Hafnium transistor process design for neural interfacing.

PubMed

Parent, David W; Basham, Eric J

2009-01-01

A design methodology is presented that uses 1-D process simulations of Metal Insulator Semiconductor (MIS) structures to design the threshold voltage of hafnium oxide based transistors used for neural recording. The methodology is comprised of 1-D analytical equations for threshold voltage specification, and doping profiles, and 1-D MIS Technical Computer Aided Design (TCAD) to design a process to implement a specific threshold voltage, which minimized simulation time. The process was then verified with a 2-D process/electrical TCAD simulation. Hafnium oxide films (HfO) were grown and characterized for dielectric constant and fixed oxide charge for various annealing temperatures, two important design variables in threshold voltage design.

Thermochemistry of amorphous and crystalline zirconium and hafnium silicates.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ushakov, S.; Brown, C. E.; Navrotsky, Alexandra; Boatner, L. A.; Demkov, A. A.; Wang, C.; Nguyen, B.-Y.

2003-03-01

Calorimetric investigation of amorphous and crystalline zirconium and hafnium silicates was performed as part of a research program on thermochemistry of alternative gate dielectrics. Amorphous hafnium and zirconium silicates with varying SiO2 content were synthesized by a sol-gel process. Crystalline zirconium and hafnium silicates (zircon and hafnon) were synthesized by solid state reaction at 1450 °C from amorphous gels and grown as single crystals from flux. High temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry in lead borate (2PbO.B2O3) solvent at 800 oC was used to measure drop solution enthalpies for amorphous and crystalline zirconium and hafnium silicates and corresponding oxides. Applying appropriate thermochemical cycles, formation enthalpy of crystalline ZrSiO4 (zircon) from binary oxides (baddeleite and quartz) at 298 K was calculated as -23 +/-2 kJ/mol and enthalpy difference between amorphous and crystalline zirconium silicate (vitrification enthalpy) was found to be 61 +/-3 kJ/mol. Crystallization onset temperatures of amorphous zirconium and hafnium silicates, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), increased with silica content. The resulting crystalline phases, as characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), were tetragonal HfO2 and ZrO2. Critical crystallite size for tetragonal to monoclinic transformation of HfO2 in the gel was estimated as 6 +/-2 nm from XRD data Crystallization enthalpies per mole of hafnia and zirconia in gels decrease slightly together with crystallite size with increasing silica content, for example from -22 to -15 +/-1 kJ per mol of HfO2 crystallized at 740 and 1006 °C from silicates with 10 and 70 mol Applications of thermal analyses and solution calorimetry techniques together with first-principles density functional calculations to estimate interface and surface energies are discussed.

Simultaneous determination of tantalum and hafnium in silicates by neutron activation analysis

USGS Publications Warehouse

Greenland, L.P.

1968-01-01

A neutron activation procedure suitable for the routine determination of tantalum and hafnium in silicates is described. The irradiated sample is fused with sodium peroxide and leached, and the insoluble hydroxides are dissolved in dilute hydrofluoric acid-hydrochloric acid. After LaF3 and AgCl scavenges, tantalum and hafnium are separated by anion exchange. Tantalum is obtained radiochemically pure; 233Pa and 95Zr contaminants in the hafnium fraction are resolved by ??-ray spectrometry. The chemical yield of the procedure is detemined after counting by re-irradiation. Values for the 8 U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks are reported. ?? 1968.

The Hot-Pressing of Hafnium Carbide (Melting Point, 7030 F)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sanders, William A.; Grisaffe, Salvatore J.

1960-01-01

An investigation was undertaken to determine the effects of the hot-pressing variables (temperature, pressure, and time) on the density and grain size of hafnium carbide disks. The purpose was to provide information necessary for the production of high-density test shapes for the determination of physical and mechanical properties. Hot-pressing of -325 mesh hafnium carbide powder was accomplished with a hydraulic press and an inductively heated graphite die assembly. The ranges investigated for each variable were as follows: temperature, 3500 to 4870 F; pressure, 1000 to 6030 pounds per square inch; and time, 5 to 60 minutes. Hafnium carbide bodies of approximately 98 percent theoretical density can be produced under the following minimal conditions: 4230 F, 3500 pounds per square inch, and 15 minutes. Further increases in temperature and time resulted only in greater grain size.

Zirconium and hafnium in the southeastern Atlantic States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mertie, J.B.

1958-01-01

The principal source of zirconium and hafnium is zircon, though a minor source is baddeleyite, mined only in Brazil. Zircon is an accessory mineral in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, but rarely occurs in hardrock in minable quantities. The principal sources of zircon are therefore alluvial deposits, which are mined in many countries of five continents. The principal commercial deposits in the United States are in Florida, though others exist elsewhere in the southeastern Coastal Plain. The evidence indicates that conditions for the accumulation of workable deposits of heavy minerals were more favorable during the interglacial stages of the Pleistocene epoch than during Recent time. Therefore detrital ores of large volume and high tenor are more likely to be found in the terrace deposits than along the present beaches. Other concentrations of heavy minerals, however, are possible at favored sites close to the Fall Line where the Tuscaloosa formation rests upon the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont province. A score of heavy and semiheavy minerals occur in the detrital deposits of Florida, but the principal salable minerals are ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, and zircon, though monazite and staurolite are saved at some mining plants. Commercial deposits of heavy minerals are generally required to have a tenor of 4 percent, though ores with a lower tenor can be mined at a profit if the content of monazite is notably high. The percentages of zircon in the concentrates ranges from 10 to 16 percent, and in eastern Florida from 13 to 15 percent. Thus the tenor in zircon of the ore-bearing sands ranges from 0.4 to 0.6 percent. The content of hafnium in zircon is immaterial for many uses, but for some purposes very high or very low tenors in hafnium are required. Alluvial zircon cannot be separated into such varieties, which, if needed, must be obtained from sources in bedrock. It thus becomes necessary to determine the Hf : Zr ratios in zircon from many kinds of

Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium: A Review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, L.; Xiao, Y.; van Sandwijk, A.; Xu, Q.; Yang, Y.

Zirconium is an ideal material for nuclear reactors due to its low absorption cross-section for thermal neutrons, whereas the typically contained hafnium with strong neutron-absorption is very harmful for zirconium. This paper provides an overview of the processes for separating hafnium from zirconium. The separation processes are roughly classified into hydro- and pyrometallurgical routes. The current dominant zirconium production route involves pyrometallurgical ore cracking, multi-step hydrometallurgical liquid-liquid extraction for hafnium removal and the reduction of zirconium tetrachloride to the pure metal by the Kroll process. The lengthy hydrometallurgical Zr-Hf separation operations leads to high production cost, intensive labour and heavy environmental burden. Using a compact pyrometallurgical separation method can simplify the whole production flowsheet with a higher process efficiency. The known separation methods are discussed based on the following reaction features: redox characteristics, volatility, electrochemical properties and molten salt extraction. The commercially operating extractive distillation process is a significant advance in Zr-Hf separation technology but it suffers from high process maintenance cost. The recently developed new process based on molten salt-metal equilibrium for Zr-Hf separation shows a great potential for industrial application, which is compact for nuclear grade zirconium production starting from crude ore. In the present paper, the available separation technologies are compared. The advantages and disadvantages as well as future directions of research and development for nuclear grade zirconium production are discussed.

High P-T phase transitions and P-V-T equation of state of hafnium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hrubiak, Rostislav; Drozd, Vadym; Karbasi, Ali

2016-07-29

We measured the volume of hafnium at several pressures up to 67 GPa and at temperatures between 300 to 780 K using a resistively heated diamond anvil cell with synchrotron x-ray diffraction at the Advanced Photon Source. The measured data allows us to determine the P-V-T equation of state of hafnium. The previously described [Xia et al., Phys. Rev. B 42, 6736-6738 (1990)] phase transition from hcp ({alpha}) to simple hexagonal ({omega}) phase at 38 GPa at room temperature was not observed even up to 51 GPa. The {omega} phase was only observed at elevated temperatures. Our measurements have alsomore » improved the experimental constraint on the high P-T phase boundary between the {omega} phase and high pressure bcc ({beta}) phase of hafnium. Isothermal room temperature bulk modulus and its pressure derivative for the {alpha}-phase of hafnium were measured to be B{sub 0} = 112.9{+-}0.5 GPa and B{sub 0}'=3.29{+-}0.05, respectively. P-V-T data for the {alpha}-phase of hafnium was used to obtain a fit to a thermodynamic P-V-T equation of state based on model by Brosh et al. [CALPHAD 31, 173-185 (2007)].« less

Hafnium transistor design for neural interfacing.

PubMed

Parent, David W; Basham, Eric J

2008-01-01

A design methodology is presented that uses the EKV model and the g(m)/I(D) biasing technique to design hafnium oxide field effect transistors that are suitable for neural recording circuitry. The DC gain of a common source amplifier is correlated to the structural properties of a Field Effect Transistor (FET) and a Metal Insulator Semiconductor (MIS) capacitor. This approach allows a transistor designer to use a design flow that starts with simple and intuitive 1-D equations for gain that can be verified in 1-D MIS capacitor TCAD simulations, before final TCAD process verification of transistor properties. The DC gain of a common source amplifier is optimized by using fast 1-D simulations and using slower, complex 2-D simulations only for verification. The 1-D equations are used to show that the increased dielectric constant of hafnium oxide allows a higher DC gain for a given oxide thickness. An additional benefit is that the MIS capacitor can be employed to test additional performance parameters important to an open gate transistor such as dielectric stability and ionic penetration.

Etude de la nitruration carbothermique du dioxyde de hafnium par diffraction X à haute température

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pialoux, A.

1993-03-01

The carbothermal reduction of hafnium dioxide under atmospheric level nitrogen pressure has been investigated using a graphite resistance high temperature X-ray diffractometer up to around 2300 K. A carbon transfer reaction through the gaseous phase (N 2, CO/CO 2) is shown to precede, then to compete the direct reduction of the hafnium oxide by the graphite in pure nitrogen. A complex mechanism has been found that accounts for the formation of hafnium dioxynitride and possibly of three other hafnium oxynitrides, then of hafnium mononitride and hafnium monocarbonitride, along two different steps between 1613 and 1923 K. An evaluation has been made concerning the composition of these γ 1- HfO 2-xN x/2□ x/2 (CaF 2-type structure), γ 2- Hf 7O 11N 2, γ 3- Hf 7O 8N 4 (rhombohedral), γ 4- Hf 2ON 2 (Mn 2O 3-type structure), HfN and HfN 1-zC z (NaCl-type structure) phases, considering the variations of their lattice parameters and the available data in the literature, especially on the isomorphous compounds of zirconium. It must be emphasized the new γ 1- HfO 2-xN x/2 phase, the dilatation of which is linear ( overlineα = 12×10 -6K -1), shows a constant composition from 2158 down to 1473 K (x ≈ 0,2). But under 1473 K, inevitably, the hafnium dioxynitride disappears, and poorly crystallized monoclinic αHfO 2 and rhombohedral γ 2- Hf 7O 11N 2 are formed.

Tensile and stress-rupture behavior of hafnium carbide dispersed molybdenum and tungsten base alloy wires

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yun, Hee Mann; Titran, Robert H.

1993-01-01

The tensile strain rate sensitivity and the stress-rupture strength of Mo-base and W-base alloy wires, 380 microns in diameter, were determined over the temperature range from 1200 K to 1600 K. Three molybdenum alloy wires; Mo + 1.1w/o hafnium carbide (MoHfC), Mo + 25w/o W + 1.1w/o hafnium carbide (MoHfC+25W) and Mo + 45w/o W + 1.1w/o hafnium carbide (MoHfC+45W), and a W + 0.4w/o hafnium carbide (WHfC) tungsten alloy wire were evaluated. The tensile strength of all wires studied was found to have a positive strain rate sensitivity. The strain rate dependency increased with increasing temperature and is associated with grain broadening of the initial fibrous structures. The hafnium carbide dispersed W-base and Mo-base alloys have superior tensile and stress-rupture properties than those without HfC. On a density compensated basis the MoHfC wires exhibit superior tensile and stress-rupture strengths to the WHfC wires up to approximately 1400 K. Addition of tungsten in the Mo-alloy wires was found to increase the long-term stress rupture strength at temperatures above 1400 K. Theoretical calculations indicate that the strength and ductility advantage of the HfC dispersed alloy wires is due to the resistance to recrystallization imparted by the dispersoid.

Mineral resource of the month: zirconium and hafnium

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gambogi, Joseph

2007-01-01

Zirconium and hafnium are corrosion-resistant metals that are grouped in the same family as titanium on the periodic table. The two elements commonly occur in oxide and silicate minerals and have significant economic importance in everything from ink, ceramics and golf shoes to nuclear fuel rods.

SEPARATING HAFNIUM FROM ZIRCONIUM

DOEpatents

Lister, B.A.J.; Duncan, J.F.; Hutcheon, J.M.

1956-08-21

Substantially complete separation of zirconium from hafnium may be obtained by elution of ion exchange material, on which compounds of the elements are adsorbed, with an approximately normal solution of sulfuric acid. Preferably the acid concentration is between 0.8 N amd 1.2 N, amd should not exceed 1.5 N;. Increasing the concentration of sulfate ion in the eluting solution by addition of a soluble sulfate, such as sodium sulfate, has been found to be advantageous. The preferred ion exchange materials are sulfonated polystyrene resins such as Dowex 50,'' and are preferably arranged in a column through which the solutions are passed.

Effect of cathode cooling efficiency and oxygen plasma gas pressure on the hafnium cathode wall temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashtekar, Koustubh; Diehl, Gregory; Hamer, John

2012-10-01

The hafnium cathode is widely used in DC plasma arc cutting (PAC) under an oxygen gas environment to cut iron and iron alloys. The hafnium erosion is always a concern which is controlled by the surface temperature. In this study, the effect of cathode cooling efficiency and oxygen gas pressure on the hafnium surface temperature are quantified. The two layer cathode sheath model is applied on the refractive hafnium surface while oxygen species (O2, O, O+, O++, e-) are considered within the thermal dis-equilibrium regime. The system of non-linear equations comprising of current density balance, heat flux balance at both the cathode surface and the sheath-ionization layer is coupled with the plasma gas composition solver. Using cooling heat flux, gas pressure and current density as inputs; the cathode wall temperature, electron temperature, and sheath voltage drop are calculated. Additionally, contribution of emitted electron current (Je) and ions current (Ji) to the total current flux are estimated. Higher gas pressure usually reduces Ji and increases Je that reduces the surface temperature by thermionic cooling.

Low-voltage bendable pentacene thin-film transistor with stainless steel substrate and polystyrene-coated hafnium silicate dielectric.

PubMed

Yun, Dong-Jin; Lee, Seunghyup; Yong, Kijung; Rhee, Shi-Woo

2012-04-01

The hafnium silicate and aluminum oxide high-k dielectrics were deposited on stainless steel substrate using atomic layer deposition process and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and polystyrene (PS) were treated improve crystallinity of pentacene grown on them. Besides, the effects of the pentacene deposition condition on the morphologies, crystallinities and electrical properties of pentacene were characterized. Therefore, the surface treatment condition on dielectric and pentacene deposition conditions were optimized. The pentacene grown on polystyrene coated high-k dielectric at low deposition rate and temperature (0.2-0.3 Å/s and R.T.) showed the largest grain size (0.8-1.0 μm) and highest crystallinity among pentacenes deposited various deposition conditions, and the pentacene TFT with polystyrene coated high-k dielectric showed excellent device-performance. To decrease threshold voltage of pentacene TFT, the polystyrene-thickness on high-k dielectric was controlled using different concentration of polystyrene solution. As the polystyrene-thickness on hafnium silicate decreases, the dielectric constant of polystyrene/hafnium silicate increases, while the crystallinity of pentacene grown on polystyrene/hafnium silicate did not change. Using low-thickness polystyrene coated hafnium silicate dielectric, the high-performance and low voltage operating (<5 V) pentacene thin film transistor (μ: ~2 cm(2)/(V s), on/off ratio, >1 × 10(4)) and complementary inverter (DC gains, ~20) could be fabricated.

Atomic layer deposition and characterization of hafnium oxide grown on silicon from tetrakis(diethylamino)hafnium and water vapor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deshpande, Anand; Inman, Ronald; Jursich, Gregory; Takoudis, Christos

2004-09-01

In this work thin films of hafnium oxide are deposited on Si(100) substrates by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD) using tetrakis(diethylamino)hafnium and water vapor at substrate temperatures of 250-350ºC. Our system capabilities include fast transient delivery of reactive fluids, real-time vapor phase detection (in situ tunable diode laser hygrometer), precursor thermochemical capabilities, and ppt level elemental analysis by inductive coupling plasma mass spectrometry. The composition, purity, and other properties of the films and resulting interfaces are determined using x-ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, Z-contrast imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope with A˚ scale resolution, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The observed ALD rate is ~1.4 A˚ per cycle. The nonuniformity across the film is less than 4%. Negligible carbon contamination is found in the resulting stoichiometric films under all conditions studied. The pulse sequence was optimized to prevent disastrous particulate problems while still minimizing purge times. The film deposition is investigated as a function of substrate temperature and reagent pulsing characteristics. A mild inverse temperature dependence of the ALD rate is observed. The initial stage of the HfO2 growth is investigated in detail.

Review of anhydrous zirconium-hafnium separation techniques. Information circular/1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Skaggs, R.L.; Rogers, D.T.; Hunter, D.B.

1983-12-01

Sixteen nonaqueous techniques conceived to replace the current aqueous scheme for separating hafnium and zirconium tetrachlorides were reviewed and evaluated by the Bureau of Mines. The methods are divided into two classes: separation by fractional volatilization of the tetrachlorides, which takes advantage of the higher volatility of hafnium tetrachloride; and separation by chemical techniques, based on differences in chemical behavior of the two tetrachlorides. The criteria used to evaluate separation methods were temperature, pressure, separation factor per equilibrium stage, complexity, compatibility with existing technology, and potential for continuous operation. Three processes were selected as being most promising: (1) high-pressure distillation,more » (2) extractive distillation from a molten salt, and (3) preferential reduction of gaseous ZrCl4. Any of the proposed nonaqueous Hf-Zr separation schemes must be supplemented with additional purification to remove trace impurities.« less

Development and characterization of ultrathin hafnium titanates as high permittivity gate insulators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Min

High permittivity or high-kappa materials are being developed for use as gate insulators for future ultrascaled metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). Hafnium containing compounds are the leading candidates. Due to its moderate permittivity, however, it is difficult to achieve HfO2 gate structures with an EOT well below 1.0 nm. One approach to increase HfO2 permittivity is combining it with a very high-kappa material, such as TiO2. In this thesis, we systematically studied the electrical and physical characteristics of high-kappa hafnium titanates films as gate insulators. A series of HfxTi1-xO2 films with well-controlled composition were deposited using an MOCVD system. The physical properties of the films were analyzed using a variety of characterization techniques. X-ray micro diffraction indicates that the Ti-rich thin film is more immune to crystallization. TEM analysis showed that the thick stoichiometric HfTiO 4 film has an orthorhombic structure and large anisotropic grains. The C-V curves from the devices with the hafnium titanates films displayed relatively low hysteresis. In a certain composition range, the interfacial layer (IL) EOT and permittivity of HfxTi1-x O2 increases linearly with increasing Ti. The charge is negative for HfxTi1-xO2/IL and positive for Si/IL interface, and the magnitude increases as Hf increases. For ultra-thin films (less than 2 nm EOT), the leakage current increases with increasing HE Moreover, the Hf-rich sample has weaker temperature dependence of the current. In the MOSFET devices with the hafnium titanates films, normal transistor characteristics were observed, also electron mobility degradation. Next, we investigated the effects that different pre-deposition surface treatments, including HF dipping, NH3 surface nitridation, and HfO2 deposition, have on the electrical properties of hafnium titanates. Surface nitridation shows stronger effect than the thin HfO2 layer. The nitrided samples displayed a

Evidence for oxygen vacancies movement during wake-up in ferroelectric hafnium oxide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Starschich, S.; Böttger, U.; Menzel, S.

