lee, Jong-Won; Kim, Dongseon; Shin, Hee-Young; Cha, Minjun; Yoon, Ji-Ho

    2017-03-21

    The crystal structure and guest inclusion behaviors of nitrous oxide-nitrogen (N 2 O-N 2 ) binary gas hydrates formed from N 2 O/N 2 gas mixtures are determined through spectroscopic analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction results indicate that the crystal structure of all the N 2 O-N 2 binary gas hydrates is identified as the structure I (sI) hydrate. Raman spectra for the N 2 O-N 2 binary gas hydrate formed from N 2 O/N 2 (80/20, 60/40, 40/60 mol %) gas mixtures reveal that N 2 O molecules occupy both large and small cages of the sI hydrate. In contrast, there is a single Raman band of N 2 O molecules for the N 2 O-N 2 binary gas hydrate formed from the N 2 O/N 2 (20/80 mol %) gas mixture, indicating that N 2 O molecules are trapped in only large cages of the sI hydrate. From temperature-dependent Raman spectra and the Predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong (PSRK) model calculation, we confirm the self-preservation of N 2 O-N 2 binary gas hydrates in the temperature range of 210-270 K. Both the experimental measurements and the PSRK model calculations demonstrate the preferential occupation of N 2 O molecules rather than N 2 molecules in the hydrate cages, leading to a possible process for separating N 2 O from gas mixtures via hydrate formation. The phase equilibrium conditions, pseudo-pressure-composition (P-x) diagram, and gas storage capacity of N 2 O-N 2 binary gas hydrates are discussed in detail.

  18. The Relationship of the Silicon Surface Roughness and Gate Oxide Integrity in NH4OH/H2O2 Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meuris, M.; Verhaverbeke, S.; Mertens, P. W.; Heyns, M. M.; Hellemans, L.; Bruynseraede, Y.; Philipossian, A.

    1992-11-01

    In this study some recent findings on the cleaning action of the NH4OH/H2O2 (SC1) step in a pre-gate oxidation cleaning (RCA cleaning) are given. An important parameter in this mixture is the NH4OH/H2O2 ratio. The Fe contamination on the silicon surface after this cleaning step is found to increase upon decreasing the NH4OH/H2O2 ratio. This can be attributed to the incorporation of Fe in the chemical oxide, grown by the hydrogen peroxide. The particle removal efficiency of the cleaning step is found to decrease upon decreasing the NH4OH/H2O2 ratio. On the other hand, using a lower NH4OH concentration results in a less severe silicon surface roughening. It is demonstrated in this study that the NH4OH/H2O2 ratio during the SC1 step of the cleaning is the determining parameter for the breakdown properties of a gate oxide. A (0.25/1/5) NH4OH/H2O2/H2O mixture at 75°C in our experimental conditions is suggested to be the best compromise between particle removal and surface roughness during the SC1 step.

  19. The CO 2 permeability and mixed gas CO 2/H 2 selectivity of membranes composed of CO 2-philic polymers

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Barillas, Mary Katharine; Enick, Robert M.; O’Brien, Michael

    2011-04-01

    The objective of this work was to design polymeric membranes that have very high CO 2 permeability and high mixed gas selectivity toward CO 2 rather than hydrogen. Therefore the membranes were based on "CO 2-philic" polymers that exhibit thermodynamically favorable Lewis acid:Lewis base and hydrogen bonding interactions with CO 2. CO 2-philic polymers that are solid at ambient temperature include polyfluoroacrylate (PFA); polyvinyl acetate (PVAc); and amorphous polylactic acid (PLA). Literature CO 2 permeability values for PVAc and PLA are disappointingly low. The cast PFA membranes from this study had low permeabilities (45 barrers at 25º C) and verymore » low CO 2/H 2 selectivity of 1.4. CO 2-philic polymers that are liquid at ambient conditions include polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polybutylene glycol with a linear -((CH 2) 4O)-repeat unit (i.e., polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG)), polybutylene glycol (PBG) with a branched repeat unit, perfluoropolyether (PFPE), poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), and polyacetoxy oxetane (PAO). A small compound, glycerol triacetate (GTA) was also considered because it is similar in chemical structure to a trimer of PVAc. These liquids were tested as supported liquid membranes (SLM) and also (with the exception of PAD and GTA) as rubbery, crosslinked materials. Mixed gas permeability was measured using equimolar mixtures of CO 2 and H 2 feed streams at one atmosphere total pressure in steady-state flux experiments over the 298-423 K temperature range. The most promising SLMs were those composed of PEG, PTMEG, GTA, and PDMS. For example, at 37º C the PEG-, PTMEG-, GTA- and PDMS-based SLMs exhibited CO 2/H 2 selectivity values of ~11, 9, 9, and 3.5, respectively, and CO 2 permeability values of ~800, 900, 1900, and 2000 barrers, respectively. Crosslinked versions of the PEG, PTMEG and PDMS membranes at 37º C exhibited selectivity values of ~5, 6, and 3.5, respectively, and CO 2 permeability values of

  20. 10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... natural gas or petroleum. 503.38 Section 503.38 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ALTERNATE FUELS... mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum. (a) Eligibility. Section 212(d) of the Act provides for a... proposes to use a mixture of natural gas or petroleum and an alternate fuel as a primary energy source; (2...

  1. Ideal gas solubilities and solubility selectivities in a binary mixture of room-temperature ionic liquids.

    PubMed

    Finotello, Alexia; Bara, Jason E; Narayan, Suguna; Camper, Dean; Noble, Richard D

    2008-02-28

    This study focuses on the solubility behaviors of CO2, CH4, and N2 gases in binary mixtures of imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim][Tf2N]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C2mim][BF4]) at 40 degrees C and low pressures (approximately 1 atm). The mixtures tested were 0, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95, and 100 mol % [C2mim][BF4] in [C2mim][Tf2N]. Results show that regular solution theory (RST) can be used to describe the gas solubility and selectivity behaviors in RTIL mixtures using an average mixture solubility parameter or an average measured mixture molar volume. Interestingly, the solubility selectivity, defined as the ratio of gas mole fractions in the RTIL mixture, of CO2 with N2 or CH4 in pure [C2mim][BF4] can be enhanced by adding 5 mol % [C2mim][Tf2N].

  2. Gas mixture studies for streamer operated Resistive Plate Chambers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Paoloni, A.; Longhin, A.; Mengucci, A.; Pupilli, F.; Ventura, M.

    2016-06-01

    Resistive Plate Chambers operated in streamer mode are interesting detectors in neutrino and astro-particle physics applications (like OPERA and ARGO experiments). Such experiments are typically characterized by large area apparatuses with no stringent requirements on detector aging and rate capabilities. In this paper, results of cosmic ray tests performed on a RPC prototype using different gas mixtures are presented, the principal aim being the optimization of the TetraFluoroPropene concentration in Argon-based mixtures. The introduction of TetraFluoroPropene, besides its low Global Warming Power, is helpful because it simplifies safety requirements allowing to remove also isobutane from the mixture. Results obtained with mixtures containing SF6, CF4, CO2, N2 and He are also shown, presented both in terms of detectors properties (efficiency, multiple-streamer probability and time resolution) and in terms of streamer characteristics.

  3. Diffusion Monte Carlo simulations of gas phase and adsorbed D2-(H2)n clusters

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Curotto, E.; Mella, M.

    2018-03-01

    We have computed ground state energies and analyzed radial distributions for several gas phase and adsorbed D2(H2)n and HD(H2)n clusters. An external model potential designed to mimic ionic adsorption sites inside porous materials is used [M. Mella and E. Curotto, J. Phys. Chem. A 121, 5005 (2017)]. The isotopic substitution lowers the ground state energies by the expected amount based on the mass differences when these are compared with the energies of the pure clusters in the gas phase. A similar impact is found for adsorbed aggregates. The dissociation energy of D2 from the adsorbed clusters is always much higher than that of H2 from both pure and doped aggregates. Radial distributions of D2 and H2 are compared for both the gas phase and adsorbed species. For the gas phase clusters, two types of hydrogen-hydrogen interactions are considered: one based on the assumption that rotations and translations are adiabatically decoupled and the other based on nonisotropic four-dimensional potential. In the gas phase clusters of sufficiently large size, we find the heavier isotopomer more likely to be near the center of mass. However, there is a considerable overlap among the radial distributions of the two species. For the adsorbed clusters, we invariably find the heavy isotope located closer to the attractive interaction source than H2, and at the periphery of the aggregate, H2 molecules being substantially excluded from the interaction with the source. This finding rationalizes the dissociation energy results. For D2-(H2)n clusters with n ≥12 , such preference leads to the desorption of D2 from the aggregate, a phenomenon driven by the minimization of the total energy that can be obtained by reducing the confinement of (H2)12. The same happens for (H2)13, indicating that such an effect may be quite general and impact on the absorption of quantum species inside porous materials.

  4. A general stagnation-point convective heating equation for arbitrary gas mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sutton, K.; Graves, R. A., Jr.

    1971-01-01

    The stagnation-point convective heat transfer to an axisymmetric blunt body for arbitrary gases in chemical equilibrium was investigated. The gases considered were base gases of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, neon, argon, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane and 22 gas mixtures composed of the base gases. Enthalpies ranged from 2.3 to 116.2 MJ/kg, pressures ranged from 0.001 to 100 atmospheres, and the wall temperatures were 300 and 1111 K. A general equation for the stagnation-point convective heat transfer in base gases and gas mixtures was derived and is a function of the mass fraction, the molecular weight, and a transport parameter of the base gases. The relation compares well with present boundary-layer computer results and with other analytical and experimental results. In addition, the analysis verified that the convective heat transfer in gas mixtures can be determined from a summation relation involving the heat transfer coefficients of the base gases. The basic technique developed for the prediction of stagnation-point convective heating to an axisymmetric blunt body could be applied to other heat transfer problems.

  5. H2 enrichment from synthesis gas by Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans for potential applications in synthesis gas purification and biodesulfurization.

    PubMed

    Sipma, Jan; Osuna, M Begoña; Parshina, Sofiya N; Lettinga, Gatze; Stams, Alfons J M; Lens, Piet N L

    2007-08-01

    Desulfotomaculum carboxydivorans, recently isolated from a full-scale anaerobic wastewater treatment facility, is a sulfate reducer capable of hydrogenogenic growth on carbon monoxide (CO). In the presence of sulfate, the hydrogen formed is used for sulfate reduction. The organism grows rapidly at 200 kPa CO, pH 7.0, and 55 degrees C, with a generation time of 100 min, producing nearly equimolar amounts of H(2) and CO(2) from CO and H(2)O. The high specific CO conversion rates, exceeding 0.8 mol CO (g protein)(-1) h(-1), makes this bacterium an interesting candidate for a biological alternative of the currently employed chemical catalytic water-gas shift reaction to purify synthesis gas (contains mainly H(2), CO, and CO(2)). Furthermore, as D. carboxydivorans is capable of hydrogenotrophic sulfate reduction at partial CO pressures exceeding 100 kPa, it is also a good candidate for biodesulfurization processes using synthesis gas as electron donor at elevated temperatures, e.g., in biological flue gas desulfurization. Although high maximal specific sulfate reduction rates (32 mmol (g protein)(-1) h(-1)) can be obtained, its sulfide tolerance is rather low and pH dependent, i.e., maximally 9 and 5 mM sulfide at pH 7.2 and pH 6.5, respectively.

  6. Thermal Pressure in Diffuse H2 Gas Measured by Herschel [C II] Emission and FUSE UV H2 Absorption

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Velusamy, T.; Langer, W. D.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Pineda, J. L.

    2017-04-01

    UV absorption studies with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite have made important observations of H2 molecular gas in Galactic interstellar translucent and diffuse clouds. Observations of the 158 μm [C II] fine-structure line with Herschel trace the same H2 molecular gas in emission. We present [C II] observations along 27 lines of sight (LOSs) toward target stars of which 25 have FUSE H2 UV absorption. Two stars have only HST STIS C II λ2325 absorption data. We detect [C II] 158 μm emission features in all but one target LOS. For three target LOSs that are close to the Galactic plane, | {\\text{}}b| < 1°, we also present position-velocity maps of [C II] emission observed by Herschel Heterodyne Instrument in the Far Infrared (HIFI) in on-the-fly spectral-line mapping. We use the velocity-resolved [C II] spectra observed by the HIFI instrument toward the target LOSs observed by FUSE to identify [C II] velocity components associated with the H2 clouds. We analyze the observed velocity integrated [C II] spectral-line intensities in terms of the densities and thermal pressures in the H2 gas using the H2 column densities and temperatures measured by the UV absorption data. We present the H2 gas densities and thermal pressures for 26 target LOSs and from the [C II] intensities derive a mean thermal pressure in the range of ˜6100-7700 K cm-3 in diffuse H2 clouds. We discuss the thermal pressures and densities toward 14 targets, comparing them to results obtained using the UV absorption data for two other tracers C I and CO. Our results demonstrate the richness of the far-IR [C II] spectral data which is a valuable complement to the UV H2 absorption data for studying diffuse H2 molecular clouds. While the UV absorption is restricted to the directions of the target star, far-IR [C II] line emission offers an opportunity to employ velocity-resolved spectral-line mapping capability to study in detail the clouds’ spatial and velocity structures.

  7. On-farm euthanasia of broiler chickens: effects of different gas mixtures on behavior and brain activity.

    PubMed

    Gerritzen, M A; Lambooij, B; Reimert, H; Stegeman, A; Spruijt, B

    2004-08-01

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of gas mixtures for euthanasia of groups of broilers in their housing by increasing the percentage of CO2. The suitability was assessed by the level of discomfort before loss of consciousness, and the killing rate. The gas mixtures injected into the housing were 1) 100% CO2, 2) 50% N2 + 50% CO2, and 3) 30% O2 + 40% CO2 + 30% N2, followed by 100% CO2. At 2 and 6 wk of age, groups of 20 broiler chickens per trial were exposed to increasing CO2 percentages due to the injection of these gas mixtures. Behavior and killing rate were examined. At the same time, 2 broilers per trial equipped with brain electrodes were observed for behavior and brain activity. Ten percent of the 2-wk-old broilers survived the increasing CO2 percentage due to the injection of 30% O2 + 40% CO2 + 30% N2 mixture, therefore this mixture was excluded for further testing at 6 wk of age. At 6 wk of age, 30% of the broilers survived in the 50% N2 + 50% CO2 group. The highest level of CO2 in the breathing air (42%) was reached by the injection of the 100% CO2 mixture, vs. 25% for the other 2 mixtures. In all 3 gas mixtures, head shaking, gasping, and convulsions were observed before loss of posture. Loss of posture and suppression of electrical activity of the brain (n = 7) occurred almost simultaneously. The results of this experiment indicate that euthanasia of groups of 2- and 6-wk-old broilers by gradually increasing the percentage of CO2 in the breathing air up to 40% is possible.

  8. H2S-mediated thermal and photochemical methane activation.

    PubMed

    Baltrusaitis, Jonas; de Graaf, Coen; Broer, Ria; Patterson, Eric V

    2013-12-02

    Sustainable, low-temperature methods for natural gas activation are critical in addressing current and foreseeable energy and hydrocarbon feedstock needs. Large portions of natural gas resources are still too expensive to process due to their high content of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) mixed with methane, deemed altogether as sub-quality or "sour" gas. We propose a unique method of activation to form a mixture of sulfur-containing hydrocarbon intermediates, CH3SH and CH3SCH3 , and an energy carrier such as H2. For this purpose, we investigated the H2S-mediated methane activation to form a reactive CH3SH species by means of direct photolysis of sub-quality natural gas. Photoexcitation of hydrogen sulfide in the CH4 + H2S complex resulted in a barrierless relaxation by a conical intersection to form a ground-state CH3SH + H2 complex. The resulting CH3SH could further be coupled over acidic catalysts to form higher hydrocarbons, and the resulting H2 used as a fuel. This process is very different from conventional thermal or radical-based processes and can be driven photolytically at low temperatures, with enhanced control over the conditions currently used in industrial oxidative natural gas activation. Finally, the proposed process is CO2 neutral, as opposed to the current industrial steam methane reforming (SMR). Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  9. Electron temperature and density measurement of tungsten inert gas arcs with Ar-He shielding gas mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kühn-Kauffeldt, M.; Marques, J.-L.; Forster, G.; Schein, J.

    2013-10-01

    The diagnostics of atmospheric welding plasma is a well-established technology. In most cases the measurements are limited to processes using pure shielding gas. However in many applications shielding gas is a mixture of various components including metal vapor in gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Shielding gas mixtures are intentionally used for tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding in order to improve the welding performance. For example adding Helium to Argon shielding gas allows the weld geometry and porosity to be influenced. Yet thermal plasmas produced with gas mixtures or metal vapor still require further experimental investigation. In this work coherent Thomson scattering is used to measure electron temperature and density in these plasmas, since this technique allows independent measurements of electron and ion temperature. Here thermal plasmas generated by a TIG process with 50% Argon and 50% Helium shielding gas mixture have been investigated. Electron temperature and density measured by coherent Thomson scattering have been compared to the results of spectroscopic measurements of the plasma density using Stark broadening of the 696.5 nm Argon spectral line. Further investigations of MIG processes using Thomson scattering technique are planned.

  10. A thermodynamical model for the surface tension of silicate melts in contact with H2O gas

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Colucci, Simone; Battaglia, Maurizio; Trigila, Raffaello

    2016-01-01

    Surface tension plays an important role in the nucleation of H2O gas bubbles in magmatic melts and in the time-dependent rheology of bubble-bearing magmas. Despite several experimental studies, a physics based model of the surface tension of magmatic melts in contact with H2O is lacking. This paper employs gradient theory to develop a thermodynamical model of equilibrium surface tension of silicate melts in contact with H2O gas at low to moderate pressures. In the last decades, this approach has been successfully applied in studies of industrial mixtures but never to magmatic systems. We calibrate and verify the model against literature experimental data, obtained by the pendant drop method, and by inverting bubble nucleation experiments using the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). Our model reproduces the systematic decrease in surface tension with increased H2O pressure observed in the experiments. On the other hand, the effect of temperature is confirmed by the experiments only at high pressure. At atmospheric pressure, the model shows a decrease of surface tension with temperature. This is in contrast with a number of experimental observations and could be related to microstructural effects that cannot be reproduced by our model. Finally, our analysis indicates that the surface tension measured inverting the CNT may be lower than the value measured by the pendant drop method, most likely because of changes in surface tension controlled by the supersaturation.

  11. Synthesis of formamide and isocyanic acid after ion irradiation of frozen gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaňuchová, Z.; Urso, R. G.; Baratta, G. A.; Brucato, J. R.; Palumbo, M. E.; Strazzulla, G.

    2016-01-01

    Context. Formamide (NH2HCO) and isocyanic acid (HNCO) have been observed as gaseous species in several astronomical environments such as cometary comae and pre- and proto-stellar objects. A debate is open on the formation route of those molecules, in particular if they are formed by chemical reactions in the gas phase and/or on grains. In this latter case it is relevant to understand if the formation occurs through surface reactions or is induced by energetic processing. Aims: We present arguments that support the formation of formamide in the solid phase by cosmic-ion-induced energetic processing of ices present as mantles of interstellar grains and on comets. Formamides, along with other molecules, are expelled in the gas phase when the physical parameters are appropriate to induce the desorption of ices. Methods: We have performed several laboratory experiments in which ice mixtures (H2O:CH4:N2, H2O:CH4:NH3, and CH3OH:N2) were bombarded with energetic (30-200 keV) ions (H+ or He+). FTIR spectroscopy was performed before, during, and after ion bombardment. In particular, the formation of HNCO and NH2HCO was measured quantiatively. Results: Energetic processing of ice can quantitatively reproduce the amount of NH2HCO observed in cometary comae and in many circumstellar regions. HNCO is also formed, but additional formation mechanisms are requested to quantitatively account for the astronomical observations. Conclusions: We suggest that energetic processing of ices in the pre- and proto-stellar regions and in comets is the main mechanism to produce formamide, which, once it is released in the gas phase because of desorption of ices, is observed in the gas phase in these astrophysical environments.

  12. VizieR Online Data Catalog: Gas-phase detection of c-C3H3

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, D.; Doney, K. D.; Linnartz, H.

    2017-03-01

    The experimental setup has been described in detail by Zhao et al. (2013CPL...565..132Z, 2014JMoSp.296....1Z). In brief, the c-C3H3+ cations are generated by discharging a propyne (C3H4):He ~ 1:200 gas mixture in a multi-layer slit discharge nozzle (Motylewski & Linnartz 1999RScI...70.1305M) in combination with a pulsed valve (General Valve, Series 9,2 mm orifice). The gas mixture is expanded with a backing pressure of ~7 bar through a 300umx3cm slit into a vacuum chamber. A pulsed negative high voltage (-600 V/300 mA) with a ~600 us duration is found to be optimum for c-C3H3+ production, is applied to the expanding gas mixture, and is set to coincide with the expanding gas pulse (~800 us). Continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) is used to record spectra in direct absorption. The axis of the optical cavity is aligned parallel to and ~2 mm downstream of the slit nozzle throat. A single-mode cw optical parametric oscillator (Aculight), operating at ~3.15 um with a bandwidth <5x10-5cm-1, is employed as tunable IR light source. A hardware-based (boxcar integrator) multi-trigger and timing scheme recently reported by Zhao et al. (2013CPL...565..132Z) is used to apply cw-CRDS to the pulsed plasma. In the present experiment, typical ring-down time values are ~8-10 us, corresponding to a detection sensitivity, i.e., noise equivalent absorption, of up to ~2x10-7 per centimeter for the 3 cm long plasma jet. (1 data file).

  13. Storage and recovery of methane-ethane mixtures in single shale pores

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Haiyi; Qiao, Rui

    2017-11-01

    Natural gas production from shale formations has received extensive attention recently. While great progress has been made in understanding the adsorption and transport of single-component gas inside shales' nanopores, the adsorption and transport of multicomponent shale gas under reservoir conditions (CH4 and C2H6 mixture) has only begun to be studied. In this work, we use molecular simulations to compute the storage of CH4 and C2H6 mixtures in single nanopores and their subsequent recovery. We show that surface adsorption contributes greatly to the storage of CH4 and C2H6 inside the pores and C2H6 is enriched over CH4. The enrichment of C2H6 is enhanced as the pore is narrowed, but is weakened as the pressure increases. We show that the recovery of gas mixtures from the nanopores approximately follows the diffusive scaling law. The ratio of the production rates of C2H6 and CH4 is close to their initial mole ratio inside the pore despite that the mobility of pure C2H6 is much smaller than that of pure CH4 inside the pores. By using scale analysis, we show that the strong coupling between the transport of CH4 and C2H6 is responsible for the effective recovery of C2H6 from the nanopores.

  14. Metal Oxide/Zeolite Combination Absorbs H2S

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Voecks, Gerald E.; Sharma, Pramod K.

    1989-01-01

    Mixed copper and molybdenum oxides supported in pores of zeolite found to remove H2S from mixture of gases rich in hydrogen and steam, at temperatures from 256 to 538 degree C. Absorber of H2S needed to clean up gas streams from fuel processors that incorporate high-temperature steam reformers or hydrodesulfurizing units. Zeolites chosen as supporting materials because of their high porosity, rigidity, alumina content, and variety of both composition and form.

  15. Using chromatography – desorption method of manufacturing gas mixtures for analytical instruments calibration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Platonov, I. A.; Kolesnichenko, I. N.; Lange, P. K.

    2018-05-01

    In this paper, the chromatography desorption method of obtaining gas mixtures of known compositions stable for a time sufficient to calibrate analytical instruments is considered. The comparative analysis results of the preparation accuracy of gas mixtures with volatile organic compounds using diffusion, polyabarbotage and chromatography desorption methods are presented. It is shown that the application of chromatography desorption devices allows one to obtain gas mixtures that are stable for 10...60 hours in a dynamic condition. These gas mixtures contain volatile aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with a concentration error of no more than 7%. It is shown that it is expedient to use such gas mixtures for analytical instruments calibration (chromatographs, spectrophotometers, etc.)

  16. The solubility of gold in H 2 O-H 2 S vapour at elevated temperature and pressure

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zezin, Denis Yu.; Migdisov, Artashes A.; Williams-Jones, Anthony E.

    2011-09-01

    This experimental study sheds light on the complexation of gold in reduced sulphur-bearing vapour, specifically, in H 2O-H 2S gas mixtures. The solubility of gold was determined in experiments at temperatures of 300, 350 and 365 °C and reached 2.2, 6.6 and 6.3 μg/kg, respectively. The density of the vapour varied from 0.02 to 0.22 g/cm 3, the mole fraction of H 2S varied from 0.03 to 0.96, and the pressure in the cell reached 263 bar. Statistically significant correlations of the amount of gold dissolved in the fluid with the fugacity of H 2O and H 2S permit the experimental data to be fitted to a solvation/hydration model. According to this model, the solubility of gold in H 2O-H 2S gas mixtures is controlled by the formation of sulphide or bisulphide species solvated by H 2S or H 2O molecules. Formation of gold sulphide species is favoured statistically over gold bisulphide species and thus the gold is interpreted to dissolve according to reactions of the form: Au(s)+(n+1)HS(g)=AuS·(HS)n(g)+H(g) Au(s)+HS(g)+mHO(g)=AuS·(HO)m(g)+H(g) Equilibrium constants for Reaction (A1) and the corresponding solvation numbers ( K A1 and n) were evaluated from the study of Zezin et al. (2007). The equilibrium constants as well as the hydration numbers for Reaction (A2) ( K A2 and m) were adjusted simultaneously by a custom-designed optimization algorithm and were tested statistically. The resulting values of log K A2 and m are -15.3 and 2.3 at 300 and 350 °C and -15.1 and 2.2 at 365 °C, respectively. Using the calculated stoichiometry and stability of Reactions (A1) and (A2), it is now possible to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of reduced sulphur species to the transport of gold in aqueous vapour at temperatures up to 365 °C. This information will find application in modelling gold ore-forming processes in vapour-bearing magmatic hydrothermal systems, notably those of epithermal environments.

  17. Near-Infrared Band Strengths of Molecules Diluted in N2 and H2O Ice Mixtures Relevant to Interstellar and Planetary Ices

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Richey, Christina Rae; Gerakines, P.A.

    2012-01-01

    The relative abundances of ices in astrophysical environments rely on accurate laboratory measurements of physical parameters, such as band strengths (or absorption intensities), determined for the molecules of interest in relevant mixtures. In an extension of our previous study on pure-ice samples, here we focus on the near-infrared absorption features of molecules in mixtures with the dominant components of interstellar and planetary ices, H2O and N2. We present experimentally measured near-infrared spectral information (peak positions, widths, and band strengths) for both H2O- and N2-dominated mixtures of CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), CH4 (methane), and NH3 (ammonia). Band strengths were determined during sample deposition by correlating the growth of near-infrared features (10,000-4000 per centimeter, 1-2.5 micrometers) with better-known mid-infrared features (4000-400 per centimeter, 2.5-25 micrometers) at longer wavelengths.

  18. Influence of propane additives on the detonation characteristics of H2-air mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheng, Guanbing; Bauer, Pascal; Zitoun, Ratiba

    2014-03-01

    Hydrogen is more and more considered as a potential fuel for propulsion applications. However, due to its low ignition energy and wide flammability limits, H2-air mixtures raise a concern in terms of safety. This aspect can be partly solved by adding an alkane to these mixtures, which plays the role of an inhibitor. The present paper provides data on such binary fuel-air mixtures where various amounts of propane are added to hydrogen. The behavior of the corresponding mixtures, in terms of detonation characteristics and other fundamental properties, such as the cell size of the detonation front and induction delay, are presented and discussed for a series of equivalence ratios and propane addition. The experimental detonation velocity is in good agreement with calculated theoretical Chapman-Jouguet values. Based on soot tracks records, the cell size λ is measured, whereas the induction length L i is derived from data using a GRI-Mech kinetic mechanism. These data allow providing a value of the coefficient K = λ/L i .

  19. Supersonic Flow of Chemically Reacting Gas-Particle Mixtures. Volume 2: RAMP - A Computer Code for Analysis of Chemically Reacting Gas-Particle Flows

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Penny, M. M.; Smith, S. D.; Anderson, P. G.; Sulyma, P. R.; Pearson, M. L.

    1976-01-01

    A computer program written in conjunction with the numerical solution of the flow of chemically reacting gas-particle mixtures was documented. The solution to the set of governing equations was obtained by utilizing the method of characteristics. The equations cast in characteristic form were shown to be formally the same for ideal, frozen, chemical equilibrium and chemical non-equilibrium reacting gas mixtures. The characteristic directions for the gas-particle system are found to be the conventional gas Mach lines, the gas streamlines and the particle streamlines. The basic mesh construction for the flow solution is along streamlines and normals to the streamlines for axisymmetric or two-dimensional flow. The analysis gives detailed information of the supersonic flow and provides for a continuous solution of the nozzle and exhaust plume flow fields. Boundary conditions for the flow solution are either the nozzle wall or the exhaust plume boundary.

  20. Laboratory IR Studies and Astrophysical Implications of C2H2-Containing Binary Ices

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Knez, C.; Moore, M.; Ferrante, R.; Hudson, R.

    2012-01-01

    Studies of molecular hot cores and protostellar environments have shown that the observed abundance of gas-phase acetylene (C2H2) cannot be matched by chemical models without the inclusion of C2H2 molecules subliming from icy grain mantles. Searches for infrared (IR) spectral features of solid-phase acetylene are under way, but few laboratory reference spectra of C2H2 in icy mixtures, which are needed for spectral fits to observational data, have been published. Here, we report a systematic study of the IR spectra of condensed-phase pure acetylene and acetylene in ices dominated by carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water (H2O). We present new spectral data for these ices, including band positions and intrinsic band strengths. For each ice mixture and concentration, we also explore the dependence of acetylene's nu5-band position (743 cm-1, 13.46 micrometers) and FWHM on temperature. Our results show that the nu5 feature is much more cleanly resolved in ices dominated by non-polar and low-polarity molecules, specifically CO, CO2, and CH4, than in mixtures dominated by H2O-ice. We compare our laboratory ice spectra with observations of a quiescent region in Serpens.

  1. Injection of sodium borohydride and nzvi solutions into homogeneous sands: H2 gas production and implications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mohammed, O.; Mumford, K. G.; Sleep, B. E.

    2016-12-01

    Gases are commonly introduced into the subsurface via external displacement (drainage). However, gases can also be produced by internal drainage (exsolution). One example is the injection of reactive solutions for in situ groundwater remediation, such as nanoscale zero-valent iron (nzvi), which produces hydrogen gas (H2). Effective implementation of nzvi requires an understanding of H2 gas generation and dynamics, and their effects on aqueous permeability, contaminant mass transfer and potential flow diversion. Several studies have reported using excess sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in nzvi applications to promote complete reaction and to ensure uniform nzvi particle growth, which also produces H2 gas. The aim of this study was to visualize and quantify H2 produced by exsolution from the injection of NaBH4 and nzvi solutions into homogeneous sands, and to investigate the reduction of hydraulic conductivity caused by the H2 gas and the subsequent increase in hydraulic conductivity as the gas dissolved. Bench-scale experiments were performed using cold (4 °C) NaBH4 solutions injected in sand packed in a 22 cm × 34 cm × 1 cm flow cell. The injected solution was allowed to warm to room temperature, for controlled production of a uniform distribution of exsolved gas. A light transmission method was used to quantify gas production and dissolution over time. The results indicate a reduction of hydraulic conductivity due to the existence of H2 and increased hydraulic conductivity as H2 gas dissolves, which could be represented using traditional relative permeability expressions. Additional experiments were performed in the flow cell to compare H2 gas exsolving from nzvi and NaBH4 solutions injected as either a point injection or a well injection. The results indicated greater amounts of H2 gas produced when injecting nzvi solutions prepared with high concentrations of excess NaBH4. H2 gas pooling at the top of the flow cell, and H2 gas trapped near the injection point

  2. Slurried solid media for simultaneous water purification and carbon dioxide removal from gas mixtures

    DOEpatents

    Aines, Roger D.; Bourcier, William L.; Viani, Brian

    2013-01-29

    A slurried solid media for simultaneous water purification and carbon dioxide removal from gas mixtures includes the steps of dissolving the gas mixture and carbon dioxide in water providing a gas, carbon dioxide, water mixture; adding a porous solid media to the gas, carbon dioxide, water mixture forming a slurry of gas, carbon dioxide, water, and porous solid media; heating the slurry of gas, carbon dioxide, water, and porous solid media producing steam; and cooling the steam to produce purified water and carbon dioxide.

  3. SI-traceable and dynamic reference gas mixtures for water vapour at polar and high troposphere atmospheric levels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Guillevic, Myriam; Pascale, Céline; Mutter, Daniel; Wettstein, Sascha; Niederhauser, Bernhard

    2017-04-01

    In the framework of METAS' AtmoChem-ECV project, new facilities are currently being developed to generate reference gas mixtures for water vapour at concentrations measured in the high troposphere and polar regions, in the range 1-20 µmol/mol (ppm). The generation method is dynamic (the mixture is produced continuously over time) and SI-traceable (i.e. the amount of substance fraction in mole per mole is traceable to the definition of SI-units). The generation process is composed of three successive steps. The first step is to purify the matrix gas, nitrogen or synthetic air. Second, this matrix gas is spiked with the pure substance using a permeation technique: a permeation device contains a few grams of pure water in liquid form and loses it linearly over time by permeation through a membrane. In a third step, to reach the desired concentration, the first, high concentration mixture exiting the permeation chamber is then diluted with a chosen flow of matrix gas with one or two subsequent dilution steps. All flows are piloted by mass flow controllers. All parts in contact with the gas mixture are passivated using coated surfaces, to reduce adsorption/desorption processes as much as possible. The mixture can eventually be directly used to calibrate an analyser. The standard mixture produced by METAS' dynamic setup was injected into a chilled mirror from MBW Calibration AG, the designated institute for absolute humidity calibration in Switzerland. The used chilled mirror, model 373LX, is able to measure frost point and sample pressure and therefore calculate the water vapour concentration. This intercomparison of the two systems was performed in the range 4-18 ppm water vapour in synthetic air, at two different pressure levels, 1013.25 hPa and 2000 hPa. We present here METAS' dynamic setup, its uncertainty budget and the first results of the intercomparison with MBW's chilled mirror.

  4. Advanced oxidation technology for H2S odor gas using non-thermal plasma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tao, ZHU; Ruonan, WANG; Wenjing, BIAN; Yang, CHEN; Weidong, JING

    2018-05-01

    Non-thermal plasma technology is a new type of odor treatment processing. We deal with H2S from waste gas emission using non-thermal plasma generated by dielectric barrier discharge. On the basis of two criteria, removal efficiency and absolute removal amount, we deeply investigate the changes in electrical parameters and process parameters, and the reaction process of the influence of ozone on H2S gas removal. The experimental results show that H2S removal efficiency is proportional to the voltage, frequency, power, residence time and energy efficiency, while it is inversely proportional to the initial concentration of H2S gas, and ozone concentration. This study lays the foundations of non-thermal plasma technology for further commercial application.

  5. Measurements and modeling of absorption by CO2 + H2O mixtures in the spectral region beyond the CO2 ν3-band head

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tran, H.; Turbet, M.; Chelin, P.; Landsheere, X.

    2018-05-01

    In this work, we measured the absorption by CO2 + H2O mixtures from 2400 to 2600 cm-1 which corresponds to the spectral region beyond the ν3 band head of CO2. Transmission spectra of CO2 mixed with water vapor were recorded with a high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer for various pressure, temperature and concentration conditions. The continuum absorption by CO2 due to the presence of water vapor was determined by subtracting from measured spectra the contribution of local lines of both species, that of the continuum of pure CO2 as well as of the self- and CO2-continua of water vapor induced by the H2O-H2O and H2O-CO2 interactions. The obtained results are in very good agreement with the unique previous measurement (in a narrower spectral range). They confirm that the H2O-continuum of CO2 is significantly larger than that observed for pure CO2. This continuum thus must be taken into account in radiative transfer calculations for media involving CO2+ H2O mixture. An empirical model, using sub-Lorentzian line shapes based on some temperature-dependent correction factors χ is proposed which enables an accurate description of the experimental results.

  6. Validation of a novel Multi-Gas sensor for volcanic HCl alongside H2S and SO2 at Mt. Etna

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Roberts, T. J.; Lurton, T.; Giudice, G.; Liuzzo, M.; Aiuppa, A.; Coltelli, M.; Vignelles, D.; Salerno, G.; Couté, B.; Chartier, M.; Baron, R.; Saffell, J. R.; Scaillet, B.

    2017-05-01

    Volcanic gas emission measurements inform predictions of hazard and atmospheric impacts. For these measurements, Multi-Gas sensors provide low-cost in situ monitoring of gas composition but to date have lacked the ability to detect halogens. Here, two Multi-Gas instruments characterized passive outgassing emissions from Mt. Etna's (Italy) three summit craters, Voragine (VOR), North-east Crater (NEC) and Bocca Nuova (BN) on 2 October 2013. Signal processing (Sensor Response Model, SRM) approaches are used to analyse H2S/SO2 and HCl/SO2 ratios. A new ability to monitor volcanic HCl using miniature electrochemical sensors is here demonstrated. A "direct-exposure" Multi-Gas instrument contained SO2, H2S and HCl sensors, whose sensitivities, cross-sensitivities and response times were characterized by laboratory calibration. SRM analysis of the field data yields H2S/SO2 and HCl/SO2 molar ratios, finding H2S/SO2 = 0.02 (0.01-0.03), with distinct HCl/SO2 for the VOR, NEC and BN crater emissions of 0.41 (0.38-0.43), 0.58 (0.54-0.60) and 0.20 (0.17-0.33). A second Multi-Gas instrument provided CO2/SO2 and H2O/SO2 and enabled cross-comparison of SO2. The Multi-Gas-measured SO2-HCl-H2S-CO2-H2O compositions provide insights into volcanic outgassing. H2S/SO2 ratios indicate gas equilibration at slightly below magmatic temperatures, assuming that the magmatic redox state is preserved. Low SO2/HCl alongside low CO2/SO2 indicates a partially outgassed magma source. We highlight the potential for low-cost HCl sensing of H2S-poor HCl-rich volcanic emissions elsewhere. Further tests are needed for H2S-rich plumes and for long-term monitoring. Our study brings two new advances to volcano hazard monitoring: real-time in situ measurement of HCl and improved Multi-Gas SRM measurements of gas ratios.

  7. Microporous metal organic framework [M2(hfipbb)2(ted)] (M=Zn, Co; H2hfipbb=4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)-bis(benzoic acid); ted=triethylenediamine): Synthesis, structure analysis, pore characterization, small gas adsorption and CO2/N2 separation properties

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, William W.; Pramanik, Sanhita; Zhang, Zhijuan; Emge, Thomas J.; Li, Jing

    2013-04-01

    Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is a major contributor to global warming. Developing methods that can effectively capture CO2 is the key to reduce its emission to the atmosphere. Recent research shows that microporous metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as a promising family of adsorbents that may be promising for use in adsorption based capture and separation of CO2 from power plant waste gases. In this work we report the synthesis, crystal structure analysis and pore characterization of two microporous MOF structures, [M2(hfipbb)2(ted)] (M=Zn (1), Co (2); H2hfipbb=4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)-bis(benzoic acid); ted=triethylenediamine). The CO2 and N2 adsorption experiments and IAST calculations are carried out on [Zn2(hfipbb)2(ted)] under conditions that mimic post-combustion flue gas mixtures emitted from power plants. The results show that the framework interacts with CO2 strongly, giving rise to relatively high isosteric heats of adsorption (up to 28 kJ/mol), and high adsorption selectivity for CO2 over N2, making it promising for capturing and separating CO2 from CO2/N2 mixtures.

  8. Mechanism of thermal electron attachment in N/sub 2/O--CO/sub 2/ mixtures in the gas phase

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shimamori, H.; Fessenden, R.W.

    1978-12-01

    The attachment of thermal electrons to nitrous oxide in N/sub 2/O--CO/sub 2/ mixtures has been studied at room temperature in the pressure range 5--120 torr. Ionization was by pulse radiolysis and the electron concentration was measured as a function of time by microwave conductivity. Addition of even less than 0.1% CO/sub 2/ to N/sub 2/O causes a marked increase in attachment rate. However, this enhancement soon saturates in that further additions of CO/sub 2/ have less and less effect. Experiments with ternary mixtures including C/sub 2/H/sub 6/ showed a further enhancement which was much larger than the additive effects ofmore » CO/sub 2/ and C/sub 2/H/sub 6/ alone. These observations can be explained by a two step three-body process producing vibrationally excited N/sub 2/O/sup -/* if the rate constant for stabilization of N/sub 2/O/sup -/* by CO/sub 2/ is 4 x 10/sup -30/ cm/sup 6//molecule/sup 2/xsec. The decrease in effectiveness with increased CO/sub 2/ pressure is interpreted as the collisional ionization of a complex ion, (N/sub 2/OxCO/sub 2/)/sup -/*. The nonadditive effect of hydrocarbon results from the rapid reactive destruction of such complexes by collision with the hydrocarbon. A detailed quantitative treatment of the proposed mechanism was successful in explaining most features of the data. In a limited set of experiments, allene : N/sub 2/O mixtures were found to behave much like CO/sub 2/--N/sub 2/O.« less

  9. Selective Sensing of Gas Mixture via a Temperature Modulation Approach: New Strategy for Potentiometric Gas Sensor Obtaining Satisfactory Discriminating Features

    PubMed Central

    Li, Fu-an; Jin, Han; Wang, Jinxia; Zou, Jie; Jian, Jiawen

    2017-01-01

    A new strategy to discriminate four types of hazardous gases is proposed in this research. Through modulating the operating temperature and the processing response signal with a pattern recognition algorithm, a gas sensor consisting of a single sensing electrode, i.e., ZnO/In2O3 composite, is designed to differentiate NO2, NH3, C3H6, CO within the level of 50–400 ppm. Results indicate that with adding 15 wt.% ZnO to In2O3, the sensor fabricated at 900 °C shows optimal sensing characteristics in detecting all the studied gases. Moreover, with the aid of the principle component analysis (PCA) algorithm, the sensor operating in the temperature modulation mode demonstrates acceptable discrimination features. The satisfactory discrimination features disclose the future that it is possible to differentiate gas mixture efficiently through operating a single electrode sensor at temperature modulation mode. PMID:28287492

  10. Chemical recognition of gases and gas mixtures with terahertz waves.

    PubMed

    Jacobsen, R H; Mittleman, D M; Nuss, M C

    1996-12-15

    A time-domain chemical-recognition system for classifying gases and analyzing gas mixtures is presented. We analyze the free induction decay exhibited by gases excited by far-infrared (terahertz) pulses in the time domain, using digital signal-processing techniques. A simple geometric picture is used for the classif ication of the waveforms measured for unknown gas species. We demonstrate how the recognition system can be used to determine the partial pressures of an ammonia-water gas mixture.

  11. Chemical recognition of gases and gas mixtures with terahertz waves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jacobsen, R. H.; Mittleman, D. M.; Nuss, M. C.

    1996-12-01

    A time-domain chemical-recognition system for classifying gases and analyzing gas mixtures is presented. We analyze the free induction decay exhibited by gases excited by far-infrared (terahertz) pulses in the time domain, using digital signal-processing techniques. A simple geometric picture is used for the classification of the waveforms measured for unknown gas species. We demonstrate how the recognition system can be used to determine the partial pressures of an ammonia-water gas mixture.

  12. Reduced viscosity interpreted for fluid/gas mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lewis, D. H.

    1981-01-01

    Analysis predicts decrease in fluid viscosity by comparing pressure profile of fluid/gas mixture with that of power-law fluid. Fluid is taken to be viscous, non-Newtonian, and incompressible; the gas to be ideal; the flow to be inertia-free, isothermal, and one dimensional. Analysis assists in design of flow systems for petroleum, coal, polymers, and other materials.

  13. DIRECT DETERMINATION OF THE HF/H{sub 2} ABUNDANCE RATIO IN INTERSTELLAR GAS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Indriolo, Nick; Neufeld, D. A.; Seifahrt, A.

    2013-02-20

    We report the first detection of the v = 1-0, R(0) ro-vibrational transition of HF at 2.499385 {mu}m arising from interstellar gas. The line is seen in absorption toward three background sources-HD 154368, Elias 29, and AFGL 2136 IRS 1-all of which have reported H{sub 2} column densities determined from observations of H{sub 2}. This allows for the first direct determination of the HF/H{sub 2} abundance ratio. We find values of N(HF)/N(H{sub 2}) = 1.15 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -8} and 0.69 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -8} for HD 154368 and Elias 29, respectively. The sight line toward AFGL 2136 IRS 1 also showsmore » absorption from the v = 1-0, R(1) transition of HF, indicating warm, dense (n {sub H} {approx}> 10{sup 9} cm{sup -3}) gas, likely very close to the central protostar. Ascribing portions of the HF absorption to warm and cold gas, we find N(HF)/N(H{sub 2}) = (1.7-2.9) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -8} and (0.33-0.58) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -8} for the two components, respectively. Except for the warm component toward AFGL 2136 IRS 1, all observed HF/H{sub 2} ratios are well below N(HF)/N(H{sub 2}) = 3.6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -8}, the value predicted if nearly all gas phase fluorine is in the form of HF. Models of fluorine chemistry that account for depletion onto grains are able to reproduce the results toward HD 154368, but not in the cold, dense gas toward AFGL 2136 IRS 1 and Elias 29. Most likely, some combinations of simplifying assumptions made in the chemical models are responsible for these discrepancies.« less

  14. Porous Titanium Parts Fabricated by Sintering of TiH2 and Ti Powder Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peng, Qin; Yang, Bin; Friedrich, Bernd

    2018-01-01

    A new simple powder metallurgy process by sintering TiH2 powders was used to manufacture porous Ti components. The effects of the processing parameters (pressure of cold isostatic pressing and sintering temperature) and the TiH2/Ti ratio in the powder mixtures on the impurities, the linear shrinkage and the pore properties (including overall and open porosities) were comprehensively determined. The addition of TiH2 as a reactant has been found beneficial for the synthesis of porous Ti components. The formation mechanisms of pores were demonstrated based on the dehydrogenation process of TiH2 during sintering, resulting in highest reactivity due to the "in statu nascendi" generation of the metal. In addition, the hardness and corrosion resistance of all the sintered samples were evaluated, related to the overall and open porosities. As a result, an optimal composition of Ti-40 wt.% TiH2 was defined, as its maximum open porosity was about 23%.

  15. Behaviors of Absolute Densities of N, H, and NH3 at Remote Region of High-Density Radical Source Employing N2-H2 Mixture Plasmas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Shang; Kondo, Hiroki; Ishikawa, Kenji; Takeda, Keigo; Sekine, Makoto; Kano, Hiroyuki; Den, Shoji; Hori, Masaru

    2011-01-01

    For an innovation of molecular-beam-epitaxial (MBE) growth of gallium nitride (GaN), the measurements of absolute densities of N, H, and NH3 at the remote region of the radical source excited by plasmas have become absolutely imperative. By vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (VUVAS) at a relatively low pressure of about 1 Pa, we obtained a N atom density of 9×1012 cm-3 for a pure nitrogen gas used, a H atom density of 7×1012 cm-3 for a gas composition of 80% hydrogen mixed with nitrogen gas were measured. The maximum density 2×1013 cm-3 of NH3 was measured by quadruple mass spectrometry (QMS) at H2/(N2+H2)=60%. Moreover, we found that N atom density was considerably affected by processing history, where the characteristic instability was observed during the pure nitrogen plasma discharge sequentially after the hydrogen-containing plasma discharge. These results indicate imply the importance of establishing radical-based processes to control precisely the absolute densities of N, H, and NH3 at the remote region of the radical source.

  16. Modeling the phase behavior of H2S+n-alkane binary mixtures using the SAFT-VR+D approach.

    PubMed

    dos Ramos, M Carolina; Goff, Kimberly D; Zhao, Honggang; McCabe, Clare

    2008-08-07

    A statistical associating fluid theory for potential of variable range has been recently developed to model dipolar fluids (SAFT-VR+D) [Zhao and McCabe, J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 104504]. The SAFT-VR+D equation explicitly accounts for dipolar interactions and their effect on the thermodynamics and structure of a fluid by using the generalized mean spherical approximation (GMSA) to describe a reference fluid of dipolar square-well segments. In this work, we apply the SAFT-VR+D approach to real mixtures of dipolar fluids. In particular, we examine the high-pressure phase diagram of hydrogen sulfide+n-alkane binary mixtures. Hydrogen sulfide is modeled as an associating spherical molecule with four off-center sites to mimic hydrogen bonding and an embedded dipole moment (micro) to describe the polarity of H2S. The n-alkane molecules are modeled as spherical segments tangentially bonded together to form chains of length m, as in the original SAFT-VR approach. By using simple Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules, the theoretical predictions from the SAFT-VR+D equation are found to be in excellent overall agreement with experimental data. In particular, the theory is able to accurately describe the different types of phase behavior observed for these mixtures as the molecular weight of the alkane is varied: type III phase behavior, according to the scheme of classification by Scott and Konynenburg, for the H2S+methane system, type IIA (with the presence of azeotropy) for the H2S+ethane and+propane mixtures; and type I phase behavior for mixtures of H2S and longer n-alkanes up to n-decane. The theory is also able to predict in a qualitative manner the solubility of hydrogen sulfide in heavy n-alkanes.

  17. Binary and ternary gas mixtures for use in glow discharge closing switches

    DOEpatents

    Hunter, Scott R.; Christophorou, Loucas G.

    1990-01-01

    Highly efficient binary and ternary gas mixtures for use in diffuse glow discharge closing switches are disclosed. The binary mixtures are combinations of helium or neon and selected perfluorides. The ternary mixtures are combinations of helium, neon, or argon, a selected perfluoride, and a small amount of gas that exhibits enhanced ionization characteristics. These mixtures are shown to be the optimum choices for use in diffuse glow discharge closing switches by virtue of the combined physio-electric properties of the mixture components.

  18. Gas adsorption and gas mixture separations using mixed-ligand MOF material

    DOEpatents

    Hupp, Joseph T [Northfield, IL; Mulfort, Karen L [Chicago, IL; Snurr, Randall Q [Evanston, IL; Bae, Youn-Sang [Evanston, IL

    2011-01-04

    A method of separating a mixture of carbon dioxiode and hydrocarbon gas using a mixed-ligand, metal-organic framework (MOF) material having metal ions coordinated to carboxylate ligands and pyridyl ligands.

  19. Improvement in methanol production by regulating the composition of synthetic gas mixture and raw biogas.

    PubMed

    Patel, Sanjay K S; Mardina, Primata; Kim, Dongwook; Kim, Sang-Yong; Kalia, Vipin C; Kim, In-Won; Lee, Jung-Kul

    2016-10-01

    Raw biogas can be an alternative feedstock to pure methane (CH4) for methanol production. In this investigation, we evaluated the methanol production potential of Methylosinus sporium from raw biogas originated from an anaerobic digester. Furthermore, the roles of different gases in methanol production were investigated using synthetic gas mixtures of CH4, carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen (H2). Maximum methanol production was 5.13, 4.35, 6.28, 7.16, 0.38, and 0.36mM from raw biogas, CH4:CO2, CH4:H2, CH4:CO2:H2, CO2, and CO2:H2, respectively. Supplementation of H2 into raw biogas increased methanol production up to 3.5-fold. Additionally, covalent immobilization of M. sporium on chitosan resulted in higher methanol production from raw biogas. This study provides a suitable approach to improve methanol production using low cost raw biogas as a feed containing high concentrations of H2S (0.13%). To our knowledge, this is the first report on methanol production from raw biogas, using immobilized cells of methanotrophs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. Binary and ternary gas mixtures for use in glow discharge closing switches

    DOEpatents

    Hunter, S.R.; Christophorou, L.G.

    1988-04-27

    Highly efficient binary and ternary gas mixtures for use in diffuse glow discharge closing switches are disclosed. The binary mixtures are combinations of helium or neon and selected perfluorides. The ternary mixtures are combinations of helium, neon, or argon, a selected perfluoride, and a small amount of gas that exhibits enhanced ionization characteristics. These mixtures are shown to be the optimum choices for use in diffuse glow discharge closing switches by virtue if the combines physio-electric properties of the mixture components. 9 figs.

  1. The ‘ideal selectivity’ vs ‘true selectivity’ for permeation of gas mixture in nanoporous membranes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Zhou; Wang, Kean

    2018-03-01

    In this study, we proposed and validated a novel and non-destructive experimental technology for measuring the permeation of binary gas mixture in nanoporous membranes. The traditional time lag rig was modified to examine the permeation characteristics of each gas component as well as that of the binary gas mixtures. The difference in boiling points of each species were explored. Binary gas mixtures of CO2/He were permeated through the nanoporous carbon molecular sieve membrane (CMSM). The results showed that, due to the strong interaction among different molecules and with the porous network of the membrane, the measured perm-selectivity or ‘true selectivity’ of a binary mixture can significantly deviate from the ‘ideal selectivity’ calculated form the permeation flux of each pure species, and this deviation is a complicated function of the molecular properties and operation conditions.

  2. Two-phase turbine engines. [using gas-liquid mixture accelerated in nozzles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Elliott, D. G.; Hays, L. G.

    1976-01-01

    A description is given of a two-phase turbine which utilizes a uniform mixture of gas and liquid accelerated in nozzles of the types reported by Elliott and Weinberg (1968). The mixture acts directly on an axial flow or tangential impulse turbine or is separated into gas and liquid streams which operate separately on a gas turbine and a hydraulic turbine. The basic two-phase cycles are examined, taking into account working fluids, aspects of nozzle expansion, details of turbine cycle operation, and the effect of mixture ratio variation. Attention is also given to two-phase nozzle efficiency, two-phase turbine operating characteristics and efficiencies, separator turbines, and impulse turbine experiments.

  3. Influence of H2O2 on LPG fuel performance evaluation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Khan, Muhammad Saad; Ahmed, Iqbal; Mutalib, Mohammad Ibrahim bin Abdul; Nadeem, Saad; Ali, Shahid

    2014-10-01

    The objective of this mode of combustion is to insertion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) combustion on spark plug ignition engines. The addition of hydrogen peroxide may probably decrease the formation of NOx, COx and unburned hydrocarbons. Hypothetically, Studies have shown that addition of hydrogen peroxide to examine the performance of LPG/H2O2 mixture in numerous volumetric compositions starting from lean LPG until obtaining a better composition can reduce the LPG fuel consumption. The theory behind this idea is that, the addition of H2O2 can cover the lean operation limit, increase the lean burn ability, diminution the burn duration along with controlling the exhaust emission by significantly reducing the greenhouse gaseous.

  4. Theoretical study on some plasma parameters and thermophysical properties of various gas mixtures in gas-discharge lasers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Temelkov, K. A.; Slaveeva, S. I.; Fedchenko, Yu I.; Chernogorova, T. P.

    2018-03-01

    Using the well-known Wassiljewa equation and a new simple method, the thermal conductivities of various 2- and 3-component gas mixtures were calculated and compared under gas-discharge conditions optimal for two prospective lasers excited in a nanosecond pulsed longitudinal discharge. By solving the non-stationary heat-conduction equation for electrons, a 2D numerical model was also developed for determination of the radial and temporal dependences of the electron temperature Te (r, t).

  5. Microwave Determination of Water Mole Fraction in Humid Gas Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cuccaro, R.; Gavioso, R. M.; Benedetto, G.; Madonna Ripa, D.; Fernicola, V.; Guianvarc'h, C.

    2012-09-01

    A small volume (65 cm3) gold-plated quasi-spherical microwave resonator has been used to measure the water vapor mole fraction x w of H2O/N2 and H2O/air mixtures. This experimental technique exploits the high precision achievable in the determination of the cavity microwave resonance frequencies and is particularly sensitive to the presence of small concentrations of water vapor as a result of the high polarizability of this substance. The mixtures were prepared using the INRIM standard humidity generator for frost-point temperatures T fp in the range between 241 K and 270 K and a commercial two-pressure humidity generator operated at a dew-point temperature between 272 K and 291 K. The experimental measurements compare favorably with the calculated molar fractions of the mixture supplied by the humidity generators, showing a normalized error lower than 0.8.

  6. Measuring Sound Speed in Gas Mixtures Using a Photoacoustic Generator

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suchenek, Mariusz; Borowski, Tomasz

    2018-01-01

    We present a new method which allows us to percentage distinction of gas composition with a fast response time. This system uses the speed of sound in a resonant cell along with temperature to determine the gas mixture composition. The gas mixtures contain two gases with an unknown combination. In our experiment, the acoustic waves were excited inside the acoustic longitudinal resonator with the use of a positive feedback. This feedback provides fast tracking of a resonance frequency of the cell and causes fast tracking changes in the speed of sound. The presented method corresponds to the theoretical description of this topic. Two gas mixtures—carbon dioxide and argon mixed with nitrogen—were tested.

