Relationships between 4-H Volunteer Leader Competencies and Skills Youth Learn in 4-H Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Radhakrishna, Rama; Ewing, John C.

2011-01-01

This article examined the relationships between 4-H volunteer leader competencies and skills youth learn in 4-H. Using a descriptive-correlational research, the study reported found significant relationships between leadership competencies and skills youth learn in 4-H. Regression analysis revealed that two variables--skills and…

Novel 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives: a patent review (2008 - 2011).

PubMed

Ferreira, Vitor F; da Rocha, David R; da Silva, Fernando C; Ferreira, Patrícia G; Boechat, Núbia A; Magalhães, Jorge L

2013-03-01

The triazoles represent a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds of great importance for the preparation of new drugs with diverse biological activities because they may present several structural variations with the same numbers of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Due to the success of various triazoles that entered the pharmaceutical market and are still being used in medicines, many companies and research groups have shown interest in developing new methods of synthesis and biological evaluation of potential uses for these compounds. In this review, the authors explored aspects of patents for the 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole families, including prototypes being considered in clinical studies between 2008 and 2011. The triazoles have been studied for over a century as an important class of heterocyclic compounds and still attract considerable attention due to their broad range of biological activities. More recently, there has been considerable interest in the development of novel triazoles with anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antitumoral and antiviral properties and activity against several neglected diseases. This review emphasizes recent perspective and advances in the therapeutically active 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivative patents between 2008 and 2011, covering the development of new chemical entities and new pharmaceuticals. Many studies have focused on these compounds as target structures and evaluated them in several biological targets. The preparation of 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives brings to light several issues. There is a need to find new, more efficient preparations for these triazoles that take into consideration current issues in green chemistry, energy saving and sustainability. New diseases are discovered and new viruses and bacteria continue to challenge mankind, so it is imperative to find new prototypes for these

Detection Of Gas-Phase Polymerization in SiH4 And GeH4

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shing, Yuh-Han; Perry, Joseph W.; Allevato, Camillo E.

1990-01-01

Inelastic scattering of laser light found to indicate onset of gas-phase polymerization in plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (PECVD) of photoconductive amorphous hydrogenated silicon/germanium alloy (a-SiGe:H) film. In PECVD process, film deposited from radio-frequency glow-discharge plasma of silane (SiH4) and germane (GeH4) diluted with hydrogen. Gas-phase polymerization undesirable because it causes formation of particulates and defective films.

4-H in the 70's.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Extension Service (USDA), Washington, DC.

Developed under the leadership of the 1970 and 1971 Extension Committee on Organization and Policy 4-H Youth Subcommittees, the brochure offers a statement of potential and new directions for Extension 4-H youth programs. Opening sections deal with the functions of 4-H and balanced 4-H program expansion to serve seven million youth. Succeeding…

4-H Alumni: Techniques and Strategies of Identifying and Involving 4-H Alumni.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reese, Cheryl C.

Techniques and strategies of identifying and involving 4-H alumni are discussed and described via a model of the Tennessee 4-H Alumni, Inc., which began in 1975. Following an introduction, the guide begins with a section on finding and organizing alumni which encompasses alumni organizers (organizational decisions, model alumni association);…

Tuberculosis vaccine candidate: Characterization of H4-IC31 formulation and H4 antigen conformation.

PubMed

Deshmukh, Sasmit S; Magcalas, Federico Webster; Kalbfleisch, Kristen N; Carpick, Bruce W; Kirkitadze, Marina D

2018-08-05

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, making the development of effective TB vaccines a global priority. A TB vaccine consisting of a recombinant fusion protein, H4, combined with a novel synthetic cationic adjuvant, IC31 ® , is currently being developed. The H4 fusion protein consists of two immunogenic mycobacterial antigens, Ag85 B and TB10.4, and the IC31 ® adjuvant is a mixture of KLK, a leucine-rich peptide (KLKL5KLK), and the oligodeoxynucleotide ODN1a, a TLR9 ligand. However, efficient and robust methods for assessing these formulated components are lacking. Here, we developed and optimized phase analysis light scattering (PALS), electrical sensing zone (ESZ), and Raman, FTIR, and CD spectroscopy methods to characterize the H4-IC31 vaccine formulation. PALS-measured conductivity and zeta potential values could differentiate between the similarly sized particles of IC31 ® adjuvant and the H4-IC31 vaccine candidate and could thereby serve as a control during vaccine formulation. In addition, zeta potential is indicative of the adjuvant to antigen ratio which is the key in the immunomodulatory response of the vaccine. ESZ was used as an orthogonal method to measure IC31 ® and H4-IC31 particle sizes. Raman, FTIR, and CD spectroscopy revealed structural changes in H4 protein and IC31 ® adjuvant, inducing an increase in both the β-sheet and random coil content as a result of adsorption. Furthermore, nanoDSF showed changes in the tertiary structure of H4 protein as a result of adjuvantation to IC31 ® . Our findings demonstrate the applicability of biophysical methods to characterize vaccine components in the final H4-IC31 drug product without the requirement for desorption. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Diversity Inclusion in 4-H Youth Programs: Examining the Perceptions among West Virginia 4-H Youth Professionals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LaVergne, Douglas D.

2013-01-01

The study reported here sought to examine the perceptions of 4-H youth professionals towards diversity inclusion in 4-H youth programs. A majority of professionals positively reported that there are benefits for youth of color and youth with disabilities in 4-H youth programs. Respondents indicated that the lack of information about 4-H youth…

Trans-tail regulation of MLL4-catalyzed H3K4 methylation by H4R3 symmetric dimethylation is mediated by a tandem PHD of MLL4

PubMed Central

Dhar, Shilpa S.; Lee, Sung-Hun; Kan, Pu-Yeh; Voigt, Philipp; Ma, Li; Shi, Xiaobing; Reinberg, Danny; Lee, Min Gyu

2012-01-01

Mixed-lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4; also called MLL2 and ALR) enzymatically generates trimethylated histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4me3), a hallmark of gene activation. However, how MLL4-deposited H3K4me3 interplays with other histone marks in epigenetic processes remains largely unknown. Here, we show that MLL4 plays an essential role in differentiating NT2/D1 stem cells by activating differentiation-specific genes. A tandem plant homeodomain (PHD4–6) of MLL4 recognizes unmethylated or asymmetrically dimethylated histone H4 Arg 3 (H4R3me0 or H4R3me2a) and is required for MLL4's nucleosomal methyltransferase activity and MLL4-mediated differentiation. Kabuki syndrome mutations in PHD4–6 reduce PHD4–6's binding ability and MLL4's catalytic activity. PHD4–6's binding strength is inhibited by H4R3 symmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2s), a gene-repressive mark. The protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7), but not PRMT5, represses MLL4 target genes by up-regulating H4R3me2s levels and antagonizes MLL4-mediated differentiation. Consistently, PRMT7 knockdown increases MLL4-catalyzed H3K4me3 levels. During differentiation, decreased H4R3me2s levels are associated with increased H3K4me3 levels at a cohort of genes, including many HOXA and HOXB genes. These findings indicate that the trans-tail inhibition of MLL4-generated H3K4me3 by PRMT7-regulated H4R3me2s may result from H4R3me2s's interference with PHD4–6's binding activity and is a novel epigenetic mechanism that underlies opposing effects of MLL4 and PRMT7 on cellular differentiation. PMID:23249737

Trans-tail regulation of MLL4-catalyzed H3K4 methylation by H4R3 symmetric dimethylation is mediated by a tandem PHD of MLL4.

PubMed

Dhar, Shilpa S; Lee, Sung-Hun; Kan, Pu-Yeh; Voigt, Philipp; Ma, Li; Shi, Xiaobing; Reinberg, Danny; Lee, Min Gyu

2012-12-15

Mixed-lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4; also called MLL2 and ALR) enzymatically generates trimethylated histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4me3), a hallmark of gene activation. However, how MLL4-deposited H3K4me3 interplays with other histone marks in epigenetic processes remains largely unknown. Here, we show that MLL4 plays an essential role in differentiating NT2/D1 stem cells by activating differentiation-specific genes. A tandem plant homeodomain (PHD(4-6)) of MLL4 recognizes unmethylated or asymmetrically dimethylated histone H4 Arg 3 (H4R3me0 or H4R3me2a) and is required for MLL4's nucleosomal methyltransferase activity and MLL4-mediated differentiation. Kabuki syndrome mutations in PHD(4-6) reduce PHD(4-6)'s binding ability and MLL4's catalytic activity. PHD(4-6)'s binding strength is inhibited by H4R3 symmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2s), a gene-repressive mark. The protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7), but not PRMT5, represses MLL4 target genes by up-regulating H4R3me2s levels and antagonizes MLL4-mediated differentiation. Consistently, PRMT7 knockdown increases MLL4-catalyzed H3K4me3 levels. During differentiation, decreased H4R3me2s levels are associated with increased H3K4me3 levels at a cohort of genes, including many HOXA and HOXB genes. These findings indicate that the trans-tail inhibition of MLL4-generated H3K4me3 by PRMT7-regulated H4R3me2s may result from H4R3me2s's interference with PHD(4-6)'s binding activity and is a novel epigenetic mechanism that underlies opposing effects of MLL4 and PRMT7 on cellular differentiation.

Pressure-induced superconductivity in H2-containing hydride PbH4(H2)2

PubMed Central

Cheng, Ya; Zhang, Chao; Wang, Tingting; Zhong, Guohua; Yang, Chunlei; Chen, Xiao-Jia; Lin, Hai-Qing

2015-01-01

High pressure structure, stability, metallization, and superconductivity of PbH4(H2)2, a H2-containing compound combining one of the heaviest elements with the lightest element, are investigated by the first-principles calculations. The metallic character is found over the whole studied pressure range, although PbH4(H2)2 is metastable and easily decompose at low pressure. The decomposition pressure point of 133 GPa is predicted above which PbH4(H2)2 is stable both thermodynamically and dynamically with the C2/m symmetry. Interestedly, all hydrogen atoms pairwise couple into H2 quasi-molecules and remain this style up to 400 GPa in the C2/m structure. At high-pressure, PbH4(H2)2 tends to form the Pb-H2 alloy. The superconductivity of Tc firstly rising and then falling is observed in the C2/m PbH4(H2)2. The maximum of Tc is about 107 K at 230 GPa. The softening of intermediate-frequency phonon induced by more inserted H2 molecules is the main origin of the high Tc. The results obtained represent a significant step toward the understanding of the high pressure behavior of metallic hydrogen and hydrogen-rich materials, which is helpful for obtaining the higher Tc. PMID:26559369

Reversible Photoinduced Reductive Elimination of H2 from the Nitrogenase Dihydride State, the E(4)(4H) Janus Intermediate.

PubMed

Lukoyanov, Dmitriy; Khadka, Nimesh; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Dean, Dennis R; Seefeldt, Lance C; Hoffman, Brian M

2016-02-03

We recently demonstrated that N2 reduction by nitrogenase involves the obligatory release of one H2 per N2 reduced. These studies focus on the E4(4H) "Janus intermediate", which has accumulated four reducing equivalents as two [Fe-H-Fe] bridging hydrides. E4(4H) is poised to bind and reduce N2 through reductive elimination (re) of the two hydrides as H2, coupled to the binding/reduction of N2. To obtain atomic-level details of the re activation process, we carried out in situ 450 nm photolysis of E4(4H) in an EPR cavity at temperatures below 20 K. ENDOR and EPR measurements show that photolysis generates a new FeMo-co state, denoted E4(2H)*, through the photoinduced re of the two bridging hydrides of E4(4H) as H2. During cryoannealing at temperatures above 175 K, E4(2H)* reverts to E4(4H) through the oxidative addition (oa) of the H2. The photolysis quantum yield is temperature invariant at liquid helium temperatures and shows a rather large kinetic isotope effect, KIE = 10. These observations imply that photoinduced release of H2 involves a barrier to the combination of the two nascent H atoms, in contrast to a barrierless process for monometallic inorganic complexes, and further suggest that H2 formation involves nuclear tunneling through that barrier. The oa recombination of E4(2H)* with the liberated H2 offers compelling evidence for the Janus intermediate as the point at which H2 is necessarily lost during N2 reduction; this mechanistically coupled loss must be gated by N2 addition that drives the re/oa equilibrium toward reductive elimination of H2 with N2 binding/reduction.

Effectiveness of the 4-H Program as Perceived by Parents of 4-H Participants

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Radhakrishna, Rama; Foley, Caitlin; Ingram, Patreese; Ewing, John C.

2013-01-01

The study reported here examined the effectiveness of 4-H program as perceived by parents of program participants. Descriptive-correlational design was employed, with data collected using a mail survey. Parents perceived 4-H as an effective organization in teaching life skills to youth. Significant relationships were found between parents' skills…

Synthesis, structure and NMR characterization of a new monomeric aluminophosphate [ dl-Co(en) 3] 2[Al(HPO 4) 2(H 1.5PO 4) 2(H 2PO 4) 2](H 3PO 4) 4 containing four different types of monophosphates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Peng; Li, Jiyang; Xu, Jun; Duan, Fangzheng; Deng, Feng; Xu, Ruren

2009-03-01

A new zero-dimensional (0D) aluminophosphate monomer [ dl-Co(en) 3] 2[Al(HPO 4) 2(H 1.5PO 4) 2(H 2PO 4) 2](H 3PO 4) 4 (designated AlPO-CJ38) with Al/P ratio of 1/6 has been solvothermally prepared by using racemic cobalt complex dl-Co(en) 3Cl 3 as the template. The Al atom is octahedrally linked to six P atoms via bridging oxygen atoms, forming a unique [Al(HPO 4) 2(H 1.5PO 4) 2(H 2PO 4) 2] 6- monomer. Notably, there exists intramolecular symmetrical O⋯H⋯O bonds, which results in pseudo-4-rings stabilized by the strong H-bonding interactions. The structure is also featured by the existence of four different types of monophosphates that have been confirmed by 31P NMR and 1H NMR spectra. The crystal data are as follows: AlPO-CJ38, [ dl-Co(en) 3] 2[Al(HPO 4) 2(H 1.5PO 4) 2(H 2PO 4) 2](H 3PO 4) 4, M = 1476.33, monoclinic, C2/ c (No. 15), a = 36.028(7) Å, b = 8.9877(18) Å, c = 16.006(3) Å, β = 100.68(3)°, U = 5093.2(18) Å 3,Z = 4, R1 = 0.0509 ( I > 2 σ( I)) and wR2 = 0.1074 (all data). CCDC number 689491.

Minnesota 4-H Science of Agriculture Challenge: Infusing Agricultural Science and Engineering Concepts into 4-H Youth Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rice, Joshua E.; Rugg, Bradley; Davis, Sharon

2016-01-01

Youth involved in 4-H projects have been engaged in science-related endeavors for years. Since 2006, 4-H has invested considerable resources in the advancement of science learning. The new Minnesota 4-H Science of Agriculture Challenge program challenges 4-H youth to work together to identify agriculture-related issues in their communities and to…

4-H Volunteer Continuing Education Academy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Culp, Ken, III; Bullock, Leslie R.

2017-01-01

The 4-H Volunteer Continuing Education Academy was developed to provide 4-H club leaders a continuing education opportunity, to assist them in developing and enhancing the skills and knowledge necessary for their volunteer role, and to provide a means for 4-H livestock and horse club leaders to recertify. All participants reported satisfaction…

Potential antimicrobial agents from triazole-functionalized 2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-ones.

PubMed

Bollu, Rajitha; Banu, Saleha; Bantu, Rajashaker; Reddy, A Gopi; Nagarapu, Lingaiah; Sirisha, K; Kumar, C Ganesh; Gunda, Shravan Kumar; Shaik, Kamal

2017-12-01

A series of substituted triazole functionalized 2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-ones were synthesized by employing click chemistry and further characterized based on 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR and mass spectral studies. All the synthesized derivatives were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities. Further, molecular docking studies were accomplished to explore the binding interactions between 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one and the active site of Staphylococcus aureus (CrtM) dehydrosqualene synthase (PDB ID: 2ZCS). These docking studies revealed that the synthesized derivatives showed high binding energies and strong H-bond interactions with the dehydrosqualene synthase validating the observed antimicrobial activity data. Based on antimicrobial activity and docking studies, the compounds 9c, 9d and 9e were identified as promising antimicrobial leads. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Large hydrogen-bonded pre-nucleation (HSO4-)(H2SO4)m(H2O)k and (HSO4-)(NH3)(H2SO4)m(H2O)k clusters in the earth's atmosphere.

PubMed

Herb, Jason; Xu, Yisheng; Yu, Fangqun; Nadykto, A B

2013-01-10

The importance of pre-nucleation cluster stability as the key parameter controlling nucleation of atmospheric airborne ions is well-established. In this Article, large ternary ionic (HSO(4)(-))(H(2)SO(4))(m)(NH(3))(H(2)O)(n) clusters have been studied using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and composite ab initio methods. Twenty classes of clusters have been investigated, and thermochemical properties of common atmospheric (HSO(4)(-))(H(2)SO(4))(m)(NH(3))(0)(H(2)O)(k) and (HSO(4)(-))(H(2)SO(4))(m)(NH(3))(1)(H(2)O)(n) clusters (with m, k, and n up to 3) have been obtained. A large amount of new themochemical and structural data ready-to-use for constraining kinetic nucleation models has been reported. We have performed a comprehensive thermochemical analysis of the obtained data and have investigated the impacts of ammonia and negatively charged bisulfate ion on stability of binary clusters in some detail. The comparison of theoretical predictions and experiments shows that the PW91PW91/6-311++G(3df,3pd) results are in very good agreement with both experimental data and high level ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS values and suggest that the PW91PW91/6-311++G(3df,3pd) method is a viable alternative to higher level ab initio methods in studying large pre-nucleation clusters, for which the higher level computations are prohibitively expensive. The uncertainties in both theory and experiments have been investigated, and possible ways of their reduction have been proposed.

4H Syndrome

MedlinePlus

... syndrome? 4H syndrome is short for hypomyelination, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypodontia. Hypomyelination means that there is lack ... myelin in the central nervous system. In hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, normal puberty development is absent because the central ...

Densities and apparent molar volumes of atmospherically important electrolyte solutions. 2. The systems H(+)-HSO4(-)-SO4(2-)-H2O from 0 to 3 mol kg(-1) as a function of temperature and H(+)-NH4(+)-HSO4(-)-SO4)2-)-H2O from 0 to 6 mol kg(-1) at 25 °C using a Pitzer ion interaction model, and NH4HSO4-H2O and (NH4)3H(SO4)2-H2O over the entire concentration range.

PubMed

Clegg, S L; Wexler, A S

2011-04-21

A Pitzer ion interaction model has been applied to the systems H(2)SO(4)-H(2)O (0-3 mol kg(-1), 0-55 °C) and H(2)SO(4)-(NH(4))(2)SO(4)-H(2)O (0-6 mol kg(-1), 25 °C) for the calculation of apparent molar volume and density. The dissociation reaction HSO(4)(-)((aq)) ↔ H(+)((aq)) + SO(4)(2-)((aq)) is treated explicitly. Apparent molar volumes of the SO(4)(2-) ion at infinite dilution were obtained from part 1 of this work, (1) and the value for the bisulfate ion was determined in this study from 0 to 55 °C. In dilute solutions of both systems, the change in the degree of dissociation of the HSO(4)(-) ion with concentration results in much larger variations of the apparent molar volumes of the solutes than for conventional strong (fully dissociated) electrolytes. Densities and apparent molar volumes are tabulated. Apparent molar volumes calculated using the model are combined with other data for the solutes NH(4)HSO(4) and (NH(4))(3)H(SO(4))(2) at 25 °C to obtain apparent molar volumes and densities over the entire concentration range (including solutions supersaturated with respect to the salts).

Silica-induced initiation of circular ZC3H4 RNA/ZC3H4 pathway promotes the pulmonary macrophage activation.

PubMed

Yang, Xiyue; Wang, Jing; Zhou, Zewei; Jiang, Rong; Huang, Jie; Chen, Lulu; Cao, Zhouli; Chu, Han; Han, Bing; Cheng, Yusi; Chao, Jie

2018-06-01

Phagocytosis of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) into lung cells causes an inflammatory cascade that results in fibroblast proliferation and migration, followed by fibrosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a subclass of noncoding RNAs that are present within mammalian cells; however, researchers have not determined whether circRNAs are involved in the pathophysiologic process of silicosis. To elucidate the role of these RNAs in SiO 2 -induced inflammation in pulmonary macrophages, we investigated the upstream molecular mechanisms and functional effects of circRNAs on cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. Primary cultures of alveolar macrophages from healthy donors and from patients and the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line were used to explore the functions of circZC3H4 RNA in macrophage activation. The experimental results indicated the following: 1) SiO 2 concomitantly increased circZC3H4 RNA expression and increased ZC3H4 protein levels; 2) circular ZC3H4 (circZC3H4) RNA and ZC3H4 protein participated in SiO 2 -induced macrophage activation; and 3) SiO 2 -activated macrophages promoted fibroblast proliferation and migration via the circZC3H4 RNA/ZC3H4 pathway. The up-regulation of the ZC3H4 protein was confirmed in tissue samples from patients with silicosis. Our study elucidates a link between SiO 2 -induced macrophage activation and the circZC3H4 RNA/ZC3H4 pathway, thereby providing novel insight into the potential use of ZC3H4 to develop novel therapeutic strategies for silicosis.-Yang, X., Wang, J., Zhou, Z., Jiang, R., Huang, J., Chen, L., Cao, Z., Chu, H., Han, B., Cheng, Y., Chao, J. Silica-induced initiation of circular ZC3H4 RNA/ZC3H4 pathway promotes the pulmonary macrophage activation.

Synthetic, Infrared, 1H and 13C NMR Spectral Studies on N-(2-/3-Substituted Phenyl)-4-Substituted Benzenesulphonamides, 4-X'C6H4SO2NH(2-/3-XC6H4), where X' = H, CH3, C2H5, F, Cl or Br, and X = CH3 or Cl

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gowda, B. Thimme; Shetty, Mahesha; Jayalakshmi, K. L.

2005-02-01

Twenty three N-(2-/3-substituted phenyl)-4-substituted benzenesulphonamides of the general formula, 4-X'C6H4SO2NH(2-/3-XC6H4), where X' = H, CH3, C2H5, F, Cl or Br and X = CH3 or Cl have been prepared and characterized, and their infrared spectra in the solid state, 1H and 13C NMR spectra in solution were studied. The N-H stretching vibrations, νN-H, absorb in the range 3285 - 3199 cm-1, while the asymmetric and symmetric SO2 vibrations vary in the ranges 1376 - 1309 cm-1 and 1177 - 1148 cm-1, respectively. The S-N and C-N stretching vibrations absorb in the ranges 945 - 893 cm-1 and 1304 - 1168 cm-1, respectively. The compounds do not exhibit particular trends in the variation of these frequencies on substitution either at ortho or meta positions with either a methyl group or Cl. The observed 1H and 13C chemical shifts of are assigned to protons and carbons of the two benzene rings. Incremental shifts of the ring protons and carbons due to -SO2NH(2-/3-XC6H4) groups in C6H5SO2NH(2-/3-XC6H4), and 4- X'C6H4SO2- and 4-X'C6H4SO2NH- groups in 4-X'C6H4SO2NH(C6H5) are computed and employed to calculate the chemical shifts of the ring protons and carbons in the substituted compounds, 4-X'C6H4SO2NH(2-/3-XC6H4). The computed values agree well with the observed chemical shifts.

26 CFR 1.642(h)-4 - Allocation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Allocation. 1.642(h)-4 Section 1.642(h)-4...) INCOME TAXES Estates, Trusts, and Beneficiaries § 1.642(h)-4 Allocation. The carryovers and excess deductions to which section 642(h) applies are allocated among the beneficiaries succeeding to the property...

Properties of homoepitaxial 4H-SiC and characteristics of Ti/4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, G.; Li, Z. Y.; Bai, S.; Han, P.

2008-02-01

This paper describes the properties of the homoepitaxial 4H-SiC layer, the fabrication and electrical parameters of Ti/4H-SiC Schottky barrier diode (SBD). The 4H-SiC epitaxial layers, grown on the commercially available 8°off-oriented Si-face(0001) single-crystal 4H-SiC wafers, have been performed at 1550~1600°C by using the step controlled epitaxy with low pressure chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction measurement result indicates the single crystal nature of the epilayer, and Raman spectrum shows the typical 4H-SiC feature peaks. When the off-oriented angle of substrate is 8°, the epitaxial growth perfectly replicates the substrate's polytype. High quality 4H-SiC epilayer has been generated on the 4H-SiC substrate. Ti/4H-SiC SBDs with blocking voltage 1kV have been made on an undoped epilayer with 12um in thick and 3×10 15cm -3 in carrier density. The ideality factor n=1.16 and the effective barrier height φ e=0.9V of the Ti/4H-SiC SBDs are measured with method of forward density-voltage (J-V). The diode rectification ratio of forward to reverse (defined at +/-1V) is over 10 7 at room temperature. By using B + implantation, an amorphous layer as the edge termination is formed. The SBDs have on-state current density of 200A/cm2 at a forward voltage drop of about 2V. The specific on-resistance for the rectifier is found to be as 6.6mΩ•cm2.

X-ray diffraction analysis of 4- and 4'-substituted C n H2 n + 1O-C6H3(OH)-CH=N-C6H4-C m H2 m + 1 ( n/ m = 2/1 and 3/4) salicylideneanilines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuz'mina, L. G.; Navasardyan, M. A.; Mikhailov, A. A.

2017-11-01

X-ray diffraction study of two crystalline modifications of C2H5O-C6H3(OH)-CH=N-C6H4-CH3 ( 1a, sp. gr. P21/ n, and 1b, sp. gr. C2/c) and C3H7O-C6H3(OH)-CH=N-C6H4-C4H9 ( 2, sp. gr. P212121) has been performed. The 1a crystal structure contains two independent molecules. The molecules are conformationally nonrigid with respect to the mutual rotation of benzene rings; the dihedral angles between their planes are 29.19° and 26.00° in the independent molecules of 1a, 18.72° in the molecule of 1b, and 50.35° in the molecule of 2. The crystal packing of the compounds is discussed.

Teledyne H1RG, H2RG, and H4RG Noise Generator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rauscher, Bernard J.

2015-01-01

This paper describes the near-infrared detector system noise generator (NG) that we wrote for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). NG simulates many important noise components including; (1) white "read noise", (2) residual bias drifts, (3) pink 1/f noise, (4) alternating column noise, and (5) picture frame noise. By adjusting the input parameters, NG can simulate noise for Teledyne's H1RG, H2RG, and H4RG detectors with and without Teledyne's SIDECAR ASIC IR array controller. NG can be used as a starting point for simulating astronomical scenes by adding dark current, scattered light, and astronomical sources into the results from NG. NG is written in Python-3.4.

Histamine H4 receptor in oral lichen planus.