The wake-up effect which is observed in ferroelectric hafnium oxide is investigated in yttrium doped hafnium oxide prepared by chemical solution deposition. It can be shown that not the amount of cycles but the duration of the applied electrical field is essential for the wake-up. Temperature dependent wake-up cycling in a range of −160 °C to 100 °C reveals a strong temperature activation of the wake-up, which can be attributed to ion rearrangement during cycling. By using asymmetrical electrodes, resistive valence change mechanism switching can be observed coincident with ferroelectric switching. From the given results, it can be concluded that redistribution ofmore » oxygen vacancies is the origin of the wake-up effect.« less

Hafnium germanosilicate thin films for gate and capacitor dielectric applications: thermal stability studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Addepalli, Swarna; Sivasubramani, Prasanna; El-Bouanani, Mohamed; Kim, Moon; Gnade, Bruce; Wallace, Robert

2003-03-01

The use of SiO_2-GeO2 mixtures in gate and capacitor dielectric applications is hampered by the inherent thermodynamic instability of germanium oxide. Studies to date have confirmed that germanium oxide is readily converted to elemental germanium [1,2]. In sharp contrast, germanium oxide is known to form stable compounds with transition metal oxides such as hafnium oxide (hafnium germanate, HfGeO_4) [3]. Thus, the incorporation of hafnium in SiO_2-GeO2 may be expected to enhance the thermal stability of germanium oxide via Hf-O-Ge bond formation. In addition, the introduction of a transition metal would simultaneously enhance the capacitance of the dielectric thereby permitting a thicker dielectric which reduces leakage current [4]. In this study, the thermal stability of PVD-grown hafnium germanosilicate (HfGeSiO) films was investigated. XPS, HR-TEM, C-V and I-V results of films after deposition and subsequent annealing treatments will be presented. The results indicate that the presence or formation of elemental germanium drastically affects the stability of the HfGeSiO films. This work is supported by DARPA through SPAWAR Grant No. N66001-00-1-8928, and the Texas Advanced Technology Program. References: [1] W. S. Liu, J .S. Chen, M.-A. Nicolet, V. Arbet-Engels, K. L. Wang, Journal of Applied Physics, 72, 4444 (1992), and, Applied Physics Letters, 62, 3321 (1993) [2] W. S. Liu, M. -A. Nicolet, H. -H. Park, B. -H. Koak, J. -W. Lee, Journal of Applied Physics, 78, 2631 (1995) [3] P. M. Lambert, Inorganic Chemistry, 37, 1352 (1998) [4] G. D. Wilk, R. M. Wallace and J. M. Anthony, Journal of Applied Physics, 89, 5243 (2001)

Article having an improved platinum-aluminum-hafnium protective coating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nagaraj, Bangalore Aswatha (Inventor); Williams, Jeffrey Lawrence (Inventor)

2005-01-01

An article protected by a protective coating has a substrate and a protective coating having an outer layer deposited upon the substrate surface and a diffusion zone formed by interdiffusion of the outer layer and the substrate. The protective coating includes platinum, aluminum, no more than about 2 weight percent hafnium, and substantially no silicon. The outer layer is substantially a single phase.

Hafnium-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses for Kinetic Energy Penetrators

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-01

uranium -based (DU) and tungsten- nickel -iron (W-Ni-Fe) composite kinetic energy (KE) munitions is primarily ascribed to their high densities (U: ρ...based on an invariant point identified in the hafnium- copper- nickel ternary system. They are denser than zirconium-based glass-forming compositions...depleted- uranium penetrators. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Criterion for Effective Kinetic Energy Penetrator Performance The lethality of depleted

Inter-diffusion of copper and hafnium as studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pearson, Justin; Chourasia, A. R.

The Cu/Hf interface has been characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thin films (thicknesses ranging from 100 nm to 150 nm) of hafnium were deposited on a silicon substrate. About 80 nm of copper was then deposited on such samples. The e-beam method was used for the deposition. The samples were annealed for 30 min at temperatures of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500°C. The inter-diffusion of copper and hafnium was investigated by sequential sputter depth profiling and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interdiffusion in each case was analyzed by the Matano-Boltzmann's procedure using the Fick's second law. The interdiffusion coefficients and the width of the interface as determined from the data have been correlated with the annealing temperature. Supported by Organized Research, TAMU-Commerce.

46 CFR 178.510 - Ballast.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Ballast. 178.510 Section 178.510 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Special Installations § 178.510 Ballast. (a) Any solid fixed ballast used to comply...

46 CFR 178.510 - Ballast.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Ballast. 178.510 Section 178.510 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Special Installations § 178.510 Ballast. (a) Any solid fixed ballast used to comply...

49 CFR 178.345 - General design and construction requirements applicable to Specification DOT 406 (§ 178.346), DOT...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false General design and construction requirements applicable to Specification DOT 406 (§ 178.346), DOT 407 (§ 178.347), and DOT 412 (§ 178.348) cargo tank motor vehicles. 178.345 Section 178.345 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

49 CFR 178.345 - General design and construction requirements applicable to Specification DOT 406 (§ 178.346), DOT...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false General design and construction requirements applicable to Specification DOT 406 (§ 178.346), DOT 407 (§ 178.347), and DOT 412 (§ 178.348) cargo tank motor vehicles. 178.345 Section 178.345 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

49 CFR 178.345 - General design and construction requirements applicable to Specification DOT 406 (§ 178.346), DOT...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false General design and construction requirements applicable to Specification DOT 406 (§ 178.346), DOT 407 (§ 178.347), and DOT 412 (§ 178.348) cargo tank motor vehicles. 178.345 Section 178.345 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...

The performance of hafnium and gadolinium self powered neutron detectors in the TREAT reactor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Imel, G. R.; Hart, P. R.

1996-05-01

The use of gadolinium and hafnium self powered neutron detectors in a transient reactor is described in this paper. The detectors were calibrated to the fission rate of U-235 using calibrated fission chambers; the calibration factors were tested in two reactors in steady state and found to be consistent. Calibration of the detectors in transient reactor conditions was done by using uranium wires that were analyzed by radiochemistry techniques to determine total fissions during the transient. This was correlated to the time-integrated current of the detectors during the transient. A temperature correction factor was derived to account for self-shielding effects in the hafnium and gadolinium detectors. The dynamic response of the detectors under transient conditions was studied, and found to be excellent.

49 CFR 178.965 - Drop test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Drop test. 178.965 Section 178.965 Transportation... Packagings § 178.965 Drop test. (a) General. The drop test must be conducted for the qualification of all...) Special preparation for the drop test. Large Packagings must be filled in accordance with § 178.960. (c...

43 CFR 17.8 - Hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Hearings. 17.8 Section 17.8 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior NONDISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Race, Color, or National Origin § 17.8 Hearings...

43 CFR 17.8 - Hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Hearings. 17.8 Section 17.8 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior NONDISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Race, Color, or National Origin § 17.8 Hearings...

43 CFR 17.8 - Hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Hearings. 17.8 Section 17.8 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior NONDISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Race, Color, or National Origin § 17.8 Hearings...

43 CFR 17.8 - Hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Hearings. 17.8 Section 17.8 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior NONDISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Race, Color, or National Origin § 17.8 Hearings...

40 CFR 178.65 - Judicial review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Judicial review. 178.65 Section 178.65... REQUESTS FOR HEARINGS Judicial Review § 178.65 Judicial review. An order issued under § 178.37 is final... of the order in the Federal Register. The failure to file a petition for judicial review within the...

21 CFR 178.3860 - Release agents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Release agents. 178.3860 Section 178.3860 Food and... and Production Aids § 178.3860 Release agents. Substances listed in paragraph (b) of this section may be safely used as release agents in petroleum wax complying with § 178.3710 and in polymeric resins...

43 CFR 17.8 - Hearings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Hearings. 17.8 Section 17.8 Public Lands... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Race, Color, or National Origin § 17.8 Hearings. (a) Opportunity for hearing. Whenever an opportunity for a hearing is required by § 17.7(c...

49 CFR 178.345-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-1 General requirements. (a) Specification DOT 406, DOT 407 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must conform to the requirements of this section in addition... definitions apply to §§ 178.345, 178.346, 178.347, and 178.348: Appurtenance means any cargo tank accessory...

49 CFR 178.345-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-1 General requirements. (a) Specification DOT 406, DOT 407 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must conform to the requirements of this section in addition... definitions apply to §§ 178.345, 178.346, 178.347, and 178.348: Appurtenance means any cargo tank accessory...

49 CFR 178.345-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-1 General requirements. (a) Specification DOT 406, DOT 407 and DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicles must conform to the requirements of this section in addition... definitions apply to §§ 178.345, 178.346, 178.347, and 178.348: Appurtenance means any cargo tank accessory...

"Decarbonization" of an imino N-heterocyclic carbene via triple benzyl migration from hafnium

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

An imino N-heterocyclic carbene underwent three sequential benzyl migrations upon reaction with tetrabenzylhafnium, resulting in complete removal of the carbene carbon from the ligand. The resulting eneamido-amidinato hafnium complex showed alkene polymerization activity comparable to that of a prec...

PROCESS OF RECOVERING ZIRCONIUM VALUES FROM HAFNIUM VALUES BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION WITH AN ALKYL PHOSPHATE

DOEpatents

Peppard, D.F.

1960-02-01

A process of separating hafnium nitrate from zirconium nitrate contained in a nitric acid solution by selectively. extracting the zirconium nitrate with a water-immiscible alkyl phosphate is reported.

49 CFR 178.345-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-4 Joints. (a) All joints between the cargo tank shell... accessible for inspection. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25022, June 12, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 178-118, 61 FR...

49 CFR 178.345-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-4 Joints. (a) All joints between the cargo tank shell... accessible for inspection. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25022, June 12, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 178-118, 61 FR...

49 CFR 178.345-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-4 Joints. (a) All joints between the cargo tank shell... accessible for inspection. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25022, June 12, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 178-118, 61 FR...

49 CFR 178.345-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-4 Joints. (a) All joints between the cargo tank shell... accessible for inspection. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25022, June 12, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 178-118, 61 FR...

49 CFR 178.345-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-4 Joints. (a) All joints between the cargo tank shell... accessible for inspection. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25022, June 12, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 178-118, 61 FR...

21 CFR 178.3900 - Sodium pentachlorophenate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Sodium pentachlorophenate. 178.3900 Section 178... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3900 Sodium pentachlorophenate. Sodium... that contact food at temperatures not to exceed room temperature. The quantity of sodium...

21 CFR 178.3900 - Sodium pentachlorophenate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Sodium pentachlorophenate. 178.3900 Section 178... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3900 Sodium pentachlorophenate. Sodium... that contact food at temperatures not to exceed room temperature. The quantity of sodium...

21 CFR 178.3900 - Sodium pentachlorophenate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Sodium pentachlorophenate. 178.3900 Section 178... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3900 Sodium pentachlorophenate. Sodium... that contact food at temperatures not to exceed room temperature. The quantity of sodium...

21 CFR 178.3900 - Sodium pentachlorophenate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Sodium pentachlorophenate. 178.3900 Section 178... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3900 Sodium pentachlorophenate. Sodium... that contact food at temperatures not to exceed room temperature. The quantity of sodium...

49 CFR 178.33-1 - Compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Compliance. 178.33-1 Section 178.33-1 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-1 Compliance. (a) Required in all details. (b) [Reserved] ...

Ferroelectric memory based on molybdenum disulfide and ferroelectric hafnium oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yap, Wui Chung; Jiang, Hao; Xia, Qiangfei; Zhu, Wenjuan

Recently, ferroelectric hafnium oxide (HfO2) was discovered as a new type of ferroelectric material with the advantages of high coercive field, excellent scalability (down to 2.5 nm), and good compatibility with CMOS processing. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, 2D ferroelectric memories with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as the channel material and aluminum doped HfO2 as the ferroelectric gate dielectric. A 16 nm thick layer of HfO2, doped with 5.26% aluminum, was deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD), then subjected to rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 1000 °C, and the polarization-voltage characteristics of the resulting metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) capacitors were measured, showing a remnant polarization of 0.6 μC/cm2. Ferroelectric memories with embedded ferroelectric hafnium oxide stacks and monolayer MoS2 were fabricated. The transfer characteristics after program and erase pulses revealed a clear ferroelectric memory window. In addition, endurance (up to 10,000 cycles) of the devices were tested and effects associated with ferroelectric materials, such as the wake-up effect and polarization fatigue, were observed. This research can potentially lead to advances of 2D materials in low-power logic and memory applications.

49 CFR 178.360-2 - Manufacture.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Manufacture. 178.360-2 Section 178.360-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.360-2 Manufacture. The ends of the vessel...

49 CFR 178.33-6 - Manufacture.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Manufacture. 178.33-6 Section 178.33-6 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33-6 Manufacture. (a) By appliances and methods that will...

49 CFR 178.360-3 - Dimensions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Dimensions. 178.360-3 Section 178.360-3 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.360-3 Dimensions. (a) The inside diameter...

49 CFR 178.338-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Material. 178.338-2 Section 178.338-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-2 Material. (a) All material used in the construction...

49 CFR 178.338-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Material. 178.338-2 Section 178.338-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-2 Material. (a) All material used in the construction...

49 CFR 178.338-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Material. 178.338-2 Section 178.338-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-2 Material. (a) All material used in the construction...

49 CFR 178.338-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Material. 178.338-2 Section 178.338-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-2 Material. (a) All material used in the construction...

49 CFR 178.33-1 - Compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compliance. 178.33-1 Section 178.33-1 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33-1 Compliance. (a) Required in all details. (b...

49 CFR 178.347-3 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.347-3 Section 178.347-3... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-3 Manhole assemblies. Each manhole assembly must conform to § 178.345-5, except that each manhole assembly must be capable of withstanding internal fluid...

49 CFR 178.347-3 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.347-3 Section 178.347-3... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-3 Manhole assemblies. Each manhole assembly must conform to § 178.345-5, except that each manhole assembly must be capable of withstanding internal fluid...

49 CFR 178.347-3 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.347-3 Section 178.347-3... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-3 Manhole assemblies. Each manhole assembly must conform to § 178.345-5, except that each manhole assembly must be capable of withstanding internal fluid...

49 CFR 178.347-3 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.347-3 Section 178.347-3... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-3 Manhole assemblies. Each manhole assembly must conform to § 178.345-5, except that each manhole assembly must be capable of withstanding internal fluid...

49 CFR 178.347-3 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.347-3 Section 178.347-3... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-3 Manhole assemblies. Each manhole assembly must conform to § 178.345-5, except that each manhole assembly must be capable of withstanding...

49 CFR 178.605 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.605 Section 178.605... Packagings and Packages § 178.605 Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must... intended to contain liquids and be performed periodically as specified in § 178.601(e). This test is not...

49 CFR 178.605 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.605 Section 178.605... Packagings and Packages § 178.605 Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must... intended to contain liquids and be performed periodically as specified in § 178.601(e). This test is not...

28 CFR 35.178 - State immunity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false State immunity. 35.178 Section 35.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF DISABILITY IN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES Compliance Procedures § 35.178 State immunity. A State shall not be immune...

28 CFR 35.178 - State immunity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false State immunity. 35.178 Section 35.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF DISABILITY IN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES Compliance Procedures § 35.178 State immunity. A State shall not be immune...

28 CFR 35.178 - State immunity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false State immunity. 35.178 Section 35.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF DISABILITY IN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES Compliance Procedures § 35.178 State immunity. A State shall not be immune...

49 CFR 178.360-3 - Dimensions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Dimensions. 178.360-3 Section 178.360-3 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.360-3 Dimensions. (a) The inside diameter of the vessel...

49 CFR 178.360-3 - Dimensions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Dimensions. 178.360-3 Section 178.360-3 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.360-3 Dimensions. (a) The inside diameter of the vessel...

49 CFR 178.360-3 - Dimensions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Dimensions. 178.360-3 Section 178.360-3 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.360-3 Dimensions. (a) The inside diameter of the vessel...

49 CFR 178.608 - Vibration standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Vibration standard. 178.608 Section 178.608... Packagings and Packages § 178.608 Vibration standard. (a) Each packaging must be capable of withstanding, without rupture or leakage, the vibration test procedure outlined in this section. (b) Test method. (1...

49 CFR 178.608 - Vibration standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Vibration standard. 178.608 Section 178.608... Testing of Non-bulk Packagings and Packages § 178.608 Vibration standard. (a) Each packaging must be capable of withstanding, without rupture or leakage, the vibration test procedure outlined in this section...

49 CFR 178.608 - Vibration standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Vibration standard. 178.608 Section 178.608... Packagings and Packages § 178.608 Vibration standard. (a) Each packaging must be capable of withstanding, without rupture or leakage, the vibration test procedure outlined in this section. (b) Test method. (1...

49 CFR 178.608 - Vibration standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Vibration standard. 178.608 Section 178.608... Packagings and Packages § 178.608 Vibration standard. (a) Each packaging must be capable of withstanding, without rupture or leakage, the vibration test procedure outlined in this section. (b) Test method. (1...

49 CFR 178.608 - Vibration standard.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Vibration standard. 178.608 Section 178.608... Packagings and Packages § 178.608 Vibration standard. (a) Each packaging must be capable of withstanding, without rupture or leakage, the vibration test procedure outlined in this section. (b) Test method. (1...

28 CFR 35.178 - State immunity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false State immunity. 35.178 Section 35.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF DISABILITY IN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES Compliance Procedures § 35.178 State immunity. A State shall not be immune...

28 CFR 35.178 - State immunity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false State immunity. 35.178 Section 35.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF DISABILITY IN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES Compliance Procedures § 35.178 State immunity. A State shall not be immune...