  7. "Twin copper source" growth of metal-organic framework membrane: Cu(3)(BTC)(2) with high permeability and selectivity for recycling H(2).

    PubMed

    Guo, Hailing; Zhu, Guangshan; Hewitt, Ian J; Qiu, Shilun

    2009-02-11

    In this communication, the copper net supported Cu(3)(BTC)(2) membranes have been successfully synthesized by means of a "twin copper source" technique. Separation studies on gaseous mixtures (H(2)/CO(2), H(2)/CH(4), and H(2)/N(2)) using the membrane revealed that the membrane possesses high permeability and selectivity for H(2) over CO(2), N(2), and CH(4). Compared with the conventional zeolite membranes, the copper net supported Cu(3)(BTC)(2) membrane exhibited high permeation flux in gas separation. Such highly efficient copper net supported Cu(3)(BTC)(2) membranes could be used to separate, recycle, and reuse H(2) exhausted from steam reforming natural gas.

  8. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of H(+)(H2O)6·M(m) (M = Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H2, N2, and CH4): messenger-dependent balance between H3O(+) and H5O2(+) core isomers.

    PubMed

    Mizuse, Kenta; Fujii, Asuka

    2011-04-21

    Although messenger mediated spectroscopy is a widely-used technique to study gas phase ionic species, effects of messengers themselves are not necessarily clear. In this study, we report infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of H(+)(H(2)O)(6)·M(m) (M = Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H(2), N(2), and CH(4)) in the OH stretch region to investigate messenger(M)-dependent cluster structures of the H(+)(H(2)O)(6) moiety. The H(+)(H(2)O)(6), the protonated water hexamer, is the smallest system in which both the H(3)O(+) (Eigen) and H(5)O(2)(+) (Zundel) hydrated proton motifs coexist. All the spectra show narrower band widths reflecting reduced internal energy (lower vibrational temperature) in comparison with bare H(+)(H(2)O)(6). The Xe-, CH(4)-, and N(2)-mediated spectra show additional band features due to the relatively strong perturbation of the messenger. The observed band patterns in the Ar-, Kr-, Xe-, N(2)-, and CH(4)-mediated spectra are attributed mainly to the "Zundel" type isomer, which is more stable. On the other hand, the Ne- and H(2)-mediated spectra are accounted for by a mixture of the "Eigen" and "Zundel" types, like that of bare H(+)(H(2)O)(6). These results suggest that a messenger sometimes imposes unexpected isomer-selectivity even though it has been thought to be inert. Plausible origins of the isomer-selectivity are also discussed.

  9. Optical characteristics of a RF DBD plasma jet in various {Ar}/ {O}_{2}Ar/O2 mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Falahat, A.; Ganjovi, A.; Taraz, M.; Ravari, M. N. Rostami; Shahedi, A.

    2018-02-01

    In this paper, using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique, the optical characteristics of a radiofrequency (RF) plasma jet are examined. The Ar/O2 mixture is taken as the operational gas and, the Ar percentage in the Ar/O2 mixture is varied from 70% to 95%. Using the optical emission spectrum analysis of the RF plasma jet, the excitation temperature is determined based on the Boltzmann plot method. The electron density in the plasma medium of the RF plasma jet is obtained by the Stark broadening of the hydrogen Balmer H_{β }. It is mostly seen that, the radiation intensity of Ar 4p→ 4s transitions at higher argon contributions in Ar/O2 mixture is higher. It is found that, at higher Ar percentages, the emission intensities from atomic oxygen (O) are higher and, the line intensities from the argon atoms and ions including O atoms linearly increase. It is observed that the quenching of Ar^{*} with O2 results in higher O species with respect to O2 molecules. In addition, at higher percentages of Ar in the Ar/O2 mixture, while the excitation temperature is decreased, the electron density is increased.

  10. Yield of H2O2 in Gas-Liquid Phase with Pulsed DBD

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jiang, Song; Wen, Yiyong; Liu, Kefu

    2014-01-01

    Electric discharge in water can generate a large number of oxidants such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. In this paper, a non-thermal plasma processing system was established by means of pulsed dielectric barrier discharge in gas-liquid phase. The electrodes of discharge reactor were staggered. The yield of H2O2 was enhanced after discharge. The effects of discharge time, discharge voltage, frequency, initial pH value, and feed gas were investigated. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide and ozone was measured after discharge. The experimental results were fully analyzed. The chemical reaction equations in water were given as much as possible. At last, the water containing Rhodamine B was tested in this system. The degradation rate came to 94.22% in 30 min.

  11. The nonlinear model for emergence of stable conditions in gas mixture in force field

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kalutskov, Oleg; Uvarova, Liudmila

    2016-06-01

    The case of M-component liquid evaporation from the straight cylindrical capillary into N - component gas mixture in presence of external forces was reviewed. It is assumed that the gas mixture is not ideal. The stable states in gas phase can be formed during the evaporation process for the certain model parameter valuesbecause of the mass transfer initial equationsnonlinearity. The critical concentrations of the resulting gas mixture components (the critical component concentrations at which the stable states occur in mixture) were determined mathematically for the case of single-component fluid evaporation into two-component atmosphere. It was concluded that this equilibrium concentration ratio of the mixture components can be achieved by external force influence on the mass transfer processes. It is one of the ways to create sustainable gas clusters that can be used effectively in modern nanotechnology.

  12. Effects of sol-gel synthesis on 5Fe-15Mn-40Zn-40Ti-O mixed oxide structure and its H2S removal efficiency from industrial gas streams.

    PubMed

    Polychronopoulou, Kyriaki; Efstathiou, Angelos M

    2009-06-15

    A novel Fe-Mn-Zn-Ti-O mixed metal oxide has been developed for efficient low-temperature (25-50 degrees C) removal of H2S from a gas mixture containing 600 ppm H2S, 25 vol% H2, 7.5 vol % CO2, and 1-3 vol% H2O that simulates typical conditions experienced at the outlet of a bioreactor loaded with sulfate metal reducing bacteria (SMRB) that converts toxic Cr6+ and As5+ present in ground and surface waters and soils into nontoxic elements. During the latter conversion H2S gas is produced and has to be treated. In the present work it is demonstrated for the first time that by using the sol-gel synthesis route at given experimental conditions (e.g., metal precursor salts, solvent system, and solution pH), optimum structural properties for the Fe-Mn-Zn-Ti-O solid can be obtained for maximization of H2S uptake. In particular, at 25 degrees C an H2S uptake (0.085 g H2S/g solid) larger by at least a factor of 3 compared to a commercial Ni-based H2S absorbent material was obtained.

  13. Fast gas heating and radial distribution of active species in nanosecond capillary discharge in pure nitrogen and N2:O2 mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lepikhin, N. D.; Popov, N. A.; Starikovskaia, S. M.

    2018-05-01

    Fast gas heating is studied experimentally and numerically using pulsed nanosecond capillary discharge in pure nitrogen and N2:O2 mixtures under the conditions of high specific deposited energy (up to 1 eV/molecule) and high reduced electric fields (100–300 Td). Deposited energy, electric field and gas temperature are measured as functions of time. The radial distribution of active species is analyzed experimentally. The roles of processes involving {{{N}}}2({{B}}) ={{{N}}}2({{{B}}}3{{{\\Pi }}}{{g}},{{{W}}}3{{{Δ }}}{{u}},{{B}}{{\\prime} }3{{{Σ }}}{{u}}-), {{{N}}}2({{{A}}}3{{{Σ }}}{{u}}+) and N(2D) excited nitrogen species leading to heat release are analyzed using numerical modeling in the framework of 1D axial approximation.

  14. A new metal-organic framework for separation of C2H2/CH4 and CO2/CH4 at room temperature

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Duan, Xing; Zhou, You; Lv, Ran; Yu, Ben; Chen, Haodong; Ji, Zhenguo; Cui, Yuanjing; Yang, Yu; Qian, Guodong

    2018-04-01

    A 3D microporous metal-organic framework with open Cu2+ sites and suitable pore space, [Cu2(L)(H2O)2]·(H2O)4(DMF)8 (ZJU-15, H4L = 5,5‧-(9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl)diisophthalic acid; DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide; ZJU = Zhejiang University), has been constructed and characterized. The activated ZJU-15a has three different types of cages and exhibits BET surface area of 1660 m2 g-1, and can separate gas mixture of C2H2/CH4 and CO2/CH4 at room temperature.

  15. Validation of spectroscopic gas analyzer accuracy using gravimetric standard gas mixtures: impact of background gas composition on CO2 quantitation by cavity ring-down spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lim, Jeong Sik; Park, Miyeon; Lee, Jinbok; Lee, Jeongsoon

    2017-12-01

    The effect of background gas composition on the measurement of CO2 levels was investigated by wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectrometry (WS-CRDS) employing a spectral line centered at the R(1) of the (3 00 1)III ← (0 0 0) band. For this purpose, eight cylinders with various gas compositions were gravimetrically and volumetrically prepared within 2σ = 0.1 %, and these gas mixtures were introduced into the WS-CRDS analyzer calibrated against standards of ambient air composition. Depending on the gas composition, deviations between CRDS-determined and gravimetrically (or volumetrically) assigned CO2 concentrations ranged from -9.77 to 5.36 µmol mol-1, e.g., excess N2 exhibited a negative deviation, whereas excess Ar showed a positive one. The total pressure broadening coefficients (TPBCs) obtained from the composition of N2, O2, and Ar thoroughly corrected the deviations up to -0.5 to 0.6 µmol mol-1, while these values were -0.43 to 1.43 µmol mol-1 considering PBCs induced by only N2. The use of TPBC enhanced deviations to be corrected to ˜ 0.15 %. Furthermore, the above correction linearly shifted CRDS responses for a large extent of TPBCs ranging from 0.065 to 0.081 cm-1 atm-1. Thus, accurate measurements using optical intensity-based techniques such as WS-CRDS require TPBC-based instrument calibration or use standards prepared in the same background composition of ambient air.

  16. Novel Gas Sensor Based on ZnO Nanorod Circular Arrays for C2H5OH Gas Detection.

    PubMed

    Jianjiao, Zhang; Hongyan, Yue; Erjun, Guo; Shaolin, Zhang; Liping, Wang; Chunyu, Zhang; Xin, Gao; Jing, Chang; Hong, Zhang

    2015-03-01

    Novel side-heating gas sensor based on ZnO nanorod circular arrays was firstly fabricated by hydrothermal treatment assisted with a kind of simple dip-coating technique. The structure and morphologies of ZnO nanorods were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively. XRD result indicates that the obtained ZnO nanorods have good crystalline with the hexagonal wurtzite structure. SEM result indicates that ZnO nanorod arrays are vertically growth on the surface of ceramic tube of side-heating sensor with controlled diameter and length, narrow size distribution and high orientation. The gas sensing properties of ZnO nanorod circular arrays are also evaluated. Comparative to the sensor based on scattered ZnO nanorods responding to 25 ppm H2, CO, C6H5CH3 and C2H5OH gas, respectively, the sensing values of high orientation gas sensor are generally increased by 5%. This novel sensor has good application promising for the fabrication of cost effective and high performance gas sensors.

  17. Method of testing gas insulated systems for the presence of conducting particles utilizing a gas mixture of nitrogen and sulfur hexafluoride

    DOEpatents

    Wootton, Roy E.

    1979-01-01

    A method of testing a gas insulated system for the presence of conducting particles. The method includes inserting a gaseous mixture comprising about 98 volume percent nitrogen and about 2 volume percent sulfur hexafluoride into the gas insulated system at a pressure greater than 60 lb./sq. in. gauge, and then applying a test voltage to the system. If particles are present within the system, the gaseous mixture will break down, providing an indicator of the presence of the particles.

  18. Performance Analysis of Joule-Thomson Cooler Supplied with Gas Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Piotrowska, A.; Chorowski, M.; Dorosz, P.

    2017-02-01

    Joule-Thomson (J-T) cryo-coolers working in closed cycles and supplied with gas mixtures are the subject of intensive research in different laboratories. The replacement of pure nitrogen by nitrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures allows to improve both thermodynamic parameters and economy of the refrigerators. It is possible to avoid high pressures in the heat exchanger and to use standard refrigeration compressor instead of gas bottles or high-pressure oil free compressor. Closed cycle and mixture filled Joule-Thomson cryogenic refrigerator providing 10-20 W of cooling power at temperature range 90-100 K has been designed and manufactured. Thermodynamic analysis including the optimization of the cryo-cooler mixture has been performed with ASPEN HYSYS software. The paper describes the design of the cryo-cooler and provides thermodynamic analysis of the system. The test results are presented and discussed.

  19. Chemical Discrimination in Turbulent Gas Mixtures with MOX Sensors Validated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

    PubMed Central

    Fonollosa, Jordi; Rodríguez-Luján, Irene; Trincavelli, Marco; Vergara, Alexander; Huerta, Ramón

    2014-01-01

    Chemical detection systems based on chemo-resistive sensors usually include a gas chamber to control the sample air flow and to minimize turbulence. However, such a kind of experimental setup does not reproduce the gas concentration fluctuations observed in natural environments and destroys the spatio-temporal information contained in gas plumes. Aiming at reproducing more realistic environments, we utilize a wind tunnel with two independent gas sources that get naturally mixed along a turbulent flow. For the first time, chemo-resistive gas sensors are exposed to dynamic gas mixtures generated with several concentration levels at the sources. Moreover, the ground truth of gas concentrations at the sensor location was estimated by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We used a support vector machine as a tool to show that chemo-resistive transduction can be utilized to reliably identify chemical components in dynamic turbulent mixtures, as long as sufficient gas concentration coverage is used. We show that in open sampling systems, training the classifiers only on high concentrations of gases produces less effective classification and that it is important to calibrate the classification method with data at low gas concentrations to achieve optimal performance. PMID:25325339

  20. Chemical discrimination in turbulent gas mixtures with MOX sensors validated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

    PubMed

    Fonollosa, Jordi; Rodríguez-Luján, Irene; Trincavelli, Marco; Vergara, Alexander; Huerta, Ramón

    2014-10-16

    Chemical detection systems based on chemo-resistive sensors usually include a gas chamber to control the sample air flow and to minimize turbulence. However, such a kind of experimental setup does not reproduce the gas concentration fluctuations observed in natural environments and destroys the spatio-temporal information contained in gas plumes. Aiming at reproducing more realistic environments, we utilize a wind tunnel with two independent gas sources that get naturally mixed along a turbulent flow. For the first time, chemo-resistive gas sensors are exposed to dynamic gas mixtures generated with several concentration levels at the sources. Moreover, the ground truth of gas concentrations at the sensor location was estimated by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We used a support vector machine as a tool to show that chemo-resistive transduction can be utilized to reliably identify chemical components in dynamic turbulent mixtures, as long as sufficient gas concentration coverage is used. We show that in open sampling systems, training the classifiers only on high concentrations of gases produces less effective classification and that it is important to calibrate the classification method with data at low gas concentrations to achieve optimal performance.

  1. Characterization of Ar/N2/H2 middle-pressure RF discharge and application of the afterglow region for nitridation of GaAs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Raud, J.; Jõgi, I.; Matisen, L.; Navrátil, Z.; Talviste, R.; Trunec, D.; Aarik, J.

    2017-12-01

    This work characterizes the production and destruction of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in RF capacitively coupled middle-pressure discharge in argon/nitrogen/hydrogen mixtures. Input power, electron concentration, electric field strength and mean electron energy were determined on the basis of electrical measurements. Gas temperature and concentration of Ar atoms in 1s states were determined from spectral measurements. On the basis of experimentally determined plasma characteristics, main production and loss mechanisms of H and N atoms were discussed. The plasma produced radicals were applied for the nitridation and oxide reduction of gallium arsenide in the afterglow region of discharge. After plasma treatment the GaAs samples were analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. Successful nitridation of GaAs sample was obtained in the case of Ar/5% N2 discharge. In this gas mixture the N atoms were generated via dissociative recombination of N2+ created by charge transfer from Ar+. The treatment in Ar/5% N2/1% H2 mixture resulted in the reduction of oxide signals in the XPS spectra. Negligible formation of GaN in the latter mixture was connected with reduced concentration of N atoms, which was, in turn, due to less efficient mechanism of N atom production (electron impact dissociation of N2 molecules) and additional loss channel in reaction with H2.

  2. Effects of variation in background mixing ratios of N2, O2, and Ar on the measurement of δ18O-H2O and δ2H-H2O values by cavity ring-down spectroscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, Jennifer E.; Rella, Chris W.

    2017-08-01

    Cavity ring-down spectrometers have generally been designed to operate under conditions in which the background gas has a constant composition. However, there are a number of observational and experimental situations of interest in which the background gas has a variable composition. In this study, we examine the effect of background gas composition on a cavity ring-down spectrometer that measures δ18O-H2O and δ2H-H2O values based on the amplitude of water isotopologue absorption features around 7184 cm-1 (L2120-i, Picarro, Inc.). For background mixtures balanced with N2, the apparent δ18O values deviate from true values by -0.50 ± 0.001 ‰ O2 %-1 and -0.57 ± 0.001 ‰ Ar %-1, and apparent δ2H values deviate from true values by 0.26 ± 0.004 ‰ O2 %-1 and 0.42 ± 0.004 ‰ Ar %-1. The artifacts are the result of broadening, narrowing, and shifting of both the target absorption lines and strong neighboring lines. While the background-induced isotopic artifacts can largely be corrected with simple empirical or semi-mechanistic models, neither type of model is capable of completely correcting the isotopic artifacts to within the inherent instrument precision. The development of strategies for dynamically detecting and accommodating background variation in N2, O2, and/or Ar would facilitate the application of cavity ring-down spectrometers to a new class of observations and experiments.

  3. Reactions of CH3SH and CH3SSCH3 with gas-phase hydrated radical anions (H2O)n(•-), CO2(•-)(H2O)n, and O2(•-)(H2O)n.

    PubMed

    Höckendorf, Robert F; Hao, Qiang; Sun, Zheng; Fox-Beyer, Brigitte S; Cao, Yali; Balaj, O Petru; Bondybey, Vladimir E; Siu, Chi-Kit; Beyer, Martin K

    2012-04-19

    The chemistry of (H(2)O)(n)(•-), CO(2)(•-)(H(2)O)(n), and O(2)(•-)(H(2)O)(n) with small sulfur-containing molecules was studied in the gas phase by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. With hydrated electrons and hydrated carbon dioxide radical anions, two reactions with relevance for biological radiation damage were observed, cleavage of the disulfide bond of CH(3)SSCH(3) and activation of the thiol group of CH(3)SH. No reactions were observed with CH(3)SCH(3). The hydrated superoxide radical anion, usually viewed as major source of oxidative stress, did not react with any of the compounds. Nanocalorimetry and quantum chemical calculations give a consistent picture of the reaction mechanism. The results indicate that the conversion of e(-) and CO(2)(•-) to O(2)(•-) deactivates highly reactive species and may actually reduce oxidative stress. For reactions of (H(2)O)(n)(•-) with CH(3)SH as well as CO(2)(•-)(H(2)O)(n) with CH(3)SSCH(3), the reaction products in the gas phase are different from those reported in the literature from pulse radiolysis studies. This observation is rationalized with the reduced cage effect in reactions of gas-phase clusters. © 2012 American Chemical Society

  4. Thick c-BN films deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering in argon/nitrogen gas mixture with additional hydrogen gas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Yan; Gao, Wei; Xu, Bo; Li, Ying-Ai; Li, Hong-Dong; Gu, Guang-Rui; Yin, Hong

    2016-10-01

    The excellent physical and chemical properties of cubic boron nitride (c-BN) film make it a promising candidate for various industry applications. However, the c-BN film thickness restricts its practical applications in many cases. Thus, it is indispensable to develop an economic, simple and environment-friend way to synthesize high-quality thick, stable c-BN films. High-cubic-content BN films are prepared on silicon (100) substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering from an h-BN target at low substrate temperature. Adhesions of the c-BN films are greatly improved by adding hydrogen to the argon/nitrogen gas mixture, allowing the deposition of a film up to 5-μm thick. The compositions and the microstructure morphologies of the c-BN films grown at different substrate temperatures are systematically investigated with respect to the ratio of H2 gas content to total working gas. In addition, a primary mechanism for the deposition of thick c-BN film is proposed. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51572105, 61504046, and 51272224), the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry, China, the Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province, China (Grant No. 2015Y050), and the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas of Jilin Province, China.

  5. Simultaneous high efficiency capture of CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2S from pressurized gas

    DOEpatents

    Gal, Eli; Krishnan, Gopala N.; Jayaweera, Indira S.

    2016-10-11

    Low-cost and energy-efficient CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2S capture is provided obtaining greater than 99.9% capture efficiency from pressurized gas. The acid species are captured in an ammonia solution, which is then regenerated by stripping the absorbed species. The solution can capture as much as 330 grams of CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2S per 1000 gram of water and when regenerated it produces pure pressurized acid gas containing more than 99.7% CO.sub.2 and H2S. The absorption of the acid species is accomplished in two absorbers in-series, each having multiple stages. More than 95% of the acid species are captured in the first absorber and the balance is captured in the second absorber to below 10 ppm concentration in the outlet gas. The two absorbers operate at temperatures ranging from 20-70 degrees Celsius. The two absorbers and the main stripper of the alkaline solution operate at similar pressures ranging from 5-200 bara.

  6. Continuous spin detonation of poorly detonable fuel-air mixtures in annular combustors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bykovskii, F. A.; Zhdan, S. A.

    2017-09-01

    This paper reports on the results of experimental investigations of continuous spin detonation of three fuel-air mixtures (syngas-air, CH4/H2-air, and kerosene/H2-air in a flow-type annular cylindrical combustor 503 mm in diameter. The limits of existence of continuous detonation in terms of the specific flow rates of the mixtures (minimum values) are determined. It is found that all gas mixtures, including the least detonable methane-air mixture, with addition of hydrogen can be burned in the continuous spin detonation regime.

  7. Shock wave induced condensation in fuel-rich gaseous and gas-particles mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fomin, P. A.

    2018-03-01

    The possibility of fuel vapor condensation in shock waves in fuel-rich (cyclohexane-oxygen) gaseous mixtures and explosion safety aspects of this effect are discussed. It is shown, that condensation process can essentially change the chemical composition of the gas. For example, the molar fraction of the oxidizer can increase in a few times. As a result, mixtures in which the initial concentration of fuel vapor exceeds the Upper Flammability Limit can, nevertheless, explode, if condensation shifts the composition of the mixture into the ignition region. The rate of the condensation process is estimated. This process can be fast enough to significantly change the chemical composition of the gas and shift it into the flammable range during the compression phase of blast waves, generated by explosions of fuel-vapor clouds or rapture of pressurized chemical reactors, with characteristic size of a few meters. It is shown that the presence of chemically inert microparticles in the gas mixtures under consideration increases the degree of supercooling and the mass of fuel vapors that have passed into the liquid and reduces the characteristic condensation time in comparison with the gas mixture without microparticles. The fuel vapor condensation should be taken into account in estimation the explosion hazard of chemical reactors, industrial and civil constructions, which may contain fuel-rich gaseous mixtures of heavy hydrocarbons with air.

  8. Two generators to produce SI-traceable reference gas mixtures for reactive compounds at atmospheric levels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pascale, C.; Guillevic, M.; Ackermann, A.; Leuenberger, D.; Niederhauser, B.

    2017-12-01

    To answer the needs of air quality and climate monitoring networks, two new gas generators were developed and manufactured at METAS in order to dynamically generate SI-traceable reference gas mixtures for reactive compounds at atmospheric concentrations. The technical features of the transportable generators allow for the realization of such gas standards for reactive compounds (e.g. NO2, volatile organic compounds) in the nmol · mol-1 range (ReGaS2), and fluorinated gases in the pmol ṡ mol-1 range (ReGaS3). The generation method is based on permeation and dynamic dilution. The transportable generators have multiple individual permeation chambers allowing for the generation of mixtures containing up to five different compounds. This mixture is then diluted using mass flow controllers, thus making the production process adaptable to generate the required amount of substance fraction. All parts of ReGaS2 in contact with the gas mixture are coated to reduce adsorption/desorption processes. Each input parameter required to calculate the generated amount of substance fraction is calibrated with SI-primary standards. The stability and reproducibility of the generated amount of substance fractions were tested with NO2 for ReGaS2 and HFC-125 for ReGaS3. They demonstrate stability over 1-4 d better than 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively, and reproducibility better than 0.7% and 1%, respectively. Finally, the relative expanded uncertainty of the generated amount of substance fraction is smaller than 3% with the major contributions coming from the uncertainty of the permeation rate and/or of the purity of the matrix gas. These relative expanded uncertainties meet then the needs of the data quality objectives fixed by the World Meteorological Organization.

  9. Scalable fabrication of SnO2 thin films sensitized with CuO islands for enhanced H2S gas sensing performance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Van Toan, Nguyen; Chien, Nguyen Viet; Van Duy, Nguyen; Vuong, Dang Duc; Lam, Nguyen Huu; Hoa, Nguyen Duc; Van Hieu, Nguyen; Chien, Nguyen Duc

    2015-01-01

    The detection of H2S, an important gaseous molecule that has been recently marked as a highly toxic environmental pollutant, has attracted increasing attention. We fabricate a wafer-scale SnO2 thin film sensitized with CuO islands using microelectronic technology for the improved detection of the highly toxic H2S gas. The SnO2-CuO island sensor exhibits significantly enhanced H2S gas response and reduced operating temperature. The thickness of CuO islands strongly influences H2S sensing characteristics, and the highest H2S gas response is observed with 20 nm-thick CuO islands. The response value (Ra/Rg) of the SnO2-CuO island sensor to 5 ppm H2S is as high as 128 at 200 °C and increases nearly 55-fold compared with that of the bare SnO2 thin film sensor. Meanwhile, the response of the SnO2-CuO island sensor to H2 (250 ppm), NH3 (250 ppm), CO (250 ppm), and LPG (1000 ppm) are low (1.3-2.5). The enhanced gas response and selectivity of the SnO2-CuO island sensor to H2S gas is explained by the sensitizing effect of CuO islands and the extension of electron depletion regions because of the formation of p-n junctions.

  10. Vertical and bevel-structured SiC etching techniques incorporating different gas mixture plasmas for various microelectronic applications.

    PubMed

    Sung, Ho-Kun; Qiang, Tian; Yao, Zhao; Li, Yang; Wu, Qun; Lee, Hee-Kwan; Park, Bum-Doo; Lim, Woong-Sun; Park, Kyung-Ho; Wang, Cong

    2017-06-20

    This study presents a detailed fabrication method, together with validation, discussion, and analysis, for state-of-the-art silicon carbide (SiC) etching of vertical and bevelled structures by using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) for microelectronic applications. Applying different gas mixtures, a maximum bevel angle of 87° (almost vertical), large-angle bevels ranging from 40° to 80°, and small-angel bevels ranging from 7° to 17° were achieved separately using distinct gas mixtures at different ratios. We found that SF 6 with additive O 2 was effective for vertical etching, with a best etching rate of 3050 Å/min. As for the large-angle bevel structures, BCl 3  + N 2 gas mixtures show better characteristics, exhibiting a controllable and large etching angle range from 40° to 80° through the adjustment of the mixture ratio. Additionally, a Cl 2  + O 2 mixture at different ratios is applied to achieve a small-angel bevels ranging from 7° to 17°. A minimum bevel angel of approximately 7° was achieved under the specific volume of 2.4 sccm Cl 2 and 3.6 sccm O 2 . These results can be used to improve performance in various microelectronic applications including MMIC via holes, PIN diodes, Schottky diodes, JFETs' bevel mesa, and avalanche photodiode fabrication.

  11. Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixtures in Chemical Equilibrium

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Brokaw, Richard S.

    1960-01-01

    The expression for the thermal conductivity of gas mixtures in chemical equilibrium is presented in a simpler and less restrictive form. This new form is shown to be equivalent to the previous equations.

  12. Gas41 links histone acetylation to H2A.Z deposition and maintenance of embryonic stem cell identity.

    PubMed

    Hsu, Chih-Chao; Zhao, Dan; Shi, Jiejun; Peng, Danni; Guan, Haipeng; Li, Yuanyuan; Huang, Yaling; Wen, Hong; Li, Wei; Li, Haitao; Shi, Xiaobing

    2018-01-01

    The histone variant H2A.Z is essential for maintaining embryonic stem cell (ESC) identity in part by keeping developmental genes in a poised bivalent state. However, how H2A.Z is deposited into the bivalent domains remains unknown. In mammals, two chromatin remodeling complexes, Tip60/p400 and SRCAP, exchange the canonical histone H2A for H2A.Z in the chromatin. Here we show that Glioma Amplified Sequence 41 (Gas41), a shared subunit of the two H2A.Z-depositing complexes, functions as a reader of histone lysine acetylation and recruits Tip60/p400 and SRCAP to deposit H2A.Z into specific chromatin regions including bivalent domains. The YEATS domain of Gas41 bound to acetylated histone H3K27 and H3K14 both in vitro and in cells. The crystal structure of the Gas41 YEATS domain in complex with the H3K27ac peptide revealed that, similar to the AF9 and ENL YEATS domains, Gas41 YEATS forms a serine-lined aromatic cage for acetyllysine recognition. Consistently, mutations in the aromatic residues of the Gas41 YEATS domain abrogated the interaction. In mouse ESCs, knockdown of Gas41 led to flattened morphology of ESC colonies, as the result of derepression of differentiation genes. Importantly, the abnormal morphology was rescued by expressing wild-type Gas41, but not the YEATS domain mutated counterpart that does not recognize histone acetylation. Mechanically, we found that Gas41 depletion led to reduction of H2A.Z levels and a concomitant reduction of H3K27me3 levels on bivalent domains. Together, our study reveals an essential role of the Gas41 YEATS domain in linking histone acetylation to H2A.Z deposition and maintenance of ESC identity.

  13. Thermodynamics of concentrated electrolyte mixtures and the prediction of mineral solubilities to high temperatures for mixtures in the system Na-K-Mg-Cl-SO 4-OH-H 2O

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pabalan, Roberto T.; Pitzer, Kenneth S.

    1987-09-01

    Mineral solubilities in binary and ternary electrolyte mixtures in the system Na-K-Mg-Cl-SO 4-OH-H 2O are calculated to high temperatures using available thermodynamic data for solids and for aqueous electrolyte solutions. Activity and osmotic coefficients are derived from the ion-interaction model of Pitzer (1973, 1979) and co-workers, the parameters of which are evaluated from experimentally determined solution properties or from solubility data in binary and ternary mixtures. Excellent to good agreement with experimental solubilities for binary and ternary mixtures indicate that the model can be successfully used to predict mineral-solution equilibria to high temperatures. Although there are currently no theoretical forms for the temperature dependencies of the various model parameters, the solubility data in ternary mixtures can be adequately represented by constant values of the mixing term θ ij and values of ψ ijk which are either constant or have a simple temperature dependence. Since no additional parameters are needed to describe the thermodynamic properties of more complex electrolyte mixtures, the calculations can be extended to equilibrium studies relevant to natural systems. Examples of predicted solubilities are given for the quaternary system NaCl-KCl-MgCl 2-H 2O.

  14. Plasma polymerization of an ethylene-nitrogen gas mixture

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hudis, M.; Wydeven, T.

    1975-01-01

    A procedure has been developed whereby nitrogen can be incorporated into an organic film from an ethylene-nitrogen gas mixture using an internal electrode capacitively coupled radio frequency reactor. The presence of nitrogen has been shown directly by infrared transmittance spectra and electron spectroscopic chemical analysis data, and further indirect evidence was provided by dielectric measurements and by the reverse osmosis properties of the film. Preparation of a nitrogen containing film did not require vapor from an organic nitrogen containing liquid monomer. Some control over the bonding and stoichiometry of the polymer film was provided by the added degree of freedom of the nitrogen partial pressure in the gas mixture. This new parameter strongly affected the dielectric properties of the plasma polymerized film and could affect the reverse osmosis behavior.

  15. Variable-temperature cryogenic trap for the separation of gas mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Des Marais, D. J.

    1978-01-01

    The paper describes a continuous variable-temperature U-shaped cold trap which can both purify vacuum-line combustion products for subsequent stable isotopic analysis and isolate the methane and ethane constituents of natural gases. The canister containing the trap is submerged in liquid nitrogen, and, as the gas cools, the gas mixture components condense sequentially according to their relative vapor pressures. After the about 12 min required for the bottom of the trap to reach the liquid-nitrogen temperature, passage of electric current through the resistance wire wrapped around the tubing covering the U-trap permits distillation of successive gas components at optimal temperatures. Data on the separation achieved for two mixtures, the first being typical vacuum-line combustion products of geochemical samples such as rocks and the second being natural gas, are presented, and the thermal behavior and power consumption are reported.

  16. High rate dry etching of (BiSb)2Te3 film by CH4/H2-based plasma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Song, Junqiang; Shi, Xun; Chen, Lidong

    2014-10-01

    Etching characteristics of p-type (BiSb)2Te3 films were studied with CH4/H2/Ar gas mixture using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-reactive ion etching (RIE) system. The effects of gas mixing ratio, working pressure and gas flow rate on the etch rate and the surface morphology were investigated. The vertical etched profile with the etch rate of 600 nm/min was achieved at the optimized processing parameters. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed the non-uniform etching of (BiSb)2Te3 films due to disparate volatility of the etching products. Micro-masking effects caused by polymer deposition and Bi-rich residues resulted in roughly etched surfaces. Smooth surfaces can be obtained by optimizing the CH4/H2/Ar mixing ratio.

  17. Investigation of Dalton and Amagat's laws for gas mixtures with shock propagation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wayne, Patrick; Trueba Monje, Ignacio; Yoo, Jason H.; Truman, C. Randall; Vorobieff, Peter

    2016-11-01

    Two common models describing gas mixtures are Dalton's Law and Amagat's Law (also known as the laws of partial pressures and partial volumes, respectively). Our work is focused on determining the suitability of these models to prediction of effects of shock propagation through gas mixtures. Experiments are conducted at the Shock Tube Facility at the University of New Mexico (UNM). To validate experimental data, possible sources of uncertainty associated with experimental setup are identified and analyzed. The gaseous mixture of interest consists of a prescribed combination of disparate gases - helium and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The equations of state (EOS) considered are the ideal gas EOS for helium, and a virial EOS for SF6. The values for the properties provided by these EOS are then used used to model shock propagation through the mixture in accordance with Dalton's and Amagat's laws. Results of the modeling are compared with experiment to determine which law produces better agreement for the mixture. This work is funded by NNSA Grant DE-NA0002913.

  18. X-RAY IRRADIATION OF H{sub 2}O + CO ICE MIXTURES WITH SYNCHROTRON LIGHT

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Jiménez-Escobar, A.; Ciaravella, A.; Micela, G.

    2016-03-20

    We irradiated a (4:1) mixture of water and carbon monoxide with soft X-rays of energies up to 1.2 keV. The experiments were performed using the spherical grating monochromator beamline at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center in Taiwan. Both monochromatic (300 and 900 eV) and broader energy fluxes (250–1200 eV) were employed. During the irradiation, the H{sub 2}O + CO mixture was ionized, excited, and fragmented, producing a number of reactive species. The composition of the ice has been monitored throughout both the irradiation and warm-up phases. We identified several products, which can be related through a plausible chemical reaction scheme. Such chemistrymore » is initiated by the injection of energetic photoelectrons that produce multiple ionization events generating a secondary electron cascade. The results have been discussed in light of a model for protoplanetary disks around young solar-type stars.« less

  19. Oxidation-chlorination of binary Ni-Cr alloys in flowing Ar-O2-Cl2 gas mixtures at 1200 K

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mcnallan, M. J.; Lee, Y. Y.; Chang, Y. W.; Jacobson, N. S.; Doychak, J.

    1991-01-01

    Nickel-chromium alloys are resistant to oxidation because of the selective oxidation of chromium to form a protective Cr2O3 scale. In chlorine-containing environments, volatile corrosion products can also be formed. The mixed oxidation-chlorination of Ni-4.5Cr, Ni-13.8Cr, and Ni-26.5Cr (by weight) alloys in Ar-O2-Cl2 gas mixtures is investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and atmospheric-pressure-sampling mass spectrometry, followed by examination of the corrosion products using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The overall kinetics of the corrosion are affected by the relative amounts of oxides and chlorides formed and the composition of the oxide corrosion products.

  20. Simple radiosensitizing of hypoxic tumor tissues by N2O/Br(-) mixture.

    PubMed

    Billik, P

    2015-07-01

    The radiosensitization model of hypoxic tumor tissues based on the N2O/Br(-) mixture is described. The well-documented radiolysis of water in the presence of N2O and Br(-) ions at a low concentration supports this model. An aqueous solution saturated with N2O gas during the radiolysis generates OH radicals in a large extent. In N2O/Br- media at pH<9, Br2 is formed. Br2 hydrolyzes in an aqueous solution to form a very reactive hypobromous (HOBr) acid. Such process is described by the following chemical reaction: H2O + Br(-) + N2O + ionizing radiation (IR) --> HOBr + OH(-). In vivo formed HOBr as a long-lived product with a high biological activity induces the hypoxic tumor cell damage via many unique mechanisms. A local application or inhalation of an N2O-O2 mixture before or during the radiotherapy to enhance the saturation of tissues with N2O is a key prerequisite. Since the extracellular concentration of Br(-) ions is very low (0.02-0.05 mM), an oral or local application of NaBr should be used to shift the extracellular concentration of Br(-) ions to the mM region. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. Evaluation of the impact of H2O, O2, and SO2 on postcombustion CO2 capture in metal-organic frameworks.

    PubMed

    Yu, Jiamei; Ma, Yuguang; Balbuena, Perla B

    2012-05-29

    Molecular modeling methods are used to estimate the influence of impurity species: water, O(2), and SO(2) in flue gas mixtures present in postcombustion CO(2) capture using a metal organic framework, HKUST-1, as a model sorbent material. Coordinated and uncoordinated water effects on CO(2) capture are analyzed. Increase of CO(2) adsorption is observed for both cases, which can be attributed to the enhanced binding energy between CO(2) and HKUST-1 due to the introduction of a small amount of water. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the binding energy between CO(2) and HKUST-1 with coordinated water is ~1 kcal/mol higher than that without coordinated water. It is found that the improvement of CO(2)/N(2) selectivity induced by coordinated water may mainly be attributed to the increased CO(2) adsorption on the hydrated HKUST-1. On the other hand, the enhanced selectivity induced by uncoordinated water in the flue gas mixture can be explained on the basis of the competition of adsorption sites between water and CO(2) (N(2)). At low pressures, a significant CO(2)/N(2) selectivity increase is due to the increase of CO(2) adsorption and decrease of N(2) adsorption as a consequence of competition of adsorption sites between water and N(2). However, with more water molecules adsorbed at higher pressures, the competition between water and CO(2) leads to the decrease of CO(2) adsorption capacity. Therefore, high pressure operation should be avoided in HKUST-1 sorbents for CO(2) capture. In addition, the effects of O(2) and SO(2) on CO(2) capture in HKUST-1 are investigated: The CO(2)/N(2) selectivity does not change much even with relatively high concentrations of O(2) in the flue gas (up to 8%). A slightly lower CO(2)/N(2) selectivity of a CO(2)/N(2)/H(2)O/SO(2) mixture is observed compared with that in a CO(2)/N(2)/H(2)O mixture, especially at high pressures, due to the strong SO(2) binding with HKUST-1.

  2. Start-up, performance and optimization of a compost biofilter treating gas-phase mixture of benzene and toluene.

    PubMed

    Rene, Eldon R; Kar, Saurajyoti; Krishnan, Jagannathan; Pakshirajan, K; López, M Estefanía; Murthy, D V S; Swaminathan, T

    2015-08-01

    The performance of a compost biofilter inoculated with mixed microbial consortium was optimized for treating a gas-phase mixture of benzene and toluene. The biofilter was acclimated to these VOCs for a period of ∼18d. The effects of concentration and flow rate on the removal efficiency (RE) and elimination capacity (EC) were investigated by varying the inlet concentration of benzene (0.12-0.95g/m(3)), toluene (0.14-1.48g/m(3)) and gas-flow rate (0.024-0.072m(3)/h). At comparable loading rates, benzene removal in the mixture was reduced in the range of 6.6-41% in comparison with the individual benzene degradation. Toluene removal in mixture was even more affected as observed from the reductions in REs, ranging from 18.4% to 76%. The results were statistically interpreted by performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to elucidate the main and interaction effects. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. Light scattering in gas mixtures - Evidence of fast and slow sound modes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Clouter, M. J.; Luo, H.; Kiefte, H.; Zollweg, J. A.

    1990-02-01

    Campa and Cohen (1989) have predicted that dilute, binary mixtures of gases with disparate masses should exhibit a (fast) sound mode whose velocity is considerably greater than expected on the basis of conventional hydrodynamic theory, and which should be observable via light-scattering experiments. Effects that are consistent with this prediction were observed in the Brillouin spectra of the H2 + Ar system, but were not detected for the case of CH4 + SF6. Results for the SF6 + H2 mixture demonstrate the existence of an analogous slow-mode contribution to the spectrum.

  4. Slip and barodiffusion phenomena in slow flows of a gas mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhdanov, V. M.

    2017-03-01

    The slip and barodiffusion problems for the slow flows of a gas mixture are investigated on the basis of the linearized moment equations following from the Boltzmann equation. We restrict ourselves to the set of the third-order moment equations and state two general relations (resembling conservation equations) for the moments of the distribution function similar to the conditions used by Loyalka [S. K. Loyalka, Phys. Fluids 14, 2291 (1971), 10.1063/1.1693331] in his approximation method (the modified Maxwell method). The expressions for the macroscopic velocities of the gas mixture species, the partial viscous stress tensors, and the reduced heat fluxes for the stationary slow flow of a gas mixture in the semi-infinite space over a plane wall are obtained as a result of the exact solution of the linearized moment equations in the 10- and 13-moment approximations. The general expression for the slip velocity and the simple and accurate expressions for the viscous, thermal, diffusion slip, and baroslip coefficients, which are given in terms of the basic transport coefficients, are derived by using the modified Maxwell method. The solutions of moment equations are also used for investigation of the flow and diffusion of a gas mixture in a channel formed by two infinite parallel plates. A fundamental result is that the barodiffusion factor in the cross-section-averaged expression for the diffusion flux contains contributions associated with the viscous transfer of momentum in the gas mixture and the effect of the Knudsen layer. Our study revealed that the barodiffusion factor is equal to the diffusion slip coefficient (correct to the opposite sign). This result is consistent with the Onsager's reciprocity relations for kinetic coefficients following from nonequilibrium thermodynamics of the discontinuous systems.

  5. Application of a High-Throughput Analyzer in Evaluating Solid Adsorbents for Post-Combustion Carbon Capture via Multicomponent Adsorption of CO2, N-2, and H2O

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mason, JA; McDonald, TM; Bae, TH

    Despite the large number of metal-organic frameworks that have been studied in the context of post-combustion carbon capture, adsorption equilibria of gas mixtures including CO2, N-2, and H2O, which are the three biggest components of the flue gas emanating from a coal- or natural gas-fired power plant, have never been reported. Here, we disclose the design and validation of a high-throughput multicomponent adsorption instrument that can measure equilibrium adsorption isotherms for mixtures of gases at conditions that are representative of an actual flue gas from a power plant. This instrument is used to study 15 different metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, mesoporousmore » silicas, and activated carbons representative of the broad range of solid adsorbents that have received attention for CO2 capture. While the multicomponent results presented in this work provide many interesting fundamental insights, only adsorbents functionalized with alkylamines are shown to have any significant CO2 capacity in the presence of N-2 and H2O at equilibrium partial pressures similar to those expected in a carbon capture process. Most significantly, the amine-appended metal organic framework mmen-Mg-2(dobpdc) (mmen = N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, dobpdc (4-) = 4,4'-dioxido-3,3'-biphenyldicarboxylate) exhibits a record CO2 capacity of 4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/g (16 wt %) at 0.1 bar and 40 degrees C in the presence of a high partial pressure of H2O.« less

  6. Application of a high-throughput analyzer in evaluating solid adsorbents for post-combustion carbon capture via multicomponent adsorption of CO2, N2, and H2O.

    PubMed

    Mason, Jarad A; McDonald, Thomas M; Bae, Tae-Hyun; Bachman, Jonathan E; Sumida, Kenji; Dutton, Justin J; Kaye, Steven S; Long, Jeffrey R

    2015-04-15

    Despite the large number of metal-organic frameworks that have been studied in the context of post-combustion carbon capture, adsorption equilibria of gas mixtures including CO2, N2, and H2O, which are the three biggest components of the flue gas emanating from a coal- or natural gas-fired power plant, have never been reported. Here, we disclose the design and validation of a high-throughput multicomponent adsorption instrument that can measure equilibrium adsorption isotherms for mixtures of gases at conditions that are representative of an actual flue gas from a power plant. This instrument is used to study 15 different metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, mesoporous silicas, and activated carbons representative of the broad range of solid adsorbents that have received attention for CO2 capture. While the multicomponent results presented in this work provide many interesting fundamental insights, only adsorbents functionalized with alkylamines are shown to have any significant CO2 capacity in the presence of N2 and H2O at equilibrium partial pressures similar to those expected in a carbon capture process. Most significantly, the amine-appended metal organic framework mmen-Mg2(dobpdc) (mmen = N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, dobpdc (4-) = 4,4'-dioxido-3,3'-biphenyldicarboxylate) exhibits a record CO2 capacity of 4.2 ± 0.2 mmol/g (16 wt %) at 0.1 bar and 40 °C in the presence of a high partial pressure of H2O.

  7. Design of a portable gas chromatography with a conducting polymer nanocomposite detector device and a method to analyze a gas mixture.

    PubMed

    Pirsa, Sajad

    2017-04-01

    A portable chromatography device and a method were developed to analyze a gas mixture. The device comprises a chromatographic column for separating components of a sample of the gas mixture. It has an air pump coupled to the inlet of a chromatographic column for pumping air and an injector coupled to the inlet of chromatographic column for feeding the sample using the air as a carrier gas. A detector is arranged downstream from and coupled to the outlet of the chromatographic column. The detector is a nanostructure semiconductive microfiber. The device further comprises an evaluation unit arranged and configured to evaluate each detected component to determine the concentration. The designed portable system was used for simultaneous detection of amines. The possibility of applying dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of analytes in trace levels is demonstrated. The reproducibility of this method is acceptable, and good standard deviations were obtained. The relative standard deviation value is less than 6% for all analytes. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of analytes in water samples. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  8. Heat transfer during condensation of steam from steam-gas mixtures in the passive safety systems of nuclear power plants

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Portnova, N. M.; Smirnov, Yu B.

    2017-11-01

    A theoretical model for calculation of heat transfer during condensation of multicomponent vapor-gas mixtures on vertical surfaces, based on film theory and heat and mass transfer analogy is proposed. Calculations were performed for the conditions implemented in experimental studies of heat transfer during condensation of steam-gas mixtures in the passive safety systems of PWR-type reactors of different designs. Calculated values of heat transfer coefficients for condensation of steam-air, steam-air-helium and steam-air-hydrogen mixtures at pressures of 0.2 to 0.6 MPa and of steam-nitrogen mixture at the pressures of 0.4 to 2.6 MPa were obtained. The composition of mixtures and vapor-to-surface temperature difference were varied within wide limits. Tube length ranged from 0.65 to 9.79m. The condensation of all steam-gas mixtures took place in a laminar-wave flow mode of condensate film and turbulent free convection in the diffusion boundary layer. The heat transfer coefficients obtained by calculation using the proposed model are in good agreement with the considered experimental data for both the binary and ternary mixtures.

  9. Recovery of purified helium or hydrogen from gas mixtures

    DOEpatents

    Merriman, J.R.; Pashley, J.H.; Stephenson, M.J.; Dunthorn, D.I.

    1974-01-15

    A process is described for the removal of helium or hydrogen from gaseous mixtures also containing contaminants. The gaseous mixture is contacted with a liquid fluorocarbon in an absorption zone maintained at superatomspheric pressure to preferentially absorb the contaminants in the fluorocarbon. Unabsorbed gas enriched in hydrogen or helium is withdrawn from the absorption zone as product. Liquid fluorocarbon enriched in contaminants is withdrawn separately from the absorption zone. (10 claims)

  10. Quick and Selective Dual Mode Detection of H2S Gas by Mobile App Employing Silver Nanorods Array.

    PubMed

    Gahlaut, Shashank Kumar; Yadav, Kavita; Sharan, Chandrashekhar; Singh, Jitendra Pratap

    2017-12-19

    Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a hazardous gas, which not only harms living beings but also poses a significant risk to damage materials placed in culture and art museums, due to its corrosive nature. We demonstrate a novel approach for selective rapid detection of H 2 S gas using silver nanorods (AgNRs) arrays on glass substrates at ambient conditions. The arrays were prepared by glancing angle deposition method. The colorimetric and water wetting properties of as-fabricated arrays were found to be highly sensitive toward the sulfurization, in the presence of H 2 S gas with a minimal concentration in ppm range. The performance of AgNRs as H 2 S gas sensor is investigated by its sensing ability of 5 ppm of gas with an exposure time of only 30 s. We have developed an android-based mobile app to monitor real-time colorimetric detection of H 2 S. The wettability detection has been carried out by a mobile camera. A comparative analysis for different gases reveals the highest sensitivity and selectivity of the array AgNRs toward H 2 S. The rapid detection has also been demonstrated for H 2 S emission from aged wool fabric. Thus, high sensing ability of AgNRs toward H 2 S gas may have potential applications in health monitoring and art conservation.

  11. Microwave-assisted generation of standard gas mixtures.

    PubMed

    Xiong, Guohua; Pawliszyn, Janusz

    2002-05-15

    Microwave heating was employed for preparation of the standard gas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (semi-VOCs) by using a 1000 W commercial domestic microwave oven and 1 L gas-sampling bulbs. The VOCs investigated were benzene, chloroform, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and the semi-VOCs used were the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) PCB 1016 and PCB 1248. Since these weakly or nonpolar molecules are very poor absorbers of microwave energy, an appropriate amount of water was introduced to accept microwave radiation and act as the thermal source to accelerate their evaporation. The glass bulb may also contribute thermal energy to the VOCs/semi-VOCs by accepting microwave energy to a small degree. For 0.5 microL of liquid VOCs on 10 mg of glass wool, it was shown that 15 microL of H2O and 60 s of microwave heating yielded a very efficient evaporation [97.2-106.4%, compared with a classic method (Muller, L; Gorecki, T.; Pawliszyn, J. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1999, 364, 610-616)]. For 1 microL of PCB solution (1000 microg/mL in hexane), 15 microL of H2O and 90 s of microwave heating also provided a complete evaporation. The addition of water was particularly significant for microwave-assisted evaporation of PCBs because semi-VOCs are much more difficult to evaporate than VOCs. This developed microwave technique proved to be quite simple, powerful, rapid, accurate, and safe for the preparation of VOC/semi-VOC standard gas. Solid- phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography was used for the gas analysis.

  12. Dynamic interaction of CO/H 2O mixtures with gold nanocrystals: Real-time imaging and local chemical probing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Visart de Bocarmé, Thierry; Chau, Thoi-Dai; Kruse, Norbert

    2006-09-01

    The dynamic interaction of pure gold nanocrystals ("tips") with H 2O/CO gas mixtures was studied by means of video-field ion microscopy (FIM). While imaging with nano-scale resolution selected areas of the equivalent of ˜200 atomic Au sites were analysed for their chemical composition using short field pulses and injecting respective ions into a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (pulsed field desorption mass spectrometry, PFDMS). At room temperature the exposure of a clean Au sample to water gas at 10 -4 Pa, in the presence of an electric field of ˜10 V/nm, led to water adsorption and formation of bright patterns in FIM. Additional exposure to CO gas at 5 × 10 -3 Pa led to the removal of the water layer. This was associated with the occurrence of bright wave fronts which ignited simultaneously in several regions of the Au surface with no preference for a certain crystallographic surface plane. In some cases wave fronts were seen to collide resulting in more complicated patterns such as concentric rings. Surface areas free of water appeared with low brightness. The phenomena were completely reversible. PFDMS demonstrated water ions to be responsible for image formation. Surface hydroxyl was also detected mass spectrometrically and respective ion intensities decreased during the titration with CO. The results suggest that gold nanocrystals, in the absence of oxidic support materials, may be active in the reaction between water and CO at temperatures as low as 300 K and in the presence of an electric field of ˜10 V/nm.

  13. Method of treating alkali metal sulfide and carbonate mixtures

    DOEpatents

    Kohl, Arthur L.; Rennick, Robert D.; Savinsky, Martin W.

    1978-01-01

    A method of removing and preferably recovering sulfur values from an alkali metal sulfide and carbonate mixture comprising the steps of (1) introducing the mixture in an aqueous medium into a first carbonation zone and reacting the mixture with a gas containing a major amount of CO.sub.2 and a minor amount of H.sub.2 S; (2) introducing the resultant product from step 1 into a stripping zone maintained at subatmospheric pressure, and contacting this product with steam to produce a gaseous mixture, comprising H.sub.2 S and water vapor, and a liquor of reduced sulfide content; (3) introducing the liquor of reduced sulfide content into a second carbonation zone, and reacting the liquor with substantially pure gaseous CO.sub.2 in an amount sufficient to precipitate bicarbonate crystals and produce an offgas containing CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 S for use in step 1; (4) recovering the bicarbonate crystals from step 3, and thermally decomposing the crystals to produce an alkaline metal carbonate product and a substantially pure CO.sub.2 offgas for use in step 3.

  14. Capture of trace sulfur gases from binary mixtures by single-walled carbon nanotube arrays: a molecular simulation study.

    PubMed

    Wang, Wenjuan; Peng, Xuan; Cao, Dapeng

    2011-06-01

    Adsorption of H(2)S and SO(2) pure gases and their selective capture from the H(2)S-CH(4), H(2)S-CO(2), SO(2)-N(2), and SO(2)-CO(2) binary mixtures by the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are investigated via using the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method. It is found that the (20, 20) SWNT with larger diameter shows larger capacity for H(2)S and SO(2) pure gases at T = 303 K, in which the uptakes reach 16.31 and 16.03 mmol/g, respectively. However, the (6,6) SWNT with small diameter exhibits the largest selectivity for binary mixtures containing trace sulfur gases at T = 303 K and P = 100 kPa. By investigating the effect of pore size on the separation of gas mixtures, we found that the optimized pore size is 0.81 nm for separation of H(2)S-CH(4), H(2)S-CO(2), and SO(2)-N(2) binary mixtures, while it is 1.09 nm for the SO(2)-CO(2) mixture. The effects of concentration and temperature on the selectivity of sulfide are also studied at the optimal pore size. It is found that the concentration (ppm) of sulfur components has little effect on selectivity of SWNTs for these binary mixtures. However, the selectivity decreases obviously with the increase of temperature. To improve the adsorption capacities, we further modify the surface of SWNTs with the functional groups. The selectivities of H(2)S-CO(2) and SO(2)-CO(2) mixtures are basically uninfluenced by the site density, while the increase of site density can improve the selectivity of H(2)S-CH(4) mixture doubly. It is expected that this work could provide useful information for sulfur gas capture.

  15. A feasibility study on the bioconversion of CO2 and H2 to biomethane by gas sparging through polymeric membranes.

    PubMed

    Díaz, I; Pérez, C; Alfaro, N; Fdz-Polanco, F

    2015-06-01

    In this study, the potential of a pilot hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor for the conversion of H2 and CO2 to CH4 was evaluated. The system transformed 95% of H2 and CO2 fed at a maximum loading rate of 40.2 [Formula: see text] and produced 0.22m(3) of CH4 per m(3) of H2 fed at thermophilic conditions. H2 mass transfer to the liquid phase was identified as the limiting step for the conversion, and kLa values of 430h(-1) were reached in the bioreactor by sparging gas through the membrane module. A simulation showed that the bioreactor could upgrade biogas at a rate of 25m(3)/mR(3)d, increasing the CH4 concentration from 60 to 95%v. This proof-of-concept study verified that gas sparging through a membrane module can efficiently transfer H2 from gas to liquid phase and that the conversion of H2 and CO2 to biomethane is feasible on a pilot scale at noteworthy load rates. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. [Experimental investigation of mechanisms of forming RbH by irradiating a Rb+H2 mixture with laser light].