PubMed

Salem, A; Al-Samadi, A; Stegajev, V; Stark, H; Häyrinen-Immonen, R; Ainola, M; Hietanen, J; Konttinen, Y T

2015-04-01

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a band-like T-cell infiltrate below the apoptotic epithelial cells and degenerated basement membrane. We tested the hypothesis that the high-affinity histamine H4 receptors (H4 Rs) are downregulated in OLP by high histamine concentrations and proinflammatory T-cell cytokines. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, image analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of tissue samples and cytokine-stimulated cultured SCC-25 and primary human oral keratinocytes. H4 R immunoreactivity was weak in OLP and characterized by mast cell (MC) hyperplasia and degranulation. In contrast to controls, H4 R immunostaining and MC counts were negatively correlated in OLP (P = 0.003). H4 R agonist at nanomolar levels led to a rapid internalization of H4 Rs, whereas high histamine concentration and interferon-γ decreased HRH4 -gene transcripts. Healthy oral epithelial cells are equipped with H4 R, which displays a uniform staining pattern in a MC-independent fashion. In contrast, in OLP, increased numbers of activated MCs associate with increasing loss of epithelial H4 R. Cell culture experiments suggest a rapid H4 R stimulation-dependent receptor internalization and a slow cytokine-driven decrease in H4 R synthesis. H4 R may be involved in the maintenance of healthy oral mucosa. In OLP, this maintenance might be impaired by MC degranulation and inflammatory cytokines. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Why 4-H Members Leave: A Study of Discontinuance through Both Current 4-H Members and Former Members

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chilek, Kevin Dwayne

2012-01-01

4-H members quit. It is part of every 4-H program, and according to the research, it is even part of growing up. If only we knew why they quit, we could possibly do something about it. To date, the reasons youth join 4-H have been more thoroughly researched than the reasons they quit. This study explores why youth choose to discontinue membership…

Haloarchaea Endowed with Phosphorus Solubilization Attribute Implicated in Phosphorus Cycle

PubMed Central

Yadav, Ajar Nath; Sharma, Divya; Gulati, Sneha; Singh, Surender; Dey, Rinku; Pal, Kamal Krishna; Kaushik, Rajeev; Saxena, Anil Kumar

2015-01-01

Archaea are unique microorganisms that are present in ecological niches of high temperature, pH and salinity. A total of 157 archaea were obtained from thirteen sediment, water and rhizospheric soil samples collected from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India. With an aim to screen phosphate solubilizing archaea, a new medium was designed as Haloarchaea P Solubilization (HPS) medium. The medium supported the growth and P solubilization activity of archaea. Employing the HPS medium, twenty isolates showed the P-solubilization. Phosphate solubilizing archaea were identified as seventeen distinct species of eleven genera namely Haloarcula, Halobacterium, Halococcus, Haloferax, Halolamina, Halosarcina, Halostagnicola, Haloterrigena, Natrialba, Natrinema and Natronoarchaeum. Natrinema sp. strain IARI-WRAB2 was identified as the most efficient P-solubilizer (134.61 mg/L) followed by Halococcus hamelinensis strain IARI-SNS2 (112.56 mg/L). HPLC analysis detected seven different kinds of organic acids, namely: gluconic acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid succinic acid, propionic acid and tartaric acid from the cultures of these isolates. These phosphate solubilizing halophilic archaea may play a role in P nutrition to vegetation growing in these hypersaline soils. This is the first report for these haloarchaea to solubilize considerable amount of P by production of organic acids and lowering of pH. PMID:26216440

Strengthening 4-H by Analyzing Enrollment Data

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamilton, Stephen F.; Northern, Angela; Neff, Robert

2014-01-01

The study reported here used data from the ACCESS 4-H Enrollment System to gain insight into strengthening New York State's 4-H programming. Member enrollment lists from 2009 to 2012 were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to determine trends and dropout rates. The descriptive data indicate declining 4-H enrollment in recent years and peak enrollment…

Sodium diffusion in 4H-SiC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Linnarsson, M. K., E-mail: marga@kth.se; Hallén, A.

Sodium diffusion has been studied in p-type 4H-SiC. Heat treatments have been performed from 1200 °C to 1800 °C for 1 min to 4 h. Secondary ion mass spectrometry has been used to measure the sodium distribution. We show that sodium has a considerable mobility at 1200 °C in p-type 4H-SiC. On the other hand for sodium atoms trapped at suitable sites the mobility is limited up to 1800 °C. Trap limited diffusion kinetics is suggested and an effective diffusivity has been extracted with an activation energy of 4 eV for sodium diffusion in p-type 4H-SiC.

Engaging Library Partners in 4-H Programming

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fields, Nia Imani; Rafferty, Elizabeth

2012-01-01

When most people think about 4-H, they remember county fairs, livestock programs, and agricultural education. While these programs are still prominent, 4-H has grown in order to meet the growing demands of today's youth. The organization has expanded services and programs to serve rural, suburban, and urban youth in every state in the U.S. 4-H is…

EphB4-targeted imaging with antibody h131, h131-F(ab′)2 and h131-Fab

PubMed Central

Li, Dan; Liu, Shuanglong; Liu, Ren; Zhou, Yue; Park, Ryan; Naga, Kranthi; Krasnoperov, Valery; Gill, Parkash S.; Li, Zibo; Shan, Hong; Conti, Peter S.

2013-01-01

Accumulating evidence suggests that overexpression of the tyrosine kinase receptor EphB4, a mediator of vascular development, is a novel target for tumor diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Noninvasive imaging of EphB4 expression could therefore be valuable for evaluating disease course and therapeutic efficacy at the earliest stages of anti-EphB4 treatment. In this study, we systematically investigated the use of anti-EphB4 antibody h131 (150 kD) and its fragments (h131-F(ab′)2, 110 kD; h131-Fab, 50 kD) for near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of EphB4 expression in vivo. h131-F(ab′)2 and h131-Fab were produced through pepsin and papain digestion of h131 respectively, whose purity was confirmed by FPLC and SDS-PAGE. After conjugation with Cy5.5, in vivo characteristics of h131, h131-F(ab′)2 and h131-Fab were evaluated in EphB4-positive HT29 tumor model. Although h131-Cy5.5 demonstrated highest tumor uptake among these probes, its optimal tumor uptake level was obtained at 2 d post injection (p.i.). For h131-Fab-Cy5.5, maximum tumor uptake was achieved at 4 h p.i.. However, no significant difference was observed between h131-Fab-Cy5.5 and hIgG-Fab-Cy5.5, indicating the tumor accumulation was mainly caused by passive targeting. In contrast, h131-F(ab′)2-Cy5.5 demonstrated prominent tumor uptake at 6 h p.i. The target specificity was confirmed by hIgG-F(ab′)2-Cy5.5 control and immunofluorescent staining. Collectively, h131-F(ab′)2 exhibited prominent and specific tumor uptake at early time points, which suggests it is a promising agent for EphB4-targeted imaging. PMID:24147882

(E)-4-Methyl-N′-[(4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methyl­idene]benzohydrazide

PubMed Central

Ishikawa, Yoshinobu; Watanabe, Kohzoh

2014-01-01

In the title chromone-tethered benzohydrazide derivative, C18H14N2O3, the 4H-chromen-4-one and the –CH=N–NH–CO– units are each essentially planar, with the largest deviations from thei planes being 0.052 (2) and 0.003 (2) Å, respectively. The dihedral angles between the 4H-chromen-4-one and the –CH=N–NH–CO– units, the 4H-chromen-4-one unit and the benzene ring of the 4-tolyl group, and the benzene ring of the 4-tolyl group and the –CH=N–NH–CO– unit are 8.09 (7), 9.94 (5) and 17.97 (8)°, respectively. In the crystal, the mol­ecules form two types of centrosymmetric dimers: one by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and the other by π–π stacking inter­actions between the 4H-chromen-4-one unit and the 4-tolyl group [centroid–centroid distance = 3.641 (5) Å]. These dimers form one-dimensional assemblies extending along the a-axis direction. Additional π–π stacking inter­actions between two 4H-chromen-4-one units [centroid–centroid distance = 3.591 (5) Å] and two 4-tolyl groups [centroid–centroid distance = 3.792 (5) Å] organize the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network. PMID:24860370

4(1H)-Pyridone and 4(1H)-Quinolone Derivatives as Antimalarials with Erythrocytic, Exoerythrocytic, and Transmission Blocking Activities

PubMed Central

Monastyrskyi, Andrii; Kyle, Dennis E.; Manetsch, Roman

2015-01-01

Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of deaths in the world with malaria being responsible for approximately the same amount of deaths as cancer in 2012. Despite the success in malaria prevention and control measures decreasing the disease mortality rate by 45% since 2000, the development of single-dose therapeutics with radical cure potential is required to completely eradicate this deadly condition. Targeting multiple stages of the malaria parasite is becoming a primary requirement for new candidates in antimalarial drug discovery and development. Recently, 4(1H)-pyridone, 4(1H)-quinolone, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridone, and phenoxyethoxy-4(1H)-quinolone chemotypes have been shown to be antimalarials with blood stage activity, liver stage activity, and transmission blocking activity. Advancements in structure-activity relationship and structure-property relationship studies, biological evaluation in vitro and in vivo, as well as pharmacokinetics of the 4(1H)-pyridone and 4(1H)-quinolone chemotypes will be discussed. PMID:25116582

Unusual reaction paths of SN2 nucleophile substitution reactions CH4 + H- → CH4 + H- and CH4 + F- → CH3F + H-: Quantum chemical calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Minyaev, Ruslan M.; Quapp, Wolfgang; Schmidt, Benjamin; Getmanskii, Ilya V.; Koval, Vitaliy V.

2013-11-01

Quantum chemical (CCSD(full)/6-311++G(3df,3pd), CCSD(T)(full)/6-311++G(3df,3pd)) and density function theory (B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)) calculations were performed for the SN2 nucleophile substitution reactions CH4 + H- → CH4 + H- and CH4 + F- → CH3F + H-. The calculated gradient reaction pathways for both reactions have an unusual behavior. An unusual stationary point of index 2 lies on the gradient reaction path. Using Newton trajectories for the reaction path, we can detect VRI point at which the reaction path branches.

Learnings and Recommendations to Advance 4-H Science Readiness

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schmitt-McQuitty, Lynn; Carlos, Ramona; Smith, Martin H.

2014-01-01

The case study investigation reported here assessed California 4-H professionals' understanding of the essential components of effective 4-H Science programming as established by the National 4-H Science Mission Mandate. Using the 4-H Science Checklist as the basis for defining 4-H Science Readiness, academic and program staff were surveyed and…

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of substituted 4H-1, 4-benzothiazines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, Praveen Kumar; Chaucer, Puneet; Kumar, Gulshan; Parihar, Leena

2017-07-01

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of substituted benzothiazine was investigated. Antioxidant activity of 3,7-dimethyl-2-(4'-morpholinylcarbonyl)-4H-1,4-benzothiazine was tested by the use of 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical(DPPH). In addition 3,7-dimethyl-2-(4'-morpholinylcarbonyl)-4H-1,4-benzothiazine was examined for its antimicrobial activity against bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, B. flexus, B. alkalophilus, as well as their antifungal activity against Aspergillus nigrum, A. Flexus and show potential antimicrobial activities.

Structure-based nuclear import mechanism of histones H3 and H4 mediated by Kap123

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

An, Sojin; Yoon, Jungmin; Kim, Hanseong

Kap123, a major karyopherin protein of budding yeast, recognizes the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of cytoplasmic histones H3 and H4 and translocates them into the nucleus during DNA replication. Mechanistic questions include H3- and H4-NLS redundancy toward Kap123 and the role of the conserved diacetylation of cytoplasmic H4 (K5ac and K12ac) in Kap123-mediated histone nuclear translocation. Here, we report crystal structures of full-length Kluyveromyces lactis Kap123 alone and in complex with H3- and H4-NLSs. Structures reveal the unique feature of Kap123 that possesses two discrete lysine-binding pockets for NLS recognition. Structural comparison illustrates that H3- and H4-NLSs share at leastmore » one of two lysine-binding pockets, suggesting that H3- and H4-NLSs are mutually exclusive. Additionally, acetylation of key lysine residues at NLS, particularly H4-NLS diacetylation, weakens the interaction with Kap123. These data support that cytoplasmic histone H4 diacetylation weakens the Kap123-H4-NLS interaction thereby facilitating histone Kap123-H3-dependent H3:H4/Asf1 complex nuclear translocation.« less

NQRS Data for H4INO4 (Subst. No. 2277)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chihara, H.; Nakamura, N.

This document is part of Subvolume B 'Substances Containing C10H16 … Zn' of Volume 48 'Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy Data' of Landolt-Börnstein - Group III 'Condensed Matter'. It contains an extract of Section '3.2 Data tables' of the Chapter '3 Nuclear quadrupole resonance data' providing the NQRS data for H4INO4 (Subst. No. 2277)

Thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia in IFN-gamma deficient NOD.H-2h4 mice.

PubMed

Yu, Shiguang; Sharp, Gordon C; Braley-Mullen, Helen

2006-01-01

The role of inflammatory cells in thyroid epithelial cell (thyrocyte) hyperplasia is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that thyrocyte hyperplasia in IFN-gamma-/- NOD.H-2h4 mice has an autoimmune basis. After chronic exposure to increased dietary iodine, 60% of IFN-gamma-/- mice had severe thyrocyte hyperplasia with minimal or moderate lymphocyte infiltration, and thyroid dysfunction with reduced serum T4. All mice produced anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody. Some wild-type NOD.H-2h4 mice had isolated areas of thyrocyte hyperplasia with predominantly lymphocytic infiltration, whereas IL-4-/- and 50% of wild-type NOD.H-2h4 mice developed lymphocytic thyroiditis but no thyrocyte hyperplasia. Both thyroid infiltrating inflammatory cells and environmental factors (iodine) were required to induce thyrocyte hyperplasia. Splenocytes from IFN-gamma-/- mice with thyrocyte hyperplasia, but not splenocytes from naïve IFN-gamma-/- mice, induced hyperplasia in IFN-gamma-/- NOD.H-2h4.SCID mice. These results may provide clues for understanding the mechanisms underlying development of epithelial cell hyperplasia not only in thyroids but also in other tissues and organs.

Structural basis for recognition of H3K56-acetylated histone H3-H4 by the chaperone Rtt106

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Su, Dan; Hu, Qi; Li, Qing

2013-04-08

Dynamic variations in the structure of chromatin influence virtually all DNA-related processes in eukaryotes and are controlled in part by post-translational modifications of histones. One such modification, the acetylation of lysine 56 (H3K56ac) in the amino-terminal α-helix (αN) of histone H3, has been implicated in the regulation of nucleosome assembly during DNA replication and repair, and nucleosome disassembly during gene transcription. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the histone chaperone Rtt106 contributes to the deposition of newly synthesized H3K56ac-carrying H3-H4 complex on replicating DNA, but it is unclear how Rtt106 binds H3-H4 and specifically recognizes H3K56ac as there is no apparent acetylated lysinemore » reader domain in Rtt106. Here, we show that two domains of Rtt106 are involved in a combinatorial recognition of H3-H4. An N-terminal domain homodimerizes and interacts with H3-H4 independently of acetylation while a double pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain binds the K56-containing region of H3. Affinity is markedly enhanced upon acetylation of K56, an effect that is probably due to increased conformational entropy of the αN helix of H3. Our data support a mode of interaction where the N-terminal homodimeric domain of Rtt106 intercalates between the two H3-H4 components of the (H3-H4) 2 tetramer while two double PH domains in the Rtt106 dimer interact with each of the two H3K56ac sites in (H3-H4) 2. We show that the Rtt106-(H3-H4) 2 interaction is important for gene silencing and the DNA damage response.« less

Interpreting activity in H(2)O-H(2)SO(4) binary nucleation.

PubMed

Bein, Keith J; Wexler, Anthony S

2007-09-28

Sulfuric acid-water nucleation is thought to be a key atmospheric mechanism for forming new condensation nuclei. In earlier literature, measurements of sulfuric acid activity were interpreted as the total (monomer plus hydrate) concentration above solution. Due to recent reinterpretations, most literature values for H(2)SO(4) activity are thought to represent the number density of monomers. Based on this reinterpretation, the current work uses the most recent models of H(2)O-H(2)SO(4) binary nucleation along with perturbation analyses to predict a decrease in critical cluster mole fraction, increase in critical cluster diameter, and orders of magnitude decrease in nucleation rate. Nucleation rate parameterizations available in the literature, however, give opposite trends. To resolve these discrepancies, nucleation rates were calculated for both interpretations of H(2)SO(4) activity and directly compared to the available parameterizations as well as the perturbation analysis. Results were in excellent agreement with older parameterizations that assumed H(2)SO(4) activity represents the total concentration and duplicated the predicted trends from the perturbation analysis, but differed by orders of magnitude from more recent parameterizations that assume H(2)SO(4) activity represents only the monomer. Comparison with experimental measurements available in the literature revealed that the calculations of the current work assuming a(a) represents the total concentration are most frequently in agreement with observations.

New crystals of the CsHSO{sub 4}–CsH{sub 2}PO{sub 4}–H{sub 2}O system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makarova, I. P., E-mail: makarova@crys.ras.ru; Grebenev, V. V.; Komornikov, V. A.

2016-11-15

Cs{sub 6}H(HSO{sub 4}){sub 3}(H{sub 2}PO{sub 4}){sub 4} crystals, grown for the first time based on an analysis of the phase diagram of the CsHSO{sub 4}–CsH{sub 2}PO{sub 4}–H{sub 2}O ternary system, have been investigated by structural analysis using synchrotron radiation. The atomic structure of the crystals is determined and its specific features are analyzed.

40 CFR 721.5540 - 1H,3H,5H-oxazolo [3,4-c] oxazole, dihydro-7a-methyl-.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false 1H,3H,5H-oxazolo [3,4-c] oxazole... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.5540 1H,3H,5H-oxazolo [3,4-c] oxazole, dihydro-7a-methyl-. (a) Chemical substances and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as 1H,3H,5H...

Trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 impairs methylation of histone H3 lysine 9

PubMed Central

LeRoy, Gary; Bua, Dennis J; Garcia, Benjamin A; Gozani, Or; Richard, Stéphane

2010-01-01

Chromatin is broadly compartmentalized in two defined states: euchromatin and heterochromatin. Generally, euchromatin is trimethylated on histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) while heterochromatin contains the H3K9me3 mark. The H3K9me3 modification is added by lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) such as SETDB1. Herein, we show that SETDB1 interacts with its substrate H3, but only in the absence of the euchromatic mark H3K4me3. In addition, we show that SETDB1 fails to methylate substrates containing the H3K4me3 mark. Likewise, the functionally related H3K9 KMTs G9A, GLP and SUV39H1 also fail to bind and to methylate H3K4me3 substrates. Accordingly, we provide in vivo evidence that H3K9me2-enriched histones are devoid of H3K4me2/3 and that histones depleted of H3K4me2/3 have elevated H3K9me2/3. The correlation between the loss of interaction of these KMTs with H3K4me3 and concomitant methylation impairment leads to the postulate that at least these four KMTs require stable interaction with their respective substrates for optimal activity. Thus, novel substrates could be discovered via the identification of KMT interacting proteins. Indeed, we find that SETDB1 binds to and methylates a novel substrate, the inhibitor of growth protein ING2, while SUV39H1 binds to and methylates the heterochromatin protein HP1α. Thus, our observations suggest a mechanism of post-translational regulation of lysine methylation and propose a potential mechanism for the segregation of the biologically opposing marks, H3K4me3 and H3K9me3. Furthermore, the correlation between H3-KMTs interaction and substrate methylation highlights that the identification of novel KMT substrates may be facilitated by the identification of interaction partners. PMID:21124070

Visual Display Study: National 4-H Center. A 4-H Intern Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Farwell, Sanford W.

An internship report cites ways in which the National 4-H Center could be more effective in a visual sense. The author suggests collecting the memorabilia already at the Center to form an historical museum and coordinating the historical items with present items. Impact areas, those with a lot of traffic, are discussed individually in terms of…

Hamsters?! What Does 4-H Stand for, Anyway?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grundeen, Brenda

This paper briefly traces the history of 4-H youth development programs, explains what youth development is, and shows how the experiential learning model is used in 4-H. Begun over 75 years ago as a means of extending the learning of the land-grant university to rural youth, 4-H is part of the Cooperative Extension Service. The curriculum…

First Observation and Analysis of OCS-C_4H_2 Dimer and (OCS)_2-C_4H_2 Trimer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheybani-Deloui, S.; Yousefi, Mahdi; Norooz Oliaee, Jalal; McKellar, Bob; Moazzen-Ahmadi, Nasser

2014-06-01

Infrared spectrum of a slipped near parallel isomer of OCS-C_4H_2 was observed in the region of νb{1} fundamental band of OCS monomer (˜2062 wn) using a diode laser to probe the supersonic slit jet expansion. The ab initio calculations at MP2 level indicate that the observed structure is the lowest energy isomer. The OCS-C_4H_2 band is composed of hybrid a/b-type transitions and was simulated by a conventional asymmetric top Hamiltonian with rotational constants of A=2892.15(10) MHz, B=1244.178(84) MHz, and C=868.692(52) MHz. The spectrum shows a relatively large red-shift of ˜6 wn with respect to the OCS monomer band origin. Also, one band for (OCS)_2-C_4H_2 trimer is observed around 2065 wn. This band is blue-shifted by 3 wn relative to the νb{1} fundamental band of OCS monomer. Our analysis shows that this trimer has C2 symmetry with rotational constants of A= 855.854(61) MHz, B=733.15(11) MHz, and C=610.10(38) MHz and c-type transitions. This structure is comparable with that of (OCS)_2-C_2H_2 where the OCS dimer unit within the trimer is non-polar. In addition to the normal isotoplogues, OCS-C_4D_2 and (OCS)_2-C_4D_2 were observed. In this talk, we discuss our observations and analysis on OCS-C_4H_2 dimer and (OCS)_2-C_4H_2 trimer. Mojtaba Rezaei, A. R. W. McKellar, and N. Moazzen-Ahmadi, J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 10416 (2011).

CASSCF/CI calculations for first row transition metal hydrides - The TiH(4-phi), VH(5-delta), CrH(6-sigma-plus), MnH(7-sigma-plus), FeH(4,6-delta) and NiH(2-delta) states

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walch, S. P.; Bauschlicher, C. W., Jr.

1983-01-01

Calculations are performed for the predicted ground states of TiH(4-phi), VH(5-delta), CrH(6-sigma-plus), MnH(7-sigma-plus), Fett(4,6-delta) and NiH(2-delta). For FeH both the 6-delta and 4-delta states are studied, since both are likely candidates for the ground state. The ground state symmetries are predicted based on a combination of atomic coupling arguments and coupling of 4s(2)3d(n) and 4s(1)3d(n+1) terms in the molecular system. Electron correlation is included by a CASSCF/CI (SD) treatment. The CASSCF includes near-degeneracy effects, while correlation of the 3d electrons in included at the CI level.

Strengthening 4-H Program Communication through Technology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robideau, Kari; Santl, Karyn

2011-01-01

Advances in technology are transforming how youth and parents interact with programs. The Strengthening 4-H Communication through Technology project was implemented in eight county 4-H programs in Northwest Minnesota. This article outlines the intentional process used to effectively implement technology in program planning. The project includes:…

Point mutation of H3/H4 histones affects acetic acid tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PubMed

Liu, Xiangyong; Zhang, Xiaohua; Zhang, Zhaojie

2014-10-10

The molecular mechanism of acetic acid tolerance in yeast remains unclear despite of its importance for efficient cellulosic ethanol production. In this study, we examined the effects of histone H3/H4 point mutations on yeast acetic acid tolerance by comprehensively screening a histone H3/H4 mutant library. A total of 24 histone H3/H4 mutants (six acetic acid resistant and 18 sensitive) were identified. Compared to the wild-type strain, the histone acetic acid-resistant mutants exhibited improved ethanol fermentation performance under acetic acid stress. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed that changes in the gene expression in the acetic acid-resistant mutants H3 K37A and H4 K16Q were mainly related to energy production, antioxidative stress. Our results provide novel insights into yeast acetic acid tolerance on the basis of histone, and suggest a novel approach to improve ethanol production by altering the histone H3/H4 sequences. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reappraising the structures and distribution of metabolites from black aspergilli containing uncommon 2-benzyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 2-benzylpyridin-4(1H)-one systems

PubMed Central

Henrikson, Jon C.; Ellis, Trevor K.; King, Jarrod B.; Cichewicz, Robert H.

2011-01-01

To date, natural products containing 2-benzyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 2-benzylpyridin-4(1H)-one substructures have been encountered in relatively few fungi outside of the black aspergilli clade. While exploring the occurrence of these compounds among Aspergillus spp., it was determined that the structures of the unusual furopyrrols tensidols A and B (5 and 6) and JBIR-86 and JBIR-87 (9 and 10) were incorrect and should be reassigned as 2-benzyl-4H-pyran-4-ones (7, 8, 11e, and 12, respectively). The origin of the unique N-phenyl groups in the 2-benzylpyridin-4(1H)-ones nygerones A and B (1 and 2) was also examined and it was established that N-phenylamides added to the culture medium were suitable substrates for generating these metabolites; however, this phenomenon remained limited to a single fungus in our collection (Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015). A variety of 2-benzyl-4H-pyran-4-ones and 2-benzylpyridin-4(1H)-ones were detected among the black aspergilli, but only pestalamide B (13) was found in all eleven of the tested strains. These metabolites, as well as a group of synthetic analogues demonstrated weak antifungal activity against several Candida strains, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus. PMID:21854017

CFD Growth of 3C-SiC on 4H/6H Mesas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neudeck, Philip G.; Trunek, Andrew J.; Spry, David J.; Powell, J. Anthony; Du, Hui; Skowronski, Marek; Huang, XianRong; Dudley, Michael

2006-01-01

This article describes growth and characterization of the highest quality reproducible 3C-SiC heteroepitaxial films ever reported. By properly nucleating 3C-SiC growth on top of perfectly on-axis (0001) 4H-SiC mesa surfaces completely free of atomic scale steps and extended defects, growth of 3C-SiC mesa heterofilms completely free of extended crystal defects can be achieved. In contrast, nucleation and growth of 3C-SiC mesa heterofilms on top of 4H-SiC mesas with atomic-scale steps always results in numerous observable dislocations threading through the 3C-SiC epilayer. High-resolution X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements indicate non-trivial in-plane lattice mismatch between the 3C and 4H layers. This mismatch is somewhat relieved in the step-free mesa case via misfit dislocations confined to the 3C/4H interfacial region without dislocations threading into the overlying 3C-SiC layer. These results indicate that the presence or absence of steps at the 3C/4H heteroepitaxial interface critically impacts the quality, defect structure, and relaxation mechanisms of single-crystal heteroepitaxial 3C-SiC films.

Synthesis, crystal structure, thermal analysis and dielectric properties of Rb4(SO4)(HSO4)2(H3AsO4) compound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belhaj Salah, M.; Nouiri, N.; Jaouadi, K.; Mhiri, T.; Zouari, N.

2018-01-01

A new inorganic Rb4(SO4)(HSO4)2(H3AsO4) compound was prepared. It was found to crystallize in the monoclinic system (P21 space group) with the following lattice parameters: a = 5868 (1) Å, b = 13,579(2) Å, c = 11,809 (3) Å and β = 94,737 (1)°. The structure is characterized by SO42-, HSO4- and H3AsO4 tetrahedra connected by hydrogen bridge to form two types of dimmer (H(8)S(2)O4- … S(1)O42- and H(12)S(2)O4- … H3AsO4). These dimmers are interconnected by both hydrogen bonds O(14)sbnd H(14)· · ·O(4) and O(15)sbnd H(15)· · ·O(2). They are also linked by the hydrogen bridge assured by the hydrogen atoms H(2), H(3) and H(4) of the H3AsO4 group to build the chain S(1)O4⋯H3AsO4 which are parallel to the ''a'',direction. The rubidium cations are coordinated by eight oxygen atoms with Rbsbnd O distance ranging from 2893(8) to 3.415(6) Å. The existence of Osbnd H and (S/As)sbnd O bonds in the structure at room temperature has been confirmed by IR and Raman spectroscopy in the frequency ranges 4000-400 cm-1and 1200 - 50 cm-1, respectively. Thermal analysis of Rb4(HSO4)(HSO4)2(H3AsO4) showed that the transformation to high temperature phase occurs at 407 K by one-step process. Thermal decomposition of the product takes place at much higher temperatures, with an onset of approximately 522 K. The first transition detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also analyzed by dielectric and conductivity measurements using the impedance spectroscopy techniques. The conductivity in the high temperature phase at 428 K is 1.04 × 10-3 Ω-1 cm-1, and the activation energy for the proton transport is 0.36 eV. The conductivity relaxation parameters associated with the high disorder protonic conduction have been examined from analysis of the M"/M"max spectrum measured in a wide temperature range. Transport properties of this material appear to be due to the proton hopping mechanism. The obtained results show that this transition is protonic by nature.

Community Development: A 4-H Intern Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scheneman, C. Stephen

State progress reports on the 4-H/Community Development program, a 1973 nationwide Federally sponsored program facilitating youth in community decision-making processes, indicate that the program appears to be evolving into a viable and integral part of the total 4-H program. Although the report describes unique program features of various States,…

40 CFR 721.4468 - 1H-Imidazole, 2-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false 1H-Imidazole, 2-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-4... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.4468 1H-Imidazole, 2-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-. (a) Chemical substance and significant new uses subject to reporting. (1) The chemical substance identified as 1H-imidazole...