49 CFR 178.255-15 - Report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Report. 178.255-15 Section 178.255-15 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Portable Tanks § 178.255-15 Report. (a) A copy of the manufacturer's data report required by Section VIII...

49 CFR 178.255-15 - Report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Report. 178.255-15 Section 178.255-15 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Portable Tanks § 178.255-15 Report. (a) A copy of the manufacturer's data report required by Section VIII...

7 CFR 17.8 - Ocean transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Ocean transportation. 17.8 Section 17.8 Agriculture... THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.8 Ocean transportation. (a) General. (1) This section applies to the financing of ocean freight or ocean freight differential...

7 CFR 17.8 - Ocean transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Ocean transportation. 17.8 Section 17.8 Agriculture... THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.8 Ocean transportation. (a) General. (1) This section applies to the financing of ocean freight or ocean freight differential...

7 CFR 17.8 - Ocean transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Ocean transportation. 17.8 Section 17.8 Agriculture... THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.8 Ocean transportation. (a) General. (1) This section applies to the financing of ocean freight or ocean freight differential...

7 CFR 17.8 - Ocean transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Ocean transportation. 17.8 Section 17.8 Agriculture... THE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED § 17.8 Ocean transportation. (a) General. (1) This section applies to the financing of ocean freight or ocean freight differential...

49 CFR 178.255-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Material. 178.255-2 Section 178.255-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Portable Tanks § 178.255-2 Material. (a) Material used in the tank must be steel of good weldable quality...

49 CFR 178.604 - Leakproofness test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Leakproofness test. 178.604 Section 178.604... Packagings and Packages § 178.604 Leakproofness test. (a) General. The leakproofness test must be performed... the test results are not affected; and (2) This test is not required for inner packagings of...

49 CFR 178.985 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.985 Section 178.985... Packagings § 178.985 Vibration test. (a) General. All rigid Large Packaging and flexible Large Packaging design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test method. (1) A sample Large...

42 CFR 415.178 - Anesthesia services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Anesthesia services. 415.178 Section 415.178 Public..., AND RESIDENTS IN CERTAIN SETTINGS Physician Services in Teaching Settings § 415.178 Anesthesia... schedule payment may be made if a physician is involved in a single anesthesia procedure involving an...

42 CFR 415.178 - Anesthesia services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Anesthesia services. 415.178 Section 415.178 Public..., AND RESIDENTS IN CERTAIN SETTINGS Physician Services in Teaching Settings § 415.178 Anesthesia... schedule payment may be made if a physician is involved in a single anesthesia procedure involving an...

49 CFR 178.255-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Material. 178.255-2 Section 178.255-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Portable Tanks § 178.255-2 Material. (a) Material used in the tank must be steel of good weldable quality...

49 CFR 178.255-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Material. 178.255-2 Section 178.255-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Portable Tanks § 178.255-2 Material. (a) Material used in the tank must be steel of good weldable quality...

49 CFR 178.255-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Material. 178.255-2 Section 178.255-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Portable Tanks § 178.255-2 Material. (a) Material used in the tank must be steel of good weldable quality...

49 CFR 178.985 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.985 Section 178.985... Packagings § 178.985 Vibration test. (a) General. All rigid Large Packaging and flexible Large Packaging design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test method. (1) A sample Large...

49 CFR 178.985 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.985 Section 178.985... Packagings § 178.985 Vibration test. (a) General. All rigid Large Packaging and flexible Large Packaging design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test method. (1) A sample Large...

49 CFR 178.985 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.985 Section 178.985... Testing of Large Packagings § 178.985 Vibration test. (a) General. All rigid Large Packaging and flexible Large Packaging design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test method. (1) A...

49 CFR 178.985 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.985 Section 178.985... Packagings § 178.985 Vibration test. (a) General. All rigid Large Packaging and flexible Large Packaging design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test method. (1) A sample Large...

21 CFR 178.3900 - Sodium pentachlorophenate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Sodium pentachlorophenate. 178.3900 Section 178... § 178.3900 Sodium pentachlorophenate. Sodium pentachlorophenate may be safely used as a preservative for... temperature. The quantity of sodium pentachlorophenate used shall not exceed 0.5 percent by weight of ammonium...

Radiopharmaceutical composition containing tantalum-178 and process therefor

DOEpatents

Neirinckx, Rudi D.; Holman, B. Leonard; Davis, Michael A.; Harris, Gale I.

1989-05-16

A physiologically acceptable solution of tantalum-178 having an activity of 0.1 to 200 millicuries per milliliter of tantalum-178 solution is provided. The solution is obtained from tungsten-178 bound to a column of an anion exchange resin which forms tantalum-178 in situ by eluting the column with a hydrochloric acid solution containing hydrogen peroxide to form an acidic solution of tantalum-178. The acidic solution of tantalum-178 then is neutralized.

49 CFR 178.347-4 - Pressure relief.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pressure relief. 178.347-4 Section 178.347-4... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-4 Pressure relief. (a) Each cargo tank must be equipped with a pressure and vacuum relief system in accordance with § 178.345-10 and this section. (b) Type and...

49 CFR 178.347-4 - Pressure relief.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pressure relief. 178.347-4 Section 178.347-4... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-4 Pressure relief. (a) Each cargo tank must be equipped with a pressure and vacuum relief system in accordance with § 178.345-10 and this section. (b) Type and...

49 CFR 178.347-4 - Pressure relief.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pressure relief. 178.347-4 Section 178.347-4... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-4 Pressure relief. (a) Each cargo tank must be equipped with a pressure and vacuum relief system in accordance with § 178.345-10 and this section. (b) Type and...

49 CFR 178.347-4 - Pressure relief.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pressure relief. 178.347-4 Section 178.347-4... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-4 Pressure relief. (a) Each cargo tank must be equipped with a pressure and vacuum relief system in accordance with § 178.345-10 and this section. (b) Type and...

49 CFR 178.318-2 - Container.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Container. 178.318-2 Section 178.318-2... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.318-2 Container. (a) Every container for... individual cell in the body of the container, into which each such cap shall snugly fit. There shall be...

49 CFR 178.606 - Stacking test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Stacking test. 178.606 Section 178.606... Packagings and Packages § 178.606 Stacking test. (a) General. All packaging design types other than bags must be subjected to a stacking test. (b) Number of test samples. Three test samples are required for each...

49 CFR 178.1065 - Righting test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Righting test. 178.1065 Section 178.1065... Containers § 178.1065 Righting test. (a) General. The righting test must be conducted for the qualification... preparation for the righting test. Flexible Bulk Container design types must be filled to not less than 95% of...

49 CFR 178.1070 - Tear test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Tear test. 178.1070 Section 178.1070... Containers § 178.1070 Tear test. (a) General. The tear test must be conducted for the qualification of all of Flexible Bulk Containers design types. (b) Special preparation for the tear test. Flexible Bulk Container...

49 CFR 178.1045 - Drop test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Drop test. 178.1045 Section 178.1045... Containers § 178.1045 Drop test. (a) General. The drop test must be conducted for the qualification of all... subpart. (b) Special preparation for the drop test. Flexible Bulk Containers must be filled to their...

49 CFR 178.603 - Drop test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Drop test. 178.603 Section 178.603 Transportation... Packagings and Packages § 178.603 Drop test. (a) General. The drop test must be conducted for the... than flat drops, the center of gravity of the test packaging must be vertically over the point of...

49 CFR 178.818 - Tear test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tear test. 178.818 Section 178.818 Transportation... § 178.818 Tear test. (a) General. The tear test must be conducted for the qualification of all flexible IBC design types. (b) Special preparation for the tear test. The flexible IBC must be filled to not...

49 CFR 178.819 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.819 Section 178.819... Testing of IBCs § 178.819 Vibration test. (a) General. The vibration test must be conducted for the... vibration test. (b) Test method. (1) A sample IBC, selected at random, must be filled and closed as for...

49 CFR 178.801 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... which differs in surface treatment; (ii) A rigid plastic IBC or composite IBC which differs with regard to additives used to comply with §§ 178.706(c), 178.707(c) or 178.710(c); (iii) A packaging which... representative of the type of service equipment that will be fitted to any finished IBC body under the design...

49 CFR 178.801 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... which differs in surface treatment; (ii) A rigid plastic IBC or composite IBC which differs with regard to additives used to comply with §§ 178.706(c), 178.707(c) or 178.710(c); (iii) A packaging which... representative of the type of service equipment that will be fitted to any finished IBC body under the design...

42 CFR 413.178 - Bad debts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Bad debts. 413.178 Section 413.178 Public Health...) Services and Organ Procurement Costs § 413.178 Bad debts. Link to an amendment published at 75 FR 49199, Aug. 12, 2010. (a) CMS will reimburse each facility its allowable Medicare bad debts, as defined in...

49 CFR 178.33-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Tests. 178.33-8 Section 178.33-8 Transportation... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less, successively..., successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the lot shall be...

49 CFR 178.33-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Tests. 178.33-8 Section 178.33-8 Transportation... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less, successively..., successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the lot shall be...

49 CFR 178.356-3 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Tests. 178.356-3 Section 178.356-3 Transportation... Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.356-3 Tests. (a) Leakage test—Each inner liner assembly... must be held for at least 30 seconds. Liners failing to pass this test may not be used until repairs...

49 CFR 178.356-3 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Tests. 178.356-3 Section 178.356-3 Transportation... Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.356-3 Tests. (a) Leakage test—Each inner liner assembly... must be held for at least 30 seconds. Liners failing to pass this test may not be used until repairs...

49 CFR 178.356-3 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Tests. 178.356-3 Section 178.356-3 Transportation... Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.356-3 Tests. (a) Leakage test—Each inner liner assembly... must be held for at least 30 seconds. Liners failing to pass this test may not be used until repairs...

49 CFR 178.33-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Tests. 178.33-8 Section 178.33-8 Transportation... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less, successively..., successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the lot shall be...

49 CFR 178.33-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Tests. 178.33-8 Section 178.33-8 Transportation... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less, successively..., successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the lot shall be...

49 CFR 178.33-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tests. 178.33-8 Section 178.33-8 Transportation... Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less... less, successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the...

49 CFR 178.356-3 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tests. 178.356-3 Section 178.356-3 Transportation... Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.356-3 Tests. (a) Leakage test—Each inner liner assembly... must be held for at least 30 seconds. Liners failing to pass this test may not be used until repairs...

21 CFR 178.3120 - Animal glue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Animal glue. 178.3120 Section 178.3120 Food and... and Production Aids § 178.3120 Animal glue. Animal glue may be safely used as a component of articles..., transporting, or holding food, subject to the provisions of this section. (a) Animal glue consists of the...

21 CFR 178.3120 - Animal glue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Animal glue. 178.3120 Section 178.3120 Food and... and Production Aids § 178.3120 Animal glue. Animal glue may be safely used as a component of articles..., transporting, or holding food, subject to the provisions of this section. (a) Animal glue consists of the...

21 CFR 178.3120 - Animal glue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Animal glue. 178.3120 Section 178.3120 Food and... and Production Aids § 178.3120 Animal glue. Animal glue may be safely used as a component of articles..., transporting, or holding food, subject to the provisions of this section. (a) Animal glue consists of the...

21 CFR 178.3120 - Animal glue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Animal glue. 178.3120 Section 178.3120 Food and... and Production Aids § 178.3120 Animal glue. Animal glue may be safely used as a component of articles..., transporting, or holding food, subject to the provisions of this section. (a) Animal glue consists of the...

Hafnium nitride buffer layers for growth of GaN on silicon

DOEpatents

Armitage, Robert D.; Weber, Eicke R.

2005-08-16

Gallium nitride is grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on (111) and (001) silicon substrates using hafnium nitride buffer layers. Wurtzite GaN epitaxial layers are obtained on both the (111) and (001) HfN/Si surfaces, with crack-free thickness up to 1.2 {character pullout}m. However, growth on the (001) surface results in nearly stress-free films, suggesting that much thicker crack-free layers could be obtained.

Studies on Optical and Electrical Properties of Hafnium Oxide Nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jayaraman, Venkatachalam; Sagadevan, Suresh; Sudhakar, Rajesh

2017-07-01

In this paper, the synthesis and physico-chemical properties of hafnium oxide nanoparticles (HfO2 NPs) are analyzed and reported. The synthesis was carried out by the precipitation route by using hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4) as precursor material with potassium hydroxide (KOH) dissolved in Millipore water. In the precipitation technique, the chemical reaction is comparatively simple, low-cost and non-toxic compared to other synthetic methods. The synthesized HfO2 NPs were characterized by using powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Raman analysis, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The monoclinic structure of the HfO2 NPs was resolved utilizing x-ray diffraction (XRD). The optical properties were studied from the UV-Vis absorption spectrum. The optical band gap of the HfO2NPs was observed to be 5.1 eV. The Raman spectrum shows the presence of HfO2 NPs. The HRTEM image showed that the HfO2 NPs were of spherical shape with an average particle size of around 28 nm. The energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum obviously demonstrated the presence of HfO2 NPs. Analysis and studies on the dielectric properties of the HfO2 NPs such as the dielectric constant, the dielectric loss, and alternating current (AC) conductivity were carried out at varying frequencies and temperatures.

40 CFR 763.178 - Recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Recordkeeping. 763.178 Section 763.178 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT ASBESTOS Prohibition of the Manufacture, Importation, Processing, and Distribution in Commerce of Certain Asbestos...

40 CFR 264.178 - Closure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Closure. 264.178 Section 264.178 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS FOR... from the containment system. Remaining containers, liners, bases, and soil containing or contaminated...

Hafnium Films and Magnetic Shielding for TIME, A mm-Wavelength Spectrometer Array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hunacek, J.; Bock, J.; Bradford, C. M.; Butler, V.; Chang, T.-C.; Cheng, Y.-T.; Cooray, A.; Crites, A.; Frez, C.; Hailey-Dunsheath, S.; Hoscheit, B.; Kim, D. W.; Li, C.-T.; Marrone, D.; Moncelsi, L.; Shirokoff, E.; Steinbach, B.; Sun, G.; Trumper, I.; Turner, A.; Uzgil, B.; Weber, A.; Zemcov, M.

2018-04-01

TIME is a mm-wavelength grating spectrometer array that will map fluctuations of the 157.7-μm emission line of singly ionized carbon ([CII]) during the epoch of reionization (redshift z ˜ 5-9). Sixty transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers populate the output arc of each of the 32 spectrometers, for a total of 1920 detectors. Each bolometer consists of gold absorber on a ˜ 3 × 3 mm silicon nitride micro-mesh suspended near the corners by 1 × 1 × 500 μm silicon nitride legs targeting a photon-noise-dominated NEP ˜ 1 × 10^{-17} W/√{Hz} . Hafnium films are explored as a lower-T_c alternative to Ti (500 mK) for TIME TESs, allowing thicker support legs for improved yield. Hf T_c is shown to vary between 250 and 450 mK when varying the resident Ar pressure during deposition. Magnetic shielding designs and simulations are presented for the TIME first-stage SQUIDs. Total axial field suppression is predicted to be 5 × 10^7.

Hafnium isotope evidence for a transition in the dynamics of continental growth 3.2 Gyr ago.

PubMed

Næraa, T; Scherstén, A; Rosing, M T; Kemp, A I S; Hoffmann, J E; Kokfelt, T F; Whitehouse, M J

2012-05-30

Earth's lithosphere probably experienced an evolution towards the modern plate tectonic regime, owing to secular changes in mantle temperature. Radiogenic isotope variations are interpreted as evidence for the declining rates of continental crustal growth over time, with some estimates suggesting that over 70% of the present continental crustal reservoir was extracted by the end of the Archaean eon. Patterns of crustal growth and reworking in rocks younger than three billion years (Gyr) are thought to reflect the assembly and break-up of supercontinents by Wilson cycle processes and mark an important change in lithosphere dynamics. In southern West Greenland numerous studies have, however, argued for subduction settings and crust growth by arc accretion back to 3.8 Gyr ago, suggesting that modern-day tectonic regimes operated during the formation of the earliest crustal rock record. Here we report in situ uranium-lead, hafnium and oxygen isotope data from zircons of basement rocks in southern West Greenland across the critical time period during which modern-like tectonic regimes could have initiated. Our data show pronounced differences in the hafnium isotope-time patterns across this interval, requiring changes in the characteristics of the magmatic protolith. The observations suggest that 3.9-3.5-Gyr-old rocks differentiated from a >3.9-Gyr-old source reservoir with a chondritic to slightly depleted hafnium isotope composition. In contrast, rocks formed after 3.2 Gyr ago register the first additions of juvenile depleted material (that is, new mantle-derived crust) since 3.9 Gyr ago, and are characterized by striking shifts in hafnium isotope ratios similar to those shown by Phanerozoic subduction-related orogens. These data suggest a transitional period 3.5-3.2 Gyr ago from an ancient (3.9-3.5 Gyr old) crustal evolutionary regime unlike that of modern plate tectonics to a geodynamic setting after 3.2 Gyr ago that involved juvenile crust generation by plate

40 CFR 265.178 - Air emission standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Air emission standards. 265.178 Section 265.178 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... DISPOSAL FACILITIES Use and Management of Containers § 265.178 Air emission standards. The owner or...

40 CFR 265.178 - Air emission standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Air emission standards. 265.178 Section 265.178 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... DISPOSAL FACILITIES Use and Management of Containers § 265.178 Air emission standards. The owner or...

40 CFR 265.178 - Air emission standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Air emission standards. 265.178 Section 265.178 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... DISPOSAL FACILITIES Use and Management of Containers § 265.178 Air emission standards. The owner or...

40 CFR 265.178 - Air emission standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Air emission standards. 265.178 Section 265.178 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... DISPOSAL FACILITIES Use and Management of Containers § 265.178 Air emission standards. The owner or...

49 CFR 178.33a-6 - Manufacture.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Manufacture. 178.33a-6 Section 178.33a-6 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-6 Manufacture. (a) By appliances and methods that...

49 CFR 178.33b-6 - Manufacture.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Manufacture. 178.33b-6 Section 178.33b-6 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-6 Manufacture. (a) Each container must be...

49 CFR 178.605 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.605 Section 178.605... Testing of Non-bulk Packagings and Packages § 178.605 Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must be conducted for the qualification of all metal, plastic, and composite...

21 CFR 178.1005 - Hydrogen peroxide solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Hydrogen peroxide solution. 178.1005 Section 178... SANITIZERS Substances Utilized To Control the Growth of Microorganisms § 178.1005 Hydrogen peroxide solution. Hydrogen peroxide solution identified in this section may be safely used to sterilize polymeric food...

21 CFR 178.1005 - Hydrogen peroxide solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Hydrogen peroxide solution. 178.1005 Section 178... SANITIZERS Substances Utilized To Control the Growth of Microorganisms § 178.1005 Hydrogen peroxide solution. Hydrogen peroxide solution identified in this section may be safely used to sterilize polymeric food...