    PubMed

    Shen, Xiao-Yan; Liu, Jing; Dai, Kang; Shen, Yi-Fan

    2008-11-01

    The radiation of a laser photoexcited Rb atoms from the ground state to the 5P3/2 level in a mixture of Rb vapor and hydrogen. The energy-pooling collision 5P3/2 + 5P3/2 --> 5S1/2 + 5D producted 5D state. The Rb (5P3/2) density and spatial distribution were mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counter-propagating laser beam, tuned to the 5P3/2 --> 7S1/2 transition, which could be translated parallel to the pump beam. In the presence of radiation trapping, the spontaneous radiation rate is multiplied by the transmission factor T5P3/2 --> 5S1/2, which describes the average probability that photons emitted within the fluorescence detection region can pass through the optically thick vapor without being absorbed. The T5P3/2 --> 5S1/2 is related to the frequency dependent absorption cross section and the density and spatial distribution of atoms in the level of the transition. The effective radiative rates of the Rb D2 line as a function of the H2 pressure were obtained. These quantities were combined with the measured excited atom density and fluorescence ratio to yield absolute energy-pooling rate coefficient. The quenching collision Rb (5P3/2) + H2 (v = 0) --> Rb(5S) + H2 (v = 2) producted state H2 (v= 2). This process is at least 16 times faster than the Rb (5P3/2) radiative decay rate. The reverse process of this process is relatively unlikely due to their large translational energy defect. The cross section for the process H2 (v = 2) + H2 (v = 0) --> H2 (vn = 1) + H2 (v = 0) + 3 920.2 cm(-1) is 7.7 x 10(-19) cm2. Hence the relaxation rate of this vibrational level is relatively slow and the nuclear spin statistics is conserved. The H2 (v = 2) density was determined by using the cross section for Rb (5P3/2)-H2 quenching. RbH was fromed by the Rb(5D) + H2 and Rb (5P3/2) + H2 (v = 2) reactions and observed by laser absorption. The ratio of 5D --> 5P3/2 to 5P3/2 --> 5S1/2 fluorescence was measured as a function of the H2 density. The absorption of the laser beam

  17. Pt-decorated GaN nanowires with significant improvement in H2 gas-sensing performance at room temperature.

    PubMed

    Abdullah, Q N; Yam, F K; Hassan, Z; Bououdina, M

    2015-12-15

    Superior sensitivity towards H2 gas was successfully achieved with Pt-decorated GaN nanowires (NWs) gas sensor. GaN NWs were fabricated via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route. Morphology (field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) and crystal structure (high resolution X-ray diffraction) characterizations of the as-synthesized nanostructures demonstrated the formation of GaN NWs having a wurtzite structure, zigzaged shape and an average diameter of 30-166nm. The Pt-decorated GaN NWs sensor shows a high response of 250-2650% upon exposure to H2 gas concentration from 7 to 1000ppm respectively at room temperature (RT), and then increases to about 650-4100% when increasing the operating temperature up to 75°C. The gas-sensing measurements indicated that the Pt-decorated GaN NWs based sensor exhibited efficient detection of H2 at low concentration with excellent sensitivity, repeatability, and free hysteresis phenomena over a period of time of 100min. The large surface-to-volume ratio of GaN NWs and the catalytic activity of Pt metal are the most influential factors leading to the enhancement of H2 gas-sensing performances through the improvement of the interaction between the target molecules (H2) and the sensing NWs surface. The attractive low-cost, low power consumption and high-performance of the resultant decorated GaN NWs gas sensor assure their uppermost potential for H2 gas sensor working at low operating temperature. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  18. 30 CFR 75.1106-6 - Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders... STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1106-6 Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures. Small low pressure gas cylinders containing...

  19. 30 CFR 75.1106-6 - Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders... STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1106-6 Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures. Small low pressure gas cylinders containing...

  20. 30 CFR 75.1106-6 - Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders... STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1106-6 Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures. Small low pressure gas cylinders containing...

  1. 30 CFR 75.1106-6 - Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders... STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1106-6 Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures. Small low pressure gas cylinders containing...

  2. 30 CFR 75.1106-6 - Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders... STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1106-6 Exemption of small low pressure gas cylinders containing nonflammable or nonexplosive gas mixtures. Small low pressure gas cylinders containing...

  3. Breakdown and Limit of Continuum Diffusion Velocity for Binary Gas Mixtures from Direct Simulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Martin, Robert Scott; Najmabadi, Farrokh

    2011-05-01

    This work investigates the breakdown of the continuum relations for diffusion velocity in inert binary gas mixtures. Values of the relative diffusion velocities for components of a gas mixture may be calculated using of Chapman-Enskog theory and occur not only due to concentration gradients, but also pressure and temperature gradients in the flow as described by Hirschfelder. Because Chapman-Enskog theory employs a linear perturbation around equilibrium, it is expected to break down when the velocity distribution deviates significantly from equilibrium. This breakdown of the overall flow has long been an area of interest in rarefied gas dynamics. By comparing the continuum values to results from Bird's DS2V Monte Carlo code, we propose a new limit on the continuum approach specific to binary gases. To remove the confounding influence of an inconsistent molecular model, we also present the application of the variable hard sphere (VSS) model used in DS2V to the continuum diffusion velocity calculation. Fitting sample asymptotic curves to the breakdown, a limit, Vmax, that is a fraction of an analytically derived limit resulting from the kinetic temperature of the mixture is proposed. With an expected deviation of only 2% between the physical values and continuum calculations within ±Vmax/4, we suggest this as a conservative estimate on the range of applicability for the continuum theory.

  4. Detonation re-initiation in a concentric tube arrangement for C_2H_2/O_2/Ar mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, Y.; Lee, J. H. S.; Weng, C.

    2017-05-01

    Re-initiation of detonation in a concentric tube arrangement where a detonation exiting from a small diameter inner tube to a large diameter outer tube has been investigated. The outer tube diameter D is 50.8 mm and inner tube diameters d are 38, 25.4, and 12.7 mm giving diameter ratios D/d=1.34, 2, and 4. Stoichiometric C_2H_2-O_2 mixtures with argon dilution of 0, 25, 50, and 70% are used in the present study. Velocity measurements are made using photodiodes, and smoked foils downstream of the exit of the inner tube are also used to record the re-initiation process. Upon exit from the inner tube, the detonation suffers an abrupt decrease in velocity and at critical conditions, the velocity downstream of the exit is of the order of 50% of the Chapman-Jouguet velocity. It is found that re-initiation generally occurs within 10 tube diameters downstream of the exit. If re-initiation is not successful, the detonation continues to propagate at a low velocity for distances of the order of 30 tube diameters without any indication of flame acceleration of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). Thus, the re-initiation process is clearly defined and distinct from the usual DDT in a smooth tube. The critical d/λ value ratio in the concentric tube is significantly lower than the usual unconfined case of d/λ =13 where λ is the detonation cell size. Thus, it is a result of re-initiation at the Mach stem of the reflected shock from the wall of the outer concentric tube. If re-initiation is not successful upon the first reflection, then subsequent multiple reflections at the tube axis and wall of the outer tube can also result in re-initiation. However, this is only observed for undiluted mixtures. For high-argon-diluted mixtures, re-initiation only occurs at the Mach stem of the first reflection.

  5. Collagen tissue treated with chitosan solution in H2O/CO2 mixtures: Influence of clathrates hydrates on the structure and mechanical properties.

    PubMed

    Chaschin, Ivan S; Bakuleva, Natalia P; Grigoriev, Timofei E; Krasheninnikov, Sergey V; Nikitin, Lev N

    2017-03-01

    A mixture of water/carbon dioxide is a "green" perspective solvent from the viewpoint of biomedical applications. Clathrate hydrates are formed this solvent under certain conditions and a very interesting question is the impact of clathrates hydrates on the structure and properties of bovine pericardium, which is used in biomedicine, in particular as a main part of biological heart valve prostheses. The aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of clathrates on the structure and mechanical properties of the collagen tissue treated with chitosan in H 2 O/CO 2 mixtures under pressure 3.0-3.5MPa and temperatures 2-4°C. It was first found that the clathrate hydrates in this media due to the strong fluctuations "bomb" collagen tissue of bovine pericardium, which is manifested in the appearance of numerous small gaps (pores) with mean size of 225±25nm and large pores with size of 1-3μ on the surface and within collagen matrices. High porosity leads to averaging characteristics of the organization structure in tissues with different orientation of the collagen fibers. As a result, the mechanical properties of the collagen tissue with a different orientation of the collagen fibrils become similar, which is quite different from their original properties. The structural changes caused by the influence of the environment clathrate hydrates led to a significant decrease of the tensile strength (30-47% in total, p<0.05) and initial elastic moduli (74-83%, p<0.05). However, the final elastic moduli and the maximum tensile virtually unchanged compared to the control. Nevertheless, it was found that the direct deposition of chitosan from the H 2 O/CO 2 mixtures with clathrate improve the mechanical-strength properties of the porous matrices. We believe that these improved mechanical properties are achieved due to particularly deep and uniform impregnation of the collagen matrix with chitosan from its pressurized solutions in H 2 O/CO 2 mixtures. Copyright © 2016

  6. Modeling of non-thermal plasma in flammable gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Napartovich, A. P.; Kochetov, I. V.; Leonov, S. B.

    2008-07-01

    An idea of using plasma-assisted methods of fuel ignition is based on non-equilibrium generation of chemically active species that speed up the combustion process. It is believed that gain in energy consumed for combustion acceleration by plasmas is due to the non-equilibrium nature of discharge plasma, which allows radicals to be produced in an above-equilibrium amount. Evidently, the size of the effect is strongly dependent on the initial temperature, pressure, and composition of the mixture. Of particular interest is comparison between thermal ignition of a fuel-air mixture and non-thermal plasma initiation of the combustion. Mechanisms of thermal ignition in various fuel-air mixtures have been studied for years, and a number of different mechanisms are known providing an agreement with experiments at various conditions. The problem is -- how to conform thermal chemistry approach to essentially non-equilibrium plasma description. The electric discharge produces much above-equilibrium amounts of chemically active species: atoms, radicals and ions. The point is that despite excess concentrations of a number of species, total concentration of these species is far below concentrations of the initial gas mixture. Therefore, rate coefficients for reactions of these discharge produced species with other gas mixture components are well known quantities controlled by the translational temperature, which can be calculated from the energy balance equation taking into account numerous processes initiated by plasma. A numerical model was developed combining traditional approach of thermal combustion chemistry with advanced description of the plasma kinetics based on solution of electron Boltzmann equation. This approach allows us to describe self-consistently strongly non-equilibrium electric discharge in chemically unstable (ignited) gas. Equations of pseudo-one-dimensional gas dynamics were solved in parallel with a system of thermal chemistry equations, kinetic equations

  7. Mineralization of Basalts in the CO 2-H 2O-H 2S System

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Schaef, Herbert T.; McGrail, B. Peter; Owen, Antionette T.

    2013-05-10

    Basalt samples representing five different formations were immersed in water equilibrated with supercritical carbon dioxide containing 1% hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at reservoir conditions (100 bar, 90°C) for up to 3.5 years. Surface coatings in the form of pyrite and metal cation substituted carbonates were identified as reaction products associated with all five basalts. In some cases, high pressure tests contained excess H2S, which produced the most corroded basalts and largest amount of secondary products. In comparison, tests containing limited amounts of H2S appeared least reacted with significantly less concentrations of reaction products. In all cases, pyrite appeared to precede carbonation,more » and in some instances, was observed in the absence of carbonation such as in cracks, fractures, and within the porous glassy mesostasis. Armoring reactions from pyrite surface coatings observed in earlier shorter duration tests were found to be temporary with carbonate mineralization observed with all the basalts tested in these long duration experiments. Geochemical simulations conducted with the geochemical code EQ3/6 accurately predicted early pyrite precipitation followed by formation of carbonates. Reactivity with H2S was correlated with measured Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios in the basalts with more facile pyrite formation occurring with basalts containing more Fe(III) phases. These experimental and modeling results confirm potential for long term sequestration of acid gas mixtures in continental flood basalt formations.« less

  8. Effects of temperature, pressure, and carrier gas on the cracking of coal tar over a char-dolomite mixtures and calcined dolomite in a fixed-bed reactor

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Seshadri, K.; Shamsi, A.

    1998-10-01

    A distillation fraction of a coal-derived liquid (tar) was cracked over a char-dolomite mixture, calcined dolomite, and silicon carbide in a fixed-bed reactor. The char-dolomite mixture (FWC) was produced from Pittsburgh No. 8 coal and dolomite in a Foster Wheeler carbonizer. The experiments were conducted under nitrogen and simulated coal gas (SCG), which was a mixture of CO, CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}S, CH{sub 4}, N{sub 2}, and steam, at 1 and 17 atm. The conversion over these materials under nitrogen was much higher at 17 atm than at 1 atm. At higher pressures, tar molecules were trapped in the poresmore » of the bed material and underwent secondary reactions, resulting in the formation of excess char. However, when nitrogen was replaced by SCG, the reactions that induce char formation were suppressed, thus increasing the yield of gaseous products. The analysis of the gaseous products and the spent bed materials for organic and inorganic carbons suggested that the product distribution can be altered by changing the carrier gas, temperature, and pressure.« less

  9. Influence of Ar/O2/H2O Feed Gas and N2/O2/H2O Environment on the Interaction of Time Modulated MHz Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) with Model Polymers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oehrlein, Gottlieb; Luan, Pingshan; Knoll, Andrew; Kondeti, Santosh; Bruggeman, Peter

    2016-09-01

    An Ar/O2/H2O fed time modulated MHz atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) in a sealed chamber was used to study plasma interaction with model polymers (polystyrene, poly-methyl methacrylate, etc.). The amount of H2O in the feed gas and/or present in the N2, O2, or N2/O2 environment was controlled. Short lived species such as O atoms and OH radicals play a crucial role in polymer etching and surface modifications (obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of treated polymers without additional atmospheric exposure). Polymer etching depth for Ar/air fed APPJ mirrors the decay of gas phase O atoms with distance from the APPJ nozzle in air and is consistent with the estimated O atom flux at the polymer surface. Furthermore, whereas separate O2 or H2O admixture to Ar enhances polymer etching, simultaneous addition of O2 and H2O to Ar quenches polymer etching. This can be explained by the mutual quenching of O with OH, H and HO2 in the gas phase. Results where O2 and/or H2O in the environment were varied are consistent with these mechanisms. All results will be compared with measured and simulated species densities reported in the literature. We gratefully acknowledge funding from US Department of Energy (DE-SC0001939) and National Science Foundation (PHY-1415353).

  10. Synthesis and characterization of nanoscale molybdenum sulfide catalysts by controlled gas phase decomposition of Mo(CO){sub 6} and H{sub 2}S

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Close, M.R.; Petersen, J.L.; Kugler, E.L.

    1999-04-05

    Molybdenum sulfide catalysts with surface areas ranging from 16 to 120 m{sup 2}/g were prepared by the thermal decomposition of Mo(CO){sub 6} and H{sub 2}S vapors in a specially designed tubular reactor system. The gas phase decomposition (GPD) reactions performed at 500--1100 C produced only MoS{sub 2} when excess H{sub 2}S was used. The optimum temperature range for the high-yield production of MoS{sub 2} was from 500 to 700 C. By controlling the decomposition temperature, the Mo(CO){sub 6} partial pressure, or the inert gas flow rate, the surface area, oxidation state, chemical composition, and the grain size of the molybdenummore » sulfide product(s) were modified. At reactor temperatures between 300 and 400 C, lower valent molybdenum sulfide materials, which were sulfur deficient relative to MoS{sub 2}, were obtained with formal molybdenum oxidation states intermediate to those found for Chevrel phase compounds, M{prime}Mo{sub 6}S{sub 8} (M{prime} = Fe, Ni, Co) and MoS{sub 2}. By lowering the H{sub 2}S flow rate used for the GPD reaction at 1000 C, mixtures containing variable amounts of MoS{sub 2} and Mo{sub 2}S{sub 3} were produced. Thus, through the modification of critical reactor parameters used for these GPD reactions, fundamental material properties were controlled.« less

  11. Microwave Plasma-Activated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nitrogen-Doped Diamond. II: CH4/N2/H2 Plasmas

    PubMed Central

    2016-01-01

    We report a combined experimental and modeling study of microwave-activated dilute CH4/N2/H2 plasmas, as used for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond, under very similar conditions to previous studies of CH4/H2, CH4/H2/Ar, and N2/H2 gas mixtures. Using cavity ring-down spectroscopy, absolute column densities of CH(X, v = 0), CN(X, v = 0), and NH(X, v = 0) radicals in the hot plasma have been determined as functions of height, z, source gas mixing ratio, total gas pressure, p, and input power, P. Optical emission spectroscopy has been used to investigate, with respect to the same variables, the relative number densities of electronically excited species, namely, H atoms, CH, C2, CN, and NH radicals and triplet N2 molecules. The measurements have been reproduced and rationalized from first-principles by 2-D (r, z) coupled kinetic and transport modeling, and comparison between experiment and simulation has afforded a detailed understanding of C/N/H plasma-chemical reactivity and variations with process conditions and with location within the reactor. The experimentally validated simulations have been extended to much lower N2 input fractions and higher microwave powers than were probed experimentally, providing predictions for the gas-phase chemistry adjacent to the diamond surface and its variation across a wide range of conditions employed in practical diamond-growing CVD processes. The strongly bound N2 molecule is very resistant to dissociation at the input MW powers and pressures prevailing in typical diamond CVD reactors, but its chemical reactivity is boosted through energy pooling in its lowest-lying (metastable) triplet state and subsequent reactions with H atoms. For a CH4 input mole fraction of 4%, with N2 present at 1–6000 ppm, at pressure p = 150 Torr, and with applied microwave power P = 1.5 kW, the near-substrate gas-phase N atom concentration, [N]ns, scales linearly with the N2 input mole fraction and exceeds the concentrations [NH]ns, [NH2]ns

  12. H2 Gas Improves Functional Outcome After Cardiac Arrest to an Extent Comparable to Therapeutic Hypothermia in a Rat Model

    PubMed Central

    Hayashida, Kei; Sano, Motoaki; Kamimura, Naomi; Yokota, Takashi; Suzuki, Masaru; Maekawa, Yuichiro; Kawamura, Akio; Abe, Takayuki; Ohta, Shigeo; Fukuda, Keiichi; Hori, Shingo

    2012-01-01

    Background All clinical and biological manifestations related to postcardiac arrest (CA) syndrome are attributed to ischemia–reperfusion injury in various organs including brain and heart. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has potential as a novel antioxidant. This study tested the hypothesis that inhalation of H2 gas starting at the beginning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) could improve the outcome of CA. Methods and Results Ventricular fibrillation was induced by transcutaneous electrical epicardial stimulation in rats. After 5 minutes of the subsequent CA, rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups at the beginning of CPR: mechanical ventilation (MV) with 2% N2 and 98% O2 under normothermia (37°C), the control group; MV with 2% H2 and 98% O2 under normothermia; MV with 2% N2 and 98% O2 under therapeutic hypothermia (TH), 33°C; and MV with 2% H2 and 98% O2 under TH. Mixed gas inhalation and TH continued until 2 hours after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). H2 gas inhalation yielded better improvement in survival and neurological deficit score (NDS) after ROSC to an extent comparable to TH. H2 gas inhalation, but not TH, prevented a rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and increase in serum IL-6 level after ROSC. The salutary impact of H2 gas was at least partially attributed to the radical-scavenging effects of H2 gas, because both 8-OHdG- and 4-HNE-positive cardiomyocytes were markedly suppressed by H2 gas inhalation after ROSC. Conclusions Inhalation of H2 gas is a favorable strategy to mitigate mortality and functional outcome of post-CA syndrome in a rat model, either alone or in combination with TH. PMID:23316300

  13. Room-temperature H2S Gas Sensor Based on Au-doped ZnFe2O4 Yolk-shell Microspheres.

    PubMed

    Yan, Yin; Nizamidin, Patima; Turdi, Gulmira; Kari, Nuerguli; Yimit, Abliz

    2017-01-01

    Room-temperature type H 2 S sensing devices that use Au-doped ZnFe 2 O 4 yolk-shell microspheres as the active material have been fabricated using a solvothermal method as well as subsequent annealing and a chemical etching process. The samples are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrate that the doping of Au does not change the spinel structure of the products, which were yolk-shell microspheres, while the particle size varied with the Au doping concentration. Also, the as-fabricated sensor device exhibited excellent selectivity toward H 2 S gas at the room temperature; the gas-sensing property of 2 wt% Au-doped ZnFe 2 O 4 microspheres was the best. The Au-doped ZnFe 2 O 4 yolk-shell microspheres can be promising as a sensing material for H 2 S gas detecting at room temperature.

  14. Evaluation of Thermodynamic Models for Predicting Phase Equilibria of CO2 + Impurity Binary Mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shin, Byeong Soo; Rho, Won Gu; You, Seong-Sik; Kang, Jeong Won; Lee, Chul Soo

    2018-03-01

    For the design and operation of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) processes, equation of state (EoS) models are used for phase equilibrium calculations. Reliability of an EoS model plays a crucial role, and many variations of EoS models have been reported and continue to be published. The prediction of phase equilibria for CO2 mixtures containing SO2, N2, NO, H2, O2, CH4, H2S, Ar, and H2O is important for CO2 transportation because the captured gas normally contains small amounts of impurities even though it is purified in advance. For the design of pipelines in deep sea or arctic conditions, flow assurance and safety are considered priority issues, and highly reliable calculations are required. In this work, predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong, cubic plus association, Groupe Européen de Recherches Gazières (GERG-2008), perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory, and non-random lattice fluids hydrogen bond EoS models were compared regarding performance in calculating phase equilibria of CO2-impurity binary mixtures and with the collected literature data. No single EoS could cover the entire range of systems considered in this study. Weaknesses and strong points of each EoS model were analyzed, and recommendations are given as guidelines for safe design and operation of CCS processes.

  15. Investigation of Gas-Sensing Property of Acid-Deposited Polyaniline Thin-Film Sensors for Detecting H2S and SO2

    PubMed Central

    Dong, Xingchen; Zhang, Xiaoxing; Wu, Xiaoqing; Cui, Hao; Chen, Dachang

    2016-01-01

    Latent insulation defects introduced in manufacturing process of gas-insulated switchgears can lead to partial discharge during long-time operation, even to insulation fault if partial discharge develops further. Monitoring of decomposed components of SF6, insulating medium of gas-insulated switchgear, is a feasible method of early-warning to avoid the occurrence of sudden fault. Polyaniline thin-film with protonic acid deposited possesses wide application prospects in the gas-sensing field. Polyaniline thin-film sensors with only sulfosalicylic acid deposited and with both hydrochloric acid and sulfosalicylic acid deposited were prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization method. Gas-sensing experiment was carried out to test properties of new sensors when exposed to H2S and SO2, two decomposed products of SF6 under discharge. The gas-sensing properties of these two sensors were compared with that of a hydrochloric acid deposited sensor. Results show that the hydrochloric acid and sulfosalicylic acid deposited polyaniline thin-film sensor shows the most outstanding sensitivity and selectivity to H2S and SO2 when concentration of gases range from 10 to 100 μL/L, with sensitivity changing linearly with concentration of gases. The sensor also possesses excellent long-time and thermal stability. This research lays the foundation for preparing practical gas-sensing devices to detect H2S and SO2 in gas-insulated switchgears at room temperature. PMID:27834895

  16. Oxygen sensor for monitoring gas mixtures containing hydrocarbons

    DOEpatents

    Ruka, Roswell J.; Basel, Richard A.

    1996-01-01

    A gas sensor measures O.sub.2 content of a reformable monitored gas containing hydrocarbons H.sub.2 O and/or CO.sub.2, preferably in association with an electrochemical power generation system. The gas sensor has a housing communicating with the monitored gas environment and carries the monitored gas through an integral catalytic hydrocarbon reforming chamber containing a reforming catalyst, and over a solid electrolyte electrochemical cell used for sensing purposes. The electrochemical cell includes a solid electrolyte between a sensor electrode that is exposed to the monitored gas, and a reference electrode that is isolated in the housing from the monitored gas and is exposed to a reference gas environment. A heating element is also provided in heat transfer communication with the gas sensor. A circuit that can include controls operable to adjust operations via valves or the like is connected between the sensor electrode and the reference electrode to process the electrical signal developed by the electrochemical cell. The electrical signal varies as a measure of the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure of the monitored gas. Signal noise is effectively reduced by maintaining a constant temperature in the area of the electrochemical cell and providing a monitored gas at chemical equilibria when contacting the electrochemical cell. The output gas from the electrochemical cell of the sensor is fed back into the conduits of the power generating system.

  17. Oxygen sensor for monitoring gas mixtures containing hydrocarbons

    DOEpatents

    Ruka, R.J.; Basel, R.A.

    1996-03-12

    A gas sensor measures O{sub 2} content of a reformable monitored gas containing hydrocarbons, H{sub 2}O and/or CO{sub 2}, preferably in association with an electrochemical power generation system. The gas sensor has a housing communicating with the monitored gas environment and carries the monitored gas through an integral catalytic hydrocarbon reforming chamber containing a reforming catalyst, and over a solid electrolyte electrochemical cell used for sensing purposes. The electrochemical cell includes a solid electrolyte between a sensor electrode that is exposed to the monitored gas, and a reference electrode that is isolated in the housing from the monitored gas and is exposed to a reference gas environment. A heating element is also provided in heat transfer communication with the gas sensor. A circuit that can include controls operable to adjust operations via valves or the like is connected between the sensor electrode and the reference electrode to process the electrical signal developed by the electrochemical cell. The electrical signal varies as a measure of the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure of the monitored gas. Signal noise is effectively reduced by maintaining a constant temperature in the area of the electrochemical cell and providing a monitored gas at chemical equilibria when contacting the electrochemical cell. The output gas from the electrochemical cell of the sensor is fed back into the conduits of the power generating system. 4 figs.

  18. Alkyl amine and vegetable oil mixture-a viable candidate for CO2 capture and utilization.

    PubMed

    Uma Maheswari, A; Palanivelu, K

    2017-02-01

    In this present work, the absorption of CO 2 in alkyl amines and vegetable oil mixture has been evaluated. The results showed that the absorption is higher in alkyl amines and vegetable oil mixture compared with the aqueous alkyl amines. In addition to that, by employing the greener and non-toxic vegetable oil media, the CO 2 gas has been captured as well as converted into value-added products, such as carbamates of ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and triethylenetetramine. The carbamates have been isolated and characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. The formation of these products in precipitate form has not been observed in the case of aqueous medium. Among the various alkyl amine and vegetable oil combinations, triethylenetetramine in coconut oil medium showed the maximum CO 2 capture capacity of 72%. The coconut oil used for the process has been recovered, recycled, and reused for 3 cycles. Thus, this novel scheme seems to be a better alternative to conquer the drawback of aqueous amine-based CO 2 capture as well as for the capture and utilization of the CO 2 gas to gain the value-added products.

  19. Conversion of nitrogen oxides in N2:O2:CO2 and N2:O2:CO2:NO2 mixtures subjected to a dc corona discharge

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dors, Mirosław; Mizeraczyk, Jerzy

    1996-10-01

    This paper concerns the influence of a direct current (dc) corona discharge on production and reduction of NO, NO2 and N2O in N2:O2:CO2 and N2:O2:CO2:NO2 mixtures. The corona discharge was generated in a needle-to-plate reactor. The positively polarized electrode consisted of 7 needles. The grounded electrode was a stainless steel plate. The gas flow rate through the reactor was varied from 28 to 110 cm3/s. The time-averaged discharge current ranged from 0 to 6 mA. It was found that in the N2:O2:CO2 mixture the corona discharge produced NO, NO2 and N2O. In the N2:O2:CO2:NO2 mixture the reduction of NO2 was between 6-56%, depending on the concentration of O2, gas flow rate and corona discharge current. The NO2 reduction was accompanied by production of NO and N2O. The results show that efficient reduction of nitrogen oxides by a corona discharge cannot be expected in the mixtures containing N2 and O2 if reducing additives are not employed.

  20. Biofiltration of mixtures of gas-phase styrene and acetone with the fungus Sporothrix variecibatus.

    PubMed

    Rene, Eldon R; Spačková, Radka; Veiga, María C; Kennes, Christian

    2010-12-15

    The biodegradation performance of a biofilter, inoculated with the fungus Sporothrix variecibatus, to treat gas-phase styrene and acetone mixtures under steady-state and transient conditions was evaluated. Experiments were carried out by varying the gas-flow rates (0.05-0.4m(3)h(-1)), leading to empty bed residence times as low as 17.1s, and by changing the concentrations of gas-phase styrene (0.01-6.3 g m(-3)) and acetone (0.01-8.9 g m(-3)). The total elimination capacities were as high as 360 g m(-3)h(-1), with nearly 97.5% removal of styrene and 75.6% for acetone. The biodegradation of acetone was inhibited by the presence of styrene, while styrene removal was affected only slightly by the presence of acetone. During transient-state experiments, increasing the overall pollutant load by almost 3-fold, i.e., from 220 to 600 g m(-3)h(-1), resulted in a sudden drop of removal efficiency (>90-70%), but still high elimination capacities were maintained. Periodic microscopic observations revealed that the originally inoculated Sporothrix sp. remained present in the reactor and actively dominant in the biofilm. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. A study for health hazard evaluation of methylene chloride evaporated from the tear gas mixture.

    PubMed

    Park, Seung-Hyun; Chung, Eun-Kyo; Yi, Gwang-Yong; Chung, Kwang-Jae; Shin, Jung-Ah; Lee, In-Seop

    2010-09-01

    This study explored the health hazard of those exposed to methylene chloride by assessing its atmospheric concentration when a tear gas mixture was aerially dispersed. The concentration of methylene chloride ranged from 311.1-980.3 ppm (geometric mean, 555.8 ppm), 30 seconds after the dispersion started. However, the concentration fell rapidly to below 10 ppm after dispersion was completed. The concentration during the dispersion did not surpass the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 'immediately dangerous to life or health' value of 2,300 ppm, but did exceed the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists excursion limit of 250 ppm. Since methylene chloride is highly volatile (vapor pressure, 349 mmHg at 20℃), the postdispersion atmospheric concentration can rise instantaneously. Moreover, the o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile formulation of tear gas (CS gas) is an acute upper respiratory tract irritant. Therefore, tear gas mixtures should be handled with delicate care.

  2. Release of N 2, CH 4, CO 2, and H 2O from surface ices on Enceladus

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hodyss, Robert; Goguen, Jay D.; Johnson, Paul V.; Campbell, Colin; Kanik, Isik

    2008-09-01

    We vapor deposit at 20 K a mixture of gases with the specific Enceladus plume composition measured in situ by the Cassini INMS [Waite, J.H., Combi, M.R., Ip, W.H., Cravens, T.E., McNutt, R.L., Kasprzak, W., Yelle, R., Luhmann, J., Niemann, H., Gell, D., Magee, B., Fletcher, G., Lunine, J., Tseng, W.L., 2006. Science 311, 1419-1422] to form a mixed molecular ice. As the sample is slowly warmed, we monitor the escaping gas quantity and composition with a mass spectrometer. Pioneering studies [Schmitt, B., Klinger, J., 1987. Different trapping mechanisms of gases by water ice and their relevance for comet nuclei. In: Rolfe, E.J., Battrick, B. (Eds.), Diversity and Similarity of Comets. SP-278. ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, pp. 613-619; Bar-Nun, A., Kleinfeld, I., Kochavi, E., 1988. Phys. Rev. B 38, 7749-7754; Bar-Nun, A., Kleinfeld, I., 1989. Icarus 80, 243-253] have shown that significant quantities of volatile gases can be trapped in a water ice matrix well above the temperature at which the pure volatile ice would sublime. For our Enceladus ice mixture, a composition of escaping gases similar to that detected by Cassini in the Enceladus plume can be generated by the sublimation of the H 2O:CO 2:CH 4:N 2 mixture at temperatures between 135 and 155 K, comparable to the high temperatures inferred from the CIRS measurements [Spencer, J.R., Pearl, J.C., Segura, M., Flasar, F.M., Mamoutkine, A., Romani, P., Buratti, B.J., Hendrix, A.R., Spilker, L.J., Lopes, R.M.C., 2006. Science 311, 1401-1405] of the Enceladus "tiger stripes." This suggests that the gas escape phenomena that we measure in our experiments are an important process contributing to the gases emitted from Enceladus. A similar experiment for ice deposited at 70 K shows that both the processes of volatile trapping and release are temperature dependent over the temperature range relevant to Enceladus.

  3. Simultaneous resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization and electron avalanche ionization in gas mixtures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shneider, Mikhail N.; Zhang Zhili; Miles, Richard B.

    2008-07-15

    Resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and electron avalanche ionization (EAI) are measured simultaneously in Ar:Xe mixtures at different partial pressures of mixture components. A simple theory for combined REMPI+EAI in gas mixture is developed. It is shown that the REMPI electrons seed the avalanche process, and thus the avalanche process amplifies the REMPI signal. Possible applications are discussed.

  4. Technique for measuring gas conversion factors

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Singh, J. J.; Sprinkle, D. R. (Inventor)

    1985-01-01

    A method for determining hydrocarbon conversion factors for a flowmeter. A mixture of air, O2 and C sub x H sub y is burned and the partial paressure of O2 in the resulting gas is forced to equal the partial pressure of O2 in air. The flowrate of O2 flowing into the mixture is measured by flowmeter and the flowrate of C sub x H sub y flowing into the mixture is measured by the flowmeter conversion factor is to be determined. These measured values are used to calculate the conversion factor.

  5. Molecular simulation study of the competitive adsorption of H2O and CO2 in zeolite 13X.

    PubMed

    Joos, Lennart; Swisher, Joseph A; Smit, Berend

    2013-12-23

    The presence of H2O in postcombustion gas streams is an important technical issue for deploying CO2-selective adsorbents. Because of its permanent dipole, H2O can interact strongly with materials where the selectivity for CO2 is a consequence of its quadrupole interacting with charges in the material. We performed molecular simulations to model the adsorption of pure H2O and CO2 as well as H2O/CO2 mixtures in 13X, a popular zeolite for CO2 capture processes that is commercially available. The simulations show that H2O reduces the capacity of these materials for adsorbing CO2 by an order of magnitude and that at the partial pressures of H2O relevant for postcombustion capture, 13X will be essentially saturated with H2O .

  6. Observation of fast sound in disparate-mass gas mixtures by light scattering

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wegdam, G. H.; Bot, Arjen; Schram, R. P. C.; Schaink, H. M.

    1989-12-01

    We performed light-scattering experiments on a mixture of hydrogen and argon. By varying the density of the sample, we can probe the range of reduced wave vectors in which Campa and Cohen [Phys. Rev. A 39, 4909 (1989)] predicted, in dilute disparate-mass gas mixtures, the onset of a mode supported by the light particles: the fast sound mode. The presence of the additional sound mode can be established most conveniently by analyzing ω2I(k,ω) rather than I(k,ω). Our results for the shift of fast and slow sound match the theoretical predictions very well.

  7. Comparison of surface vacuum ultraviolet emissions with resonance level number densities. II. Rare-gas plasmas and Ar-molecular gas mixtures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Boffard, John B., E-mail: jboffard@wisc.edu; Lin, Chun C.; Wang, Shicong

    2015-03-15

    Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emissions from excited plasma species can play a variety of roles in processing plasmas, including damaging the surface properties of materials used in semiconductor processing. Depending on their wavelength, VUV photons can easily transmit thin upper dielectric layers and affect the electrical characteristics of the devices. Despite their importance, measuring VUV fluxes is complicated by the fact that few materials transmit at VUV wavelengths, and both detectors and windows are easily damaged by plasma exposure. The authors have previously reported on measuring VUV fluxes in pure argon plasmas by monitoring the concentrations of Ar(3p{sup 5}4s) resonance atomsmore » that produce the VUV emissions using noninvasive optical emission spectroscopy in the visible/near-infrared wavelength range [Boffard et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 32, 021304 (2014)]. Here, the authors extend this technique to other rare-gases (Ne, Kr, and Xe) and argon-molecular gas plasmas (Ar/H{sub 2}, Ar/O{sub 2}, and Ar/N{sub 2}). Results of a model for VUV emissions that couples radiation trapping and the measured rare-gas resonance level densities are compared to measurements made with both a calibrated VUV photodiode and a sodium salicylate fluorescence detection scheme. In these more complicated gas mixtures, VUV emissions from a variety of sources beyond the principal resonance levels of the rare gases are found to contribute to the total VUV flux.« less

  8. Precise control of atomic nitrogen production in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma using N2/noble gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fan, Z. Y.; Newman, N.

    1998-07-01

    The atomic nitrogen flux and impacting ion kinetic energy are two important parameters which influence the quality of deposited nitride films using reactive growth. In this letter, a method is described to control the flux and kinetic energy of atomic and molecular nitrogen ions using an electron cyclotron resonance plasma with N2/Ar and N2/Ne gas mixtures. The results clearly show that the addition of neon to nitrogen plasma can remarkably enhance the production rate of atomic nitrogen due to Penning ionization involving the metastable state of Ne. In contrast, the addition of argon significantly decreases the rate.

  9. Gas standards development in support of NASA's sensor calibration program around the space shuttle.

    PubMed

    Rhoderick, George C; Thorn, William J; Miller, Walter R; Guenther, Franklin R; Gore, Eric J; Fish, Timothy O

    2009-05-15

    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy Space Center (KSC) requires accurate gas mixtures containing argon (Ar), helium (He), hydrogen (H(2)), and oxygen (O(2)) in a balance of nitrogen (N(2)) to calibrate mass spectrometer-based sensors used around their manned and unmanned space vehicles. This also includes space shuttle monitoring around the launch area and inside the shuttle cabin. NASA was in need of these gas mixtures to ensure the safety of the shuttle cabin and the launch system. In 1993, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was contracted by NASA to develop a suite of primary standard mixtures (PSMs) containing helium, hydrogen, argon, and oxygen in a balance gas of nitrogen. NIST proceeded to develop a suite of 20 new gravimetric primary PSMs. At the same time NIST contracted Scott Specialty Gases (Plumsteadville, PA) to prepare 18 cylinder gas mixtures which were then sent to NIST. NIST used their newly prepared PSMs to assign concentration values ranging from 100 to 10,000 micromol/mol with relative expanded uncertainties (95% confidence interval) of 0.8-10% to the 18 Scott Specialty Gases prepared mixtures. A total of 12 of the mixtures were sent to NASA as NIST traceable standards for calibration of their mass spectrometers. The remaining 6 AIRGAS mixtures were retained at NIST. In 2006, these original 12 gas standards at NASA had become low in pressure and additionally NASA needed a lower concentration level; therefore, NIST was contracted to certify three new sets of gas standards. NIST prepared a new suite of 22 PSMs with weighing uncertainties of <0.1%. These 22 PSMs were compared to some of the original 20 PSMs developed in 1993 and with the NIST valued assigned Scott Specialty Gas mixtures that NIST had retained. Results between the two suites of primary standards and the 1993 NASA mixtures agreed, verifying their stability. At the same time, NASA contracted AIRGAS (Chicago, Illinois) to prepare 45

  10. Adiabatic temperature changes of magma-gas mixtures during ascent and eruption

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Mastin, L.G.; Ghiorso, M.S.

    2001-01-01

    Most quantitative studies of flow dynamics in eruptive conduits during volcanic eruptions use a simplified energy equation that ignores either temperature changes, or the thermal effects of gas exsolution. In this paper we assess the effects of those simplifications by analyzing the influence of equilibrium gas exsolution and expansion on final temperatures, velocities, and liquid viscosities of magma-gas mixtures during adiabatic decompression. For a given initial pressure (p1), temperature (T1) and melt composition, the final temperature (Tf) and velocity (Umax) will vary depending on the degree to which friction and other irreversible processes reduce mechanical energy within the conduit. The final conditions range between two thermodynamic end members: (1) Constant enthalpy (dh=0), in which Tf is maximal and no energy goes into lifting or acceleration; and (2) constant entropy (ds=0), in which Tf is minimal and maximum energy goes into lifting and acceleration. For ds=0, T1=900 ??C and p1=200 MPa, a water-saturated albitic melt cools by ???200 ??C during decompression, but only about 250 ??C of this temperature decrease can be attributed to the energy of gas exsolution per se: The remainder results from expansion of gas that has already exsolved. For the same T1 and p1, and dh=0, Tf is 10-15 ??C hotter than T1 but is about 10-25 ??C cooler than Tf in similar calculations that ignore the energy of gas exsolution. For ds=0, p1=200 MPa and T1= 9,000 ??C, assuming that all the enthalpy change of decompression goes into kinetic energy, a water-saturated albitic mixture can theoretically accelerate to ???800 m/s. Similar calculations that ignore gas exsolution (but take into account gas expansion) give velocities about 10-15% higher. For the same T1, p1 = 200 MPa, and ds = 0, the cooling associated with gas expansion and exsolution increases final melt viscosity more than 2.5 orders of magnitude. For dh = 0, isenthalpic heating decreases final melt viscosity by about

  11. Time-dependent middle ear pressure changes under general anaesthesia in children: N2O-O2 mixture versus air-oxygen mixture.

    PubMed

    Apan, A; Muluk, N Bayar; Güler, S; Budak, B

    2013-01-01

    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of N2O-O2 mixture (Inspired O2 30%) on middle ear pressure (MEP) in children compared with the effects of an air-oxygen mixture (Inspired O2 50%). The study included thirty child patients who underwent general anaesthesia for different reasons, with the exception of ENT problems and ear interventions. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (15 children: 10 male and 5 female) received a N2O-O2 mixture (Inspired O2 30%); and group 2 (15 children: 10 male and 5 female) were given an air-oxygen mixture (Inspired O2 50%). MEP was measured using a portable impedance analyser before the operation (PreO),10 minutes after intubation (10AEn), 30 minutes after intubation (30AEn), 10 minutes before extubation (10BEx), 15 minutes after the operation (PO15), 30 minutes after the operation (PO30), 1 hour after the operation (PO1h) and 6 hours after the operation (PO6h). The pressure and compliance values were the same in groups 1 and 2. The pressure-time graphs for the two groups were different: in Group 2, MEP rose quickly at 10AEn and positive pressure values were seen in the middle ear. MEP then fell rapidly until the end of the surgery and lower and negative pressures (Mean -50 daPa) were observed at PO6h. In Group 1, MEP was elevated at 10AEn and positive pressure was found (but not as high as in Group 2). MEP then fell more slowly. In other words, positive pressure in the middle ear persisted longer and the middle ear was subjected to positive pressure and nitrogen over a longer period. Separate analyses were made in Groups 1 and 2 of pressure differences and of compliance values at eight measurement points using the Friedman test. Differences in pressure values were found to be statistically significant in both Group 1 (p = 0.000) and Group 2 (p = 0.000). In Group 1, all the 10AEn and 30AEn values were significantly higher than the PreO, PO30, PO1h and PO6h values. The 10BEx value was significantly higher

  12. Pulsed-laser excitation of acoustic modes in open high-Q photoacoustic resonators for trace gas monitoring: results for C2H4

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brand, Christian; Winkler, Andreas; Hess, Peter; Miklós, András; Bozóki, Zoltán; Sneider, János

    1995-06-01

    The pulsed excitation of acoustic resonances was studied with a continuously monitoring photoacoustic detector system. Acoustic waves were generated in C2H4/N 2 gas mixtures by light absorption of the pulses from a transversely excited atmospheric CO2 laser. The photoacoustic part consisted of high-Q cylindrical resonators (Q factor 820 for the first radial mode in N2) and two adjoining variable acoustic filter systems. The time-resolved signal was Fourier transformed to a frequency spectrum of high resolution. For the first radial mode a Lorentzian profile was fitted to the measured data. The outside noise suppression and the signal-to-noise ratio were investigated in a normal laboratory environment in the flow-through mode. The acoustic and electric filter system combined with the

  13. High-efficiency condenser of steam from a steam-gas mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Milman, O. O.; Krylov, V. S.; Ptakhin, A. V.; Kondratev, A. V.; Yankov, G. G.

    2017-12-01

    The design of a module for a high-efficiency condenser of steam with a high content (up to 15%) of noncondensable gases (NCGs) with a nearly constant steam-gas mixture (SGM) velocity during the condensation of steam has been developed. This module provides the possibility to estimate the operational efficiency of six condenser zones during the motion of steam from the inlet to the SGM suction point. Some results of the experimental tests of the pilot high-efficiency condenser module are presented. The dependence of the average heat transfer coefficient k¯ on the volumetric NCG concentration v¯ has been derived. It is shown that the high-efficiency condenser module can provide a moderate decrease in k¯ from 4400-4600 to 2600-2800 W/(m2 K) at v¯ ≈ 0.5-9.0%. The heat transfer coefficient distribution over different module zones at a heat duty close to its nominal value has been obtained. From this distribution, it can be seen that the average heat transfer coefficient decreases to 2600 W/(m2 K) at an NCG concentration v¯ = 7.5%, but the first condenser sections ( 1- 3) retain high values of k¯ at a level of no lower than 3200 W/(m2 K), and the last sections operate less well, having k¯ at a level of 1700 W/(m2 K). The dependence of the average heat transfer coefficient on the water velocity in condenser tubes has been obtained at a nearly nominal duty such that the extrapolation of this dependence to the water velocity of 2 m/s may be expected to give k¯ = 5000 W/(m2 K) for relatively pure steam, but an increase in k¯ at v¯ = 8% will be smaller. The effect of the gas removal device characteristic on the operation of the high-efficiency condenser module is described. The design developed for the steam condenser of a gas-turbine plant with a power of 25 MW, a steam flow rate of 40.2 t/h, and a CO2 concentration of up to 12% with consideration for the results of performed studies is presented.

  14. Water inhibits CO oxidation on gold cations in the gas phase. Structures and binding energies of the sequential addition of CO, H2O, O2, and N2 onto Au.

    PubMed

    Reveles, J Ulises; Saoud, Khaled M; El-Shall, M Samy

    2016-10-19

    We report a detailed experimental and theoretical study of the gas phase reactivity of Au + with CO, O 2 , N 2 and their mixtures in the presence of a trace amount of water impurity. The gold cation is found to strongly interact with CO and H 2 O molecules via successive addition reactions until reaching saturation. The stoichiometry of the formed complex is determined by the strength of the binding energy of the neutral molecule to the gold cation. CO binds the strongest to Au + , followed by H 2 O, N 2 and then O 2 . We found that the gold cation (Au + ) can activate the O 2 molecule within the Au + (CO) 2 (O 2 ) complex which could react with another CO molecule to form Au + (CO)(CO 2 ) + CO 2 . The product Au + (CO)(CO 2 ) is observed experimentally with a small intensity at room temperature. However, the presence of water leads to the formation of Au + (CO)(H 2 O)(O 2 ) instead of Au + (CO) 2 (O 2 ) due to the strong interaction between Au + and water. The current experiments and calculations might lead to a molecular level understanding of the interactions between the active sites, reactants and impurities which could pave the way for the design of efficient nanocatalysts.

  15. Uniformity control of the deposition rate profile of a-Si:H film by gas velocity and temperature distributions in a capacitively coupled plasma reactor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Ho Jun; Lee, Hae June

    2018-03-01

    The effect of neutral transport on the deposition rate profiles of thin films formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is investigated to improve the uniformity of amorphous hydrogenated silicon films. The PECVD reactor with a cylindrical showerhead is numerically simulated with a variation of the gas velocity and temperature in the capacitively coupled plasma with an intermediate-pressure SiH4/He gas mixture. The modulation of the gas velocity distribution results in a noticeable change in the density distributions of neutral molecules such as SiH4, SiH3, H, SiH2, and Si2H6, especially in the vicinity of the electrode edge. With the locally accelerated gas flow, the concomitant increase in Si2H6 density near the electrode edge induces increases in both the electron density and the deposition rate profile near the electrode edge. In addition, it is observed that changing the surface temperature distribution by changing the sidewall temperature can also effectively modulate the plasma density distributions. The simulated deposition rate profile matches the experimental data well, even under non-isothermal wall boundary conditions.

  16. Blood-gas analyzer calibration and quality control using a precision gas-mixing instrument.

    PubMed

    Wallace, W D; Clark, J S; Cutler, C A

    1981-08-01

    We describe a new instrument that performs on-site mixing of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) to create compositions that can replace gases from standard premixed cylinders. This instrument yields accurate and predictable gas mixtures that can be used for two-point gas calibration of blood gas/pH analyzers or for liquid tonometry of either an aqueous buffer or blood used as quality-control material on blood-gas electrodes. The desired mixture of O2, CO2, and N2 is produced by microprocessor control of the sequential open-times on three solenoid valves that meter these pure gases through a common small-bore orifice. Any combination of O2 and CO2 can be chosen by dialing the front panel thumbwheels and pressing a button. Gas chromatographic evaluation of this gas-mixing instrument demonstrates its accuracy and precision to be better than +/- 0.1% absolute full scale for O2, CO2, and N2, making this instrument calibration and tonometry.

  17. H2 Detection via Polarography

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dominquez, Jesus; Barile, Ron

    2006-01-01

    Polarography is the measurement of the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The actual form of the observed polarographic current depends upon the manner in which the voltage is applied and on the characteristics of the working electrode. The new gas polarographic H2 sensor shows a current level increment with concentration of the gaseous H2 similar to those relating to metal ions in liquid electrolytes in well-known polarography. This phenomenon is caused by the fact that the diffusion of the gaseous H2 through a gas diffusion hole built in the sensor is a rate-determining step in the gaseous-hydrogen sensing mechanism. The diffusion hole artificially limits the diffusion of the gaseous H2 toward the electrode located at the sensor cavity. This gas polarographic H2 sensor is actually an electrochemical-pumping cell since the gaseous H2 is in fact pumped via the electrochemical driving force generated between the electrodes. Gaseous H2 enters the diffusion hole and reaches the first electrode (anode) located in the sensor cavity to be transformed into an H ions or protons; H ions pass through the electrolyte and reach the second electrode (cathode) to be reformed to gaseous H2. Gas polarographic O2 sensors are commercially available; a gas polarographic O2 sensor was used to prove the feasibility of building a new gas polarographic H2 sensor.

  18. Thermal conductivity of H2O-CH3OH mixtures at high pressures: Implications for the dynamics of icy super-Earths outer shells

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hsieh, Wen-Pin; Deschamps, Frédéric

    2015-10-01

    Thermal conductivity of H2O-volatile mixtures at extreme pressure-temperature conditions is a key factor to determine the heat flux and profile of the interior temperature in icy bodies. We use time domain thermoreflectance and stimulated Brillouin scattering combined with diamond anvil cells to study the thermal conductivity and sound velocity of water (H2O)-methanol (CH3OH) mixtures to pressures as high as 12 GPa. Compared to pure H2O, the presence of 5-20 wt % CH3OH significantly reduces the thermal conductivity and sound velocity when the mixture becomes ice VI-CH3OH and ice VII-CH3OH phases at high pressures, indicating that the heat transfer is hindered within the icy body. We then apply these results to model the heat transfer through the icy mantles of super-Earths, assuming that these mantles are animated by thermal convection. Our calculations indicate that the decrease of thermal conductivity due to the presence of 10 wt % CH3OH induces a twofold decrease of the power transported by convection.

  19. Transient Catalytic Combustor Model With Detailed Gas and Surface Chemistry

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Struk, Peter M.; Dietrich, Daniel L.; Mellish, Benjamin P.; Miller, Fletcher J.; Tien, James S.

    2005-01-01

    In this work, we numerically investigate the transient combustion of a premixed gas mixture in a narrow, perfectly-insulated, catalytic channel which can represent an interior channel of a catalytic monolith. The model assumes a quasi-steady gas-phase and a transient, thermally thin solid phase. The gas phase is one-dimensional, but it does account for heat and mass transfer in a direction perpendicular to the flow via appropriate heat and mass transfer coefficients. The model neglects axial conduction in both the gas and in the solid. The model includes both detailed gas-phase reactions and catalytic surface reactions. The reactants modeled so far include lean mixtures of dry CO and CO/H2 mixtures, with pure oxygen as the oxidizer. The results include transient computations of light-off and system response to inlet condition variations. In some cases, the model predicts two different steady-state solutions depending on whether the channel is initially hot or cold. Additionally, the model suggests that the catalytic ignition of CO/O2 mixtures is extremely sensitive to small variations of inlet equivalence ratios and parts per million levels of H2.

  20. Detection and Characterization of the Stannylene (SnH_{2} ) Radical in the Gas Phase

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smith, Tony; Clouthier, Dennis

    2017-06-01

    The electronic spectrum of the jet-cooled SnH_{2} radical has been detected by LIF spectroscopy. The radical was produced in a pulsed electric discharge through a precursor mixture of SnH_{4} in argon. Each band in the LIF spectrum consists of a small number of rovibronic transitions to the lowest energy (K_{a} = 0, J = 0,1,2,3) rotational levels in the excited state. High resolution spectra of the ^{p}P_{1}(1) line of the 2^{2}_{0} band show 7 components whose relative intensities are characteristic of the tin major isotopic abundances. The emission spectra are also consistent with assigning the spectrum as due to SnH_{2}. The fluorescence lifetimes of the upper state rotational levels decrease with increasing J', indicative of a rotationally dependent predissociation process in the excited state, similar to that previously observed in SiH_{2} and GeH_{2}. Fluorescence hole burning experiments have located the upper state K_{a} = 2 levels which allow a determination of the molecular structure.

  1. A program for calculating expansion-tube flow quantities for real-gas mixtures and comparison with experimental results

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miller, C. G., III

    1972-01-01

    A computer program written in FORTRAN 4 language is presented which determines expansion-tube flow quantities for real test gases CO2 N2, O2, Ar, He, and H2, or mixtures of these gases, in thermochemical equilibrium. The effects of dissociation and first and second ionization are included. Flow quantities behind the incident shock into the quiescent test gas are determined from the pressure and temperature of the quiescent test gas in conjunction with: (1) incident-shock velocity, (2) static pressure immediately behind the incident shock, or (3) pressure and temperature of the driver gas (imperfect hydrogen or helium). The effect of the possible existence of a shock reflection at the secondary diaphragm of the expansion tube is included. Expansion-tube test-section flow conditions are obtained by performing an isentropic unsteady expansion from the conditions behind the incident shock or reflected shock to either the test-region velocity or the static pressure. Both a thermochemical-equilibrium expansion and a frozen expansion are included. Flow conditions immediately behind the bow shock of a model positioned at the test section are also determined. Results from the program are compared with preliminary experimental data obtained in the Langley 6-inch expansion tube.

  2. D/H fractionation in the H2-H2O system at supercritical water conditions: Compositional and hydrogen bonding effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Foustoukos, Dionysis I.; Mysen, Bjorn O.

    2012-06-01

    O-D⋯O environment. This difference allows enhanced gas solubility in the denser and more polar H2O clusters, and thus, affects the D/H exchange between the H2-D2 volatiles and the coexisting H2O-D2O mixtures. The proposed role of temperature in promoting differences in the density and polarity of hydrogen-bonded OHO and ODO molecules may be explained with isotope-specific molar volume effects similar to those suggested to account for the hydrogen isotope fractionation between H2O and hydroxide mineral phases (e.g. brucite) across large pressure intervals.

  3. Regenerable sorbents for CO.sub.2 capture from moderate and high temperature gas streams

    DOEpatents

    Siriwardane, Ranjani V [Morgantown, WV

    2008-01-01

    A process for making a granular sorbent to capture carbon dioxide from gas streams comprising homogeneously mixing an alkali metal oxide, alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, alkali titanate, alkali zirconate, alkali silicate and combinations thereof with a binder selected from the group consisting of sodium ortho silicate, calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO.sub.4.2H.sub.2O), alkali silicates, calcium aluminate, bentonite, inorganic clays and organic clays and combinations thereof and water; drying the mixture and placing the sorbent in a container permeable to a gas stream.

  4. Dynamics of Nafion membrane swelling in H2O/D2O mixtures as studied using FTIR technique

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bunkin, Nikolai F.; Kozlov, Valeriy A.; Shkirin, Alexey V.; Ninham, Barry W.; Balashov, Anatoliy A.; Gudkov, Sergey V.

    2018-03-01

    Experiments with Fourier transform spectrometry of Nafion, a water-swollen polymeric membrane, are described. The transmittance spectra of liquid samples and Nafion, soaked in these samples, were studied, depending on the deuterium content in water in the spectral range 1.8-2.15 μm. The experiments were carried out using two protocols: in the first protocol we studied the dynamics of Nafion swelling in H2O + D2O mixtures for the deuterium concentrations 3 < C < 104 ppm, and in the second protocol we studied the dynamics of swelling in pure heavy water (C = 106 ppm). For liquid mixtures in the concentration range 3 < C < 104 ppm, the transmittance spectra are the same, but for Nafion soaked in these fluids, the corresponding spectra are different. It is shown that, in the range of deuterium contents C = 90-500 ppm, the behavior of transmittance of the polymer membrane is non-monotonic. In experiments using the second protocol, the dynamics of diffusion replacement of residual water, which is always present in the bulk of the polymer membrane inside closed cavities (i.e., without access to atmospheric air), were studied. The experimentally estimated diffusion coefficient for this process is ≈6.10-11 cm2/s.