New opportunities in h → 4ℓ

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Yi; Harnik, Roni; Vega-Morales, Roberto

2015-09-28

The Higgs decay h → 4ℓ has played an important role in discovering the Higgs and measuring its mass thanks to low background and excellent resolution. Current cuts in this channel have been optimized for Higgs discovery via the dominant tree level ZZ contribution arising from electroweak symmetry breaking. Going forward, one of the primary objectives of this sensitive channel will be to probe other Higgs couplings and search for new physics on top of the tree level ZZ ‘background’. Thanks to interference between these small couplings and the large tree level contribution to ZZ, the h → 4ℓ decaymore » is uniquely capable of probing the magnitude and CP phases of the Higgs couplings to γγ and Zγ as well as, to a lesser extent, ZZ couplings arising from higher dimensional operators. With this in mind we examine how much relaxing current cuts can enhance the sensitivity while also accounting for the dominant non-Higgs continuum \\( q\\overline{q}\\to 4\\ell \\) background. We find the largest enhancement in sensitivity for the hZγ couplings (≳100%) followed by hγγ (≳40%) and less so for the higher dimensional hZZ couplings (a few percent). With these enhancements, we show that couplings of order Standard Model values for hγγ may optimistically be probed by end of Run-II at the LHC while for hZγ perhaps towards the end of a high luminosity LHC. In addition, an appropriately optimized h → 4ℓ analysis can complement direct decays of the Higgs to on-shell γγ and Zγ pairs giving a unique opportunity to directly access the CP properties of these couplings.« less

Ca(AlH4)2, CaAlH5, and CaH2+6LiBH4: Calculated dehydrogenation enthalpy, including zero point energy, and the structure of the phonon spectra.

PubMed

Marashdeh, Ali; Frankcombe, Terry J

2008-06-21

The dehydrogenation enthalpies of Ca(AlH(4))(2), CaAlH(5), and CaH(2)+6LiBH(4) have been calculated using density functional theory calculations at the generalized gradient approximation level. Harmonic phonon zero point energy (ZPE) corrections have been included using Parlinski's direct method. The dehydrogenation of Ca(AlH(4))(2) is exothermic, indicating a metastable hydride. Calculations for CaAlH(5) including ZPE effects indicate that it is not stable enough for a hydrogen storage system operating near ambient conditions. The destabilized combination of LiBH(4) with CaH(2) is a promising system after ZPE-corrected enthalpy calculations. The calculations confirm that including ZPE effects in the harmonic approximation for the dehydrogenation of Ca(AlH(4))(2), CaAlH(5), and CaH(2)+6LiBH(4) has a significant effect on the calculated reaction enthalpy. The contribution of ZPE to the dehydrogenation enthalpies of Ca(AlH(4))(2) and CaAlH(5) calculated by the direct method phonon analysis was compared to that calculated by the frozen-phonon method. The crystal structure of CaAlH(5) is presented in the more useful standard setting of P2(1)c symmetry and the phonon density of states of CaAlH(5), significantly different to other common complex metal hydrides, is rationalized.

Ca(AlH4)2, CaAlH5, and CaH2+6LiBH4: Calculated dehydrogenation enthalpy, including zero point energy, and the structure of the phonon spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marashdeh, Ali; Frankcombe, Terry J.

2008-06-01

The dehydrogenation enthalpies of Ca(AlH4)2, CaAlH5, and CaH2+6LiBH4 have been calculated using density functional theory calculations at the generalized gradient approximation level. Harmonic phonon zero point energy (ZPE) corrections have been included using Parlinski's direct method. The dehydrogenation of Ca(AlH4)2 is exothermic, indicating a metastable hydride. Calculations for CaAlH5 including ZPE effects indicate that it is not stable enough for a hydrogen storage system operating near ambient conditions. The destabilized combination of LiBH4 with CaH2 is a promising system after ZPE-corrected enthalpy calculations. The calculations confirm that including ZPE effects in the harmonic approximation for the dehydrogenation of Ca(AlH4)2, CaAlH5, and CaH2+6LiBH4 has a significant effect on the calculated reaction enthalpy. The contribution of ZPE to the dehydrogenation enthalpies of Ca(AlH4)2 and CaAlH5 calculated by the direct method phonon analysis was compared to that calculated by the frozen-phonon method. The crystal structure of CaAlH5 is presented in the more useful standard setting of P21/c symmetry and the phonon density of states of CaAlH5, significantly different to other common complex metal hydrides, is rationalized.

Are the 'cave' minerals archerite (K,NH 4)H 2PO 4 and biphosphammite (K,NH 4)H 2PO 4 identical? A molecular structural study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frost, Ray L.; Xi, Yunfei; Palmer, Sara J.

2011-08-01

The molecular structure of the mineral archerite ((K,NH 4)H 2PO 4) has been determined and compared with that of biphosphammite ((NH 4,K)H 2PO 4). Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy has been used to characterise these 'cave' minerals. Both minerals originated from the Murra-el-elevyn Cave, Eucla, Western Australia. The mineral is formed by the reaction of the chemicals in bat guano with calcite substrates. Raman and infrared bands are assigned to HPO4-, OH and NH stretching vibrations. The Raman band at 981 cm -1 is assigned to the HOP stretching vibration. Bands in the 1200-1800 cm -1 region are associated with NH4+ bending modes. The molecular structure of the two minerals appear to be very similar, and it is therefore concluded that the two minerals are identical.

Vibrational spectra of Mg2KH(XO4)2·15H2O (X = P, As) containing dimer units [H(XO4)2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stefov, V.; Koleva, V.; Najdoski, M.; Abdija, Z.; Cahil, A.; Šoptrajanov, B.

2017-08-01

Infrared and Raman spectra of Mg2KH(PO4)2·15H2O and Mg2KH(AsO4)2·15H2O and a series of their partially deuterated analogues were recorded and analyzed. Compounds of the type Mg2KH(XO4)2·15H2O (X = P, As) are little-known and a rare case of phosphate and arsenate salts containing dimer units [H(XO4)2] in the crystal structure. The analysis of their IR spectra (recorded at room and liquid nitrogen temperature) and Raman spectra showed that the spectral characteristics of the XO4 groups connected in a dimer through a proton are not consistent with the presence of X-O-H covalent linkage and C1 crystallographic symmetry of the XO4 groups. The observation of a singlet Raman band for the ν1(XO4) mode as well as the absence of substantial splitting of the ν3(XO4) modes and IR activation of the ν1(XO4) mode suggest that the dimer units [H(XO4)2] are most probably symmetric rather than non-symmetric ones. It was found that, in the vibrational spectra of Mg2KH(AsO4)2·15H2O, both ν1(AsО4) and ν3(AsО4) modes have practically the same wavenumber around 830 cm- 1. It was also established that the ν4(PО4) modes in the deuterated hydrogendiphosphate compound are strongly coupled, most probably with HDO and/or D2O librations. As a whole, the spectral picture of Mg2KH(XO4)2·15H2O (X = P, As) very much resembles that observed for the struvite type compounds with the formula KMgXO4·6H2O (X = P, As) which do not contain X-OH groups. This means that vibrations of the dimers [H(XO4)2] play a relatively small part in the general spectral appearance.

Synthetic and Spectroscopic Studies on N-(i,j-Disubstituted Phenyl)-4- Substituted Benzenesulphonamides, 4-X'C6H4SO2NH(i,j-X2C6H3), where X' = H, CH3, C2H5, F, Cl or Br; i, j = 2, 3; 2, 4; 2, 5; 2, 6 or 3, 4; and X = CH3 or Cl

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shetty, Mahesha; Gowda, B. Thimme

2005-02-01

Fifty four N-(i,j-disubstituted phenyl)-4-substituted benzenesulphonamides of the general formula 4-X'C6H4SO2NH(i,j-X2C6H3), where X' = H, CH3, C2H5, F, Cl or Br; i,j = 2,3; 2,4; 2,5; 2,6 or 3, 4; and X = CH3 or Cl, are prepared and characterized and their infrared, 1H and 13C NMR spectra in solution are studied. The N-H stretching vibrations νN-H absorb in the range 3305 - 3205 cm-1, while the asymmetric and symmetric SO2 vibrations vary in the ranges 1377 - 1307 cm-1 and 1184 - 1128 cm-1, respectively. The N-(i,j-disubstituted phenyl)-4-substituted benzenesulphonamides show C-S, S-N and C-N stretching vibrations in the ranges 844 - 800 cm-1, 945 - 891 cm-1 and 1309 - 1170 cm-1, respectively. The compounds do not exhibit particular trends in the variation of these frequencies on substitution either at ortho or meta positions with either a methyl group or Cl. The observed 1H and 13C chemical shifts of are assigned to protons and carbon atoms of the two benzene rings. Incremental shifts of the ring protons and carbon atoms due to -SO2NH(i,j-X2C6H3) groups in C6H5SO2NH(i,j-X2C6H3) and 4-X'C6H4SO2NH- groups in 4-X'C6H4SO2NH(C6H*) are computed and employed to calculate the chemical shifts of the ring protons and carbon atoms in the substituted compounds 4-X'C6H4SO2NH(i,j-X2C6H3). The different methods of calculation lead to almost the same values in most cases and agree well with the observed chemical shifts, indicating the validity of the principle of additivity of the substituent effects with chemical shifts in these compounds.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine derivatives.

PubMed

Touzeau, Frédérique; Arrault, Axelle; Guillaumet, Gérald; Scalbert, Elizabeth; Pfeiffer, Bruno; Rettori, Marie-Claire; Renard, Pierre; Mérour, Jean-Yves

2003-05-08

2-(4,5-Dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine derivatives and tricyclic analogues with a fused additional ring on the nitrogen atom of the benzoxazine moiety have been prepared and evaluated for their cardiovascular effects as potential antihypertensive agents. The imidazoline ring was generated by reaction of the corresponding ethyl ester with ethylenediamine. Affinities for imidazoline binding sites (IBS) I(1) and I(2) and alpha(1) and alpha(2) adrenergic receptors were evaluated as well as the effects on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) of spontaneously hypertensive rats. With few exceptions the most active compounds on MAP were those with high affinities for IBS and alpha(2) receptor. Among these, compound 4h was the most interesting and is now, together with its enantiomers, under complementary pharmacological evaluation.

Using Digital Classrooms to Conduct 4-H Club Meetings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

West, Patricia; Fuhrman, Nicholas E.; Morgan, A. Christian; Duncan, Dennis W.

2012-01-01

Using computer technology and digital classrooms to conduct 4-H Club meetings is an efficient way to continue delivering quality 4-H programming during times of limited resources and staff. Nineteen Junior and Senior 4-H'ers participated in seven digital classroom workshops using the Wimba Classroom application. These digital classroom sessions…

Co3(PO4)2·4H2O

PubMed Central

Lee, Young Hoon; Clegg, Jack K.; Lindoy, Leonard F.; Lu, G. Q. Max; Park, Yu-Chul; Kim, Yang

2008-01-01

Single crystals of Co3(PO4)2·4H2O, tricobalt(II) bis­[ortho­phosphate(V)] tetra­hydrate, were obtained under hydro­thermal conditions. The title compound is isotypic with its zinc analogue Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O (mineral name hopeite) and contains two independent Co2+ cations. One Co2+ cation exhibits a slightly distorted tetra­hedral coordination, while the second, located on a mirror plane, has a distorted octa­hedral coordination environment. The tetra­hedrally coordinated Co2+ is bonded to four O atoms of four PO4 3− anions, whereas the six-coordinate Co2+ is cis-bonded to two phosphate groups and to four O atoms of four water mol­ecules (two of which are located on mirror planes), forming a framework structure. In addition, hydrogen bonds of the type O—H⋯O are present throughout the crystal structure. PMID:21200978

Histone H4 Methyltransferase Suv420h2 Maintains Fidelity of Osteoblast Differentiation.

PubMed

Khani, Farzaneh; Thaler, Roman; Paradise, Christopher R; Deyle, David R; Kruijthof-de Julio, Marianne; Galindo, Mario; Gordon, Jonathan A; Stein, Gary S; Dudakovic, Amel; van Wijnen, Andre J

2017-05-01

Osteogenic lineage commitment and progression is controlled by multiple signaling pathways (e.g., WNT, BMP, FGF) that converge on bone-related transcription factors. Access of osteogenic transcription factors to chromatin is controlled by epigenetic regulators that generate post-translational modifications of histones ("histone code"), as well as read, edit and/or erase these modifications. Our understanding of the biological role of epigenetic regulators in osteoblast differentiation remains limited. Therefore, we performed next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and established which chromatin-related proteins are robustly expressed in mouse bone tissues (e.g., fracture callus, calvarial bone). These studies also revealed that cells with increased osteogenic potential have higher levels of the H4K20 methyl transferase Suv420h2 compared to other methyl transferases (e.g., Suv39h1, Suv39h2, Suv420h1, Ezh1, Ezh2). We find that all six epigenetic regulators are transiently expressed at different stages of osteoblast differentiation in culture, with maximal mRNAs levels of Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 (at day 3) preceding maximal expression of Suv420h1 and Suv420h2 (at day 7) and developmental stages that reflect, respectively, early and later collagen matrix deposition. Loss of function analysis of Suv420h2 by siRNA depletion shows loss of H4K20 methylation and decreased expression of bone biomarkers (e.g., alkaline phosphatase/Alpl) and osteogenic transcription factors (e.g., Sp7/Osterix). Furthermore, Suv420h2 is required for matrix mineralization during osteoblast differentiation. We conclude that Suv420h2 controls the H4K20 methylome of osteoblasts and is critical for normal progression of osteoblastogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1262-1272, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Histone H4 methyltransferase Suv420h2 maintains fidelity of osteoblast differentiation

PubMed Central

Farzaneh, Khani; Thaler, Roman; Paradise, Christopher R.; Deyle, David R.; Julio, Marianne Kruijthof-de; Galindo, Mario; Gordon, Jonathan A.; Stein, Gary S.; Dudakovic, Amel; van Wijnen, Andre J.

2017-01-01

Osteogenic lineage commitment and progression is controlled by multiple signaling pathways (e.g., WNT, BMP, FGF) that converge on bone-related transcription factors. Access of osteogenic transcription factors to chromatin is controlled by epigenetic regulators that generate post-translational modifications of histones (‘histone code’), as well as read, edit and/or erase these modifications. Our understanding of the biological role of epigenetic regulators in osteoblast differentiation remains limited. Therefore, we performed next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and established which chromatin-related proteins are robustly expressed in mouse bone tissues (e.g., fracture callus, calvarial bone). These studies also revealed that cells with increased osteogenic potential have higher levels of the H4K20 methyl transferase Suv420h2 compared to other methyl transferases (e.g., Suv39h1, Suv39h2, Suv420h1, Ezh1, Ezh2). We find that all six epigenetic regulators are transiently expressed at different stages of osteoblast differentiation in culture, with maximal mRNAs levels of Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 (at day 3) preceding maximal expression of Suv420h1 and Suv420h2 (at day 7) and developmental stages that reflect, respectively, early and later collagen matrix deposition. Loss of function analysis of Suv420h2 by siRNA depletion shows loss of H4K20 methylation and decreased expression of bone biomarkers (e.g., alkaline phosphatase/Alpl) and osteogenic transcription factors (e.g., Sp7/Osterix). Furthermore, Suv420h2 is required for matrix mineralization during osteoblast differentiation. We conclude that Suv420h2 controls the H4K20 methylome of osteoblasts and is critical for normal progression of osteoblastogenesis. PMID:27862226

Solvent influence on the photophysical properties of 4-(2-Oxo-2H-benzo[h]chromen-4-ylmethoxy)-benzaldehyde

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pramod, A. G.; Renuka, C. G.; Shivashankar, K.; Boregowda, P.; Nadaf, Y. F.

2018-05-01

Steady-state absorption and the fluorescence properties of the synthesized Benzofuran derivatives were studied. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of 4-(2-Oxo-2H-benzo[h]chromen-4-ylm ethoxy)-benzaldehyde (4-OBCM) have been recorded at room temperature in extensive variety of solvents of various polarities. 4-OBCM Fluorescence band maxima of the solvents are small amount spectral shifted to hypsochromic when the solvent polarity will increase, compared to absorption band under the identical circumstance. This suggests an increase in dipole moment of excited state compared to ground state. The ground-state dipole moment of 4-OBCM was found from quantum mechanical methods and the excited state dipole moment of 4-OBCM was evaluated from Lippert-Mataga Bakhshiev's, Kawski-Chamma-Viallet's and Reichardt conditions by methods for solvatochromic shift. Kamlet-Taft coefficients which affect this absorption profiles.

H- ion sources for CERN's Linac4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lettry, J.; Aguglia, D.; Coutron, Y.; Chaudet, E.; Dallocchio, A.; Gil Flores, J.; Hansen, J.; Mahner, E.; Mathot, S.; Mattei, S.; Midttun, O.; Moyret, P.; Nisbet, D.; O'Neil, M.; Paoluzzi, M.; Pasquino, C.; Pereira, H.; Arias, J. Sanchez; Schmitzer, C.; Scrivens, R.; Steyaert, D.

2013-02-01

The specifications set to the Linac4 ion source are: H- ion pulses of 0.5 ms duration, 80 mA intensity and 45 keV energy within a normalized emittance of 0.25 mmmrad RMS at a repetition rate of 2 Hz. In 2010, during the commissioning of a prototype based on H- production from the plasma volume, it was observed that the powerful co-extracted electron beam inherent to this type of ion source could destroy its electron beam dump well before reaching nominal parameters. However, the same source was able to provide 80 mA of protons mixed with a small fraction of H2+ and H3+ molecular ions. The commissioning of the radio frequency quadrupole accelerator (RFQ), beam chopper and H- beam diagnostics of the Linac4 are scheduled for 2012 and its final installation in the underground building is to start in 2013. Therefore, a crash program was launched in 2010 and reviewed in 2011 aiming at keeping the original Linac4 schedule with the following deliverables: Design and production of a volume ion source prototype suitable for 20-30 mA H- and 80 mA proton pulses at 45 keV by mid-2012. This first prototype will be dedicated to the commissioning of the low energy components of the Linac4. Design and production of a second prototype suitable for 40-50 mA H- based on an external RF solenoid plasma heating and cesiated-surface production mechanism in 2013 and a third prototype based on BNL's Magnetron aiming at reliable 2 Hz and 80 mA H- operations in 2014. In order to ease the future maintenance and allow operation with Ion sources based on three different production principles, an ion source "front end" providing alignment features, pulsed gas injection, pumping units, beam tuning capabilities and pulsed bipolar high voltage acceleration was designed and is being produced. This paper describes the progress of the Linac4 ion source program, the design of the Front end and first ion source prototype. Preliminary results of the summer 2012 commissioning are presented. The outlook on

A V(IV) Hydroxyhydrogenomonophosphate with an Intersecting Tunnel Structure: HK 4[V 10O 10(H 2O) 2(OH) 4(PO 4) 7]·9H 2O

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berrah, F.; Guesdon, A.; Leclaire, A.; Borel, M. M.; Provost, J.; Raveau, B.

1999-12-01

A V(IV) hydroxyhydrogenomonophosphate HK4[V10O10(H2O)2(OH)4(PO4)7]·9H2O has been obtained, using hydrothermal conditions. Its structure, closely related to that of (CH3)2NH2K4[V10O10(H2O)2(OH)4(PO4)7]·4H2O, differs from the latter by its I41/a space group (instead of P43). This difference corresponds to a "disordering" of the vanadium atoms, with respect to the dimethyl ammonium phase. It is shown that this disorder, which appears in the form of "V5O22" units distributed at random, does not affect the oxygen framework. The analysis of this complex structure shows that it can be described from the stacking along c of [V8P7O38(OH)4(H2O)2]∞ layers interconnected through layers of isolated VO6 octahedra. In this structure, built up of VO6, VO5OH, and VO4(OH)(H2O) octahedra, of VO4OH pyramids, and of PO4 tetrahedra, large "toffee" tunnels and smaller ones with a tulip-shape section are running along a (or b). The first ones are stuffed with H2O molecules forming aquo tubes, where protons are likely "delocalized," whereas the second ones are occupied by K+ cations.

Factors Affecting Teen Involvement in Pennsylvania 4-H Programming

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gill, Bart E.; Ewing, John C.; Bruce, Jacklyn A.

2010-01-01

The study reported here determined the factors that affect teen involvement in 4-H programming. The design of the study was descriptive and correlational in nature. Using a purposive sampling procedure, a survey questionnaire was distributed to all (N=214) 4-H members attending the 4-H State Leadership Conference. The major findings of the study…

Vibrational spectra of Mg2KH(XO4)2·15H2O (X=P, As) containing dimer units [H(XO4)2].

PubMed

Stefov, V; Koleva, V; Najdoski, M; Abdija, Z; Cahil, A; Šoptrajanov, B

2017-08-05

Infrared and Raman spectra of Mg 2 KH(PO 4 ) 2 ·15H 2 O and Mg 2 KH(AsO 4 ) 2 ·15H 2 O and a series of their partially deuterated analogues were recorded and analyzed. Compounds of the type Mg 2 KH(XO 4 ) 2 ·15H 2 O (X=P, As) are little-known and a rare case of phosphate and arsenate salts containing dimer units [H(XO 4 ) 2 ] in the crystal structure. The analysis of their IR spectra (recorded at room and liquid nitrogen temperature) and Raman spectra showed that the spectral characteristics of the XO 4 groups connected in a dimer through a proton are not consistent with the presence of X-O-H covalent linkage and C 1 crystallographic symmetry of the XO 4 groups. The observation of a singlet Raman band for the ν 1 (XO 4 ) mode as well as the absence of substantial splitting of the ν 3 (XO 4 ) modes and IR activation of the ν 1 (XO 4 ) mode suggest that the dimer units [H(XO 4 ) 2 ] are most probably symmetric rather than non-symmetric ones. It was found that, in the vibrational spectra of Mg 2 KH(AsO 4 ) 2 ·15H 2 O, both ν 1 (AsО 4 ) and ν 3 (AsО 4 ) modes have practically the same wavenumber around 830cm -1 . It was also established that the ν 4 (PО 4 ) modes in the deuterated hydrogendiphosphate compound are strongly coupled, most probably with HDO and/or D 2 O librations. As a whole, the spectral picture of Mg 2 KH(XO 4 ) 2 ·15H 2 O (X=P, As) very much resembles that observed for the struvite type compounds with the formula KMgXO 4 ·6H 2 O (X=P, As) which do not contain X-OH groups. This means that vibrations of the dimers [H(XO 4 ) 2 ] play a relatively small part in the general spectral appearance. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structure of Cs{sub 4}(HSO{sub 4}){sub 3}(H{sub 2}PO{sub 4}) single crystals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makarova, I. P., E-mail: makarova@crys.ras.ru; Grebenev, V. V.; Vasil’ev, I. I.

2016-01-15

Single crystals of Cs{sub 4}(HSO{sub 4}){sub 3}(H{sub 2}PO{sub 4}) are synthesized and studied for the first time. The new compound is found in the course of studies of the phase diagram of the CsHSO{sub 4}–CsH{sub 2}PO{sub 4}–H{sub 2}O triple system. Data on the atomic crystal structure of single-crystalline and powder specimens, as well as on structural phase transitions, are obtained.

Two novel Pb(II) coordination polymers (CPs) based on 4-(4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl) and 3-(4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl) phthalic acid: Band gaps, structures, and their photoelectrocatalytic properties in CO2-saturated system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Zhi Shuo; Long, Ji Ying; Gong, Yun; Lin, Jian Hua

2018-05-01

Based on 4-(4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl) phthalic acid (H2L1) and 3-(4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl) phthalic acid (H2L2), two novel Pb(II) coordination polymers (CPs) formulated as [Pb4Cl4·(L1)2·H2O]n (CP 1), [Pb3Cl4·L2·H2O]n (CP 2) were solvothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The two novel Pb(II) CPs (CPs 1 and 2) possessed different structures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the two CPs had different band structures yet the characteristic of semiconductors in common. Their valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) positions were determined by Mott-Schottky and UV-visible diffuse reflectance analyses. The photoelectrocatalytic performance of the two CPs towards CO2 reduction were tested by photocurrent responses at various applied potentials. And the E =-1.4 V vs SCE (-0.74 V vs NHE) was selected as the required potential according to the regulation of photocurrent responses at various tested potentials in CO2-saturated system. The photoelectrocatalytic performance of CP 2 was superior to that of CP 1 owing to the well-matched CB position of CP 2 and CO2 reduction potentials at the required potential of -1.4 V vs SCE (-0.74 V vs NHE). In addition, the photoelectrolytic experiment were performed 1 h in the CO2-saturated 0.2 M Na2SO4 solution at the required potential of -1.4 V vs SCE (-0.74 V vs NHE) with and without illumination, and we initially demonstrated the influence of visible light in the CO2-saturated photoelectrocatalytic measurement system and the reason of stability in 1 h chronoamperometry.

Rate Coefficients of C2H with C2H4, C2H6, and H2 from 150 to 359 K

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Opansky, Brian J.; Leone, Stephen R.

1996-01-01

Rate coefficients for the reactions C2H with C2H4, C2H6, and H2 are measured over the temperature range 150-359 K using transient infrared laser absorption spectroscopy. The ethynyl radical is formed by photolysis of C2H2 with a pulsed excimer laser at 193 nm, and its transient absorption is monitored with a color center laser on the Q(sub 11)(9) line of the A(sup 2) Pi-Chi(sup 2) Sigma transition at 3593.68 cm(exp -1). Over the experimental temperature range 150-359 K the rate constants of C2H with C2H4, C2H6, and H2 can be fitted to the Arrhenius expressions k(sub C2H4) = (7.8 +/- 0.6) x 10(exp -11) exp[(134 +/- 44)/T], k(sub C2H6) = (3.5 +/- 0.3) x 10(exp -11) exp[(2.9 +/- 16)/T], and k(sub H2) = (1.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(exp -11) exp[(-998 +/- 57)]/T cm(exp 3) molecule(exp -1) sec(exp -1). The data for C2H with C2H4 and C2H6 indicate a negligible activation energy to product formation shown by the mild negative temperature dependence of both reactions. When the H2 data are plotted together with the most recent high-temperature results from 295 to 854 K, a slight curvature is observed. The H2 data can be fit to the non-Arrhenius form k(sub H2) = 9.2 x 10(exp -18) T(sup 2.17 +/- 0.50) exp[(-478 +/- 165)/T] cm(exp 3) molecules(exp -1) sec(exp -1). The curvature in the Arrhenius plot is discussed in terms of both quantum mechanical tunneling of the H atom from H2 to the C2H radical and bending mode contributions to the partition function.

Effects on H(-) production in a multicusp ion source by mixture of H2 with H2O, NH3, CH4, N2H4, and SF6

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Orient, O. J.; Chutjian, A.; Leung, K. N.

1987-01-01

Effects of H(-) production in a multicusp ion source are measured by separately mixing with hydrogen small amounts (0.33-10 percent) of water, ammonia, methane, and hydrazine these are molecules which produce large amounts of H(-) via dissociative attachment (DA) resonances at higher electron energies. The mixing was done in a separate reservoir, with careful measurement of individual pressures. Experimental enhancements of 1.4 and less were observed, whereas calculated enhancements, using accurate DA cross sections for ground-state H2, should have produced factors of 1.5, 3.0, 1.3, and 2.4 enhancements for water, ammonia methane, and hydrazine, respectively, at a mean electron energy of 1.0 eV in the extraction region. The difference is accounted for by including, in the enhancement calculation, vibrationally and rotationally excited H2 molecules, with v-double prime = 5-11, and J-double prime = 0-5, and the large DA cross sections for the excited H2 (v-double prime, J-double prime). The relative populations of H2 (v-double prime, J-double prime) thus obtained are found to be substantially smaller than those predicted by theoretical calculations. The effect on H(-) current was also studied by mixing small amounts of SF6 with H2. A 1.5 percent mixture was found to reduce the H(-) output by one half.

Influence of the Organic Species and Oxoanion in the Synthesis of two Uranyl Sulfate Hydrates, (H 3 O) 2 [(UO 2 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ­(H 2 O)]·7H 2 O and (H 3 O) 2 [(UO 2 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (H 2 O)]·4H 2 O, and a Uranyl Selenate-Selenite [C 5 H 6 N][(UO 2 )(SeO 4 )(HSeO 3 )

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jouffret, Laurent J.; Wylie, Ernest M.; Burns, Peter C.