21 CFR 178.1005 - Hydrogen peroxide solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Hydrogen peroxide solution. 178.1005 Section 178... SANITIZERS Substances Utilized To Control the Growth of Microorganisms § 178.1005 Hydrogen peroxide solution. Hydrogen peroxide solution identified in this section may be safely used to sterilize polymeric food...

21 CFR 178.1005 - Hydrogen peroxide solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Hydrogen peroxide solution. 178.1005 Section 178... SANITIZERS Substances Utilized To Control the Growth of Microorganisms § 178.1005 Hydrogen peroxide solution. Hydrogen peroxide solution identified in this section may be safely used to sterilize polymeric food...

49 CFR 178.33b-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Material. 178.33b-5 Section 178.33b-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-5 Material. (a) The receptacles must be constructed of polyethylene...

49 CFR 178.33b-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Material. 178.33b-5 Section 178.33b-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-5 Material. (a) The receptacles must be constructed of polyethylene...

49 CFR 178.33b-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Material. 178.33b-5 Section 178.33b-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-5 Material. (a) The receptacles must be constructed of polyethylene...

49 CFR 178.33b-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Material. 178.33b-5 Section 178.33b-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-5 Material. (a) The receptacles must be constructed of polyethylene...

21 CFR 178.3520 - Industrial starch-modified.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Industrial starch-modified. 178.3520 Section 178... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3520 Industrial starch-modified. Industrial starch... provisions of this section. (a) Industrial starch-modified is identified as follows: (1) A food starch...

21 CFR 178.3520 - Industrial starch-modified.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Industrial starch-modified. 178.3520 Section 178... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3520 Industrial starch-modified. Industrial starch... provisions of this section. (a) Industrial starch-modified is identified as follows: (1) A food starch...

49 CFR 178.33a-1 - Compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compliance. 178.33a-1 Section 178.33a-1 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-1 Compliance. (a) Required in all details. (b...

49 CFR 178.33b-1 - Compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compliance. 178.33b-1 Section 178.33b-1 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-1 Compliance. (a) Required in all details. (b...

21 CFR 178.3800 - Preservatives for wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Preservatives for wood. 178.3800 Section 178.3800... Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3800 Preservatives for wood. Preservatives may be safely used... to accomplish the technical effect of protecting the wood from decay, mildew, and water absorption...

21 CFR 178.3800 - Preservatives for wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Preservatives for wood. 178.3800 Section 178.3800... Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3800 Preservatives for wood. Preservatives may be safely used... to accomplish the technical effect of protecting the wood from decay, mildew, and water absorption...

49 CFR 178.255-8 - Safety devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Safety devices. 178.255-8 Section 178.255-8 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Portable Tanks § 178.255-8 Safety devices. (a) See § 173.315(i) of this subchapter. (b) [Reserved] [Amdt...

49 CFR 178.255-8 - Safety devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Safety devices. 178.255-8 Section 178.255-8 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255-8 Safety devices. (a) See § 173.315(i) of this subchapter. (b...

21 CFR 178.1005 - Hydrogen peroxide solution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Hydrogen peroxide solution. 178.1005 Section 178... Growth of Microorganisms § 178.1005 Hydrogen peroxide solution. Hydrogen peroxide solution identified in...)(1) of this section. (a) Identity. For the purpose of this section, hydrogen peroxide solution is an...

49 CFR 178.33a-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Material. 178.33a-5 Section 178.33a-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-5 Material. (a) Uniform quality steel plate such as black plate, electrotin...

49 CFR 178.345-5 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.345-5 Section 178.345-5... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-5 Manhole assemblies. (a) Each cargo tank with capacity... manhole, fill opening and washout assembly must be structurally capable of withstanding, without leakage...

49 CFR 178.345-5 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.345-5 Section 178.345-5... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-5 Manhole assemblies. (a) Each cargo tank with capacity... manhole, fill opening and washout assembly must be structurally capable of withstanding, without leakage...

49 CFR 178.345-5 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.345-5 Section 178.345-5... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-5 Manhole assemblies. (a) Each cargo... diameter. (b) Each manhole, fill opening and washout assembly must be structurally capable of withstanding...

49 CFR 178.345-5 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.345-5 Section 178.345-5... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-5 Manhole assemblies. (a) Each cargo tank with capacity... manhole, fill opening and washout assembly must be structurally capable of withstanding, without leakage...

49 CFR 178.345-5 - Manhole assemblies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Manhole assemblies. 178.345-5 Section 178.345-5... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-5 Manhole assemblies. (a) Each cargo tank with capacity... manhole, fill opening and washout assembly must be structurally capable of withstanding, without leakage...

49 CFR 178.33a-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Material. 178.33a-5 Section 178.33a-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-5 Material. (a) Uniform quality steel plate such as black plate, electrotin...

49 CFR 178.33a-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Material. 178.33a-5 Section 178.33a-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-5 Material. (a) Uniform quality steel plate such as black plate, electrotin...

49 CFR 178.33a-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Material. 178.33a-5 Section 178.33a-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-5 Material. (a) Uniform quality steel plate such as black plate, electrotin...

49 CFR 178.337-14 - Gauging devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Gauging devices. 178.337-14 Section 178.337-14... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.337-14 Gauging devices. (a) Liquid level... subchapter. (2) Each cargo tank used in carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid or nitrous oxide, refrigerated...

21 CFR 178.3720 - Petroleum wax, synthetic.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Petroleum wax, synthetic. 178.3720 Section 178... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3720 Petroleum wax, synthetic. Synthetic petroleum wax may be safely used in applications and under the same conditions where naturally derived petroleum wax...

21 CFR 178.3720 - Petroleum wax, synthetic.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Petroleum wax, synthetic. 178.3720 Section 178.3720... Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3720 Petroleum wax, synthetic. Synthetic petroleum wax may be safely used in applications and under the same conditions where naturally derived petroleum wax is...

21 CFR 178.3800 - Preservatives for wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Preservatives for wood. 178.3800 Section 178.3800... Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3800 Preservatives for wood. Preservatives may be safely used... to accomplish the technical effect of protecting the wood from decay, mildew, and water absorption...

21 CFR 178.3800 - Preservatives for wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Preservatives for wood. 178.3800 Section 178.3800... Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3800 Preservatives for wood. Preservatives may be safely used... to accomplish the technical effect of protecting the wood from decay, mildew, and water absorption...

21 CFR 178.3290 - Chromic chloride complexes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Chromic chloride complexes. 178.3290 Section 178... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3290 Chromic chloride complexes. Myristo chromic chloride complex and stearato chromic chloride complex may be safely used as release agents in the closure...

Slow DNA Transport through Nanopores in Hafnium Oxide Membranes

PubMed Central

Bell, David C.; Cohen-Karni, Tzahi; Rosenstein, Jacob K.; Wanunu, Meni

2016-01-01

We present a study of double- and single-stranded DNA transport through nanopores fabricated in ultrathin (2–7 nm thick) free-standing hafnium oxide (HfO2) membranes. The high chemical stability of ultrathin HfO2 enables long-lived experiments with <2 nm diameter pores that last several hours, in which we observe >50 000 DNA translocations with no detectable pore expansion. Mean DNA velocities are slower than velocities through comparable silicon nitride pores, providing evidence that HfO2 nanopores have favorable physicochemical interactions with nucleic acids that can be leveraged to slow down DNA in a nanopore. PMID:24083444

Growth, microstructure and electrical properties of sputter-deposited hafnium oxide (HfO2) thin films grown using HfO2 ceramic target

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aguirre, B.; Vemuri, R. S.; Zubia, David

2011-01-01

Hafnium oxide (HfO₂) thin films have been made by radio-frequency (rf) magnetron-sputtering onto Si(100) substrates under varying growth temperature (Ts). HfO₂ ceramic target has been employed for sputtering while varying the Ts from room temperature to 500⁰C during deposition. The effect of Ts on the growth and microstructure of deposited HfO₂ films has been studied using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS). The results indicate that the effect of Ts is significant on the growth, surface and interface structure, morphology and chemical composition ofmore » the HfO₂ films. Structural characterization indicates that the HfO₂ films grown at Ts<200 ⁰C are amorphous while films grown at Ts>200 ⁰C are nanocrystalline. An amorphous-to-crystalline transition occurs at Ts=200 ⁰C. Nanocrystalline HfO₂ films crystallized in a monoclinic structure with a (-111) orientation. XPS measurements indicated the high surface-chemical quality and stoichiometric nature of the grown HfO₂ films. An interface layer (IL) formation occurs due to reaction at the HfO₂-Si interface for HfO₂ films deposited at Ts>200 ⁰C. The thickness of IL increases with increasing Ts. XPS and EDS at the HfO₂-Si cross-section indicate the IL is a (Hf, Si)-O compound. The electrical characterization using capacitance-voltage measurements indicate that the dielectric constant decreases from 25 to 16 with increasing Ts.« less

49 CFR 178.255-11 - Tank mountings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Tank mountings. 178.255-11 Section 178.255-11... Portable Tanks § 178.255-11 Tank mountings. (a) Tanks shall be designed and fabricated with mountings to... requirement. (b) All tank mountings such as skids, fastenings, brackets, cradles, lifting lugs, etc., intended...

49 CFR 178.255-11 - Tank mountings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Tank mountings. 178.255-11 Section 178.255-11... Portable Tanks § 178.255-11 Tank mountings. (a) Tanks shall be designed and fabricated with mountings to... requirement. (b) All tank mountings such as skids, fastenings, brackets, cradles, lifting lugs, etc., intended...

49 CFR 178.255-11 - Tank mountings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Tank mountings. 178.255-11 Section 178.255-11... Portable Tanks § 178.255-11 Tank mountings. (a) Tanks shall be designed and fabricated with mountings to... requirement. (b) All tank mountings such as skids, fastenings, brackets, cradles, lifting lugs, etc., intended...

49 CFR 178.255-11 - Tank mountings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Tank mountings. 178.255-11 Section 178.255-11... Portable Tanks § 178.255-11 Tank mountings. (a) Tanks shall be designed and fabricated with mountings to... requirement. (b) All tank mountings such as skids, fastenings, brackets, cradles, lifting lugs, etc., intended...

49 CFR 178.814 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.814 Section 178.814... Testing of IBCs § 178.814 Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must be... preparation for the hydrostatic pressure test. For metal IBCs, the test must be carried out before the fitting...

49 CFR 178.605 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... hydraulic pressure (gauge) applied, taken at the top of the receptacle, and determined by any one of the... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.605 Section 178.605... Packagings and Packages § 178.605 Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must...

49 CFR 178.605 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... hydraulic pressure (gauge) applied, taken at the top of the receptacle, and determined by any one of the... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.605 Section 178.605... Packagings and Packages § 178.605 Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must...

21 CFR 178.3520 - Industrial starch-modified.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Industrial starch-modified. 178.3520 Section 178... § 178.3520 Industrial starch-modified. Industrial starch-modified may be safely used as a component of..., transporting, or holding food, subject to the provisions of this section. (a) Industrial starch-modified is...

49 CFR 178.33a-1 - Compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Compliance. 178.33a-1 Section 178.33a-1 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-1 Compliance. (a) Required in all details. (b) [Reserved] [Order 71, 31 FR...

49 CFR 178.33b-1 - Compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Compliance. 178.33b-1 Section 178.33b-1 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-1 Compliance. (a) Required in all details. (b) [Reserved] [74 FR 2268, Jan...

Cathodoluminescence Study of Hafnium Oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purcell, Emily; Hengehold, Robert; McClory, John

2011-10-01

Hafnium dioxide (HfO2) is increasingly being used in place of silicon oxide as a gate insulator in field effect transistors. This is primarily due to its high dielectric constant, κ, of 25. Samples of HfO2 were grown by either atomic layer deposition (ALD) or pulsed laser deposition (PLD), with the PLD samples having assorted substrate temperatures during deposition (300 C, 500 C, and 750 C). Cathodoluminescence (CL) was chosen as the technique used for studying these HfO2 samples. The CL system used was capable of beam energies ranging from 1 keV to 20 keV and beam currents ranging from 10 μA to 50 μA. A Monte Carlo calculation using CASINO software was performed in order to determine the beam energy for the desired depth of penetration. Measurements were taken at sample temperatures ranging from 7K (closed cycled cryostat) to 300K (room temperature), as well as at various beam energies and beam currents. Comparison will be made between the PLD and ALD spectra.

21 CFR 178.3800 - Preservatives for wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Preservatives for wood. 178.3800 Section 178.3800... § 178.3800 Preservatives for wood. Preservatives may be safely used on wooden articles that are used or... protecting the wood from decay, mildew, and water absorption. (b) The substances permitted are as follows...

49 CFR 178.338-9 - Holding time.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Holding time. 178.338-9 Section 178.338-9... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-9 Holding time. (a) “Holding time” is the time, as determined by testing, that will elapse from loading until the pressure of the contents...

49 CFR 178.255-12 - Pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pressure test. 178.255-12 Section 178.255-12... Portable Tanks § 178.255-12 Pressure test. (a) Each completed portable tank prior to application of lining... the test, and applying a pressure of 60 psig. The tank shall be capable of holding the prescribed...

49 CFR 178.347-4 - Pressure relief.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... adequate vapor and liquid capacity to limit the tank pressure to the cargo tank test pressure at maximum... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pressure relief. 178.347-4 Section 178.347-4... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-4 Pressure relief. (a) Each cargo tank...

49 CFR 178.345-11 - Tank outlets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Tank outlets. 178.345-11 Section 178.345-11... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-11 Tank outlets. (a) General. As used in this section, “loading/unloading outlet” means any opening in the cargo tank wall used for loading or unloading of lading...

49 CFR 178.345-11 - Tank outlets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Tank outlets. 178.345-11 Section 178.345-11... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-11 Tank outlets. (a) General. As used in this section, “loading/unloading outlet” means any opening in the cargo tank wall used for loading or unloading of lading...

49 CFR 178.345-11 - Tank outlets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Tank outlets. 178.345-11 Section 178.345-11... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-11 Tank outlets. (a) General. As used in this section, “loading/unloading outlet” means any opening in the cargo tank wall used for loading or unloading of lading...

49 CFR 178.345-11 - Tank outlets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Tank outlets. 178.345-11 Section 178.345-11... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-11 Tank outlets. (a) General. As used in this section, “loading/unloading outlet” means any opening in the cargo tank wall used for loading or unloading of lading...

49 CFR 178.255-11 - Tank mountings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tank mountings. 178.255-11 Section 178.255-11... Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255-11 Tank mountings. (a) Tanks shall be designed and fabricated with mountings to provide a secure base in transit. “Skids” or similar devices shall be deemed to comply with...

49 CFR 178.338-9 - Holding time.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Holding time. 178.338-9 Section 178.338-9... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-9 Holding time. (a) “Holding time” is the time, as...) Holding time test. (1) The test to determine holding time must be performed by charging the tank with a...

49 CFR 178.338-9 - Holding time.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Holding time. 178.338-9 Section 178.338-9... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-9 Holding time. (a) “Holding time” is the time, as...) Holding time test. (1) The test to determine holding time must be performed by charging the tank with a...

49 CFR 178.338-9 - Holding time.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Holding time. 178.338-9 Section 178.338-9... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-9 Holding time. (a) “Holding time” is the time, as...) Holding time test. (1) The test to determine holding time must be performed by charging the tank with a...

49 CFR 178.346-4 - Outlets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... must conform to § 178.345-11 and this section. (b) External self-closing stop-valves are not authorized as an alternative to internal self-closing stop-valves on loading/unloading outlets. [Amdt. 178-89...

Self-cleaning and surface chemical reactions during hafnium dioxide atomic layer deposition on indium arsenide.

PubMed

Timm, Rainer; Head, Ashley R; Yngman, Sofie; Knutsson, Johan V; Hjort, Martin; McKibbin, Sarah R; Troian, Andrea; Persson, Olof; Urpelainen, Samuli; Knudsen, Jan; Schnadt, Joachim; Mikkelsen, Anders

2018-04-12

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables the ultrathin high-quality oxide layers that are central to all modern metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits. Crucial to achieving superior device performance are the chemical reactions during the first deposition cycle, which could ultimately result in atomic-scale perfection of the semiconductor-oxide interface. Here, we directly observe the chemical reactions at the surface during the first cycle of hafnium dioxide deposition on indium arsenide under realistic synthesis conditions using photoelectron spectroscopy. We find that the widely used ligand exchange model of the ALD process for the removal of native oxide on the semiconductor and the simultaneous formation of the first hafnium dioxide layer must be significantly revised. Our study provides substantial evidence that the efficiency of the self-cleaning process and the quality of the resulting semiconductor-oxide interface can be controlled by the molecular adsorption process of the ALD precursors, rather than the subsequent oxide formation.

49 CFR 178.33a-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tests. 178.33a-8 Section 178.33a-8 Transportation... Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less... less, successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the...

49 CFR 178.33a-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Tests. 178.33a-8 Section 178.33a-8 Transportation... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less, successively..., successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the lot shall be...

49 CFR 178.33a-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Tests. 178.33a-8 Section 178.33a-8 Transportation... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less, successively..., successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the lot shall be...

49 CFR 178.33a-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Tests. 178.33a-8 Section 178.33a-8 Transportation... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less, successively..., successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the lot shall be...

49 CFR 178.33a-8 - Tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Tests. 178.33a-8 Section 178.33a-8 Transportation... Containers, and Linings § 178.33a-8 Tests. (a) One out of each lot of 25,000 containers or less, successively..., successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test container shall fail, the lot shall be...

49 CFR 178.338-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Material. 178.338-2 Section 178.338-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS...

49 CFR 178.255-2 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Material. 178.255-2 Section 178.255-2 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS...

49 CFR 178.33-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Material. 178.33-5 Section 178.33-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for...

46 CFR 178.210 - Stability information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Stability information. 178.210 Section 178.210 Shipping... information. (a) Stability information (stability details indicated on the Certificate of Inspection, a... this section. Enough stability information, including stability calculations and assumptions made to...

46 CFR 178.210 - Stability information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Stability information. 178.210 Section 178.210 Shipping... information. (a) Stability information (stability details indicated on the Certificate of Inspection, a... this section. Enough stability information, including stability calculations and assumptions made to...

49 CFR 178.358-6 - Typical assembly detail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Typical assembly detail. 178.358-6 Section 178.358-6 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.358-6 Typical assembly...

49 CFR 178.356-5 - Typical assembly detail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Typical assembly detail. 178.356-5 Section 178.356-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.356-5 Typical assembly...

49 CFR 178.510 - Standards for wooden barrels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for wooden barrels. 178.510 Section 178.510 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.510 Standards for wooden barrels. (a) The following...

49 CFR 178.510 - Standards for wooden barrels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for wooden barrels. 178.510 Section 178.510 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.510 Standards for wooden barrels. (a) The...