  5. Implementation of Ultrasonic Sensing for High Resolution Measurement of Binary Gas Mixture Fractions

    PubMed Central

    Bates, Richard; Battistin, Michele; Berry, Stephane; Bitadze, Alexander; Bonneau, Pierre; Bousson, Nicolas; Boyd, George; Bozza, Gennaro; Crespo-Lopez, Olivier; Riva, Enrico Da; Degeorge, Cyril; Deterre, Cecile; DiGirolamo, Beniamino; Doubek, Martin; Favre, Gilles; Godlewski, Jan; Hallewell, Gregory; Hasib, Ahmed; Katunin, Sergey; Langevin, Nicolas; Lombard, Didier; Mathieu, Michel; McMahon, Stephen; Nagai, Koichi; Pearson, Benjamin; Robinson, David; Rossi, Cecilia; Rozanov, Alexandre; Strauss, Michael; Vitek, Michal; Vacek, Vaclav; Zwalinski, Lukasz

    2014-01-01

    We describe an ultrasonic instrument for continuous real-time analysis of the fractional mixture of a binary gas system. The instrument is particularly well suited to measurement of leaks of a high molecular weight gas into a system that is nominally composed of a single gas. Sensitivity < 5 × 10−5 is demonstrated to leaks of octaflouropropane (C3F8) coolant into nitrogen during a long duration (18 month) continuous study. The sensitivity of the described measurement system is shown to depend on the difference in molecular masses of the two gases in the mixture. The impact of temperature and pressure variances on the accuracy of the measurement is analysed. Practical considerations for the implementation and deployment of long term, in situ ultrasonic leak detection systems are also described. Although development of the described systems was motivated by the requirements of an evaporative fluorocarbon cooling system, the instrument is applicable to the detection of leaks of many other gases and to processes requiring continuous knowledge of particular binary gas mixture fractions. PMID:24961217

  6. In-line calibration of Raman systems for analysis of gas mixtures of hydrogen isotopologues with sub-percent accuracy.

    PubMed

    Schlösser, Magnus; Seitz, Hendrik; Rupp, Simone; Herwig, Philipp; Alecu, Catalin Gabriel; Sturm, Michael; Bornschein, Beate

    2013-03-05

    Highly accurate, in-line, and real-time composition measurements of gases are mandatory in many processing applications. The quantitative analysis of mixtures of hydrogen isotopologues (H2, D2, T2, HD, HT, and DT) is of high importance in such fields as DT fusion, neutrino mass measurements using tritium β-decay or photonuclear experiments where HD targets are used. Raman spectroscopy is a favorable method for these tasks. In this publication we present a method for the in-line calibration of Raman systems for the nonradioactive hydrogen isotopologues. It is based on precise volumetric gas mixing of the homonuclear species H2/D2 and a controlled catalytic production of the heteronuclear species HD. Systematic effects like spurious exchange reactions with wall materials and others are considered with care during the procedure. A detailed discussion of statistical and systematic uncertainties is presented which finally yields a calibration accuracy of better than 0.4%.

  7. Synthesis of ZnO thin film by sol-gel spin coating technique for H2S gas sensing application

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nimbalkar, Amol R.; Patil, Maruti G.

    2017-12-01

    In this present work, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film synthesized by a simple sol-gel spin coating technique. The structural, morphology, compositional, microstructural, optical, electrical and gas sensing properties of the film were studied by using XRD, FESEM, EDS, XPS, HRTEM, Raman, FTIR and UV-vis techniques. The ZnO thin film shows hexagonal wurtzite structure with a porous structured morphology. Gas sensing performance of synthesized ZnO thin film was tested initially for H2S gas at different operating temperatures as well as concentrations. The maximum gas response is achieved towards H2S gas at 300 °C operating temperature, at 100 ppm gas concentration as compared to other gases like CH3OH, Cl2, NH3, LPG, CH3COCH3, and C2H5OH with a good stability.

  8. Chlorobium limicola forma thiosulfatophilum: Biocatalyst in the Production of Sulfur and Organic Carbon from a Gas Stream Containing H2S and CO2

    PubMed Central

    Cork, Douglas J.; Garunas, Ruta; Sajjad, Ashfaq

    1983-01-01

    Chlorobium limicola forma thiosulfatophilum (ATCC 17092) was grown in a 1-liter continuously stirred tank reactor (800-ml liquid volume) at pH 6.8, 30°C, saturated light intensity, and a gas flow rate of 23.6 ml/min from a gas cylinder blend consisting of 3.9 mol% H2S, 9.2 mol% CO2, 86.4 mol% N2, and 0.5 mol% H2. This is the first demonstration of photoautotrophic growth of a Chlorobium sp. on a continuous inorganic gas feed. A significant potential exists for applying this photoautotrophic process to desulfurization and CO2 fixation of gases containing acidic components (H2S and CO2). PMID:16346255

  9. Impact of pH on hydrogen oxidizing redox processes in aquifers due to gas intrusions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Metzgen, Adrian; Berta, Marton; Dethlefsen, Frank; Ebert, Markus; Dahmke, Andreas

    2017-04-01

    Hydrogen production from excess energy and its storage can help increasing the efficiency of solar and wind in the energy mix. Therefore, hydrogen needs large-scale intermediate storage independent of the intended later use as hydrogen gas or as reactant to produce methane in the Sabatier process. A possible storage solution is using the geological subsurface such as caverns built in salt deposits or aquifers that are not used for drinking water production. However, underground storage of hydrogen gas potentially leads to accidental gas leakages into near-surface potable aquifers triggering subsequent geochemical processes. These leakages pose potential risks that are currently not sufficiently understood. To close this gap in knowledge, a high-pressure laboratory column system was used to simulate a hydrogen gas intrusion into a shallow aquifer. Water and sediment were gained from a sandy Pleistocene aquifer near Neumünster, Germany. In the first stage of the experiment, 100% hydrogen gas was used to simulate dissolved hydrogen concentrations between 800 and 4000 µM by varying pH2 between 2 and 15 bars. pH values rose to between 7.9 and 10.4, partly due to stripping CO2 from the groundwater used during H2 gas addition. In a second stage, the pH was regulated in a range of 6.7 to 7.9 by using a gas mixture of 99% H2 and 1% CO2 at 5 bars of total gas pressure. Observed processes included hydrogen oxidation, sulfate reduction, acetogenesis, formate production, and methanogenesis, which were independent of the hydrogen concentration. Hydrogen oxidation and sulfate reduction showed zeroth order reaction rates and rate constants (106 to 412 µM/h and 12 to 33 µM/h, respectively) in the pH range between 8 and 10. At pH levels between 7 and 8, both reactions started out faster near the column's inflow but then seemed limited towards the columns outflow, suggesting the dependence of sulfate reduction on the pH-value. Acetogenesis dominated the pH range between 8 and 10

  10. Investigation of Dalton and Amagat’s laws for gas mixtures with shock propagation

    DOE PAGES

    Wayne, Patrick; Cooper, Sean; Simons, Dylan; ...

    2017-06-20

    Dalton's and Amagat's laws (also known as the law of partial pressures and the law of partial volumes respectively) are two well-known thermodynamic models describing gas mixtures. We focus our current research on determining the suitability of these models in predicting effects of shock propagation through gas mixtures. Experiments are conducted at the Shock Tube Facility at the University of New Mexico (UNM). The gas mixture used in these experiments consists of approximately 50% sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and 50% helium (He) by mass. Fast response pressure transducers are used to obtain pressure readings both before and after the shock wave;more » these data are then used to determine the velocity of the shock wave. Temperature readings are obtained using an ultra-fast mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) infrared (IR) detector, with a response time on the order of nanoseconds. Coupled with a stabilized broadband infrared light source (operating at 1500 K), the detector provides pre- and post-shock line-of-sight readings of average temperature within the shock tube, which are used to determine the speed of sound in the gas mixture. Paired with the velocity of the shock wave, this information allows us to determine the Mach number. Our experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions of Dalton's and Amagat's laws to determine which one is more suitable.« less

  11. Chlorine gas toxicity from mixture of bleach with other cleaning products--California.

    PubMed

    1991-09-13

    From October 1987 through November 1989, five episodes of chlorine gas exposure with toxicity to at least 14 persons occurred at two state hospitals in California. Each hospital provides inpatient treatment to approximately 1000 forensic psychiatric patients. As part of their rehabilitation programs, selected patients perform cleaning duties under the supervision of janitors or nursing staff. Each incident occurred during the performance of these duties and involved the mixture of bleach (sodium hypochlorite) and a phosphoric acid cleaner by inpatients. This mixture produced chlorine gas and other chemical byproducts (Figure 1a and 1b) and resulted in temporary illness in exposed persons.

  12. Interactive effects of MnO2, organic matter and pH on abiotic formation of N2O from hydroxylamine in artificial soil mixtures.

    PubMed

    Liu, Shurong; Berns, Anne E; Vereecken, Harry; Wu, Di; Brüggemann, Nicolas

    2017-02-01

    Abiotic conversion of the reactive nitrification intermediate hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH) to nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a possible mechanism of N 2 O formation during nitrification. Previous research has demonstrated that manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) and organic matter (OM) content of soil as well as soil pH are important control variables of N 2 O formation in the soil. But until now, their combined effect on abiotic N 2 O formation from NH 2 OH has not been quantified. Here, we present results from a full-factorial experiment with artificial soil mixtures at five different levels of pH, MnO 2 and OM, respectively, and quantified the interactive effects of the three variables on the NH 2 OH-to-N 2 O conversion ratio (R NH2OH-to-N2O ). Furthermore, the effect of OM quality on R NH2OH-to-N2O was determined by the addition of four different organic materials with different C/N ratios to the artificial soil mixtures. The experiments revealed a strong interactive effect of soil pH, MnO 2 and OM on R NH2OH-to-N2O . In general, increasing MnO 2 and decreasing pH increased R NH2OH-to-N2O , while increasing OM content was associated with a decrease in R NH2OH-to-N2O . Organic matter quality also affected R NH2OH-to-N2O . However, this effect was not a function of C/N ratio, but was rather related to differences in the dominating functional groups between the different organic materials.

  13. Interactive effects of MnO2, organic matter and pH on abiotic formation of N2O from hydroxylamine in artificial soil mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Shurong; Berns, Anne E.; Vereecken, Harry; Wu, Di; Brüggemann, Nicolas

    2017-02-01

    Abiotic conversion of the reactive nitrification intermediate hydroxylamine (NH2OH) to nitrous oxide (N2O) is a possible mechanism of N2O formation during nitrification. Previous research has demonstrated that manganese dioxide (MnO2) and organic matter (OM) content of soil as well as soil pH are important control variables of N2O formation in the soil. But until now, their combined effect on abiotic N2O formation from NH2OH has not been quantified. Here, we present results from a full-factorial experiment with artificial soil mixtures at five different levels of pH, MnO2 and OM, respectively, and quantified the interactive effects of the three variables on the NH2OH-to-N2O conversion ratio (RNH2OH-to-N2O). Furthermore, the effect of OM quality on RNH2OH-to-N2O was determined by the addition of four different organic materials with different C/N ratios to the artificial soil mixtures. The experiments revealed a strong interactive effect of soil pH, MnO2 and OM on RNH2OH-to-N2O. In general, increasing MnO2 and decreasing pH increased RNH2OH-to-N2O, while increasing OM content was associated with a decrease in RNH2OH-to-N2O. Organic matter quality also affected RNH2OH-to-N2O. However, this effect was not a function of C/N ratio, but was rather related to differences in the dominating functional groups between the different organic materials.

  14. Fluid inclusion volatile analysis by gas chromatography with photoionization micro-thermal conductivity detectors: Applications to magmatic MoS 2 and other H 2O-CO 2 and H 2O-CH 4 fluids

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bray, C. J.; Spooner, E. T. C.

    1992-01-01

    Eighteen fluid inclusion volatile peaks have been detected and identified from 1-2 g samples (quartz) by gas chromatography using heated (~105°C) on-line crushing, helium carrier gas, a single porous polymer column (HayeSep R; 10' × 1/8″: 100/120#; Ni alloy tubing), two temperature programme conditions for separate sample aliquots, micro-thermal conductivity (TCD) and photoionization detectors (PID; 11.7 eV lamp), and off-line digital peak processing. In order of retention time these volatile peaks are: N 2, Ar, CO, CH 4, CO 2, C 2H 4, C 2H 6, C 2H 2, COS, C 3H 6, C 3H 8, C 3H 4 (propyne), H 2O (22.7 min at 80°C), SO 2, ± iso- C4H10 ± C4H8 (1-butene) ± CH3SH, C 4H 8 (iso-butylene), (?) C 4H 6 (1,3 butadiene) and ± n- C4H10 ± C4H8 (trans-2-butene) (80 and -70°C temperature programme conditions combined). H 2O is analysed directly. O 2 can be analysed cryogenically between N 2 and Ar, but has not been detected in natural samples to date in this study. H 2S, SO 2, NH 3, HCl, HCN, and H 2 ca nnot be analysed at present. Blanks determined by crushing heat-treated Brazilian quartz (800-900°C/4 h) are zero for 80°C temperature programme conditions, except for a large, unidentified peak at ~64 min, but contain H 2O, CO 2, and some low molecular weight hydrocarbons at -70°C temperature conditions due to cryogenic accumulation from the carrier gas and subsequent elution. TCD detection limits are ~30 ppm molar in inclusions; PID detection limits are ~ 1 ppm molar in inclusions and lower for unsaturated hydrocarbons (e.g., ~0.2 ppm for C 2H 4; ~ 1 ppb for C 2H 2; ~0.3 ppb for C 3H 6). Precisions (1σ) are ~ ±1-2% and ~ ± 13% for H 2O in terms of total moles detected; the latter value is equivalent to ±0.6 mol% at the 95 mol% H 2O level. Major fluid inclusion volatile species have been successfully analysed on a ~50 mg fluid inclusion section chip (~7 mm × ~10 mm × ~100 μm). Initial inclusion volatile analyses of fluids of interpreted magmatic origin from

  15. Effects of tropical high tannin non legume and low tannin legume browse mixtures on fermentation parameters and methanogenesis using gas production technique.

    PubMed

    Seresinhe, T; Madushika, S A C; Seresinhe, Y; Lal, P K; Orskov, E R

    2012-10-01

    In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the suitability of several mixtures of high tanniniferous non legumes with low tanniniferous legumes on in vitro gas production (IVGP), dry matter degradation, Ammonia-N, methane production and microbial population. Eight treatments were examined in a randomized complete block design using four non-legumes and two legumes (Carallia integerrima×Leucaena leucocephala (LL) (Trt 1), C. integerrima×Gliricidia sepium (GS) (Trt 2), Aporosa lindeliyana×LL (Trt 3), A. lindeliyana×GS (Trt 4), Ceiba perntandra×LL (Trt 5), C. perntandra×GS (Trt 6), Artocarpus heterophyllus×LL (Trt 7), A. heterophyllus×GS (Trt 8). The condensed tannin (CT) content of non legumes ranged from 6.2% (Carallia integerrima) to 4.9% (Ceiba perntandra) while the CT of legumes were 1.58% (Leucaena leucocephala) and 0.78% (Gliricidia sepium). Forage mixtures contained more than 14% of crude protein (CP) while the CT content ranged from 2.8% to 4.0% respectively. Differences (p<0.05) were observed in in vitro gas production (IGVP) within treatments over a 48 h period dominated by C. perntandra×G. sepium (Trt 6). The net gas production (p<0.05) was also high with Trt6 followed by A. heterophyllus×L. leucocephala (Trt 7) and A. heterophyllus×G. sepium (Trt 8). Highest (p>0.05) NH3-N (ml/200 mg DM) production was observed with the A. heterophyllus×G. sepium (Trt 8) mixture which may be attributed with it's highest CP content. The correlation between IVGP and CT was 0.675 while IVGP and CP was 0.610. In vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD) was highest in Trt 8 as well. Methane production ranged from 2.57 to 4.79 (ml/200 mg DM) to be synonimous with IVGP. A higher bacteria population (p<0.05) was found in C. perntandra×G. sepium (Trt 6) followed by Artocarpus heterophyllus+G. sepium (Trt 8) and the same trend was observed with the protozoa population as well. The results show that supplementing high tannin non leguminous forages by incremental

  16. (3, 2)D 1H, 13C BIRDr,X-HSQC-TOCSY for NMR structure elucidation of mixtures: application to complex carbohydrates.

    PubMed

    Brodaczewska, Natalia; Košťálová, Zuzana; Uhrín, Dušan

    2018-02-01

    Overlap of NMR signals is the major cause of difficulties associated with NMR structure elucidation of molecules contained in complex mixtures. A 2D homonuclear correlation spectroscopy in particular suffers from low dispersion of 1 H chemical shifts; larger dispersion of 13 C chemical shifts is often used to reduce this overlap, while still providing the proton-proton correlation information e.g. in the form of a 2D 1 H, 13 C HSQC-TOCSY experiment. For this methodology to work, 13 C chemical shift must be resolved. In case of 13 C chemical shifts overlap, 1 H chemical shifts can be used to achieve the desired resolution. The proposed (3, 2)D 1 H, 13 C BIRD r,X -HSQC-TOCSY experiment achieves this while preserving singlet character of cross peaks in the F 1 dimension. The required high-resolution in the 13 C dimension is thus retained, while the cross peak overlap occurring in a regular HSQC-TOCSY experiment is eliminated. The method is illustrated on the analysis of a complex carbohydrate mixture obtained by depolymerisation of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate isolated from the body wall of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali.

  17. Fe-doped graphene nanosheet as an adsorption platform of harmful gas molecules (CO, CO2, SO2 and H2S), and the co-adsorption in O2 environments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cortés-Arriagada, Diego; Villegas-Escobar, Nery; Ortega, Daniela E.

    2018-01-01

    The adsorption of pollutant gases (CO, CO2, SO2 and H2S) onto Fe-doped graphene nanosheets (FeG) is studied on the basis of density functional theory calculations at the PBE/Def2-SVP level of theory. The most stable adsorption configurations, binding characteristics, electronic properties and stability at room temperature of the FeG-Gas interactions is fully analyzed. The gas molecules are chemisorbed onto FeG with adsorption energies in the range of 0.54-1.8 eV, with an enhanced adsorption strength compared to intrinsic graphene. The stability of the FeG-Gas interactions is dominated by Lewis-acid-base interactions, and its strength is sorted as SO2 > CO > H2S > CO2. The adsorption stability is also retained at room temperature (300 K). Due to the strong interaction of SO2, CO, and H2S, FeG could catalyze or activate these gas molecules, suggesting the possibility of FeG as a catalyst substrate. The electron acceptor/donor character of CO, CO2, SO2 and H2S molecules when adsorbed onto FeG causes charge transfer processes that are responsible for the change in conductance of FeG; thus, the response of the HOMO-LUMO gap of FeG under gas adsorption could be useful for sensing applications. Furthermore, the analysis of the co-adsorption in O2 environments shows that the CO2 interaction turns unstable onto FeG, while the sensing response towards H2S is suppressed. Finally, these results give new insights into the emerging applications of Fe-doped graphene in gas capture/filtration devices, solid-state gas sensors or as a catalyst substrate.

  18. Reduced-order modellin for high-pressure transient flow of hydrogen-natural gas mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Agaie, Baba G.; Khan, Ilyas; Alshomrani, Ali Saleh; Alqahtani, Aisha M.

    2017-05-01

    In this paper the transient flow of hydrogen compressed-natural gas (HCNG) mixture which is also referred to as hydrogen-natural gas mixture in a pipeline is numerically computed using the reduced-order modelling technique. The study on transient conditions is important because the pipeline flows are normally in the unsteady state due to the sudden opening and closure of control valves, but most of the existing studies only analyse the flow in the steady-state conditions. The mathematical model consists in a set of non-linear conservation forms of partial differential equations. The objective of this paper is to improve the accuracy in the prediction of the HCNG transient flow parameters using the Reduced-Order Modelling (ROM). The ROM technique has been successfully used in single-gas and aerodynamic flow problems, the gas mixture has not been done using the ROM. The study is based on the velocity change created by the operation of the valves upstream and downstream the pipeline. Results on the flow characteristics, namely the pressure, density, celerity and mass flux are based on variations of the mixing ratio and valve reaction and actuation time; the ROM computational time cost advantage are also presented.

  19. Doping and defect-induced germanene: A superior media for sensing H2S, SO2, and CO2 gas molecules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Monshi, M. M.; Aghaei, S. M.; Calizo, I.

    2017-11-01

    First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been employed to investigate the structural, electronic, and gas-sensing properties of pure, defected, and doped germanene nanosheets. Our calculations have revealed that while a pristine germanene nanosheet adsorbs CO2 weakly, H2S moderately, and SO2 strongly, the introduction of vacancy defects increases the sensitivity significantly which is promising for future gas-sensing applications. Mulliken population analysis imparts that an appreciable amount of charge transfer occurs between gas molecules and a germanene nanosheet which supports our results for adsorption energies of the systems. The enhancement of the interactions between gas molecules and the germanene nanosheet has been further investigated by density of states. Projected density of states provides detailed insight of the gas molecule's contribution in the gas-sensing system. Additionally, the influences of substituted dopant atoms such as B, N, and Al in the germanene nanosheet have also been considered to study the impact on its gas sensing ability. There was no significant improvement found in the doped gas sensing capability of germanene over the vacancy defects, except for CO2 upon adsorption on N-doped germanene.

  20. Transport coefficients in nonequilibrium gas-mixture flows with electronic excitation.

    PubMed

    Kustova, E V; Puzyreva, L A

    2009-10-01

    In the present paper, a one-temperature model of transport properties in chemically nonequilibrium neutral gas-mixture flows with electronic excitation is developed. The closed set of governing equations for the macroscopic parameters taking into account electronic degrees of freedom of both molecules and atoms is derived using the generalized Chapman-Enskog method. The transport algorithms for the calculation of the thermal-conductivity, diffusion, and viscosity coefficients are proposed. The developed theoretical model is applied for the calculation of the transport coefficients in the electronically excited N/N(2) mixture. The specific heats and transport coefficients are calculated in the temperature range 50-50,000 K. Two sets of data for the collision integrals are applied for the calculations. An important contribution of the excited electronic states to the heat transfer is shown. The Prandtl number of atomic species is found to be substantially nonconstant.

  1. Synthetic CO, H2 and H I surveys of the second galactic quadrant, and the properties of molecular gas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Duarte-Cabral, A.; Acreman, D. M.; Dobbs, C. L.; Mottram, J. C.; Gibson, S. J.; Brunt, C. M.; Douglas, K. A.

    2015-03-01

    We present CO, H2, H I and HISA (H I self-absorption) distributions from a set of simulations of grand design spirals including stellar feedback, self-gravity, heating and cooling. We replicate the emission of the second galactic quadrant by placing the observer inside the modelled galaxies and post-process the simulations using a radiative transfer code, so as to create synthetic observations. We compare the synthetic data cubes to observations of the second quadrant of the Milky Way to test the ability of the current models to reproduce the basic chemistry of the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM), as well as to test how sensitive such galaxy models are to different recipes of chemistry and/or feedback. We find that models which include feedback and self-gravity can reproduce the production of CO with respect to H2 as observed in our Galaxy, as well as the distribution of the material perpendicular to the Galactic plane. While changes in the chemistry/feedback recipes do not have a huge impact on the statistical properties of the chemistry in the simulated galaxies, we find that the inclusion of both feedback and self-gravity are crucial ingredients, as our test without feedback failed to reproduce all of the observables. Finally, even though the transition from H2 to CO seems to be robust, we find that all models seem to underproduce molecular gas, and have a lower molecular to atomic gas fraction than is observed. Nevertheless, our fiducial model with feedback and self-gravity has shown to be robust in reproducing the statistical properties of the basic molecular gas components of the ISM in our Galaxy.

  2. The electroluminescence of Xe-Ne gas mixtures: A Monte Carol simulation study

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Santos, F.P.; Dias, T.H.V.T.; Rachinhas, P.J.B.M.

    1998-04-01

    The authors have performed a Monte Carlo simulation of the drift of electrons through a mixture of gaseous xenon with the lighter noble gas neon at a total pressure of 1 atm. The electroluminescence characteristics and other transport parameters are investigated as a function of the reduced electric field and composition of the mixture. For Xe-Ne mixtures with 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, 90, and 100% of Xe, they present results for electroluminescence yield and excitation efficiency, average electron energy, electron drift velocity, reduced mobility, reduced diffusion coefficients, and characteristic energies over a range of reduced electric fields which excludemore » electron multiplication. For the 5% Xe mixture, they also assess the influence of electron multiplication on the electroluminescence yield. The present study of Xe-Ne mixtures was motivated by an interest in using them as a filling for gas proportional scintillation counters in low-energy X-ray applications. In this energy range, the X rays will penetrate further into the detector due to the presence of Ne, and this will lead to an improvement in the collection of primary electrons originating near the detector window and may represent an advantage over the use of pure Xe.« less

  3. High accuracy Primary Reference gas Mixtures for high-impact greenhouse gases

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nieuwenkamp, Gerard; Zalewska, Ewelina; Pearce-Hill, Ruth; Brewer, Paul; Resner, Kate; Mace, Tatiana; Tarhan, Tanil; Zellweger, Christophe; Mohn, Joachim

    2017-04-01

    Climate change, due to increased man-made emissions of greenhouse gases, poses one of the greatest risks to society worldwide. High-impact greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) and indirect drivers for global warming (e.g. CO) are measured by the global monitoring stations for greenhouse gases, operated and organized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Reference gases for the calibration of analyzers have to meet very challenging low level of measurement uncertainty to comply with the Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) set by the WMO. Within the framework of the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP), a project to improve the metrology for high-impact greenhouse gases was granted (HIGHGAS, June 2014-May 2017). As a result of the HIGHGAS project, primary reference gas mixtures in cylinders for ambient levels of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO in air have been prepared with unprecedented low uncertainties, typically 3-10 times lower than usually previously achieved by the NMIs. To accomplish these low uncertainties in the reference standards, a number of preparation and analysis steps have been studied and improved. The purity analysis of the parent gases had to be performed with lower detection limits than previously achievable. E.g., to achieve an uncertainty of 2•10-9 mol/mol (absolute) on the amount fraction for N2O, the detection limit for the N2O analysis in the parent gases has to be in the sub nmol/mol domain. Results of an OPO-CRDS analyzer set-up in the 5µm wavelength domain, with a 200•10-12 mol/mol detection limit for N2O, will be presented. The adsorption effects of greenhouse gas components at cylinder surfaces are critical, and have been studied for different cylinder passivation techniques. Results of a two-year stability study will be presented. The fit-for-purpose of the reference materials was studied for possible variation on isotopic composition between the reference material and the sample. Measurement results for a suit of CO2 in air

  4. Amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O Powder with High Gas Selectivity towards Wide Range Concentration of C2H5OH

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Hongxiang; Jiang, Wei; Zhu, Lianfeng; Yao, Youwei

    2017-01-01

    Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) powder was prepared by typical solution-based process and post-annealing process. The sample was used as sensor for detecting C2H5OH, H2, and CO. Gas-sensing performance was found to be highly sensitive to C2H5OH gas in a wide range of concentration (0.5–1250 ppm) with the response of 2.0 towards 0.5 ppm and 89.2 towards 1250 ppm. Obvious difference of response towards C2H5OH, H2, and CO was found that the response e.g., was 33.20, 6.64, and 2.84 respectively at the concentration of 200 ppm. The response time and recovery time of was 32 s and 14 s respectively towards 200 ppm concentration of C2H5OH gas under heating voltage of 6.5 V. PMID:28538686

  5. Adsorption process to recover hydrogen from feed gas mixtures having low hydrogen concentration

    DOEpatents

    Golden, Timothy Christopher; Weist, Jr., Edward Landis; Hufton, Jeffrey Raymond; Novosat, Paul Anthony

    2010-04-13

    A process for selectively separating hydrogen from at least one more strongly adsorbable component in a plurality of adsorption beds to produce a hydrogen-rich product gas from a low hydrogen concentration feed with a high recovery rate. Each of the plurality of adsorption beds subjected to a repetitive cycle. The process comprises an adsorption step for producing the hydrogen-rich product from a feed gas mixture comprising 5% to 50% hydrogen, at least two pressure equalization by void space gas withdrawal steps, a provide purge step resulting in a first pressure decrease, a blowdown step resulting in a second pressure decrease, a purge step, at least two pressure equalization by void space gas introduction steps, and a repressurization step. The second pressure decrease is at least 2 times greater than the first pressure decrease.

  6. Collision-induced line parameters for the (2 ← 0) overtone band of HCl (1.76 μm) in binary mixtures with H2 and CH4

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Domanskaya, Alexandra V.; Li, Gang; Tran, Ha; Gisi, Michael; Ebert, Volker

    2017-09-01

    We present experimental results on pressure broadening and shift coefficients in the first vibrational overtone band of HCl in gaseous mixtures with H2 and CH4 at room temperature. The whole set of collisional parameters for HCl-CH4 is novel. Most of the data for HCl-H2 system is also published for the first time. Our results have a precision of about 2% or better for shifts and below 1% for broadening in the band center.

  7. Highly sensitive hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) gas sensors from viral-templated nanocrystalline gold nanowires

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moon, Chung Hee; Zhang, Miluo; Myung, Nosang V.; Haberer, Elaine D.

    2014-04-01

    A facile, site-specific viral-templated assembly method was used to fabricate sensitive hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas sensors at room temperature. A gold-binding M13 bacteriophage served to organize gold nanoparticles into linear arrays which were used as seeds for subsequent nanowire formation through electroless deposition. Nanowire widths and densities within the sensors were modified by electroless deposition time and phage concentration, respectively, to tune device resistance. Chemiresistive H2S gas sensors with superior room temperature sensing performance were produced with sensitivity of 654%/ppmv, theoretical lowest detection limit of 2 ppbv, and 70% recovery within 9 min for 0.025 ppmv. The role of the viral template and associated gold-binding peptide was elucidated by removing organics using a short O2 plasma treatment followed by an ethanol dip. The template and gold-binding peptide were crucial to electrical and sensor performance. Without surface organics, the resistance fell by several orders of magnitude, the sensitivity dropped by more than a factor of 100 to 6%/ppmv, the lower limit of detection increased, and no recovery was detected with dry air flow. Viral templates provide a novel, alternative fabrication route for highly sensitive, nanostructured H2S gas sensors.

  8. Dynamics of the formation and loss of boron atoms in a H2/B2H6 microwave plasma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Duluard, C. Y.; Aubert, X.; Sadeghi, N.; Gicquel, A.

    2016-09-01

    For further improvements in doped-diamond deposition technology, an understanding of the complex chemistry in H2/CH4/B2H6 plasmas is of general importance. In this context, a H2/B2H6 plasma ignited by microwave power in a near resonant cavity at high pressure (100-200 mbar) is studied to measure the B-atom density in the ground state. The discharge is ignited in the gas mixture (0-135 ppm B2H6 in H2) by a 2.45 GHz microwave generator, leading to the formation of a hemispheric plasma core, surrounded by a faint discharge halo filling the remaining reactor volume. Measurements with both laser induced fluorescence and resonant absoption with a boron hollow cathode lamp indicate that the B-atom density is higher in the halo than in the plasma core. When the absorption line-of-sight is positioned in the halo, the absorption is so strong that the upper detection limit is reached. To understand the mechanisms of creation and loss of boron atoms, time-resolved absorption measurements have been carried out in a pulsed plasma regime (10 Hz, duty cycle 50%). The study focuses on the influence of the total pressure, the partial pressure of B2H6, as well as the source power, on the growth and decay rates of boron atoms when the plasma is turned off.

  9. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Concentric Annular Flows of Binary Inert Gas Mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Reid, R. S.; Martin, J. J.; Yocum, D. J.; Stewart, E. T.

    2007-01-01

    Studies of heat transfer and pressure drop of binary inert gas mixtures flowing through smooth concentric circular annuli, tubes with fully developed velocity profiles, and constant heating rate are described. There is a general lack of agreement among the constant property heat transfer correlations for such mixtures. No inert gas mixture data exist for annular channels. The intent of this study was to develop highly accurate and benchmarked pressure drop and heat transfer correlations that can be used to size heat exchangers and cores for direct gas Brayton nuclear power plants. The inside surface of the annular channel is heated while the outer surface of the channel is insulated. Annulus ratios range 0.5 < r* < 0.83. These smooth tube data may serve as a reference to the heat transfer and pressure drop performance in annuli, tubes, and channels having helixes or spacer ribs, or other surfaces.

  10. Acoustic composition sensor for cryogenic gas mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Shakkottai, P.; Kwack, E. Y.; Luchik, T. S.; Back, L. H.

    1991-01-01

    An acoustic sensor useful for the determination of the composition of a gaseous binary mixture in cryogenic liquid spills has been characterized. One version of the instrument traps a known mixture of helium and nitrogen at ambient temperature in a tube which is interrogated by sonic pulses to determine the speed of sound and hence the composition. Experimental data shows that this sensor is quite accurate. The second version uses two unconfined microphones which sense sound pulses. Experimental data acquired during mixing when liquid nitrogen is poured into a vessel of gaseous helium is presented. Data during transient cooling of the tubular sensor containing nitrogen when the sensor is dipped into liquid nitrogen and during transient warm-up when the sensor is withdrawn are also presented. This sensor is being developed for use in the mixing of liquid cryogens with gas evolution in the simulation of liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen explosion hazards.

  11. Acoustic composition sensor for cryogenic gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shakkottai, P.; Kwack, E. Y.; Luchik, T. S.; Back, L. H.

    An acoustic sensor useful for the determination of the composition of a gaseous binary mixture in cryogenic liquid spills has been characterized. One version of the instrument traps a known mixture of helium and nitrogen at ambient temperature in a tube which is interrogated by sonic pulses to determine the speed of sound and hence the composition. Experimental data shows that this sensor is quite accurate. The second version uses two unconfined microphones which sense sound pulses. Experimental data acquired during mixing when liquid nitrogen is poured into a vessel of gaseous helium is presented. Data during transient cooling of the tubular sensor containing nitrogen when the sensor is dipped into liquid nitrogen and during transient warm-up when the sensor is withdrawn are also presented. This sensor is being developed for use in the mixing of liquid cryogens with gas evolution in the simulation of liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen explosion hazards.

  12. Theoretical study on the gas adsorption capacity and selectivity of CPM-200-In/Mg and CPM-200-In/Mg-X (-X = -NH2, -OH, -N, -F).

    PubMed

    Liu, Xiao-le; Chen, Guang-Hui; Wang, Xiu-Jun; Li, Peng; Song, Yi-Bing; Li, Rui-Yan

    2017-11-15

    The adsorption capacities of a heterometallic metal-organic framework (CPM-200-In/Mg) to VOCs (HCHO, C 2 H 4 , CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 3 H 8 , C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 3 Cl, C 2 H 2 Cl 2 , CH 2 Cl 2 and CHCl 3 ) and some inorganic gas molecules (HCN, SO 2 , NO, CO 2 , CO, H 2 S and NH 3 ), as well as its selectivity in ternary mixture systems of natural gas and post-combustion flue gas are theoretically explored at the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and density functional theory (DFT) levels. It is shown that CPM-200-In/Mg is suitable for the adsorption of VOCs, particularly for HCHO (up to 0.39 g g -1 at 298 K and 1 bar), and the adsorption capacities of some inorganic gas molecules such as SO 2 , H 2 S and CO 2 match well with the sequence of their polarizability (SO 2 > H 2 S > CO 2 ). The large adsorption capacities of HCN and HCHO in the framework result from the strong interaction between adsorbates and metal centers, based on analyzing the radial distribution functions (RDF). Comparing C 2 H 4 and CH 4 molecules interacting with CPM-200-In/Mg by VDW interaction, we speculate that the high adsorption capacities of their chlorine derivatives in the framework could be due to the existence of halogen bonding or strong electrostatic and VDW interactions. It is found that the basic groups, including -NH 2 , -N and -OH, can effectively improve both the adsorption capacities and selectivity of CPM-200-In/Mg for harmful gases. Note that the adsorption capacity of CPM-200-In/Mg-NH 2 (site 2) (245 cm 3 g -1 ) for CO 2 exceeded that of MOF-74-Mg (228 cm 3 g -1 ) at 273 K and 1 bar and that for HCHO can reach 0.41 g g -1 , which is almost twice that of 438-MOF and nearly 45 times of that in active carbon. Moreover, for natural gas mixtures, the decarburization and desulfurization abilities of CPM-200-In/Mg-NH 2 (site 2) have exceeded those of the MOF-74 series, while for post-combustion flue gas mixtures, the desulfurization ability of CPM-200-In/Mg-NH 2 (site 2) is still

  13. Oxidation and Condensation of Zinc Fume From Zn-CO 2-CO-H 2O Streams Relevant to Steelmaking Off-Gas Systems

    DOE PAGES

    Bronson, Tyler Mark; Ma, Naiyang; Zhu, Liang Zhu; ...

    2017-01-23

    Here the objective of this research was to study the condensation of zinc vapor to metallic zinc and zinc oxide solid under varying environments to investigate the feasibility of in-process separation of zinc from steelmaking off-gas dusts. Water vapor content, temperature, degree of cooling, gas composition, and initial zinc partial pressure were varied to simulate the possible conditions that can occur within steelmaking off-gas systems, limited to Zn-CO 2-CO-H 2O gas compositions. The temperature of deposition and the effect of rapidly quenching the gas were specifically studied. A homogeneous nucleation model for applicable experiments was applied to the analysis of the experimental data. It was determined that under the experimental conditions, oxidation of zinc vapor by H 2O or CO 2 does not occur above 1108 K (835 °C) even for highly oxidizing streams (CO 2/CO = 40/7). Rate expressions that correlate CO 2 and H 2O oxidation rates to gas composition, partial pressure of water vapor, temperature, and zinc partial pressure were determined to be as follows: Ratemore » $$ \\left(\\frac{mol}{m^2s}\\right) $$ = 406 exp $$ \\left(\\frac{-50.2 kJ/mol}{RT}\\right) $$ (pZnpCO 2 $-$ PCO/K eqCO 2) $$\\frac{mol}{m^2 x s}$$ Rate $$ \\left(\\frac{mol}{m^2s}\\right) $$ = 32.9 exp $$ \\left(\\frac{-13.7 kJ/mol}{RT}\\right) $$ (pZnPH 2O $-$ PH 2/K eqH 2O) $$\\frac{mol}{m^2 x s}$$. It was proven that a rapid cooling rate (500 K/s) significantly increases the ratio of metallic zinc to zinc oxide as opposed to a slow cooling rate (250 K/s). SEM analysis found evidence of heterogeneous growth of ZnO as well as of homogeneous formation of metallic zinc. The homogeneous nucleation model fit well with experiments where only metallic zinc deposited. An expanded model with rates of oxidation by CO 2 and H 2O as shown was combined with the homogenous nucleation model and then compared with experimental data. The calculated results based on the model gave a reasonable fit to the

  14. Oxidation and Condensation of Zinc Fume From Zn-CO 2-CO-H 2O Streams Relevant to Steelmaking Off-Gas Systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bronson, Tyler Mark; Ma, Naiyang; Zhu, Liang Zhu

    Here the objective of this research was to study the condensation of zinc vapor to metallic zinc and zinc oxide solid under varying environments to investigate the feasibility of in-process separation of zinc from steelmaking off-gas dusts. Water vapor content, temperature, degree of cooling, gas composition, and initial zinc partial pressure were varied to simulate the possible conditions that can occur within steelmaking off-gas systems, limited to Zn-CO 2-CO-H 2O gas compositions. The temperature of deposition and the effect of rapidly quenching the gas were specifically studied. A homogeneous nucleation model for applicable experiments was applied to the analysis of the experimental data. It was determined that under the experimental conditions, oxidation of zinc vapor by H 2O or CO 2 does not occur above 1108 K (835 °C) even for highly oxidizing streams (CO 2/CO = 40/7). Rate expressions that correlate CO 2 and H 2O oxidation rates to gas composition, partial pressure of water vapor, temperature, and zinc partial pressure were determined to be as follows: Ratemore » $$ \\left(\\frac{mol}{m^2s}\\right) $$ = 406 exp $$ \\left(\\frac{-50.2 kJ/mol}{RT}\\right) $$ (pZnpCO 2 $-$ PCO/K eqCO 2) $$\\frac{mol}{m^2 x s}$$ Rate $$ \\left(\\frac{mol}{m^2s}\\right) $$ = 32.9 exp $$ \\left(\\frac{-13.7 kJ/mol}{RT}\\right) $$ (pZnPH 2O $-$ PH 2/K eqH 2O) $$\\frac{mol}{m^2 x s}$$. It was proven that a rapid cooling rate (500 K/s) significantly increases the ratio of metallic zinc to zinc oxide as opposed to a slow cooling rate (250 K/s). SEM analysis found evidence of heterogeneous growth of ZnO as well as of homogeneous formation of metallic zinc. The homogeneous nucleation model fit well with experiments where only metallic zinc deposited. An expanded model with rates of oxidation by CO 2 and H 2O as shown was combined with the homogenous nucleation model and then compared with experimental data. The calculated results based on the model gave a reasonable fit to the

  15. A method for calculating the gas volume proportions and inhalation temperature of inert gas mixtures allowing reaching normothermic or hypothermic target body temperature in the awake rat.

    PubMed

    Abraini, Jacques H; David, Hélène N; Blatteau, Jean-Éric; Risso, Jean Jacques; Vallée, Nicolas

    2017-01-01

    The noble gases xenon (Xe) and helium (He) are known to possess neuroprotective properties. Xe is considered the golden standard neuroprotective gas. However, Xe has a higher molecular weight and lower thermal conductivity and specific heat than those of nitrogen, the main diluent of oxygen (O2) in air, conditions that could impair or at least reduce the intrinsic neuroprotective properties of Xe by increasing the critical care patient's respiratory workload and body temperature. In contrast, He has a lower molecular weight and higher thermal conductivity and specific heat than those of nitrogen, but is unfortunately far less potent than Xe at providing neuroprotection. Therefore, combining Xe with He could allow obtaining, depending on the gas inhalation temperature and composition, gas mixtures with neutral or hypothermic properties, the latter being advantageous in term of neuroprotection. However, calculating the thermal properties of a mixture, whatever the substances - gases, metals, rubbers, etc . - is not trivial. To answer this question, we provide a graphical method to assess the volume proportions of Xe, He and O2 that a gas mixture should contain, and the inhalation temperature to which it should be administered to allow a clinician to maintain the patient at a target body temperature.

  16. A method for calculating the gas volume proportions and inhalation temperature of inert gas mixtures allowing reaching normothermic or hypothermic target body temperature in the awake rat

    PubMed Central

    Abraini, Jacques H.; David, Hélène N.; Blatteau, Jean-Éric; Risso, Jean Jacques; Vallée, Nicolas

    2017-01-01

    The noble gases xenon (Xe) and helium (He) are known to possess neuroprotective properties. Xe is considered the golden standard neuroprotective gas. However, Xe has a higher molecular weight and lower thermal conductivity and specific heat than those of nitrogen, the main diluent of oxygen (O2) in air, conditions that could impair or at least reduce the intrinsic neuroprotective properties of Xe by increasing the critical care patient's respiratory workload and body temperature. In contrast, He has a lower molecular weight and higher thermal conductivity and specific heat than those of nitrogen, but is unfortunately far less potent than Xe at providing neuroprotection. Therefore, combining Xe with He could allow obtaining, depending on the gas inhalation temperature and composition, gas mixtures with neutral or hypothermic properties, the latter being advantageous in term of neuroprotection. However, calculating the thermal properties of a mixture, whatever the substances – gases, metals, rubbers, etc. – is not trivial. To answer this question, we provide a graphical method to assess the volume proportions of Xe, He and O2 that a gas mixture should contain, and the inhalation temperature to which it should be administered to allow a clinician to maintain the patient at a target body temperature. PMID:29152210

  17. Understanding the Reactive Adsorption of H 2S and CO 2 in Sodium-Exchanged Zeolites

    DOE PAGES

    Fetisov, Evgenii O.; Shah, Mansi S; Knight, Christopher; ...

    2018-02-19

    Purifying sour natural gas streams containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide has been a long-standing environmental and economic challenge. In the presence of cation-exchanged zeolites, these two acid gases can react to form carbonyl sulfide and water (H 2S+CO 2H 2O+COS), but this reaction is rarely accounted for. In this work, we carry out reactive first-principles Monte Carlo (RxFPMC) simulations for mixtures of H 2S and CO 2 in all-silica and Na-exchanged forms of zeolite beta to understand the governing principles driving the enhanced conversion. The RxFPMC simulations show that the presence of Na + cations can change the equilibriummore » constant by several orders of magnitude compared to the gas phase or in all-silica beta. The shift in the reaction equilibrium is caused by very strong interactions of H 2O with Na + that reduce the reaction enthalpy by about 20 kJmol -1. The simulations also demonstrate that the siting of Al atoms in the framework plays an important role. Lastly, the RxFPMC method presented here is applicable to any chemical conversion in any confined environment, where strong interactions of guest molecules with the host framework and high activation energies limit the use of other computational approaches to study reaction equilibria.« less

  18. The influence of Kr, CO2, and iso-C4H8 admixtures on the time of the formation of a stable flame front in mixtures of natural gas and isobutylene with oxygen and hydrogen with air under initiation with a spark discharge

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rubtsov, N. M.; Seplyarskii, B. S.; Chernysh, V. I.; Tsvetkov, G. I.

    2010-05-01

    High-speed color filming was used to study laminar spherical flame propagation at the initial stage in preliminarily mixed stoichiometric mixtures of natural gas and isobutylene with oxygen containing krypton and carbon dioxide and in hydrogen-air mixtures at atmospheric pressure in a bomb with a constant volume. Under experimental conditions ( T 0 = 298 K, p 0 = 100 torr, spark discharge energy E 0 = 0.91 J), the dilution of mixtures with Kr and CO2 increased the time of formation of a stable flame front by more than 10 times. The introduction of a small chemically active admixture (1.2% isobutylene) into a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and air sharply increased the time of formation of a stable flame front, which was evidence of an important role played by the chemical mechanism of the reaction in the formation of the combustion field.

  19. Study electron transport coefficients for Ar, O2 and their mixtures by using EEDF program

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Majeed, D. S. Abdul; Hussein, B. J.; Jassim, M. K.

    2018-05-01

    We calculated the electron transport coefficient in Ar, O2 and their mixtures for ratio of E/N where E denotes the electric field and N the density of gas atoms from 5 – 600 Td 1Td = 10-17 V.cm2. The result and parameters mean energy mobility drift velocity and others are calculated by solving Boltzmann equation. We study these gases because of its importance in thermal plasma such as shielding gas for arc welding of metals and alloys. These results are useful to find best gas mixtures to reach appropriate transport parameter and to derive the same relevant cross section data.

  20. Study of the dielectric breakdown properties of CO2-O2 mixtures by considering electron detachments from negative ions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Hu; Tian, Zengyao; Deng, Yunkun; Li, Xingwen; Lin, Hui

    2017-12-01

    The dielectric breakdown properties of CO2-O2 mixtures at different O2 concentrations and gas pressures were studied in this paper, with electron detachments from negative ions taken into consideration. The influences of the electron detachment on the reduced effective ionization coefficients αeff/N, the critical reduced electric fields (E/N)cr, the critical electron temperature Tcr, the breakdown reduced electric fields (E/N)breakdown, and the breakdown electron temperature Tbreakdown were analyzed for the CO2-O2 mixture. Based on the results, it was found that an enhancement in αeff/N and a decrease in (E/N)cr and Tcr were caused by the electron detachment, which appeared to be more significant at relatively low E/N and low gas pressures. With the increase in the pd product, both (E/N)breakdown and Tbreakdown in the CO2-O2 mixture decreased first and then tended to be a constant at relatively high pd products.

  1. Adsorption of Hydrophobin-Protein Mixtures at the Air-Water Interface: The Impact of pH and Electrolyte.

    PubMed

    Tucker, Ian M; Petkov, Jordan T; Penfold, Jeffrey; Thomas, Robert K; Cox, Andrew R; Hedges, Nick

    2015-09-15

    The adsorption of the proteins β-casein, β-lactoglobulin, and hydrophobin, and the protein mixtures of β-casein/hydrophobin and β-lactoglobulin/hydrophobin have been studied at the air-water interface by neutron reflectivity, NR. Changing the solution pH from 7 to 2.6 has relatively little impact on the adsorption of hydrophobin or β-lactoglobulin, but results in a substantial change in the structure of the adsorbed layer of β-casein. In β-lactoglobulin/hydrophobin mixtures, the adsorption is dominated by the hydrophobin adsorption, and is independent of the hydrophobin or β-lactoglobulin concentration and solution pH. At pH 2.6, the adsorption of the β-casein/hydrophobin mixtures is dominated by the hydrophobin adsorption over the range of β-casein concentrations studied. At pH 4 and 7, the adsorption of β-casein/hydrophobin mixtures is dominated by the hydrophobin adsorption at low β-casein concentrations. At higher β-casein concentrations, β-casein is adsorbed onto the surface monolayer of hydrophobin, and some interpenetration between the two proteins occurs. These results illustrate the importance of pH on the intermolecular interactions between the two proteins at the interface. This is further confirmed by the impact of PBS, phosphate buffered saline, buffer and CaCl2 on the coadsorption and surface structure. The results provide an important insight into the adsorption properties of protein mixtures and their application in foam and emulsion stabilization.

  2. Critical Nuclei Size, Rate, and Activation Energy of H2 Gas Nucleation.

    PubMed

    German, Sean R; Edwards, Martin A; Ren, Hang; White, Henry S

    2018-03-21

    Electrochemical measurements of the nucleation rate of individual H 2 bubbles at the surface of Pt nanoelectrodes (radius = 7-41 nm) are used to determine the critical size and geometry of H 2 nuclei leading to stable bubbles. Precise knowledge of the H 2 concentration at the electrode surface, C H 2 surf , is obtained by controlled current reduction of H + in a H 2 SO 4 solution. Induction times of single-bubble nucleation events are measured by stepping the current, to control C H 2 surf , while monitoring the voltage. We find that gas nucleation follows a first-order rate process; a bubble spontaneously nucleates after a stochastic time delay, as indicated by a sudden voltage spike that results from impeded transport of H + to the electrode. Hundreds of individual induction times, at different applied currents and using different Pt nanoelectrodes, are used to characterize the kinetics of phase nucleation. The rate of bubble nucleation increases by four orders of magnitude (0.3-2000 s -1 ) over a very small relative change in C H 2 surf (0.21-0.26 M, corresponding to a ∼0.025 V increase in driving force). Classical nucleation theory yields thermodynamic radii of curvature for critical nuclei of 4.4 to 5.3 nm, corresponding to internal pressures of 330 to 270 atm, and activation energies for nuclei formation of 14 to 26 kT, respectively. The dependence of nucleation rate on H 2 concentration indicates that nucleation occurs by a heterogeneous mechanism, where the nuclei have a contact angle of ∼150° with the electrode surface and contain between 35 and 55 H 2 molecules.

  3. A detonation wave in the system liquid-gas bubbles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sychev, A. I.

    1985-06-01

    The shock-wave ignition of a system consisting of a liquid (H2O) and bubbles of an explosive gas mixture (C2H2+2.5O2) is investigated experimentally and analytically. The possibility of the existence of a detonation wave, a supersonic self-sustaining process, in a gas-liquid system is demonstrated. The conditions for the existence of a detonation wave are determined, and the initiation mechanism is analyzed.

  4. Study of thermite mixture consolidated by the cold gas dynamic spray process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bacciochini, A.; Maines, G.; Poupart, C.; Akbarnejad, H.; Radulescu, M.; Jodoin, B.; Zhang, F.; Lee, J. J.

    2014-05-01

    The present study focused on the cold gas dynamic spray process for manufacturing porosity free, finely structured energetic materials with high reactivity and structural integrity. The experiments have focused the reaction between the aluminium and metal oxide, such as Al-CuO system. The consolidation of the materials used the cold gas dynamic spray technique, where the particles are accelerated to high speeds and consolidated via plastic deformation upon impact. Reactive composites are formed in arbitrary shapes with close to zero porosity and without any reactions during the consolidation phase. Reactivity of mixtures has been investigated through flame propagation analysis on cold sprayed samples and compacted powder mixture. Deflagration tests showed the influence of porosity on the reactivity.

  5. The reaction of H2O2 with NO2 and NO

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gray, D.; Lissi, E.; Heicklen, J.

    1972-01-01

    The reactions of NO and NO2 with H2O2 have been examined at 25 C. Reaction mixtures were monitored by continuously bleeding through a pinhole into a monopole mass spectrometer. NO2 was also monitored by its optical absorption in the visible part of the spectrum. Reaction mixtures containing initially 1.5 - 2.5 torr of NO2 and 0.8 - 1.4 torr of H2O2 or 1 - 12 torr of NO and 0.5 - 1.5 torr of H2O2 were studied. The H2O2 - NO reaction was complex. There was an induction period followed by a marked acceleration in reactant removal. The final products of the reaction, NO2, probably H2O, and possibly HONO2 were produced mainly after all the H2O2 was removed. The HONO intermediate was shown to disproportionate to NO2 + NO + H2O in a relatively slow first order reaction. The acceleration in H2O2 removal after the NO - H2O2 reaction is started is caused by NO2 catalysis.

  6. Stoichiometry and possible mechanism of SiH/sub 4/-O/sub 2/ explosions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hartman, J.R.; Famil-Ghiriha, J.; Ring, M.A.

    1987-04-01

    The products of silane-O/sub 2/ mixture explosions vary with mixture composition. For O/sub 2/-rich mixtures (>70% O/sub 2/), the products are H/sub 2/O and SiO/sub 2/. As the mixtures become richer in silane, H/sub 2/ replaces H/sub 2/O as a final product. For very SiH/sub 4/-rich mixtures (>70% SiH/sub 4/), the products are H/sub 2/, SiO/sub x/, and Si. The fact that silane is totally consumed in silane-rich mixtures (70-90% silane) demonstrates that solid particle formation (SiO/sub 2/, SiO, and Si) occurs very rapidly and that the accompanying heat release is essential to drive the reactions to completion. It ismore » also clear that the explosion of a silane-rich mixture is primarily a thermal explosion of silane. Effects due to problems associated with upper pressure limit measurements and mechanistic aspects of the SiH/sub 4/-O/sub 2/ explosion reaction are discussed.« less

  7. Removal of binary dyes mixtures with opposite and similar charges by adsorption, coagulation/flocculation and catalytic oxidation in the presence of CeO2/H2O2 Fenton-like system.

    PubMed

    Issa Hamoud, Houeida; Finqueneisel, Gisèle; Azambre, Bruno

    2017-06-15

    In this study, the removal of binary mixtures of dyes with similar (Orange II/Acid Green 25) or opposite charges (Orange II/Malachite Green) was investigated either by simple adsorption on ceria or by the heterogeneous Fenton reaction in presence of H 2 O 2 . First, the CeO 2 nanocatalyst with high specific surface area (269 m 2 /g) and small crystal size (5 nm) was characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy and N 2 physisorption at 77 K. The adsorption of single dyes was studied either from thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints. It is shown that the adsorption of dyes on ceria surface is highly pH-dependent and followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model. Adsorption isotherms fit well the Langmuir model with a complete monolayer coverage and higher affinity towards Orange II at pH 3, compared to other dyes. For the (Orange II/Acid Green 25) mixture, both the amounts of dyes adsorbed on ceria surface and discoloration rates measured from Fenton experiments were decreased by comparison with single dyes. This is due to the adsorption competition existing onto the same surface Ce x+ sites and the reaction competition with hydroxyl radicals, respectively. The behavior of the (Orange II/Malachite Green) mixture is markedly different. Dyes with opposite charges undergo paired adsorption on ceria as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous coagulation/flocculation processes, but can also be removed by heterogeneous Fenton process. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Si1-yCy/Si(001) gas-source molecular beam epitaxy from Si2H6 and CH3SiH3: Surface reaction paths and growth kinetics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Foo, Y. L.; Bratland, K. A.; Cho, B.; Desjardins, P.; Greene, J. E.