2012-08-08

Two uranyl sulfate hydrates, (H3O)2[(UO2)2(SO4)3(H2O)]·7H2O (NDUS) and (H3O)2[(UO2)2(SO4)3(H2O)]·4H2O (NDUS1), and one uranyl selenate-selenite [C5H6N][(UO2)(SeO4)(HSeO3)] (NDUSe), were obtained and their crystal structures solved. NDUS and NDUSe result from reactions in highly acidic media in the presence of L-cystine at 373 K. NDUS crystallized in a closed vial at 278 K after 5 days and NDUSe in an open beaker at 278 K after 2 weeks. NDUS1 was synthesized from aqueous solution at room temperature over the course of a month. NDUS, NDUS1, and NDUSe crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 15.0249(4) Å,b = 9.9320(2) Å, c = 15.6518(4)more » Å, β = 112.778(1)°, V = 2153.52(9) Å3,Z = 4, the tetragonal space group P43212, a = 10.6111(2) Å,c = 31.644(1) Å, V = 3563.0(2) Å3, Z = 8, and in the monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 8.993(3) Å, b = 13.399(5) Å, c = 10.640(4) Å,β = 108.230(4)°, V = 1217.7(8) Å3, Z = 4, respectively.The structural units of NDUS and NDUS1 are two-dimensional uranyl sulfate sheets with a U/S ratio of 2/3. The structural unit of NDUSe is a two-dimensional uranyl selenate-selenite sheets with a U/Se ratio of 1/2. In-situ reaction of the L-cystine ligands gives two distinct products for the different acids used here. Where sulfuric acid is used, only H3O+ cations are located in the interlayer space, where they balance the charge of the sheets, whereas where selenic acid is used, interlayer C5H6N+ cations result from the cyclization of the carboxyl groups of L-cystine, balancing the charge of the sheets.« less

Minority heating scenarios in ^4He(H) and ^3He(H) SST-1 plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chattopadhyay, Asim Kumar

2018-01-01

A numerical analysis of ion cyclotron resonance heating scenarios in two species of low ion temperature plasma has been done to elucidate the physics and possibility to achieve H-mode in tokamak plasma. The analysis is done in the steady-state superconducting tokamak, SST-1, using phase-I plasma parameters which is basically L-mode plasma parameters having low ion temperature and magnetic field with the help of the ion cyclotron heating code TORIC combined with `steady state Fokker-Planck quasilinear' (SSFPQL) solver. As a minority species hydrogen has been used in ^3He and ^4He plasmas to make two species ^3He(H) and ^4He(H) plasmas to study the ion cyclotron wave absorption scenarios. The minority heating is predominant in ^3He(H) and ^4He(H) plasmas as minority resonance layers are not shielded by ion-ion resonance and cut-off layers in both cases, and it is better in ^4He(H) plasma due to the smooth penetration of wave through plasma-vacuum surface. In minority concentration up to 15%, it has been observed that minority ion heating is the principal heating mechanism compared to electron heating and heating due to mode conversion phenomena. Numerical analysis with the help of SSFPQL solver shows that the tail of the distribution function of the minority ion is more energetic than that of the majority ion and therefore, more anisotropic. Due to good coupling of the wave and predominance of the minority heating regime, producing energetic ions in the tail region of the distribution function, the ^4He(H) and ^3He(H) plasmas could be studied in-depth to achieve H-mode in two species of low-temperature plasma.

1,4-Bis(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzene dihydrate

PubMed Central

Wang, Xiu-Guang; Li, Jian-Hui; Ding, Bin; Du, Gui-Xiang

2012-01-01

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C10H8N6·2H2O, comprises half the organic species, the mol­ecule being completed by inversion symmetry, and one water mol­ecule. The dihedral angle between the 1,2,4-triazole ring and the central benzene ring is 32.2 (2)°. The water mol­ecules form O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds with N-atom acceptors of the triazole rings. C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds are also observed, giving a three-dimensional framework. PMID:22904851

Genetic characterization of avian influenza subtype H4N6 and H4N9 from live bird market, Thailand

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A one year active surveillance program for influenza A viruses among avian species in a live-bird market (LBM) in Bangkok, Thailand was conducted in 2009. Out of 970 samples collected, influenza A virus subtypes H4N6 (n=2) and H4N9 (n=1), were isolated from healthy Muscovy ducks. All three viruses w...

Structure–function studies of histone H3/H4 tetramer maintenance during transcription by chaperone Spt2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Shoudeng; Rufiange, Anne; Huang, Hongda

Cells use specific mechanisms such as histone chaperones to abrogate the inherent barrier that the nucleosome poses to transcribing polymerases. The current model postulates that nucleosomes can be transiently disrupted to accommodate passage of RNA polymerases and that histones H3 and H4 possess their own chaperones dedicated to the recovery of nucleosomes. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the conserved C terminus of human Suppressors of Ty insertions 2 (hSpt2C) chaperone bound to an H3/H4 tetramer. The structural studies demonstrate that hSpt2C is bound to the periphery of the H3/H4 tetramer, mimicking the trajectory of nucleosomal-bound DNA. These structuralmore » studies have been complemented with in vitro binding and in vivo functional studies on mutants that disrupt key intermolecular contacts involving two acidic patches and hydrophobic residues on Spt2C. We show that contacts between both human and yeast Spt2C with the H3/H4 tetramer are required for the suppression of H3/ H4 exchange as measured by H3K56ac and new H3 deposition. Furthermore, these interactions are also crucial for the inhibition of spurious transcription from within coding regions. In conclusion, together, our data indicate that Spt2 interacts with the periphery of the H3/H4 tetramer and promotes its recycling in the wake of RNA polymerase.« less

Structure–function studies of histone H3/H4 tetramer maintenance during transcription by chaperone Spt2

DOE PAGES

Chen, Shoudeng; Rufiange, Anne; Huang, Hongda; ...

2015-06-15

Cells use specific mechanisms such as histone chaperones to abrogate the inherent barrier that the nucleosome poses to transcribing polymerases. The current model postulates that nucleosomes can be transiently disrupted to accommodate passage of RNA polymerases and that histones H3 and H4 possess their own chaperones dedicated to the recovery of nucleosomes. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the conserved C terminus of human Suppressors of Ty insertions 2 (hSpt2C) chaperone bound to an H3/H4 tetramer. The structural studies demonstrate that hSpt2C is bound to the periphery of the H3/H4 tetramer, mimicking the trajectory of nucleosomal-bound DNA. These structuralmore » studies have been complemented with in vitro binding and in vivo functional studies on mutants that disrupt key intermolecular contacts involving two acidic patches and hydrophobic residues on Spt2C. We show that contacts between both human and yeast Spt2C with the H3/H4 tetramer are required for the suppression of H3/ H4 exchange as measured by H3K56ac and new H3 deposition. Furthermore, these interactions are also crucial for the inhibition of spurious transcription from within coding regions. In conclusion, together, our data indicate that Spt2 interacts with the periphery of the H3/H4 tetramer and promotes its recycling in the wake of RNA polymerase.« less

Anhydrous versus hydrated N4-substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamines: hydrogen bonding in two and three dimensions.

PubMed

Trilleras, Jorge; Quiroga, Jairo; Cobo, Justo; Marchal, Antonio; Nogueras, Manuel; Low, John N; Glidewell, Christopher

2008-10-01

Ten new N(4)-substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamines have been synthesized and the structures of nine of them are reported here, falling into two clear groups, those which are stoichiometric hydrates and those which crystallize in solvent-free forms. In each of N(4)-methyl-N(4)-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine, C(12)H(12)N(6) (I), N(4)-cyclohexyl-N(4)-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine, C(12)H(18)N(6) (II), and N(4)-(3-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine, C(11)H(9)ClN(6) (III), the molecules are linked into hydrogen-bonded sheets. The molecules of 2-{4-(6-amino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl}ethanol, C(11)H(17)N(7)O (IV), are linked into a three-dimensional framework, while the structure of N(4)-methyl-N(4)-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine monohydrate, C(13)H(14)N(6) x H(2)O (V), is only two-dimensional despite the presence of five independent hydrogen bonds. The stoichiometric hemihydrates N(4)-ethyl-N(4)-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine hemihydrate, C(13)H(14)N(6) x 0.5 H(2)O (VI) and N(4)-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N(4)-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine hemihydrate, C(13)H(14)N(6)O x 0.5 H(2)O (VII), exhibit remarkably similar sheet structures, despite different space groups and Z' values, Z' = 0.5 in C2/c for (VI) and Z' = 1 in P1 for (VII). N(4)-4-Benzyl-N(4)-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine monohydrate, C(18)H(16)N(6) x H(2)O (VIII), crystallizes with Z' = 2 in P2(1)/n, and the four independent molecular components are linked into sheets by a total of 11 intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The sheet structure in {4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-6-amine} ethanol hemisolvate hemihydrate, C(9)H(12)N(6).0.5C(2)H(6)O x 0.5 H(2)O (IX), is built from the pyrimidine and water components only; it contains eight independent hydrogen bonds, and it very closely mimics the sheets in (VI) and (VII); the ethanol molecules are

B7-H4 overexpression in ovarian tumors.

PubMed

Tringler, Barbara; Liu, Wenhui; Corral, Laura; Torkko, Kathleen C; Enomoto, Takayuki; Davidson, Susan; Lucia, M Scott; Heinz, David E; Papkoff, Jackie; Shroyer, Kenneth R

2006-01-01

Despite great advances in therapeutic management, the mortality rate for ovarian cancer has remained relatively stable over the past 50 years. This study was designed to evaluate the expression of B7-H4 protein, recently identified as a potential molecular marker of breast and ovarian cancer by quantitative PCR analysis, in benign tumors, tumors of low malignant potential and malignant tumors of the ovary. Archival formalin-fixed tissue blocks from serous, mucinous, endometrioid and clear cell ovarian tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the distribution of B7-H4 expression, and staining intensity was measured by automated image analysis. Univariate analyses were used to test for statistically significant relationships. B7-H4 cytoplasmic and membranous expression was detected in all primary serous (n = 32), endometrioid (n = 12), and clear cell carcinomas (n = 15), and in all metastatic serous (n = 23) and endometrioid (n = 7) ovarian carcinomas. By contrast, focal B7-H4 expression was detected in only 1/11 mucinous carcinomas. The proportion of positive cells and median staining intensity was greater in serous carcinomas than in serous cystadenomas or serous tumors of low malignant potential, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.034, respectively). The median staining intensity was also significantly greater in endometrioid carcinomas than in endometriosis (P = 0.005). The consistent overexpression of B7-H4 in serous, endometrioid and clear cell ovarian carcinomas and the relative absence of expression in most normal somatic tissues indicates that B7-H4 should be further investigated as a potential diagnostic marker or therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.

Semiconducting perovskites (2-XC6H4C2H4NH3)2SnI4 (X = F, Cl, Br): steric interaction between the organic and inorganic layers.

PubMed

Xu, Zhengtao; Mitzi, David B; Dimitrakopoulos, Christos D; Maxcy, Karen R

2003-03-24

Two new semiconducting hybrid perovskites based on 2-substituted phenethylammonium cations, (2-XC(6)H(4)C(2)H(4)NH(3))(2)SnI(4) (X = Br, Cl), are characterized and compared with the previously reported X = F compound, with a focus on the steric interaction between the organic and inorganic components. The crystal structure of (2-ClC(6)H(4)C(2)H(4)NH(3))(2)SnI(4) is solved in a disordered subcell [C2/m, a = 33.781(7) A, b = 6.178(1) A, c = 6.190(1) A, beta = 90.42(3)(o), and Z = 2]. The structure is similar to the known (2-FC(6)H(4)C(2)H(4)NH(3))(2)SnI(4) structure with regard to both the conformation of the organic cations and the bonding features of the inorganic sheet. The (2-BrC(6)H(4)C(2)H(4)NH(3))(2)SnI(4) system adopts a fully ordered monoclinic cell [P2(1)/c, a = 18.540(2) A, b = 8.3443(7) A, c = 8.7795(7) A, beta = 93.039(1)(o), and Z = 2]. The organic cation adopts the anti conformation, instead of the gauche conformation observed in the X = F and Cl compounds, apparently because of the need to accommodate the additional volume of the bromo group. The steric effect of the bromo group also impacts the perovskite sheet, causing notable distortions, such as a compressed Sn-I-Sn bond angle (148.7(o), as compared with the average values of 153.3 and 154.8(o) for the fluoro and chloro compounds, respectively). The optical absorption features a substantial blue shift (lowest exciton peak: 557 nm, 2.23 eV) relative to the spectra of the fluoro and chloro compounds (588 and 586 nm, respectively). Also presented are transport properties for thin-film field-effect transistors (TFTs) based on spin-coated films of the two hybrid semiconductors.

Monohalogenated ferrocenes C5H5FeC5H4 X (X = Cl, Br and I) and a second polymorph of C5H5FeC5H4I

PubMed Central

Romanov, Alexander S.; Mulroy, Joseph M.; Khrustalev, Victor N.; Antipin, Mikhail Yu.; Timofeeva, Tatiana V.

2009-01-01

The structures of the three title monosubstituted ferrocenes, namely 1-chloro­ferrocene, [Fe(C5H5)(C5H4Cl)], (I), 1-bromo­ferrocene, [Fe(C5H5)(C5H4Br)], (II), and 1-iodo­ferrocene, [Fe(C5H5)(C5H4I)], (III), were determined at 100 K. The chloro- and bromo­ferrocenes are isomorphous crystals. The new triclinic polymorph [space group P , Z = 4, T = 100 K, V = 943.8 (4) Å3] of iodo­ferrocene, (III), and the previously reported monoclinic polymorph of (III) [Laus, Wurst & Schottenberger (2005 ▶). Z. Kristallogr. New Cryst. Struct. 220, 229–230; space group Pc, Z = 4, T = 100 K, V = 924.9 Å3] were obtained by crystallization from ethanolic solutions at 253 and 303 K, respectively. All four phases contain two independent mol­ecules in the unit cell. The relative orientations of the cyclo­penta­dienyl (Cp) rings are eclipsed and staggered in the independent mol­ecules of (I) and (II), while (III) demonstrates only an eclipsed conformation. The triclinic and monoclinic polymorphs of (III) contain nonbonded inter­molecular I⋯I contacts, causing different packing modes. In the triclinic form of (III), the mol­ecules are arranged in zigzag tetra­mers, while in the monoclinic form the mol­ecules are arranged in zigzag chains along the a axis. Crystallographic data for (III), along with the computed lattice energies of the two polymorphs, suggest that the monoclinic form is more stable. PMID:19893225

Long-term stability of FeSO4 and H2SO4 treated chromite ore processing residue (COPR): Importance of H+ and SO42.

PubMed

Wang, Xin; Zhang, Jingdong; Wang, Linling; Chen, Jing; Hou, Huijie; Yang, Jiakuan; Lu, Xiaohua

2017-01-05

In this study, the long-term stability of Cr(VI) in the FeSO 4 and H 2 SO 4 (FeSO 4 -H 2 SO 4 ) treated chromite ore processing residue (COPR) after 400 curing days and the stabilization mechanisms were investigated. FeSO 4 -H 2 SO 4 treatment significantly reduced toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) Cr(VI) concentrations to lower than the regulatory limit of 1.5mgL -1 (HJ/T 301-2007, China EPA) even for the samples curing 400days, achieving an outstanding long-term stability. Our independent leaching tests revealed that H + and SO 4 2- have synergistic effect on promoting the release of Cr(VI), which would make Cr(VI) easier accessed by Fe(II) during stabilization. The contributions of H + and SO 4 2- to Cr(VI) release ratio were 25%-44% and 19%-38%, respectively, as 5mol H 2 SO 4 per kg COPR was used. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and alkaline digestion analyses were also employed to interpret the possible stabilization mechanism. Cr(VI) released from COPR solid was reduced to Cr(III) by Fe(II), and then formed stable Fe x Cr (1-x) (OH) 3 precipitate. This study provides a facile and reliable scheme for COPR stabilization, and verifies the excellent long-term stability of the FeSO 4 -H 2 SO 4 treated COPR. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

(Z)-3-Methyl-4-[1-(4-methyl­anilino)propyl­idene]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one

PubMed Central

Sharma, Naresh; Vyas, Komal M.; Jadeja, R. N.; Kant, Rajni; Gupta, Vivek K.

2013-01-01

In the title mol­ecule, C20H21N3O, the central pyrazole ring forms dihedral angles of 4.75 (9) and 49.11 (9)°, respectively, with the phenyl and methyl-substituted benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and benzene rings is 51.76 (8)°. The amino group and carbonyl O atom are involved in an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, π–π inter­actions are observed between benzene rings [centroid–centroid seperation = 3.892 (2) Å] and pyrazole rings [centroid–centroid seperation = 3.626 (2) Å], forming chains along [111]. The H atoms of the methyl group on the p-tolyl substituent were refined as disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.60 (4):0.40 (4) ratio. PMID:24109353

Compositions of supersaturated solutions for enhanced growth of {alpha}-NiSO{sub 4} . 6H{sub 2}O, Me{sub 2}Ni(SO{sub 4}){sub 2} . 6H{sub 2}O, MeH{sub 2}PO{sub 4} [Me = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH{sub 4}], and K(H{sub x}D{sub 1-x}){sub 2}PO{sub 4} single crystals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soboleva, L. V., E-mail: afkonst@ns.crys.ras.ru

2008-05-15

The possibility of determining the optimal compositions and temperatures of supersaturated solutions for enhanced growth of single crystals of congruently and incongruently dissolving solid phases from the solubility diagrams of ternary systems is shown, and this approach is justified. The NiSO{sub 4}-H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}-H{sub 2}O, Me{sub 2}SO{sub 4}-NiSO{sub 4}-H{sub 2}O, and Me{sub 2}O-P{sub 2}O{sub 5}-H{sub 2}O(D{sub 2}O) systems have been used to determine the optimal compositions and temperatures of supersaturated solutions for growth of {alpha}-NiSO{sub 4} . 6H{sub 2}O, Me{sub 2}Ni(SO{sub 4}){sub 2} . 6H{sub 2}O, MeH{sub 2}PO{sub 4} [Me = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH{sub 4}], and Kmore » (H{sub x} D{sub 1-x}){sub 2}PO{sub 4} (D is deuterium) single crystals.« less

Embracing Scientific and Engineering Practices in 4-H

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Worker, Steven M.

2013-01-01

The 4-H Science Initiative has renewed efforts to strengthen 4-H programmatic and evaluation efforts in science and engineering education. A fundamental component of this initiative is to provide opportunities to youth to aid in their development of science process skills; however, emerging research stresses the importance of engaging youth in…

4-H Participation and Science Interest in Youth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heck, Katherine; Carlos, Ramona M.; Barnett, Cynthia; Smith, Martin H.

2012-01-01

The study reported here investigated the impacts of participation in 4-H on young people's interest and participation in science. Survey data were collected from relatively large and ethnically diverse samples of elementary and high school-aged students in California. Results indicated that although elementary-grade 4-H members are not more…

H4: A challenging system for natural orbital functional approximations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramos-Cordoba, Eloy; Lopez, Xabier; Piris, Mario; Matito, Eduard

2015-10-01

The correct description of nondynamic correlation by electronic structure methods not belonging to the multireference family is a challenging issue. The transition of D2h to D4h symmetry in H4 molecule is among the most simple archetypal examples to illustrate the consequences of missing nondynamic correlation effects. The resurgence of interest in density matrix functional methods has brought several new methods including the family of Piris Natural Orbital Functionals (PNOF). In this work, we compare PNOF5 and PNOF6, which include nondynamic electron correlation effects to some extent, with other standard ab initio methods in the H4 D4h/D2h potential energy surface (PES). Thus far, the wrongful behavior of single-reference methods at the D2h-D4h transition of H4 has been attributed to wrong account of nondynamic correlation effects, whereas in geminal-based approaches, it has been assigned to a wrong coupling of spins and the localized nature of the orbitals. We will show that actually interpair nondynamic correlation is the key to a cusp-free qualitatively correct description of H4 PES. By introducing interpair nondynamic correlation, PNOF6 is shown to avoid cusps and provide the correct smooth PES features at distances close to the equilibrium, total and local spin properties along with the correct electron delocalization, as reflected by natural orbitals and multicenter delocalization indices.

Electrochemical performance of C4O6H4KNa aqueous electrolytes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jianqiang; Song, Senyang; Chen, Yanzheng; Huang, Siyun; Li, Ping; Luo, Heming

2018-06-01

The paper is devoted in the study of the simple method to study the performance of aqueous electrolytes, whereas the custom-made FBNC-700 (FB represents FAC-brown, N represents "nitrogen-self-doped," C represents mesoporous-carbon materials, and 700 represents carbonization temperature.) was utilized as the electrode material, where the C4O6H4KNa solution was utilized as an aqueous electrolyte. The polarization curves was be used in the three-electrode system to conduct the voltage window preliminary selection of the C4O6H4KNa solution, the voltage window was 1.3 V (-0.8 V to 0.5 V). The concentration had minimal effects on the voltage window. The method is faster and more efficient way to study the performance of aqueous electrolytes for supercapacitors. In the 2 M C4O6H4KNa solution, the FBNC-700 displayed a 97 F g-1 specific capacitance at the current density of 0.5 A g-1 in the two-electrodes tests. Also, following 5000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1, the FBNC-700 had good stability with 76.22% capacitance retention.

Emergence and dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx influenza viruses-how is the Asian HPAI H5 lineage maintained.

PubMed

Claes, Filip; Morzaria, Subhash P; Donis, Ruben O

2016-02-01

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses containing the A/goose/Guangdong/96-like (GD/96) HA genes circulated in birds from four continents in the course of 2015 (Jan to Sept). A new HA clade, termed 2.3.4.4, emerged around 2010-2011 in China and revealed a novel propensity to reassort with NA subtypes other than N1, unlike dozens of earlier clades. Two subtypes, H5N6 and H5N8, have spread to countries in Asia (H5N6), Europe and North America (H5N8). Infections by clade 2.3.4.4 viruses are characterized by low virulence in poultry and some wild birds, contributing to wide geographical dissemination of the viruses via poultry trade and wild bird migration. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)-4

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-09

ISS036-E-030702 (9 Aug. 2013) --- The unpiloted Japanese "Kounotori" H2 Transfer Vehicle-4 (HTV-4) approaches the International Space Station. The HTV, a 33-foot-long, 13-foot-diameter unmanned cargo transfer spacecraft, is delivering 3.6 tons of science experiments, equipment and supplies to the orbiting complex. HTV-4 launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in southern Japan on Aug.3 at 3:48 p.m. (Aug. 4 at 4:48 a.m., Japan time). A blue and white part of Earth provides the backdrop for the scene.

H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)-4

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-09

ISS036-E-030638 (9 Aug. 2013) --- The unpiloted Japanese "Kounotori" H2 Transfer Vehicle-4 (HTV-4) approaches the International Space Station. The HTV, a 33-foot-long, 13-foot-diameter unmanned cargo transfer spacecraft, is delivering 3.6 tons of science experiments, equipment and supplies to the orbiting complex. HTV-4 launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in southern Japan on Aug.3 at 3:48 p.m. (Aug. 4 at 4:48 a.m., Japan time). A blue and white part of Earth provides the backdrop for the scene.

Crystal structures of Sr(ClO4)2·3H2O, Sr(ClO4)2·4H2O and Sr(ClO4)2·9H2O

PubMed Central

Hennings, Erik; Schmidt, Horst; Voigt, Wolfgang

2014-01-01

The title compounds, strontium perchlorate trihydrate {di-μ-aqua-aquadi-μ-perchlorato-strontium, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)3]n}, strontium perchlorate tetra­hydrate {di-μ-aqua-bis­(tri­aqua­diperchloratostrontium), [Sr2(ClO4)4(H2O)8]} and strontium perchlorate nona­hydrate {hepta­aqua­diperchloratostrontium dihydrate, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)7]·2H2O}, were crystallized at low temperatures according to the solid–liquid phase diagram. The structures of the tri- and tetra­hydrate consist of Sr2+ cations coordinated by five water mol­ecules and four O atoms of four perchlorate tetra­hedra in a distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic coordination mode. The asymmetric unit of the trihydrate contains two formula units. Two [SrO9] polyhedra in the trihydrate are connected by sharing water mol­ecules and thus forming chains parallel to [100]. In the tetra­hydrate, dimers of two [SrO9] polyhedra connected by two sharing water mol­ecules are formed. The structure of the nona­hydrate contains one Sr2+ cation coordinated by seven water mol­ecules and by two O atoms of two perchlorate tetra­hedra (point group symmetry ..m), forming a tricapped trigonal prism (point group symmetry m2m). The structure contains additional non-coordinating water mol­ecules, which are located on twofold rotation axes. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the water mol­ecules as donor and ClO4 tetra­hedra and water mol­ecules as acceptor groups lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network in each of the three structures. PMID:25552979

4-H Club Goat Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, R. Kipp

This guide provides information for 4-H Club members who have decided on a club goat project. Topics include general information in the following areas: show rules; facilities and equipment (barns/sheds, fences, feeders, water containers, and equipment); selection (structural correctness, muscle, volume and capacity, style and balance, and growth…

π-stacking and C-X...D (X = H, NO2; D = O, π) interactions in the crystal network of both C-H...N and π-stacked dimers of 1,2-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole and 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole.

PubMed

González-Padilla, Jazmin E; Rosales-Hernández, Martha C; Padilla-Martínez, Itzia I; García-Báez, Efren V; Rojas-Lima, Susana; Salazar-Pereda, Veronica

2014-01-01

Molecules of 1,2-bis(4-bromophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, C19H12Br2N2, (I), and 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, C19H12BrN3O2, (II), are arranged in dimeric units through C-H...N and parallel-displaced π-stacking interactions favoured by the appropriate disposition of N- and C-bonded phenyl rings with respect to the mean benzimidazole plane. The molecular packing of the dimers of (I) and (II) arises by the concurrence of a diverse set of weak intermolecular C-X...D (X = H, NO2; D = O, π) interactions.

Ab initio chemical kinetics for SiH3 reactions with Si(x)H2x+2 (x = 1-4).

PubMed

Raghunath, P; Lin, M C

2010-12-30

Gas-phase kinetics and mechanisms of SiH(3) reactions with SiH(4), Si(2)H(6), Si(3)H(8), and Si(4)H(10), processes of relevance to a-Si thin-film deposition, have been investigated by ab initio molecular orbital and transition-state theory (TST) calculations. Geometric parameters of all the species involved in the title reactions were optimized by density functional theory at the B3LYP and BH&HLYP levels with the 6-311++G(3df,2p) basis set. The potential energy surface of each reaction was refined at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2p) level of theory. The results show that the most favorable low energy pathways in the SiH(3) reactions with these silanes occur by H abstraction, leading to the formation of SiH(4) + Si(x)H(2x+1) (silanyl) radicals. For both Si(3)H(8) and n-Si(4)H(10) reactions, the lowest energy barrier channels take place by secondary Si-H abstraction, yielding SiH(4) + s-Si(3)H(7) and SiH(4) + s-Si(4)H(9), respectively. In the i-Si(4)H(10) reaction, tertiary Si-H abstraction has the lowest barrier producing SiH(4) + t-Si(4)H(9). In addition, direct SiH(3)-for-X substitution reactions forming Si(2)H(6) + X (X = H or silanyls) can also occur, but with significantly higher reaction barriers. A comparison of the SiH(3) reactions with the analogous CH(3) reactions with alkanes has been made. The rate constants for low-energy product channels have been calculated for the temperature range 300-2500 K by TST with Eckart tunneling corrections. These results, together with predicted heats of formation of various silanyl radicals and Si(4)H(10) isomers, have been tabulated for modeling of a-Si:H film growth by chemical vapor deposition.

1,4-Iron Migration for Expedient Allene Annulations through Iron-Catalyzed C-H/N-H/C-O/C-H Functionalizations.

PubMed

Mo, Jiayu; Müller, Thomas; Oliveira, João C A; Ackermann, Lutz

2018-06-25

C-H activation bears great potential for enabling sustainable molecular syntheses in a step- and atom-economical manner, with major advances having been realized with precious 4d and 5d transition metals. In contrast, we employed earth abundant, nontoxic iron catalysts for versatile allene annulations through a unique C-H/N-H/C-O/C-H functionalization sequence. The powerful iron catalysis occurred under external-oxidant-free conditions even at room temperature, while detailed mechanistic studies revealed an unprecedented 1,4-iron migration regime for facile C-H activations. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Expression analysis of kenaf cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) ortholog during developmental and stress responses

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

This study was conducted to clone and analyze the expression pattern of a C4H gene encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). A full-length C4H ortholog was cloned using degenerate primers and the RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) method. The full-length C4H ortholog...