Aminopyridinate-FI hybrids, their hafnium and titanium complexes, and their application in the living polymerization of 1-hexene.

PubMed

Haas, Isabelle; Dietel, Thomas; Press, Konstantin; Kol, Moshe; Kempe, Rhett

2013-10-11

Based on two well-established ligand systems, the aminopyridinato (Ap) and the phenoxyimine (FI) ligand systems, new Ap-FI hybrid ligands were developed. Four different Ap-FI hybrid ligands were synthesized through a simple condensation reaction and fully characterized. The reaction of hafnium tetrabenzyl with all four Ap-FI hybrid ligands exclusively led to mono(Ap-FI) complexes of the type [(Ap-FI)HfBn2 ]. The ligands acted as tetradentate dianionic chelates. Upon activation with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, the hafnium-dibenzyl complexes led to highly active catalysts for the polymerization of 1-hexene. Ultrahigh molecular weights and extremely narrow polydispersities support the living nature of this polymerization process. A possible deactivation product of the hafnium catalysts was characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis and is discussed. The coordination modes of these new ligands were studied with the help of model titanium complexes. The reaction of titanium(IV) isopropoxide with ligand 1 led to a mono(Ap-FI) complex, which showed the desired fac-mer coordination mode. Titanium (IV) isopropoxide reacted with ligand 4 to give a complex of the type [(ApH-FI)2 Ti(OiPr)2 ], which featured the ligand in its monoanionic form. The two titanium complexes were characterized by X-ray crystal-structure analysis. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

49 CFR 178.356-5 - Typical assembly detail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Typical assembly detail. 178.356-5 Section 178.356-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.356-5 Typical assembly detail. (a...

49 CFR 178.358-6 - Typical assembly detail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Typical assembly detail. 178.358-6 Section 178.358-6 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.358-6 Typical assembly detail. (a...

49 CFR 178.356-5 - Typical assembly detail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Typical assembly detail. 178.356-5 Section 178.356-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.356-5 Typical assembly detail. (a...

49 CFR 178.356-5 - Typical assembly detail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Typical assembly detail. 178.356-5 Section 178.356-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.356-5 Typical assembly detail. (a...

49 CFR 178.358-6 - Typical assembly detail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Typical assembly detail. 178.358-6 Section 178.358-6 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.358-6 Typical assembly detail. (a...

49 CFR 178.358-6 - Typical assembly detail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Typical assembly detail. 178.358-6 Section 178.358-6 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... Specifications for Packagings for Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.358-6 Typical assembly detail. (a...

7 CFR 800.178 - Summary revocation of licenses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Summary revocation of licenses. 800.178 Section 800.178 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) GRAIN INSPECTION, PACKERS AND... Licenses and Authorizations (for Individuals Only) § 800.178 Summary revocation of licenses. Licenses may...

7 CFR 28.178 - Submission of cotton samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Submission of cotton samples. 28.178 Section 28.178... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Classification for Foreign Growth Cotton § 28.178 Submission of cotton samples. Samples of cotton submitted to a Classing Office for classification and/or...

7 CFR 28.178 - Submission of cotton samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Submission of cotton samples. 28.178 Section 28.178... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Classification for Foreign Growth Cotton § 28.178 Submission of cotton samples. Samples of cotton submitted to a Classing Office for classification and/or...

7 CFR 28.178 - Submission of cotton samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Submission of cotton samples. 28.178 Section 28.178... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Classification for Foreign Growth Cotton § 28.178 Submission of cotton samples. Samples of cotton submitted to a Classing Office for classification and/or...

7 CFR 28.178 - Submission of cotton samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Submission of cotton samples. 28.178 Section 28.178... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Classification for Foreign Growth Cotton § 28.178 Submission of cotton samples. Samples of cotton submitted to a Classing Office for classification and/or...

7 CFR 28.178 - Submission of cotton samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Submission of cotton samples. 28.178 Section 28.178... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Classification for Foreign Growth Cotton § 28.178 Submission of cotton samples. Samples of cotton submitted to a Classing Office for classification and/or...

46 CFR 178.420 - Drainage of cockpit vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Drainage of cockpit vessels. 178.420 Section 178.420 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.420 Drainage of cockpit...

46 CFR 178.420 - Drainage of cockpit vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Drainage of cockpit vessels. 178.420 Section 178.420 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.420 Drainage of cockpit...

46 CFR 178.420 - Drainage of cockpit vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Drainage of cockpit vessels. 178.420 Section 178.420 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.420 Drainage of cockpit...

46 CFR 178.420 - Drainage of cockpit vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Drainage of cockpit vessels. 178.420 Section 178.420 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.420 Drainage of cockpit...

46 CFR 178.420 - Drainage of cockpit vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Drainage of cockpit vessels. 178.420 Section 178.420 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.420 Drainage of cockpit...

49 CFR 178.813 - Leakproofness test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Leakproofness test. 178.813 Section 178.813... Leakproofness test. (a) General. The leakproofness test must be conducted for the qualification of all IBC... pressure or intended to contain liquids. (b) Special preparation for the leakproofness test. Vented...

50 CFR 622.178 - At-sea observer coverage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 12 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false At-sea observer coverage. 622.178 Section 622.178 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC...-Grouper Fishery of the South Atlantic Region § 622.178 At-sea observer coverage. (a) Required coverage. (1...

50 CFR 622.178 - At-sea observer coverage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 12 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false At-sea observer coverage. 622.178 Section 622.178 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC...-Grouper Fishery of the South Atlantic Region § 622.178 At-sea observer coverage. (a) Required coverage. (1...

46 CFR 178.440 - Drainage of open boats.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Drainage of open boats. 178.440 Section 178.440 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.440 Drainage of open boats. The deck...

46 CFR 178.440 - Drainage of open boats.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Drainage of open boats. 178.440 Section 178.440 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.440 Drainage of open boats. The deck...

46 CFR 178.440 - Drainage of open boats.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Drainage of open boats. 178.440 Section 178.440 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.440 Drainage of open boats. The deck...

46 CFR 178.440 - Drainage of open boats.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Drainage of open boats. 178.440 Section 178.440 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.440 Drainage of open boats. The deck...

46 CFR 178.440 - Drainage of open boats.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Drainage of open boats. 178.440 Section 178.440 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Drainage of Weather Decks § 178.440 Drainage of open boats. The deck...

49 CFR 178.707 - Standards for composite IBCs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for composite IBCs. 178.707 Section 178... PACKAGINGS IBC Performance-Oriented Standards § 178.707 Standards for composite IBCs. (a) The provisions in this section apply to composite IBCs intended to contain solids and liquids. To complete the marking...

21 CFR 178.3930 - Terpene resins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Terpene resins. 178.3930 Section 178.3930 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants...

21 CFR 178.3930 - Terpene resins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Terpene resins. 178.3930 Section 178.3930 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants...

21 CFR 178.3710 - Petroleum wax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Petroleum wax. 178.3710 Section 178.3710 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants...

21 CFR 178.3710 - Petroleum wax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Petroleum wax. 178.3710 Section 178.3710 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants...

49 CFR 178.255-13 - Repair of tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Repair of tanks. 178.255-13 Section 178.255-13 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Portable Tanks § 178.255-13 Repair of tanks. (a) Tanks failing to meet the test may be repaired and...

49 CFR 178.505 - Standards for aluminum drums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for aluminum drums. 178.505 Section 178... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.505 Standards for aluminum drums. (a) The following are the identification codes for aluminum drums: (1) 1B1 for a non-removable head aluminum drum...

49 CFR 178.338-16 - Inspection and testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Inspection and testing. 178.338-16 Section 178.338... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-16 Inspection and testing... Section VIII of the ASME Code. The welder and the welding procedure must be qualified in accordance with...

49 CFR 178.33b-8 - Production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Production tests. 178.33b-8 Section 178.33b-8 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY... Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-8 Production tests. (a) Burst Testing. (1) One out of...

49 CFR 178.337-10 - Accident damage protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Accident damage protection. 178.337-10 Section 178... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.337-10 Accident damage protection. (a) All... sacrificial device must be located in the piping system outboard of the stop valve and within the accident...

Processing and characterization of boron carbide-hafnium diboride ceramics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown-Shaklee, Harlan James

Hafnium diboride based ceramics are promising candidate materials for advanced aerospace and nuclear reactor components. The effectiveness of boron carbide and carbon as HfB2 sintering additives was systematically evaluated. In the first stage of the research, boron carbide and carbon additives were found to improve the densification behavior of milled HfB2 powder in part by removing oxides at the HfB2 surface during processing. Boron carbide additives reduced the hot pressing temperature of HfB2 by 150°C compared to carbon, which reduced the hot pressing temperature by ˜50°C. Reduction of oxide impurities alone could not explain the difference in sintering enhancement, however, and other mechanisms of enhancement were evaluated. Boron carbides throughout the homogeneity range were characterized to understand other mechanisms of sintering enhancement in HfB2. Heavily faulted carbon rich and boron rich boron carbides were synthesized for addition to HfB2. The greatest enhancement to densification was observed in samples containing boron- and carbon-rich compositions whereas B6.5 C provided the least enhancement to densification. It is proposed that carbon rich and boron rich boron carbides create boron and hafnium point defects in HfB2, respectively, which facilitate densification. Evaluation of the thermal conductivity (kth) between room temperature and 2000°C suggested that the stoichiometry of the boron carbide additives did not significantly affect kth of HfB2-BxC composites. The improved sinterability and the high kth (˜110 W/m-K at 300K and ˜90 W/m-K at 1000°C ) of HfB2-BxC ceramics make them excellent candidates for isotopically enriched reactor control materials.

49 CFR 178.819 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.819 Section 178.819... Vibration test. (a) General. The vibration test must be conducted for the qualification of all rigid IBC design types. Flexible IBC design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test...

49 CFR 178.819 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.819 Section 178.819... Vibration test. (a) General. The vibration test must be conducted for the qualification of all rigid IBC design types. Flexible IBC design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test...

49 CFR 178.819 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.819 Section 178.819... Vibration test. (a) General. The vibration test must be conducted for the qualification of all rigid IBC design types. Flexible IBC design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test...

49 CFR 178.819 - Vibration test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Vibration test. 178.819 Section 178.819... Vibration test. (a) General. The vibration test must be conducted for the qualification of all rigid IBC design types. Flexible IBC design types must be capable of withstanding the vibration test. (b) Test...

49 CFR 178.517 - Standards for plastic boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for plastic boxes. 178.517 Section 178...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.517 Standards for plastic boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic boxes: (1) 4H1 for an expanded plastic box; and (2) 4H2 for a...

49 CFR 178.338-16 - Inspection and testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-16 Inspection and testing. (a) General... of the test pressure and held for a sufficient time to permit inspection of the cargo tank for leaks... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Inspection and testing. 178.338-16 Section 178.338...

49 CFR 178.338-16 - Inspection and testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-16 Inspection and testing. (a) General... of the test pressure and held for a sufficient time to permit inspection of the cargo tank for leaks... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Inspection and testing. 178.338-16 Section 178.338...

49 CFR 178.338-16 - Inspection and testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.338-16 Inspection and testing. (a) General... of the test pressure and held for a sufficient time to permit inspection of the cargo tank for leaks... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Inspection and testing. 178.338-16 Section 178.338...

49 CFR 178.517 - Standards for plastic boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for plastic boxes. 178.517 Section 178...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.517 Standards for plastic boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic boxes: (1) 4H1 for an expanded plastic box; and (2) 4H2 for a...

49 CFR 178.517 - Standards for plastic boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for plastic boxes. 178.517 Section 178...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.517 Standards for plastic boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic boxes: (1) 4H1 for an expanded plastic box; and (2) 4H2 for a...

49 CFR 178.517 - Standards for plastic boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for plastic boxes. 178.517 Section 178...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.517 Standards for plastic boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic boxes: (1) 4H1 for an expanded plastic box; and (2) 4H2 for a...

49 CFR 178.33b-8 - Production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Production tests. 178.33b-8 Section 178.33b-8... Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-8 Production tests. (a) Burst Testing. (1) One out of each lot of 5,000...,000 containers or less, successively produced per day, shall constitute a lot and if the test...

49 CFR 178.517 - Standards for plastic boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for plastic boxes. 178.517 Section 178... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.517 Standards for plastic boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic boxes: (1) 4H1 for an expanded plastic box; and (2) 4H2 for a...

49 CFR 178.504 - Standards for steel drums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for steel drums. 178.504 Section 178.504...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.504 Standards for steel drums. (a) The following are identification codes for steel drums: (1) 1A1 for a non-removable head steel drum; and (2) 1A2 for...

49 CFR 178.504 - Standards for steel drums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for steel drums. 178.504 Section 178.504...-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.504 Standards for steel drums. (a) The following are identification codes for steel drums: (1) 1A1 for a non-removable head steel drum; and (2) 1A2 for a removable head...

49 CFR 178.504 - Standards for steel drums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for steel drums. 178.504 Section 178.504...-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.504 Standards for steel drums. (a) The following are identification codes for steel drums: (1) 1A1 for a non-removable head steel drum; and (2) 1A2 for a removable head...

49 CFR 178.504 - Standards for steel drums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for steel drums. 178.504 Section 178.504...-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.504 Standards for steel drums. (a) The following are identification codes for steel drums: (1) 1A1 for a non-removable head steel drum; and (2) 1A2 for a removable head...

49 CFR 178.504 - Standards for steel drums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for steel drums. 178.504 Section 178.504...-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.504 Standards for steel drums. (a) The following are identification codes for steel drums: (1) 1A1 for a non-removable head steel drum; and (2) 1A2 for a removable head...

49 CFR 178.817 - Righting test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Righting test. 178.817 Section 178.817... Righting test. (a) General. The righting test must be conducted for the qualification of all flexible IBCs designed to be lifted from the top or side. (b) Special preparation for the righting test. The flexible IBC...

49 CFR 178.810 - Drop test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Drop test. 178.810 Section 178.810 Transportation... Drop test. (a) General. The drop test must be conducted for the qualification of all IBC design types... the drop test. (1) Metal, rigid plastic, and composite IBCs intended to contain solids must be filled...

21 CFR 178.1010 - Sanitizing solutions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...-terpineol and alpha[p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl] -omega-hydroxy-poly (oxyethylene) produced with one... parts per million of alpha[p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenyl]-omega-hydroxypoly (oxyethylene). (14... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Sanitizing solutions. 178.1010 Section 178.1010...

21 CFR 178.3120 - Animal glue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Animal glue. 178.3120 Section 178.3120 Food and... Animal glue. Animal glue may be safely used as a component of articles intended for use in producing... the provisions of this section. (a) Animal glue consists of the proteinaceous extractives obtained...

42 CFR 415.178 - Anesthesia services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Anesthesia services. 415.178 Section 415.178 Public... Anesthesia services. (a) General rule. (1) For services furnished prior to January 1, 2010, an unreduced physician fee schedule payment may be made if a physician is involved in a single anesthesia procedure...

42 CFR 415.178 - Anesthesia services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Anesthesia services. 415.178 Section 415.178 Public... Anesthesia services. (a) General rule. (1) For services furnished prior to January 1, 2010, an unreduced physician fee schedule payment may be made if a physician is involved in a single anesthesia procedure...

42 CFR 415.178 - Anesthesia services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Anesthesia services. 415.178 Section 415.178 Public... Anesthesia services. (a) General rule. (1) For services furnished prior to January 1, 2010, an unreduced physician fee schedule payment may be made if a physician is involved in a single anesthesia procedure...

Metal–Organic Nanosheets Formed via Defect-Mediated Transformation of a Hafnium Metal–Organic Framework

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

We report a hafnium-containing MOF, hcp UiO-67(Hf), which is a ligand-deficient layered analogue of the face-centered cubic fcu UiO-67(Hf). hcp UiO-67 accommodates its lower ligand:metal ratio compared to fcu UiO-67 through a new structural mechanism: the formation of a condensed “double cluster” (Hf12O8(OH)14), analogous to the condensation of coordination polyhedra in oxide frameworks. In oxide frameworks, variable stoichiometry can lead to more complex defect structures, e.g., crystallographic shear planes or modules with differing compositions, which can be the source of further chemical reactivity; likewise, the layered hcp UiO-67 can react further to reversibly form a two-dimensional metal–organic framework, hxl UiO-67. Both three-dimensional hcp UiO-67 and two-dimensional hxl UiO-67 can be delaminated to form metal–organic nanosheets. Delamination of hcp UiO-67 occurs through the cleavage of strong hafnium-carboxylate bonds and is effected under mild conditions, suggesting that defect-ordered MOFs could be a productive route to porous two-dimensional materials. PMID:28343394

Metal-Organic Nanosheets Formed via Defect-Mediated Transformation of a Hafnium Metal-Organic Framework.

PubMed

Cliffe, Matthew J; Castillo-Martínez, Elizabeth; Wu, Yue; Lee, Jeongjae; Forse, Alexander C; Firth, Francesca C N; Moghadam, Peyman Z; Fairen-Jimenez, David; Gaultois, Michael W; Hill, Joshua A; Magdysyuk, Oxana V; Slater, Ben; Goodwin, Andrew L; Grey, Clare P

2017-04-19

We report a hafnium-containing MOF, hcp UiO-67(Hf), which is a ligand-deficient layered analogue of the face-centered cubic fcu UiO-67(Hf). hcp UiO-67 accommodates its lower ligand:metal ratio compared to fcu UiO-67 through a new structural mechanism: the formation of a condensed "double cluster" (Hf 12 O 8 (OH) 14 ), analogous to the condensation of coordination polyhedra in oxide frameworks. In oxide frameworks, variable stoichiometry can lead to more complex defect structures, e.g., crystallographic shear planes or modules with differing compositions, which can be the source of further chemical reactivity; likewise, the layered hcp UiO-67 can react further to reversibly form a two-dimensional metal-organic framework, hxl UiO-67. Both three-dimensional hcp UiO-67 and two-dimensional hxl UiO-67 can be delaminated to form metal-organic nanosheets. Delamination of hcp UiO-67 occurs through the cleavage of strong hafnium-carboxylate bonds and is effected under mild conditions, suggesting that defect-ordered MOFs could be a productive route to porous two-dimensional materials.

49 CFR 178.818 - Tear test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Tear test. 178.818 Section 178.818 Transportation... Tear test. (a) General. The tear test must be conducted for the qualification of all flexible IBC design types. (b) Special preparation for the tear test. The flexible IBC must be filled to not less than...

21 CFR 178.3860 - Release agents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... bran wax For use only in plastics intended for contact with dry foods identified as Type VIII in table... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Release agents. 178.3860 Section 178.3860 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN...

21 CFR 178.3860 - Release agents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... bran wax For use only in plastics intended for contact with dry foods identified as Type VIII in table... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Release agents. 178.3860 Section 178.3860 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN...