    2003-04-01

    In situ surface probes and postdeposition analyses were used to follow surface reaction paths and growth kinetics of Si1-yCy alloys grown on Si(001) by gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy from Si2H6/CH3SiH3 mixtures as a function of C concentration y (0-2.6 at %) and temperature Ts (500-600 °C). High-resolution x-ray diffraction reciprocal lattice maps show that all layers are in tension and fully coherent with their substrates. Film growth rates R decrease with both y and Ts, and the rate of decrease in R as a function of y increases rapidly with Ts. In situ isotopically tagged D2 temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements reveal that C segregation during steady-state Si1-yCy(001) growth results in charge transfer from Si surface dangling bonds to second-layer C atoms, which have a higher electronegativity than Si. From the TPD results, we obtain the coverage θSi*(y,Ts) of Si* surface sites with C backbonds as well as H2 desorption energies Ed from both Si and Si* surface sites. θSi* increases with increasing y and Ts in the kinetically limited segregation regime while Ed decreases from 2.52 eV for H2 desorption from Si surface sites with Si back bonds to 2.22 eV from Si* surface sites. This leads to an increase in the H2 desorption rate, and hence should yield higher film deposition rates, with increasing y and/or Ts during Si1-yCy(001) growth. The effect, however, is more than offset by the decrease in Si2H6 reactive sticking probabilities at Si* surface sites. Film growth rates R(Ts,JSi2H6,JCH3SiH3) calculated using a simple transition-state kinetic model, together with measured kinetic parameters, were found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data.

  9. Compressible Flow Phenomena at Inception of Lateral Density Currents Fed by Collapsing Gas-Particle Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Valentine, Greg A.; Sweeney, Matthew R.

    2018-02-01

    Many geological flows are sourced by falling gas-particle mixtures, such as during collapse of lava domes, and impulsive eruptive jets, and sustained columns, and rock falls. The transition from vertical to lateral flow is complex due to the range of coupling between particles of different sizes and densities and the carrier gas, and due to the potential for compressible flow phenomena. We use multiphase modeling to explore these dynamics. In mixtures with small particles, and with subsonic speeds, particles follow the gas such that outgoing lateral flows have similar particle concentration and speed as the vertical flows. Large particles concentrate immediately upon impact and move laterally away as granular flows overridden by a high-speed jet of expelled gas. When a falling flow is supersonic, a bow shock develops above the impact zone, and this produces a zone of high pressure from which lateral flows emerge as overpressured wall jets. The jets form complex structures as the mixtures expand and accelerate and then recompress through a recompression zone that mimics a Mach disk shock in ideal gas jets. In mixtures with moderate to high ratios of fine to coarse particles, the latter tend to follow fine particles through the expansion-recompression flow fields because of particle-particle drag. Expansion within the flow fields can lead to locally reduced gas pressure that could enhance substrate erosion in natural flows. The recompression zones form at distances, and have peak pressures, that are roughly proportional to the Mach numbers of impacting flows.

  10. CO2/H2O adsorption equilibrium and rates on metal-organic frameworks: HKUST-1 and Ni/DOBDC.

    PubMed

    Liu, Jian; Wang, Yu; Benin, Annabelle I; Jakubczak, Paulina; Willis, Richard R; LeVan, M Douglas

    2010-09-07

    Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted intense research interest because of their permanent porous structures, huge surface areas, and potential applications as novel adsorbents and catalysts. In order to provide a basis for consideration of MOFs for removal of carbon dioxide from gases containing water vapor, such as flue gas, we have studied adsorption equilibrium of CO(2), H(2)O vapor, and their mixtures and also rates of CO(2) adsorption in two MOFs: HKUST-1 (CuBTC) and Ni/DOBDC (CPO-27-Ni or Ni/MOF-74). The MOFs were synthesized via solvothermal methods, and the as-synthesized products were solvent exchanged and regenerated before experiments. Pure component adsorption equilibria and CO(2)/H(2)O binary adsorption equilibria were studied using a volumetric system. The effects of H(2)O adsorption on CO(2) adsorption for both MOF samples were determined, and the results for 5A and NaX zeolites were included for comparison. The hydrothermal stabilities for the two MOFs over the course of repetitive measurements of H(2)O and CO(2)/H(2)O mixture equilibria were also studied. CO(2) adsorption rates from helium for the MOF samples were investigated by using a unique concentration-swing frequency response (CSFR) system. Mass transfer into the MOFs is rapid with the controlling resistance found to be macropore diffusion, and rate parameters were established for the mechanism.

  11. A pulsed plasma jet with the various Ar/N2 mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barkhordari, A.; Ganjovi, A.; Mirzaei, I.; Falahat, A.; Rostami Ravari, M. N.

    2017-12-01

    In this paper, using the Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique, the physical properties of a fabricated pulsed DBD plasma jet are studied. Ar/N2 gaseous mixture is taken as operational gas, and Ar contribution in Ar/N2 mixture is varied from 75 to 95%. Through the optical emission spectra analysis of the pulsed DBD plasma jet, the rotational, vibrational and excitation temperatures and density of electrons in plasma medium of the pulsed plasma jet are obtained. It is seen that, at the wavelength of 750.38 nm, the radiation intensity from the Ar 4p → 4 s transition increases at the higher Ar contributions in Ar/N2 mixture. It is found that, for 95% of Ar presence in the mixture, the emission intensities from argon and molecular nitrogen are higher, and the emission line intensities will increase nonlinearly. In addition, it is observed that the quenching of Ar* by N2 results in the higher intensities of N2 excited molecules. Moreover, at the higher percentages of Ar in Ar/N2 mixture, while all the plasma temperatures are increased, the plasma electron density is reduced.

  12. Effects of gas composition in headspace and bicarbonate concentrations in media on gas and methane production, degradability, and rumen fermentation using in vitro gas production techniques.

    PubMed

    Patra, Amlan Kumar; Yu, Zhongtang

    2013-07-01

    Headspace gas composition and bicarbonate concentrations in media can affect methane production and other characteristics of rumen fermentation in in vitro gas production systems, but these 2 important factors have not been evaluated systematically. In this study, these 2 factors were investigated with respect to gas and methane production, in vitro digestibility of feed substrate, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile using in vitro gas production techniques. Three headspace gas compositions (N2+ CO2+ H2 in the ratio of 90:5:5, CO2, and N2) with 2 substrate types (alfalfa hay only, and alfalfa hay and a concentrate mixture in a 50:50 ratio) in a 3×2 factorial design (experiment 1) and 3 headspace compositions (N2, N2 + CO2 in a 50:50 ratio, and CO2) with 3 bicarbonate concentrations (80, 100, and 120 mM) in a 3×3 factorial design (experiment 2) were evaluated. In experiment 1, total gas production (TGP) and net gas production (NGP) was the lowest for CO2, followed by N2, and then the gas mixture. Methane concentration in headspace gas after fermentation was greater for CO2 than for N2 and the gas mixture, whereas total methane production (TMP) and net methane production (NMP) were the greatest for CO2, followed by the gas mixture, and then N2. Headspace composition did not affect in vitro digestibility or the VFA profile, except molar percentages of propionate, which were greater for CO2 and N2 than for the gas mixture. Methane concentration in headspace gas, TGP, and NGP were affected by the interaction of headspace gas composition and substrate type. In experiment 2, increasing concentrations of CO2 in the headspace decreased TGP and NGP quadratically, but increased the concentrations of methane, NMP, and in vitro fiber digestibility linearly, and TMP quadratically. Fiber digestibility, TGP, and NGP increased linearly with increasing bicarbonate concentrations in the medium. Concentrations of methane and NMP were unaffected by bicarbonate concentration, but

  13. The Temperature Dependence of the Partition of CH4 and C2H6 in Structure I Hydrates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheng, H.; Lu, W.

    2017-12-01

    At present, we mainly use hydrocarbon gas and carbon isotope composition to determine the gas source of natural gas hydrate. Judging the type of gas source plays a key role in the evaluation of hydrate reservoirs, but there is still controversy over this approach. Considering the crystal properties of hydrate, the process of aggregation and decomposition of natural gas hydrates may have an important effect on the gas composition. We used CH4 (C1), C2H6 (C2) and their mixture as gas sources to synthesize hydrates from aqueous solution in high-pressure capillary tubes. Gas concentration in hydrates grew at different temperatures was measured with quantitative Raman spectroscopy. The results show that concentrations of gas in pure methane and pure ethane hydrates increase with temperature. The results of the mixture are similar to pure gas below 288.15 K, the concentration of C1 in small cages (SC, 512) slowly increased, but the competitive relationship between methane and ethane in large cages (LC, 51262) become obvious after 288.15 K. From 278.15 K to 294.15 K, the value of C1/C2 decreased from 26.38 to 6.61, gradually closing to the original gas composition of 4. We find that gas hydrates are more likely to gather C1 when they accumulate. The lower the temperature is, the more obvious it will be, and the closer the value of C1/C2 is to the microbial gases.

  14. High pressure and temperature optical flow cell for near-infra-red spectroscopic analysis of gas mixtures.

    PubMed

    Norton, C G; Suedmeyer, J; Oderkerk, B; Fieback, T M

    2014-05-01

    A new optical flow cell with a new optical arrangement adapted for high pressures and temperatures using glass fibres to connect light source, cell, and spectrometer has been developed, as part of a larger project comprising new methods for in situ analysis of bio and hydrogen gas mixtures in high pressure and temperature applications. The analysis is based on measurements of optical, thermo-physical, and electromagnetic properties in gas mixtures with newly developed high pressure property sensors, which are mounted in a new apparatus which can generate gas mixtures with up to six components with an uncertainty of composition of as little as 0.1 mol. %. Measurements of several pure components of natural gases and biogases to a pressure of 20 MPa were performed on two isotherms, and with binary mixtures of the same pure gases at pressures to 17.5 MPa. Thereby a new method of analyzing the obtained spectra based on the partial density of methane was investigated.

  15. Kinetics of methane hydrate replacement with carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas mixture using in situ NMR spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Cha, Minjun; Shin, Kyuchul; Lee, Huen; Moudrakovski, Igor L; Ripmeester, John A; Seo, Yutaek

    2015-02-03

    In this study, the kinetics of methane replacement with carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas in methane gas hydrate prepared in porous silica gel matrices has been studied by in situ (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The replacement process was monitored by in situ (1)H NMR spectra, where about 42 mol % of the methane in the hydrate cages was replaced in 65 h. Large amounts of free water were not observed during the replacement process, indicating a spontaneous replacement reaction upon exposing methane hydrate to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas mixture. From in situ (13)C NMR spectra, we confirmed that the replacement ratio was slightly higher in small cages, but due to the composition of structure I hydrate, the amount of methane evolved from the large cages was larger than that of the small cages. Compositional analysis of vapor and hydrate phases was also carried out after the replacement reaction ceased. Notably, the composition changes in hydrate phases after the replacement reaction would be affected by the difference in the chemical potential between the vapor phase and hydrate surface rather than a pore size effect. These results suggest that the replacement technique provides methane recovery as well as stabilization of the resulting carbon dioxide hydrate phase without melting.

  16. Binary and ternary gas mixtures with temperature enhanced diffuse glow discharge characteristics for use in closing switches

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, Loucas G.; Hunter, Scott R.

    1990-01-01

    An improvement to the gas mixture used in diffuse glow discharge closing switches is disclosed which includes binary and ternary gas mixtures which are formulated to exhibit decreasing electron attachment with increasing temperature. This increases the efficiency of the conductance of the glow discharge and further inhibits the formation of an arc.

  17. Efficiency and impacts of hythane (CH4+H2) underground storage

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sáinz-García, Alvaro; Abarca, Elena; Grandia, Fidel

    2016-04-01

    The foreseen increase share of renewable energy production requires energy storage to mitigate shortage periods of energy supply. Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier that can be transported and storage. A very promising way to store large amounts of hydrogen is underground geological reservoirs. Hydrogen can be stored, among other options, as a mixture of natural gas and less than 20% of hydrogen (hythane) to avoid damages on the existing infrastructure for gas transport. This technology is known as power-to-gas and is being considered by a number of European countries (Simon et al., 2015). In this study, the feasibility of a deep aquifer to store CH4-H2 mixtures in the Lower Triassic of the Paris Basin is numerically analyzed. The solubility of gas mixture in the groundwater is extremely low (Panfilov, 2015) and, therefore, gas and water are considered immiscible and non-reactive. An immiscible multiphase flow model is developed using the coefficient-form PDE interface of the finite element method code, COMSOL Multiphysics. The modelled domain is a 2D section of 2500 x 290 m resembling the Lower Triassic aquifer of the Paris basin, consisting of 2 layers of sandstone separated by a layer of conglomerates. The domain dips 0.5% from east to west. The top of the aquifer is 500 m-deep and the lateral boundaries are assumed to be open. This case is considered conservative compared to a dome-like geological trap, which could be more favorable to retain higher gas concentration. A number of cycles of gas production and injection were modelled. An automatic shut-down of the pump is implemented in case pressure on the well exceeds an upper or lower threshold. The influence of the position of the well, the uncertain residual gas saturation and the regional flow are studied. The model shows that both gas and aquifer properties have a significant impact on storage. Due to its low viscosity, the mobility of the hythane is quite high and gas expands significantly, reducing

  18. Light transmissive electrically conductive oxide electrode formed in the presence of a stabilizing gas

    DOEpatents

    Tran, Nang T.; Gilbert, James R.

    1992-08-04

    A light transmissive, electrically conductive oxide is doped with a stabilizing gas such as H.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O. The oxide is formed by sputtering a light transmissive, electrically conductive oxide precursor onto a substrate at a temperature from 20.degree. C. to 300.degree. C. Sputtering occurs in a gaseous mixture including a sputtering gas and the stabilizing gas.

  19. Gas-phase nitrosation of ethylene and related events in the C2H4NO+ landscape.

    PubMed

    Gerbaux, Pascal; Dechamps, Noemie; Flammang, Robert; Nam, Pham Cam; Nguyen, Minh Tho; Djazi, Fayçal; Berruyer, Florence; Bouchoux, Guy

    2008-06-19

    The C2H4NO(+) system has been examined by means of quantum chemical calculations using the G2 and G3B3 approaches and tandem mass spectrometry experiments. Theoretical investigation of the C2H4NO(+) potential-energy surface includes 19 stable C2H4NO(+) structures and a large set of their possible interconnections. These computations provide insights for the understanding of the (i) addition of the nitrosonium cation NO(+) to the ethylene molecule, (ii) skeletal rearrangements evidenced in previous experimental studies on comparable systems, and (iii) experimental identification of new C2H4NO(+) structures. It is predicted from computation that gas-phase nitrosation of ethylene may produce C2H4(*)NO(+) adducts, the most stable structure of which is a pi-complex, 1, stabilized by ca. 65 kJ/mol with respect to its separated components. This complex was produced in the gas phase by a transnitrosation process involving as reactant a complex between water and NO(+) (H2O.NO(+)) and the ethylene molecule and fully characterized by collisional experiments. Among the other C 2H 4NO (+) structures predicted by theory to be protected against dissociation or isomerization by significant energy barriers, five were also experimentally identified. These finding include structures CH3CHNO(+) (5), CH 3CNOH (+) ( 8), CH3NHCO(+) (18), CH3NCOH(+) (19), and an ion/neutral complex CH2O...HCNH(+) (12).

  20. Some possibilities of using gas mixtures other than air in aerodynamic research

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chapman, Dean R

    1956-01-01

    A study is made of the advantages that can be realized in compressible-flow research by employing a substitute heavy gas in place of air. The present report is based on the idea that by properly mixing a heavy monatomic gas with a suitable heavy polyatomic gas, it is possible to obtain a heavy gas mixture which has the correct ratio of specific heats and which is nontoxic, nonflammable, thermally stable, chemically inert, and comprised of commercially available components. Calculations were made of wind-tunnel characteristics for 63 gas pairs comprising 21 different polyatomic gases properly mixed with each of three monatomic gases (argon, krypton, and zenon).

  1. Simultaneous absorption of CO2 and H2S into aqueous blends of N-methyldiethanolamine and diethanolamine.

    PubMed

    Mandald, Bishnupada; Bandyopadhyay, Shyamalendu S

    2006-10-01

    Removal of CO2 from gaseous streams by absorption with chemical reaction in the liquid phase is usually employed in industry as a method to retain atmospheric CO2 to combat the greenhouse effect. A broad spectrum of alkanolamines and, more recently, their mixtures are being employed for the removal of acid gases such as CO2, H2S, and COS from natural and industrial gas streams. In this research, simultaneous absorption of CO2 and H2S into aqueous blends of N-methyldiethanolamine and diethanolamine is studied theoretically and experimentally. The effect of contact time, temperature, and amine concentration on the rate of absorption and the selectivity were studied by absorption experiments in a wetted wall column at atmospheric pressure and constant feed gas ratio. The diffusion-reaction processes for CO2 and H2S mass transfer in blended amines are modeled according to Higbie's penetration theory with the assumption that all reactions are reversible. A rigorous parametric sensitivity test is done to quantify the effects of possible errors in the pertinent model parameters on the prediction accuracy of the absorption rates and enhancement factors. Model results based on the kinetics-equilibrium-mass transfer coupled model developed in this work are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results of rates of absorption of CO2 and H2S into (MDEA + DEA + H2O).

  2. Online analysis of H2S and SO2 via advanced mid-infrared gas sensors.

    PubMed

    Petruci, João Flavio da Silveira; Wilk, Andreas; Cardoso, Arnaldo Alves; Mizaikoff, Boris

    2015-10-06

    Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are among the most prevalent emitted pollutants in urban and rural atmospheres. Mainly because of the versatility of sulfur regarding its oxidation state (2- to 6+), VSCs are present in a wide variety of redox-environments, concentration levels, and molar ratios. Among the VSCs, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are considered most relevant and have simultaneously been detected within naturally and anthropogenically caused emission events (e.g., volcano emissions, food production and industries, coal pyrolysis, and various biological activities). Next to their presence as pollutants, changes within their molar ratio may also indicate natural anomalies. Prior to analysis, H2S- and SO2-containing samples are usually preconcentrated via solid sorbents and are then detected by gas chromatographic techniques. However, such analytical strategies may be of limited selectivity, and the dimensions and operation modalities of the involved instruments prevent routine field usage. In this contribution, we therefore describe an innovative portable mid-infrared chemical sensor for simultaneously determining and quantifying gaseous H2S and SO2 via coupling a substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWG) serving as a highly miniaturized mid-infrared photon conduit and gas cell with a custom-made preconcentration tube and an in-line UV-converter device. Both species were collected onto a solid sorbent within the preconcentrator and then released by thermal desorption into the UV-device. Hydrogen sulfide is detected by UV-assisted quantitative conversion of the rather weak IR-absorber H2S into SO2, which provides a significantly more pronounced and distinctively detectable rovibrational signature. Modulation of the UV-device system (i.e., UV-lamp on/off) enables discriminating between SO2 generated from H2S conversion and abundant SO2 signals. After optimization of the operational parameters, calibrations in the range of 0.75-10 ppmv with a limit

  3. Formation of pH-sensitive cationic liposomes from a binary mixture of monoalkylated primary amine and cholesterol.

    PubMed

    Cui, Zhong-Kai; Bouisse, Anne; Cottenye, Nicolas; Lafleur, Michel

    2012-09-25

    It has been shown that mixtures of monoalkylated amphiphiles and sterols can form liquid-ordered (lo) lamellar phases. These bilayers can be extruded using conventional methods to obtain large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) that have very low permeability and a specific response to a given stimulus. For example, pH variations can trigger the release from LUVs formed with palmitic acid and sterols. In the present work, the possibility to form non phospholipid liposomes with mixtures of stearylamine (SA) and cholesterol (Chol) was investigated. The phase behavior of these mixtures was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, infrared, and (2)H NMR spectroscopy. It is found that this particular mixture can form a lo lamellar phase that is pH-sensitive as the system undergoes a transition from a lo phase to a solid state when pH is increased from 5.5 to 12. LUVs have been successfully extruded from equimolar SA/Chol mixtures. Release experiments as a function of time revealed the relatively low permeability of these systems. The fact that the stability of these liposomes is pH dependent implies that these LUVs display an interesting potential as new cationic carriers for pH-triggered release. This is the first report of non phospholipid liposomes with high sterol content combining an overall positive charge and pH-sensitivity.

  4. Binary and ternary gas mixtures with temperature enhanced diffuse glow discharge characteristics for use in closing switches

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, L.G.; Hunter, S.R.

    1990-06-26

    An improvement to the gas mixture used in diffuse glow discharge closing switches is disclosed which includes binary and ternary gas mixtures which are formulated to exhibit decreasing electron attachment with increasing temperature. This increases the efficiency of the conductance of the glow discharge and further inhibits the formation of an arc. 11 figs.

  5. Binary and ternary gas mixtures with temperature enhanced diffuse glow discharge characteristics for use in closing switches

    DOEpatents

    Christophorou, L.G.; Hunter, S.R.

    1988-06-28

    An improvement to the gas mixture used in diffuse glow discharge closing switches is disclosed which includes binary and ternary gas mixtures which are formulated to exhibit decreasing electron attachment with increasing temperature. This increases the efficiency of the conductance of the glow discharge and further inhibits the formation of an arc. 11 figs.

  6. Development of mass measurement equipment using an electronic mass-comparator for gravimetric preparation of reference gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Matsumoto, Nobuhiro; Watanabe, Takuro; Maruyama, Masaaki; Horimoto, Yoshiyuki; Maeda, Tsuneaki; Kato, Kenji

    2004-06-01

    The gravimetric method is the most popular method for preparing reference gas mixtures with high accuracy. We have designed and manufactured novel mass measurement equipment for gravimetric preparation of reference gas mixtures. This equipment consists of an electronic mass-comparator with a maximum capacity of 15 kg and readability of 1 mg and an automatic cylinder exchanger. The structure of this equipment is simpler and the cost is much lower than a conventional mechanical knife-edge type large balance used for gravimetric preparation of primary gas mixtures in Japan. This cylinder exchanger can mount two cylinders alternatively on the weighing pan of the comparator. In this study, the performance of the equipment has been evaluated. At first, the linearity and repeatability of the mass measurement were evaluated using standard mass pieces. Then, binary gas mixtures of propane and nitrogen were prepared and compared with those prepared with the conventional knife-edge type balance. The comparison resulted in good consistency at the compatibility criterion described in ISO6143:2001.

  7. Gas-liquid equilibrium in a CO{sub 2}-MDEA-H{sub 2}O system and the effect of piperazine on it

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Xu, G.W.; Zhang, C.F.; Qin, S.J.

    1998-04-01

    Aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solutions are widely used for removal of the acid gas (H{sub 2}S and CO{sub 2}) from natural gas synthesis and refinery gas streams. Solubility data of CO{sub 2} and vapor pressure of water in 3.04--4.28 kmol/m{sup 3} aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solutions were obtained at temperatures ranging from 40 to 100 C and CO{sub 2} partial pressures ranging from 0.876 to 1,013 kPa. A thermodynamic model was proposed and used for predicting CO{sub 2} solubility and water vapor pressure. An enthalpy change of absorption of CO{sub 2} in 4.28 kmol/m{sup 3} MDEA solution was estimated. The effect ofmore » piperazine (PZ) concentration on CO{sub 2} loading in MDEA solutions was determined at piperazine concentration ranging from 0 to 0.515 kmol/m{sup 3}. The results show that piperazine is beneficial to the CO{sub 2} loading. The equilibrium partial pressure of piperazine in the PZ-MDEA-H{sub 2}O system was measured in an Ellis Cell. Results show that the PZ-MDEA-H{sub 2}O system is a typical negative deviation system, with the strength of deviation decreasing with MDEA solutions.« less

  8. Oxygen/ozone as a medical gas mixture. A critical evaluation of the various methods clarifies positive and negative aspects

    PubMed Central

    2011-01-01

    Besides oxygen, several other gases such as NO, CO, H2, H2S, Xe and O3 have come to age over the past few years. With regards to O3, its mechanisms of action in medicine have been clarified during the last two decades so that now a comprehensive framework for understanding and recommending ozone therapy in various pathologies is available. O3 used within the determined therapeutic window is absolutely safe and more effective than golden standard medications in numerous pathologies, like vascular diseases. However, ozone therapy is mostly in practitioners' hands and some recent developments for increasing cost effectiveness and speed of treatment are neither standardized, nor evaluated toxicologically. Hence, the aim of this article is to emphasize the need to objectively assess the pros and cons of oxygen/ozone as a medical gas mixture in the hope that ozone therapy will be accepted by orthodox medicine in the near future. PMID:22146387

  9. Absorption of Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Solutions of N-methyldiethanolamine Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma’mun, S.; Svendsen, H. F.

    2018-05-01

    Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the greenhouse gases (GHG) that has contributed to the global warming problem. Carbon dioxide is produced in large quantity from coal-fired power plants, iron and steel production, cement production, chemical and petrochemical industries, natural gas purification, and transportation. Some efforts to reduce the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere are then required. Amine-based absorption may be an option for post-combustion capture. The objective of this study is to measure the effect of promoter addition as well as MDEA concentration for the CO2 absorption into the aqueous solutions of MDEA to improve its performances, i.e. increasing the absorption rate and the absorption capacity. Absorption of CO2 in aqueous solutions of MDEA mixtures were measured at 40 °C in a bubble tank reactor. The systems tested were the mixtures of 30 wt% MDEA with 5 and 10 wt% BEA and the mixtures of 40 and 50 wt% MDEA with 6 wt% AEEA. It was found that for MDEA-BEA-H2O mixtures, the higher the promoter concentraation the higher the CO2 absorption rate, while for the MDEA-AEEA-H2O mixtures, the higher the MDEA concentration the lower the CO2 absorption rate.

  10. Densities and viscosities for binary mixtures of N-methyldiethanolamine + triethylene glycol monomethyl ether from 25 C to 70 C and N-methyldiethanolamine + ethanol mixtures at 40 C

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Henni, A.; Maham, Y.; Tontiwachwuthikul, P.

    2000-04-01

    Recent studies done on the absorption and desorption of acid gases (CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}S) from natural gas, petroleum, and ammonia synthesis streams have shown that aqueous solutions of N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) can be used effectively for the selective removal of H{sub 2}S. This paper reports the measured values of the density and viscosity of binary mixtures of N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TEGMME) at five temperatures in the range 25 C to 70 C over the whole concentration range. The authors also report the density and viscosity of the binary mixture MDEA + ethanol at 40 C. Themore » results are compared with data for aqueous mixtures and other alkanolamines when these are available. The derived excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations were correlated as a function of composition. The Grunberg-Nissan interaction energy constants are also reported.« less

  11. Molecular structure and conformational preferences of 1-bromo-1-silacyclohexane, CH2(CH2CH2)2SiH-Br, as studies by gas-phase electron diffraction and quantum chemistry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Belyakov, A. V.; Baskakov, A. A.; Naraev, V. N.; Rykov, A. N.; Oberhammer, H.; Arnason, I.; Wallevik, S. O.

    2012-10-01

    The molecular structure of axial and equatorial conformer of the 1-bromo-1-silacyclohexane molecule, CH2(CH2CH2)2SiH-Br, as well as thermodynamic equilibrium between these species are investigated by means of gas-phase electron diffraction and quantum chemistry on the MP2(full)/SDB-AUG-cc-PVTZ level of theory. It is revealed that according to electron diffraction data, the compound exists in the gasphase as a mixture of conformers possessing the chair conformation of the six-membered ring and C s symmetry and differing in the axial and equatorial position of the Si-Br bond (ax. = 80(5) mol %, eq. = 20(7) mol %) at 352 K, that corresponds to the value of A = ( G {ax/○} - G {eq/○}) = -0.82(32) kcal/mol. It is found that observed data agree well with theoretical ones. Using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis it is revealed that axial conformer of 1-bromo-1-silacyclohexane molecule is an example of the stabilization of the form that is unfavorable from the point of view of steric effects and effects of conjugations. It is concluded that stabilization is achieved due to electrostatic interactions.

  12. 78 FR 41768 - Chemical Substances and Mixtures Used in Oil and Gas Exploration or Production; TSCA Section 21...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-11

    ... Substances and Mixtures Used in Oil and Gas Exploration or Production; TSCA Section 21 Petition; Reasons for... processors of oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) chemical substances and mixtures to maintain... interest to you if you manufacture (including import), process, or distribute chemical substances or...

  13. ORTHO-TO-PARA RATIO STUDIES OF SHOCKED H{sub 2} GAS IN THE TWO SUPERNOVA REMNANTS IC 443 AND HB 21

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shinn, Jong-Ho; Moon, Dae-Sik; Lee, Ho-Gyu, E-mail: jhshinn@kasi.re.kr, E-mail: hglee@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp, E-mail: moon@astro.utoronto.ca

    2012-11-01

    We present near-infrared (2.5-5.0 {mu}m) spectral studies of shocked H{sub 2} gas in two supernova remnants, IC 443 and HB 21, which are well known for their interactions with nearby molecular clouds. The observations were performed with the Infrared Camera aboard the AKARI satellite. At the energy range 7000 K {approx}< E({upsilon},J) {approx}< 20,000 K, the shocked H{sub 2} gas in IC 443 shows an ortho-to-para ratio (OPR) of 2.4{sup +0.3} {sub -0.2}, which is significantly lower than the equilibrium value 3, suggesting the existence of non-equilibrium OPR. The shocked gas in HB 21 also indicates a potential non-equilibrium OPRmore » in the range of 1.8-2.0. The level populations are well described by the power-law thermal admixture model with a single OPR, where the temperature integration range is 1000-4000 K. We conclude that the obtained non-equilibrium OPR probably originates from the reformed H{sub 2} gas of dissociative J-shocks, considering several factors such as the shock combination requirement, the line ratios, and the possibility that H{sub 2} gas can form on grains with a non-equilibrium OPR. We also investigate C-shocks and partially dissociative J-shocks as the origin of the non-equilibrium OPR. However, we find that they are incompatible with the observed ionic emission lines for which dissociative J-shocks are required to explain. The difference in the collision energy of H atoms on grain surfaces would give rise to the observed difference between the OPRs of IC 443 and HB 21, if dissociative J-shocks are responsible for the H{sub 2} emission. Our study suggests that dissociative J-shocks can produce shocked H{sub 2} gas with a non-equilibrium OPR.« less

  14. A Single-Culture Bioprocess of Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus to Upgrade Digester Biogas by CO2-to-CH4 Conversion with H2

    PubMed Central

    Martin, Matthew R.; Fornero, Jeffrey J.; Angenent, Largus T.

    2013-01-01

    We optimized and tested a postbioprocessing step with a single-culture archaeon to upgrade biogas (i.e., increase methane content) from anaerobic digesters via conversion of CO2 into CH4 by feeding H2 gas. We optimized a culture of the thermophilic methanogen Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus using: (1) a synthetic H2/CO2 mixture; (2) the same mixture with pressurization; (3) a synthetic biogas with different CH4 contents and H2; and (4) an industrial, untreated biogas and H2. A laboratory culture with a robust growth (dry weight of 6.4–7.4 g/L; OD600 of 13.6–15.4), a volumetric methane production rate of 21 L/L culture-day, and a H2 conversion efficiency of 89% was moved to an industrial anaerobic digester facility, where it was restarted and fed untreated biogas with a methane content of ~70% at a rate such that CO2 was in excess of the stoichiometric requirements in relation to H2. Over an 8-day operating period, the dry weight of the culture initially decreased slightly before stabilizing at an elevated level of ~8 g/L to achieve a volumetric methane production rate of 21 L/L culture-day and a H2 conversion efficiency of 62%. While some microbial contamination of the culture was observed via microscopy, it did not affect the methane production rate of the culture. PMID:24194675

  15. Simple approximation of total emissivity of CO2-H2O mixture used in the zonal method of calculation of heat transfer by radiation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lisienko, V. G.; Malikov, G. K.; Titaev, A. A.

    2014-12-01

    The paper presents a new simple-to-use expression to calculate the total emissivity of a mixture of gases CO2 and H2O used for modeling heat transfer by radiation in industrial furnaces. The accuracy of this expression is evaluated using the exponential wide band model. It is found that the time taken to calculate the total emissivity in this expression is 1.5 times less than in other approximation methods.

  16. Aspects of Supercritical Turbulence: Direct Numerical Simulation of O2/H2 and C7H16/N2 Temporal Mixing Layers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bellan, J.; Okongo, N. A.; Harstad, K. G.; Hutt, John (Technical Monitor)

    2002-01-01

    Results from Direct Numerical Simulations of temporal, supercritical mixing layers for two species systems are analyzed to elucidate species-specific turbulence aspects. The two species systems, O2/H2 and C7HG16/N2, have different thermodynamic characteristics; thus, although the simulations are performed at similar reduced pressure (ratio of the pressure to the critical pressure), the former system is dose to mixture ideality and has a relatively high solubility with respect to the latter, which exhibits strong departures from mixture ideality Due to the specified, smaller initial density stratification, the C7H16/N2 layers display higher growth and increased global molecular mixing as well as larger turbulence levels. However, smaller density gradients at the transitional state for the O2/H2 system indicate that on a local basis, the layer exhibits an enhanced mixing, this being attributed to the increased solubility and to mixture ideality. These thermodynamic features are shown to affect the irreversible entropy production (i.e. the dissipation), which is larger for the O2/H2 layer and is primarily concentrated in high density-gradient magnitude regions that are distortions of the initial density stratification boundary. In contrast, the regions of largest dissipation in the C7H16/N2 layer are located in high density-gradient magnitude regions resulting from the mixing of the two fluids.

  17. Molecular gas in low-metallicity starburst galaxies:. Scaling relations and the CO-to-H2 conversion factor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Amorín, R.; Muñoz-Tuñón, C.; Aguerri, J. A. L.; Planesas, P.

    2016-04-01

    Context. Tracing the molecular gas-phase in low-mass star-forming galaxies becomes extremely challenging due to significant UV photo-dissociation of CO molecules in their low-dust, low-metallicity ISM environments. Aims: We aim to study the molecular content and the star-formation efficiency of a representative sample of 21 blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs), previously characterized on the basis of their spectrophotometric properties. Methods: We present CO (1-0) and (2-1) observations conducted at the IRAM-30m telescope. These data are further supplemented with additional CO measurements and multiwavelength ancillary data from the literature. We explore correlations between the derived CO luminosities and several galaxy-averaged properties. Results: We detect CO emission in seven out of ten BCDs observed. For two galaxies these are the first CO detections reported so far. We find the molecular content traced by CO to be correlated with the stellar and Hi masses, star formation rate (SFR) tracers, the projected size of the starburst, and its gas-phase metallicity. BCDs appear to be systematically offset from the Schmidt-Kennicutt (SK) law, showing lower average gas surface densities for a given ΣSFR, and therefore showing extremely low (≲0.1 Gyr) H2 and H2 +Hi depletion timescales. The departure from the SK law is smaller when considering H2 +Hi rather than H2 only, and is larger for BCDs with lower metallicity and higher specific SFR. Thus, the molecular fraction (ΣH2/ ΣHI) and CO depletion timescale (ΣH2/ ΣSFR) of BCDs is found to be strongly correlated with metallicity. Using this, and assuming that the empirical correlation found between the specific SFR and galaxy-averaged H2 depletion timescale of more metal-rich galaxies extends to lower masses, we derive a metallicity-dependent CO-to-H2 conversion factor αCO,Z ∝ (Z/Z⊙)- y, with y = 1.5(±0.3)in qualitative agreement with previous determinations, dust-based measurements, and recent model

  18. Mixed-culture H2 fermentation performance and the relation between microbial community composition and hydraulic retention times for a fixed bed reactor fed with galactose/glucose mixtures.

    PubMed

    Anburajan, Parthiban; Park, Jong-Hun; Sivagurunathan, Periyasamy; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan; Kumar, Gopalakrishnan; Choi, Chang-Su; Kim, Sang-Hyoun

    2017-09-01

    This study examined the mesophilic continuous biohydrogen fermentation from galactose and glucose mixture with an initial substrate concentration of 15 g/L (galactose 12 g/L and glucose 3 g/L) as a resembling carbon source of pretreated red algal hydrolyzate. A fixed bed reactor was fed with the sugar mixture at various hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranging 12 to 1.5 h. The maximum hydrogen production rate of 52.6 L/L-d was found at 2 h HRT, while the maximum hydrogen yield of 2.3±0.1 mol/mol hexose added, was achieved at 3 h HRT. Microbial communities and species distribution were analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the dominant bacterial population was found as Clostridia followed by Lactobacillus sp. Packing material retained higher 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of total bacteria and Clostridium butyricum fraction compared to fermentation liquor. The finding of the study has demonstrated that H 2 production from galactose and glucose mixture could be a viable approach for hydrogen production. Copyright © 2017 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  19. Stable solid and aqueous H2CO3 from CO2 and H2O at high pressure and high temperature

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Hongbo; Zeuschner, Janek; Eremets, Mikhail; Troyan, Ivan; Willams, Jonathan

    2016-01-01

    Carbonic acid (H2CO3) forms in small amounts when CO2 dissolves in H2O, yet decomposes rapidly under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Despite its fleeting existence, H2CO3 plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and in biological carbonate-containing systems. The short lifetime in water and presumed low concentration under all terrestrial conditions has stifled study of this fundamental species. Here, we have examined CO2/H2O mixtures under conditions of high pressure and high temperature to explore the potential for reaction to H2CO3 inside celestial bodies. We present a novel method to prepare solid H2CO3 by heating CO2/H2O mixtures at high pressure with a CO2 laser. Furthermore, we found that, contrary to present understanding, neutral H2CO3 is a significant component in aqueous CO2 solutions above 2.4 GPa and 110 °C as identified by IR-absorption and Raman spectroscopy. This is highly significant for speciation of deep C-O-H fluids with potential consequences for fluid-carbonate-bearing rock interactions. As conditions inside subduction zones on Earth appear to be most favorable for production of aqueous H2CO3, a role in subduction related phenomena is inferred.

  20. Stable solid and aqueous H2CO3 from CO2 and H2O at high pressure and high temperature

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Hongbo; Zeuschner, Janek; Eremets, Mikhail; Troyan, Ivan; Willams, Jonathan

    2016-01-01

    Carbonic acid (H2CO3) forms in small amounts when CO2 dissolves in H2O, yet decomposes rapidly under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Despite its fleeting existence, H2CO3 plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and in biological carbonate-containing systems. The short lifetime in water and presumed low concentration under all terrestrial conditions has stifled study of this fundamental species. Here, we have examined CO2/H2O mixtures under conditions of high pressure and high temperature to explore the potential for reaction to H2CO3 inside celestial bodies. We present a novel method to prepare solid H2CO3 by heating CO2/H2O mixtures at high pressure with a CO2 laser. Furthermore, we found that, contrary to present understanding, neutral H2CO3 is a significant component in aqueous CO2 solutions above 2.4 GPa and 110 °C as identified by IR-absorption and Raman spectroscopy. This is highly significant for speciation of deep C–O–H fluids with potential consequences for fluid-carbonate-bearing rock interactions. As conditions inside subduction zones on Earth appear to be most favorable for production of aqueous H2CO3, a role in subduction related phenomena is inferred. PMID:26813580

  1. Stable solid and aqueous H2CO3 from CO2 and H2O at high pressure and high temperature.

    PubMed

    Wang, Hongbo; Zeuschner, Janek; Eremets, Mikhail; Troyan, Ivan; Willams, Jonathan

    2016-01-27

    Carbonic acid (H2CO3) forms in small amounts when CO2 dissolves in H2O, yet decomposes rapidly under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Despite its fleeting existence, H2CO3 plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and in biological carbonate-containing systems. The short lifetime in water and presumed low concentration under all terrestrial conditions has stifled study of this fundamental species. Here, we have examined CO2/H2O mixtures under conditions of high pressure and high temperature to explore the potential for reaction to H2CO3 inside celestial bodies. We present a novel method to prepare solid H2CO3 by heating CO2/H2O mixtures at high pressure with a CO2 laser. Furthermore, we found that, contrary to present understanding, neutral H2CO3 is a significant component in aqueous CO2 solutions above 2.4 GPa and 110 °C as identified by IR-absorption and Raman spectroscopy. This is highly significant for speciation of deep C-O-H fluids with potential consequences for fluid-carbonate-bearing rock interactions. As conditions inside subduction zones on Earth appear to be most favorable for production of aqueous H2CO3, a role in subduction related phenomena is inferred.

  2. Disposable, Paper-Based, Inkjet-Printed Humidity and H2S Gas Sensor for Passive Sensing Applications

    PubMed Central

    Quddious, Abdul; Yang, Shuai; Khan, Munawar M.; Tahir, Farooq A.; Shamim, Atif; Salama, Khaled N.; Cheema, Hammad M.

    2016-01-01

    An inkjet-printed, fully passive sensor capable of either humidity or gas sensing is presented herein. The sensor is composed of an interdigitated electrode, a customized printable gas sensitive ink and a specialized dipole antenna for wireless sensing. The interdigitated electrode printed on a paper substrate provides the base conductivity that varies during the sensing process. Aided by the porous nature of the substrate, a change in relative humidity from 18% to 88% decreases the electrode resistance from a few Mega-ohms to the kilo-ohm range. For gas sensing, an additional copper acetate-based customized ink is printed on top of the electrode, which, upon reaction with hydrogen sulphide gas (H2S) changes, both the optical and the electrical properties of the electrode. A fast response time of 3 min is achieved at room temperature for a H2S concentration of 10 ppm at a relative humidity (RH) of 45%. The passive wireless sensing is enabled through an antenna in which the inner loop takes care of conductivity changes in the 4–5 GHz band, whereas the outer-dipole arm is used for chipless identification in the 2–3 GHz band. PMID:27929450

  3. Mixture Toxicity of SN2-Reactive Soft Electrophiles: 2—Evaluation of Mixtures Containing Ethyl α-Halogenated Acetates

    PubMed Central

    Mooneyham, T.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Schultz, T. W.; Pöch, G.

    2011-01-01

    Four ethyl α-halogenated acetates were tested in (1) sham and (2) nonsham combinations and (3) with a nonreactive nonpolar narcotic. Ethyl iodoacetate (EIAC), ethyl bromoacetate (EBAC), ethyl chloroacetate (ECAC), and ethyl fluoroacetate (EFAC), each considered to be an SN2-H-polar soft electrophile, were selected for testing based on their differences in electro(nucleo)philic reactivity and time-dependent toxicity (TDT). Agent reactivity was assessed using the model nucleophile glutathione, with EIAC and EBAC showing rapid reactivity, ECAC being less reactive, and EFAC lacking reactivity at ≤250 mM. The model nonpolar narcotic, 3-methyl-2-butanone (3M2B), was not reactive. Toxicity of the agents alone and in mixture was assessed using the Microtox acute toxicity test at three exposure durations: 15, 30 and 45 min. Two of the agents alone (EIAC and EBAC) had TDT values >100%. In contrast, ECAC (74 to 99%) and EFAC (9 to 12%) had partial TDT, whereas 3M2B completely lacked TDT (<0%). In mixture testing, sham combinations of each agent showed a combined effect consistent with predicted effects for dose-addition at each time point, as judged by EC50 dose-addition quotient values. Mixture toxicity results for nonsham ethyl acetate combinations were variable, with some mixtures being inconsistent with the predicted effects for dose-addition and/or independence. The ethyl acetate–3M2B combinations were somewhat more toxic than predicted for dose-addition, a finding differing from that observed previously for α-halogenated acetonitriles with 3M2B. PMID:21452006

  4. Methods to produce calibration mixtures for anesthetic gas monitors and how to perform volumetric calculations on anesthetic gases.

    PubMed

    Christensen, P L; Nielsen, J; Kann, T

    1992-10-01

    A simple procedure for making calibration mixtures of oxygen and the anesthetic gases isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane is described. One to ten grams of the anesthetic substance is evaporated in a closed, 11,361-cc glass bottle filled with oxygen gas at atmospheric pressure. The carefully mixed gas is used to calibrate anesthetic gas monitors. By comparison of calculated and measured volumetric results it is shown that at atmospheric conditions the volumetric behavior of anesthetic gas mixtures can be described with reasonable accuracy using the ideal gas law. A procedure is described for calculating the deviation from ideal gas behavior in cases in which this is needed.

  5. Relaxation and diffusion of perfluorocarbon gas mixtures with oxygen for lung MRI

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chang, Yulin V.; Conradi, Mark S.

    2006-08-01

    We report measurements of free diffusivity D0 and relaxation times T1 and T2 for pure C 2F 6 and C 3F 8 and their mixtures with oxygen. A simplified relaxation theory is presented and used to fit the data. The results enable spatially localized relaxation time measurements to determine the local gas concentration in lung MR images, so the free diffusivity D0 is then known. Comparison of the measured diffusion to D0 will express the extent of diffusion restriction and allow the local surface-to-volume ratio to be found.

  6. Absorption by H2O and H2O-N2 mixtures at 153 GHz

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bauer, A.; Godon, M.; Carlier, J.; Ma, Q.; Tippings, R. H.

    1993-01-01

    New experimental data on and a theoretical analysis of the absorption coefficient at 153 GHz are presented for pure water vapor and water vapor-nitrogen mixtures. This frequency is 30 GHz lower than the resonant frequency of the nearest strong water line (183 GHz) and complements our previous measurements at 213 GHz. The pressure dependence is observed to be quadratic in the case of pure water vapor, while in the case of mixtures there are both linear and quadratic density components. By fitting our experimental data taken at several temperatures we have obtained the temperature dependence of the absorption. Our experimental data are compared to several theoretical models with and without a continuum contribution, and we find that none of the models is in very good agreement with the data; in the case of pure water vapor, the continuum contribution calculated using the recent theoretical absorption gives the best results. In general, the agreement between the data and the various models is less satisfactory than found previously in the high-frequency wing. The anisotropy in the observed absorption differs from that currently used in atmospheric models.

  7. The influence of surface-active agents in gas mixture on the intensity of jet condensation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yezhov, YV; Okhotin, VS

    2017-11-01

    The report presents: the methodology of calculation of contact condensation of steam from the steam-gas mixture into the stream of water, taking into account: the mass flow of steam through the boundary phase, particularly the change in turbulent transport properties near the interface and their connection to the interface perturbations due to the surface tension of the mixture; the method of calculation of the surface tension at the interface water - a mixture of fluorocarbon vapor and water, based on the previously established analytical methods we calculate the surface tension for simple one - component liquid-vapor systems. The obtained analytical relation to calculate the surface tension of the mixture is a function of temperature and volume concentration of the fluorocarbon gas in the mixture and is true for all sizes of gas molecules. On the newly created experimental stand is made verification of experimental studies to determine the surface tension of pure substances: water, steam, C3F8 pair C3F8, produced the first experimental data on surface tension at the water - a mixture of water vapor and fluorocarbon C3F8. The obtained experimental data allow us to refine the values of the two constants used in the calculated model of the surface tension of the mixture. Experimental study of jet condensation was carried out with the flow in the zone of condensation of different gases. The condensation process was monitored by measurement of consumption of water flowing from the nozzle, and the formed condensate. When submitting C3F8, there was a noticeable, intensification condensation process compared with the condensation of pure water vapor. The calculation results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data on surface tension of the mixture and steam condensation from steam-gas mixture. Analysis of calculation results shows that the presence of surfactants in the condensation zone affects the partial vapor pressure on the interfacial surface, and

  8. Advanced H2-HCl Gas Dynamic Laser, Phase 2

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1976-01-01

    1 3.5.11 Us • 3.969 N2H5N03 33.661 Zr 44.370 HDB 18 NH4C104 2817 33.2 12.6 94.8 ^ 3.5.12 23.808 N2H5N03 34.267 Zr 31.825 HDB 6 ZrCl4 2831...98.2 3.7.3 13.317 NH.CIO. 4 4 20.677 Zr 66.006 HDB 2394 50.6 15.6 98.8 3.7.4 13.586 NH.CIO. 4 4 19.921 Zr 63.493 HDB . 3 ZrCl4 2393 32.9 17.0...CANDIDATE PROPELLANTS Composition 3.3.4 Specie CL H H2 NH3 N2 OH ZRN8 ZRCL4 NH2 ZRCL3 HC1 H20 ZRCL2 ZR028 T °K Chamber Throat Specie

  9. Study of thermite mixtures consolidated by cold gas dynamic spray process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bacciochini, Antoine; Maines, Geoffrey; Poupart, Christian; Radulescu, Matei; Jodoin, Bertrand; Lee, Julian

    2013-06-01

    The present study focused on the cold gas dynamic spray process for manufacturing finely structured energetic materials with high reactivity, vanishing porosity, as well as structural integrity and arbitrary shape. The experiments have focused the reaction between the aluminum and metal oxides, such as Al-CuO and Al-MoO3 systems. To increase the reactivity, an initial mechanical activation was achieved through interrupted ball milling. The consolidation of the materials used the supersonic cold gas spray technique, where the particles are accelerated to high speeds and consolidated via plastic deformation upon impact, forming activated nano-composites in arbitrary shapes with close to zero porosity. This technique permits to retain the feedstock powder micro-structure and prevents any reactions during the consolidation phase. Reactivity of mixtures has been investigated through flame propagation analysis on cold sprayed samples and compacted powder mixture. Deflagration tests showed the influence of porosity on the reactivity.

  10. Effects of process parameters on properties of porous foams formed by laser-assisted melting of steel powder (AISI P21)/foaming agent (ZrH2) mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seo, Ja-Ye; Lee, Ki-Yong; Shim, Do-Sik

    2018-01-01

    This paper describes the fabrication of lightweight metal foams using the directed energy deposition (DED) method. DED is a highly flexible additive manufacturing process wherein a metal powder mixed with a foaming agent is sprayed while a high-power laser is used to simultaneously melt the powder mixture into layered metal foams. In this study, a mixture of a carbon steel material (P21 powder) and a widely used foaming agent, ZrH2, is used to fabricate metal foams. The effects of various process parameters, such as the laser power, powder feed rate, powder gas flow rate, and scanning speed, on the deposition characteristics (porosity, pore size, and pore distribution) are investigated. The synthesized metal foams exhibit porosities of 10% or lower, and a mean pore area of 7 × 105 μm2. It is observed that the degree of foaming increases in proportion to the laser power to a certain extent. The results also show that the powder feed rate has the most pronounced effect on the porosity of the metal foams, while the powder gas flow rate is the most suitable parameter for adjusting the size of the pores formed within the foams. Further, the scanning speed, which determines the amounts of energy and powder delivered, has a significant effect on the height of the deposits as well as on the properties of the foams. Thus, during the DED process for fabricating metal foams, the pore size and distribution and hence the foam porosity can be tailored by varying the individual process parameters. These findings should be useful as reference data for the design of processes for fabricating porous metallic materials that meet the specific requirements for specialized parts.

  11. Startup and long-term performance of biotrickling filters packed with polyurethane foam and poplar wood chips treating a mixture of ethylmercaptan, H2S, and NH3.

    PubMed

    Hernández, J; Lafuente, J; Prado, O J; Gabriel, D

    2013-04-01

    Treatment of a mixture of NH3, H2S, and ethylmercaptan (EM) was investigated for more than 15 months in two biotrickling filters packed with poplar wood chips and polyurethane foam. Inlet loads ranging from 5 to 10 g N-NH3 m-3 hr-1, from 5 to 16 g S-H2S m-3 hr-1, and from 0 to 5 g EM m-3 hr-1 were applied. During startup, the biotrickling filter packed with polyurethane foam was re-inoculated due to reduced biomass retention as well as a stronger effect of nitrogen compounds inhibition compared with the biotrickling filter packed with poplar wood. Accurate pH control between 7 and 7.5 favored pollutants abatement. In the long run, complete NH3 removal in the gas phase was achieved in both reactors, while H2S removal efficiencies exceeded 90%. EM abatement was significantly different in both reactors. A systematically lower elimination capacity was found in the polyurethane foam bioreactor. N fractions in the liquid phase proved that high nitrification rates were reached throughout steady-state operation in both bioreactors. CO2 production showed the extent of the organic packing material degradation, which allowed estimating its service lifetime in around 2 years. In the long run, the bioreactor packed with the organic packing material had a lower stability. However, an economic analysis indicated that poplar wood chips are a competitive alternative to inorganic packing materials in biotrickling filters. We provide new insights in the use of organic packing materials in biotrickling filters for the treatment of H2S, NH3, and mercaptans and compare them with polyurethane foam, a packing commonly used in biotrickling filters. We found interesting features related with the startup of the reactors and parameterized both the performance under steady-state conditions and the influence of the gas contact time. We provide relevant conclusions in the profitability of organic packing materials under a biotrickling filter configuration, which is infrequent but proven reliable

  12. Powder containing 2H-type silicon carbide produced by reacting silicon dioxide and carbon powder in nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of aluminum

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kuramoto, N.; Takiguchi, H.

    1984-01-01

    The production of powder which contains silicon carbide consisting of 40% of 2H-type silicon carbide, beta type silicon carbide and less than 3% of nitrogen is discussed. The reaction temperature to produce the powder containing 40% of 2H-type silicon carbide is set at above 1550 degrees C in an atmosphere of aluminum or aluminum compounds and nitrogen gas or an antioxidation atmosphere containing nitrogen gas. The mixture ratio of silicon dioxide and carbon powder is 0.55 - 1:2.0 and the contents of aluminum or aluminum compounds within silicon dioxide is less than 3% in weight.

  13. Formation of uranium and cerium nitrides by the reaction of carbides with NH 3 and N 2/H 2 stream

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nakagawa, Takashi; Matsuoka, Hirotaka; Sawa, Masaji; Hirota, Masayuki; Miyake, Masanobu; Katsura, Masahiro

    1997-08-01

    UC or CeC 2 were converted into U 2N 3 or CeN by the use of NH 3 or an N 2/H 2 gas mixture. A stream of NH 3 works not only as a nitriding agent but also as a carbon clearing agent due to its high nitriding and hydriding activities. When the carbide is converted into nitride, carbon is liberated. Some experiments were performed in order to examine the role of the carbon activity of carbon materials (amorphous carbon or graphite) in the formation of CH 4.

  14. A bubble-based microfluidic gas sensor for gas chromatographs.

    PubMed

    Bulbul, Ashrafuzzaman; Kim, Hanseup

    2015-01-07

    We report a new proof-of-concept bubble-based gas sensor for a gas chromatography system, which utilizes the unique relationship between the diameters of the produced bubbles with the gas types and mixture ratios as a sensing element. The bubble-based gas sensor consists of gas and liquid channels as well as a nozzle to produce gas bubbles through a micro-structure. It utilizes custom-developed software and an optical camera to statistically analyze the diameters of the produced bubbles in flow. The fabricated gas sensor showed that five types of gases (CO2, He, H2, N2, and CH4) produced (1) unique volumes of 0.44, 0.74, 1.03, 1.28, and 1.42 nL (0%, 68%, 134%, 191%, and 223% higher than that of CO2) and (2) characteristic linear expansion coefficients (slope) of 1.38, 2.93, 3.45, 5.06, and 5.44 nL/(kPa (μL s(-1))(-1)). The gas sensor also demonstrated that (3) different gas mixture ratios of CO2 : N2 (100 : 0, 80 : 20, 50 : 50, 20 : 80 and 0 : 100) generated characteristic bubble diameters of 48.95, 77.99, 71.00, 78.53 and 99.50 μm, resulting in a linear coefficient of 10.26 μm (μL s(-1))(-1). It (4) successfully identified an injection (0.01 μL) of pentane (C5) into a continuous carrier gas stream of helium (He) by monitoring bubble diameters and creating a chromatogram and demonstrated (5) the output stability within only 5.60% variation in 67 tests over a month.

  15. New Optical Constants for Amorphous and Crystalline H2O-ice and H2O-mixtures.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mastrapa, Rachel; Bernstein, Max; Sandford, Scott

    2006-01-01

    We will present the products of new laboratory measurements of ices relevant to Trans-Neptunian Objects. We have calculated the real and imaginary indices of refraction for amorphous and crystalline H2O-ice and also H2O-rich ices containing other molecular species. We create ice samples by condensing gases onto a cold substrate. We measure the thickness of the sample by reflecting a He-Ne laser off of the sample and counting interference fringes as it grows. We then collect transmission spectra of the samples in the wavelength range from 0.7-22 micrometers. Using the thickness and the transmission spectra of the ice we calculate the imaginary part of the index of refraction. We then use a Kramers-Kronig calculation to calculate the real part of the index of refraction (Berland et al. 1994; Hudgins et al. 1993). These optical constants can then be used to create model spectra for comparison to spectra from Solar System objects, including TNOs. We will summarize the difference between the amorphous and crystalline H2O-ice spectra. These changes include weakening of features and shifting of features to shorter wavelength. One important result is that the 2 pm feature is stronger in amorphous H2O ice than it is in crystalline H2O-ice. We will also discuss the changes seen when H2O is mixed with other components, including CO2, CH4, HCN, and NH3 (Bernstein et al. 2005; Bernstein et al. 2006).

  16. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Sensor for Calibration Free Humidity Measurements in Pure Methane and Low CO2 Natural Gas.