Pharmacological characterization of the new histamine H4 receptor agonist VUF 8430

PubMed Central

Lim, Herman D; Adami, Maristella; Guaita, Elena; Werfel, Thomas; Smits, Rogier A; de Esch, Iwan JP; Bakker, Remko A; Gutzmer, Ralf; Coruzzi, Gabriella; Leurs, Rob

2009-01-01

Background and purpose: We compare the pharmacological profiles of a new histamine H4 receptor agonist 2-(2-guanidinoethyl)isothiourea (VUF 8430) with that of a previously described H4 receptor agonist, 4-methylhistamine. Experimental approach: Radioligand binding and functional assays were performed using histamine H4 receptors expressed in mammalian cell lines. Compounds were also evaluated ex vivo in monocyte-derived dendritic cells endogenously expressing H4 receptors and in vivo in anaesthetized rats for gastric acid secretion activity. Key results: Both VUF 8430 and 4-methylhistamine were full agonists at human H4 receptors with lower affinity at rat and mouse H4 receptors. Both compounds induced chemotaxis of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. VUF 8430 also showed reasonable affinity and was a full agonist at the H3 receptor. Agmatine is a metabolite of arginine, structurally related to VUF 8430, and was a H4 receptor agonist with micromolar affinity. At histamine H3 receptors, agmatine was a full agonist, whereas 4-methylhistamine was an agonist only at high concentrations. Both VUF 8430 and agmatine were inactive at H1 and H2 receptors, whereas 4-methylhistamine is as active as histamine at H2 receptors. In vivo, VUF 8430 only caused a weak secretion of gastric acid mediated by H2 receptors, whereas 4-methylhistamine, dimaprit, histamine and amthamine, at equimolar doses, induced 2.5- to 6-fold higher output than VUF 8430. Conclusions and implications: Our results suggest complementary use of 4-methylhistamine and VUF 8430 as H4 receptor agonists. Along with H4 receptor antagonists, both agonists can serve as useful pharmacological tools in studies of histamine H4 receptors. PMID:19413569

Prevalent Approaches to Professional Development in State 4-H Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Martin H.; Worker, Steven M.; Schmitt-McQuitty, Lynn; Meehan, Cheryl L.; Lewis, Kendra M.; Schoenfelder, Emily; Brian, Kelley

2017-01-01

High-quality 4-H programming requires effective professional development of educators. Through a mixed methods study, we explored professional development offered through state 4-H programs. Survey results revealed that both in-person and online delivery modes were used commonly for 4-H staff and adult volunteers; for teen volunteers, in-person…

Starting and Maintaining a Marine Aquarium: 4-H Members Guide [and] 4-H Member's Project Record Book.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crenshaw, Neil

The guide and the project record book included in this document are designed for 4-H members who would like to start a salt-water aquarium project. The guide includes the following topics: (1) general requirements for salt-water aquariums; (2) directions for making an aquarium; (3) suggestions for where to locate it; (4) pros and cons of using…

CPR: Purposeful Action. Putting New Life into 4-H.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Deborah A.; Smith, William C.

1988-01-01

In Ohio, 4-H professionals found that it is necessary to conduct market research to have an effective program. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training has been successful in strengthening the 4-H position in the marketplace. (JOW)

RPA binds histone H3-H4 and functions in DNA replication-coupled nucleosome assembly.

PubMed

Liu, Shaofeng; Xu, Zhiyun; Leng, He; Zheng, Pu; Yang, Jiayi; Chen, Kaifu; Feng, Jianxun; Li, Qing

2017-01-27

DNA replication-coupled nucleosome assembly is essential to maintain genome integrity and retain epigenetic information. Multiple involved histone chaperones have been identified, but how nucleosome assembly is coupled to DNA replication remains elusive. Here we show that replication protein A (RPA), an essential replisome component that binds single-stranded DNA, has a role in replication-coupled nucleosome assembly. RPA directly binds free H3-H4. Assays using a synthetic sequence that mimics freshly unwound single-stranded DNA at replication fork showed that RPA promotes DNA-(H3-H4) complex formation immediately adjacent to double-stranded DNA. Further, an RPA mutant defective in H3-H4 binding exhibited attenuated nucleosome assembly on nascent chromatin. Thus, we propose that RPA functions as a platform for targeting histone deposition to replication fork, through which RPA couples nucleosome assembly with ongoing DNA replication. Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Crystal Structures and Thermal Properties of Two Transition-Metal Compounds {[Ni(DNI)2(H2O)3][Ni(DNI)2 (H2O)4]}·6H2O and Pb(DNI)2(H2O)4 (DNI = 2,4-Dinitroimidazolate)

PubMed Central

Zhang, Guo-Fang; Cai, Mei-Yu; Jing, Ping; He, Chong; Li, Ping; Zhao, Feng-Qi; Li, Ji-Zhen; Fan, Xue-Zhong; Ng, Seik Weng

2010-01-01

Two transition-metal compounds derived from 2,4-dinitroimidazole, {[Ni(DNI)2(H2O)3][Ni(DNI)2 (H2O)4]}·6H2O, 1, and Pb(DNI)2(H2O)4, 2, were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, TG-DSC and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis. Crystal data for 1: monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 26.826(3), b = 7.7199(10), c = 18.579(2) Å, β = 111.241(2)° and Z = 4; 2: monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 6.5347(6), b = 17.1727(17), c = 14.1011(14) Å, β = 97.7248(10) and Z = 4. Compound 1 contains two isolated nickel centers in its structure, one being six-coordinate and another five-coordinate. The structure of 2 contains a lead (II) center surrounded by two chelating DNI ligands and four water molecules in distorted square-antiprism geometry. The abundant hydrogen bonds in two compounds link the molecules into three-dimensional network and stabilize the molecules. The TG-DSC analysis reveals that the first step is the loss of water molecules and the final residue is the corresponding metal oxides and carbon. PMID:20526419

Collision-induced dissociation of [4Fe-4S] cubane cluster complexes: [Fe4S4Cl4 - x(SC2H5)x]2-/1- (x = 0-4)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, You-Jun; Laskin, Julia; Wang, Lai-Sheng

2006-09-01

Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments on a series of [4Fe-4S] cluster ions, [Fe4S4Cl4 - x(SC2H5)x]2-/1- (x = 0-4), revealed that their fragmentation channels change with the coordination environment. Among the three Coulomb repulsion related channels for the doubly charged species, the collision induced electron detachment channel was found to become more significant from x = 0 to 4 due to the decreasing electron binding energies and the magnitude of repulsion Coulomb barrier, while both the ligand detachment of Cl- and the fission of the [Fe4S4]2+ core became more and more significant with the increase of the Cl- coordination, and eventually became the dominant channel at x = 0. From the parents containing the SC2H5 ligand, neutral losses of HSC2H5 (62 u) and/or HSCHCH2 (60 u) were observed. It was proposed that inter- and intra-ligand proton transfer could happen during the CID process, resulting in hydrogen coordination to the [4Fe-4S] cluster. In the presence of O2, [Fe4S4Cl3(SC2H5)]2- and [Fe4S4Cl4]2- can form the O2-substituted products [Fe4S4Cl2(SC2H5)O2]- and [Fe4S4Cl3O2]-, respectively. It was shown that the O2 complexation occurs by coordination to the empty iron site of the [4Fe-4S] cubane core after dissociation of one Cl- ligand.

7 CFR 8.9 - Use in 4-H fund raising.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Office of the Secretary of Agriculture 4-H CLUB NAME AND EMBLEM § 8.9 Use in 4-H fund raising. (a) Fund... fund-raising programs and use of the 4-H name and emblem on, or associated with, products, and services...) Approval of the County Cooperative Extension Service, or the appropriate land-grant institution, if the...

7 CFR 8.9 - Use in 4-H fund raising.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Office of the Secretary of Agriculture 4-H CLUB NAME AND EMBLEM § 8.9 Use in 4-H fund raising. (a) Fund... fund-raising programs and use of the 4-H name and emblem on, or associated with, products, and services...) Approval of the County Cooperative Extension Service, or the appropriate land-grant institution, if the...

7 CFR 8.9 - Use in 4-H fund raising.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Office of the Secretary of Agriculture 4-H CLUB NAME AND EMBLEM § 8.9 Use in 4-H fund raising. (a) Fund... fund-raising programs and use of the 4-H name and emblem on, or associated with, products, and services...) Approval of the County Cooperative Extension Service, or the appropriate land-grant institution, if the...

7 CFR 8.9 - Use in 4-H fund raising.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Office of the Secretary of Agriculture 4-H CLUB NAME AND EMBLEM § 8.9 Use in 4-H fund raising. (a) Fund... fund-raising programs and use of the 4-H name and emblem on, or associated with, products, and services...) Approval of the County Cooperative Extension Service, or the appropriate land-grant institution, if the...

7 CFR 8.9 - Use in 4-H fund raising.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Office of the Secretary of Agriculture 4-H CLUB NAME AND EMBLEM § 8.9 Use in 4-H fund raising. (a) Fund... fund-raising programs and use of the 4-H name and emblem on, or associated with, products, and services...) Approval of the County Cooperative Extension Service, or the appropriate land-grant institution, if the...

The 4-H Club Meeting: An Essential Youth Development Strategy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cassels, Alicia; Post, Liz; Nestor, Patrick I.

2015-01-01

The club meeting has served as a key delivery method for 4-H programming across the United States throughout its history. A survey of WV 4-H community club members reinforces the body of evidence that the 4-H club meeting is an effective vehicle for delivering positive youth learning opportunities within the umbrella of the Essential Elements of…

Hydrazinium lanthanide oxalates: synthesis, structure and thermal reactivity of N2H5[Ln2(C2O4)4(N2H5)]·4H2O, Ln = Ce, Nd.

PubMed

De Almeida, Lucie; Grandjean, Stéphane; Rivenet, Murielle; Patisson, Fabrice; Abraham, Francis

2014-03-28

New hydrazinium lanthanide oxalates N2H5[Ln2(C2O4)4(N2H5)]·4H2O, Ln = Ce (Ce-HyOx) and Nd (Nd-HyOx), were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction at 150 °C between lanthanide nitrate, oxalic acid and hydrazine solutions. The structure of the Nd compound was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, space group P2₁/c with a = 16.315(4), b = 12.127(3), c = 11.430(2) Å, β = 116.638(4)°, V = 2021.4(7) Å(3), Z = 4, and R1 = 0.0313 for 4231 independent reflections. Two distinct neodymium polyhedra are formed, NdO9 and NdO8N, an oxygen of one monodentate oxalate in the former being replaced by a nitrogen atom of a coordinated hydrazinium ion in the latter. The infrared absorption band at 1005 cm(-1) confirms the coordination of N2H5(+) to the metal. These polyhedra are connected through μ2 and μ3 oxalate ions to form an anionic three-dimensional neodymium-oxalate arrangement. A non-coordinated charge-compensating hydrazinium ion occupies, with water molecules, the resulting tunnels. The N-N stretching frequencies of the infrared spectra demonstrate the existence of the two types of hydrazine ions. Thermal reactivity of these hydrazinium oxalates and of the mixed isotypic Ce/Nd (CeNd-HyOx) oxalate were studied by using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses coupled with gas analyzers, and high temperature X-ray diffraction. Under air, fine particles of CeO2 and Ce(0.5)Nd(0.5)O(1.75) are formed at low temperature from Ce-HyOx and CeNd-HyOx, respectively, thanks to a decomposition/oxidation process. Under argon flow, dioxymonocyanamides Ln2O2CN2 are formed.

High-level ab initio predictions for the ionization energies and heats of formation of five-membered-ring molecules: thiophene, furan, pyrrole, 1,3-cyclopentadiene, and borole, C4H4X/C4H4X+ (X = S, O, NH, CH2, and BH).

PubMed

Lo, Po-Kam; Lau, Kai-Chung

2011-02-10

The ionization energies (IEs) and heats of formation (ΔH°(f0)/ΔH°(f298)) for thiophene (C(4)H(4)S), furan (C(4)H(4)O), pyrrole (C(4)H(4)NH), 1,3-cyclopentadiene (C(4)H(4)CH(2)), and borole (C(4)H(4)BH) have been calculated by the wave function-based ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS approach, which involves the approximation to the complete basis set (CBS) limit at the coupled-cluster level with single and double excitations plus a quasi-perturbative triple excitation [CCSD(T)]. Where appropriate, the zero-point vibrational energy correction (ZPVE), the core-valence electronic correction (CV), and the scalar relativistic effect (SR) are included in these calculations. The respective CCSD(T)/CBS predictions for C(4)H(4)S, C(4)H(4)O, C(4)H(4)NH, and C(4)H(4)CH(2), being 8.888, 8.897, 8.222, and 8.582 eV, are in excellent agreement with the experimental values obtained from previous photoelectron and photoion measurements. The ΔH°(f0)/ΔH°(f298) values for the aforementioned molecules and their corresponding cations have also been predicted by the CCSD(T)/CBS method, and the results are compared with the available experimental data. The comparisons between the CCSD(T)/CBS predictions and the experimental values for C(4)H(4)S, C(4)H(4)O, C(4)H(4)NH, and C(4)H(4)CH(2) suggest that the CCSD(T)/CBS procedure is capable of predicting reliable IE values for five-membered-ring molecules with an uncertainty of ±13 meV. In view of the excellent agreements between the CCSD(T)/CBS predictions and the experimental values for C(4)H(4)S, C(4)H(4)O, C(4)H(4)NH, and C(4)H(4)CH(2), the similar CCSD(T)/CBS IE and ΔH°(f0)/ΔH°(f298) predictions for C(4)H(4)BH, whose thermochemical data are not readily available due to its reactive nature, should constitute a reliable data set. The CCSD(T)/CBS IE(C(4)H(4)BH) value is 8.868 eV, and ΔH°(f0)/ΔH°(f298) values for C(4)H(4)BH and C(4)H(4)BH(+) are 269.5/258.6 and 1125.1/1114.6 kJ/mol, respectively. The highest occupied molecular orbitals

The reaction H + C4H2 - Absolute rate constant measurement and implication for atmospheric modeling of Titan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nava, D. F.; Mitchell, M. B.; Stief, L. J.

1986-01-01

The absolute rate constant for the reaction H + C4H2 has been measured over the temperature (T) interval 210-423 K, using the technique of flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence. At each of the five temperatures employed, the results were independent of variations in C4H2 concentration, total pressure of Ar or N2, and flash intensity (i.e., the initial H concentration). The rate constant, k, was found to be equal to 1.39 x 10 to the -10th exp (-1184/T) cu cm/s, with an error of one standard deviation. The Arrhenius parameters at the high pressure limit determined here for the H + C4H2 reaction are consistent with those for the corresponding reactions of H with C2H2 and C3H4. Implications of the kinetic carbon chemistry results, particularly those at low temperature, are considered for models of the atmospheric carbon chemistry of Titan. The rate of this reaction, relative to that of the analogous, but slower, reaction of H + C2H2, appears to make H + C4H2 a very feasible reaction pathway for effective conversion of H atoms to molecular hydrogen in the stratosphere of Titan.

[Immunogenicity of chimeric gene vaccine Mtb8.4/hIL12].

PubMed

Li, Hui; Li, Rong; Zhong, Sen; Luo, Yue-bei; Ren, Hong; Deng, Cun-liang

2006-09-01

To construct chimeric gene vaccine Mtb8.4/hIL-12, express it in COS-7 cells and study its immunogenicity. Chimeric gene Mtb8.4/hIL-12 was amplified by PCR and cloned into the eukaryotic vector pCI-neo to construct the recombinant plasmid pCI-neo-Mtb8.4/hIL12. After the recombinant plasmid was identified by restriction enzyme digestion analysis, PCR and DNA sequencing, COS-7 cells were transfected with pCI-neo-Mtb8.4/hIL12 through cationic liposome. 48 hours later, the expression of mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and the level of hIL-12 in culture supernatant and cell lysates were detected by Western blot. C57BL/6N mice were vaccinated with chimeric gene vaccine Mtb8.4/hIL-12 three times at the interval of 3 weeks each time. Four weeks after the final inoculation, three mice were sacrificed to assess the cytotoxicity of CTLs and response to cytokine. The recombinant plasmid pCI-neo-Mtb8.4/hIL12 was constructed successfully. After COS-7 cells were transfected with pCI-neo-Mtb8.4/hIL12, chimeric gene Mtb8.4/hIL12 was expressed in COS-7 cells. The chimeric gene vaccine could induce strong antigen-specific immune response. With the increase of IFN-gamma and IL-2 secretion and the decrease of IL-4 secretion, the cytotoxicity of specific CTLs was heightened. Recombinant plasmid pCI-neo-Mtb8.4/hIL12 has been successfully constructed and expressed in COS-7 cells. The constructed chimeric gene vaccine Mtb8.4/hIL12 is of strong immunogenicity and can obviously induce the cytotoxicity of CTLs.

Polarographic study of cadmium 5-hydroxy 2-(hydroxymethyl) 4H-pyran-4-one complex

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Ray F.; Daniels, Robert C.

1989-01-01

A polarographic study was performed on the products formed in the interaction of cadmium (II) with a 5-hydroxy 2-(hydroxymethyl) 4H-Pyran-4-one, using varying conditions of pH, supporting electrolytes, and concentrations. Measurements using the differential pulse method show that cadmium (II) exhibits a molar combining ratio of complexing agents to cation ranging from 1 to 1 to 3 to 1 depending on the pH and the supporting electrolyte employed.

Expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in a tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-deficient cell line: H4B promotes assembly of enzyme subunits into an active dimer.

PubMed Central

Tzeng, E; Billiar, T R; Robbins, P D; Loftus, M; Stuehr, D J

1995-01-01

Murine inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) is catalytically active only in dimeric form. Assembly of its purified subunits into a dimer requires H4B. To understand the structure-activity relationships of human iNOS, we constitutively expressed recombinant human iNOS in NIH 3T3 cells by using a retroviral vector. These cells are deficient in de novo H4B biosynthesis and the role of H4B in the expression and assembly of active iNOS in an intact cell system could be studied. In the absence of added H4B, NO synthesis by the cells was minimal, whereas cells grown with supplemental H4B or the H4B precursor sepiapterin generated NO (74.1 and 63.3 nmol of nitrite per 10(6) cells per 24 h, respectively). NO synthesis correlated with an increase in intracellular H4B but no increase in iNOS protein. Instead, an increased percentage of dimeric iNOS was observed, rising from 20% in cytosols from unsupplemented cells to 66% in H4B-supplemented cell cytosols. In all cases, only dimeric iNOS displayed catalytic activity. Cytosols prepared from H4B-deficient cells exhibited little iNOS activity but acquired activity during a 60- to 120-min incubation with H4B, reaching final activities of 60-72 pmol of citrulline per mg of protein per min. Reconstitution of cytosolic NO synthesis activity was associated with conversion of monomers into dimeric iNOS during the incubation. Thus, human iNOS subunits dimerize to form an active enzyme, and H4B plays a critical role in promoting dimerization in intact cells. This reveals a post-translational mechanism by which intracellular H4B can regulate iNOS expression. Images Fig. 1 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 PMID:8524846

Spectral Analysis of 3-(Adamantan-1-yl)-4-Ethyl-1-[(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl) Methyl]-1 H-1,2,4-Triazole-5(4 H)-Thione

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mindarava, Y. L.; Shundalau, M. B.; Al-Wahaibi, L. H.; El-Emam, A. A.; Matsukovich, A. S.; Gaponenko, S. V.

2018-05-01

Vibrational IR (3200-650 cm-1) and Raman spectra (3200-150 cm-1) of adamantane-containing 3-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-ethyl-1-[(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione, which is promising for drug design, were examined. The UV/Vis spectrum (450-200 nm) of the compound in EtOH was measured. Full geometry optimization using density functional theory (DFT) in the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ approximation allowed the equilibrium configuration of the molecule to be determined and IR and Raman spectra to be calculated. Based on these, the experimental vibrational IR and Raman spectra were interpreted and the biological activity indices were predicted. The UV/Vis spectrum of the title compound was simulated at the time-dependent DFT/CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level with and without solvent effects and at the ab initio multi-reference perturbation theory XMCQDPT2 level. The UV/Vis spectrum that was simulated using the multi-reference XMCQDPT2 approximation agreed very successfully with the experimental data, in contrast to the single-reference DFT method. This was probably a consequence of intramolecular charge transfer.

Spectral Analysis of 3-(Adamantan-1-yl)-4-Ethyl-1-[(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl) Methyl]-1H-1,2,4-Triazole-5(4H)-Thione

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mindarava, Y. L.; Shundalau, M. B.; Al-Wahaibi, L. H.; El-Emam, A. A.; Matsukovich, A. S.; Gaponenko, S. V.

2018-05-01

Vibrational IR (3200-650 cm-1) and Raman spectra (3200-150 cm-1) of adamantane-containing 3-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-ethyl-1-[(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione, which is promising for drug design, were examined. The UV/Vis spectrum (450-200 nm) of the compound in EtOH was measured. Full geometry optimization using density functional theory (DFT) in the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ approximation allowed the equilibrium configuration of the molecule to be determined and IR and Raman spectra to be calculated. Based on these, the experimental vibrational IR and Raman spectra were interpreted and the biological activity indices were predicted. The UV/Vis spectrum of the title compound was simulated at the time-dependent DFT/CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level with and without solvent effects and at the ab initio multi-reference perturbation theory XMCQDPT2 level. The UV/Vis spectrum that was simulated using the multi-reference XMCQDPT2 approximation agreed very successfully with the experimental data, in contrast to the single-reference DFT method. This was probably a consequence of intramolecular charge transfer.

Visible and near-infrared Ge-H vibrational overtones in GeH/sub 4/

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bernheim, R.A.; Allbee, D.C.; Lampe, F.W.

1988-04-07

Absorption spectra in the 11,000-18,000-cm/sup -1/ range have been recorded for gaseous GeH/sub 4/ by intracavity photoacoustic detection with CW dye lasers. The observed transitions correspond to ..delta..v = 6-9 overtones of the Ge-H local mode stretch and show band contours arising from rotational structure at sample pressures of 1 atm. The local mode Ge-H stretch can be characterized by omega/sub e/ = 2178.3 +- 0.3 cm/sup -1/ and omega/sub e/chi/sub e/ = 33.7 +- 0.1 cm/sup -1/. In addition, the ..delta..v = 5-8 + v/sub 4/ combinations were observed. Evidence for chemical reaction induced by the ..delta..v = 9more » excitation is also found.« less

QM/MM Investigation of Substrate and Product Specificities of Suv4-20h2: How Does This Enzyme Generate Dimethylated H4K20 from Monomethylated Substrate?

PubMed

Qian, Ping; Guo, Haobo; Wang, Liang; Guo, Hong

2017-06-13

Protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) catalyze the methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. In contrast to many other PKMTs for which unmodified lysine is the methylation target, the enzymes in the Suv4-20 family are able to generate dimethylated product (H4K20me2) based exclusively on the monomethylated H4K20 substrate (H4K20me1). The origin of such substrate/product specificity is still not clear. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) and free energy (potential of mean force) simulations are undertaken using quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) potentials to understand the substrate/product specificities of Suv4-20h2, a member of the Suv4-20 family. The free energy barriers for mono-, di-, and trimethylation in Suv4-20h2 obtained from the simulations are found to be well correlated with the specificities observed experimentally with the allowed dimethylation based on the H4K20me1 substrate and prohibited monomethylation and trimethylation based on H4K20 and H4K20me2, respectively. It is demonstrated that the reason for the relatively efficient dimethylation is an effective transition state (TS) stabilization through strengthening the CH···O interactions as well as the presence of a cation-π interaction at the transition state. The simulations also show that the failures of Suv4-20h2 to catalyze monomethylation and trimethylation are due, respectively, to a less effective TS stabilization and inability of the reactant complex containing H4K20me2 to adopt a reactive (near attack) configuration for methyl transfer. The results suggest that care must be exercised in the prediction of the substrate specificity based only on the existence of near attack configurations in substrate complexes.

Nqrs Data for H4I3Li2NO9 [H4INO3·2(ILiO3)] (Subst. No. 2278)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chihara, H.; Nakamura, N.

This document is part of Subvolume B 'Substances Containing C10H16 … Zn' of Volume 48 'Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy Data' of Landolt-Börnstein - Group III 'Condensed Matter'. It contains an extract of Section '3.2 Data tables' of the Chapter '3 Nuclear quadrupole resonance data' providing the NQRS data for H4I3Li2NO9 [H4INO3·2(ILiO3)] (Subst. No. 2278)

Crystal structure of 4,5-dinitro-1 H-imidazole

DOE PAGES

Windler, G. Kenneth; Scott, Brian L.; Tomson, Neil C.; ...

2015-01-01

Here, the title compound, C 3H 2N 4O 4, forms crystals with two molecules in the asymmetric unit which are conformationally similar. With the exception of the O atoms of the nitro groups, the molecules are essentially planar. In the crystal, adjacent molecules are associated by N—H...N hydrogen bonds involving the imidazole N—H donors and N-atom acceptors of the unsaturated nitrogen of neighboring rings, forming layers parallel to (010).

Investigations of 3C-SiC inclusions in 4H-SiC epilayers on 4H-SiC single crystal substrates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Si, W.; Dudley, M.; Kong, H.S.

1997-03-01

Synchrotron white beam x-ray topography (SWBXT) and Nomarski optical microscopy (NOM) have been used to characterize 4H-SiC epilayers and to study the character of triangular inclusions therein. 4H-SiC substrates misoriented by a range of angles from (0001), as well as (1 1{bar 0}0) and (11 2{bar 0}) oriented substrates were used. No evidence was found for the nucleation of 3C-SiC inclusions at superscrew dislocations (along the [0001] axis) in the 4H-SiC substrates. Increasing the off-axis angle of the substrates from 3.5 to 6.5{degree} was found to greatly suppress the formation of the triangular inclusions. In the case of substrates misorientedmore » by 8.0{degree} from (0001) toward [112{bar 0}], the triangular inclusions were virtually eliminated. The crystalline quality of 4H-SiC epilayers grown on the substrates misoriented by 8.0{degree} from (0001) was very good. For the (11{bar 0}0) and (112{bar 0}) samples, there is no indication of 3C-SiC inclusions in the epilayers. Possible formation mechanisms and the morphology of 3C-SiC inclusions are discussed. 17 refs., 13 figs.« less

Sequential Application of Ligand and Structure Based Modeling Approaches to Index Chemicals for Their hH4R Antagonism

PubMed Central

Basile, Livia; Milardi, Danilo; Zeidan, Mouhammed; Raiyn, Jamal; Guccione, Salvatore; Rayan, Anwar

2014-01-01

The human histamine H4 receptor (hH4R), a member of the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) family, is an increasingly attractive drug target. It plays a key role in many cell pathways and many hH4R ligands are studied for the treatment of several inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune disorders, as well as for analgesic activity. Due to the challenging difficulties in the experimental elucidation of hH4R structure, virtual screening campaigns are normally run on homology based models. However, a wealth of information about the chemical properties of GPCR ligands has also accumulated over the last few years and an appropriate combination of these ligand-based knowledge with structure-based molecular modeling studies emerges as a promising strategy for computer-assisted drug design. Here, two chemoinformatics techniques, the Intelligent Learning Engine (ILE) and Iterative Stochastic Elimination (ISE) approach, were used to index chemicals for their hH4R bioactivity. An application of the prediction model on external test set composed of more than 160 hH4R antagonists picked from the chEMBL database gave enrichment factor of 16.4. A virtual high throughput screening on ZINC database was carried out, picking ∼4000 chemicals highly indexed as H4R antagonists' candidates. Next, a series of 3D models of hH4R were generated by molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations performed in fully atomistic lipid membranes. The efficacy of the hH4R 3D models in discrimination between actives and non-actives were checked and the 3D model with the best performance was chosen for further docking studies performed on the focused library. The output of these docking studies was a consensus library of 11 highly active scored drug candidates. Our findings suggest that a sequential combination of ligand-based chemoinformatics approaches with structure-based ones has the potential to improve the success rate in discovering new biologically active GPCR drugs and increase the

Sequential application of ligand and structure based modeling approaches to index chemicals for their hH4R antagonism.