21 CFR 178.3860 - Release agents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... centimeter (1.29 milligrams per square inch) of backing. Rice bran wax For use only in plastics intended for... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Release agents. 178.3860 Section 178.3860 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD...

49 CFR 178.345-6 - Supports and anchoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... support elements must include the stresses indicated in § 178.345-3(b) and as generated by the loads... in lieu of a frame must be supported in such a manner that the resulting stress levels in the cargo... must include the stresses indicated in § 178.345-3(b) and as generated by the loads described in § 178...

49 CFR 178.521 - Standards for paper bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for paper bags. 178.521 Section 178.521...-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.521 Standards for paper bags. (a) The following are identification codes for paper bags: (1) 5M1 for a multi-wall paper bag; and (2) 5M2 for a multi-wall water-resistant paper...

49 CFR 178.521 - Standards for paper bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for paper bags. 178.521 Section 178.521...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.521 Standards for paper bags. (a) The following are identification codes for paper bags: (1) 5M1 for a multi-wall paper bag; and (2) 5M2 for a multi-wall water...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.255 - Specification 60; steel portable tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Specification 60; steel portable tanks. 178.255 Section 178.255 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Portable Tanks § 178.255 Specification 60; steel portable tanks. ...

49 CFR 178.33a-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Material. 178.33a-5 Section 178.33a-5 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS...

7 CFR 1.78 - Development of special working relationships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Development of special working relationships. 1.78 Section 1.78 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS Cooperative Production of Television Films § 1.78 Development of special working relationships. (a) Preliminary. Prior to...

7 CFR 1.78 - Development of special working relationships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Development of special working relationships. 1.78 Section 1.78 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS Cooperative Production of Television Films § 1.78 Development of special working relationships. (a) Preliminary. Prior to...

7 CFR 1.78 - Development of special working relationships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Development of special working relationships. 1.78 Section 1.78 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS Cooperative Production of Television Films § 1.78 Development of special working relationships. (a) Preliminary. Prior to...

7 CFR 1.78 - Development of special working relationships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Development of special working relationships. 1.78 Section 1.78 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS Cooperative Production of Television Films § 1.78 Development of special working relationships. (a) Preliminary. Prior to...

7 CFR 1.78 - Development of special working relationships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Development of special working relationships. 1.78 Section 1.78 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS Cooperative Production of Television Films § 1.78 Development of special working relationships. (a) Preliminary. Prior to...

28 CFR 0.178 - Redelegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Redelegation of authority. 0.178 Section 0.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Assigning Responsibility Concerning Applications for Orders Compelling Testimony or Production of Evidence...

49 CFR 178.345-13 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pressure and leakage tests. 178.345-13 Section 178... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-13 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be pressure and leakage tested in accordance with this section and...

21 CFR 178.3600 - Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. 178.3600 Section 178.3600 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Production Aids § 178.3600 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester identified...

21 CFR 178.3280 - Castor oil, hydrogenated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Castor oil, hydrogenated. 178.3280 Section 178.3280 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

21 CFR 178.3280 - Castor oil, hydrogenated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Castor oil, hydrogenated. 178.3280 Section 178.3280 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

21 CFR 178.3280 - Castor oil, hydrogenated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Castor oil, hydrogenated. 178.3280 Section 178.3280 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS...

21 CFR 178.3280 - Castor oil, hydrogenated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Castor oil, hydrogenated. 178.3280 Section 178.3280 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

49 CFR 178.33b-7 - Design qualification test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., each new design must be drop tested as follows: Three groups of twenty-five filled containers must be... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Design qualification test. 178.33b-7 Section 178... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-7 Design qualification test. (a) Drop...

49 CFR 178.345-13 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... entire cargo tank surface is inspected for leakage and other sign of defects. The inspection method must... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-13 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be pressure and leakage tested in accordance with this section and §§ 178.346-5, 178.347...

49 CFR 178.345-13 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... entire cargo tank surface is inspected for leakage and other sign of defects. The inspection method must... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-13 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be pressure and leakage tested in accordance with this section and §§ 178.346-5, 178.347...

49 CFR 178.345-13 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... entire cargo tank surface is inspected for leakage and other sign of defects. The inspection method must... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-13 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be pressure and leakage tested in accordance with this section and §§ 178.346-5, 178.347...

49 CFR 178.348-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test..., and the inspection pressure is tank MAWP. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25032, June 12, 1989. Redesignated by...

49 CFR 178.348-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test..., and the inspection pressure is tank MAWP. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25032, June 12, 1989. Redesignated by...

49 CFR 178.348-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test..., and the inspection pressure is tank MAWP. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25032, June 12, 1989. Redesignated by...

49 CFR 178.348-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test..., and the inspection pressure is tank MAWP. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25032, June 12, 1989. Redesignated by...

49 CFR 178.345-13 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... entire cargo tank surface is inspected for leakage and other sign of defects. The inspection method must... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-13 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be pressure and leakage tested in accordance with this section and §§ 178.346-5, 178.347...

49 CFR 178.348-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure....5 times tank MAWP, and the inspection pressure is tank MAWP. [Amdt. 178-89, 54 FR 25032, June 12...

21 CFR 169.178 - Concentrated vanilla flavoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Concentrated vanilla flavoring. 169.178 Section... Food Dressings and Flavorings § 169.178 Concentrated vanilla flavoring. (a) Concentrated vanilla... statement of ingredients prescribed for vanilla flavoring by § 169.177, except that it is concentrated to...

21 CFR 169.178 - Concentrated vanilla flavoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Concentrated vanilla flavoring. 169.178 Section... Food Dressings and Flavorings § 169.178 Concentrated vanilla flavoring. (a) Concentrated vanilla... statement of ingredients prescribed for vanilla flavoring by § 169.177, except that it is concentrated to...

21 CFR 169.178 - Concentrated vanilla flavoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Concentrated vanilla flavoring. 169.178 Section... Food Dressings and Flavorings § 169.178 Concentrated vanilla flavoring. (a) Concentrated vanilla... statement of ingredients prescribed for vanilla flavoring by § 169.177, except that it is concentrated to...

21 CFR 169.178 - Concentrated vanilla flavoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Concentrated vanilla flavoring. 169.178 Section... Food Dressings and Flavorings § 169.178 Concentrated vanilla flavoring. (a) Concentrated vanilla... statement of ingredients prescribed for vanilla flavoring by § 169.177, except that it is concentrated to...

21 CFR 169.178 - Concentrated vanilla flavoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Concentrated vanilla flavoring. 169.178 Section... Food Dressings and Flavorings § 169.178 Concentrated vanilla flavoring. (a) Concentrated vanilla... statement of ingredients prescribed for vanilla flavoring by § 169.177, except that it is concentrated to...

49 CFR 178.33b-7 - Design qualification test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Design qualification test. 178.33b-7 Section 178... Specifications for Inside Containers, and Linings § 178.33b-7 Design qualification test. (a) Drop testing. (1) To ensure that creep does not affect the ability of the container to retain the contents, each new design...

21 CFR 178.3280 - Castor oil, hydrogenated.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... polymers used in the manufacture of articles or components of articles authorized for food-contact use For... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Castor oil, hydrogenated. 178.3280 Section 178.3280 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED...

49 CFR 178.346-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-1 General requirements. (a) Each Specification DOT 406 cargo tank motor vehicle must meet the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345, in addition to the specific requirements contained in this section. (b) MAWP: The MAWP of each cargo tank must...

49 CFR 178.348-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345 in addition to the specific requirements of this section. (b) The MAWP of each cargo...

49 CFR 178.346-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-1 General requirements. (a) Each Specification DOT 406 cargo tank motor vehicle must meet the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345, in addition to the specific requirements contained in this section. (b) MAWP: The MAWP of each cargo tank must...

49 CFR 178.346-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-1 General requirements. (a) Each Specification DOT 406 cargo tank motor vehicle must meet the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345, in addition to the specific requirements contained in this section. (b) MAWP: The MAWP of each cargo tank must...

49 CFR 178.346-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-1 General requirements. (a) Each Specification DOT 406 cargo tank motor vehicle must meet the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345, in addition to the specific requirements contained in this section. (b) MAWP: The MAWP of each cargo tank must...

49 CFR 178.348-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345 in addition to the specific requirements of this section. (b) The MAWP of each cargo tank must be at...

49 CFR 178.348-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345 in addition to the specific requirements of this section. (b) The MAWP of each cargo tank must be at...

49 CFR 178.348-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345 in addition to the specific requirements of this section. (b) The MAWP of each cargo tank must be at...

49 CFR 178.348-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.348-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 412 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345 in addition to the specific requirements of this section. (b) The MAWP of each cargo tank must be at...

46 CFR 178.320 - Intact stability requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... stability proof test in accordance with § 178.330 of this part in the presence of a Coast Guard marine inspector. (b) A pontoon vessel operating on protected waters must undergo a simplified stability proof test... cognizant OCMI may dispense with the simplified stability proof test in § 178.330 for a vessel carrying not...

49 CFR 178.347-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 407 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345... circular cross-section and have an MAWP of at least 25 psig. (c) Any cargo tank motor vehicle built to this...

49 CFR 178.347-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 407 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345... circular cross-section and have an MAWP of at least 25 psig. (c) Any cargo tank motor vehicle built to this...

49 CFR 178.347-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 407 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345... circular cross-section and have an MAWP of at least 25 psig. (c) Any cargo tank motor vehicle built to this...

49 CFR 178.347-1 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-1 General requirements. (a) Each specification DOT 407 cargo tank motor vehicle must conform to the general design and construction requirements in § 178.345... circular cross-section and have an MAWP of at least 25 psig. (c) Any cargo tank motor vehicle built to this...

49 CFR 178.814 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., 21B, and 21N, for Packing Group I solids: 250 kPa (36 psig) gauge pressure. (4) For rigid plastic IBC... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.814 Section 178.814... Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must be conducted for the qualification...

49 CFR 178.814 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., 21B, and 21N, for Packing Group I solids: 250 kPa (36 psig) gauge pressure. (4) For rigid plastic IBC... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.814 Section 178.814... Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must be conducted for the qualification...

49 CFR 178.814 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., 21B, and 21N, for Packing Group I solids: 250 kPa (36 psig) gauge pressure. (4) For rigid plastic IBC... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.814 Section 178.814... Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must be conducted for the qualification...

49 CFR 178.814 - Hydrostatic pressure test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., 21B, and 21N, for Packing Group I solids: 250 kPa (36 psig) gauge pressure. (4) For rigid plastic IBC... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Hydrostatic pressure test. 178.814 Section 178.814... Hydrostatic pressure test. (a) General. The hydrostatic pressure test must be conducted for the qualification...

49 CFR 178.516 - Standards for fiberboard boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... minutes by the Cobb method of determining water absorption, is not greater than 155 g per square meter (0...) Maximum net mass: 400 kg (882 pounds). [Amdt. 178-97, 55 FR 52717, Dec. 21, 1990, and amended by Amdt. 178...

46 CFR 178.320 - Intact stability requirements-non-sailing vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Intact stability requirements-non-sailing vessels. 178.320 Section 178.320 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER... Intact stability requirements—non-sailing vessels. (a) As permitted by § 178.310(c) of this part, the...

49 CFR 178.905 - Large Packaging identification codes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Large Packaging identification codes. 178.905... FOR PACKAGINGS Large Packagings Standards § 178.905 Large Packaging identification codes. Large packaging code designations consist of: two numerals specified in paragraph (a) of this section; followed by...

21 CFR 178.3450 - Esters of stearic and palmitic acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Esters of stearic and palmitic acids. 178.3450 Section 178.3450 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3450 Esters of stearic and palmitic acids. The ester...

21 CFR 178.3450 - Esters of stearic and palmitic acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Esters of stearic and palmitic acids. 178.3450 Section 178.3450 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3450 Esters of stearic and palmitic acids. The ester...

21 CFR 178.3870 - Rosins and rosin derivatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Rosins and rosin derivatives. 178.3870 Section 178.3870 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

21 CFR 178.3870 - Rosins and rosin derivatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Rosins and rosin derivatives. 178.3870 Section 178.3870 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

21 CFR 178.3870 - Rosins and rosin derivatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Rosins and rosin derivatives. 178.3870 Section 178.3870 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

21 CFR 178.3870 - Rosins and rosin derivatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Rosins and rosin derivatives. 178.3870 Section 178.3870 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

21 CFR 178.3760 - Polyethylene glycol (400) monolaurate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Polyethylene glycol (400) monolaurate. 178.3760 Section 178.3760 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

5 CFR 178.208 - Applicability of general procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicability of general procedures. 178.208 Section 178.208 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS... Applicability of general procedures. When not in conflict with this subpart, the provisions of subpart A of this...

21 CFR 178.3870 - Rosins and rosin derivatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Rosins and rosin derivatives. 178.3870 Section 178.3870 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids...

21 CFR 178.3650 - Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. 178.3650... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3650 Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons may be safely used, as a component of nonfood articles intended for use in...

21 CFR 178.3650 - Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. 178.3650... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3650 Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons may be safely used, as a component of nonfood articles intended for use in...

21 CFR 178.3650 - Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. 178.3650... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3650 Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons may be safely used, as a component of nonfood articles intended for use in...

21 CFR 178.3650 - Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. 178.3650... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3650 Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons may be safely used, as a component of nonfood articles intended for use in...

As-Received, Ozone Cleaned and Ar+ Sputtered Surfaces of Hafnium Oxide Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition and Studied by XPS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Engelhard, Mark H.; Herman, Jacob A.; Wallace, Robert

2012-06-27

In this study, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization was performed on 47 nm thick hafnium oxide (HfO{sub 2}) films grown by atomic layer deposition using TEMA-Hf/H{sub 2}O at 250 C substrate temperature. HfO{sub 2} is currently being studied as a possible replacement for Silicon Oxide (SiO{sub 2}) as a gate dielectric in electronics transistors. XPS spectra were collected on a Physical Electronics Quantum 2000 Scanning ESCA Microprobe using a monochromatic Al K{sub a} X-ray (1486.7 eV) excitation source. The sample was analyzed under the following conditions: as received, after UV irradiation for five minutes, and after sputter cleaning with 2more » kV Ar{sup +} ions for 180 seconds. Survey scans showed carbon, oxygen, and hafnium as the major species in the film, while the only minor species of argon and carbide was detected after sputtering. Adventitious carbon initially composed approximately 18.6 AT% of the surface, but after UV cleaning it was reduced to 2.4 AT%. This demonstrated that that the majority of carbon was due to adventitious carbon. However, after 2 kV Ar{sup +} sputtering there was still only trace amounts of carbon at {approx}1 AT%, Some of this trace carbon is now in the form of a carbide due to the interaction with Ar{sup +} used for sputter cleaning. Furthermore, the stoiciometric ratio of oxygen and hafnium is consistent with a high quality HfO{sub 2} film.« less

46 CFR 199.178 - Marking of stowage locations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Marking of stowage locations. 199.178 Section 199.178... locations. (a) Containers, brackets, racks, and other similar stowage locations for lifesaving equipment... that location. (b) If more than one device is stowed in a location, the number of devices stowed must...

Hafnium, Tungsten, and the Differentiation of the Moon and Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, G. J.

2003-11-01

Measurements of the isotopic composition of tungsten (W) show that lunar samples and Martian meteorites have an excess of W-182. This was produced by the decay of hafnium-182 (Hf-182), an isotope with a half-life of only 9 million years. Because tungsten dissolves enthusiastically in metallic iron and hafnium does not, it is possible to use the abundance of W-182 in rocks formed by melting of the silicate mantle as an indicator of the timing of core formation. However, the concentrations of Hf and W in rocky material can be affected by melting and crystallization, so we also need to know how each element concentrates in common minerals in the mantles of the Moon and Mars. The behavior of Hf has been studied experimentally, but this is not true of W. Kevin Righter (Johnson Space Center) and Charles (Chip) Shearer (University of New Mexico) have filled this knowledge void by determining how W partitions between olivine, high- and low-calcium pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and garnet. The new data allowed Righter and Shearer to reexamine available measurements of the isotopic composition of W in lunar samples and Martian meteorites. Their analysis suggests that the lunar magma ocean, a huge magma system that surrounded the Moon when it formed, solidified in less than 30 million years. This is shorter than many theoretical calculations suggest. Pathfinder data and chemical data from Martian meteorites suggest that the core of Mars makes up about 20% of the planet. Core formation and subsequent melting of a region of the mantle containing garnet and high-calcium pyroxene took place less than 20-30 million years after the formation of the first solids in the solar system. This type of research shows the importance of measurements of isotopic compositions of radioactive elements or their decay products and laboratory experiments on the geochemical behavior of those elements.

21 CFR 178.3295 - Clarifying agents for polymers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Clarifying agents for polymers. 178.3295 Section... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3295 Clarifying agents for polymers. Clarifying agents may be safely used in polymers that are articles or components of articles intended for use in contact...

21 CFR 178.3295 - Clarifying agents for polymers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Clarifying agents for polymers. 178.3295 Section... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3295 Clarifying agents for polymers. Clarifying agents may be safely used in polymers that are articles or components of articles intended for use in contact...

21 CFR 178.3295 - Clarifying agents for polymers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Clarifying agents for polymers. 178.3295 Section... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3295 Clarifying agents for polymers. Clarifying agents may be safely used in polymers that are articles or components of articles intended for use in contact...

21 CFR 178.3295 - Clarifying agents for polymers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Clarifying agents for polymers. 178.3295 Section... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3295 Clarifying agents for polymers. Clarifying agents may be safely used in polymers that are articles or components of articles intended for use in contact...

21 CFR 178.3760 - Polyethylene glycol (400) monolaurate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Polyethylene glycol (400) monolaurate. 178.3760 Section 178.3760 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... be used for tying meat provided the twine fibers are produced from nylon resins complying with § 177...

Study of bulk Hafnium oxide (HfO2) under compression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pathak, Santanu; Mandal, Guruprasad; Das, Parnika

2018-04-01

Hafnium oxide (HfO2) is a technologically important material. This material has K-value of 25 and band gap 5.8 eV. A k value of 25-30 is preferred for a gate dielectric [1]. As it shows good insulating and capacitive properties, HfO2 is being considered as a replacement to SiO2 in microelectronic devices as gate dielectrics. On the other hand because of toughening mechanism due to phase transformation induced by stress field observed in these oxides, HFO2 has been a material of investigations in various configurations for a very long time. However the controversies about phase transition of HfO2 under pressure still exists. High quality synchrotron radiation has been used to study the structural phase transition of HfO2 under pressure.

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 178 - Alternative Leakproofness Test Methods

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Alternative Leakproofness Test Methods B Appendix... FOR PACKAGINGS Pt. 178, App. B Appendix B to Part 178—Alternative Leakproofness Test Methods In addition to the method prescribed in § 178.604 of this subchapter, the following leakproofness test methods...