    PubMed

    Nwaboh, Javis Anyangwe; Pratzler, Sonja; Werhahn, Olav; Ebert, Volker

    2017-05-01

    We report a new direct tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (dTDLAS) sensor for absolute measurements of H 2 O in methane, ethane, propane, and low CO 2 natural gas. The sensor is operated with a 2.7 µm DFB laser, equipped with a high pressure single pass gas cell, and used to measure H 2 O amount of substance fractions in the range of 0.31-25 000 µmol/mol. Operating total gas pressures are up to 5000 hPa. The sensor has been characterized, addressing the traceability of the spectrometric results to the SI and the evaluation of the combined uncertainty, following the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). The relative reproducibility of H 2 O amount of substance fraction measurements at 87 µmol/mol is 0.26% (0.23 µmol/mol). The maximum precision of the sensor was determined using a H 2 O in methane mixture, and found to be 40 nmol/mol for a time resolution of 100 s. This corresponds to a normalized detection limit of 330 nmol mol -1 ·m Hz -1/2 . The relative combined uncertainty of H 2 O amount fraction measurements delivered by the sensor is 1.2%.

  17. Experimental and numerical investigation of laminar flame speeds of hydrogen/carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide/nitrogen mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Natarajan, Jayaprakash

    Coal derived synthetic gas (syngas) fuel is a promising solution for today's increasing demand for clean and reliable power. Syngas fuels are primarily mixtures of H2 and CO, often with large amounts of diluents such as N2, CO2, and H2O. The specific composition depends upon the fuel source and gasification technique. This requires gas turbine designers to develop fuel flexible combustors capable of operating with high conversion efficiency while maintaining low emissions for a wide range of syngas tact mixtures. Design tools often used in combustor development require data on various fundamental gas combustion properties. For example, laminar flame speed is often an input as it has a significant impact upon the size and static stability of the combustor. Moreover it serves as a good validation parameter for leading kinetic models used for detailed combustion simulations. Thus the primary objective of this thesis is measurement of laminar flame speeds of syngas fuel mixtures at conditions relevant to ground-power gas turbines. To accomplish this goal, two flame speed measurement approaches were developed: a Bunsen flame approach modified to use the reaction zone area in order to reduce the influence of flame curvature on the measured flame speed and a stagnation flame approach employing a rounded bluff body. The modified Bunsen flame approach was validated against stretch-corrected approaches over a range of fuels and test conditions; the agreement is very good (less than 10% difference). Using the two measurement approaches, extensive flame speed information were obtained for lean syngas mixtures at a range of conditions: (1) 5 to 100% H2 in the H2/CO fuel mixture; (2) 300-700 K preheat temperature; (3) 1 to 15 atm pressure, and (4) 0-70% dilution with CO2 or N2. The second objective of this thesis is to use the flame speed data to validate leading kinetic mechanisms for syngas combustion. Comparisons of the experimental flame speeds to those predicted using

  18. Ionised gas kinematics in bipolar H II regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dalgleish, Hannah S.; Longmore, Steven N.; Peters, Thomas; Henshaw, Jonathan D.; Veitch-Michaelis, Joshua L.; Urquhart, James S.

    2018-05-01

    Stellar feedback plays a fundamental role in shaping the evolution of galaxies. Here we explore the use of ionised gas kinematics in young, bipolar H II regions as a probe of early feedback in these star-forming environments. We have undertaken a multi-wavelength study of a young, bipolar H II region in the Galactic disc, G316.81-0.06, which lies at the centre of a massive (˜103 M⊙) infrared-dark cloud filament. It is still accreting molecular gas as well as driving a ˜0.2 pc ionised gas outflow perpendicular to the filament. Intriguingly, we observe a large velocity gradient (47.81 ± 3.21 km s-1 pc-1) across the ionised gas in a direction perpendicular to the outflow. This kinematic signature of the ionised gas shows a reasonable correspondence with the simulations of young H II regions. Based on a qualitative comparison between our observations and these simulations, we put forward a possible explanation for the velocity gradients observed in G316.81-0.06. If the velocity gradient perpendicular to the outflow is caused by rotation of the ionised gas, then we infer that this rotation is a direct result of the initial net angular momentum in the natal molecular cloud. If this explanation is correct, this kinematic signature should be common in other young (bipolar) H II regions. We suggest that further quantitative analysis of the ionised gas kinematics of young H II regions, combined with additional simulations, should improve our understanding of feedback at these early stages.

  19. Simultaneous purifying of Hg0, SO2, and NOx from flue gas by Fe3+/H2O2: the performance and purifying mechanism.

    PubMed

    Xing, Yi; Li, Liuliu; Lu, Pei; Cui, Jiansheng; Li, Qianli; Yan, Bojun; Jiang, Bo; Wang, Mengsi

    2018-03-01

    Hg 0 , SO 2 , and NOx result in heavily global environmental pollution and serious health hazards. Up to now, how to efficiently remove mercury with SO 2 and NOx from flue gas is still a tough task. In this study, series of high oxidizing Fenton systems were employed to purify the pollutants. The experimental results showed that Fe 3+ /H 2 O 2 was more suitable to purify Hg 0 than Fe 2+ /H 2 O 2 and Cu 2+ /H 2 O 2. The optimal condition includes Fe 3+ concentration of 0.008 mol/L, Hg 0 inlet concentration of 40 μg/m 3 , solution temperature of 50 °C, pH of 3, H 2 O 2 concentration of 0.7 mol/L, and O 2 percentage of 6%. When SO 2 and NOx were taken into account under the optimal condition, Hg 0 removal efficiency could be enhanced to 91.11% while the removal efficiency of both NOx and SO 2 was slightly declined, which was consistent to the analysis of purifying mechanism. The removal efficiency of Hg 0 was stimulated by accelerating the conversion of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ , which resulted from the existence of SO 2 and NOx. The results of this study suggested that simultaneously purifying Hg 0 , SO 2 , and NOx from flue gas is feasible.

  20. Inflammable Gas Mixture Detection with a Single Catalytic Sensor Based on the Electric Field Effect

    PubMed Central

    Tong, Ziyuan; Tong, Min-Ming; Meng, Wen; Li, Meng

    2014-01-01

    This paper introduces a new way to analyze mixtures of inflammable gases with a single catalytic sensor. The analysis technology was based on a new finding that an electric field on the catalytic sensor can change the output sensitivity of the sensor. The analysis of mixed inflammable gases results from processing the output signals obtained by adjusting the electric field parameter of the catalytic sensor. For the signal process, we designed a group of equations based on the heat balance of catalytic sensor expressing the relationship between the output signals and the concentration of gases. With these equations and the outputs of different electric fields, the gas concentration in a mixture could be calculated. In experiments, a mixture of methane, butane and ethane was analyzed by this new method, and the results showed that the concentration of each gas in the mixture could be detected with a single catalytic sensor, and the maximum relative error was less than 5%. PMID:24717635

  1. From O2 to H2S: a landscape view of gas biology.

    PubMed

    Kashiba, Misato; Kajimura, Mayumi; Goda, Nobuhito; Suematsu, Makoto

    2002-03-01

    The majority of molecular oxygen (O2) consumed in the body is used as a substrate of cytochrome c oxidase to maintain oxidative phosphorylation for ATP synthesis. Rest of the O2 is used for oxidative biosynthesis including synthesis of vasoactive substances such as prostaglandins and secondary gaseous mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Thus, O2 is not only used for maintenance of energy supply but also for regulating blood supply into tissues. Nitrous oxide (N2O), laughing gas for anesthesia, is generated endogenously through NO reductase in bacteria and fungi, and has recently been shown to modulate N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor function. A number of other biologically active gases could participate in regulation of cell and tissue functions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is generated mainly through the Krebs cycle as a result of glucose oxidation and serves as a potent vasodilator, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesized through degradation of cysteine has recently been postulated to be a neuromodulator, although their receptor proteins for signaling have not been verified as a discernible molecular entity. Easy penetration allow these gases to access the inner space of receptor proteins and to execute their biological actions. These gases are generated and consumed in anaerobic bacteria through varied reactions distinct from those in mammals. This review summarizes recent information on mechanisms for gas generation and reception in biological systems.

  2. A narrow-band k-distribution model with single mixture gas assumption for radiative flows

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jo, Sung Min; Kim, Jae Won; Kwon, Oh Joon

    2018-06-01

    In the present study, the narrow-band k-distribution (NBK) model parameters for mixtures of H2O, CO2, and CO are proposed by utilizing the line-by-line (LBL) calculations with a single mixture gas assumption. For the application of the NBK model to radiative flows, a radiative transfer equation (RTE) solver based on a finite-volume method on unstructured meshes was developed. The NBK model and the RTE solver were verified by solving two benchmark problems including the spectral radiance distribution emitted from one-dimensional slabs and the radiative heat transfer in a truncated conical enclosure. It was shown that the results are accurate and physically reliable by comparing with available data. To examine the applicability of the methods to realistic multi-dimensional problems in non-isothermal and non-homogeneous conditions, radiation in an axisymmetric combustion chamber was analyzed, and then the infrared signature emitted from an aircraft exhaust plume was predicted. For modeling the plume flow involving radiative cooling, a flow-radiation coupled procedure was devised in a loosely coupled manner by adopting a Navier-Stokes flow solver based on unstructured meshes. It was shown that the predicted radiative cooling for the combustion chamber is physically more accurate than other predictions, and is as accurate as that by the LBL calculations. It was found that the infrared signature of aircraft exhaust plume can also be obtained accurately, equivalent to the LBL calculations, by using the present narrow-band approach with a much improved numerical efficiency.

  3. Biofiltration using peat and a nutritional synthetic packing material: influence of the packing configuration on H2S removal.

    PubMed

    Dumont, Eric; Cabral, Flavia Da Silva; Le Cloirec, Pierre; Andrès, Yves

    2013-01-01

    This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using a nutritional synthetic material (UP20) combined with fibrous peat as a packing material in treating H2S (up to 280 ppmv). Three identical laboratory-scale biofilters with different packing material configurations (peat only; peat + UP20 in a mixture; peat + UP20 in two layers) were used to determine the biofilter performances. The superficial velocity of the polluted gas on each biofilter was 65 m/h (gas flow rate 0.5 Nm3 /h) corresponding to an empty bed residence time = 57 s. Variations in elimination capacity, removal efficiency, temperature and pH were tracked during 111 d. A removal efficiency of 100% was obtained for loading rates up to 6 g/m3/h for the biofilter filled with 100% peat, and up to 10 g/m3/h for both biofilters using peat complemented with UP20. For higher loading rates (up to 25.5 g/m3/h), the configuration ofpeat-UP20 in a mixture provided the best removal efficiencies (around 80% compared to 65% for the configuration of peat-UP20 in two layers and 60% for peat only). Microbial characterization highlighted that peat is able to provide sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. Through kinetic analysis (Ottengrafand Michaelis-Menten models were applied), it appeared that the configuration peat-UP20 in two layers (80/20 v/v) did not show significant improvement compared with peat alone. Although the configuration of peat-UP20 in a mixture (80/20 v/v) offered a real advantage in improving H2S treatment, it was shown that this benefit was related to the bed configuration rather than the nutritional properties of UP20.

  4. Design validation and performance of closed loop gas recirculation system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kalmani, S. D.; Joshi, A. V.; Majumder, G.; Mondal, N. K.; Shinde, R. R.

    2016-11-01

    A pilot experimental set up of the India Based Neutrino Observatory's ICAL detector has been operational for the last 4 years at TIFR, Mumbai. Twelve glass RPC detectors of size 2 × 2 m2, with a gas gap of 2 mm are under test in a closed loop gas recirculation system. These RPCs are continuously purged individually, with a gas mixture of R134a (C2H2F4), isobutane (iC4H10) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) at a steady rate of 360 ml/h to maintain about one volume change a day. To economize gas mixture consumption and to reduce the effluents from being released into the atmosphere, a closed loop system has been designed, fabricated and installed at TIFR. The pressure and flow rate in the loop is controlled by mass flow controllers and pressure transmitters. The performance and integrity of RPCs in the pilot experimental set up is being monitored to assess the effect of periodic fluctuation and transients in atmospheric pressure and temperature, room pressure variation, flow pulsations, uniformity of gas distribution and power failures. The capability of closed loop gas recirculation system to respond to these changes is also studied. The conclusions from the above experiment are presented. The validations of the first design considerations and subsequent modifications have provided improved guidelines for the future design of the engineering module gas system.

  5. Use of solvent mixtures for total lipid extraction of Chlorella vulgaris and gas chromatography FAME analysis.

    PubMed

    Moradi-Kheibari, Narges; Ahmadzadeh, Hossein; Hosseini, Majid

    2017-09-01

    Lipid extraction is the bottleneck step for algae-based biodiesel production. Herein, 12 solvent mixture systems (mixtures of three non-polar and two polar organic solvents) were examined to evaluate their effects on the total lipid yield from Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris). Moreover, the extraction yields of three solvent systems with maximum extraction efficiency of esterifiable lipids were determined by acidic transesterification and GC-FID analysis. Three solvent systems, which resulted in a higher extraction yield, were further subjected to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. The total lipid extraction yields (based on dry biomass) were (38.57 ± 1.51), (25.33 ± 0.58), and (25.17 ± 1.14) %, for chloroform-methanol (1:2) (C1M2), hexane-methanol (1:2) (H1M2), and chloroform-methanol (2:1) (C2M1), respectively. The extraction efficiency of C1M2 was approximately 1.5 times higher than H1M2 and C2M1, whereas the FAME profile of extracted lipids by H1M2 and C1M2 were almost identical. Moreover, the esterifiable lipid extraction yields of (18.14 ± 2.60), (16.66 ± 0.35), and (13.22 ± 0.31) % (based on dry biomass) were obtained for C1M2, H1M2, and C2M1 solvent mixture systems, respectively. The biodiesel fuel properties produced from C. vulgaris were empirically predicted and compared to that of the EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 standard specifications.

  6. Numerical simulation of infrared radiation absorption for diagnostics of gas-aerosol medium by remote sensing data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Voitsekhovskaya, O. K.; Egorov, O. V.; Kashirskii, D. E.; Shefer, O. V.

    2015-11-01

    Calculated absorption spectra of the mixture of gases (H2O, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, and SO2) and aerosol (soot and Al2O3), contained in the exhausts of aircraft and rocket engines are demonstrated. Based on the model of gas-aerosol medium, a numerical study of the spectral dependence of the absorptance for different ratios of gas and aerosol components was carried out. The influence of microphysical and optical properties of the components of the mixture on the spectral features of absorption of gas-aerosol medium was established.

  7. High temperature kinetic study of the reactions H + O2 = OH + O and O + H2 = OH + H in H2/O2 system by shock tube-laser absorption spectroscopy

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ryu, Si-Ok; Hwang, Soon Muk; Dewitt, Kenneth J.

    1995-01-01

    The reactions: (1) H + O2 = OH + O; and (2) O + H2 = OH + H are the most important elementary reactions in gas phase combustion. They are the main chain-branching reaction in the oxidation of H2 and hydrocarbon fuels. In this study, rate coefficients of the reactions and have been measured over a wide range of composition, pressure, density and temperature behind the reflected shock waves. The experiments were performed using the shock tube - laser absorption spectroscopic technique to monitor OH radicals formed in the shock-heated H2/O2/Ar mixtures. The OH radicals were detected using the P(1)(5) line of (0,0) band of the A(exp 2) Sigma(+) from X(exp 2) Pi transition of OH at 310.023 nm (air). The data were analyzed with the aid of computer modeling. In the experiments great care was exercised to obtain high time resolution, linearity and signal-to-noise. The results are well represented by the Arrhenius expressions. The rate coefficient expression for reaction (1) obtained in this study is k(1) = (7.13 +/- 0.31) x 10(exp 13) exp(-6957+/- 30 K/T) cu cm/mol/s (1050 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 2500 K) and a consensus expression for k(1) from a critical review of the most recent evaluations of k(1) (including our own) is k(1) = 7.82 x 10(exp 13) exp(-7105 K/T) cu cm/mol/s (960 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 5300 K). The rate coefficient expression of k(2) is given by k(2) = (1.88 +/- 0.07) x 10(exp 14) exp(-6897 +/- 53 K/T) cu cm/mol/s (1424 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 2427 K). For k(1), the temperature dependent A-factor and the correlation between the values of k(1) and the inverse reactant densities were not found. In the temperature range of this study, non-Arrhenius expression of k(2) which shows the upward curvature was not supported.

  8. Near-Infrared Band Strengths of Molecules Diluted in N2 and H20 Ice Mixtures Relevant to Interstellar and Planetary Ices

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Richey, C. R.; Richey, Christina R.

    2012-01-01

    In order to determine the column density of a component of an ice from its infrared absorption features, the strengths of these features must be known. The peak positions, widths, profiles, and strengths of a certain ice component's infrared absorption features are affected be the overall composition of the ice. Many satellites within the solar system have surfaces that are dominated by H2O or N2 and ices in the interstellar medium (ISM) are primarily composed of H2O. The experiments presented here focus on the near-infrared absorption features of CO, CO2, CH4, and NH3 (nu=10,000-4,000/cm, lambda=1-2.5 microns) and the effects of diluting these molecules in N2 or H2O ice (mixture ratio of 5:1). This is a continuation of previous results published by our research group.

  9. Generation of spectral clusters in a mixture of noble and Raman-active gases.

    PubMed

    Hosseini, Pooria; Abdolvand, Amir; St J Russell, Philip

    2016-12-01

    We report a novel scheme for the generation of dense clusters of Raman sidebands. The scheme uses a broadband-guiding hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) filled with a mixture of H2, D2, and Xe for efficient interaction between the gas mixture and a green laser pump pulse (532 nm, 1 ns) of only 5 μJ of energy. This results in the generation from noise of more than 135 rovibrational Raman sidebands covering the visible spectral region with an average spacing of only 2.2 THz. Such a spectrally dense and compact fiber-based source is ideal for applications where closely spaced narrow-band laser lines with high spectral power density are required, such as in spectroscopy and sensing. When the HC-PCF is filled with a H2-D2 mixture, the Raman comb spans the spectral region from the deep UV (280 nm) to the near infrared (1000 nm).

  10. Diffusion of gas mixtures in the sI hydrate structure

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Waage, Magnus H.; Trinh, Thuat T.; van Erp, Titus S.

    2018-06-01

    Replacing methane with carbon dioxide in gas hydrates has been suggested as a way of harvesting methane, while at the same time storing carbon dioxide. Experimental evidence suggests that this process is facilitated if gas mixtures are used instead of pure carbon dioxide. We studied the free energy barriers for diffusion of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen in the sI hydrate structure using molecular simulation techniques. Cage hops between neighboring cages were considered with and without a water vacancy and with a potential inclusion of an additional gas molecule in either the initial or final cage. Our results give little evidence for enhanced methane and carbon dioxide diffusion if nitrogen is present as well. However, the inclusion of hydrogen seems to have a substantial effect as it diffuses rapidly and can easily enter occupied cages, which reduces the barriers of diffusion for the gas molecules that co-occupy a cage with hydrogen.

  11. VizieR Online Data Catalog: Behavior of heavy elements in H-He-Z mixtures (Soubiran+, 2016)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Soubiran, F.; Militzer, B.

    2016-11-01

    The core-accretion model for giant planet formation suggests a two-layer picture for the initial structure of Jovian planets, with heavy elements in a dense core and a thick H-He envelope. Late planetesimal accretion and core erosion could potentially enrich the H-He envelope in heavy elements, which is supported by the threefold solar metallicity that was measured in Jupiter's atmosphere by the Galileo entry probe. In order to reproduce the observed gravitational moments of Jupiter and Saturn, models for their interiors include heavy elements, Z, in various proportions. However, their effect on the equation of state of the hydrogen-helium mixtures has not been investigated beyond the ideal mixing approximation. In this article, we report results from ab initio simulations of fully interacting H-He-Z mixtures in order to characterize their equation of state and to analyze possible consequences for the interior structure and evolution of giant planets. Considering C, N, O, Si, Fe, MgO, and SiO2, we show that the behavior of heavy elements in H-He mixtures may still be represented by an ideal mixture if the effective volumes and internal energies are chosen appropriately. In the case of oxygen, we also compute the effect on the entropy. We find the resulting changes in the temperature-pressure profile to be small. A homogeneous distribution of 2% oxygen by mass changes the temperature in Jupiter's interior by only 80K. (3 data files).

  12. Studies of proton irradiated H2O + CO2 and H2O + CO ices and analysis of synthesized molecules

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Moore, M. H.; Khanna, R.; Donn, B.

    1991-01-01

    Infrared spectra of H2O + CO2 and H2O + CO ices before and after proton irradiation showed that a major reaction in both mixtures was the interconversion of CO2 yields CO. Radiation synthesized organic compounds such as carbonic acid were identified in the H2O + CO2 ice. Different chemical pathways dominate in the H2O + CO ice in which formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, and methane were identified. Sublimed material was also analyzed using a mass spectrometer. Implications of these results are discussed in reference to comets.

  13. HIGHLY EXCITED H{sub 2} IN HERBIG–HARO 7: FORMATION PUMPING IN SHOCKED MOLECULAR GAS?

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Pike, R. E.; Geballe, T. R.; Burton, M. G.

    2016-05-10

    We have obtained K -band spectra at R ∼ 5000 and an angular resolution of 0.″3 of a section of the Herbig–Haro 7 (HH7) bow shock, using the Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph at Gemini North. Present in the portion of the data cube corresponding to the brightest part of the bow shock are emission lines of H{sub 2} with upper state energies ranging from ∼6000 K to the dissociation energy of H{sub 2}, ∼50,000 K. Because of low signal-to-noise ratios, the highest excitation lines cannot be easily seen elsewhere in the observed region. However, excitation temperatures, measured throughout much ofmore » the observed region using lines from levels as high as 25,000 K, are a strong function of upper level energy, indicating that the very highest levels are populated throughout. The level populations in the brightest region are well fit by a two-temperature model, with 98.5% of the emitting gas at T = 1800 K and 1.5% at T = 5200 K. The bulk of the H{sub 2} line emission in HH7, from the 1800 K gas, has previously been well-modeled by a continuous shock, but the 5200 K cozmponent is inconsistent with standalone standard continuous shock models. We discuss various possible origins for the hot component and suggest that this component is H{sub 2} newly reformed on dust grains and then ejected from them, presumably following dissociation of some of the H{sub 2} by the shock.« less

  14. A range of newly developed mobile generators to dynamically produce SI-traceable reference gas mixtures for reactive compounds at atmospheric concentrations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Leuenberger, Daiana; Pascale, Céline; Guillevic, Myriam; Ackermann, Andreas; Niederhauser, Bernhard

    2017-04-01

    Three new mobile facilities have been developed at METAS to dynamically generate SI-traceable reference gas mixtures for a variety of reactive compounds at atmospheric amount of substance fractions and at very low levels of uncertainty (Ux < 3%). We present three new portable "Reactive Gas Standard ReGaS" reference gas generators for the realisation of the following substances: ReGaS1: Ammonia and nitrogen dioxide in the nmol/mol (ppb) range ReGaS2: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), e.g. limonene, alpha-pinene, MVK, MEK in the nmol/mol (ppb) range ReGaS-3: Fluorinated gases (F-gases, i.e. containing fluorine atoms) in the pmol/mol (ppt) range These three mobile generators have been designed and manufactured at METAS in the framework of the three EMRP projects MetNH3, KEY-VOCs and HIGHGAS. The method is based on permeation and subsequent dynamic dilution: A permeation tube containing the pure substance (e.g. NH3) is stored in the permeation chamber at constant temperature, pressure and matrix gas flow (N2, purified air, synthetic air). Under such conditions the pure substance permeates at constant rate into the matrix gas and can be diluted thereafter to the desired amount fractions in one or two subsequent steps. The permeation rate (mass loss over time) of the permeation tube is precisely calibrated in a fully traceable magnetic suspension balance. The carrier gas is previously purified from the compounds of interest using commercially available purification cartridges. The permeation chambers of ReGaS2 and ReGaS3 have multiple individual cells allowing for the generation of mixtures containing up to 5 different components if required. ReGaS1 allows for the generation of one-component mixtures only. These primary mixtures are then diluted to the required amount of substance fractions using thermal mass flow controllers for full flexibility and adaptability of the generation process over the entire range of possible concentrations. In order to considerably reduce

  15. Dynamics of gas-driven eruptions: Experimental simulations using CO2-H2O-polymer system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Youxue; Sturtevant, B.; Stolper, E. M.

    1997-02-01

    We report exploratory experiments simulating gas-driven eruptions using the CO2-H2O system at room temperature as an analog of natural eruptive systems. The experimental apparatus consists of a test cell and a large tank. Initially, up to 1.0 wt% of CO2 is dissolved in liquid water under a pressure of up to 735 kPa in the test cell. The experiment is initiated by suddenly reducing the pressure of the test cell to a typical tank pressure of 10 kPa. The following are the main results: (1) The style of the process depends on the decompression ratio. There is a threshold decompression ratio above which rapid eruption occurs. (2) During rapid eruption, there is always fragmentation at the liquid-vapor interface. Fragmentation may also occur in the flow interior. (3) Initially, the top of the erupting column ascends at a constant acceleration (instead of constant velocity). (4) Average bubble radius grows as t2/3. (5) When viscosity is 20 times that of pure water or greater, a static foam may be stable after expansion to 97% vesicularity. The experiments provide several insights into natural gas-driven eruptions, including (1) the interplay between bubble growth and ascent of the erupting column must be considered for realistic modeling of bubble growth during gas-driven eruptions, (2) buoyant rise of the bubbly magma is not necessary during an explosive volcanic eruption, and (3) CO2-driven limnic eruptions can be explosive. The violence increases with the initial CO2 content dissolved in water.

  16. Optimization of an enclosed gas analyzer sampling system for measuring eddy covariance fluxes of H 2O and CO 2

    DOE PAGES

    Metzger, Stefan; Burba, George; Burns, Sean P.; ...

    2016-03-31

    Several initiatives are currently emerging to observe the exchange of energy and matter between the earth's surface and atmosphere standardized over larger space and time domains. For example, the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) and the Integrated Carbon Observing System (ICOS) are set to provide the ability of unbiased ecological inference across ecoclimatic zones and decades by deploying highly scalable and robust instruments and data processing. In the construction of these observatories, enclosed infrared gas analyzers are widely employed for eddy covariance applications. While these sensors represent a substantial improvement compared to their open- and closed-path predecessors, remaining high-frequency attenuation variesmore » with site properties and gas sampling systems, and requires correction. Here, we show that components of the gas sampling system can substantially contribute to such high-frequency attenuation, but their effects can be significantly reduced by careful system design. From laboratory tests we determine the frequency at which signal attenuation reaches 50 % for individual parts of the gas sampling system. For different models of rain caps and particulate filters, this frequency falls into ranges of 2.5–16.5 Hz for CO 2, 2.4–14.3 Hz for H 2O, and 8.3–21.8 Hz for CO 2, 1.4–19.9 Hz for H 2O, respectively. A short and thin stainless steel intake tube was found to not limit frequency response, with 50 % attenuation occurring at frequencies well above 10 Hz for both H 2O and CO 2. From field tests we found that heating the intake tube and particulate filter continuously with 4 W was effective, and reduced the occurrence of problematic relative humidity levels (RH > 60 %) by 50 % in the infrared gas analyzer cell. No further improvement of H 2O frequency response was found for heating in excess of 4 W. These laboratory and field tests were reconciled using resistor–capacitor theory, and NEON's final gas sampling

  17. 10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... mixture of solar energy (including wind, tide, and other intermittent sources) and petroleum or natural gas, where: (1) Solar energy will account for at least 20 percent of the total annual Btu heat input... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing...

  18. 10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... mixture of solar energy (including wind, tide, and other intermittent sources) and petroleum or natural gas, where: (1) Solar energy will account for at least 20 percent of the total annual Btu heat input... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing...

  19. 10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... mixture of solar energy (including wind, tide, and other intermittent sources) and petroleum or natural gas, where: (1) Solar energy will account for at least 20 percent of the total annual Btu heat input... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing...

  20. 10 CFR 503.38 - Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing natural gas or petroleum.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... mixture of solar energy (including wind, tide, and other intermittent sources) and petroleum or natural gas, where: (1) Solar energy will account for at least 20 percent of the total annual Btu heat input... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Permanent exemption for certain fuel mixtures containing...

  1. Reactor experiments to study luminescence of He-Ne and He-Kr gaseous mixtures, excited by the products of 6Li (n, α) 3H nuclear reaction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Batyrbekov, E. G.; Gordienko, Yu. N.; Barsukov, N. I.; Ponkratov, Yu. V.; Kulsartov, T. V.; Khassenov, M. U.; Zaurbekova, Zh. A.; Tulubayev, Ye. Y.; Samarkhanov, K. K.

    2018-04-01

    The spectral studies of optical radiation of gaseous mixtures are of interest for solving problems associated with finding gaseous media with high energy conversion efficiency of nuclear reactions into the energy of laser or spontaneous emission [1, 2]. Such media can be used to extract energy from nuclear and fusion reactors in the form of optical radiation, and also to control and adjust the nuclear reactors parameters. This paper presents the preliminary results of the reactor experiments to study the spectral-luminescent properties of gas mixtures (based on He, Ne and Kr noble gases) excited by the products of 6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction at different levels of the stationary power of the IVG.1M reactor.

  2. Investigation of Wyoming Bentonite Hydration in Dry to Water-Saturated Supercritical CH4 and CH4/CO2 Mixtures: Implications for CO2-Enhanced Gas Production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Loring, J.; Thompson, C.; Ilton, E. S.; McGrail, B. P.; Schaef, T.

    2014-12-01

    Injection of CO2 into low permeability shale formations leads to additional gas recovery and reduces the flux of CO2 into the atmosphere, thus combining a strong economic incentive with a permanent storage option for CO2. Reduced formation transmissivity due to clay swelling is a concern in CO2 -enhanced gas production. Clay minerals partly determine the physical (i.e. permeability, brittleness) and certain chemical properties (i.e. wetting ability, gas adsorption) of shales, and montmorillonites are of particular interest because they swell by the uptake of species in their interlayer. In this study, the hydration and expansion of a Na-saturated montmorillonite (Na-SWy-2) in high-pressure (90 bar) and moderate temperature (50 °C) methane and mixtures of methane and carbon dioxide were investigated usingCH4 IR spectroscopic titrations andCH4 XRD. The goals were to (1) determine if the hydration/expansion behavior of the clay in supercritical methane is different than in supercritical CO2, (2) determine if methane intercalates the clay, and (3) probe the effects of increasing CO2 concentrations. IR spectra were collected as Na-SWy-2 was titrated with water under several fluid exposures: pure methane, 25, 50, and 75 mole% CO2 in methane, and pure CO2. ComplementaryCH4 XRD experiments were conducted in the same fluids at discrete dissolved water concentrations to measure the d001 values of the clay and thus its volume change on hydration and CH4 and/or CO2 intercalation. In pure methane, no direct evidence of CH4 intercalation was detected in CH bending or stretching regions of the IR spectra. Similarly, in situ XRD indicated the montmorillonite structure was stable in the presence of CH4 and no measurable changes to the basal spacing were observed. However, under low water conditions where the montmorillonite structure was partially expanded (~sub 1W), the IR data indicated a rapid intercalation of CO2 into the interlayer, even with fluid mixtures containing the

  3. Solubilities of inert gases and methane in H2O and in D2O in the temperature range of 300 to 600 K

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Crovetto, Rosa; Fernández-Prini, R.; Japas, María Laura

    1982-01-01

    The solubility of inert gases and methane in H2O and D2O has been measured between room temperature and 600 K. The calculation of Henry's constants kH, from the solubility data is analyzed in detail; if due account is taken of the nonideality in the gas phase, they can be determined unambiguously up to 520 K. Above this temperature, the ambiguity in kH increases sharply as contributions of third and higher order virial coefficients to the equation of state of the gaseous mixture become more important. The differences of gas solubilities in light and heavy water essentially disappear above the temperature of minimum solubility of the gases. The characteristic thermodynamic features of the aqueous solutions of gases (i.e., large values of -ΔS02 and of ΔC0p2) are still present at 520 K. It is shown that mean-field theories can account for the

  4. Enhanced CO2 capture in binary mixtures of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide ionic liquids with water.

    PubMed

    Romanos, George E; Zubeir, Lawien F; Likodimos, Vlassis; Falaras, Polycarpos; Kroon, Maaike C; Iliev, Boyan; Adamova, Gabriela; Schubert, Thomas J S

    2013-10-10

    Absorption of carbon dioxide and water in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliun tricyanomethanide ([C4C1im][TCM]) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide ([C8C1im][TCM]) ionic liquids (ILs) was systematically investigated for the first time as a function of the H2O content by means of a gravimetric system together with in-situ Raman spectroscopy, excess molar volume (V(E)), and viscosity deviation measurements. Although CO2 absorption was marginally affected by water at low H2O molar fractions for both ILs, an increase of the H2O content resulted in a marked enhancement of both the CO2 solubility (ca. 4-fold) and diffusivity (ca. 10-fold) in the binary [C(n)C1im][TCM]/H2O systems, in contrast to the weak and/or detrimental influence of water in most physically and chemically CO2-absorbing ILs. In-situ Raman spectroscopy on the IL/CO2 systems verified that CO2 is physically absorbed in the dry ILs with no significant effect on their structural organization. A pronounced variation of distinct tricyanomethanide Raman modes was disclosed in the [C(n)C1im][TCM]/H2O mixtures, attesting to the gradual disruption of the anion-cation coupling by the hydrogen-bonded water molecules to the [TCM](-) anions, in accordance with the positive excess molar volumes and negative viscosity deviations for the binary systems. Most importantly, CO2 absorption in the ILs/H2O mixtures at high water concentrations revealed that the [TCM](-) Raman modes tend to restore their original state for the heavily hydrated ILs, in qualitative agreement with the intriguing nonmonotonous transients of CO2 absorption kinetics unveiled by the gravimetric measurements for the hybrid solvents. A molecular exchange mechanism between CO2 in the gas phase and H2O in the liquid phase was thereby proposed to explain the enhanced CO2 absorption in the hybrid [C(n)C1im][TCM]//H2O solvents based on the subtle competition between the TCM-H2O and TCM-CO2 interactions, which renders these ILs very promising for CO2

  5. The role of electric field in enhancing separation of gas molecules (H2S, CO2, H2O) on VIB modified g-C3N4 (0 0 1)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Fang; Li, Penghui; Wei, Shiqian; Guo, Jiaxing; Dan, Meng; Zhou, Ying

    2018-07-01

    In this study, the first-principles calculations were performed to investigate the adsorption behaviors of gas molecules H2S, CO2 and H2O on Cr, Mo and W modified g-C3N4 (0 0 1) surface. The results show that H2S, CO2 and H2O are physically adsorbed on the pristine g-C3N4, while the adsorption becomes chemisorbed due to the introduction of transition metals which significantly improve the interfacial electron transfer and narrow the band gap of g-C3N4 (0 0 1). Furthermore, it is found that the adsorption behaviors can be greatly influenced by the applied electric field. The adsorption energy is generally arranged in the order of Eads(H2S) > Eads(H2O) > Eads(CO2), and W/g-C3N4 (0 0 1) exhibits the best separation capability. The study could provide a versatile approach to selectively capture and separate the mixed gases in the catalytic reactions by controlling the applied intensity of electric field.

  6. Combustion characteristics of nanoaluminum, liquid water, and hydrogen peroxide mixtures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sabourin, J.L.; Yetter, R.A.; Risha, G.A.

    2008-08-15

    An experimental investigation of the combustion characteristics of nanoaluminum (nAl), liquid water (H{sub 2}O{sub (l)}), and hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) mixtures has been conducted. Linear and mass-burning rates as functions of pressure, equivalence ratio ({phi}), and concentration of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} in H{sub 2}O{sub (l)} oxidizing solution are reported. Steady-state burning rates were obtained at room temperature using a windowed pressure vessel over an initial pressure range of 0.24 to 12.4 MPa in argon, using average nAl particle diameters of 38 nm, {phi} from 0.5 to 1.3, and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} concentrations between 0 and 32% by mass. Atmore » a nominal pressure of 3.65 MPa, under stoichiometric conditions, mass-burning rates per unit area ranged between 6.93 g/cm{sup 2} s (0% H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) and 37.04 g/cm{sup 2} s (32% H{sub 2}O{sub 2}), which corresponded to linear burning rates of 9.58 and 58.2 cm/s, respectively. Burning rate pressure exponents of 0.44 and 0.38 were found for stoichiometric mixtures at room temperature containing 10 and 25% H{sub 2}O{sub 2}, respectively, up to 5 MPa. Burning rates are reduced above {proportional_to}5 MPa due to the pressurization of interstitial spaces of the packed reactant mixture with argon gas, diluting the fuel and oxidizer mixture. Mass burning rates were not measured above {proportional_to}32% H{sub 2}O{sub 2} due to an anomalous burning phenomena, which caused overpressurization within the quartz sample holder, leading to tube rupture. High-speed imaging displayed fingering or jetting ahead of the normal flame front. Localized pressure measurements were taken along the sample length, determining that the combustion process proceeded as a normal deflagration prior to tube rupture, without significant pressure buildup within the tube. In addition to burning rates, chemical efficiencies of the combustion reaction were determined to be within approximately 10% of the theoretical maximum under all

  7. Tables and charts of equilibrium normal shock and shock-tube solutions for helium-hydrogen mixtures with velocities to 70 km/sec

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miller, C. G., III; Wilder, S. E.

    1974-01-01

    Equilibrium thermodynamic and flow properties are presented in tabulated and graphical form for moving, standing, and reflected normal shock waves into helium-hydrogen mixtures representative of proposed outer planet atmospheres. The volumetric compositions of these mixtures are 0.35He-0.65H2, 0.20He-0.80H2, and 0.05He-0.95H2. Properties include pressure, temperature, density, enthalpy, speed of sound, entropy, molecular-weight ratio, isentropic exponent, velocity, and species mole fractions. Incident (moving) shock velocities are varied from 4 to 70 km/sec for a range of initial pressure of 5 N/sq m to 100 kN/sq m. The present results are applicable to shock-tube flows and to free-flight conditions for a blunt body at high velocities. A working chart illustrating idealized shock-tube performance with a 0.20He-0.80H2 test gas and heated helium driver gas is also presented.

  8. A green desulfurization technique: utilization of flue gas SO2 to produce H2 via a photoelectrochemical process based on Mo-doped BiVO4

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Han, Jin; Li, Kejian; Cheng, Hanyun; Zhang, Liwu

    2017-12-01

    A green photoelectrochemical (PEC) process with simultaneous SO2 removal and H2 production has attracted an increasing attention. The proposed process uses flue gas SO2 to improve H2 production. The improvement of the efficiency of this process is necessary before it can become industrial viable. Herein, we reported a Mo modified BiVO4 photocatalysts for a simultaneous SO2 removal and H2 production. And the PEC performance could be significantly improved with doping and flue gas removal. The evolution rate of H2 and removal of SO2 could be enhanced by almost 3 times after Mo doping as compared with pristine BiVO4. The enhanced H2 production and SO2 removal is attributed to the improved bulk charge carrier transportation after Mo doping, and greatly enhanced oxidation reaction kinetics on the photoanode due to the formation of SO32- after SO2 absorption by the electrolyte. Due to the utilization of SO2 to improve the production of H2, the proposed PEC process may become a profitable desulfurization technique.

  9. A Green Desulfurization Technique: Utilization of Flue Gas SO2 to Produce H2 via a Photoelectrochemical Process Based on Mo-Doped BiVO4

    PubMed Central

    Han, Jin; Li, Kejian; Cheng, Hanyun; Zhang, Liwu

    2017-01-01

    A green photoelectrochemical (PEC) process with simultaneous SO2 removal and H2 production has attracted an increasing attention. The proposed process uses flue gas SO2 to improve H2 production. The improvement of the efficiency of this process is necessary before it can become industrial viable. Herein, we reported a Mo modified BiVO4 photocatalysts for a simultaneous SO2 removal and H2 production. And the PEC performance could be significantly improved with doping and flue gas removal. The evolution rate of H2 and removal of SO2 could be enhanced by almost three times after Mo doping as compared with pristine BiVO4. The enhanced H2 production and SO2 removal is attributed to the improved bulk charge carrier transportation after Mo doping, and greatly enhanced oxidation reaction kinetics on the photoanode due to the formation of SO32− after SO2 absorption by the electrolyte. Due to the utilization of SO2 to improve the production of H2, the proposed PEC process may become a profitable desulfurization technique. PMID:29312924

  10. A Green Desulfurization Technique: Utilization of Flue Gas SO2 to Produce H2 via a Photoelectrochemical Process Based on Mo-Doped BiVO4.

    PubMed

    Han, Jin; Li, Kejian; Cheng, Hanyun; Zhang, Liwu

    2017-01-01

    A green photoelectrochemical (PEC) process with simultaneous SO 2 removal and H 2 production has attracted an increasing attention. The proposed process uses flue gas SO 2 to improve H 2 production. The improvement of the efficiency of this process is necessary before it can become industrial viable. Herein, we reported a Mo modified BiVO 4 photocatalysts for a simultaneous SO 2 removal and H 2 production. And the PEC performance could be significantly improved with doping and flue gas removal. The evolution rate of H 2 and removal of SO 2 could be enhanced by almost three times after Mo doping as compared with pristine BiVO 4 . The enhanced H 2 production and SO 2 removal is attributed to the improved bulk charge carrier transportation after Mo doping, and greatly enhanced oxidation reaction kinetics on the photoanode due to the formation of [Formula: see text] after SO 2 absorption by the electrolyte. Due to the utilization of SO 2 to improve the production of H 2 , the proposed PEC process may become a profitable desulfurization technique.

  11. CuO-Decorated ZnO Hierarchical Nanostructures as Efficient and Established Sensing Materials for H2S Gas Sensors

    PubMed Central

    Vuong, Nguyen Minh; Chinh, Nguyen Duc; Huy, Bui The; Lee, Yong-Ill

    2016-01-01

    Highly sensitive hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas sensors were developed from CuO-decorated ZnO semiconducting hierarchical nanostructures. The ZnO hierarchical nanostructure was fabricated by an electrospinning method following hydrothermal and heat treatment. CuO decoration of ZnO hierarchical structures was carried out by a wet method. The H2S gas-sensing properties were examined at different working temperatures using various quantities of CuO as the variable. CuO decoration of the ZnO hierarchical structure was observed to promote sensitivity for H2S gas higher than 30 times at low working temperature (200 °C) compared with that in the nondecorated hierarchical structure. The sensing mechanism of the hybrid sensor structure is also discussed. The morphology and characteristics of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and electrical measurements. PMID:27231026

  12. A Wireless Electronic Nose System Using a Fe2O3 Gas Sensing Array and Least Squares Support Vector Regression

    PubMed Central

    Song, Kai; Wang, Qi; Liu, Qi; Zhang, Hongquan; Cheng, Yingguo

    2011-01-01

    This paper describes the design and implementation of a wireless electronic nose (WEN) system which can online detect the combustible gases methane and hydrogen (CH4/H2) and estimate their concentrations, either singly or in mixtures. The system is composed of two wireless sensor nodes—a slave node and a master node. The former comprises a Fe2O3 gas sensing array for the combustible gas detection, a digital signal processor (DSP) system for real-time sampling and processing the sensor array data and a wireless transceiver unit (WTU) by which the detection results can be transmitted to the master node connected with a computer. A type of Fe2O3 gas sensor insensitive to humidity is developed for resistance to environmental influences. A threshold-based least square support vector regression (LS-SVR)estimator is implemented on a DSP for classification and concentration measurements. Experimental results confirm that LS-SVR produces higher accuracy compared with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and a faster convergence rate than the standard support vector regression (SVR). The designed WEN system effectively achieves gas mixture analysis in a real-time process. PMID:22346587

  13. Regioselectivity of pyridine deprotonation in the gas phase.

    PubMed

    Schafman, Bonnie S; Wenthold, Paul G

    2007-03-02

    The regioselective deprotonation of pyridine in the gas phase has been investigated by using chemical reactivity studies. The mixture of regioisomers, trapped as carboxylates, formed in an equilibrium mixture is determined to result from 70-80% deprotonation in the 4-position, and 20-30% deprotonation at the 3-position. The ion formed by deprotonation in the 2-position is not measurably deprotonated at equilibrium because the ion is destabilized by lone-pair repulsion. From the composition of the mixture, the gas-phase acidities (DeltaH degrees acid) at the 4-, 3-, and 2-positions are determined to be 389.9 +/- 2.0, 391.2-391.5, and >391.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The relative acidities of the 4- and 3-positions are explained by using Hammett-Taft parameters, derived by using the measured gas-phase acidities of pyridine carboxylic acids. The values of sigmaF and sigmaR are -0.18 and 0.74, respectively, showing the infused nitrogen in pyridine to have a strong pi electron-withdrawing effect, but with little sigma-inductive effect.

  14. Viscous slip coefficients for binary gas mixtures measured from mass flow rates through a single microtube

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamaguchi, H.; Takamori, K.; Perrier, P.; Graur, I.; Matsuda, Y.; Niimi, T.

    2016-09-01

    The viscous slip coefficient for helium-argon binary gas mixture is extracted from the experimental values of the mass flow rate through a microtube. The mass flow rate is measured by the constant-volume method. The viscous slip coefficient was obtained by identifying the measured mass flow rate through a microtube with the corresponding analytical expression, which is a function of the Knudsen number. The measurements were carried out in the slip flow regime where the first-order slip boundary condition can be applied. The measured viscous slip coefficients of binary gas mixtures exhibit a concave function of the molar ratio of the mixture, showing a similar profile with numerical results. However, from the detailed comparison between the measured and numerical values with the complete and incomplete accommodation at a surface, it is inappropriate to estimate the viscous slip coefficient for the mixture numerically by employing separately measured tangential momentum accommodation coefficient for each component. The time variation of the molar ratio in the downstream chamber was measured by sampling the gas from the chamber using the quadrupole mass spectrometer. In our measurements, it is indicated that the volume flow rate of argon is larger than that of helium because of the difference in the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient.

  15. Quantitative isotopic measurements of gas-phase alcohol mixtures using a broadly tunable swept external cavity quantum cascade laser

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Brumfield, B. E.; Phillips, M. C.

    A swept-ECQCL is used for broadband IR spectroscopy of isotopic mixtures of CH3OH, CH3OD, CH3CH2OH, and CH3CH2OD in a static gas cell over a wavelength range of 9.5 to 10.4 µm. A weighted least squares fitting approach with quantitative library spectra illustrates that significant spectral congestion does not negatively impact the ability for in situ quantification of large isotopic species in a mixture. The noise equivalent concentrations for CH3OH, CH3OD, CH3CH2OH, and CH3CH2OD are 19 ppbv x m, 28 ppbv x m, 450 ppbv x m, and 330 ppbv x m respectively for a 50 second integration time. Based onmore » the observed NECs, isotopic precisions of 0.07‰ and 0.79‰ for a 50 s integration time are calculated for measurements of the [MeOD]/[MeOH] and [EtOD]/[EtOH] isotope ratios , respectively, for the species concentrations in the gas cell.« less

  16. Near Infrared Spectra of H2O/HCN Mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mastrapa, R. M.; Bernstein, M. P.; Sanford, S. A.

    2006-01-01

    Cassini's VIMS has already returned exciting results interpreting spectra of Saturn's icy satellites. The discovery of unidentified features possibly due to CN compounds inspired the work reported here. We wanted to test HCN as a possibility for explaining these features, and also explore how the features of HCN change when mixed with H2O. We have previously noted that mixing H20 and CO2 produces new spectral features and that those features change with temperature and mixing ratio.

  17. Analytic H I-to-H2 Photodissociation Transition Profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bialy, Shmuel; Sternberg, Amiel

    2016-05-01

    We present a simple analytic procedure for generating atomic (H I) to molecular ({{{H}}}2) density profiles for optically thick hydrogen gas clouds illuminated by far-ultraviolet radiation fields. Our procedure is based on the analytic theory for the structure of one-dimensional H I/{{{H}}}2 photon-dominated regions, presented by Sternberg et al. Depth-dependent atomic and molecular density fractions may be computed for arbitrary gas density, far-ultraviolet field intensity, and the metallicity-dependent H2 formation rate coefficient, and dust absorption cross section in the Lyman-Werner photodissociation band. We use our procedure to generate a set of {{H}} {{I}}{-}{to}{-}{{{H}}}2 transition profiles for a wide range of conditions, from the weak- to strong-field limits, and from super-solar down to low metallicities. We show that if presented as functions of dust optical depth, the {{H}} {{I}} and {{{H}}}2 density profiles depend primarily on the Sternberg “α G parameter” (dimensionless) that determines the dust optical depth associated with the total photodissociated {{H}} {{I}} column. We derive a universal analytic formula for the {{H}} {{I}}{-}{to}{-}{{{H}}}2 transition points as a function of just α G. Our formula will be useful for interpreting emission-line observations of H I/{{{H}}}2 interfaces, for estimating star formation thresholds, and for sub-grid components in hydrodynamics simulations.

  18. Ultrahigh vacuum and high-pressure coadsorption of CO and H2 on Pd(111): A combined SFG, TDS, and LEED study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morkel, Matthias; Rupprechter, Günther; Freund, Hans-Joachim

    2003-11-01

    Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was carried out in conjunction with thermal desorption spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and Auger electron spectroscopy to examine the coadsorption of CO and H2 on Pd(111). Sequential dosing as well as various CO/H2 mixtures was utilized to study intermolecular interactions between CO and H2. Preadsorbed CO effectively prevented the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen for CO coverages ⩾0.33 ML. While preadsorbed hydrogen was able to hinder CO adsorption at low temperature (100 K), hydrogen was replaced from the surface by CO at 150 K. When 1:1 mixtures of CO/H2 were used at 100 K, hydrogen selectively hindered CO adsorption on on-top sites, while above ˜125 K no blocking of CO adsorption was observed. The observations are explained in terms of mutual site blocking, of a CO-H phase separation, and of a CO-assisted hydrogen dissolution in the Pd bulk. The temperature-dependent site blocking effect of hydrogen is attributed to the ability (inability) of surface hydrogen to diffuse into the Pd bulk above (below) ˜125 K. Nonlinear optical SFG spectroscopy allowed us to study these effects not only in ultrahigh vacuum but also in a high-pressure environment. Using an SFG-compatible ultrahigh vacuum-high-pressure cell, spectra of 1:10 CO/H2 mixtures were acquired up to 55 mbar and 550 K, with simultaneous gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric gas phase analysis. Under reaction conditions, CO coverages ⩾0.5 ML were observed which strongly limit H2 adsorption and thus may be partly responsible for the low CO hydrogenation rate. The high-pressure and high-temperature SFG spectra also showed indications of a reversible surface roughening or a highly dynamic (not perfectly ordered) CO adsorbate phase. Implications of the observed adsorbate structures on catalytic CO hydrogenation on supported Pd nanoparticles are discussed.

  19. Effect of Channel Geometry and Properties of a Vapor-Gas Mixture on Volume Condensation in a Flow through a Nozzle

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sidorov, A. A.; Yastrebov, A. K.

    2018-01-01

    A method of direct numerical solution of the kinetic equation for the droplet size distribution function was used for the numerical investigation of volume condensation in a supersonic vapor-gas flow. Distributions of temperature for the gas phase and droplets, degree of supersaturation, pressure, fraction of droplets by weight, the number of droplets per unit mass, and of the nucleation rate along the channel were determined. The influence of nozzle geometry, mixture composition, and temperature dependence of the mixture properties on the investigated process was evaluated. It has been found that the nozzle divergence angle determines the vapor-gas mixture expansion rate: an increase in the divergence angle enhances the temperature decrease rate and the supersaturation degree raise rate. With an increase or decrease in the partial pressure of incondensable gas, the droplet temperature approaches the gas phase temperature or the saturation temperature at the partial gas pressure, respectively. A considerable effect of the temperature dependence of the liquid surface tension and properties on gas phase parameters and the integral characteristics of condensation aerosol was revealed. However, the difference in results obtained with or without considering the temperature dependence of evaporation heat is negligible. The predictions are compared with experimental data of other investigations for two mixtures: a mixture of heavy water vapor with nitrogen (incondensable gas) or n-nonane vapor with nitrogen. The predictions agree quite well qualitatively and quantitatively with the experiment. The comparison of the predictions with numerical results from other publications obtained using the method of moments demonstrates the usefulness of the direct numerical solution method and the method of moments in a wide range of input data.

  20. Cross sections for Scattering and Mobility of OH- and H3 O+ ions in H2 O

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Petrovic, Zoran; Stojanovic, Vladimir; Maric, Dragana; Jovanovic, Jasmina

    2016-05-01

    Modelling of plasmas in liquids and in biological and medical applications requires data for scattering of all charged and energetic particles in water vapour. We present swarm parameters for OH- and H3 O+, as representatives of principal negative and positive ions at low pressures in an attempt to provide the data that are not yet available. We applied Denpoh-Nanbu procedure to calculate cross section sets for collisions of OH- and H3 O+ ions with H2 O molecule. Swarm parameters for OH- and H3 O+ ions in H2 O are calculated by using a well tested Monte Carlo code for a range of E / N(E -electric field, N-gas density) at temperature T = 295 K, in the low pressure limit. Non-conservative processes were shown to strongly influence the transport properties even for OH- ions above the average energy of 0.2 eV(E / N >200 Td). The data are valid for low pressure water vapour or small amounts in mixtures. They will provide a basis for calculating properties of ion-water molecule clusters that are most commonly found at higher pressures and for modelling of discharges in liquids. Acknowledgment to Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Serbia.

  1. Characterization of real gas properties for space shuttle main engine fuel turbine and performance calculations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Harloff, G. J.

    1986-01-01

    Real thermodynamic and transport properties of hydrogen, steam, the SSME mixture, and air are developed. The SSME mixture properties are needed for the analysis of the space shuttle main engine fuel turbine. The mixture conditions for the gases, except air, are presented graphically over a temperature range from 800 to 1200 K, and a pressure range from 1 to 500 atm. Air properties are given over a temperature range of 320 to 500 K, which are within the bounds of the thermodynamics programs used, in order to provide mixture data which is more easily checked (than H2/H2O). The real gas property variation of the SSME mixture is quantified. Polynomial expressions, needed for future computer analysis, for viscosity, Prandtl number, and thermal conductivity are given for the H2/H2O SSME fuel turbine mixture at a pressure of 305 atm over a range of temperatures from 950 to 1140 K. These conditions are representative of the SSME turbine operation. Performance calculations are presented for the space shuttle main engine (SSME) fuel turbine. The calculations use the air equivalent concept. Progress towards obtaining the capability to evaluate the performance of the SSME fuel turbine, with the H2/H2O mixture, is described.

  2. Integrated capture of fossil fuel gas pollutants including CO.sub.2 with energy recovery

    DOEpatents

    Ochs, Thomas L [Albany, OR; Summers, Cathy A [Albany, OR; Gerdemann, Steve [Albany, OR; Oryshchyn, Danylo B [Philomath, OR; Turner, Paul [Independence, OR; Patrick, Brian R [Chicago, IL

    2011-10-18

    A method of reducing pollutants exhausted into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels. The disclosed process removes nitrogen from air for combustion, separates the solid combustion products from the gases and vapors and can capture the entire vapor/gas stream for sequestration leaving near-zero emissions. The invention produces up to three captured material streams. The first stream is contaminant-laden water containing SO.sub.x, residual NO.sub.x particulates and particulate-bound Hg and other trace contaminants. The second stream can be a low-volume flue gas stream containing N.sub.2 and O.sub.2 if CO2 purification is needed. The final product stream is a mixture comprising predominantly CO.sub.2 with smaller amounts of H.sub.2O, Ar, N.sub.2, O.sub.2, SO.sub.X, NO.sub.X, Hg, and other trace gases.

  3. Sampling and storage of blood for pH and blood gas analysis.

    PubMed

    Haskins, S C

    1977-02-15

    Techniques used in sampling and storage of a blood sample for pH and gas measurements can have an important effect on the measured values. Observation of these techniques and principles will minimize in vitro alteration of the pH and blood gas values. To consider that a significant change has occurred in a pH or blood gas measurement from previous values, the change must exceed 0.015 for pH, 3 mm Hg for PCO2, 5 mm Hg for PO2, and 2 mEq/L for [HCO-3] or base excess/deficit. In vitro dilution of the blood sample with anticoagulant should be avoided because it will alter the measured PCO2 and base excess/deficit values. Arterial samples should be collected for meaningful pH and blood gas values. Central venous and free-flowing capillary blood can be used for screening procedures in normal patients but are subject to considerable error. A blood sample can be stored for up to 30 minutes at room temperature without significant change in acid-base values but only up to 12 minutes before significant changes occur in PO2. A blood sample can be stored for up to 3.5 hours in an ice-water bath without significant change in pH and for 6 hours without significant change in PCO2 or PO2. Variations of body temperatures from normal will cause a measurable change in pH and blood gas values when the blood is exposed to the normal water bath temperatures of the analyzer.