PubMed

Pappalardo, Matteo; Shachaf, Nir; Basile, Livia; Milardi, Danilo; Zeidan, Mouhammed; Raiyn, Jamal; Guccione, Salvatore; Rayan, Anwar

2014-01-01

The human histamine H4 receptor (hH4R), a member of the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) family, is an increasingly attractive drug target. It plays a key role in many cell pathways and many hH4R ligands are studied for the treatment of several inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune disorders, as well as for analgesic activity. Due to the challenging difficulties in the experimental elucidation of hH4R structure, virtual screening campaigns are normally run on homology based models. However, a wealth of information about the chemical properties of GPCR ligands has also accumulated over the last few years and an appropriate combination of these ligand-based knowledge with structure-based molecular modeling studies emerges as a promising strategy for computer-assisted drug design. Here, two chemoinformatics techniques, the Intelligent Learning Engine (ILE) and Iterative Stochastic Elimination (ISE) approach, were used to index chemicals for their hH4R bioactivity. An application of the prediction model on external test set composed of more than 160 hH4R antagonists picked from the chEMBL database gave enrichment factor of 16.4. A virtual high throughput screening on ZINC database was carried out, picking ∼ 4000 chemicals highly indexed as H4R antagonists' candidates. Next, a series of 3D models of hH4R were generated by molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations performed in fully atomistic lipid membranes. The efficacy of the hH4R 3D models in discrimination between actives and non-actives were checked and the 3D model with the best performance was chosen for further docking studies performed on the focused library. The output of these docking studies was a consensus library of 11 highly active scored drug candidates. Our findings suggest that a sequential combination of ligand-based chemoinformatics approaches with structure-based ones has the potential to improve the success rate in discovering new biologically active GPCR drugs and increase the

Water Worlds. 4-H Member's Guide M-5-18; 4-H Leaders Guide L-5-18.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawkes, Janet E.; And Others

This pocket folder of materials is designed to provide children aged 9 to 12 with an opportunity to explore and observe aquatic environments. The package includes a 4-H Leader's guide, member's guide, and supplementary materials. The leader's guide contains safety considerations, tips and techniques, and additional activities for getting started…

Configurations, band structures and photocurrent responses of 4-(4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)phthalic acid and its metal-organic frameworks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yan, Xingxiu; Qiu, Xiandeng; Yan, Zhishuo

2016-05-15

4-(4-oxopyridin-1(4 H)-yl)phthalic acid (H{sub 2}L) and three H{sub 2}L-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) formulated as ZnL(DPE)(H{sub 2}O)·H{sub 2}O (DPE=(E)-1, 2-di(pyridine −4-yl)ethene) (1), CdL(H{sub 2}O){sub 2} (2) and CdL (3) were synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The free H{sub 2}L ligand shows an enol-form and the L{sup 2−} ligand in the three MOFs exists as the keto-form. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate H{sub 2}L and the three MOFs possess different band structures. Due to the existence of the N-donor, DPE in MOF 1, the conduction band (CB) minimum and band gap of MOF 1 are much lower thanmore » those of H{sub 2}L. And MOF 1 yielded much larger photocurrent density than H{sub 2}L upon visible light illumination. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows the interfacial charge transfer impedance in the presence of MOF 1 is lower than that in the presence of H{sub 2}L. The hydrous MOF 2 and the anhydrous MOF 3 are both constructed by Cd(II) and L{sup 2−}, and they can be reversibly transformed to each other. However, MOFs 2 and 3 possess different CB minimums and VB maximums, and their band gaps are much larger than that of MOF 1. - Graphical abstract: The free ligand, 4-(4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)phthalic acid (H{sub 2}L) shows different configuration from its three MOFs, and they possess different band structures. MOF 1 yielded much larger visible-light-driven photocurrent density than H{sub 2}L. The hydrous MOF 2 and the anhydrous MOF 3 can be transformed to each other, and they have larger band gaps than MOF 1.« less

Aluminum acceptor four particle bound exciton complex in 4H, 6H, and 3C SiC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clemen, L. L.; Devaty, R. P.; Macmillan, M. F.; Yoganathan, M.; Choyke, W. J.; Larkin, D. J.; Powell, J. A.; Edmond, J. A.; Kong, H. S.

1993-01-01

Evidence is presented for a four particle acceptor complex in 3C, 6H, and 4H SiC, obtained in low-temperature photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence experiments. The new lines were observed in p-type films lightly doped with aluminum, of 6H, 4H, and 3C SiC grown on the silicon (0001) face of 6H SiC under special conditions. The lines increase in intensity as more aluminum is added during growth. The multiplicity of observed lines is consistent with symmetry-based models similar to those which have been proposed to describe 4A centers in p-type zincblende semiconductors.

Novel H5 clade 2.3.4.4 reassortant (H5N1) virus from a green-winged teal in Washington, USA.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kim Torchetti, Mia; Killian, Mary-Lea; Dusek, Robert J.; Pedersen, Janice C.; Hines, Nichole; Bodenstein, Barbara L.; White, C. LeAnn; Ip, Hon S.

2015-01-01

Eurasian (EA)-origin H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza viruses were first detected in North America during December 2014. Subsequent reassortment with North American (AM) low-pathogenic wild-bird-origin avian influenza has generated at least two reassortants, including an EA/AM H5N1 from an apparently healthy wild green-winged teal, suggesting continued ongoing reassortment.

Pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7(1H,6H)-dione derivatives as novel small molecule chaperone amplifiers.

PubMed

Zhou, Yuefen; Wei, Linyi; Brady, Thomas P; Murali Mohan Redddy, P S; Nguyen, Tram; Chen, Jinhua; Au, Qingyan; Yoon, Il Sang; Yip, Gary; Zhang, Bin; Barber, Jack R; Ng, Shi Chung

2009-08-01

Pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7(1H,6H)-dione derivatives were investigated as novel small molecule amplifiers of heat shock factor 1 transcriptional activity. Lead optimization led to the discovery of compound 4A-13, which displayed potent HSF1 activity under mild heat stress (EC(50)=2.5microM) and significant cytoprotection in both rotenone (EC(50)=0.23microM) and oxygen-glucose deprivation cell toxicity models (80% protection at 2.5microM).

B7-H4 as a Target for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. CEM, Karpas 299, and TLBR -1, cell lines derived from acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, large cell anaplastic...Accomplishments  Generation of human B7-H4-Fc fusion protein (antigen).  Discovery of a B7-H4 receptor on CEM, Karpas 299, and TLBR -1 cell lines...CEM Karpas 299 TLBR -1 Jurkat B7-H4R Figure 3. B7-H4 binding to human T-cell lymphoma cell lines. Red

Substituted 3-((Z)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) vinyl)-4H-chromen-4-ones as novel anti-MRSA agents: synthesis, SAR, and in-vitro assessment.

PubMed

Diwakar, Santosh D; Bhagwat, Sachin S; Shingare, Murlidhar S; Gill, Charansing H

2008-08-15

In search for a new antibacterial agent with improved antimicrobial spectrum and potency, we designed and synthesized a series of novel 3-((Z)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) vinyl)-4H-chromen-4-ones 7a-h by convergent synthesis approach. All the synthesized compounds were assayed for their in-vitro antibacterial activities against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The preliminary structure-activity relationship, to elucidate the essential structure requirements for the antimicrobial activity that results into anti-MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) potential, has been described. Amongst the synthesized compounds 7d, 7e, 7f and 7h were found to possess activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus in addition to the activity against other bacterial strains such as E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, and E. coli.

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and enzymatic activity of 4b,9b-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-4bH-indeno[1,2-b]benzofuran-9,10(6H,9bH)-dione

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mehdi, Sayed Hasan; Hashim, Rokiah; Ghalib, Raza Murad; Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, M.; Sulaiman, Othman; Rahman, Syed Ziaur; Murugaiyah, Vikneswaran; Marimuthu, Mani Maran

2011-12-01

The crystal structure of the title compound, 4b,9b-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-4bH-indeno[1,2-b]benzofuran-9,10(6H,9bH)-dione has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1/c with Z = 4. The FTIR as well as the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the compound were also recorded and briefly discussed. The compound showed potential antimicrobial activity comparable to that of clinically used antimicrobial agents against selected microorganisms. It has selective and moderate inhibitory activity on butyryl cholinesterase enzyme and could serve as potential lead compound for synthesis of more bioactive derivatives.

32 CFR 286h.4 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM RELEASE OF ACQUISITION-RELATED INFORMATION § 286h.4 Responsibilities. (a) The Under... the release of acquisition-related information. (b) The Under Secretary of Defense (Policy), Assistant Secretary of Defense (Program Analysis and Evaluation) and Comptroller, DoD are responsible for adjudicating...

32 CFR 286h.4 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM RELEASE OF ACQUISITION-RELATED INFORMATION § 286h.4 Responsibilities. (a) The Under... the release of acquisition-related information. (b) The Under Secretary of Defense (Policy), Assistant Secretary of Defense (Program Analysis and Evaluation) and Comptroller, DoD are responsible for adjudicating...

32 CFR 286h.4 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM RELEASE OF ACQUISITION-RELATED INFORMATION § 286h.4 Responsibilities. (a) The Under... the release of acquisition-related information. (b) The Under Secretary of Defense (Policy), Assistant Secretary of Defense (Program Analysis and Evaluation) and Comptroller, DoD are responsible for adjudicating...

32 CFR 286h.4 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... INFORMATION ACT PROGRAM RELEASE OF ACQUISITION-RELATED INFORMATION § 286h.4 Responsibilities. (a) The Under... the release of acquisition-related information. (b) The Under Secretary of Defense (Policy), Assistant Secretary of Defense (Program Analysis and Evaluation) and Comptroller, DoD are responsible for adjudicating...

Air-broadened Lorentz halfwidths and pressure-induced line shifts in the nu(4) band of C-13H4

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Devi, V. Malathy; Benner, D. Chris; Rinsland, Curtis P.; Smith, Mary Ann H.

1988-01-01

Air-broadened halfwidths and pressure-induced line shifts in the nu(4) fundamental of C-13H4 were determined from spectra recorded at room temperature and at 0.01/cm resolution using a Fourier transform spectrometer. Halfwidths and pressure shifts were determined for over 180 transitions belonging to J-double prime values of less than or = to 16. Comparisons of air-broadened halfwidths and pressure-induced line shifts made for identical transitions in the nu(4) bands of C-12H4 and C-13H4 have shown that C-13H4 air-broadened halfwidths are about 5 percent smaller than the corresponding C-12H4 halfwidths, and the pressure shifts for C-13H4 lines are about 5-15 percent larger than those for C-12H4.

Reductive Elimination of H2 Activates Nitrogenase to Reduce the N≡N Triple Bond: Characterization of the E4(4H) Janus Intermediate in Wild-Type Enzyme.

PubMed

Lukoyanov, Dmitriy; Khadka, Nimesh; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Dean, Dennis R; Seefeldt, Lance C; Hoffman, Brian M

2016-08-24

We proposed a reductive elimination/oxidative addition (re/oa) mechanism for reduction of N2 to 2NH3 by nitrogenase, based on identification of a freeze-trapped intermediate of the α-70(Val→Ile) MoFe protein as the Janus intermediate that stores four reducing equivalents on FeMo-co as two [Fe-H-Fe] bridging hydrides (denoted E4(4H)). The mechanism postulates that obligatory re of the hydrides as H2 drives reduction of N2 to a state (denoted E4(2N2H)) with a moiety at the diazene (HN═NH) reduction level bound to the catalytic FeMo-co. EPR/ENDOR/photophysical measurements on wild type (WT) MoFe protein now establish this mechanism. They show that a state freeze-trapped during N2 reduction by WT MoFe is the same Janus intermediate, thereby establishing the α-70(Val→Ile) intermediate as a reliable guide to mechanism. Monitoring the Janus state in WT MoFe during N2 reduction under mixed-isotope condition, H2O buffer/D2, and the converse, establishes that the bridging hydrides/deuterides do not exchange with solvent during enzymatic turnover, thereby solving longstanding puzzles. Relaxation of E4(2N2H) to the WT resting-state is shown to occur via oa of H2 and release of N2 to form Janus, followed by sequential release of two H2, demonstrating the kinetic reversibility of the re/oa equilibrium. Relative populations of E4(2N2H)/E4(4H) freeze-trapped during WT turnover furthermore show that the reversible re/oa equilibrium between [E4(4H) + N2] and [E4(2N2H) + H2] is ∼ thermoneutral (ΔreG(0) ∼ -2 kcal/mol), whereas, by itself, hydrogenation of N2(g) is highly endergonic. These findings demonstrate that (i) re/oa accounts for the historical Key Constraints on mechanism, (ii) that Janus is central to N2 reduction by WT enzyme, which (iii) indeed occurs via the re/oa mechanism. Thus, emerges a picture of the central mechanistic steps by which nitrogenase carries out one of the most challenging chemical transformations in biology.

Twenty-first century learning after school: the case of 4-H.

PubMed

Kress, Cathann

2006-01-01

Founded in the early 1900s, the 4-H Youth Development program can serve as a model for out-of-school programs of the twenty-first century. The 4-H pledge, repeated by its members--over 7 million, ranging in age from five to twenty--articulates its core values: "I pledge: My head to clearer thinking, My heart to greater loyalty, My hands to larger service, and My health to better living for my club, my community, my country, and my world." The 4-H Development movement was created to provide opportunities for rural children, to help them become constructive adults. Through an emphasis on "learning by doing," 4-H teaches children the habits of lifelong learning. Historically, 4-H has tapped into university-level advancements, extending such knowledge to youth and thereby giving them early access to scientific discoveries and technological progress. Members apply this learning in their communities through hands-on projects crossing a wide-range of pertinent topics. Research shows that 4-H members are more successful in school than other children and develop a wide range of skills essential in the twenty-first century. Thus, the author makes the case that the foundation of 4-H is exceptionally relevant in today's complex world, perhaps even more so than a century ago. 4-H is a leader in youth development, making it a natural model for twenty-first century after-school programs. Expanding on the 4-H pledge, the author outlines the principles a successful youth development program would have: an emphasis on leadership skills, a feeling of connection and belonging, a forum for exploring career opportunities, and a component of meaningful community service.

Expanding Global Mindedness through a 4-H International Village

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seal, Susan D.; Peterson, Donna J.; Iwata, Chieko; Kobia, Caroline; Reddy, Raja

2017-01-01

With expanding global interdependence, it is vital that 4-H youths learn more about the ever-increasing diverse cultures in their own communities as well as expand their global mindedness and understanding of globalization. The 4-H International Village (a) offers a comfortable yet engaging avenue for youths to expand their knowledge of and…

Visible and near IR Si--H vibrational overtones in SiH/sub 4/

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bernheim, R.A.; Lampe, F.W.; O'Keefe, J.F.

1984-06-15

Absorption spectra in the 12 000 to 18 000 cm/sup -1/ range have been recorded for gaseous SiH/sub 4/ using intracavity photoacoustic detection with cw dye lasers. The observed transitions correspond to the ..delta..v = 6--9 overtones of the Si--H local mode stretch and show considerable rotational structure.

Visible and near IR Si-H vibrational overtones in SiH/sub 4/

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bernheim, R.A.; Lampe, F.W.; O'Keefe, J.F.

1985-01-01

Absorption spectra in the 12,000 to 18,000 cm/sup -1/ range have been recorded for gaseous SiH/sub 4/ using intracavity photoacoustic detection with cw dye lasers. The observed transitions correspond to the ..delta.. nu = 6-9 overtones of the Si-H local mode stretch and show considerable rotational structure.

North Central Region 4-H Volunteers: Documenting Their Contributions and Volunteer Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nippolt, Pamela Larson; Pleskac, Sue; Schwartz, Vicki; Swanson, Doug

2012-01-01

Documenting volunteer contributions strengthens Extension partnerships with volunteers. A team of North Central Region 4-H volunteer specialists collaborated to conduct a study of 4-H volunteer contributions and impacts related to working with youth within the 4-H program. Over three thousand (3,332) 4-H volunteers from throughout the 12-state…

Synthesis and antitumor screening of new 1,7-diphenyl-3-(1,3-disubstituted-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-ones.

PubMed

Shawali, Ahmad S; Sherif, Sherif M; Darwish, Manal A A; El-merzabani, Mahmoud M

2010-01-01

A new series of 3-(1,3-disubstituted-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl)-1,7-diphenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-ones 4 was prepared by reaction of the enaminone 2 with hydrazonoyl halides 3. The preliminary screening for antitumor activity of the synthesized compounds was carried out against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma tumor cells. The results revealed that the studied compounds 4 have low or no antitumor activity towards EAC tumor cells.

4H Leukodystrophy: A Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring System.

PubMed

Vrij-van den Bos, Suzanne; Hol, Janna A; La Piana, Roberta; Harting, Inga; Vanderver, Adeline; Barkhof, Frederik; Cayami, Ferdy; van Wieringen, Wessel N; Pouwels, Petra J W; van der Knaap, Marjo S; Bernard, Geneviève; Wolf, Nicole I

2017-06-01

4H (hypomyelination, hypodontia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) leukodystrophy (4H) is an autosomal recessive hypomyelinating white matter (WM) disorder with neurologic, dental, and endocrine abnormalities. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring system for 4H. A scoring system (0-54) was developed to quantify hypomyelination and atrophy of different brain regions. Pons diameter and bicaudate ratio were included as measures of cerebral and brainstem atrophy, and reference values were determined using controls. Five independent raters completed the scoring system in 40 brain MRI scans collected from 36 patients with genetically proven 4H. Interrater reliability (IRR) and correlations between MRI scores, age, gross motor function, gender, and mutated gene were assessed. IRR for total MRI severity was found to be excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.80-0.92) but varied between different items with some (e.g., myelination of the cerebellar WM) showing poor IRR. Atrophy increased with age in contrast to hypomyelination scores. MRI scores (global, hypomyelination, and atrophy scores) significantly correlated with clinical handicap ( p  < 0.01 for all three items) and differed between the different genotypes. Our 4H MRI scoring system reliably quantifies hypomyelination and atrophy in patients with 4H, and MRI scores reflect clinical disease severity. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Enhancer-associated H3K4 monomethylation by Trithorax-related, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian Mll3/Mll4.

PubMed

Herz, Hans-Martin; Mohan, Man; Garruss, Alexander S; Liang, Kaiwei; Takahashi, Yoh-Hei; Mickey, Kristen; Voets, Olaf; Verrijzer, C Peter; Shilatifard, Ali

2012-12-01

Monomethylation of histone H3 on Lys 4 (H3K4me1) and acetylation of histone H3 on Lys 27 (H3K27ac) are histone modifications that are highly enriched over the body of actively transcribed genes and on enhancers. Although in yeast all H3K4 methylation patterns, including H3K4me1, are implemented by Set1/COMPASS (complex of proteins associated with Set1), there are three classes of COMPASS-like complexes in Drosophila that could carry out H3K4me1 on enhancers: dSet1, Trithorax, and Trithorax-related (Trr). Here, we report that Trr, the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian Mll3/4 COMPASS-like complexes, can function as a major H3K4 monomethyltransferase on enhancers in vivo. Loss of Trr results in a global decrease of H3K4me1 and H3K27ac levels in various tissues. Assays with the cut wing margin enhancer implied a functional role for Trr in enhancer-mediated processes. A genome-wide analysis demonstrated that Trr is required to maintain the H3K4me1 and H3K27ac chromatin signature that resembles the histone modification patterns described for enhancers. Furthermore, studies in the mammalian system suggested a role for the Trr homolog Mll3 in similar processes. Since Trr and mammalian Mll3/4 complexes are distinguished by bearing a unique subunit, the H3K27 demethylase UTX, we propose a model in which the H3K4 monomethyltransferases Trr/Mll3/Mll4 and the H3K27 demethylase UTX cooperate to regulate the transition from inactive/poised to active enhancers.

Enhancer-associated H3K4 monomethylation by Trithorax-related, the Drosophila homolog of mammalian Mll3/Mll4

PubMed Central

Herz, Hans-Martin; Mohan, Man; Garruss, Alexander S.; Liang, Kaiwei; Takahashi, Yoh-hei; Mickey, Kristen; Voets, Olaf; Verrijzer, C. Peter; Shilatifard, Ali

2012-01-01

Monomethylation of histone H3 on Lys 4 (H3K4me1) and acetylation of histone H3 on Lys 27 (H3K27ac) are histone modifications that are highly enriched over the body of actively transcribed genes and on enhancers. Although in yeast all H3K4 methylation patterns, including H3K4me1, are implemented by Set1/COMPASS (complex of proteins associated with Set1), there are three classes of COMPASS-like complexes in Drosophila that could carry out H3K4me1 on enhancers: dSet1, Trithorax, and Trithorax-related (Trr). Here, we report that Trr, the Drosophila homolog of the mammalian Mll3/4 COMPASS-like complexes, can function as a major H3K4 monomethyltransferase on enhancers in vivo. Loss of Trr results in a global decrease of H3K4me1 and H3K27ac levels in various tissues. Assays with the cut wing margin enhancer implied a functional role for Trr in enhancer-mediated processes. A genome-wide analysis demonstrated that Trr is required to maintain the H3K4me1 and H3K27ac chromatin signature that resembles the histone modification patterns described for enhancers. Furthermore, studies in the mammalian system suggested a role for the Trr homolog Mll3 in similar processes. Since Trr and mammalian Mll3/4 complexes are distinguished by bearing a unique subunit, the H3K27 demethylase UTX, we propose a model in which the H3K4 monomethyltransferases Trr/Mll3/Mll4 and the H3K27 demethylase UTX cooperate to regulate the transition from inactive/poised to active enhancers. PMID:23166019

Multiple-Methods Needs Assessment of California 4-H Science Education Programming

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Worker, Steven M.; Schmitt-McQuitty, Lynn; Ambrose, Andrea; Brian, Kelley; Schoenfelder, Emily; Smith, Martin H.

2017-01-01

The California 4-H Science Leadership Team conducted a statewide assessment to evaluate the needs of county-based 4-H programs related to the key areas of the 4-H Science Initiative: program development and design, professional development, curricula, evaluation, partnerships, and fund development. The use of multiple qualitative data sources…

Examination of Attitude and Interest Measures for 4-H Science Evaluation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, Kendra M.; Worker, Steven M.

2015-01-01

Science education research has demonstrated the influence of affect on learning. The National 4-H Science Logic Model outlines outcomes from youth participation in 4-H science programs, which includes attitude and interest outcomes. The associated measure, the National 4-H Science Common Measure, assesses these attitude constructs and not other…

A New Parameterization of H2SO4/H2O Aerosol Composition: Atmospheric Implications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tabazadeh, Azadeh; Toon, Owen B.; Clegg, Simon L.; Hamill, Patrick

1997-01-01

Recent results from a thermodynamic model of aqueous sulfuric acid are used to derive a new parameterization for the variation of sulfuric acid aerosol composition with temperature and relative humidity. This formulation is valid for relative humidities above 1 % in the temperature range of 185 to 260 K. An expression for calculating the vapor pressure of supercooled liquid water, consistent with the sulfuric acid model, is also presented. We show that the Steele and Hamill [1981] formulation underestimates the water partial pressure over aqueous H2SOI solutions by up to 12% at low temperatures. This difference results in a corresponding underestimate of the H2SO4 concentration in the aerosol by about 6 % of the weight percent at approximately 190 K. In addition, the relation commonly used for estimating the vapor pressure of H2O over supercooled liquid water differs by up to 10 % from our derived expression. The combined error can result in a 20 % underestimation of water activity over a H2SO4 solution droplet in the stratosphere, which has implications for the parameterization of heterogeneous reaction rates in stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols. The influence of aerosol composition on the rate of homogeneous ice nucleation from a H2SO4 solution droplet is also discussed. This parameterization can also be used for homogeneous gas phase nucleation calculations of H2SO4 solution droplets under various environmental conditions such as in aircraft exhaust or in volcanic plumes.

Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4

PubMed Central

Lee, Dong-Hun; Bertran, Kateri; Kwon, Jung-Hoon

2017-01-01

Novel subtypes of Asian-origin (Goose/Guangdong lineage) H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4, such as H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8, have been identified in China since 2008 and have since evolved into four genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 groups (A–D). Since 2014, HPAI clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have spread rapidly via migratory wild aquatic birds and have evolved through reassortment with prevailing local low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Group A H5N8 viruses and its reassortant viruses caused outbreaks in wide geographic regions (Asia, Europe, and North America) during 2014–2015. Novel reassortant Group B H5N8 viruses caused outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and Africa during 2016–2017. Novel reassortant Group C H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in Korea and Japan during the 2016–2017 winter season. Group D H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in China and Vietnam. A wide range of avian species, including wild and domestic waterfowl, domestic poultry, and even zoo birds, seem to be permissive for infection by and/or transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Further, compared to previous H5N1 HPAI viruses, these reassortant viruses show altered pathogenicity in birds. In this review, we discuss the evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. PMID:28859267

(C6N2H16)[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2.2H2O: A new hybrid material based on sulfate templated by diprotonated trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamdi, N.; Ngopoh, F. A. I.; da Silva, I.; El Bali, B.; Lachkar, M.

2018-03-01

Employing trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) as template, the new hybrid sulphate (C6N2H16)[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2.2H2O was prepared in solution. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that it crystallizes in the monoclinic system (S.G.: P 21/n), with the following unit-cell parameters (Å,°): a = 6.2897(2), b = 12.3716(6), c = 13.1996(4), β = 98.091(3) V = 1016.89(7) Å3, Z = 4. Its 3D crystal structure is made upon isolated [Co(H2O)6] octahedra, regular [SO4] tetrahedra, protonated DACH and free H2O molecules, which interact through N-H···O and O-H···O hydrogen bonds. The Fourier transform infrared result exhibits bands corresponding to the vibrations of DACH, sulfate group and water molecules. The thermal decomposition of the phase consists mainly in the loss of the organic moiety and one sulfate group, leading thus to the formation of anhydrous cobalt sulfate.

YA4-H! Youth Advocates for Health: Impact of a 4-H Teens-as-Teachers Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arnold, Mary E.; Flesch, Jeffrey M.; Ashton, Carolyn; Black, Lynette; Brody, Barbara; Hosty, Maureen; Northway, Shanna

2016-01-01

This article reports the results of an evaluation of the YA4-H! Youth Advocates for Health--Teens as Teachers program. Consistent with previous research on the impact of teen teaching, the teens participating in the program gained confidence and skill with regard to teaching younger youths. The program also affected the teens' understanding that…

A Layered Solution Crystal Growth Technique and the Crystal Structure of (C 6H 5C 2H 4NH 3) 2PbCl 4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mitzi, D. B.

1999-07-01

Single crystals of the organic-inorganic perovskite (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbCl4 have been grown at room temperature using a layered solution approach. The bottom solution layer, contained within a long straight tube, consists of PbCl2 dissolved in concentrated aqueous HCl. A less dense layer of methanol is carefully placed on top of the HCl/PbCl2 solution using a syringe. Finally, a stoichiometric quantity of C6H5C2H4NH2 (relative to the PbCl2) is added to the top of the column. As the layers slowly diffuse together, well-formed crystals of (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbCl4 appear near the interface between the HCl/PbCl2 and C6H5C2H4NH2 solutions. The thick, plate-like crystals are well suited for X-ray crystallography studies. Room temperature intensity data were refined using a triclinic (Poverline1) cell (a=11.1463(3) Å, b=11.2181(3) Å, c=17.6966(5) Å, α= 99.173(1)°, β=104.634(1)°, γ=89.999(1)°, V=2111.8(1) Å3, Z=4, Rf/Rw=0.031/0.044). The organic-inorganic layered perovskite structure features well-ordered sheets of corner-sharing distorted PbCl6 octahedra separated by bilayers of phenethylammonium cations. Tilting and rotation of the PbCl6 octahedra within the perovskite sheets, coupled with organic cation ordering, leads to the unusual in-sheet 2ap×2ap superstructure, where ap is the lattice constant for the ideal cubic perovskite.

4H-and-NASA-Leadership-Followership

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-09

Lots of people like to be the leader, but leaders need a team to follow them. Understanding when to lead and when to follow, and the importance of both roles, is a critical skill for success. To learn more visit www.nasa.gov/education/4H.

26 CFR 31.3402(h)(4)-1 - Other methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Other methods. 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Section 31.3402... Collection of Income Tax at Source § 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Other methods. (a) Maximum permissible deviations. An employer may use any other method of withholding under which the employer will deduct and withhold upon...