49 CFR 178.345-2 - Material and material thickness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Material and material thickness. 178.345-2 Section... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-2 Material and material...

49 CFR 178.345-2 - Material and material thickness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Material and material thickness. 178.345-2 Section... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-2 Material and material...

49 CFR 178.345-2 - Material and material thickness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Material and material thickness. 178.345-2 Section... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-2 Material and material...

49 CFR 178.345-2 - Material and material thickness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Material and material thickness. 178.345-2 Section... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.345-2 Material and material...

Multimode resistive switching in nanoscale hafnium oxide stack as studied by atomic force microscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hou, Y., E-mail: houyi@pku.edu.cn, E-mail: lfliu@pku.edu.cn; IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Heverlee; Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Heverlee

2016-07-11

The nanoscale resistive switching in hafnium oxide stack is investigated by the conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). The initial oxide stack is insulating and electrical stress from the C-AFM tip induces nanometric conductive filaments. Multimode resistive switching can be observed in consecutive operation cycles at one spot. The different modes are interpreted in the framework of a low defect quantum point contact theory. The model implies that the optimization of the conductive filament active region is crucial for the future application of nanoscale resistive switching devices.

21 CFR 178.3295 - Clarifying agents for polymers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Clarifying agents for polymers. 178.3295 Section... Production Aids § 178.3295 Clarifying agents for polymers. Clarifying agents may be safely used in polymers... polymers contact food only of types I, II, IV-B, VI-B, VII-B, and VIII as identified in Table 1 of § 176...

Composition effects on mechanical properties of tungsten-rhenium-hafnium-carbon alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Witzke, W. R.

1973-01-01

The mechanical properties of rod and sheet fabricated from arc melted W-4Re-Hf-C alloys containing up to about 0.8 mol percent hafnium carbide (HfC) were evaluated in the as-worked condition. The DBTT's of electropolished bend and tensile specimens were independent of HfC content in this range but dependent on excess Hf or C above that required for stoichiometric HfC. Low temperature ductility was a maximum at Hf contents slightly in excess of stoichiometric. Variations in high temperature strength were also dependent on excess Hf and C. Maximum creep strengthening also occurred at Hf contents in excess of stoichiometric. Analysis of extracted second phase particles indicated that creep strength was reduced by increasing WC content in the HfC particles.

47 CFR 17.8 - Establishment of antenna farm areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Establishment of antenna farm areas. 17.8... LIGHTING OF ANTENNA STRUCTURES Federal Aviation Administration Notification Criteria § 17.8 Establishment of antenna farm areas. (a) Each antenna farm area will be established by an appropriate rulemaking...

47 CFR 17.8 - Establishment of antenna farm areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Establishment of antenna farm areas. 17.8... LIGHTING OF ANTENNA STRUCTURES Federal Aviation Administration Notification Criteria § 17.8 Establishment of antenna farm areas. (a) Each antenna farm area will be established by an appropriate rulemaking...

47 CFR 17.8 - Establishment of antenna farm areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Establishment of antenna farm areas. 17.8... LIGHTING OF ANTENNA STRUCTURES Federal Aviation Administration Notification Criteria § 17.8 Establishment of antenna farm areas. (a) Each antenna farm area will be established by an appropriate rulemaking...

47 CFR 17.8 - Establishment of antenna farm areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Establishment of antenna farm areas. 17.8... LIGHTING OF ANTENNA STRUCTURES Federal Aviation Administration Notification Criteria § 17.8 Establishment of antenna farm areas. (a) Each antenna farm area will be established by an appropriate rulemaking...

47 CFR 17.8 - Establishment of antenna farm areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Establishment of antenna farm areas. 17.8... LIGHTING OF ANTENNA STRUCTURES Federal Aviation Administration Notification Criteria § 17.8 Establishment of antenna farm areas. (a) Each antenna farm area will be established by an appropriate rulemaking...

49 CFR 178.33b-7 - Design qualification test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Design qualification test. 178.33b-7 Section 178.33b-7 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for Inside Containers, and...

49 CFR 178.920 - Standards for metal Large Packagings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for metal Large Packagings. 178.920... PACKAGINGS Large Packagings Standards § 178.920 Standards for metal Large Packagings. (a) The provisions in this section apply to metal Large Packagings intended to contain liquids and solids. Metal Large...

49 CFR 178.920 - Standards for metal Large Packagings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for metal Large Packagings. 178.920... FOR PACKAGINGS Large Packagings Standards § 178.920 Standards for metal Large Packagings. (a) The provisions in this section apply to metal Large Packagings intended to contain liquids and solids. Metal...

49 CFR 178.515 - Standards for reconstituted wood boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for reconstituted wood boxes. 178.515... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.515 Standards for reconstituted wood boxes. (a) The identification code for a reconstituted wood box is 4F. (b) Construction requirements for...

49 CFR 178.515 - Standards for reconstituted wood boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for reconstituted wood boxes. 178.515... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.515 Standards for reconstituted wood boxes. (a) The identification code for a reconstituted wood box is 4F. (b) Construction requirements for...

49 CFR 178.515 - Standards for reconstituted wood boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for reconstituted wood boxes. 178.515... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.515 Standards for reconstituted wood boxes. (a) The identification code for a reconstituted wood box is 4F. (b) Construction requirements for...

5 CFR 178.205 - Procedures upon death of employee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Procedures upon death of employee. 178.205 Section 178.205 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS... Procedures upon death of employee. (a) Claim form. As soon as practicable after the death of an employee, the...

21 CFR 178.3940 - Tetraethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexoate).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Tetraethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexoate). 178.3940 Section 178.3940 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

46 CFR 154.178 - Contiguous hull structure: Heating system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contiguous hull structure: Heating system. 154.178... Equipment Hull Structure § 154.178 Contiguous hull structure: Heating system. The heating system for transverse and longitudinal contiguous hull structure must: (a) Be shown by a heat load calculation to have...

49 CFR 178.515 - Standards for reconstituted wood boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for reconstituted wood boxes. 178.515... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.515 Standards for reconstituted wood boxes. (a) The identification code for a reconstituted wood box is 4F. (b) Construction requirements for...

5 CFR 178.205 - Procedures upon death of employee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Procedures upon death of employee. 178.205 Section 178.205 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS... Procedures upon death of employee. (a) Claim form. As soon as practicable after the death of an employee, the...

5 CFR 178.205 - Procedures upon death of employee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Procedures upon death of employee. 178.205 Section 178.205 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS... Procedures upon death of employee. (a) Claim form. As soon as practicable after the death of an employee, the...

5 CFR 178.205 - Procedures upon death of employee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Procedures upon death of employee. 178.205 Section 178.205 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS... Procedures upon death of employee. (a) Claim form. As soon as practicable after the death of an employee, the...

5 CFR 178.205 - Procedures upon death of employee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Procedures upon death of employee. 178.205 Section 178.205 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS... Procedures upon death of employee. (a) Claim form. As soon as practicable after the death of an employee, the...

49 CFR 178.706 - Standards for rigid plastic IBCs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for rigid plastic IBCs. 178.706 Section... Performance-Oriented Standards § 178.706 Standards for rigid plastic IBCs. (a) The provisions in this section apply to rigid plastic IBCs intended to contain solids or liquids. Rigid plastic IBC types are...

49 CFR 178.706 - Standards for rigid plastic IBCs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for rigid plastic IBCs. 178.706 Section... Performance-Oriented Standards § 178.706 Standards for rigid plastic IBCs. (a) The provisions in this section apply to rigid plastic IBCs intended to contain solids or liquids. Rigid plastic IBC types are...

49 CFR 178.706 - Standards for rigid plastic IBCs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for rigid plastic IBCs. 178.706 Section... Performance-Oriented Standards § 178.706 Standards for rigid plastic IBCs. (a) The provisions in this section apply to rigid plastic IBCs intended to contain solids or liquids. Rigid plastic IBC types are...

49 CFR 178.706 - Standards for rigid plastic IBCs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for rigid plastic IBCs. 178.706 Section... Performance-Oriented Standards § 178.706 Standards for rigid plastic IBCs. (a) The provisions in this section apply to rigid plastic IBCs intended to contain solids or liquids. Rigid plastic IBC types are...

49 CFR 178.519 - Standards for plastic film bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for plastic film bags. 178.519 Section...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.519 Standards for plastic film bags. (a) The identification code for a plastic film bag is 5H4. (b) Construction requirements for plastic film bags are as...

49 CFR 178.519 - Standards for plastic film bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for plastic film bags. 178.519 Section... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.519 Standards for plastic film bags. (a) The identification code for a plastic film bag is 5H4. (b) Construction requirements for plastic film...

49 CFR 178.518 - Standards for woven plastic bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for woven plastic bags. 178.518 Section... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.518 Standards for woven plastic bags. (a) The following are identification codes for woven plastic bags: (1) 5H1 for an unlined or non-coated...

49 CFR 178.519 - Standards for plastic film bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for plastic film bags. 178.519 Section...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.519 Standards for plastic film bags. (a) The identification code for a plastic film bag is 5H4. (b) Construction requirements for plastic film bags are as...

49 CFR 178.518 - Standards for woven plastic bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for woven plastic bags. 178.518 Section...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.518 Standards for woven plastic bags. (a) The following are identification codes for woven plastic bags: (1) 5H1 for an unlined or non-coated woven...

49 CFR 178.518 - Standards for woven plastic bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for woven plastic bags. 178.518 Section...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.518 Standards for woven plastic bags. (a) The following are identification codes for woven plastic bags: (1) 5H1 for an unlined or non-coated woven...

49 CFR 178.518 - Standards for woven plastic bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for woven plastic bags. 178.518 Section...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.518 Standards for woven plastic bags. (a) The following are identification codes for woven plastic bags: (1) 5H1 for an unlined or non-coated woven...

49 CFR 178.519 - Standards for plastic film bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for plastic film bags. 178.519 Section...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.519 Standards for plastic film bags. (a) The identification code for a plastic film bag is 5H4. (b) Construction requirements for plastic film bags are as...

49 CFR 178.519 - Standards for plastic film bags.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for plastic film bags. 178.519 Section...-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.519 Standards for plastic film bags. (a) The identification code for a plastic film bag is 5H4. (b) Construction requirements for plastic film bags are as...

21 CFR 178.3940 - Tetraethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexoate).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Tetraethylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexoate). 178.3940 Section 178.3940 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... to be used for tying meat provided the twine fibers are produced from nylon resins complying with...

49 CFR 178.347-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure..., the test pressure must be 40 psig or 1.5 times tank MAWP, whichever is greater, and the inspection...

21 CFR 178.3600 - Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. 178.3600... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3600 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester identified in § 172.816(a) of this chapter may be safely used as a processing...

21 CFR 178.3600 - Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2010-04-01 2009-04-01 true Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. 178.3600... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3600 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester identified in § 172.816(a) of this chapter may be safely used as a processing...

21 CFR 178.3600 - Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. 178.3600... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3600 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester identified in § 172.816(a) of this chapter may be safely used as a processing...

21 CFR 178.3600 - Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. 178.3600... SANITIZERS Certain Adjuvants and Production Aids § 178.3600 Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester. Methyl glucoside-coconut oil ester identified in § 172.816(a) of this chapter may be safely used as a processing...

Safe Software for Space Applications: Building on the DO-178 Experience

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorsey, Cheryl A.; Dorsey, Timothy A.

2013-09-01

DO-178, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification, is the well-known international standard dealing with the assurance of software used in airborne systems [1,2]. Insights into the DO-178 experiences, strengths and weaknesses can benefit the international space community. As DO-178 is an excellent standard for safe software development when used appropriately, this paper provides lessons learned and suggestions for using it effectively.

49 CFR 178.346-5 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... must be the greater of 5.0 psig or 1.5 times the cargo tank MAWP, and the inspection pressure must be... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-5 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test...

49 CFR 178.347-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test... pressure must be 40 psig or 1.5 times tank MAWP, whichever is greater, and the inspection pressure is tank...

49 CFR 178.347-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test... pressure must be 40 psig or 1.5 times tank MAWP, whichever is greater, and the inspection pressure is tank...

49 CFR 178.346-5 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... test pressure must be the greater of 5.0 psig or 1.5 times the cargo tank MAWP, and the inspection... PACKAGINGS Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-5 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure...

49 CFR 178.347-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test... pressure must be 40 psig or 1.5 times tank MAWP, whichever is greater, and the inspection pressure is tank...

49 CFR 178.346-5 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... must be the greater of 5.0 psig or 1.5 times the cargo tank MAWP, and the inspection pressure must be... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-5 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test...

49 CFR 178.346-5 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... must be the greater of 5.0 psig or 1.5 times the cargo tank MAWP, and the inspection pressure must be... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-5 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test...

49 CFR 178.347-5 - Pressure and leakage test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.347-5 Pressure and leakage test. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test... pressure must be 40 psig or 1.5 times tank MAWP, whichever is greater, and the inspection pressure is tank...

49 CFR 178.346-5 - Pressure and leakage tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... must be the greater of 5.0 psig or 1.5 times the cargo tank MAWP, and the inspection pressure must be... Specifications for Containers for Motor Vehicle Transportation § 178.346-5 Pressure and leakage tests. (a) Each cargo tank must be tested in accordance with § 178.345-13 and this section. (b) Pressure test. Test...

49 CFR 178.255-15 - Report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... _______ Company Location Manufactured by _______ Company Location Consigned to _________ Company Location Size ___ feet outside diameter by ___ long. Marks on tank as prescribed by § 178.255-14 of this specification...

Silicon Nanowires with High-k Hafnium Oxide Dielectrics for Sensitive Detection of Small Nucleic Acid Oligomers

PubMed Central

Dorvel, Brian R.; Reddy, Bobby; Go, Jonghyun; Guevara, Carlos Duarte; Salm, Eric; Alam, Muhammad Ashraful; Bashir, Rashid

2012-01-01

Nanobiosensors based on silicon nanowire field effect transistors offer advantages of low cost, label-free detection, and potential for massive parallelization. As a result, these sensors have often been suggested as an attractive option for applications in Point-of-care (POC) medical diagnostics. Unfortunately, a number of performance issues such as gate leakage and current instability due to fluid contact, have prevented widespread adoption of the technology for routine use. High-k dielectrics, such as hafnium oxide (HfO2), have the known ability to address these challenges by passivating the exposed surfaces against destabilizing concerns of ion transport. With these fundamental stability issues addressed, a promising target for POC diagnostics and SiNWFET’s has been small oligonucleotides, more specifically microRNA (miRNA). MicroRNA’s are small RNA oligonucleotides which bind to messenger RNA’s, causing translational repression of proteins, gene silencing, and expressions are typically altered in several forms of cancer. In this paper, we describe a process for fabricating stable HfO2 dielectric based silicon nanowires for biosensing applications. Here we demonstrate sensing of single stranded DNA analogues to their microRNA cousins using miR-10b and miR-21 as templates, both known to be upregulated in breast cancer. We characterize the effect of surface functionalization on device performance using the miR-10b DNA analogue as the target sequence and different molecular weight poly-l-lysine as the functionalization layer. By optimizing the surface functionalization and fabrication protocol, we were able to achieve <100fM detection levels of miR-10b DNA analogue, with a theoretical limit of detection of 1fM. Moreover, the non-complementary DNA target strand, based on miR-21, showed very little response, indicating a highly sensitive and highly selective biosensing platform. PMID:22695179

21 CFR 178.3850 - Reinforced wax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... component of articles intended for use in producing, manufacturing, packing, processing, transporting, or... Type II Polyethylene Rosins and rosin derivatives as provided in § 178.3870 Synthetic wax polymer as...

21 CFR 178.3850 - Reinforced wax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... component of articles intended for use in producing, manufacturing, packing, processing, transporting, or... Type II Polyethylene Rosins and rosin derivatives as provided in § 178.3870 Synthetic wax polymer as...

Pyroelectricity of silicon-doped hafnium oxide thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jachalke, Sven; Schenk, Tony; Park, Min Hyuk; Schroeder, Uwe; Mikolajick, Thomas; Stöcker, Hartmut; Mehner, Erik; Meyer, Dirk C.

2018-04-01

Ferroelectricity in hafnium oxide thin films is known to be induced by various doping elements and in solid-solution with zirconia. While a wealth of studies is focused on their basic ferroelectric properties and memory applications, thorough studies of the related pyroelectric properties and their application potential are only rarely found. This work investigates the impact of Si doping on the phase composition and ferro- as well as pyroelectric properties of thin film capacitors. Dynamic hysteresis measurements and the field-free Sharp-Garn method were used to correlate the reported orthorhombic phase fractions with the remanent polarization and pyroelectric coefficient. Maximum values of 8.21 µC cm-2 and -46.2 µC K-1 m-2 for remanent polarization and pyroelectric coefficient were found for a Si content of 2.0 at%, respectively. Moreover, temperature-dependent measurements reveal nearly constant values for the pyroelectric coefficient and remanent polarization over the temperature range of 0 ° C to 170 ° C , which make the material a promising candidate for IR sensor and energy conversion applications beyond the commonly discussed use in memory applications.

49 CFR 178.33 - Specification 2P; inner nonrefillable metal receptacles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Specification 2P; inner nonrefillable metal receptacles. 178.33 Section 178.33 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued... nonrefillable metal receptacles. ...

5 CFR 178.103 - Claim filed by a claimant's representative.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Claim filed by a claimant's representative. 178.103 Section 178.103 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE... supported by a duly executed power of attorney or other documentary evidence of the representative's right...

Certification of Safety-Critical Software Under DO-178C and DO-278A

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jacklin, Stephen A.

2012-01-01

The RTCA has recently released DO-178C and DO-278A as new certification guidance for the production of airborne and ground-based air traffic management software, respectively. Additionally, RTCA special committee SC-205 has also produced, at the same time, five other companion documents. These documents are RTCA DO-248C, DO-330, DO-331, DO- 332, and DO-333. These supplements address frequently asked questions about software certification, provide guidance on tool qualification requirements, and illustrate the modifications recommended to DO-178C when using model-based software design, object oriented programming, and formal methods. The objective of this paper is to first explain the relationship of DO-178C to the former DO-178B in order to give those familiar with DO- 178B an indication of what has been changed and what has not been changed. With this background, the relationship of DO-178C and DO-278 to the new DO-278A document for ground-based software development is shown. Last, an overview of the new guidance contained in the tool qualification document and the three new supplements to DO-178C and DO-278A is presented. For those unfamiliar with DO-178B, this paper serves to provide an entry point to this new certification guidance for airborne and ground-based CNS/ATM software certification.

49 CFR 178.33 - Specification 2P; inner nonrefillable metal receptacles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Specification 2P; inner nonrefillable metal receptacles. 178.33 Section 178.33 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND... nonrefillable metal receptacles. ...

Zirconium and hafnium fractionation in differentiation of alkali carbonatite magmatic systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kogarko, L. N.