  4. Study of low-defect and strain-relaxed GeSn growth via reduced pressure CVD in H2 and N2 carrier gas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Margetis, J.; Mosleh, A.; Al-Kabi, S.; Ghetmiri, S. A.; Du, W.; Dou, W.; Benamara, M.; Li, B.; Mortazavi, M.; Naseem, H. A.; Yu, S.-Q.; Tolle, J.

    2017-04-01

    High quality, thick (up to 1.1 μm), strain relaxed GeSn alloys were grown on Ge-buffered Si (1 0 0) in an ASM Epsilon® chemical vapor deposition system using SnCl4 and low-cost commercial GeH4 precursors. The significance of surface chemistry in regards to growth rate and Sn-incorporation is discussed by comparing growth kinetics data in H2 and N2 carrier gas. The role of carrier gas is also explored in the suppression of Sn surface segregation and evolution of layer composition and strain profiles via secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the spontaneous compositional splitting and formation of a thin intermediate layer in which dislocations are pinned. This intermediate layer enables the growth of a thick, strain relaxed, and defect-free epitaxial layer on its top. Last, we present photoluminescence results which indicate that both N2 and H2 growth methods produce optoelectronic device quality material.

  5. Second law of thermodynamics in volume diffusion hydrodynamics in multicomponent gas mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dadzie, S. Kokou

    2012-10-01

    We presented the thermodynamic structure of a new continuum flow model for multicomponent gas mixtures. The continuum model is based on a volume diffusion concept involving specific species. It is independent of the observer's reference frame and enables a straightforward tracking of a selected species within a mixture composed of a large number of constituents. A method to derive the second law and constitutive equations accompanying the model is presented. Using the configuration of a rotating fluid we illustrated an example of non-classical flow physics predicted by new contributions in the entropy and constitutive equations.

  6. Discrete velocity computations with stochastic variance reduction of the Boltzmann equation for gas mixtures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Clarke, Peter; Varghese, Philip; Goldstein, David

    We extend a variance reduced discrete velocity method developed at UT Austin [1, 2] to gas mixtures with large mass ratios and flows with trace species. The mixture is stored as a collection of independent velocity distribution functions, each with a unique grid in velocity space. Different collision types (A-A, A-B, B-B, etc.) are treated independently, and the variance reduction scheme is formulated with different equilibrium functions for each separate collision type. The individual treatment of species enables increased focus on species important to the physics of the flow, even if the important species are present in trace amounts. Themore » method is verified through comparisons to Direct Simulation Monte Carlo computations and the computational workload per time step is investigated for the variance reduced method.« less

  7. Discrete unified gas kinetic scheme for all Knudsen number flows. III. Binary gas mixtures of Maxwell molecules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Yue; Zhu, Lianhua; Wang, Ruijie; Guo, Zhaoli

    2018-05-01

    Recently a discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (DUGKS) in a finite-volume formulation based on the Boltzmann model equation has been developed for gas flows in all flow regimes. The original DUGKS is designed for flows of single-species gases. In this work, we extend the DUGKS to flows of binary gas mixtures of Maxwell molecules based on the Andries-Aoki-Perthame kinetic model [P. Andries et al., J. Stat. Phys. 106, 993 (2002), 10.1023/A:1014033703134. A particular feature of the method is that the flux at each cell interface is evaluated based on the characteristic solution of the kinetic equation itself; thus the numerical dissipation is low in comparison with that using direct reconstruction. Furthermore, the implicit treatment of the collision term enables the time step to be free from the restriction of the relaxation time. Unlike the DUGKS for single-species flows, a nonlinear system must be solved to determine the interaction parameters appearing in the equilibrium distribution function, which can be obtained analytically for Maxwell molecules. Several tests are performed to validate the scheme, including the shock structure problem under different Mach numbers and molar concentrations, the channel flow driven by a small gradient of pressure, temperature, or concentration, the plane Couette flow, and the shear driven cavity flow under different mass ratios and molar concentrations. The results are compared with those from other reliable numerical methods. The results show that the proposed scheme is an effective and reliable method for binary gas mixtures in all flow regimes.

  8. Vibrational and relaxational contributions in disaccharide/H2O glass formers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Branca, C.; Magazù, S.; Maisano, G.; Migliardo, F.

    2001-12-01

    Among oligosaccharides, trehalose seems to be unique in nature as a bioprotector in drying and freezing processes. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the unusual bioprotective properties of trehalose in comparison with other disaccharides, the low-frequency dynamics of aqueous (H2O and D2O) mixtures of homologous disaccharides, trehalose, and sucrose has been studied by neutron scattering measurements carried out using the Mibemol spectrometer at the Laboratoire Leon Brillouin (LLB, Saclay). The principal aim of this work is to compare the relaxational versus low-energy vibrational contributions of sucrose/H2O and trehalose/H2O mixtures across the glass transition, in order to characterize, following a procedure first proposed by Sokolov and co-workers, the different ``fragile'' character of both the disaccharide/H2O mixtures.

  9. On the (Non)Evolution of H I Gas in Galaxies Over Cosmic Time

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Prochaska, J. Xavier; Wolfe, Arthur M.

    2009-05-01

    We present new results on the frequency distribution of projected H I column densities f(N H I , X), total comoving covering fraction, and integrated mass densities ρH I of high-redshift, H I galactic gas from a survey of damped Lyα systems (DLAs) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Data Release 5. For the full sample spanning z = 2.2-5 (738 DLAs), f(N H I , X) is well fitted by a double power law with a break column density Nd = 1021.55±0.04 cm-2 and low/high-end exponents α = -2.00 ± 0.05, - 6.4+1.1 -1.6. The shape of f(N H I , X) is invariant during this redshift interval and also follows the projected surface density distribution of present-day H I disks as inferred from 21 cm observations. We conclude that H I gas has been distributed in a self-similar fashion for the past 12 Gyr. The normalization of f(N H I , X), in contrast, decreases by a factor of 2 during the ≈2 Gyr interval from z = 4-2.2 with coincident decreases in both the total covering fraction and ρH I . At z ≈ 2, these quantities match the present-day values suggesting no evolution during the past ≈10 Gyr. We argue that the evolution at early times is driven by "violent" processes that removes gas from nearly half the galaxies at z ≈ 3 establishing the antecedents of current early-type galaxies. The perceived constancy of ρH I , meanwhile, implies that H I gas is a necessary but insufficient precondition for star formation and that the global star formation rate is driven by the accretion and condensation of fresh gas from the intergalactic medium.

  10. Effect of p-GaN layer grown with H2 carrier gas on wall-plug efficiency of high-power LEDs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lu, Kuan Fu; Lin, Tien Kun; Liou, Jian Kai; Yang, Chyi Da; Lee, Chong Yi; Tsai, Jeng Da

    2017-06-01

    The effect of employing different carrier gases (H2 only and 1:1 vol% N2:H2) in the p-type GaN (p-GaN) layer on the wall-plug efficiency (WPE) of high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is studied. Since GaN crystal could be a two-dimension (2-D) growth mode in H2 ambient, better quality and smoother surface of the p-GaN were obtained. The current spreading performance of the p-GaN layer using H2 alone as the carrier gas was enhanced, resulting in advanced light output power (LOP). In addition, turn-on voltage and dynamic resistance at 500 mA, which can strongly contribute to the WPE, were also reduced by 0.12 V and 0.13 Ω, respectively. The studied device with H2 as the carrier gas in the p-GaN layer (p-H2 layer) exhibits 9.5% and 12.4% improvements in LOP and WPE at 500 mA over the device (N2/H2 = 1:1), as well as significantly better electrostatic discharge robustness. Therefore, the use of a p-H2 layer can effectively improve the performance of GaN-based LEDs for high power applications.

  11. Fundamental equations of a mixture of gas and small spherical solid particles from simple kinetic theory.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pai, S. I.

    1973-01-01

    The fundamental equations of a mixture of a gas and pseudofluid of small spherical solid particles are derived from the Boltzmann equation of two-fluid theory. The distribution function of the gas molecules is defined in the same manner as in the ordinary kinetic theory of gases, but the distribution function for the solid particles is different from that of the gas molecules, because it is necessary to take into account the different size and physical properties of solid particles. In the proposed simple kinetic theory, two additional parameters are introduced: one is the radius of the spheres and the other is the instantaneous temperature of the solid particles in the distribution of the solid particles. The Boltzmann equation for each species of the mixture is formally written, and the transfer equations of these Boltzmann equations are derived and compared to the well-known fundamental equations of the mixture of a gas and small solid particles from continuum theory. The equations obtained reveal some insight into various terms in the fundamental equations. For instance, the partial pressure of the pseudofluid of solid particles is not negligible if the volume fraction of solid particles is not negligible as in the case of lunar ash flow.

  12. (1)H NMR spectroscopy for profiling complex carbohydrate mixtures in non-fractionated beer.

    PubMed

    Petersen, Bent O; Nilsson, Mathias; Bøjstrup, Marie; Hindsgaul, Ole; Meier, Sebastian

    2014-05-01

    A plethora of biological and biotechnological processes involve the enzymatic remodelling of carbohydrates in complex mixtures whose compositions affect both the processes and products. In the current study, we employed high-resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of cereal-derived carbohydrate mixtures as exemplified on six beer samples of different styles. Structural assignments of more than 50 carbohydrate moieties were obtained using (1)H1-(1)H2 groups as structural reporters. Spectroscopically resolved carbohydrates include more than ''20 different'' small carbohydrates with more than 38 isomeric forms in addition to cereal polysaccharide fragments with suspected organoleptic and prebiotic function. Structural motifs at the cleavage sites of starch, β-glucan and arabinoxylan fragments were identified, showing different extent and specificity of enzymatic polysaccharide cleavage during the production of different beer samples. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy supplied independent size information for the characterisation and identification of polysaccharide fragments, indicating the presence especially of high molecular weight arabinoxylan fragments in the final beer. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. Powerful H{sub 2} Line Cooling in Stephan’s Quintet. II. Group-wide Gas and Shock Modeling of the Warm H{sub 2} and a Comparison with [C ii] 157.7 μ m Emission and Kinematics

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Appleton, P. N.; Xu, C. K.; Guillard, P.

    We map for the first time the two-dimensional H{sub 2} excitation of warm intergalactic gas in Stephan's Quintet on group-wide (50 × 35 kpc{sup 2}) scales to quantify the temperature, mass, and warm H{sub 2} mass fraction as a function of position using Spitzer . Molecular gas temperatures are seen to rise (to T > 700 K) and the slope of the power-law density–temperature relation flattens along the main ridge of the filament, defining the region of maximum heating. We also performed MHD modeling of the excitation properties of the warm gas, to map the velocity structure and energy depositionmore » rate of slow and fast molecular shocks. Slow magnetic shocks were required to explain the power radiated from the lowest-lying rotational states of H{sub 2}, and strongly support the idea that energy cascades down to small scales and low velocities from the fast collision of NGC 7318b with group-wide gas. The highest levels of heating of the warm H{sub 2} are strongly correlated with the large-scale stirring of the medium as measured by [C ii] spectroscopy with Herschel . H{sub 2} is also seen associated with a separate bridge that extends toward the Seyfert nucleus in NGC 7319, from both Spitzer and CARMA CO observations. This opens up the possibility that both galaxy collisions and outflows from active galactic nuclei can turbulently heat gas on large scales in compact groups. The observations provide a laboratory for studying the effects of turbulent energy dissipation on group-wide scales, which may provide clues about the heating and cooling of gas at high z in early galaxy and protogalaxy formation.« less

  14. Extraction of Mg(OH)2 from Mg silicate minerals with NaOH assisted with H2O: implications for CO2 capture from exhaust flue gas.

    PubMed

    Madeddu, Silvia; Priestnall, Michael; Godoy, Erik; Kumar, R Vasant; Raymahasay, Sugat; Evans, Michael; Wang, Ruofan; Manenye, Seabelo; Kinoshita, Hajime

    2015-01-01

    The utilisation of Mg(OH)2 to capture exhaust CO2 has been hindered by the limited availability of brucite, the Mg(OH)2 mineral in natural deposits. Our previous study demonstrated that Mg(OH)2 can be obtained from dunite, an ultramafic rock composed of Mg silicate minerals, in highly concentrated NaOH aqueous systems. However, the large quantity of NaOH consumed was considered an obstacle for the implementation of the technology. In the present study, Mg(OH)2 was extracted from dunite reacted in solid systems with NaOH assisted with H2O. The consumption of NaOH was reduced by 97% with respect to the NaOH aqueous systems, maintaining a comparable yield of Mg(OH)2 extraction, i.e. 64.8-66%. The capture of CO2 from a CO2-N2 gas mixture was tested at ambient conditions using a Mg(OH)2 aqueous slurry. Mg(OH)2 almost fully dissolved and reacted with dissolved CO2 by forming Mg(HCO3)2 which remained in equilibrium storing the CO2 in the aqueous solution. The CO2 balance of the process was assessed from the emissions derived from the power consumption for NaOH production and Mg(OH)2 extraction together with the CO2 captured by Mg(OH)2 derived from dunite. The process resulted as carbon neutral when dunite is reacted at 250 °C for durations of 1 and 3 hours and CO2 is captured as Mg(HCO3)2.

  15. International comparison CCQM-K113—noble gas mixture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lim, Jeong Sik; Lee, Jinbok; Moon, Dongmin; Tshilongo, James; Qiao, Han; Shuguo, Hu; Tiqiang, Zhang; Kelley, Michael E.; Rhoderick, George C.; Konopelko, L. A.; Kolobova, A. V.; Vasserman, I. I.; Zavyalov, S. V.; Gromova, E. V.; Efremova, O. V.

    2017-01-01

    Noble gases are one of the key elements used in the various processes of the bulbs industry, automotive industry, space industry, lasers industry, display industry as well as the semiconductor industry. Considering continuous growth, the provision of a reliable standard is required for those industries to improve their productivity. In this report, a result of the key comparison, CCQM-K113: noble gas mixture, is presented. Nominal amount-of-substance fractions of argon, neon, krypton, and xenon in helium are 20, 10, 2, and 1 cmol/mol, respectively. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

  16. The mechanism for water exchange in [UO(2)(H(2)O)(5)](2+) and [UO(2)(oxalate)(2)(H(2)O)](2-), as studied by quantum chemical methods.

    PubMed

    Vallet, V; Wahlgren, U; Schimmelpfennig, B; Szabó, Z; Grenthe, I

    2001-12-05

    The mechanisms for the exchange of water between [UO(2)(H(2)O)(5)](2+), [UO(2)(oxalate)(2)(H(2)O)](2)(-)(,) and water solvent along dissociative (D), associative (A) and interchange (I) pathways have been investigated with quantum chemical methods. The choice of exchange mechanism is based on the computed activation energy and the geometry of the identified transition states and intermediates. These quantities were calculated both in the gas phase and with a polarizable continuum model for the solvent. There is a significant and predictable difference between the activation energy of the gas phase and solvent models: the energy barrier for the D-mechanism increases in the solvent as compared to the gas phase, while it decreases for the A- and I-mechanisms. The calculated activation energy, Delta U(++), for the water exchange in [UO(2)(H(2)O)(5)](2+) is 74, 19, and 21 kJ/mol, respectively, for the D-, A-, and I-mechanisms in the solvent, as compared to the experimental value Delta H(++) = 26 +/- 1 kJ/mol. This indicates that the D-mechanism for this system can be ruled out. The energy barrier between the intermediates and the transition states is small, indicating a lifetime for the intermediate approximately 10(-10) s, making it very difficult to distinguish between the A- and I-mechanisms experimentally. There is no direct experimental information on the rate and mechanism of water exchange in [UO(2)(oxalate)(2)(H(2)O)](2-) containing two bidentate oxalate ions. The activation energy and the geometry of transition states and intermediates along the D-, A-, and I-pathways were calculated both in the gas phase and in a water solvent model, using a single-point MP2 calculation with the gas phase geometry. The activation energy, Delta U(++), in the solvent for the D-, A-, and I-mechanisms is 56, 12, and 53 kJ/mol, respectively. This indicates that the water exchange follows an associative reaction mechanism. The geometry of the A- and I-transition states for both [UO

  17. Tholins - Organic chemistry of interstellar grains and gas

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sagan, C.; Khare, B. N.

    1979-01-01

    The paper discusses tholins, defined as complex organic solids formed by the interaction of energy - for example, UV light or spark discharge - with various mixtures of cosmically abundant gases - CH4, C2H6, NH3, H2O, HCHO, and H2S. It is suggested that tholins occur in the interstellar medium and are responsible for some of the properties of the interstellar grains and gas. Additional occurrences of tholins are considered. Tholins have been produced experimentally; 50 or so pyrolytic fragments of the brown, sometimes sticky substances have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the incidence of these fragments in tholins produced by different procedures is reported.

  18. Adsorption of binary gas mixtures in heterogeneous carbon predicted by density functional theory: on the formation of adsorption azeotropes.

    PubMed

    Ritter, James A; Pan, Huanhua; Balbuena, Perla B

    2010-09-07

    Classical density functional theory (DFT) was used to predict the adsorption of nine different binary gas mixtures in a heterogeneous BPL activated carbon with a known pore size distribution (PSD) and in single, homogeneous, slit-shaped carbon pores of different sizes. By comparing the heterogeneous results with those obtained from the ideal adsorbed solution theory and with those obtained in the homogeneous carbon, it was determined that adsorption nonideality and adsorption azeotropes are caused by the coupled effects of differences in the molecular size of the components in a gas mixture and only slight differences in the pore sizes of a heterogeneous adsorbent. For many binary gas mixtures, selectivity was found to be a strong function of pore size. As the width of a homogeneous pore increases slightly, the selectivity for two different sized adsorbates may change from being greater than unity to less than unity. This change in selectivity can be accompanied by the formation of an adsorption azeotrope when this same binary mixture is adsorbed in a heterogeneous adsorbent with a PSD, like in BPL activated carbon. These results also showed that the selectivity exhibited by a heterogeneous adsorbent can be dominated by a small number of pores that are very selective toward one of the components in the gas mixture, leading to adsorption azeotrope formation in extreme cases.

  19. Study of collisional deactivation of O{sub 2}(b{sup 1}{Sigma}{sub g}{sup +}) molecules in a hydrogen-oxygen mixture at high temperatures using laser-induced gratings

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kozlov, D. N., E-mail: dnk@kapella.gpi.ru; Kobtsev, V. D.; Stel'makh, O. M.

    2013-07-15

    Collisional deactivation of O{sub 2}(b{sup 1}{Sigma}{sub g}{sup +}) molecules resonantly excited by a 10 ns pulse of laser radiation with a wavelength of 762 nm in H{sub 2}/O{sub 2} mixtures is experimentally studied. The radiation intensity and hence the molecule excitation efficiency have a spatially periodic modulation that leads to the formation of laser-induced gratings (LIGs) of the refractive index. The study of LIG temporal evolution allows collisional relaxation rates of molecular excited states and gas temperature to be determined. In this work, the b{sup 1}{Sigma}{sub g}{sup +} state of O{sub 2} molecules deactivation rates are measured in a 4.3more » vol % H{sub 2} mixture at the number density of 2 amg in the temperature range 291-850 K. The physical deactivation is shown to dominate in the collisions of H{sub 2} with O{sub 2}(b{sup 1}{Sigma}{sub g}{sup +}) and O{sub 2}(a{sup 1}{Delta}{sub g}) up to temperatures of 780-790 K at time delays up to 10 {mu}s after the excitation pulse. The parameters of the obtained temperature dependence of the (b{sup 1}{Sigma}{sub g}{sup +} state deactivation rate agree well with the data of independent measurements performed earlier at lower temperatures (200-400 K). Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy is used to measure the temperature dependence of the number density of the H{sub 2}O molecules which appear as the mixture, as the result of the dark gross reaction with O{sub 2} molecules in the ground state, O{sub 2} + 2H{sub 2} {yields} 2H{sub 2}O. The measurements show that this reaction results in complete transformation of H{sub 2} into H{sub 2}O at temperatures of 790-810 K.« less

  20. 10 CFR 504.7 - Prohibition against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas in mixtures-electing powerplants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...) ALTERNATE FUELS EXISTING POWERPLANTS § 504.7 Prohibition against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas... technically and financially feasible for a unit to use a mixture of petroleum or natural gas and an alternate... natural gas, or both, in amounts exceeding the minimum amount necessary to maintain reliability of...

  1. Descent without Modification? The Thermal Chemistry of H2O2 on Europa and Other Icy Worlds.

    PubMed

    Loeffler, Mark J; Hudson, Reggie L

    2015-06-01

    The strong oxidant H2O2 is known to exist in solid form on Europa and is suspected to exist on several other Solar System worlds at temperatures below 200 K. However, little is known of the thermal chemistry that H2O2 might induce under these conditions. Here, we report new laboratory results on the reactivity of solid H2O2 with eight different compounds in H2O-rich ices. Using infrared spectroscopy, we monitored compositional changes in ice mixtures during warming. The compounds CH4 (methane), C3H4 (propyne), CH3OH (methanol), and CH3CN (acetonitrile) were unaltered by the presence of H2O2 in ices, showing that exposure to either solid H2O2 or frozen H2O+H2O2 at cryogenic temperatures will not oxidize these organics, much less convert them to CO2. This contrasts strongly with the much greater reactivity of organics with H2O2 at higher temperatures, and particularly in the liquid and gas phases. Of the four inorganic compounds studied, CO, H2S, NH3, and SO2, only the last two reacted in ices containing H2O2, NH3 making NH4+ and SO2 making SO(4)2- by H+ and e- transfer, respectively. An important astrobiological conclusion is that formation of surface H2O2 on Europa and that molecule's downward movement with H2O-ice do not necessarily mean that all organics encountered in icy subsurface regions will be destroyed by H2O2 oxidation.

  2. Descent Without Modification? The Thermal Chemistry of H2O2 on Europa and Other Icy Worlds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Loeffler, Mark Josiah; Hudson, Reggie Lester

    2015-01-01

    The strong oxidant H2O2 is known to exist in solid form on Europa and is suspected to exist on several other Solar System worlds at temperatures below 200 K. However, little is known of the thermal chemistry that H2O2 might induce under these conditions. Here, we report new laboratory results on the reactivity of solid H2O2 with eight different compounds in H2O-rich ices. Using infrared spectroscopy, we monitored compositional changes in ice mixtures during warming. The compounds CH4 (methane), C3H4 (propyne), CH3OH (methanol), and CH3CN (acetonitrile) were unaltered by the presence of H2O2 in ices, showing that exposure to either solid H2O2 or frozen H2O+H2O2 at cryogenic temperatures will not oxidize these organics, much less convert them to CO2. This contrasts strongly with the much greater reactivity of organics with H2O2 at higher temperatures, and particularly in the liquid and gas phases. Of the four inorganic compounds studied, CO, H2S, NH3, and SO2, only the last two reacted in ices containing H2O2, NH3 making NHþ 4 and SO2 making SO2 4 by H+ and e - transfer, respectively. An important astrobiological conclusion is that formation of surface H2O2 on Europa and that molecule's downward movement with H2O-ice do not necessarily mean that all organics encountered in icy subsurface regions will be destroyed by H2O2 oxidation.

  3. The H I-to-H2 Transition in a Turbulent Medium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bialy, Shmuel; Burkhart, Blakesley; Sternberg, Amiel

    2017-07-01

    We study the effect of density fluctuations induced by turbulence on the H I/H2 structure in photodissociation regions (PDRs) both analytically and numerically. We perform magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulations for both subsonic and supersonic turbulent gas and chemical H I/H2 balance calculations. We derive atomic-to-molecular density profiles and the H I column density probability density function (PDF) assuming chemical equilibrium. We find that, while the H I/H2 density profiles are strongly perturbed in turbulent gas, the mean H I column density is well approximated by the uniform-density analytic formula of Sternberg et al. The PDF width depends on (a) the radiation intensity-to-mean density ratio, (b) the sonic Mach number, and (c) the turbulence decorrelation scale, or driving scale. We derive an analytic model for the H I PDF and demonstrate how our model, combined with 21 cm observations, can be used to constrain the Mach number and driving scale of turbulent gas. As an example, we apply our model to observations of H I in the Perseus molecular cloud. We show that a narrow observed H I PDF may imply small-scale decorrelation, pointing to the potential importance of subcloud-scale turbulence driving.

  4. Solubility of hydrogen sulfide in aqueous mixtures of monoethanolamine with N-methyldiethanolamine

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Meng Hui Li; Keh Perng Shen

    1993-01-01

    Alkanolamine aqueous solutions are frequently used for the removal of acidic gases, such as CO[sub 2] and H[sub 2]S, from gas streams in the natural gas and synthetic ammonia industries and petroleum chemical plants. The solubilities of hydrogen sulfide in aqueous mixtures of monoethanolamine (MEA) with N-methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA) have been measured at 40, 60, 80, and 100C and at partial pressures of hydrogen sulfide ranging from 1.0 to 450 kPa. The mixtures of alkanolamines studied are 4.95 kmol/m[sup 3] MEA, 3.97 kmol/m[sup 3] MEA + 0.51 kmol/m[sup 3] MDEA, 2.0 kmol/m[sup 3] MEA + 1.54 kmol/m[sup 3] MDEA, and 2.57more » kmol/m[sup 3] MDEA aqueous solutions. The solubilities of hydrogen sulfide in aqueous alkanolamine solutions are reported as functions of the partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide at the temperatures of 40-100C.« less

  5. A new portable generator to dynamically produce SI-traceable reference gas mixtures for VOCs and water vapour at atmospheric concentration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Guillevic, Myriam; Pascale, Céline; Ackermann, Andreas; Leuenberger, Daiana; Niederhauser, Bernhard

    2016-04-01

    In the framework of the KEY-VOCs and AtmoChem-ECV projects, we are currently developing new facilities to dynamically generate reference gas mixtures for a variety of reactive compounds, at concentrations measured in the atmosphere and in a SI-traceable way (i.e. the amount of substance fraction in mole per mole is traceable to SI-units). Here we present the realisation of such standards for water vapour in the range 1-10 μmol/mol and for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as limonene, alpha-pinene, MVK, MEK, in the nmol/mol range. The matrix gas can be nitrogen or synthetic air. Further development in gas purification techniques could make possible to use purified atmospheric air as carrier gas. The method is based on permeation and dynamic dilution: one permeator containing a pure substance (either water, limonene, MVK, MEK or α-pinene) is kept into a permeation chamber with a constant gas flow. The mass loss is precisely calibrated using a magnetic suspension balance. The carrier gas is purified beforehand from the compounds of interest to the required level, using commercially available purification cartridges. This primary mixture is then diluted to reach the required amount of substance fraction. All flows are piloted by mass flow controllers which makes the production process flexible and easily adaptable to generate the required concentration. All parts in contact with the gas mixture are passivated using coated surfaces, to reduce adsorption/desorption processes as much as possible. Two setups are currently developed: one already built and fixed in our laboratory in Bern as well as a portable generator that is still under construction and that could be used anywhere in the field. The permeation chamber of the portable generator has multiple individual cells allowing the generation of mixtures up to 5 different components if needed. Moreover the presented technique can be adapted and applied to a large variety of molecules (e.g., NO2, BTEX, CFCs

  6. Adsorption of Natural Gas Mixtures in Nanoporos Carbon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wexler, Carlos; Crawford-Goss, Ian; Lemke, Drew; Roth, Michael

    Natural gas (NG) is promising fuel due to its smaller CO2 emissions per unit energy compared to other hydrocarbons. Storage via adsorption into carbon nanostructures permits the operation of storage tanks at significantly reduced pressures, resulting in cost savings, added safety and smaller loss of cargo volume. Since NG is mostly comprised of methane (87-99%), other components are often ignored, even though heavier species are likely to adsorb preferentially and possibly result in long-term performance issues. We performed Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the behavior of heavier components of NG adsorbed into carbon nanostructures. We focused on mixtures involving methane, ethane and propane. We show that the heavier components have significant preferential adsorption, partially inhibiting the adsorption of methane, and resulting in its saturation at lower pressures. Under room temperature conditions, propane adsorbs quasi irrevesibly, though remaining mobile within the pores. We discuss the diffusion regime of all gases and address methods to remove the adsorbed heavier gases by thermal cycling the tank. American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund.

  7. 10 CFR 504.8 - Prohibitions against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas in mixtures-certifying powerplants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...) ALTERNATE FUELS EXISTING POWERPLANTS § 504.8 Prohibitions against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas... use of petroleum or natural gas in such powerplant in amounts exceeding the minimum amount necessary... feasible for the unit to use a mixture of petroleum or natural gas and coal or another alternate fuel as a...

  8. A highly sensitive room temperature H2S gas sensor based on SnO2 multi-tube arrays bio-templated from insect bristles.

    PubMed

    Tian, Junlong; Pan, Feng; Xue, Ruiyang; Zhang, Wang; Fang, Xiaotian; Liu, Qinglei; Wang, Yuhua; Zhang, Zhijian; Zhang, Di

    2015-05-07

    A tin oxide multi-tube array (SMTA) with a parallel effect was fabricated through a simple and promising method combining chemosynthesis and biomimetic techniques; a biomimetic template was derived from the bristles on the wings of the Alpine Black Swallowtail butterfly (Papilio maackii). SnO2 tubes are hollow and porous structures with micro-pores regularly distributed on the wall. The morphology, the delicate microstructure and the crystal structure of this SMTA were characterized by super resolution digital microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The SMTA exhibits a high sensitivity to H2S gas at room temperature. It also exhibits a short response/recovery time, with an average value of 14/30 s at 5 ppm. In particular, heating is not required for the SMTA in the gas sensitivity measurement process. On the basis of these results, SMTA is proposed as a suitable new material for the design and fabrication of room-temperature H2S gas sensors.

  9. First-principles calculations on electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes for H{sub 2}S gas sensor

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Muliyati, Dewi, E-mail: dmuliyati@unj.ac.id; Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta; Wella, Sasfan A.

    2015-09-30

    In this research, we performed first-principles calculations by means of density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the interaction of H{sub 2}S gas on the surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). In order to understand the effect of chirality to the electronic structure of SWNTs/H{sub 2}S, the pristine SWNTs was varied to become SWNTs (5,0), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), (9,0), and (10,0). From the calculation we found that after H{sub 2}S adsorbed on surface of SWNTs, the electronic properties of system changes from semiconductor to metal but not vice versa. It was only SWNTs (5,0), (7,0), (8,0), and (10,0) occuring the changingmore » on its electronic properties behavior, others were remain similar with its initial behavior. In the degassing process, metal return to semiconductor behavior, which is an indication that SWNTs is a good gas sensors, responsive and reversible.« less

  10. Cryogenic buffer-gas loading and magnetic trapping of CrH and MnH molecules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stoll, Michael; Bakker, Joost M.; Steimle, Timothy C.; Meijer, Gerard; Peters, Achim

    2008-09-01

    We report on the buffer-gas cooling and trapping of CrH and MnH molecules in a magnetic quadrupole trap with densities on the order of 106cm-3 at a temperature of 650mK . Storage times of up to 180ms have been observed, corresponding to a 20-fold lifetime enhancement with respect to the field-free diffusion through the He3 buffer-gas. Using Monte Carlo trajectory simulations, inelastic molecule- He3 collision cross sections of 1.6×10-18 and 3.1×10-17cm2 are extracted for CrH and MnH, respectively. Furthermore, elastic molecule- He3 collision cross sections of 1.4(±0.5)×10-14cm2 are determined for both species. We conclude that the confinement time of these molecules in a magnetic trapping field is limited by inelastic collisions with the helium atoms leading to Zeeman relaxation.

  11. A Nose for Hydrogen Gas: Fast, Sensitive H2 Sensors Using Electrodeposited Nanomaterials.

    PubMed

    Penner, Reginald M

    2017-08-15

    Hydrogen gas (H 2 ) is odorless and flammable at concentrations above 4% (v/v) in air. Sensors capable of detecting it rapidly at lower concentrations are needed to "sniff" for leaked H 2 wherever it is used. Electrical H 2 sensors are attractive because of their simplicity and low cost: Such sensors consist of a metal (usually palladium, Pd) resistor. Exposure to H 2 causes a resistance increase, as Pd metal is converted into more resistive palladium hydride (PdH x ). Sensors based upon Pd alloy films, developed in the early 1990s, were both too slow and too insensitive to meet the requirements of H 2 safety sensing. In this Account, we describe the development of H 2 sensors that are based upon electrodeposited nanomaterials. This story begins with the rise to prominence of nanowire-based sensors in 2001 and our demonstration that year of the first nanowire-based H 2 sensor. The Pd nanowires used in these experiments were prepared by electrodepositing Pd at linear step-edge defects on a graphite electrode surface. In 2005, lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) provided the capability to pattern single Pd nanowires on dielectrics using electrodeposition. LPNE also provided control over the nanowire thickness (±1 nm) and width (±10-15%). Using single Pd nanowires, it was demonstrated in 2010 that smaller nanowires responded more rapidly to H 2 exposure. Heating the nanowire using Joule self-heating (2010) also dramatically accelerated sensor response and recovery, leading to the conclusion that thermally activated H 2 chemisorption and desorption of H 2 were rate-limiting steps in sensor response to and recovery from H 2 exposure. Platinum (Pt) nanowires, studied in 2012, showed an inverted resistance response to H 2 exposure, that is, the resistance of Pt nanowires decreased instead of increased upon H 2 exposure. H 2 dissociatively chemisorbs at a Pt surface to form Pt-H, but in contrast to Pd, it stays on the Pt surface. Pt nanowires

  12. Possible sources of H2 to H2O enrichment at evaporation of parent chondritic material

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Makalkin, A. B.; Dorofeyeva, V. A.; Vityazev, A. V.

    1993-01-01

    One of the results obtained from thermodynamic simulation of recondensation of the source chondritic material is that at 1500-1800 K it's possible to form iron-rich olivine by reaction between enstatite, metallic iron and water vapor in the case of (H2O)/(H2) approximately equal to 0.1. This could be reached if the gas depletion in hydrogen is 200-300 times relative to solar abundance. To get this range of depletion one needs some source material more rich in hydrogen than the carbonaceous CI material which is the richest in volatiles among chondrites. In the case of recondensation at impact heating and evaporation of colliding planetesimals composed of CI material, we obtain insufficiently high value of (H2)/(H2O) ratio. In the present paper we consider some possible source materials and physical conditions necessary to reach gas composition with (H2)/(H2O) approximately 10 at high temperature.

  13. Hg⁰ removal from flue gas by ionic liquid/H₂O₂.

    PubMed

    Cheng, Guangwen; Bai, Bofeng; Zhang, Qiang; Cai, Ming

    2014-09-15

    1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids ([Cnmim] Cl, n=4, 6, 8) were prepared. The ionic liquid was then mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form an absorbent. The Hg(0) removal performance of the absorbent was investigated in a gas/liquid scrubber using simulated flue gas. It was found that the ionic liquid/H2O2 mixture was an excellent absorbent and could be used to remove Hg(0) from flue gas. When the mass ratio of H2O2 to ionic liquid was 0.5, the absorbent showed high Hg(0) removal efficiency (up to 98%). The Hg(0) removal efficiency usually increased with the absorption temperature, while decreased with the increase of alkyl chain length in ionic liquid molecule. The Hg(0) removal mechanism involved with Hg(0) oxidation by H2O2 and Hg(2+) transfer from aqueous phase to ionic liquid phase. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. Dopant-assisted negative photoionization Ion mobility spectrometry coupled with on-line cooling inlet for real-time monitoring H2S concentration in sewer gas.

    PubMed

    Peng, Liying; Jiang, Dandan; Wang, Zhenxin; Hua, Lei; Li, Haiyang

    2016-06-01

    Malodorous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas often exists in the sewer system and associates with the problems of releasing the dangerous odor to the atmosphere and causing sewer pipe to be corroded. A simple method is in demand for real-time measuring H2S level in the sewer gas. In this paper, an innovated method based on dopant-assisted negative photoionization ion mobility spectrometry (DANP-IMS) with on-line semiconductor cooling inlet was put forward and successfully applied for the real-time measurement of H2S in sewer gas. The influence of moisture was effectively reduced via an on-line cooling method and a non-equilibrium dilution with drift gas. The limits of quantitation for the H2S in ≥60% relative humidity air could be obtained at ≤79.0ng L(-1) with linear ranges of 129-2064ng L(-1). The H2S concentration in a sewer manhole was successfully determined while its product ions were identified by an ion-mobility time-of-fight mass spectrometry. Finally, the correlation between sewer H2S concentration and the daily routines and habits of residents was investigated through hourly or real-time monitoring the variation of sewer H2S in manholes, indicating the power of this DANP-IMS method in assessing the H2S concentration in sewer system. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. High temperature hydrogen sulfide adsorption on activated carbon - I. Effects of gas composition and metal addition

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Cal, M.P.; Strickler, B.W.; Lizzio, A.A.

    2000-01-01

    Various types of activated carbon sorbents were evaluated for their ability to remove H2S from a simulated coal gas stream at a temperature of 550 ??C. The ability of activated carbon to remove H2S at elevated temperature was examined as a function of carbon surface chemistry (oxidation, thermal desorption, and metal addition), and gas composition. A sorbent prepared by steam activation, HNO3 oxidation and impregnated with Zn, and tested in a gas stream containing 0.5% H2S, 50% CO2 and 49.5% N2, had the greatest H2S adsorption capacity. Addition of H2, CO, and H2O to the inlet gas stream reduced H2S breakthrough time and H2S adsorption capacity. A Zn impregnated activated carbon, when tested using a simulated coal gas containing 0.5% H2S, 49.5% N2, 13% H2, 8.5% H2O, 21% CO, and 7.5% CO2, had a breakthrough time of 75 min, which was less than 25 percent of the length of breakthrough for screening experiments performed with a simplified gas mixture of 0.5% H2S, 50% CO2, and 49.5% N2.

  16. Negative Ion Drift Velocity and Longitudinal Diffusion in Mixtures of Carbon Disulfide and Methane

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dion, Michael P.; Son, S.; Hunter, S. D.; deNolfo, G. A.

    2011-01-01

    Negative ion drift velocity and longitudinal diffusion has been measured for gas mixtures of carbon disulfide (CS2) and methane (CH4)' Measurements were made as a function of total pressure, CS2 partial pressure and electric field. Constant mobility and thermal-limit longitudinal diffusion is observed for all gas mixtures tested. Gas gain for some of the mixtures is also included.

  17. Separation of methane-nitrogen mixtures using synthesis vertically aligned carbon nanotube membranes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gilani, Neda; Daryan, Jafar Towfighi; Rashidi, Alimorad; Omidkhah, Mohammad Reza

    2012-03-01

    In this paper, capabilities of carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes fabricated in cylindrical pores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) substrate to separate the binary mixtures of CH4/N2 are studied experimentally. For this purpose, the permeability and selectivity of three CNT/AAO membranes with different growth time as 6 h, 12 h and 18 h are investigated. CNTs are grown vertically through holes of AAO with average pore diameter of 45 nm by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of acetylene gas. CNT/AAO membranes with the same CNTs' outer diameters and different inner diameters are synthesized. The AAO are characterized by SEM analysis. In addition, SEM, TEM, BET N2 adsorption analysis and Raman spectroscopy are employed to characterize aligned CNTs. Study on permeability and selectivity of membranes for three binary mixtures of CH4/N2 showed that when the CNT inner diameters are 34 nm and 24 nm, viscous flow is the governing mechanism and insignificant selectivities of 1.2-1.24 are achieved. However, the membrane with CNT inner diameter and wall thickness of 8 nm and 16 nm respectively is considerably selective for CH4 over N2. It was also found that CH4 mole fraction in the feed and upstream feed pressure have major effect on permeability and selectivity. The membrane with 18 h synthesis time showed the selectivity is in the range of 1.8-3.85. The enhancement factor for N2 single gas diffusivity was also found to be about three times larger than that predicted by Knudsen diffusion model.

  18. Field testing the Raman gas composition sensor for gas turbine operation

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Buric, M.; Chorpening, B.; Mullem, J.

    2012-01-01

    A gas composition sensor based on Raman spectroscopy using reflective metal lined capillary waveguides is tested under field conditions for feed-forward applications in gas turbine control. The capillary waveguide enables effective use of low powered lasers and rapid composition determination, for computation of required parameters to pre-adjust burner control based on incoming fuel. Tests on high pressure fuel streams show sub-second time response and better than one percent accuracy on natural gas fuel mixtures. Fuel composition and Wobbe constant values are provided at one second intervals or faster. The sensor, designed and constructed at NETL, is packaged for Class Imore » Division 2 operations typical of gas turbine environments, and samples gas at up to 800 psig. Simultaneous determination of the hydrocarbons methane, ethane, and propane plus CO, CO2, H2O, H2, N2, and O2 are realized. The capillary waveguide permits use of miniature spectrometers and laser power of less than 100 mW. The capillary dimensions of 1 m length and 300 μm ID also enable a full sample exchange in 0.4 s or less at 5 psig pressure differential, which allows a fast response to changes in sample composition. Sensor operation under field operation conditions will be reported.« less

  19. Cosmic rays, gas and dust in nearby anticentre clouds. I. CO-to-H2 conversion factors and dust opacities

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Remy, Q.; Grenier, I. A.; Marshall, D. J.; Casandjian, J. M.

    2017-05-01

    Aims: We aim to explore the capabilities of dust emission and γ rays for probing the properties of the interstellar medium in the nearby anti-centre region, using γ-ray observations with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), and the thermal dust optical depth inferred from Planck and IRAS observations. We also aim to study massive star-forming clouds including the well known Taurus, Auriga, Perseus, and California molecular clouds, as well as a more diffuse structure which we refer to as Cetus. In particular, we aim at quantifying potential variations in cosmic-ray density and dust properties per gas nucleon across the different gas phases and different clouds, and at measuring the CO-to-H2 conversion factor, XCO, in different environments. Methods: We have separated six nearby anti-centre clouds that are coherent in velocities and distances, from the Galactic-disc background in H I 21-cm and 12CO 2.6-mm line emission. We have jointly modelled the γ-ray intensity recorded between 0.4 and 100 GeV, and the dust optical depth τ353 at 353 GHz as a combination of H I-bright, CO-bright, and ionised gas components. The complementary information from dust emission and γ rays was used to reveal the gas not seen, or poorly traced, by H I, free-free, and 12CO emissions, namely (I) the opaque H iand diffuse H2 present in the Dark Neutral Medium at the atomic-molecular transition, and (II) the dense H2 to be added where 12CO lines saturate. Results: The measured interstellar γ-ray spectra support a uniform penetration of the cosmic rays with energies above a few GeV through the clouds, from the atomic envelopes to the 12CO-bright cores, and with a small ± 9% cloud-to-cloud dispersion in particle flux. We detect the ionised gas from the H iiregion NGC 1499 in the dust and γ-ray emissions and measure its mean electron density and temperature. We find a gradual increase in grain opacity as the gas (atomic or molecular) becomes more dense. The increase reaches a factor of

  20. Hydrogen gas protects against serum and glucose deprivation‑induced myocardial injury in H9c2 cells through activation of the NF‑E2‑related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 signaling pathway.

    PubMed

    Xie, Qiang; Li, Xue-Xiang; Zhang, Peng; Li, Jin-Cao; Cheng, Ying; Feng, Yan-Ling; Huang, Bing-Sheng; Zhuo, Yu-Feng; Xu, Guo-Hua

    2014-08-01

    Ischemia or hypoxia‑induced myocardial injury is closely associated with oxidative stress. Scavenging free radicals and/or enhancing endogenous antioxidative defense systems may be beneficial for the impediment of myocardial ischemic injury. Hydrogen (H2) gas, as a water‑ and lipid‑soluble small molecule, is not only able to selectively eliminate hydroxyl (·OH) free radicals, but also to enhance endogenous antioxidative defense systems in rat lungs and arabidopsis plants. However, thus far, it has remained elusive whether H2 gas protects cardiomyocytes through enhancement of endogenous antioxidative defense systems. In the present study, the cardioprotective effect of H2 gas against ischemic or hypoxic injury was investigated, along with the underlying molecular mechanisms. H9c2 cardiomyoblasts (H9c2 cells) were treated in vitro with a chemical hypoxia inducer, cobalt chloride (CoCl2), to imitate hypoxia, or by serum and glucose deprivation (SGD) to imitate ischemia. Cell viability and intracellular ·OH free radicals were assessed. The role of an endogenous antioxidative defense system, the NF‑E2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO‑1) signaling pathway, was evaluated. The findings revealed that treatment with CoCl2 or SGD markedly reduced cell viability in H9c2 cells. H2 gas‑rich medium protected against cell injury induced by SGD, but not that induced by CoCl2. When the cells were exposed to SGD, levels of intracellular ·OH free radicals were markedly increased; this was mitigated by H2 gas‑rich medium. Exposure of the cells to SGD also resulted in significant increases in HO‑1 expression and nuclear Nrf2 levels, and the HO‑1 inhibitor ZnPP IX and the Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol aggravated SGD‑induced cellular injury. H2 gas‑rich medium enhanced SGD‑induced upregulation of HO‑1 and Nrf2, and the HO‑1 or Nrf2 inhibition partially suppressed H2 gas‑induced cardioprotection. Furthermore, following genetic silencing of Nrf

  1. Gas Phase UTE MRI of Propane and Propene

    PubMed Central

    Kovtunov, Kirill V.; Romanov, Alexey S.; Salnikov, Oleg G.; Barskiy, Danila A.; Chekmenev, Eduard Y.; Koptyug, Igor V.

    2016-01-01

    1H MRI of gases can potentially enable functional lung imaging to probe gas ventilation and other functions. In this work, 1H MR images of hyperpolarized and thermally polarized propane gas were obtained using UTE (ultrashort echo time) pulse sequence. A 2D image of thermally polarized propane gas with ~0.9×0.9 mm2 spatial resolution was obtained in less than 2 seconds, demonstrating that even non-hyperpolarized hydrocarbon gases can be successfully utilized for conventional proton MRI. The experiments were also performed with hyperpolarized propane gas and demonstrated acquisition of high-resolution multi-slice FLASH 2D images in ca. 510 s and non slice-selective 2D UTE MRI images in ca. 2 s. The UTE approach adopted in this study can be potentially used for medical lung imaging. Furthermore, the possibility to combine UTE with selective suppression of 1H signals from one of the two gases in a mixture is demonstrated in this MRI study. The latter can be useful for visualizing industrially important processes where several gases may be present, e.g., gas-solid catalytic reactions. PMID:27478870

  2. 10 CFR 504.8 - Prohibitions against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas in mixtures-certifying powerplants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... primary energy source. In assessing whether the unit is technically capable of using a mixture of petroleum or natural gas and coal or another alternate fuel as a primary energy source, for purposes of this... technically capable of using the mixture as a primary energy source under § 504.6(c), this certification...

  3. 10 CFR 504.8 - Prohibitions against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas in mixtures-certifying powerplants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... primary energy source. In assessing whether the unit is technically capable of using a mixture of petroleum or natural gas and coal or another alternate fuel as a primary energy source, for purposes of this... technically capable of using the mixture as a primary energy source under § 504.6(c), this certification...

  4. 10 CFR 504.8 - Prohibitions against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas in mixtures-certifying powerplants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... primary energy source. In assessing whether the unit is technically capable of using a mixture of petroleum or natural gas and coal or another alternate fuel as a primary energy source, for purposes of this... technically capable of using the mixture as a primary energy source under § 504.6(c), this certification...

  5. Removal of NO in NO/N2, NO/N2/O2, NO/CH4/N2, and NO/CH4/O2/N2 systems by flowing microwave discharges.

    PubMed

    Hueso, José L; Gonzalez-Elipe, Agustín R; Cotrino, José; Caballero, Alfonso

    2007-02-15

    In this paper, continuing previous work, we report on experiments carried out to investigate the removal of NO from simulated flue gas in nonthermal plasmas. The plasma-induced decomposition of small concentrations of NO in N2 used as the carrier gas and O2 and CH4 as minority components has been studied in a surface wave discharge induced with a surfatron launcher. The reaction products and efficiency have been monitored by mass spectrometry as a function of the composition of the mixture. NO is effectively decomposed into N2 and O2 even in the presence of O2, provided always that enough CH4 is also present in the mixture. Other majority products of the plasma reactions under these conditions are NH3, CO, and H2. In the absence of O2, decomposition of NO also occurs, although in that case HCN accompanies the other reaction products as a majority component. The plasma for the different reaction mixtures has been characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. Intermediate excited species of NO*, C*, CN*, NH*, and CH* have been monitored depending on the gas mixture. The type of species detected and their evolution with the gas composition are in agreement with the reaction products detected in each case. The observations by mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy are in agreement with the kinetic reaction models available in literature for simple plasma reactions in simple reaction mixtures.

  6. Competitive adsorption of a binary CO2-CH4 mixture in nanoporous carbons: effects of edge-functionalization.

    PubMed

    Lu, Xiaoqing; Jin, Dongliang; Wei, Shuxian; Zhang, Mingmin; Zhu, Qing; Shi, Xiaofan; Deng, Zhigang; Guo, Wenyue; Shen, Wenzhong

    2015-01-21

    The effect of edge-functionalization on the competitive adsorption of a binary CO2-CH4 mixture in nanoporous carbons (NPCs) has been investigated for the first time by combining density functional theory (DFT) and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation. Our results show that edge-functionalization has a more positive effect on the single-component adsorption of CO2 than CH4, therefore significantly enhancing the selectivity of CO2 over CH4, in the order of NH2-NPC > COOH-NPC > OH-NPC > H-NPC > NPC at low pressure. The enhanced adsorption originates essentially from the effects of (1) the conducive environment with a large pore size and an effective accessible surface area, (2) the high electronegativity/electropositivity, (3) the strong adsorption energy, and (4) the large electrostatic contribution, due to the inductive effect/direct interaction of the embedded edge-functionalized groups. The larger difference from these effects results in the higher competitive adsorption advantage of CO2 in the binary CO2-CH4 mixture. Temperature has a negative effect on the gas adsorption, but no obvious influence on the electrostatic contribution on selectivity. With the increase of pressure, the selectivity of CO2 over CH4 first decreases sharply and subsequently flattens out to a constant value. This work highlights the potential of edge-functionalized NPCs in competitive adsorption, capture, and separation for the binary CO2-CH4 mixture, and provides an effective and superior alternative strategy in the design and screening of adsorbent materials for carbon capture and storage.

  7. μ CF Study of D/T and H/D/T Mixtures in Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Medium, and Comparison of Their Fusion Yields

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eskandari, M. R.; Faghihi, F.; Gheisari, R.

    Muon reactivation coefficient are determined for muonic He (He = 42He = α , He = 23 He = h) for up to six (n = 1, 2, 3, ..., 6) states of formation and at temperature Tp = 100 eV and for various relative ion densities. In the next decade it may be possible to explore new conditions for further energy gain in muon catalyzed fusion system, μ CF, using nonuniform (temperature and density) plasma states. Here, we have considered a model for inhomogeneous μ CF for mixtures of D/T and H/D/T. Using coupled dynamical equations it is shown that the neutrons yield per muon injection, Yn (neutrons/muon), in the dt branch of an inhomogeneous H/D/T mixture is at least 2.24 times higher than similar homogeneous systems and this rate for a D/T mixture is 1.92. Also, we have compared the neutron yield in the dt branch of homogeneous D/T and H/D/T mixtures (temperature range T = 300-800 K, and density φ = 1 LHD). It is shown that Yn(D/T)/Yn(H/D/T) = 1.32, which is in good agreement with recently measured experimental values. In other words our calculations show that the addition of protonium to a D/T mixture leads to a significant decrease in the cycling rate for the physical conditions described herein.

  8. Reduced and Validated Kinetic Mechanisms for Hydrogen-CO-sir Combustion in Gas Turbines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yiguang Ju; Frederick Dryer

    2009-02-07

    Rigorous experimental, theoretical, and numerical investigation of various issues relevant to the development of reduced, validated kinetic mechanisms for synthetic gas combustion in gas turbines was carried out - including the construction of new radiation models for combusting flows, improvement of flame speed measurement techniques, measurements and chemical kinetic analysis of H{sub 2}/CO/CO{sub 2}/O{sub 2}/diluent mixtures, revision of the H{sub 2}/O{sub 2} kinetic model to improve flame speed prediction capabilities, and development of a multi-time scale algorithm to improve computational efficiency in reacting flow simulations.

  9. Testing the accuracy of correlations for multicomponent mass transport of adsorbed gases in metal-organic frameworks: diffusion of H2/CH4 mixtures in CuBTC.

    PubMed

    Keskin, Seda; Liu, Jinchen; Johnson, J Karl; Sholl, David S

    2008-08-05

    Mass transport of chemical mixtures in nanoporous materials is important in applications such as membrane separations, but measuring diffusion of mixtures experimentally is challenging. Methods that can predict multicomponent diffusion coefficients from single-component data can be extremely useful if these methods are known to be accurate. We present the first test of a method of this kind for molecules adsorbed in a metal-organic framework (MOF). Specifically, we examine the method proposed by Skoulidas, Sholl, and Krishna (SSK) ( Langmuir, 2003, 19, 7977) by comparing predictions made with this method to molecular simulations of mixture transport of H 2/CH 4 mixtures in CuBTC. These calculations provide the first direct information on mixture transport of any species in a MOF. The predictions of the SSK approach are in good agreement with our direct simulations of binary diffusion, suggesting that this approach may be a powerful one for examining multicomponent diffusion in MOFs. We also use our molecular simulation data to test the ideal adsorbed solution theory method for predicting binary adsorption isotherms and a method for predicting mixture self-diffusion coefficients.

  10. Calculating CO2 and H2O eddy covariance fluxes from an enclosed gas analyzer using an instantaneous mixing ratio 2159

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Eddy covariance flux research has relied on open- or closed-path gas analyzers for producing estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). The two instruments have had different challenges that have led to development of an enclosed design that is intended to max...

  11. The H i-to-H{sub 2} Transition in a Turbulent Medium

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bialy, Shmuel; Sternberg, Amiel; Burkhart, Blakesley, E-mail: shmuelbi@mail.tau.ac.il

    2017-07-10

    We study the effect of density fluctuations induced by turbulence on the H i/H{sub 2} structure in photodissociation regions (PDRs) both analytically and numerically. We perform magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulations for both subsonic and supersonic turbulent gas and chemical H i/H{sub 2} balance calculations. We derive atomic-to-molecular density profiles and the H i column density probability density function (PDF) assuming chemical equilibrium. We find that, while the H i/H{sub 2} density profiles are strongly perturbed in turbulent gas, the mean H i column density is well approximated by the uniform-density analytic formula of Sternberg et al. The PDF width depends onmore » (a) the radiation intensity–to–mean density ratio, (b) the sonic Mach number, and (c) the turbulence decorrelation scale, or driving scale. We derive an analytic model for the H i PDF and demonstrate how our model, combined with 21 cm observations, can be used to constrain the Mach number and driving scale of turbulent gas. As an example, we apply our model to observations of H i in the Perseus molecular cloud. We show that a narrow observed H i PDF may imply small-scale decorrelation, pointing to the potential importance of subcloud-scale turbulence driving.« less

  12. Development of a detection sensor for lethal H2S gas.

    PubMed

    Park, Young-Ho; Kim, Yong-Jae; Lee, Chang-Seop

    2012-07-01

    The gas which may be lethal to human body with short-term exposure in common industrial fields or workplaces in LAB may paralyze the olfactory sense and impose severe damages to central nervous system and lung. This study is concerned with the gas sensor which allows individuals to avoid the toxic gas that may be generated in the space with residues of organic wastes under 50 degrees C or above. This study investigates response and selectivity of the sensor to hydrogen sulfide gas with operating temperatures and catalysts. The thick-film semiconductor sensor for hydrogen sulfide gas detection was fabricated WO3/SnO2 prepared by sol-gel and precipitation methods. The nanosized SnO2 powder mixed with the various metal oxides (WO3, TiO2, and ZnO) and doped with transition metals (Au, Ru, Pd Ag and In). Particle sizes, specific surface areas and phases of sensor materials were investigated by SEM, BET and XRD analyses. The metal-WO3/SnO2 thick films were prepared by screen-printing method. The measured response to hydrogen sulfide gas is defined as the ratio (Ra/R,) of the resistance of WO3ISnO2 film in air to the resistance of WO3/SnO2 film in a hydrogen sulfide gas. It was shown that the highest response and selectivity of the sensor for hydrogen sulfide by doping with 1 wt% Ru and 10 wt% WO3 to SnO2 at the optimum operating temperature of 200 degrees C.

  13. Effects of flow rate and gas mixture on the welfare of weaned and neonate pigs during gas euthanasia.

    PubMed

    Sadler, L J; Hagen, C D; Wang, C; Widowski, T M; Johnson, A K; Millman, S T

    2014-02-01

    ataxia was the only parameter for which neonates were superior (P < 0.01) to weaned pigs during euthanasia. As such, a 50:50 CO2:argon gas mixture and slower flow rates should be avoided when euthanizing weaned or neonate pigs with gas methods. Neonate pigs succumb to the effects of gas euthanasia quicker than weaned pigs and display fewer signs of distress.