26 CFR 31.3402(h)(4)-1 - Other methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Other methods. 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Section 31.3402... Collection of Income Tax at Source § 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Other methods. (a) Maximum permissible deviations. An employer may use any other method of withholding under which the employer will deduct and withhold upon...

26 CFR 31.3402(h)(4)-1 - Other methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Other methods. 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Section 31.3402... Collection of Income Tax at Source § 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Other methods. (a) Maximum permissible deviations. An employer may use any other method of withholding under which the employer will deduct and withhold upon...

26 CFR 31.3402(h)(4)-1 - Other methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Other methods. 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Section 31.3402... Collection of Income Tax at Source § 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Other methods. (a) Maximum permissible deviations. An employer may use any other method of withholding under which the employer will deduct and withhold upon...

26 CFR 31.3402(h)(4)-1 - Other methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 15 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Other methods. 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Section 31.3402... Collection of Income Tax at Source § 31.3402(h)(4)-1 Other methods. (a) Maximum permissible deviations. An employer may use any other method of withholding under which the employer will deduct and withhold upon...

Council of Presidents: A Multifaceted Idea for 4-H

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Torretta, Alayne

2015-01-01

Communication between 4-H professionals and the youth they work with is an important part of a successful 4-H program. By creating a Council of Presidents comprised of officers of all the clubs in your county, you can increase communication while assuring your program addresses all four essential elements. The Council is also as a vehicle for…

Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Novel subtypes of Eurasian-origin (Goose/Guangdong lineage) H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4 such as H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8 have been identified in China since 2008 and subsequently evolved into four genetically distinct groups (A – D) of clade 2.3.4.4...

Low Temperature Deposition of PECVD Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Films using SiF4 / SiH4 mixture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Syed, Moniruzzaman; Inokuma, Takao; Kurata, Yoshihiro; Hasegawa, Seiichi

2016-03-01

Polycrystalline silicon films with a strong (110) texture were prepared at 400°C by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using different SiF4 flow rates ([SiF4] = 0-0.5 sccm) under a fixed SiH4 flow rate ([SiH4] = 1 or 0.15 sccm). The effects of the addition of SiF4 to SiH4 on the structural properties of the films were studied by Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy and stress measurements. For [SiH4] = 1 sccm, the crystallinity and the (110) XRD grain size monotonically increased with increasing [SiF4] and their respective maxima reach 90% and 900 Å. However, for [SiH4] = 0.15 sccm, both the crystallinity and the grain size decreased with [SiF4]. Mechanisms causing the change in crystallinity are discussed, and it was suggested that an improvement in the crystallinity, due to the addition of SiF4, is likely to be caused by the effect of a change in the surface morphology of the substrates along with the effect of in situ chemical cleaning.

The impact of solubility and electrostatics on fibril formation by the H3 and H4 histones

PubMed Central

Topping, Traci B; Gloss, Lisa M

2011-01-01

The goal of this study was to examine fibril formation by the heterodimeric eukaryotic histones (H2A-H2B and H3-H4) and homodimeric archaeal histones (hMfB and hPyA1). The histone fold dimerization motif is an obligatorily domain-swapped structure comprised of two fused helix:β-loop:helix motifs. Domain swapping has been proposed as a mechanism for the evolution of protein oligomers as well as a means to form precursors in the formation of amyloid-like fibrils. Despite sharing a common fold, the eukaryotic histones of the core nucleosome and archaeal histones fold by kinetic mechanisms of differing complexity with transient population of partially folded monomeric and/or dimeric species. No relationship was apparent between fibrillation propensity and equilibrium stability or population of kinetic intermediates. Only H3 and H4, as isolated monomers and as a heterodimer, readily formed fibrils at room temperature, and this propensity correlates with the significantly lower solubility of these polypeptides. The fibrils were characterized by ThT fluorescence, FTIR, and far-UV CD spectroscopies and electron microscopy. The helical histone fold comprises the protease-resistant core of the fibrils, with little or no protease protection of the poorly structured N-terminal tails. The highly charged tails inhibit fibrillation through electrostatic repulsion. Kinetic studies indicate that H3 and H4 form a co-fibril, with simultaneous incorporation of both histones. The potential impact of H3 and H4 fibrillation on the cytotoxicity of extracellular histones and α-synuclein-mediated neurotoxicity and fibrillation is considered. PMID:21953551

Kinetics of the R + NO2 reactions (R = i-C3H7, n-C3H7, s-C4H9, and t-C4H9) in the temperature range 201-489 K.

PubMed

Rissanen, Matti P; Arppe, Suula L; Eskola, Arkke J; Tammi, Matti M; Timonen, Raimo S

2010-04-15

The bimolecular rate coefficients of four alkyl radical reactions with NO(2) have been measured in direct time-resolved experiments. Reactions were studied under pseudo-first-order conditions in a temperature-controlled tubular flow reactor coupled to a laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectrometer (LP-PIMS). The measured reaction rate coefficients are independent of helium bath gas pressure within the experimental ranges covered and exhibit negative temperature dependence. For i-C(3)H(7) + NO(2) and t-C(4)H(9) + NO(2) reactions, the dependence of ordinate (logarithm of reaction rate coefficients) on abscissa (1/T or log(T)) was nonlinear. The obtained results (in cm(3) s(-1)) can be expressed by the following equations: k(n-C(3)H(7) + NO(2)) = ((4.34 +/- 0.08) x 10(-11)) (T/300 K)(-0.14+/-0.08) (203-473 K, 1-7 Torr), k(i-C(3)H(7) + NO(2)) = ((3.66 +/- 2.54) x 10(-12)) exp(656 +/- 201 K/T)(T/300 K)(1.26+/-0.68) (220-489 K, 1-11 Torr), k(s-C(4)H(9) + NO(2)) = ((4.99 +/- 0.16) x 10(-11))(T/300 K)(-1.74+/-0.12) (241-485 K, 2 - 12 Torr) and k(t-C(4)H(9) + NO(2)) = ((8.64 +/- 4.61) x 10(-12)) exp(413 +/- 154 K/T)(T/300 K)(0.51+/-0.55) (201-480 K, 2-11 Torr), where the uncertainties shown refer only to the 1 standard deviations obtained from the fitting procedure. The estimated overall uncertainty in the determined bimolecular rate coefficients is about +/-20%.

Downregulation of p-coumaroyl quinate/shikimate 3'-hydroxylase (C3'H) or cinnamate-4-hydrolylase (C4H) in Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis leads to increased extractability

DOE PAGES

Ziebell, Angela; Gjersing, Erica; Hinchee, Maud; ...

2016-01-20

Lignin reduction through breeding and genetic modification has the potential to reduce costs in biomass processing in pulp and paper, forage, and lignocellulosic ethanol industries. Here, we present detailed characterization of the extractability and lignin structure of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis RNAi downregulated in p-coumaroyl quinate/shikimate 3'-hydroxylase (C3'H) or cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H). Both the C3'H and C4H downregulated lines were found to have significantly higher extractability when exposed to NaOH base extraction, indicating altered cell wall construction. The molecular weight of isolated lignin was measured and lignin structure was determined by HSQC NMR-based lignin subunit analysis for control and themore » C3'H and C4H downregulated lines. The slight reductions in average molecular weights of the lignin isolated from the transgenic lines (C3'H = 7000, C4H = 6500, control = 7300) does not appear to explain the difference in extractability. The HSQC NMR-based lignin subunit analysis showed increases in H lignin content for the C3'H but only slight differences in the lignin subunit structure of the C3'H and C4H downregulated lines when compared to the control. The greatest difference between the C3'H and C4H downregulated lines is the total lignin content; therefore, it appears that overall lowered lignin content contributes greatly to reduced recalcitrance and increased extractability of cell wall biopolymers. Furthermore, studies will be conducted to determine how the reduction in lignin content creates a less rigid cell wall that is more prone to extraction and sugar release.« less

Synthetic, Infrared, 1Hand 13CNMR Spectral Studies on N-(p-Substituted Phenyl)-p-Substituted Benzenesulphonamides, p-X'C6H4SO2NH- (p-XC6H4), where X' or X = H, CH3, C2H5, F, Cl or Br

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gowda, B. Thimme; Jayalakshmi, K. L.; Shetty, Mahesha

2004-05-01

Thirty N-(p-substituted phenyl)-p-substituted benzenesulphonamides of the general formula, p-X'C6H4SO2NH(p-XC6H4), where X' or X = H, CH3, C2H5, F, Cl or Br, are synthesised and their infrared spectra in the solid state and 1H and 13C NMR spectra in solution are measured. The N-H stretching vibrational frequencies, νN-H vary in the range 3334 - 3219 cm-1, while the asymmetric and symmetric SO2 vibrations appear in the ranges 1377 - 1311 cm-1 and 1182 - 1151 cm-1, respectively. The compounds exhibit S-N and C-N stretching vibrational absorptions in the ranges 937 - 898 cm-1 and 1310 - 1180 cm-1, respectively. There are no particular trends in the variation of these frequencies on substitution with either electron withdrawing or electron donating groups. The 1H and 13C chemical shifts of N-(p-substituted phenyl)-p-substituted benzenesulphonamides, are assigned to various protons and carbons of the two benzene rings. Further, incremental shifts of the ring protons and carbons due to -SO2NH(p-XC6H4) groups in the compounds of the formula, C6H5SO2NH(p-XC6H4), and p-X'C6H4SO2- and p-X'C6H4SO2NH- groups in the compounds of the formula, p-X'C6H4SO2NH(C6H5) are computed and used to calculate the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of the parallely substituted compounds of the general formula p-X'C6H4SO2NH(p-XC6H4). The computed values agree well with the observed chemical shifts. The above incremental shifts are found to correlate with the Hammett substituent parameters.

Synthesis and activity of phenyl derivatives containing 5,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one or 4H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indol-4-one heterocyclic system as potential nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

PubMed

Santagati, Andrea; Granata, Giuseppe; Santagati, Maria; Cutuli, Vincenza; Mangano, Nunzio Guido; Caruso, Antonina

2002-01-01

The synthesis, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two series of phenyl derivatives containing 5,6-dimethyl-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one and 4H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indol-4-one system, respectively, are reported. Two of these derivatives, 6A and 9B, showed interesting activities. The results of the pharmacological assays are discussed.

Ultra high voltage MOS controlled 4H-SiC power switching devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryu, S.; Capell, C.; Van Brunt, E.; Jonas, C.; O'Loughlin, M.; Clayton, J.; Lam, K.; Pala, V.; Hull, B.; Lemma, Y.; Lichtenwalner, D.; Zhang, Q. J.; Richmond, J.; Butler, P.; Grider, D.; Casady, J.; Allen, S.; Palmour, J.; Hinojosa, M.; Tipton, C. W.; Scozzie, C.

2015-08-01

Ultra high voltage (UHV, >15 kV) 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) power devices have the potential to significantly improve the system performance, reliability, and cost of energy conversion systems by providing reduced part count, simplified circuit topology, and reduced switching losses. In this paper, we compare the two MOS based UHV 4H-SiC power switching devices; 15 kV 4H-SiC MOSFETs and 15 kV 4H-SiC n-IGBTs. The 15 kV 4H-SiC MOSFET shows a specific on-resistance of 204 mΩ cm2 at 25 °C, which increased to 570 mΩ cm2 at 150 °C. The 15 kV 4H-SiC MOSFET provides low, temperature-independent, switching losses which makes the device more attractive for applications that require higher switching frequencies. The 15 kV 4H-SiC n-IGBT shows a significantly lower forward voltage drop (VF), along with reasonable switching performance, which make it a very attractive device for high voltage applications with lower switching frequency requirements. An electrothermal analysis showed that the 15 kV 4H-SiC n-IGBT outperforms the 15 kV 4H-SiC MOSFET for applications with switching frequencies of less than 5 kHz. It was also shown that the use of a carrier storage layer (CSL) can significantly improve the conduction performance of the 15 kV 4H-SiC n-IGBTs.

4-H Programs with a Focus on Including Youth with Disabilities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stumpf, Mitzi; Henderson, Karla; Luken, Karen; Bialeschki, Deb; Casey, Mary, II

2002-01-01

Intentionally Inclusive 4-H Club Programs is a pilot project intended to create accessible 4-H environments for people with disabilities. An experiential curriculum for 9-12 year-olds was developed and used in three North Carolina counties. Formative evaluation showed how 4-H staff are raising awareness and involving youth and volunteers with…

Vibrational spectroscopy of synthetic stercorite H(NH 4)Na(PO 4)·4H 2O—A comparison with the natural cave mineral

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frost, Ray L.; Xi, Yunfei; Palmer, Sara J.; Millar, Graeme J.; Tan, Keqin; Pogson, Ross E.

2011-12-01

In order to mimic the chemical reactions in cave systems, the analogue of the mineral stercorite H(NH 4)Na(PO 4)·4H 2O has been synthesised. X-ray diffraction of the stercorite analogue matches the stercorite reference pattern. A comparison is made with the vibrational spectra of synthetic stercorite analogue and the natural Cave mineral. The mineral in nature is formed by the reaction of bat guano chemicals on calcite substrates. A single Raman band at 920 cm -1 (Cave) and 922 cm -1 (synthesised) defines the presence of hydrogen phosphate in the mineral. In the synthetic stercorite analogue, additional bands are observed and are attributed to the dihydrogen and phosphate anions. The vibrational spectra of synthetic stercorite only partly match that of the natural stercorite. It is suggested that natural stercorite is more pure than that of synthesised stercorite. Antisymmetric stretching bands are observed in the infrared spectrum at 1052, 1097, 1135 and 1173 cm -1. Raman spectroscopy shows the stercorite mineral is based upon the hydrogen phosphate anion and not the phosphate anion. Raman and infrared bands are found and assigned to PO 43-, H 2O, OH and NH stretching vibrations. Raman spectroscopy shows the synthetic analogue is similar to the natural mineral. A mechanism for the formation of stercorite is provided.

The crystal structure of ianthinite, [U 24+(UO 2) 4O 6(OH) 4(H 2O) 4](H 2O) 5: a possible phase for Pu 4+ incorporation during the oxidation of spent nuclear fuel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burns, Peter C.; Finch, Robert J.; Hawthorne, Frank C.; Miller, Mark L.; Ewing, Rodney C.

1997-10-01

Ianthinite, [U 24+(UO 2) 4O 6(OH) 4(H 2O) 4](H 2O) 5, is the only known uranyl oxide hydrate mineral that contains U 4+, and it has been proposed that ianthinite may be an important Pu 4+-bearing phase during the oxidative dissolution of spent nuclear fuel. The crystal structure of ianthinite, orthorhombic, a = 0.7178(2), b = 1.1473(2), c = 3.039(1) nm, V = 2.5027 nm 3Z = 4, space group P2 1cn, has been solved by direct methods and refined by least-squares methods to an R index of 9.7% and a wR index of 12.6% using 888 unique observed [| F| ≥ 5 σ | F|] reflections. The structure contains both U 4+. The U 6+ cations are present as roughly linear (U 6+O 2) 2+ uranyl ion (Ur) that are in turn coordinated by five O 2- and OH - located at the equatorial positions of pentagonal bipyramids. The U 4+ cations are coordinated by O 2-, OH - and H 2O in a distorted octahedral arrangement. The Ur φ5and U 4+| 6 (φ: O 2-, OH -, H 2O) polyhedra l sharing edges to for two symmetrically distinct sheets at z ≈ 0.0 and z ≈ 0.25 that are parallel to (001). The sheets have the β-U 3O 8 sheet anion-topology. There are five symmetrically distinct H 2O groips located at z ≈ 0.125 between the sheets of U φn polyhedra, and the sheets of U φn polyhedra are linked together only by hydrogen bonding to the intersheet H 2O groups. The crystal-chemical requirements of U 4+ and Pu 4+ are very similar, suggesting that extensive Pu 4+ ↔ U 4+ substitution may occur within the sheets of U φn polyhedra in trh structure of ianthinine.

Catalytic activity of Cu4-cluster to adsorb H2S gas: h-BN nanosheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kansara, Shivam; Gupta, Sanjeev K.; Sonvane, Yogesh

2018-05-01

We have investigated the electronic properties, adsorptions strength and charge transfer using first principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT). The hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrate shows metallic behavior, which helps to enhance the absorption process. The adsorption of three different orientations (S, D and T) of the H2S gas molecules to analyze the maximum adsorption strength from them onto a copper cluster (Cu4) based on h-BN nanosheet. The maximum adsorption energy of the H2S gas molecule is -1.50 eV for the S orientation and for D and U, it is -0.71 eV and -0.78 eV, respectively. The results show that Cu4 cluster helps to capture H2S gas from the environment and results are useful for the cleaning environment from the toxic gases.

Picture This: 4-H Press Corps Builds Life Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clary, Christy D.

2018-01-01

A picture is worth a thousand words! Extension professionals are often looking for the picture that best captures an event and tells its story. Look beneath the surface, though, and a picture is worth much more. Developing a 4-H press corps results in a collection of useful photos but has the added benefit of providing 4-H members with an…

Metal assisted photochemical etching of 4H silicon carbide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leitgeb, Markus; Zellner, Christopher; Schneider, Michael; Schwab, Stefan; Hutter, Herbert; Schmid, Ulrich

2017-11-01

Metal assisted photochemical etching (MAPCE) of 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) in Na2S2O8/HF and H2O2/HF aqueous solutions is investigated with platinum as metallic cathode. The formation process of the resulting porous layer is studied with respect to etching time, concentration and type of oxidizing agent. From the experiments it is concluded that the porous layer formation is due to electron hole pairs generated in the semiconductor, which stem from UV light irradiation. The generated holes are consumed during the oxidation of 4H-SiC and the formed oxide is dissolved by HF. To maintain charge balance, the oxidizing agent has to take up electrons at the Pt/etching solution interface. Total dissolution of the porous layers is achieved when the oxidizing agent concentration decreases during MAPCE. In combination with standard photolithography, the definition of porous regions is possible. Furthermore chemical micromachining of 4 H-SiC at room temperature is possible.

Infrared spectra of C2H4 dimer and trimer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barclay, A. J.; Esteki, K.; McKellar, A. R. W.; Moazzen-Ahmadi, N.

2018-05-01

Spectra of ethylene dimers and trimers are studied in the ν11 and (for the dimer) ν9 fundamental band regions of C2H4 (≈2990 and 3100 cm-1) using a tunable optical parametric oscillator source to probe a pulsed supersonic slit jet expansion. The deuterated trimer has been observed previously, but this represents the first rotationally resolved spectrum of (C2H4)3. The results support the previously determined cross-shaped (D2d) dimer and barrel-shaped (C3h or C3) trimer structures. However, the dimer spectrum in the ν9 fundamental region of C2H4 is apparently very perturbed and a previous rotational analysis is not well verified.

A mass spectrometric study of gaseous H4PO+3 and H2PO-3 ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Petris, Giulia; Occhiucci, Giorgio; Pepi, Federico

1994-09-01

H4PO+3 ions have been generated in a mass spectrometer by proton-transfer to H3PO3 from different Brønsted acids. The proton affinity of H3PO3 has been estimated by bracketing and kinetic methods to be 198.6 ± 2 kcal mol-1. Gaseous H4PO+3 ions have been structurally assessed by metastable ion kinetic energy (MIKE) and collisionally induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry leading to the detection of a single isomeric species. The chemistry of H2PO-3 is characterized by facile addition-elimination reactions leading to formation of polyanions. Species containing up to six P atoms have been detected.

Co-processing CH4 and oxygenates on Mo/H-ZSM-5: 2. CH4-CO2 and CH4-HCOOH mixtures.

PubMed

Bedard, Jeremy; Hong, Do-Young; Bhan, Aditya

2013-08-07

Co-processing of formic acid or carbon dioxide with CH4 (FA/CH4 = 0.01-0.03 and CO2/CH4 = 0.01-0.03) on Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalysts at 950 K with the prospect of kinetically coupling dehydrogenation and deoxygenation cycles results instead in a two-zone, staged bed reactor configuration consisting of upstream oxygenate/CH4 reforming and downstream CH4 dehydroaromatization. The addition of an oxygenate co-feed (oxygenate/CH4 = 0.01-0.03) causes oxidation of the active molybdenum carbide catalyst while producing CO and H2 until completely converted. Forward rates of C6H6 synthesis are unaffected by the introduction of an oxygenate co-feed after rigorously accounting for the thermodynamic reversibility caused by the H2 produced in oxygenate reforming reactions and the fraction of the active catalyst deemed unavailable for CH4 DHA. All effects of co-processing oxygenates with CH4 can be construed in terms of an approach to equilibrium.

Comparative Analyses of H3K4 and H3K27 Trimethylations Between the Mouse Cerebrum and Testis

PubMed Central

Cui, Peng; Liu, Wanfei; Zhao, Yuhui; Lin, Qiang; Zhang, Daoyong; Ding, Feng; Xin, Chengqi; Zhang, Zhang; Song, Shuhui; Sun, Fanglin; Yu, Jun; Hu, Songnian

2012-01-01

The global features of H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylations (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) have been well studied in recent years, but most of these studies were performed in mammalian cell lines. In this work, we generated the genome-wide maps of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 of mouse cerebrum and testis using ChIP-seq and their high-coverage transcriptomes using ribominus RNA-seq with SOLiD technology. We examined the global patterns of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 in both tissues and found that modifications are closely-associated with tissue-specific expression, function and development. Moreover, we revealed that H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 rarely occur in silent genes, which contradicts the findings in previous studies. Finally, we observed that bivalent domains, with both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, existed ubiquitously in both tissues and demonstrated an invariable preference for the regulation of developmentally-related genes. However, the bivalent domains tend towards a “winner-takes-all” approach to regulate the expression of associated genes. We also verified the above results in mouse ES cells. As expected, the results in ES cells are consistent with those in cerebrum and testis. In conclusion, we present two very important findings. One is that H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 rarely occur in silent genes. The other is that bivalent domains may adopt a “winner-takes-all” principle to regulate gene expression. PMID:22768982

A Perfect Fit: 4-H Involvement for Youth with Disabilities. A Leader's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schnepf, Greg W.; And Others

This guide for 4-H leaders and volunteers offers information to help integrate youth with disabilities into various 4-H programs. After an introduction, a section on 4-H and mainstreaming reviews the mission of 4-H; considers what 4-H has to offer youth; defines mainstreaming; notes the benefits of mainstreaming; and distinguishes among the terms…

The role of H4 flagella in Escherichia coli ST131 virulence

PubMed Central

Kakkanat, Asha; Totsika, Makrina; Schaale, Kolja; Duell, Benjamin L.; Lo, Alvin W.; Phan, Minh-Duy; Moriel, Danilo G.; Beatson, Scott A.; Sweet, Matthew J.; Ulett, Glen C.; Schembri, Mark A.

2015-01-01

Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a globally dominant multidrug resistant clone associated with urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Most ST131 strains exhibit resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause infections associated with limited treatment options. The largest sub-clonal ST131 lineage is resistant to fluoroquinolones, contains the type 1 fimbriae fimH30 allele and expresses an H4 flagella antigen. Flagella are motility organelles that contribute to UPEC colonisation of the upper urinary tract. In this study, we examined the specific role of H4 flagella in ST131 motility and interaction with host epithelial and immune cells. We show that the majority of H4-positive ST131 strains are motile and are enriched for flagella expression during static pellicle growth. We also tested the role of H4 flagella in ST131 through the construction of specific mutants, over-expression strains and isogenic mutants that expressed alternative H1 and H7 flagellar subtypes. Overall, our results revealed that H4, H1 and H7 flagella possess conserved phenotypes with regards to motility, epithelial cell adhesion, invasion and uptake by macrophages. In contrast, H4 flagella trigger enhanced induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 compared to H1 and H7 flagella, a property that may contribute to ST131 fitness in the urinary tract. PMID:26548325

Hydrogen bonding in goldichite, KFe(SO4)2ṡ4H2O: structure refinement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Zhuming; Giester, Gerald

2018-02-01

The crystal structure of goldichite KFe(SO4)2ṡ4H2O was determined on a single crystal from the Baiyinchang copper deposit, Gansu, China. [ P121/ c1, a = 10.395(2), b = 10.475(2), c = 9.0875(18) Å, β = 101.65(3)°, V = 969.1(3) Å3, Z = 4]. All non-H atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters and positions of H-atoms were determined by difference Fourier methods and refined from X-ray diffraction data. The crystal structure of goldichite consists of corrugated sheets parallel to the (100) plane by sharing corners between FeO6 octahedra and SO4 tetrahedra. The interstitial potassium atom exhibits a [KO7(H2O)2] nine-fold coordination, which shares edges to form a column parallel to the c-axis and to build a slab with the corrugated sheet. These slabs are linked in the [100] direction through a network of hydrogen bonds. Three types of hydrogen bonds involve links of slabs: Ow(3)-H(3B)···O(1), Ow(6)-H(6B)···O(11) and Ow(9)-H(9B)···O(11). The FTIR spectrum of goldichite shows a strong absorption between 3384 cm-1 and 3592 cm-1, which is in accordance with the O-H···O distances derived from structure data.

Dewetting behavior of polystyrene film filled with (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue, Longjian; Cheng, Ziyong; Fu, Jun; Han, Yanchun

2008-08-01

The dewetting behavior of thin (about 30 nm) polystyrene (PS) films filled with different amount of (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4 (PhE-PbI4) on the silicon substrate with a native oxide layer was investigated. For different additive concentrations, PhE-PbI4 showed different spatial distributions in the PS films, which had a strong influence on the film wettability, dewetting dynamics, and mechanism. With 0.5 wt % additive, PhE-PbI4 formed a noncontinuous diffusion layer, which caused a continuous hole nucleation in the film. With about 1 wt % additive, a continuous gradient distribution layer of PhE-PbI4 formed in the film, which inhibited the dewetting. When the concentration is higher (2 wt %), large PhE-PbI4 aggregates, in addition to the PhE-PbI4 continuous layer, formed in the film. These large aggregates (larger than radius of gyration of PS) migrated to the interface, resulting in the hole nucleation and eventually the complete dewetting of the film.

Text to Speech: A 4-H Model of Accessibility and Inclusion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, Jeremy W.

2012-01-01

4-H project manuals play an integral part in a youth's ability to achieve mastery in a specific project area. For youth who struggle with reading, written 4-H materials prove inadequate in addressing the needs of the learner. This article proposes a new delivery method of 4-H educational material designed to create a more inclusive and…

Raman spectroscopy of stercorite H(NH 4)Na(PO 4)·4H 2O--A cave mineral from Petrogale Cave, Madura, Eucla, Western Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frost, Ray L.; Palmer, Sara J.

2011-09-01

Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has been used to characterise the mineral stercorite H(NH 4)Na(PO 4)·4H 2O. The mineral stercorite originated from the Petrogale Cave, Madura, Eucla, Western Australia. This cave is one of many caves in the Nullarbor Plain in the South of Western Australia. These caves have been in existence for eons of time and have been dated at more than 550 million years old. The mineral is formed by the reaction of bat guano chemicals on calcite substrates. A single Raman band at 920 cm -1 defines the presence of phosphate in the mineral. Antisymmetric stretching bands are observed in the infrared spectrum at 1052, 1097, 1135 and 1173 cm -1. Raman spectroscopy shows the mineral is based upon the phosphate anion and not the hydrogen phosphate anion. Raman and infrared bands are found and assigned to PO 43-, H 2O, OH and NH stretching vibrations. The detection of stercorite by Raman spectroscopy shows that the mineral can be readily determined; as such the application of a portable Raman spectrometer in a 'cave' situation enables the detection of minerals, some of which may remain to be identified.

Syntheses and structures of [UO2( L)5](ClO4)2 and [U( L')4(H2O)4](ClO4)4 ( L is dimethylformamide, L' is N,N-dimethylcarbamide)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serezhkin, V. N.; Vologzhanina, A. V.; Pushkin, D. V.; Astashkina, D. A.; Savchenkov, A. V.; Serezhkina, L. B.