2016-05-01

Zirconium and hafnium are valuable strategic metals which are in high demand in industry. The Zr and Hf contents are elevated in the final products of magmatic differentiation of alkali carbonatite rocks in the Polar Siberia region (Guli Complex) and Ukraine (Chernigov Massif). Early pyroxene fractionation led to an increase in the Zr/Hf ratio in the evolution of the ultramafic-alkali magmatic system due to a higher distribution coefficient of Hf in pyroxene with respect to Zr. The Rayleigh equation was used to calculate a quantitative model of variation in the Zr/Hf ratio in the development of the Guli magmatic system. Alkali carbonatite rocks originated from rare element-rich mantle reservoirs, in particular, the metasomatized mantle. Carbonated mantle xenoliths are characterized by a high Zr/Hf ratio due to clinopyroxene development during metasomatic replacement of orthopyroxene by carbonate fluid melt.

49 CFR 178.925 - Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings. 178... FOR PACKAGINGS Large Packagings Standards § 178.925 Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings. (a) The provisions in this section apply to rigid plastic Large Packagings intended to contain liquids and...

21 CFR 178.3450 - Esters of stearic and palmitic acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Esters of stearic and palmitic acids. 178.3450 Section 178.3450 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

21 CFR 178.3450 - Esters of stearic and palmitic acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Esters of stearic and palmitic acids. 178.3450 Section 178.3450 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND...

49 CFR 178.925 - Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings. 178... FOR PACKAGINGS Large Packagings Standards § 178.925 Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings. (a) The provisions in this section apply to rigid plastic Large Packagings intended to contain liquids and...

49 CFR 178.925 - Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings. 178... FOR PACKAGINGS Large Packagings Standards § 178.925 Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings. (a) The provisions in this section apply to rigid plastic Large Packagings intended to contain liquids and...

49 CFR 178.925 - Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings. 178... FOR PACKAGINGS Large Packagings Standards § 178.925 Standards for rigid plastic Large Packagings. (a) The provisions in this section apply to rigid plastic Large Packagings intended to contain liquids and...

28 CFR 115.178 - Referrals for prosecution for detainee-on-detainee sexual abuse.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Referrals for prosecution for detainee-on-detainee sexual abuse. 115.178 Section 115.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT NATIONAL STANDARDS Standards for Lockups Discipline § 115.178 Referrals for...

28 CFR 115.178 - Referrals for prosecution for detainee-on-detainee sexual abuse.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Referrals for prosecution for detainee-on-detainee sexual abuse. 115.178 Section 115.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT NATIONAL STANDARDS Standards for Lockups Discipline § 115.178 Referrals for...

28 CFR 115.178 - Referrals for prosecution for detainee-on-detainee sexual abuse.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Referrals for prosecution for detainee-on-detainee sexual abuse. 115.178 Section 115.178 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT NATIONAL STANDARDS Standards for Lockups Discipline § 115.178 Referrals for...

49 CFR 178.37 - Specification 3AA and 3AAX seamless steel cylinders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the Record of Chemical Analysis of Material for Cylinders required by § 178.35. This hardness test... Rephosphorized steels not subject to check analysis for phosphorus. (c) Identification of material. Material must... cylinders. 178.37 Section 178.37 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND...

7 CFR 97.178 - Refunds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... VARIETY AND PROTECTION Fees and Charges § 97.178 Refunds. Money paid by mistake or excess payments shall be refunded, but a mere change of plans after the payment of money, as when a party decides to... of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections...

Are we there yet? A Practitioner's View of DO-178C/ED-12C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daniels, Dewi

RTCA DO-178B/EUROCAE ED-12B is the industry-accepted guidance for determining that the software aspects of airborne systems and equipment comply with airworthiness requirements. DO-178B/ED-12B, published in 1992, is being updated to DO-178C/ED-12C. Nearly six years in the making, DO- 178C/ED-12C is expected to be completed in December 2010. It will be accompanied by a new set of supplements providing additional and much-needed guidance on tool qualification, model based development and verification, objectoriented technologies, and formal methods. Written by a member of the DO-178C/ED-12C editorial team who is also a practising software developer and verifier, this paper provides a practitioner's view of the new standard and its supplements. It explains how they will affect your organisation, focusing on the practical implications of the many changes between DO-178B/ED-12B and DO-178C/ED-12C.

Experimental and first-principles studies on the elastic properties of α-hafnium metal under pressure

DOE PAGES

Qi, Xintong; Wang, Xuebing; Chen, Ting; ...

2016-03-30

Compressional and shear wave velocities of the α phase of hafnium have been measured up to 10.4 GPa at room temperature using ultrasonic interferometry in a multi-anvil apparatus. A finite strain equation of state analysis yielded K s0 = 110.4 (5) GPa, G 0 = 54.7(5) GPa,K s0' = 3.7 and G 0' = 0.6 for the elastic bulk and shear moduli and their pressure derivatives at ambient conditions. Complementary to the experimental data, the single crystal elastic constants, elastic anisotropy and the unit cell axial ratio c/a of α-hafnium at high pressures were investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT)more » based first principles calculations. A c/a value of 1.605 is predicted for α-Hf at 40 GPa, which is in excellent agreement with previous experimental results. The low-pressure derivative of the shear modulus observed in our experimental data up to 10 GPa was found to originate from the elastic constant C44 which exhibits negligible pressure dependence within the current experimental pressure range. At higher pressures (>10 GPa), C 44 was predicted to soften and the shear wave velocity ν S trended to decrease with pressure, which can be interpreted as a precursor to the α-ω transition similar to that observed in other group IV elements (titanium and zirconium). Here, the acoustic velocities, bulk and shear moduli, and the acoustic Debye temperature (θ D = 240.1 K) determined from the current experiments were all compared well with those predicted by our theoretical DFT calculations.« less

46 CFR 178.325 - Intact stability requirements-monohull sailing vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178.330 of this part, in the presence of a Coast Guard marine... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Intact stability requirements-monohull sailing vessels... PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Intact Stability Standards § 178...

46 CFR 178.320 - Intact stability requirements-non-sailing vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... following vessels may undergo the simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178.330 of this part, in the... this part, a self-propelled pontoon vessel may undergo the pontoon simplified stability proof test... deck cargo, and is otherwise eligible to undergo the simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178...

46 CFR 178.325 - Intact stability requirements-monohull sailing vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178.330 of this part, in the presence of a Coast Guard marine... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Intact stability requirements-monohull sailing vessels... PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Intact Stability Standards § 178...

46 CFR 178.320 - Intact stability requirements-non-sailing vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... following vessels may undergo the simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178.330 of this part, in the... this part, a self-propelled pontoon vessel may undergo the pontoon simplified stability proof test... deck cargo, and is otherwise eligible to undergo the simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178...

46 CFR 178.325 - Intact stability requirements-monohull sailing vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178.330 of this part, in the presence of a Coast Guard marine... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Intact stability requirements-monohull sailing vessels... PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INTACT STABILITY AND SEAWORTHINESS Intact Stability Standards § 178...

46 CFR 178.320 - Intact stability requirements-non-sailing vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... following vessels may undergo the simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178.330 of this part, in the... this part, a self-propelled pontoon vessel may undergo the pontoon simplified stability proof test... deck cargo, and is otherwise eligible to undergo the simplified stability proof test detailed in § 178...

49 CFR 178.33-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-5 Material. (a) Uniform quality steel plate such as black plate, electro-tin plate, hot dipped tin plate, tern plate or other commercially accepted can making plate; or nonferrous...

49 CFR 178.33-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-5 Material. (a) Uniform quality steel plate such as black plate, electro-tin plate, hot dipped tin plate, tern plate or other commercially accepted can making plate; or nonferrous...

49 CFR 178.33-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-5 Material. (a) Uniform quality steel plate such as black plate, electro-tin plate, hot dipped tin plate, tern plate or other commercially accepted can making plate; or nonferrous...

49 CFR 178.33-5 - Material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Containers, and Linings § 178.33-5 Material. (a) Uniform quality steel plate such as black plate, electro-tin plate, hot dipped tin plate, tern plate or other commercially accepted can making plate; or nonferrous...

49 CFR 178.338-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and the welding sequence must minimize stresses due to shrinkage of welds. (e) Filler material... Management and Budget under control number 2137-0017) [Amdt. 178-77, 48 FR 27704 and 27713, June 16, 1983, as...

49 CFR 178.338-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... and the welding sequence must minimize stresses due to shrinkage of welds. (e) Filler material... Management and Budget under control number 2137-0017) [Amdt. 178-77, 48 FR 27704 and 27713, June 16, 1983, as...

49 CFR 178.338-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... and the welding sequence must minimize stresses due to shrinkage of welds. (e) Filler material... Management and Budget under control number 2137-0017) [Amdt. 178-77, 48 FR 27704 and 27713, June 16, 1983, as...

49 CFR 178.338-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and the welding sequence must minimize stresses due to shrinkage of welds. (e) Filler material... Management and Budget under control number 2137-0017) [Amdt. 178-77, 48 FR 27704 and 27713, June 16, 1983, as...

49 CFR 178.338-4 - Joints.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... and the welding sequence must minimize stresses due to shrinkage of welds. (e) Filler material... Management and Budget under control number 2137-0017) [Amdt. 178-77, 48 FR 27704 and 27713, June 16, 1983, as...

Stress-rupture strength and microstructural stability of tungsten-hafnium-carbon-wire reinforced superalloy composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Petrasek, D. W.; Signorelli, R. A.

1974-01-01

Tungsten-hafnium-carbon - superalloy composites were found to be potentially useful for turbine blade applications on the basis of stress-rupture strength. The 100- and 1000-hr rupture strengths calculated for 70 vol. % fiber composites based on test data at 1090C (2000F) were 420 and 280 MN/m2 (61,000 and 41,000 psi, respectively). The investigation indicated that, with better quality fibers, composites having 100- and 1000-hr rupture strengths of 570 and 370 MN/m2 (82,000 and 54,000 psi, respectively), may be obtained. Metallographic studies indicated sufficient fiber-matrix compatibility for 1000 hr or more at 1090C (2000F).

49 CFR 178.509 - Standards for plastic drums and jerricans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for plastic drums and jerricans. 178.509... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.509 Standards for plastic drums and jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic drums and jerricans: (1) 1H1 for a non...

21 CFR 178.3450 - Esters of stearic and palmitic acids.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... stearate or mixtures thereof may be safely used as adjuvants in food-packaging materials when used in... 21 Food and Drugs 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Esters of stearic and palmitic acids. 178.3450 Section 178.3450 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES...

49 CFR 178.509 - Standards for plastic drums and jerricans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for plastic drums and jerricans. 178.509... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.509 Standards for plastic drums and jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic drums and jerricans: (1) 1H1 for a non...

49 CFR 178.509 - Standards for plastic drums and jerricans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for plastic drums and jerricans. 178.509... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.509 Standards for plastic drums and jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic drums and jerricans: (1) 1H1 for a non...

49 CFR 178.509 - Standards for plastic drums and jerricans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for plastic drums and jerricans. 178.509... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.509 Standards for plastic drums and jerricans. (a) The following are identification codes for plastic drums and jerricans: (1) 1H1 for a non...

49 CFR 178.512 - Standards for steel or aluminum boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. 178.512... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.512 Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for steel or aluminum boxes: (1) 4A for a steel box; and...

49 CFR 178.512 - Standards for steel or aluminum boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. 178.512... FOR PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.512 Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for steel or aluminum boxes: (1) 4A for a steel...

49 CFR 178.512 - Standards for steel or aluminum boxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. 178.512... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.512 Standards for steel or aluminum boxes. (a) The following are identification codes for steel or aluminum boxes: (1) 4A for a steel box; and...

49 CFR 178.513 - Standards for boxes of natural wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 4C2 box must be one piece or equivalent. Parts are considered equivalent to one piece when one of the... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standards for boxes of natural wood. 178.513... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.513 Standards for boxes of natural wood...

49 CFR 178.513 - Standards for boxes of natural wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 4C2 box must be one piece or equivalent. Parts are considered equivalent to one piece when one of the... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for boxes of natural wood. 178.513... PACKAGINGS Non-bulk Performance-Oriented Packaging Standards § 178.513 Standards for boxes of natural wood...

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 178 - Specifications for Steel

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Specifications for Steel A Appendix A to Part 178... to Part 178—Specifications for Steel Table 1 [Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform... limit for manganese on ladle analysis may be 1.40 percent. 6 Rephosphorized Grade 3 steels containing no...

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 178 - Specifications for Steel

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Specifications for Steel A Appendix A to Part 178... to Part 178—Specifications for Steel Table 1 [Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform... limit for manganese on ladle analysis may be 1.40 percent. 6 Rephosphorized Grade 3 steels containing no...

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 178 - Specifications for Steel

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Specifications for Steel A Appendix A to Part 178... to Part 178—Specifications for Steel Table 1 [Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform... limit for manganese on ladle analysis may be 1.40 percent. 6 Rephosphorized Grade 3 steels containing no...

Silicon doped hafnium oxide (HSO) and hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) based FeFET: A material relation to device physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ali, T.; Polakowski, P.; Riedel, S.; Büttner, T.; Kämpfe, T.; Rudolph, M.; Pätzold, B.; Seidel, K.; Löhr, D.; Hoffmann, R.; Czernohorsky, M.; Kühnel, K.; Thrun, X.; Hanisch, N.; Steinke, P.; Calvo, J.; Müller, J.

2018-05-01

The recent discovery of ferroelectricity in thin film HfO2 materials renewed the interest in ferroelectric FET (FeFET) as an emerging nonvolatile memory providing a potential high speed and low power Flash alternative. Here, we report more insight into FeFET performance by integrating two types of ferroelectric (FE) materials and varying their properties. By varying the material type [HfO2 (HSO) versus hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO)], optimum content (Si doping/mixture ratio), and film thickness, a material relation to FeFET device physics is concluded. As for the material type, an improved FeFET performance is observed for HZO integration with memory window (MW) comparable to theoretical values. For different Si contents, the HSO based FeFET exhibited a MW trend with different stabilized phases. Similarly, the HZO FeFET shows MW dependence on the Hf:Zr mixture ratio. A maximized MW is obtained with cycle ratios of 16:1 (HfO2:Si) and 1:1 (Hf:Zr) as measured on HSO and HZO based FeFETs, respectively. The thickness variation shows a trend of increasing MW with the increased FE layer thickness confirming early theoretical predictions. The FeFET material aspects and stack physics are discussed with insight into the interplay factors, while optimum FE material parameters are outlined in relation to performance.

Atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide: A detailed reaction mechanism from first principles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Widjaja, Yuniarto; Musgrave, Charles B.

2002-08-01

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of hafnium oxide (HfO2) using HfCl4 and H2O as precursors is studied using density functional theory. The mechanism consists of two deposition half-reactions: (1) HfCl4 with Hf-OH sites, and (2) H2O with Hf-Cl sites. Both half-reactions exhibit stable intermediates with energies lower than those of the final products. We show that increasing the temperature reduces the stability of the complex. However, increasing temperature also increases the dissociation free-energy barrier, which in turn results in increased desorption of adsorbed precursors. Both half-reactions are qualitatively similar to the corresponding reactions of ZrO2 ALD using ZrCl4 and H2O.

49 CFR 178.346 - Specification DOT 406; cargo tank motor vehicle.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Specification DOT 406; cargo tank motor vehicle. 178.346 Section 178.346 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for...

49 CFR 178.348 - Specification DOT 412; cargo tank motor vehicle.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Specification DOT 412; cargo tank motor vehicle. 178.348 Section 178.348 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for...

49 CFR 178.347 - Specification DOT 407; cargo tank motor vehicle.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Specification DOT 407; cargo tank motor vehicle. 178.347 Section 178.347 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS Specifications for...

Intrinsic Defect Ferromagnetism: The case of Hafnium Oxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das Pemmaraju, Chaitanya

2005-03-01

In view of the recent experimental reports of intrinsic ferromagnetism in Hafnium Oxide (HfO2) thin film systems ootnotetextM. Venkatesan, C. B. Fitzgerald, J. M. D. Coey Nature 430, 630 (2004) Brief Communications, we carried out first principles investigations to look for magnetic structure in HfO2 possibly brought about by the presence of small concentrations of intrinsic point defects. Ab initio electronic structure calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) show that isolated cation vacancy sites in HfO2 lead to the formation of high spin defect states which couple ferromagnetically to each other. Interestingly, these high spin states are observed in the low symmetry monoclinic and tetragonal phases while the highly symmetric cubic flourite phase exhibits a non-magnetic ground state. Detailed studies of the electronic structure of cation vacancies in the three crystalline phases of Hafnia show that symmetry leading to orbitally degenerate defect levels is not a pre-requsite for ferromagnetism and that the interplay between Kinetic, Coulomb and Exchange energy together with favourable coupling to the Crystalline environment can lead to high spin ferromagnetic ground states even in extreme low symmetry systems like monoclinic HfO2. These findings open up a much wider class of systems to the possibility of intrinsic defect ferromagnetism.

Work functions of hafnium nitride thin films as emitter material for field emitter arrays

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gotoh, Yasuhito, E-mail: gotoh.yasuhito.5w@kyoto-u.ac.jp; Fujiwara, Sho; Tsuji, Hiroshi

The work functions of hafnium nitride thin films prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering were investigated in vacuum, before and after surface cleaning processes, with a view of improving the properties of as-fabricated field emitter arrays comprising hafnium nitride emitters. The measurement of the work function was first performed for the as-deposited films and then for films subjected to surface cleaning process, either thermal treatment or ion bombardment. Thermal treatment at a maximum temperature of 300 °C reduced the work function by 0.7 eV. Once the film was heated, the work function maintained the reduced value, even after cooling to room temperature. Amore » little change in the work function was observed for the second and third thermal treatments. The ion bombardment was conducted by exposing the sample to a thin plasma for different sample bias conditions and processing times. When the sample was biased at −10 V, the work function decreased by 0.6 eV. The work function reduction became saturated in the early stage of the ion bombardment. When the sample was biased at −50 V, the work function exhibited different behaviors, that is, first it decreased rapidly and then increased in response to the increase in processing time. The lowest attainable work function was found to be 4.00 eV. It should be noted that none of the work function values reported in this paper were obtained using surfaces that were demonstrated to be free from oxygen contamination. The present results suggest that the current–voltage characteristics of a field emitter array can be improved by a factor of 25–50 by the examined postprocesses.« less

49 CFR 178.33a - Specification 2Q; inner nonrefillable metal receptacles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Specification 2Q; inner nonrefillable metal receptacles. 178.33a Section 178.33a Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued... nonrefillable metal receptacles. ...

49 CFR 178.33b - Specification 2S; inner nonrefillable plastic receptacles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Specification 2S; inner nonrefillable plastic receptacles. 178.33b Section 178.33b Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued... nonrefillable plastic receptacles. ...