  14. Central 300 PC of the Galaxy Probed by the Infrared Spectra of H_3^+ and Co: I. Predominance of Warm and Diffuse Gas and High H_2 Ionization Rate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oka, Takeshi; Geballe, Thomas R.; Goto, Miwa; Usuda, Tomonori; Indriolo, Nick

    2016-06-01

    A low-resolution 2.0-2.5 μm survey of ˜500 very red point-like objects in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of our Galaxy, initiated in 2008, has revealed many new bright objects with featureless spectra that are suitable for high resolution absorption spectroscopy of H_3^+ and CO. We now have altogether 48 objects mostly close to the Galactic plane located from 142 pc to the west of Sgr A* to 120 pc east allowing us to probe dense and diffuse gas by H_3^+ and dense gas by CO. Our observations demonstrate that the warm (˜250 K) and diffuse (≤100 cm-3) gas with a large column length (≥30 pc) initially observed toward the brightest star in the CMZ, GCS3-2 of the Quintuplet Cluster, exists throughout the CMZ with the surface filling factor of ˜ 100% dominating the region. The column densities of CO in the CMZ are found to be much less than those in the three foreground spiral arms except in the directions of Sgr B and Sgr E complexes and indicate that the volume filling factor of dense clouds of 10% previously estimated is a gross overestimate for the front half of the CMZ. Nevertheless the predominance of the newly found diffuse molecular gas makes the term "Central Molecular Zone" even more appropriate. The ultra-hot X-rays emitting plasma which some thought to dominate the region must be non existent except near the stars and SNRs. Recently the H_2 fraction f(H_2) in diffuse gas of the CMZ has been reported to be ˜0.6. If we use this value, the cosmic ray H_2 ionization rate ζ of a few times 10-15 s-1 reported earlier^b on the assumption of f(H_2)=1 needs to be increased by a factor of ˜3 since the value is approximately inversely proportional to f(H_2)^2. Geballe, T. R., Oka, T., Lambridges, E., Yeh, S. C. C., Schlegelmilch, B., Goto, M., Westrick, C. W., WI07 at the 70th ISMS, Urbana, IL, USA,2015 Oka, T., Geballe, T. R., Goto, M., Usuda, T., McCall, B. J. 2005, ApJ, 632, 882 Le Petit, F., Ruaud, M., Bron, E., Godard, B., Roueff, E., Languignon, D., Le

  15. Comparison of Langmuir probe and multipole resonance probe measurements in argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen mixtures in a double ICP discharge

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fiebrandt, Marcel; Oberberg, Moritz; Awakowicz, Peter

    2017-07-01

    The results of a Multipole Resonance Probe (MRP) are compared to a Langmuir probe in measuring the electron density in Ar, H2, N2, and O2 mixtures. The MRP was designed for measurements in industry processes, i.e., coating or etching. To evaluate a possible influence on the MRP measurement due to molecular gases, different plasmas with increasing molecular gas content in a double inductively coupled plasma at 5 Pa and 10 Pa at 500 W are used. The determined electron densities from the MRP and the Langmuir probe slightly differ in H2 and N2 diluted argon plasmas, but diverge significantly with oxygen. In pure molecular gas plasmas, electron densities measured with the MRP are always higher than those measured with the Langmuir Probe, in particular, in oxygen containing mixtures. The differences can be attributed to etching of the tungsten wire in the Ar:O2 mixtures and rf distortion in the pure molecular discharges. The influence of a non-Maxwellian electron energy distribution function, negative ions or secondary electron emission seems to be of no or only minor importance.

  16. Gaseous emissions from the combustion of a waste mixture containing a high concentration of N2O.

    PubMed

    Dong, Changqing; Yang, Yongping; Zhang, Junjiao; Lu, Xuefeng

    2009-01-01

    This paper is focused on reducing the emissions from the combustion of a waste mixture containing a high concentration of N2O. A rate model and an equilibrium model were used to predict gaseous emissions from the combustion of the mixture. The influences of temperature and methane were considered, and the experimental research was carried out in a tabular reactor and a pilot combustion furnace. The results showed that for the waste mixture, the combustion temperature should be in the range of 950-1100 degrees C and the gas residence time should be 2s or higher to reduce emissions.

  17. Analytical Modeling of Weld Bead Shape in Dry Hyperbaric GMAW Using Ar-He Chamber Gas Mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Azar, Amin S.; Ås, Sigmund K.; Akselsen, Odd M.

    2013-03-01

    Hyperbaric arc welding is a special application of joining the pipeline steels under seawater. In order to analyze the behavior of the arc under ambient pressure, a model is required to estimate the arc efficiency. A distributed point heat source model was employed. The simulated isotherms were calibrated iteratively to fit the actual bead cross section. Basic gas mixture rules and models were used to calculate the thermal properties of the low-temperature shielding gas under the ambient pressure of 10 bar. Nine bead-on-plate welds were deposited each of which under different Ar-He chamber gas compositions. The well-known correlation between arc efficiency (delivered heat) and the thermal conductivity was established for different gas mixtures. The arc efficiency was considered separately for the transverse and perpendicular heat sources. It was found that assigning single heat efficiency factor for the entire arc, which is usually below unity, causes a noticeable underestimation for the heat transfer in the perpendicular direction and a little overestimation in the transverse direction.

  18. Effects of H{sub 2} enrichment on the propagation characteristics of CH{sub 4}-air triple flames

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Briones, Alejandro M.; Aggarwal, Suresh K.; Katta, Viswanath R.

    The effects of H{sub 2} enrichment on the propagation of laminar CH{sub 4}-air triple flames in axisymmetric coflowing jets are numerically investigated. A comprehensive, time-dependent computational model, which employs a detailed description of chemistry and transport, is used to simulate the transient ignition and flame propagation phenomena. Flames are ignited in a jet-mixing layer far downstream of the burner. Following ignition, a well-defined triple flame is formed that propagates upstream along the stoichiometric mixture fraction line with a nearly constant displacement velocity. As the flame approaches the burner, it transitions to a double flame, and subsequently to a burner-stabilized nonpremixedmore » flame. Predictions are validated using measurements of the displacement flame velocity. As the H{sub 2} concentration in the fuel blend is increased, the displacement flame velocity and local triple flame speed increase progressively due to the enhanced chemical reactivity, diffusivity, and preferential diffusion caused by H{sub 2} addition. In addition, the flammability limits associated with the triple flames are progressively extended with the increase in H{sub 2} concentration. The flame structure and flame dynamics are also markedly modified by H{sub 2} enrichment, which substantially increases the flame curvature and mixture fraction gradient, as well as the hydrodynamic and curvature-induced stretch near the triple point. For all the H{sub 2}-enriched methane-air flames investigated in this study, there is a negative correlation between flame speed and stretch, with the flame speed decreasing almost linearly with stretch, consistent with previous studies. The H{sub 2} addition also modifies the flame sensitivity to stretch, as it decreases the Markstein number (Ma), implying an increased tendency toward diffusive-thermal instability (i.e. Ma {yields} 0). These results are consistent with the previously reported experimental results for outwardly

  19. Preparation of bis-(1(2)H-tetrazol-5-yl)-amine monohydrate

    DOEpatents

    Naud, Darren L [Los Alamos, NM; Hiskey, Michael A [Los Alamos, NM

    2003-05-27

    A process of preparing bis-(1(2)H-tetrazol-5-yl)-amine monohydrate is provided including combining a dicyanamide salt, an azide salt and water to form a first reaction mixture, adding a solution of a first strong acid characterized as having a pKa of less than about 1 to said first reaction mixture over a period of time characterized as providing a controlled reaction rate so as to gradually form hydrazoic acid without loss of significant quantities of hydrazoic acid from the solution while heating the first reaction mixture at temperatures greater than about 65.degree. C., heating the resultant reaction mixture at temperatures greater than about 65.degree. C. for a period of time sufficient to substantially completely form a reaction product, treating the reaction product with a solution of a second strong acid to form a product of bis-(1(2)H-tetrazol-5-yl)-amine monohydrate, and, recovering the bis-(1(2)H-tetrazol-5-yl)-amine monohydrate product.

  20. Turbulence in Supercritical O2/H2 and C7H16/N2 Mixing Layers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bellan, Josette; Harstad, Kenneth; Okong'o, Nora

    2003-01-01

    This report presents a study of numerical simulations of mixing layers developing between opposing flows of paired fluids under supercritical conditions, the purpose of the study being to elucidate chemical-species-specific aspects of turbulence. The simulations were performed for two different fluid pairs O2/H2 and C7H16/N2 at similar reduced initial pressures (reduced pressure is defined as pressure divided by critical pressure). Thermodynamically, O2/H2 behaves more nearly like an ideal mixture and has greater solubility, relative to C7H16/N2, which departs strongly from ideality. Because of a specified smaller initial density stratification, the C7H16/N2 layers exhibited greater levels of growth, global molecular mixing, and turbulence. However, smaller density gradients at the transitional state for the O2/H2 system were interpreted as indicating that locally, this system exhibits enhanced mixing as a consequence of its greater solubility and closer approach to ideality. These thermodynamic features were shown to affect entropy dissipation, which was found to be larger for O2/H2 and concentrated in high-density-gradient-magnitude regions that are distortions of the initial density-stratification boundary. In C7H16/N2, the regions of largest dissipation were found to lie in high-density-gradient-magnitude regions that result from mixing of the two fluids.

  1. Obtaining the cumulative k-distribution of a gas mixture from those of its components. [radiative transfer in stratosphere

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gerstell, M. F.

    1993-01-01

    A review of the convolution theorem for obtaining the cumulative k-distribution of a gas mixture proven in Goody et al. (1989) and a discussion of its application to natural spectra are presented. Computational optimizations for use in analyzing high-altitude gas mixtures are introduced. Comparisons of the results of the optimizations, and criteria for deciding what altitudes are 'high' in this context are given. A few relevant features of the testing support software are examined. Some spectrally integrated results, and the circumstances the might permit substituting the method of principal absorbers are examined.

  2. A Method for Calculating Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of a Helium-Xenon Gas Mixture

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Johnson, Paul K.

    2006-01-01

    A method for calculating viscosity and thermal conductivity of a helium-xenon (He-Xe) gas mixture was employed, and results were compared to AiResearch (part of Honeywell) analytical data. The method of choice was that presented by Hirschfelder with Singh's third-order correction factor applied to thermal conductivity. Values for viscosity and thermal conductivity were calculated over a temperature range of 400 to 1200 K for He-Xe gas mixture molecular weights of 20.183, 39.94, and 83.8 kg/kmol. First-order values for both transport properties were in good agreement with AiResearch analytical data. Third-order-corrected thermal conductivity values were all greater than AiResearch data, but were considered to be a better approximation of thermal conductivity because higher-order effects of mass and temperature were taken into consideration. Viscosity, conductivity, and Prandtl number were then compared to experimental data presented by Taylor.

  3. Tunable integration of absorption-membrane-adsorption for efficiently separating low boiling gas mixtures near normal temperature

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Huang; Pan, Yong; Liu, Bei; Sun, Changyu; Guo, Ping; Gao, Xueteng; Yang, Lanying; Ma, Qinglan; Chen, Guangjin

    2016-01-01

    Separation of low boiling gas mixtures is widely concerned in process industries. Now their separations heavily rely upon energy-intensive cryogenic processes. Here, we report a pseudo-absorption process for separating low boiling gas mixtures near normal temperature. In this process, absorption-membrane-adsorption is integrated by suspending suitable porous ZIF material in suitable solvent and forming selectively permeable liquid membrane around ZIF particles. Green solvents like water and glycol were used to form ZIF-8 slurry and tune the permeability of liquid membrane surrounding ZIF-8 particles. We found glycol molecules form tighter membrane while water molecules form looser membrane because of the hydrophobicity of ZIF-8. When using mixing solvents composed of glycol and water, the permeability of liquid membrane becomes tunable. It is shown that ZIF-8/water slurry always manifests remarkable higher separation selectivity than solid ZIF-8 and it could be tuned to further enhance the capture of light hydrocarbons by adding suitable quantity of glycol to water. Because of its lower viscosity and higher sorption/desorption rate, tunable ZIF-8/water-glycol slurry could be readily used as liquid absorbent to separate different kinds of low boiling gas mixtures by applying a multistage separation process in one traditional absorption tower, especially for the capture of light hydrocarbons. PMID:26892255

  4. Acoustic wave propagation in bubbly flow with gas, vapor or their mixtures.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Yuning; Guo, Zhongyu; Gao, Yuhang; Du, Xiaoze

    2018-01-01

    Presence of bubbles in liquids could significantly alter the acoustic waves in terms of wave speed and attenuation. In the present paper, acoustic wave propagation in bubbly flows with gas, vapor and gas/vapor mixtures is theoretically investigated in a wide range of parameters (including frequency, bubble radius, void fraction, and vapor mass fraction). Our finding reveals two types of wave propagation behavior depending on the vapor mass fraction. Furthermore, the minimum wave speed (required for the closure of cavitation modelling in the sonochemical reactor design) is analyzed and the influences of paramount parameters on it are quantitatively discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  5. Effects of Radiative Emission and Absorption on the Propagation and Extinction of Premixed Gas Flames

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ju, Yiguang; Masuya, Goro; Ronney, Paul D.

    1998-01-01

    Premixed gas flames in mixtures of CH4, O2, N2, and CO2 were studied numerically using detailed chemical and radiative emission-absorption models to establish the conditions for which radiatively induced extinction limits may exist independent of the system dimensions. It was found that reabsorption of emitted radiation led to substantially higher burning velocities and wider extinction limits than calculations using optically thin radiation models, particularly when CO2, a strong absorber, is present in the unburned gas, Two heat loss mechanisms that lead to flammability limits even with reabsorption were identified. One is that for dry hydrocarbon-air mixtures, because of the differences in the absorption spectra of H2O and CO2, most of the radiation from product H2O that is emitted in the upstream direction cannot be absorbed by the reactants. The second is that the emission spectrum Of CO2 is broader at flame temperatures than ambient temperature: thus, some radiation emitted near the flame front cannot be absorbed by the reactants even when they are seeded with CO2 Via both mechanisms, some net upstream heat loss due to radiation will always occur, leading to extinction of sufficiently weak mixtures. Downstream loss has practically no influence. Comparison with experiment demonstrates the importance of reabsorption in CO2 diluted mixtures. It is concluded that fundamental flammability limits can exist due to radiative heat loss, but these limits are strongly dependent on the emission-absorption spectra of the reactant and product -gases and their temperature dependence and cannot be predicted using gray-gas or optically thin model parameters. Applications to practical flames at high pressure, in large combustion chambers, and with exhaust-gas or flue-gas recirculation are discussed.

  6. Table and charts of equilibrium normal-shock properties for hydrogen-helium mixtures with velocities to 70 km/sec. Volume 1: 0.95 H2-0.05 He (by volume)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Miller, C. G., III; Wilder, S. E.

    1976-01-01

    Equilibrium thermodynamic and flow properties are presented in tabulated and graphical form for moving, standing, and reflected normal shock waves into hydrogen-helium mixtures representative of postulated outer planet atmospheres. These results are presented in four volumes and the volmetric compositions of the mixtures are 0.95H2-0.05He in Volume 1, 0.90H2-0.10He in Volume 2, 0.85H2-0.15He in Volume 3, and 0.75H2-0.25He in Volume 4. Properties include pressure, temperature, density, enthalpy, speed of sound, entropy, molecular-weight ratio, isentropic exponent, velocity, and species mole fractions. Incident (moving) shock velocities are varied from 4 to 70 km/sec for a range of initial pressure of 5 N/sq m to 100 kN/sq m. Results are applicable to shock-tube flows and for determining flow conditions behind the normal portion of the bow shock about a blunt body at high velocities in postulated outer planet atmospheres. The document is a revised version of the original edition of NASA SP-3085 published in 1974.

  7. Laboratory Testing of Volcanic Gas Sampling Techniques

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kress, V. C.; Green, R.; Ortiz, M.; Delmelle, P.; Fischer, T.

    2003-12-01

    A series of laboratory experiments were performed designed to calibrate several commonly used methods for field measurement of volcanic gas composition. H2, CO2, SO2 and CHCl2F gases were mixed through carefully calibrated rotameters to form mixtures representative of the types of volcanic compositions encountered at Kilauea and Showa-Shinzan. Gas mixtures were passed through a horizontal furnace at 700oC to break down CHCl2F and form an equilibrium high-temperature mixture. With the exception of Giggenbach bottle samples, all gas sampling was performed adjacent to the furnace exit in order to roughly simulate the air-contaminated samples encountered in Nature. Giggenbach bottle samples were taken from just beyond the hot-spot 10cm down the furnace tube to minimize atmospheric contamination. Alkali-trap measurements were performed by passing gases over or bubbling gases through 6N KOH, NaOH or LiOH solution for 10 minutes. Results were highly variable with errors in measured S/Cl varying from +1600% to -19%. In general reduced Kilauea compositions showed smaller errors than the more oxidized Showa-Shinzan compositions. Results were not resolvably different in experiments where gas was bubbled through the alkaline solution. In a second set of experiments, 25mm circles of Whatman 42 filter paper were impregnated with NaHCO3or KHCO3 alkaline solutions stabilized with glycerol. Some filters also included Alizarin (5.6-7.2) and neutral red (6.8-8.0) Ph indicator to provide a visual monitor of gas absorption. Filters were mounted in individual holders and used in stacks of 3. Durations were adjusted to maximize reaction in the first filter in the stack and minimize reaction in the final filter. Errors in filter pack measurements were smaller and more systematic than the alkali trap measurements. S/Cl was overestimated in oxidized gas mixtures and underestimated in reduced mixtures. Alkali-trap methods allow extended unattended monitoring of volcanic gasses, but our

  8. Room temperature CO and H2 sensing with carbon nanoparticles.

    PubMed

    Kim, Daegyu; Pikhitsa, Peter V; Yang, Hongjoo; Choi, Mansoo

    2011-12-02

    We report on a shell-shaped carbon nanoparticle (SCNP)-based gas sensor that reversibly detects reducing gas molecules such as CO and H(2) at room temperature both in air and inert atmosphere. Crystalline SCNPs were synthesized by laser-assisted reactions in pure acetylene gas flow, chemically treated to obtain well-dispersed SCNPs and then patterned on a substrate by the ion-induced focusing method. Our chemically functionalized SCNP-based gas sensor works for low concentrations of CO and H(2) at room temperature even without Pd or Pt catalysts commonly used for splitting H(2) molecules into reactive H atoms, while metal oxide gas sensors and bare carbon-nanotube-based gas sensors for sensing CO and H(2) molecules can operate only at elevated temperatures. A pristine SCNP-based gas sensor was also examined to prove the role of functional groups formed on the surface of functionalized SCNPs. A pristine SCNP gas sensor showed no response to reducing gases at room temperature but a significant response at elevated temperature, indicating a different sensing mechanism from a chemically functionalized SCNP sensor.

  9. Spectral studies of SiCl4 + N2O + Ar and SiH4 + Ar mixtures in a shock tube in 160-550 nm range

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Park, C.; Fujiwara, T.

    1978-01-01

    Gases containing SiO, SiO2, SiH, and Si2 were produced in the reflected-shock region of a shock tube by heating SiCl4 + N2O + Ar and SiH4 + Ar mixtures with shock waves. Spectral absorption characteristics were measured in the 160-550 nm wavelength range and in the 2800-3600 K temperature range and compared to calculated values. The sums of the squares of electronic transition moments at equilibrium separation were derived. It was found that absorption by SiO2 and other known bands of SiO, SiH, and Si2 were too weak to be measured. The cross section of absorption by a continuum, believed due to SiH, varied from 2.5 x 10 to the -17th sq cm at 280 nm to 1.6 x 10 to the -18th sq cm at 440 nm.

  10. Phase Equilibria and Transport Properties in the Systems AgNO3/RCN/H2O. R = CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H,, C6H5, and C6H5CH2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Das, Surjya P.; Wittekopf, Burghard; Weil, Konrad G.

    1988-11-01

    Silver nitrate can form homogeneous liquid phases with some organic nitriles and water, even when there is no miscibility between the pure liquid components. We determined the shapes of the single phase regions in the ternary phase diagram for the following systems: silver nitrate /RCN /H2O with R =CH3, C3H7, C6H5, and C6H5CH2 at room temperature and for R =C6H5 also at 60 °C and O °C. Furthermore we studied kinematic viscosities, electrical conductivities, and densities of mixtures containing silver nitrate, RCN, and water with the mole ratios X /4 /1 (0.2≦ X ≦S 3.4). In these cases also R = C2H5 and C4H9 were studied. The organic nitriles show different dependences of viscosity and conductivity on the silver nitrate content from the aliphatic ones.

  11. Flammability of gas mixtures. Part 1: fire potential.

    PubMed

    Schröder, Volkmar; Molnarne, Maria

    2005-05-20

    International and European dangerous substances and dangerous goods regulations refer to the standard ISO 10156 (1996). This standard includes a test method and a calculation procedure for the determination of the flammability of gases and gas mixtures in air. The substance indices for the calculation, the so called "Tci values", which characterise the fire potential, are provided as well. These ISO Tci values are derived from explosion diagrams of older literature sources which do not take into account the test method and the test apparatus. However, since the explosion limits are influenced by apparatus parameters, the Tci values and lower explosion limits, given by the ISO tables, are inconsistent with those measured according to the test method of the same standard. In consequence, applying the ISO Tci values can result in wrong classifications. In this paper internationally accepted explosion limit test methods were evaluated and Tci values were derived from explosion diagrams. Therefore, an "open vessel" method with flame propagation criterion was favoured. These values were compared with the Tci values listed in ISO 10156. In most cases, significant deviations were found. A detailed study about the influence of inert gases on flammability is the objective of Part 2.

  12. ALS LOX/H2 subscale coaxial injector testing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dexter, Carol E.

    1991-01-01

    Tests of a 40K subscale LOX/H2 coaxial LOX swirl injector conducted without injector or chamber degradation are reported. Chamber pressures ranged from 1572 to 2355 psia with overall mixture ratios from 5.04 to 6.39. The highest characteristic velocities were measured when the mixture ratio across the injector face was uniform. Scarfing of the outer row LOX posts had the largest effect on chamber heating rates. As a result of the tests, the LSI design was modified to arrange the outer row LOX posts in a circular pattern, eliminate O/F biasing and fuel film cooling, and modify the interpropellant plate to allow for larger pressure differentials during the start and cutoff transients. Testing of a 100 K LOX/H2 coaxial LOX swirl injector involved chamber pressure ranging from 700 to 2500 psia with overall mixture ratios from 3.2 to 8.8. Stable combustion was observed to a fuel temperature of 90R and characteristic velocity efficiencies were good.

  13. Conversion of H2 and CO2 to CH4 and acetate in fed-batch biogas reactors by mixed biogas community: a novel route for the power-to-gas concept.

    PubMed

    Szuhaj, Márk; Ács, Norbert; Tengölics, Roland; Bodor, Attila; Rákhely, Gábor; Kovács, Kornél L; Bagi, Zoltán

    2016-01-01

    Applications of the power-to-gas principle for the handling of surplus renewable electricity have been proposed. The feasibility of using hydrogenotrophic methanogens as CH4 generating catalysts has been demonstrated. Laboratory and scale-up experiments have corroborated the benefits of the CO2 mitigation via biotechnological conversion of H2 and CO2 to CH4. A major bottleneck in the process is the gas-liquid mass transfer of H2. Fed-batch reactor configuration was tested at mesophilic temperature in laboratory experiments in order to improve the contact time and H2 mass transfer between the gas and liquid phases. Effluent from an industrial biogas facility served as biocatalyst. The bicarbonate content of the effluent was depleted after some time, but the addition of stoichiometric CO2 sustained H2 conversion for an extended period of time and prevented a pH shift. The microbial community generated biogas from the added α-cellulose substrate with concomitant H2 conversion, but the organic substrate did not facilitate H2 consumption. Fed-batch operational mode allowed a fourfold increase in volumetric H2 load and a 6.5-fold augmentation of the CH4 formation rate relative to the CSTR reactor configuration. Acetate was the major by-product of the reaction. Fed-batch reactors significantly improve the efficiency of the biological power-to-gas process. Besides their storage function, biogas fermentation effluent reservoirs can serve as large-scale bio CH4 reactors. On the basis of this recognition, a novel concept is proposed, which merges biogas technology with other means of renewable electricity production for improved efficiency and sustainability.

  14. Stability of lanthanum oxide-based H 2S sorbents in realistic fuel processor/fuel cell operation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Valsamakis, Ioannis; Si, Rui; Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Maria

    We report that lanthana-based sulfur sorbents are an excellent choice as once-through chemical filters for the removal of trace amounts of H 2S and COS from any fuel gas at temperatures matching those of solid oxide fuel cells. We have examined sorbents based on lanthana and Pr-doped lanthana with up to 30 at.% praseodymium, having high desulfurization efficiency, as measured by their ability to remove H 2S from simulated reformate gas streams to below 50 ppbv with corresponding sulfur capacity exceeding 50 mg S g sorbent -1 at 800 °C. Intermittent sorbent operation with air-rich boiler exhaust-type gas mixtures and with frequent shutdowns and restarts is possible without formation of lanthanide oxycarbonate phases. Upon restart, desulfurization continues from where it left at the end of the previous cycle. These findings are important for practical applications of these sorbents as sulfur polishing units of fuel gases in the presence of small or large amounts of water vapor, and with the regular shutdown/start-up operation practiced in fuel processors/fuel cell systems, both stationary and mobile, and of any size/scale.

  15. Definitive Ideal-Gas Thermochemical Functions of the H216O Molecule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Furtenbacher, Tibor; Szidarovszky, Tamás; Hrubý, Jan; Kyuberis, Aleksandra A.; Zobov, Nikolai F.; Polyansky, Oleg L.; Tennyson, Jonathan; Császár, Attila G.

    2016-12-01

    A much improved temperature-dependent ideal-gas internal partition function, Qint(T), of the H216O molecule is reported for temperatures between 0 and 6000 K. Determination of Qint(T) is principally based on the direct summation technique involving all accurate experimental energy levels known for H216O (almost 20 000 rovibrational energies including an almost complete list up to a relative energy of 7500 cm-1), augmented with a less accurate but complete list of first-principles computed rovibrational energy levels up to the first dissociation limit, about 41 000 cm-1 (the latter list includes close to one million bound rovibrational energy levels up to J = 69, where J is the rotational quantum number). Partition functions are developed for ortho- and para-H216O as well as for their equilibrium mixture. Unbound rovibrational states of H216O above the first dissociation limit are considered using an approximate model treatment. The effect of the excited electronic states on the thermochemical functions is neglected, as their contribution to the thermochemical functions is negligible even at the highest temperatures considered. Based on the high-accuracy Qint(T) and its first two moments, definitive results, in 1 K increments, are obtained for the following thermochemical functions: Gibbs energy, enthalpy, entropy, and isobaric heat capacity. Reliable uncertainties (approximately two standard deviations) are estimated as a function of temperature for each quantity determined. These uncertainties emphasize that the present results are the most accurate ideal-gas thermochemical functions ever produced for H216O. It is recommended that the new value determined for the standard molar enthalpy increment at 298.15 K, 9.904 04 ± 0.000 01 kJ mol-1, should replace the old CODATA datum, 9.905 ± 0.005 kJ mol-1.

  16. Minimization of steam requirements and enhancement of water-gas shift reaction with warm gas temperature CO2 removal

    DOEpatents

    Siriwardane, Ranjani V; Fisher, II, James C

    2013-12-31

    The disclosure utilizes a hydroxide sorbent for humidification and CO.sub.2 removal from a gaseous stream comprised of CO and CO.sub.2 prior to entry into a water-gas-shift reactor, in order to decrease CO.sub.2 concentration and increase H.sub.2O concentration and shift the water-gas shift reaction toward the forward reaction products CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2. The hydroxide sorbent may be utilized for absorbtion of CO.sub.2 exiting the water-gas shift reactor, producing an enriched H.sub.2 stream. The disclosure further provides for regeneration of the hydroxide sorbent at temperature approximating water-gas shift conditions, and for utilizing H.sub.2O product liberated as a result of the CO.sub.2 absorption.

  17. Atmospheric-pressure diffuse dielectric barrier discharges in Ar/O2 gas mixture using 200 kHz/13.56 MHz dual frequency excitation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Y.; Starostin, S. A.; Peeters, F. J. J.; van de Sanden, M. C. M.; de Vries, H. W.

    2018-03-01

    Atmospheric-pressure diffuse dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) were obtained in Ar/O2 gas mixture using dual-frequency (DF) excitation at 200 kHz low frequency (LF) and 13.56 MHz radio frequency (RF). The excitation dynamics and the plasma generation mechanism were studied by means of electrical characterization and phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy (PROES). The DF excitation results in a time-varying electric field which is determined by the total LF and RF gas voltage and the spatial ion distribution which only responds to the LF component. By tuning the amplitude ratio of the superimposed LF and RF signals, the effect of each frequency component on the DF discharge mechanism was analysed. The LF excitation results in a transient plasma with the formation of an electrode sheath and therefore a pronounced excitation near the substrate. The RF oscillation allows the electron trapping in the gas gap and helps to improve the plasma uniformity by contributing to the pre-ionization and by controlling the discharge development. The possibility of temporally modifying the electric field and thus the plasma generation mechanism in the DF discharge exhibits potential applications in plasma-assisted surface processing and plasma-assisted gas phase chemical conversion.

  18. Boron Nanoparticles with High Hydrogen Loading: Mechanism for B-H Binding, Size Reduction, and Potential for Improved Combustibility and Specific Impulse

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-05-01

    particles in the sample. Mass spectrometry was, therefore, used to look for the signature of boranes in the milling jar headspace gas , and also in gases... headspace gas collected from the jar after milling in H2. For this experiment, argon was added to the initial gas mixture at a 12:1 H2:Ar ratio, in...Distribution A: approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 29    Mass spectrometry analysis. After milling selected samples, headspace gas

  19. Experimental study of the competitive adsorption of HNO3 and H2O on surfaces by using Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy in the 295-345 nm region.

    PubMed

    Du, Juan; Keesee, Robert G; Zhu, Lei

    2014-09-18

    The competitive adsorption of HNO3 and H2O from the gas phase onto fused silica surfaces is investigated. Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy is used to measure absorption of a laser probe beam by the HNO3/H2O coadsorbed on fused silica surfaces as a function of the mixture pressure. The laser absorption measurements were made in the 295-345 nm region. Langmuir adsorption constants for nitric acid and water were found to be 107 ± 17 and 562 ± 21 Torr(-1), respectively. A method has been developed for calculating absorption by HNO3 and H2O codeposited on the surface as a function of the HNO3/H2O mixture pressure using multicomponent Langmuir adsorption isotherms and absorption cross-sections at a given wavelength for surface-adsorbed HNO3 and H2O. The validity of this treatment has been evaluated both as a function of wavelength and as a function of mixing ratio.

  20. Controlling the position of a stabilized detonation wave in a supersonic gas mixture flow in a plane channel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Levin, V. A.; Zhuravskaya, T. A.

    2017-03-01

    Stabilization of a detonation wave in a stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture flowing at a supersonic velocity into a plane symmetric channel with constriction has been studied in the framework of a detailed kinetic mechanism of the chemical interaction. Conditions ensuring the formation of a thrust-producing f low with a stabilized detonation wave in the channel are determined. The inf luence of the inf low Mach number, dustiness of the combustible gas mixture supplied to the channel, and output cross-section size on the position of a stabilized detonation wave in the f low has been analyzed with a view to increasing the efficiency of detonation combustion of the gas mixture. It is established that thrust-producing flow with a stabilized detonation wave can be formed in the channel without any energy consumption.

  1. Ferric iron-bearing sediments as a mineral trap for CO2 sequestration: Iron reduction using sulfur-bearing waste gas

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Palandri, J.L.; Kharaka, Y.K.

    2005-01-01

    We present a novel method for geologic sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in ferrous carbonate, using ferric iron present in widespread redbeds and other sediments. Iron can be reduced by SO2 that is commonly a component of flue gas produced by combustion of fossil fuel, or by adding SO2 or H2S derived from other industrial processes to the injected waste gas stream. Equilibrium and kinetically controlled geochemical simulations at 120 bar and 50 and 100 ??C with SO2 or H2S show that iron can be transformed almost entirely to siderite thereby trapping CO2, and simultaneously, that sulfur can be converted predominantly to dissolved sulfate. If there is an insufficient amount of sulfur-bearing gas relative to CO2 as for typical flue gas, then some of the iron is not reduced, and some of the CO2 is not sequestered. If there is an excess of sulfur-bearing gas, then complete iron reduction is ensured, and some of the iron precipitates as pyrite or other solid iron sulfide, depending on their relative precipitation kinetics. Gas mixtures with insufficient sulfur relative to CO2 can be used in sediments containing Ca, Mg, or other divalent metals capable of precipitating carbonate minerals. For quartz arenite with an initial porosity of 21% and containing 0.25 wt.% Fe2O3, approximately 0.7 g of CO2 is sequestered per kg of rock, and the porosity decrease is less than 0.03%. Sequestration of CO2 using ferric iron has the advantage of disposing of SO2 that may already be present in the combustion gas. ?? 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

  2. Kinetics of CO/CO2 and H2/H2O reactions at Ni-based and ceria-based solid-oxide-cell electrodes.

    PubMed

    Graves, Christopher; Chatzichristodoulou, Christodoulos; Mogensen, Mogens B

    2015-01-01

    The solid oxide electrochemical cell (SOC) is an energy conversion technology that can be operated reversibly, to efficiently convert chemical fuels to electricity (fuel cell mode) as well as to store electricity as chemical fuels (electrolysis mode). The SOC fuel-electrode carries out the electrochemical reactions CO2 + 2e(-) ↔ CO + O(2-) and H2O + 2e(-) ↔ H2 + O(2-), for which the electrocatalytic activities of different electrodes differ considerably. The relative activities in CO/CO2 and H2/H2O and the nature of the differences are not well studied, even for the most common fuel-electrode material, a composite of nickel and yttria/scandia stabilized zirconia (Ni-SZ). Ni-SZ is known to be more active for H2/H2O than for CO/CO2 reactions, but the reported relative activity varies widely. Here we compare AC impedance and DC current-overpotential data measured in the two gas environments for several different electrodes comprised of Ni-SZ, Gd-doped CeO2 (CGO), and CGO nanoparticles coating Nb-doped SrTiO3 backbones (CGOn/STN). 2D model and 3D porous electrode geometries are employed to investigate the influence of microstructure, gas diffusion and impurities.Comparing model and porous Ni-SZ electrodes, the ratio of electrode polarization resistance in CO/CO2vs. H2/H2O decreases from 33 to 2. Experiments and modelling suggest that the ratio decreases due to a lower concentration of impurities blocking the three phase boundary and due to the nature of the reaction zone extension into the porous electrode thickness. Besides showing higher activity for H2/H2O reactions than CO/CO2 reactions, the Ni/SZ interface is more active for oxidation than reduction. On the other hand, we find the opposite behaviour in both cases for CGOn/STN model electrodes, reporting for the first time a higher electrocatalytic activity of CGO nanoparticles for CO/CO2 than for H2/H2O reactions in the absence of gas diffusion limitations. We propose that enhanced surface reduction at the

  3. High pressure hydriding of sponge-Zr in steam-hydrogen mixtures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Soo Kim, Yeon; Wang, Wei-E.; Olander, D. R.; Yagnik, S. K.

    1997-07-01

    Hydriding kinetics of thin sponge-Zr layers metallurgically bonded to a Zircaloy disk has been studied by thermogravimetry in the temperature range 350-400°C in 7 MPa hydrogen-steam mixtures. Some specimens were prefilmed with a thin oxide layer prior to exposure to the reactant gas; all were coated with a thin layer of gold to avoid premature reaction at edges. Two types of hydriding were observed in prefilmed specimens, viz., a slow hydrogen absorption process that precedes an accelerated (massive) hydriding. At 7 MPa total pressure, the critical ratio of H 2/H 2O above which massive hydriding occurs at 400°C is ˜ 200. The critical H 2/H 20 ratio is shifted to ˜2.5 × 103 at 350°C. The slow hydriding process occurs only when conditions for hydriding and oxidation are approximately equally favorable. Based on maximum weight gain, the specimen is completely converted to δ-ZrH 2 by massive hydriding in ˜5 h at a hydriding rate of ˜10 -6 mol H/cm 2 s. Incubation times of 10-20 h prior to the onset of massive hydriding increases with prefilm oxide thickness in the range of 0-10 μm. By changing to a steam-enriched gas, massive hydriding that initially started in a steam-starved condition was arrested by re-formation of a protective oxide scale.

  4. Devices and methods to measure H2 and CO2 concentrations in gases released from soils and low temperature fumaroles in volcanic areas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    di Martino, R. M. R.; Camarda, M.; Gurrieri, S.; Valenza, M.

    2009-04-01

    Hydrogen solubility and diffusion have a great relevance to change the redox state of magmas, usually expressed by oxygen fugacity. This influences many chemical and physical properties, such as oxidation state of multivalent elements, kind and abundance of minerals and gas species. These processes change the phase ratios into the volcanic system and so the magma movement capability toward the earth surface and the eruptive dynamics. In past studies several authors (Carapezza et al., 1980; Sato et al., 1982; Sato and McGee, 1985; Wakita et al., 1980) proposed the application of the fuel cells in order to measure reducing capacity of volcanic gases. Their found some clear correlations between variation peaks and volcanic activity but a few reducing capacity changes showed no correlation with it. In this study we characterize a fuel cell device designed to measure hydrogen concentration in a gas mixture. We present test results obtained in laboratory and in field trip, carried out to verify the major interferences of others reducing gas species, commonly present in volcanic emissions, in the measurement carried out with a hydrogen fuel cell sensor. Tests were performed at controlled temperature ad pressure conditions and at air saturated pressure vapour in the cell cathode. A new device to measure simultaneously hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in soil and in low temperature fumaroles in volcanic areas was proposed. The H2-detector is a hydrogen fuel cell, whereas CO2 is measured using an I.R. spectrometer. To build a continuous monitoring station of volcanic activity both sensors were put in a case together with a data logger. Our device has 0.2 mV ppm-1 sensitivity, accuracy of ± 5 ppm and about 10 ppm resolution whit respect to the hydrogen concentration. These instrumental characteristics were obtained applying a 500 ohm resistor to the external circuit that represents the best compromise between sensitivity, resolution, instrumental

  5. Spectroscopic investigation of H atom transfer in a gas-phase dissociation reaction: McLafferty rearrangement of model gas-phase peptide ions.

    PubMed

    Van Stipdonk, Michael J; Kerstetter, Dale R; Leavitt, Christopher M; Groenewold, Gary S; Steill, Jeffrey; Oomens, Jos

    2008-06-14

    Wavelength-selective infrared multiple-photon photodissociation (WS-IRMPD) was used to study isotopically-labeled ions generated by McLafferty rearrangement of nicotinyl-glycine-tert-butyl ester and betaine-glycine-tert-butyl ester. The tert-butyl esters were incubated in a mixture of D(2)O and CH(3)OD to induce solution-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange and then converted to gas-phase ions using electrospray ionization. McLafferty rearrangement was used to generate the free-acid forms of the respective model peptides through transfer of an H atom and elimination of butene. The specific aim was to use vibrational spectra generated by WS-IRMPD to determine whether the H atom remains at the acid group, or migrates to one or more of the other exchangeable sites. Comparison of the IRMPD results in the region from 1200-1900 cm(-1) to theoretical spectra for different isotopically-labeled isomers clearly shows that the H atom is situated at the C-terminal acid group and migration to amide positions is negligible on the time scale of the experiment. The results of this study suggest that use of the McLafferty rearrangement for peptide esters could be an effective approach for generation of H-atom isotope tracers, in situ, for subsequent investigation of intramolecular proton migration during peptide fragmentation studies.

  6. Solubility of water in lunar basalt at low pH2O

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Newcombe, M. E.; Brett, A.; Beckett, J. R.; Baker, M. B.; Newman, S.; Guan, Y.; Eiler, J. M.; Stolper, E. M.

    2017-03-01

    We report the solubility of water in Apollo 15 basaltic "Yellow Glass" and an iron-free basaltic analog composition at 1 atm and 1350 °C. We equilibrated melts in a 1-atm furnace with flowing H2/CO2 gas mixtures that spanned ∼8 orders of magnitude in fO2 (from three orders of magnitude more reducing than the iron-wüstite buffer, IW-3.0, to IW+4.8) and ∼4 orders of magnitude in pH2/pH2O (from 0.003 to 24). Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), our quenched experimental glasses contain 69-425 ppm total water (by weight). Our results demonstrate that under the conditions of our experiments: (1) hydroxyl is the only H-bearing species detected by FTIR; (2) the solubility of water is proportional to the square root of pH2O in the furnace atmosphere and is independent of fO2 and pH2/pH2O; (3) the solubility of water is very similar in both melt compositions; (4) the concentration of H2 in our iron-free experiments is <∼4 ppm, even at oxygen fugacities as low as IW-2.3 and pH2/pH2O as high as 11; (5) Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of water in iron-rich glasses equilibrated under variable fO2 conditions may be strongly influenced by matrix effects, even when the concentration of water in the glasses is low; and (6) Our results can be used to constrain the entrapment pressure of lunar melt inclusions and the partial pressures of water and molecular hydrogen in the carrier gas of the lunar pyroclastic glass beads. We find that the most water-rich melt inclusion of Hauri et al. (2011) would be in equilibrium with a vapor with pH2O ∼ 3 bar and pH2 ∼ 8 bar. We constrain the partial pressures of water and molecular hydrogen in the carrier gas of the lunar pyroclastic glass beads to be 0.0005 bar and 0.0011 bar respectively. We calculate that batch degassing of lunar magmas containing initial volatile contents of 1200 ppm H2O (dissolved primarily as hydroxyl) and 4-64 ppm C would produce enough vapor to reach the critical vapor

  7. Measurement of nitrogen content in a gas mixture by transforming the nitrogen into a substance detectable with nondispersive infrared detection

    DOEpatents

    Owen, Thomas E.; Miller, Michael A.

    2010-08-24

    A method of determining the amount of nitrogen in a gas mixture. The constituent gases of the mixture are dissociated and transformed to create a substance that may measured using nondispersive infrared adsorption techniques.

  8. Measurement of nitrogen content in a gas mixture by transforming the nitrogen into a substance detectable with nondispersive infrared detection

    DOEpatents

    Owen, Thomas E.; Miller, Michael A.

    2007-03-13

    A method of determining the amount of nitrogen in a gas mixture. The constituent gases of the mixture are dissociated and transformed to create a substance that may measured using nondispersive infrared adsorption techniques.

  9. Method of and apparatus for measuring the mean concentration of thoron and/or radon in a gas mixture

    DOEpatents

    Lucas, Henry

    1990-01-01

    A method of and an apparatus for detecting and accurately measuring the mean concentrations of .sup.222 Rn and .sup.220 Tn in a gas mixture, such as the ambient atmosphere in a mine, is provided. The apparatus includes an alpha target member which defines at least one operative target surface and which is preferably fabricated from a single piece of an alpha particle sensitive material. At least one portion of the operative target surface is covered with an alpha particle filter. The uncovered and filter covered operative surface is exposed to the gas mixture containing the .sup.222 Rn and .sup.220 Tn. In the radioactive decay series of these isotopes the maximum kinetic energy emitted by the alpha decay of .sup.222 Rn is about 1.1 MeV less than the maximum kinetic energy emitted by the alpha decay of a .sup.220 Tn. The alpha particle filter has a predetermined mass per unit area of the covered portion of the operative target surface that prevents penetration of alpha particles which originate from .sup.222 Rn decay, but which allows passage therethrough of the maximum kinetic energy alpha particles from .sup.220 Tn decay. Thus, a count of the alpha particle tracks in the uncovered portion of the target member is proportional to the mean concentration of sum of .sup.222 Rn and .sup.220 Tn in the gas mixture, while the count of alpha tracks in the target member under the filter is proportional to the concentration of only the .sup.220 Tn in the gas mixture.

  10. Photodissociation dynamics of gaseous CpCo(CO)2 and ligand exchange reactions of CpCoH2 with C3H4, C3H6, and NH3.

    PubMed

    Oana, Melania; Nakatsuka, Yumiko; Albert, Daniel R; Davis, H Floyd

    2012-05-31

    The photodissociation dynamics of CpCo(CO)(2) was studied in a molecular beam using photofragment translational energy spectroscopy with 157 nm photoionization detection of the metallic products. At 532 and 355 nm excitation, the dominant one-photon channel involved loss of a single CO ligand producing CpCoCO. The product angular distributions were isotropic, and a large fraction of excess energy appeared as product vibrational excitation. Production of CpCO + 2CO resulted from two-photon absorption processes. The two-photon dissociation of mixtures containing CpCo(CO)(2) and H(2) at the orifice of a pulsed nozzle was used to produce a novel 16-electron unsaturated species, CpCoH(2). Transition metal ligand exchange reactions, CpCoH(2) + L → CpCoL + H(2) (L = propyne, propene, or ammonia), were studied under single-collision conditions for the first time. In all cases, ligand exchange occurred via 18-electron association complexes with lifetimes comparable to their rotational periods. Although ligand exchange reactions were not detected from CpCoH(2) collisions with methane or propane (L = CH(4) or C(3)H(8)), a molecular beam containing CpCoCH(4) was produced by photolysis of mixtures containing CpCo(CO)(2) and CH(4).

  11. Reactions of aqueous L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-methionyl-L-phenylalanine, L-phenylalanyl-L-methionine and their mixtures with H atoms during steady radiolysis at pH 6. 5. [Gamma radiation

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Mee, L.K.; Adelstein, S.J.; Steinhart, C.M.

    Phenylalanine, methionine, and their mixtures, methionyl phenylalanine, phenylalnyl methionine, and mixtures of each dipeptide with phenylalanine were reacted with radiolytically generated H atoms in aqueous solution at pH 6.5. When methionine is irradiated alone, G(-methionine) = 2.0; the principal amino acid product is ..cap alpha..-amino-n-butyric acid. The initial destruction of phenylalanine, irradiated alone, is very low, G(-phenylalanine) approximately 0.15, and it decreases with dose. In mixtures of phenylalanine and methionine, radiolytic destruction of phenylalanine is potentiated, with a maximum potentiation at a phenylalanine:methionine ratio of 2 : 1. Repair reactions are postulated to account for the low initial yield ofmore » phenylalanine, its decrease with dose, and potentiation of destruction in mixtures with methionine. The destruction of the phenylalanyl and methionyl residues in the irradiated dipeptides is similar to that found for the loss of phenylalanine and methionine in 1 : 1 mixtures of the free amino acids; the destruction of residues in 1 : 1 mixtures of either dipeptide with phenylalanine is similar to that found in mixtures of phenylalanine:methionine at a ratio of 2 : 1. Thus, it is apparent already in simple mixtures of the divalent sulfur-containing methionine and the aromatic phenylalanine that kinetic interactions occur between these two kinds of amino acids which are not revealed by irradiation of these residues separately. The behavior of the dipeptides does not provide any evidence for intramolecular transfer of radical site.« less

  12. An experimental and detailed chemical kinetic modeling study of hydrogen and syngas mixture oxidation at elevated pressures

    DOE PAGES

    Keromnes, Alan; Metcalfe, Wayne K.; Heufer, Karl A.; ...

    2013-03-12

    The oxidation of syngas mixtures was investigated experimentally and simulated with an updated chemical kinetic model. Ignition delay times for H 2/CO/O 2/N 2/Ar mixtures have been measured using two rapid compression machines and shock tubes at pressures from 1 to 70 bar, over a temperature range of 914–2220 K and at equivalence ratios from 0.1 to 4.0. Results show a strong dependence of ignition times on temperature and pressure at the end of the compression; ignition delays decrease with increasing temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio. The reactivity of the syngas mixtures was found to be governed by hydrogen chemistrymore » for CO concentrations lower than 50% in the fuel mixture. For higher CO concentrations, an inhibiting effect of CO was observed. Flame speeds were measured in helium for syngas mixtures with a high CO content and at elevated pressures of 5 and 10 atm using the spherically expanding flame method. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for hydrogen and H 2/CO (syngas) mixtures has been updated, rate constants have been adjusted to reflect new experimental information obtained at high pressures and new rate constant values recently published in the literature. Experimental results for ignition delay times and flame speeds have been compared with predictions using our newly revised chemical kinetic mechanism, and good agreement was observed. In the mechanism validation, particular emphasis is placed on predicting experimental data at high pressures (up to 70 bar) and intermediate- to high-temperature conditions, particularly important for applications in internal combustion engines and gas turbines. The reaction sequence H 2 + HO˙ 2 ↔ H˙+H 2O 2 followed by H 2O 2(+M) ↔ O˙H+O˙H(+M) was found to play a key role in hydrogen ignition under high-pressure and intermediate-temperature conditions. The rate constant for H 2+HO˙ 2 showed strong sensitivity to high-pressure ignition times and has considerable uncertainty, based on

  13. Critical behaviour in DOPC/DPPC/cholesterol mixtures: static (2)H NMR line shapes near the critical point.

    PubMed

    Davis, James H; Schmidt, Miranda L

    2014-05-06

    Static (2)H NMR spectroscopy is used to study the critical behavior of mixtures of 1,2-dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine/1,2-dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/cholesterol in molar proportion 37.5:37.5:25 using either chain perdeuterated DPPC-d62 or chain methyl deuterated DPPC-d6. The temperature dependence of the first moment of the (2)H spectrum of the sample made with DPPC-d62 and of the quadrupolar splittings of the chain-methyl-labeled DPPC-d6 sample are directly related to the temperature dependence of the critical order parameter η, which scales as [Formula: see text] near the critical temperature. Analysis of the data reveals that for the chain perdeuterated sample, the value of Tc is 301.51 ± 0.1 K, and that of the critical exponent, βc = 0.391 ± 0.02. The line shape analysis of the methyl labeled (d6) sample gives Tc = 303.74 ± 0.07 K and βc = 0.338 ± 0.009. These values obtained for βc are in good agreement with the predictions of a three-dimensional Ising model. The difference in critical temperature between the two samples having nominally the same molar composition arises because of the lowering of the phase transition temperature that occurs due to the perdeuteration of the DPPC. Copyright © 2014 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  14. Multipoint Ignition of a Gas Mixture by a Microwave Subcritical Discharge with an Extended Streamer Structure

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aleksandrov, K. V.; Busleev, N. I.; Grachev, L. P.; Esakov, I. I.; Ravaev, A. A.

    2018-02-01

    The results of experimental studies on using an electrical discharge with an extended streamer structure in a quasioptical microwave beam in the multipoint ignition of a propane-air mixture have been reported. The pulsed microwave discharge was initiated at the interior surface of a quartz tube that was filled with the mentioned flammable mixture and introduced into a microwave beam with a subbreakdown initial field. Gas breakdown was initiated by an electromagnetic vibrator. The dependence of the type of discharge on the microwave field strength was examined, the lower concentration threshold of ignition of the propane-air mixture by the studied discharge was determined, and the dynamics of combustion of the flammable mixture with local and multipoint ignition were compared.

  15. Hydrophobization of epoxy nanocomposite surface with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane for superhydrophobic properties

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Psarski, Maciej; Marczak, Jacek; Celichowski, Grzegorz; Sobieraj, Grzegorz B.; Gumowski, Konrad; Zhou, Feng; Liu, Weimin

    2012-10-01

    Nature inspires the design of synthetic materials with superhydrophobic properties, which can be used for applications ranging from self-cleaning surfaces to microfluidic devices. Their water repellent properties are due to hierarchical (micrometer- and nanometre-scale) surface morphological structures, either made of hydrophobic substances or hydrophobized by appropriate surface treatment. In this work, the efficiency of two surface treatment procedures, with a hydrophobic fluoropolymer, synthesized and deposited from 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (PFOTS) is investigated. The procedures involved reactions from the gas and liquid phases of the PFOTS/hexane solutions. The hierarchical structure is created in an epoxy nanocomposite surface, by filling the resin with alumina nanoparticles and micron-sized glass beads and subsequent sandblasting with corundum microparticles. The chemical structure of the deposited fluoropolymer was examined using XPS spectroscopy. The topography of the modified surfaces was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The hydrophobic properties of the modified surfaces were investigated by water contact and sliding angles measurements. The surfaces exhibited water contact angles of above 150° for both modification procedures, however only the gas phase modification provided the non-sticking behaviour of water droplets (sliding angle of 3°). The discrepancy is attributed to extra surface roughness provided by the latter procedure.

  16. Variations in the Strength of the Infrared Forbidden 2328.2 cm-1 Fundamental of Solid N2 in Binary Mixtures

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bernstein, Max P.; Sandford, Scott A.; Mead, Susan (Technical Monitor)

    2002-01-01

    We present the 2335-2325 cm(exp -1) infrared spectra and band positions, profiles, and strengths (A values) of solid nitrogen and binary mixtures of N2 with other molecules at 12 K. The data demonstrate that the strength of the infrared forbidden N2 fundamental near 2328 cm(exp -1) is moderately enhanced in the presence of NH3, strongly enhanced in the presence of H2O and very strongly enhanced in the presence of CO2, but is not significantly affected by CO, CH4, or O2. The mechanisms for the enhancements in N2-NH3 and N2-H2O mixtures are fundamentally different from those proposed for N2-CO2 mixtures. In the first case, interactions involving hydrogen-bonding are likely the cause. In the latter, a resonant exchange between the N2 stretching fundamental and the O-18=C-12 asymmetric stretch of O-18C-12O-16 is indicated. The implications of these results for several astrophysical issues are briefly discussed.

  17. Quenching of Particle-Gas Combustible Mixtures Using Electric Particulate Suspension (EPS) and Dispersion Methods

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Colver, Gerald M.; Goroshin, Samuel; Lee, John H. S.

    2001-01-01

    A cooperative study is being carried out between Iowa State University and McGill University. The new study concerns wall and particle quenching effects in particle-gas mixtures. The primary objective is to measure and interpret flame quenching distances, flammability limits, and burning velocities in particulate suspensions. A secondary objective is to measure particle slip velocities and particle velocity distribution as these influence flame propagation. Two suspension techniques will be utilized and compared: (1) electric particle suspension/EPS; and (2) flow dispersion. Microgravity tests will permit testing of larger particles and higher and more uniform dust concentrations than is possible in normal gravity.

  18. 10 CFR 504.7 - Prohibition against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas in mixtures-electing powerplants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Prohibition against excessive use of petroleum or natural...) ALTERNATE FUELS EXISTING POWERPLANTS § 504.7 Prohibition against excessive use of petroleum or natural gas... technically and financially feasible for a unit to use a mixture of petroleum or natural gas and an alternate...

  19. A novel Zn-based heterocycle metal-organic framework for high C2H2/C2H4, CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Ling; Jiang, Ke; Yang, Yu; Cui, Yuanjing; Chen, Banglin; Qian, Guodong

    2017-11-01

    Efficient separation of the small gas molecules especially the hydrocarbons is essential to social economy. The microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are taking precedence in this respect by virtue of their irreplaceable advantages. Herein, the new organic linker 5-(5-carboxypyridin-3-yl)isophthalic acid simplified as H3L-N has been excavated to construct successfully the novel Zn-based heterocycle metal-organic framework ZnL·(DMF)1.5·(H2O)6.0 (ZJU-197, ZJU = Zhejiang University, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide). ZJU-197 has been structurally characterized and explored in details for gas separation. It is commendable that the activated ZJU-197a has exhibited excellent C2H2/C2H4, CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separations simultaneously with IAST selectivity of 137.8, 53.0 and 514.1 respectively at ambient conditions.

  20. Removal of Carbon Dioxide from Gas Mixtures Using Ion-Exchanged Silicoaluminophosphates

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hernandez-Maldonado, Arturo J (Inventor); Rivera-Ramos, Milton E (Inventor); Arevalo-Hidalgo, Ana G (Inventor)

    2017-01-01

    Na+-SAPO-34 sorbents were ion-exchanged with several individual metal cations for CO2 absorption at different temperatures (273-348 K) and pressures (<1 atm). In general, the overall adsorption performance of the exchanged materials increased as follows: Ce3+2+2+2+. The strontium exchanged materials excelled at low-pressure ranges, exhibiting very sharp isotherms slopes at all temperatures. The Sr2+ species were responsible for the surface strong interaction and the cations were occupying exposed sites (SII') in the materials Chabazite cages. All the sorbent materials exhibited higher affinity for CO2 over the other gases tested (i.e., CH4, H2, N2 and O2) due to strong ion-quadrupole interactions. Sr2+-SAPO-34 sorbents are by far the best option for CO2 removal from CH4 mixtures, especially at low concentrations.