2017-09-01

The reaction of aqueous solutions of uranyl perchlorate with selected organic amides was studied in the dark and under the sunlight. The complexes [UVIO2(C3H7NO)5](ClO4)2 ( I) and [UIV(C3H8N2O)4(H2O)4](ClO4)4 ( II), where C3H7NO is N,N-dimethylformamide ( Dmfa) and C3H8N2O is N,N-dimethylcarbamide ( a-Dmur), were studied by X-ray diffraction. Complex II and the complex UIV( s-Dmur)4(H2O)4(ClO4)4 ( III), where s-Dmur is N,N'-dimethylcarbamide, were studied by IR spectroscopy. Crystals I and II are composed of mononuclear [UO2( Dmfa)5]2+ and [U( Dmur)4(H2O)4]4+ groups as uranium-containing structural units belonging to the crystal-chemical groups AM 7 1 ( A = UVI, M 1 = O2- and Dmfa) and AM 8 1 ( A = UIV, M 1 = Dmur and H2O) of uranium complexes, respectively. The mononuclear uranium- containing complexes in the crystals of U(IV) and U(VI) perchlorates were found to obey the 14 neighbors rule.

New Mononuclear Cu(II) Complexes and 1D Chains with 4-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole

PubMed Central

Dîrtu, Marinela M.; Boland, Yves; Gillard, Damien; Tinant, Bernard; Robeyns, Koen; Safin, Damir A.; Devlin, Eamonn; Sanakis, Yiannis; Garcia, Yann

2013-01-01

The crystal structures of two mononuclear Cu(II) NH2trz complexes [Cu(NH2trz)4(H2O)](AsF6)2 (I) and [Cu(NH2trz)4(H2O)](PF6)2 (II) as well as two coordination polymers [Cu(μ2-NH2trz)2Cl]Cl·H2O (III) and [Cu(μ2-NH2trz)2Cl] (SiF6)0.5·1.5H2O (IV) are presented. Cationic 1D chains with bridging bis-monodentate μ2-coordinated NH2trz and bridging μ2-coordinated chloride ligands are present in III and IV. In these coordination polymers, the Cu(II) ions are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled with J = −128.4 cm−1 for III and J = −143 cm−1 for IV (H = −J∑SiSi+1), due to the nature of the bridges between spin centers. Inter-chain interactions present in the crystal structures were taken into consideration, as well as g factors, which were determined experimentally, for the quantitative modeling of their magnetic properties. PMID:24300095

H2CHXdedpa and H4CHXoctapa-chiral acyclic chelating ligands for (67/68)Ga and (111)In radiopharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Ramogida, Caterina F; Cawthray, Jacqueline F; Boros, Eszter; Ferreira, Cara L; Patrick, Brian O; Adam, Michael J; Orvig, Chris

2015-02-16

The chiral acyclic ligands H2CHXdedpa (N4O2), H2CHXdedpa-bb (N4O2), and H4CHXoctapa (N4O4) (CHX = cyclohexyl/cyclohexane, H2dedpa = 1,2-[[6-carboxy-pyridin-2-yl]-methylamino]ethane, bb = N,N'-dibenzylated, H4octapa = N,N'-bis(6-carboxy-2-pyridylmethyl)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid) were synthesized, complexed with Ga(III) and/or In(III), and evaluated for their potential as chelating agents in radiopharmaceutical applications. The ligands were compared to the previously studied hexadentate H2dedpa and octadentate H4octapa ligands to determine the effect adding a chiral 1R,2R-trans-cyclohexane to replace the ethylenediamine backbone would have on metal complex stability and radiolabeling kinetics. It was found that [Ga(CHXdedpa)](+) showed very similar properties to those of [Ga(dedpa)](+), with only one isomer in solution observed by NMR spectroscopy, and minimal structural changes in the solid-state X-ray structure. Like [Ga(dedpa)](+), [Ga(CHXdedpa)](+) exhibited exceptionally high thermodynamic stability constants (log KML = 28.11(8)), and the chelate retained the ability to label (67)Ga quantitatively in 10 min at room temperature at ligand concentrations of 1 × 10(-5) M. In vitro kinetic inertness assays demonstrated the [(67)Ga(CHXdedpa)](+) complex to be more stable than [(67)Ga(dedpa)](+) in a human serum competition, with 90.5% and 77.8% of (67)Ga remaining chelate-bound after 2 h, respectively. Preliminary coordination studies of H4CHXoctapa with In(III) demonstrated [In(CHXoctapa)](-) to have an equivalently high thermodynamically stable constant as [In(octapa)](-), with log KML values of 27.16(9) and 26.76(14), respectively. The [(111)In(CHXoctapa)](-) complex showed exceptionally high in vitro kinetic inertness over 120 h in human serum, comparing well with previously reported [(111)In(octapa)](-) values, and an improved stability compared to the current industry "gold standards" 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA

Two new three-dimensional zinc phosphites templated by piperazine: [H2pip][Zn3(HPO3)4(H2O)2] and K[H2pip]0.5[Zn3(HPO3)4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiao; Wang, Guo-Ming; Wang, Zong-Hua; Wang, Ying-Xia; Lin, Jian-Hua

2014-01-01

Two three-dimensional open-framework zinc phosphites with the same organically templated, [H2pip][Zn3(HPO3)4(H2O)2] (1) and K[H2pip]0.5[Zn3(HPO3)4] (2) (pip = piperazine), have been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by IR, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffractions. Compound 1 consists of ZnO4 tetrahedra, [HPO3] pseudopyramids and [ZnO4(H2O)2] octahedra, which are linked through their vertexes to generate three-dimensional architecture with intersecting 8-membered channels along the [1 0 0], [0 0 1] and [1 0 1] directions. Compound 2 is constructed from strictly alternating ZnO4 tetrahedra and [HPO3] pseudopyramids, and exhibits (3,4)-connected inorganic framework with 8-, and 12-membered channels, in which the K+ and diprotonated H2pip2+ extra-framework cations reside, respectively. The coexistence of inorganic K+ and organic piperazine mixed templates in the structure is unique and, to the best of our knowledge, firstly observed in metal-phosphite materials. In addition, the participation of left-handed and right-handed helical chains in construction of the puckered 4.82 sheet structure in 2 is also noteworthy.

The BPS spectrum of the 4d {N}=2 SCFT's H 1, H 2, D 4, E 6, E 7, E 8

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cecotti, Sergio; Del Zotto, Michele

2013-06-01

Extending results of 1112.3984, we show that all rank 1 {N}=2 SCFT's in the sequence H 1, H 2, D 4 E 6, E 7, E 8 have canonical finite BPS chambers containing precisely 2 h(F) = 12(∆ - 1) hypermultiplets. The BPS spectrum of the canonical BPS chambers saturates the conformal central charge c, and satisfies some intriguing numerology.

Configurations, band structures and photocurrent responses of 4-(4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)phthalic acid and its metal-organic frameworks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Xingxiu; Qiu, Xiandeng; Yan, Zhishuo; Li, Hongjiang; Gong, Yun; Lin, Jianhua

2016-05-01

4-(4-oxopyridin-1(4 H)-yl)phthalic acid (H2L) and three H2L-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) formulated as ZnL(DPE)(H2O)·H2O (DPE=(E)-1, 2-di(pyridine -4-yl)ethene) (1), CdL(H2O)2 (2) and CdL (3) were synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The free H2L ligand shows an enol-form and the L2- ligand in the three MOFs exists as the keto-form. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate H2L and the three MOFs possess different band structures. Due to the existence of the N-donor, DPE in MOF 1, the conduction band (CB) minimum and band gap of MOF 1 are much lower than those of H2L. And MOF 1 yielded much larger photocurrent density than H2L upon visible light illumination. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows the interfacial charge transfer impedance in the presence of MOF 1 is lower than that in the presence of H2L. The hydrous MOF 2 and the anhydrous MOF 3 are both constructed by Cd(II) and L2-, and they can be reversibly transformed to each other. However, MOFs 2 and 3 possess different CB minimums and VB maximums, and their band gaps are much larger than that of MOF 1.

Calculation and synthesis of ZrC by CVD from ZrCl4-C3H6-H2-Ar system with high H2 percentage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Yan; Cheng, Laifei; Ma, Baisheng; Gao, Shuang; Feng, Wei; Liu, Yongsheng; Zhang, Litong

2015-03-01

A thermodynamic calculation about the synthesis of ZrC from the ZrCl4-C3H6-H2-Ar system with high percentage of H2 was performed using the FactSage thermochemical software. According to the calculation, ZrC coating was synthesized on graphite substrates and carbon fibers by a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process, and growth rate of the ZrC coating as a function of temperature was investigated. The surface diagrams of condensed-phases in this system were expressed as the functions of the deposition temperature, total pressure and reactant ratios of ZrCl4/(ZrCl4 + C3H6), H2/(ZrCl4 + C3H6), and the yield of the products was determined by the diagrams. A smooth and dense ZrC coating could be synthesized under the instruction of the calculated parameters. The morphologies of the ZrC coatings were significantly affected by temperature and gases flux. The deposition temperature is much lower than that from the ZrCl4-CH4-H2-Ar system.

New metal-organic frameworks of [M(C6H5O7)(C6H6O7)(C6H7O7)(H2O)] . H2O (M=La, Ce) and [Ce2(C2O4)(C6H6O7)2] . 4H2O

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weng, Sheng-Feng; Wang, Yun-Hsin; Lee, Chi-Shen

2012-04-01

Two novel materials, [M(C6H5O7)(C6H6O7)(C6H7O7)(H2O)] . H2O (M=La(1a), Ce(1b)) and [Ce2(C2O4)(C6H6O7)2] . 4H2O (2), with a metal-organic framework (MOF) were prepared with hydrothermal reactions and characterized with photoluminescence, magnetic susceptibility, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray powder diffraction in situ. The crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallized in triclinic space group P1¯ (No. 2); compound 2 crystallized in monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14). The structure of 1 is built from a 1D MOF, composed of deprotonated citric ligands of three kinds. Compound 2 contains a 2D MOF structure consisting of citrate and oxalate ligands; the oxalate ligand arose from the decomposition in situ of citric acid in the presence of CuII ions. Photoluminescence spectra of compounds 1b and 2 revealed transitions between the 5d1 excited state and two levels of the 4f1 ground state (2F5/2 and 2F7/2). Compounds 1b and 2 containing CeIII ion exhibit a paramagnetic property with weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the two adjacent magnetic centers.

4-H Science Inquiry Video Series

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, Jeremy W.; Black, Lynette; Willis, Patrick

2013-01-01

Studies support science inquiry as a positive method and approach for 4-H professionals and volunteers to use for teaching science-based practices to youth. The development of a science inquiry video series has yielded positive results as it relates to youth development education and science. The video series highlights how to conduct science-rich…

24 CFR 257.203 - Calculation of up-front and annual mortgage insurance premiums for H4H program mortgages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... mortgage insurance premiums for H4H program mortgages. 257.203 Section 257.203 Housing and Urban... mortgage insurance premiums for H4H program mortgages. (a) Applicable premiums. Any mortgage presented for... LOAN INSURANCE PROGRAMS UNDER NATIONAL HOUSING ACT AND OTHER AUTHORITIES HOPE FOR HOMEOWNERS PROGRAM...

24 CFR 257.203 - Calculation of up-front and annual mortgage insurance premiums for H4H program mortgages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... mortgage insurance premiums for H4H program mortgages. 257.203 Section 257.203 Housing and Urban... mortgage insurance premiums for H4H program mortgages. (a) Applicable premiums. Any mortgage presented for... LOAN INSURANCE PROGRAMS UNDER NATIONAL HOUSING ACT AND OTHER AUTHORITIES HOPE FOR HOMEOWNERS PROGRAM...

Isotropic C6, C8 and C10 interaction coefficients for CH 4, C 2H 6, C 3H 8, n-C 4H 10 and cyclo- C3H 6

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, Gerald F.; Mulder, Fred; Meath, William J.

1980-12-01

The non-empirical generalized Kirkwood, Unsöld, and the single-Δ Unsöld methods (with double-zeta quality SCF wave-functions) are used to calculate isotropic dispersion (and induction) energy coefficients C2n, with n ⩽ 5, for interactions involving ground state CH 4, C 2H 6, C 3H 8, n-C 4H 10 and cyclo-C 3H 6. Results are also given for the related multipole polarizabilities α l, multipole sums S1/(0) and S1(-1) which are evaluated using sum rules, and the permanent multipole moments. for l = 1 (dipole) to l = 3 (octupole). Estimates of the reliability of the non-empirical methods, for the type of molecules considered, are obtained by a comparison with accurate literature values of α 1S1(-1) and C6. This, and the asymptotic properties of the multipolar expansion of the dispersion energy, the use to discuss recommended representation for the isotropic long range interaction energies through R-10 where R is the intermolecular separation.

Structure, ferroelectric ordering, and semiempirical quantum calculations of lanthanide based metal-organic framework: [Nd(C4H5O6)(C4H4O6)][3H2O

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Bhat Zahoor; Want, Basharat

2016-04-01

We investigate the structure and ferroelectric behavior of a lanthanide based metal-organic framework (MOF), [Nd(C4H5O6)(C4H4O6)][3H2O]. X-ray crystal structure analyses reveal that it crystallizes in the P41212 space group with Nd centres, coordinated by nine oxygen atoms, forming a distorted capped square antiprismatic geometry. The molecules, bridged by tartrate ligands, form a 2D chiral structure. The 2D sheets are further linked into a 3D porous framework via strong hydrogen-bonding scheme (O-H…O ≈ 2.113 Å). Dielectric studies reveal two anomalies at 295 K and 185 K. The former is a paraelectric-ferroelectric transition, and the later is attributed to the freezing down of the motion of the hydroxyl groups. The phase transition is of second order, and the spontaneous polarization in low temperature phase is attributed to the ordering of protons of hydroxyl groups. The dielectric nonlinearity parameters have been calculated using Landau- Devonshire phenomenological theory. In addition, the most recent semiempirical models, Sparkle/PM7, Sparkle/RM1, and Sparkle/AM1, are tested on the present system to assay the accuracy of semiempirical quantum approaches to predict the geometries of solid MOFs. Our results show that Sparkle/PM7 model is the most accurate to predict the unit cell structure and coordination polyhedron geometry. The semiempirical methods are also used to calculate different ground state molecular properties.

Isolation of 1,4-Li(2)-C(6)H(4) and its reaction with [(Ph(3)P)AuCl].

PubMed

Flower, Kevin R; McGown, A T; Miles, Philip J; Pritchard, Robin G; Warren, John E

2010-04-14

The difficulty in generating 1,4-Li2-C6H4 utilising the lithium halogen exchange reaction on 1,4-Br2-C6H4, 1,4-I2-C6H4 and 1-Br-4-I-C6H4 is revisited and only on treatment of 1,4-I2-C6H4 with 2 molar equivalents of n-BuLi can 1,4-Li2-C6H4 1 be isolated in excellent yield. Treatment of 1 with two equivalents of [ClAu(PPh3)] gives [1,4-(Ph3PAu)2-C6H4] 2a in excellent yield. Subsequent treatment of 2a with 2.5 molar equivalents of PPh2Me, PPhMe2 or PMe3 affords the PPh3 substituted compounds [1,4-(LAu)2-C6H4] (L = PPh2Me 2b, PPhMe2 2c, PMe3 2d) in essentially quantitative yields. On treatment of 1,4-Br2-C6H4 or 1-Br-4-I-C6H4 with 2 molar equivalents of n-BuLi only mono-lithiation takes place to give 1-Br-4-Li-C6H4 3 as shown through the isolation of essentially 1:1 molar equivalents of Ph2PC6H4-4-Br and Ph2PBu on treatment with 2 molar equivalents of ClPPh2. Treatment of 3, prepared by lithium/iodine exchange on 1-Br-4-I-C6H4, with [ClAu(PPh3)] affords [(Ph3P)Au(C6H4-4-Br)] 4 as expected and in addition [(Ph3P)Au(n-Bu)(C6H4-4-Br)2] 5, indicating the straightforward chloride/aryl exchange at gold may proceed in competition with oxidative addition of the n-BuI, generated in the initial lithium/iodine exchange reaction, to some aurate complex Li[Au(C6H4-4-Br)2] 6 formed in situ followed by reductive elimination of Br-C6H4-4-n-Bu in a manner that mimics lithium diorganocuprate chemistry. All of the gold-containing compounds have been spectroscopically characterised by 1H and 31P-{1H} NMR and in addition compounds 2a-d and 5 by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The solid state structures observed for 2a-d are dictated by non-conventional hydrogen bonding and the packing requirements of the phosphine ligands. For 2a and 2b there is no close Au...Au approach, however for 2c and 2d the reduction in the number of phenyl rings allows the formation of Au...Au contacts. For 2c and 2d the extended structures appear to be helical chains with Au...Au contact parameters of 3

Association between H3K4 methylation and cancer prognosis: A meta-analysis.

PubMed

Li, Simin; Shen, Luyan; Chen, Ke-Neng

2018-05-08

Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4 methylation), including mono-methylation (H3K4me1), di-methylation (H3K4me2), or tri-methylation (H3K4me3), is one of the epigenetic modifications to histone proteins, which are related to the transcriptional activation of genes. H3K4 methylation has both tumor inhibiting and promoting effects, and the prognostic value of H3K4 methylation in cancer remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between H3K4 methylation and cancer prognosis. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Ovid databases was conducted to identify studies investigating the association between H3K4 methylation and prognosis of patients with malignant tumors. The data and characteristics of each study were extracted, and the hazard ratio (HR) at a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to estimate the effect. A total of 1474 patients in 10 studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The pooled HR of 1.52 (95% CI 1.02-2.26) indicated that patients with a lower level of H3K4me2 expression were expected to have shorter overall survival, while the pooled HR of 0.45 (95% CI 0.27-0.74) indicated that patients with a lower level of H3K4me3 expression were expected to have longer overall survival. This meta-analysis indicates that increased H3K4me3 expression and decreased H3K4me2 expression might be predictive factors of poor prognosis in cancer. Further large cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings. © 2018 The Authors. Thoracic Cancer published by China Lung Oncology Group and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Syntheses, crystal structures and optical spectroscopy of Ln{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.8H{sub 2}O (Ln=Ho, Tm) and Pr{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.4H{sub 2}O

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kazmierczak, Karolina; Hoeppe, Henning A., E-mail: henning@ak-hoeppe.d

2011-05-15

The lanthanide sulphate octahydrates Ln{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.8H{sub 2}O (Ln=Ho, Tm) and the respective tetrahydrate Pr{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.4H{sub 2}O were obtained by evaporation of aqueous reaction mixtures of trivalent rare earth oxides and sulphuric acid at 300 K. Ln{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.8H{sub 2}O (Ln=Ho, Tm) crystallise in space group C2/c (Z=4, a{sub Ho}=13.4421(4) A, b{sub Ho}=6.6745(2) A, c{sub Ho}=18.1642(5) A, {beta}{sub Ho}=102.006(1) A{sup 3} and a{sub Tm}=13.4118(14) A, b{sub Tm}=6.6402(6) A, c{sub Tm}=18.1040(16) A, {beta}{sub Tm}=101.980(8) A{sup 3}), Pr{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.4H{sub 2}O adopts space group P2{sub 1}/n (a=13.051(3) A, b=7.2047(14) A, c=13.316(3) A, {beta}=92.55(3) A{sup 3}). The vibrationalmore » and optical spectra of Ho{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.8H{sub 2}O and Pr{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.4H{sub 2}O are also reported. -- Graphical abstract: In the lanthanide sulphate octahydrates the cations form slightly undulated layers. Between the layers are voids in which sulphate tetrahedra and water molecules are located. The holmium compound exhibits an Alexandrite effect. Display Omitted Highlights: {yields} Determination of the optimum conditions for the growth of single-crystals of Ln{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.8H{sub 2}O (Ln=Ho, Tm) and Pr{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.4H{sub 2}O. {yields} Single-crystal structure elucidation of Ln{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.8H{sub 2}O (Ln=Ho, Tm) including hydrogen bonds. {yields} Single-crystal structure determination of Pr{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.4H{sub 2}O including hydrogen bonds. {yields} UV-vis spectra of Ho{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.8H{sub 2}O and Pr{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.4H{sub 2}O recorded and interpreted: Assignation of bands and clarification of the Alexandrite effect of the Ho compound. {yields} IR and Raman spectra of Ln{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.8H{sub 2}O (Ln=Ho, Tm) and Pr{sub 2}(SO{sub 4}){sub 3}.4H{sub 2}O recorded and interpreted.« less

40 CFR 721.10356 - Zinc, bis[3-(acetyl-.kappa.O)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dionato-.kappa.O4]diaqua-.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Zinc, bis[3-(acetyl-.kappa.O)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dionato-.kappa.O4]diaqua-. 721.10356 Section 721.10356 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT SIGNIFICANT NEW USES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific...

40 CFR 721.10356 - Zinc, bis[3-(acetyl-.kappa.O)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dionato-.kappa.O4]diaqua-.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Zinc, bis[3-(acetyl-.kappa.O)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dionato-.kappa.O4]diaqua-. 721.10356 Section 721.10356 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT SIGNIFICANT NEW USES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific...

40 CFR 721.10356 - Zinc, bis[3-(acetyl-.kappa.O)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dionato-.kappa.O4]diaqua-.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Zinc, bis[3-(acetyl-.kappa.O)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dionato-.kappa.O4]diaqua-. 721.10356 Section 721.10356 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT SIGNIFICANT NEW USES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific...

Evidence of infection with H4 and H11 avian influenza viruses among Lebanese chicken growers.

PubMed

Kayali, Ghazi; Barbour, Elie; Dbaibo, Ghassan; Tabet, Carelle; Saade, Maya; Shaib, Houssam A; Debeauchamp, Jennifer; Webby, Richard J

2011-01-01

Human infections with H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses are well documented. Exposure to poultry is the most important risk factor for humans becoming infected with these viruses. Data on human infection with other low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses is sparse but suggests that such infections may occur. Lebanon is a Mediterranean country lying under two major migratory birds flyways and is home to many wild and domestic bird species. Previous reports from this country demonstrated that low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses are in circulation but highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses were not reported. In order to study the extent of human infection with avian influenza viruses in Lebanon, we carried out a seroprevalence cross-sectional study into which 200 poultry-exposed individuals and 50 non-exposed controls were enrolled. We obtained their sera and tested it for the presence of antibodies against avian influenza viruses types H4 through H16 and used a questionnaire to collect exposure data. Our microneutralization assay results suggested that backyard poultry growers may have been previously infected with H4 and H11 avian influenza viruses. We confirmed these results by using a horse red blood cells hemagglutination inhibition assay. Our data also showed that farmers with antibodies against each virus type clustered in a small geographic area suggesting that unrecognized outbreaks among birds may have led to these human infections. In conclusion, this study suggests that occupational exposure to chicken is a risk factor for infection with avian influenza especially among backyard growers and that H4 and H11 influenza viruses may possess the ability to cross the species barrier to infect humans.

Crystal structures of Ca(ClO4)2·4H2O and Ca(ClO4)2·6H2O

PubMed Central

Hennings, Erik; Schmidt, Horst; Voigt, Wolfgang

2014-01-01

The title compounds, calcium perchlorate tetra­hydrate and calcium perchlorate hexa­hydrate, were crystallized at low temperatures according to the solid–liquid phase diagram. The structure of the tetra­hydrate consists of one Ca2+ cation eightfold coordinated in a square-anti­prismatic fashion by four water mol­ecules and four O atoms of four perchlorate tetra­hedra, forming chains parallel to [01-1] by sharing corners of the ClO4 tetra­hedra. The structure of the hexa­hydrate contains two different Ca2+ cations, each coordinated by six water mol­ecules and two O atoms of two perchlorate tetra­hedra, forming [Ca(H2O)6(ClO4)]2 dimers by sharing two ClO4 tetra­hedra. The dimers are arranged in sheets parallel (001) and alternate with layers of non-coordinating ClO4 tetra­hedra. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the water mol­ecules as donor and ClO4 tetra­hedra and water mol­ecules as acceptor groups lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network in the two structures. Ca(ClO4)2·6H2O was refined as a two-component inversion twin, with an approximate twin component ratio of 1:1 in each of the two structures. PMID:25552974

Characterization of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses in ducks and chickens.

PubMed

Sun, Honglei; Pu, Juan; Hu, Jiao; Liu, Litao; Xu, Guanlong; Gao, George F; Liu, Xiufan; Liu, Jinhua

2016-01-01

Worldwide dissemination of reassortant variants of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has posed a great threat to the poultry industry. Here, we systematically characterized the H5N2, H5N6 and H5N8 influenza viruses in poultry and compared them with those of previous clade 2.3.4 H5N1 virus. All the three H5 subtype reassortants caused systematic infection in ducks, and exhibited efficient direct transmission in ducks. All of them were highly pathogenic in chickens; however, the H5 reassortants have reduced virulence compared to the parental H5N1 virus. Antigenicity analysis revealed that the current vaccines that are widely used in China may fail to confer protection against the H5 reassortants. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, redetermined at 120 K: a three-dimensional framework built from N-H...O, N-H...(O)2, N-H...pi(arene) and C-H...O hydrogen bonds.

PubMed

Wardell, James L; Low, John N; Glidewell, Christopher

2006-06-01

In the title compound, C6H6N4O4, the bond distances indicate significant bond fixation, consistent with charge-separated polar forms. The molecules are almost planar and there is an intramolecular N-H...O hydrogen bond. The molecules are linked into a complex three-dimensional framework structure by a combination of N-H...O, N-H...(O)2, N-H...pi(arene) and C-H...O hydrogen bonds.

Experimental infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 and H5N8, in Mandarin ducks from South Korea.

PubMed

Son, K; Kim, Y-K; Oem, J-K; Jheong, W-H; Sleeman, J M; Jeong, J

2018-06-01

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported worldwide. Wild waterfowl play a major role in the maintenance and transmission of HPAI. Highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N6 and H5N8 viruses simultaneously emerged in South Korea. In this study, the comparative pathogenicity and infectivity of Clade 2.3.4.4 Group B H5N8 and Group C H5N6 viruses were evaluated in Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). None of the ducks infected with H5N6 or H5N8 viruses showed clinical signs or mortality. Serological assays revealed that the HA antigenicity of H5N8 and H5N6 viruses was similar to each other. Moreover, both the viruses did not replicate after cross-challenging with H5N8 and H5N6 viruses, respectively, as the second infection. Although both the viruses replicated in most of the internal organs of the ducks, viral replication and shedding through cloaca were higher in H5N8-infected ducks than in H5N6-infected ducks. The findings of this study provide preliminary information to help estimate the risks involved in further evolution and dissemination of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses among wild birds. © 2017 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Published by Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Tungsten phosphanylarylthiolato complexes [W{PhP(2-SC6H4)2-kappa3S,S',P} 2] and [W{P(2-SC6H4)3-kappa4S,S',S",P}2]: synthesis, structures and redox chemistry.

PubMed

Hildebrand, Alexandra; Lönnecke, Peter; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, Luminita; Hey-Hawkins, Evamarie

2008-09-14

PhP(2-SHC6H4)2 (PS2H2) reacts with WCl6 with reduction of tungsten to give the air-sensitive tungsten(IV) complex [W{PhP(2-SC6H4)2-kappa(3)S,S',P}2] (1). 1 is oxidised in air to [WO{PhPO(2-SC6H4)2-kappa(3)S,S',O}{PhP(2-SC6H4)2-kappa(3)S,S',P}] (2). The attempted synthesis of 2 by reaction of 1 with iodosobenzene as oxidising agent was unsuccessful. [W{P(2-SC6H4)3-kappa(4)S,S',S",P}2] (3) was formed in the reaction of P(2-SHC6H4)3 (PS3H3) with WCl6. The W(VI) complex 3 contains two PS3(3-) ligands, each coordinated in a tetradentate fashion resulting in a tungsten coordination number of eight. The reaction of 3 with AgBF4 yields the dinuclear tungsten complex [W2{P(2-SC6H4)3-kappa(4)S,S',S",P}3]BF4 (4). Complexes 1-4 were characterised by spectral methods and X-ray structure determination.

Low-Temperature Rate Coefficients of C2H with CH4 and CD4 from 154 to 359 K

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Opansky, Brian J.; Leone, Stephen R.

1996-01-01

Rate coefficients for the reaction C2H + CH4 yields C2H2 + CH3 and C2H + CD4 yields C2HD + CD3 are measured over the temperature range 154-359 K using transient infrared laser absorption spectroscopy. Ethynyl radicals are produced by pulsed laser photolysis of C2H2 in a variable temperature flow cell, and a tunable color center laser probes the transient removal of C2H (Chi(exp 2) Sigma(+) (0,0,0)) in absorption. The rate coefficients for the reactions of C2H with CH4 and CD4 both show a positive temperature dependence over the range 154-359 K, which can be expressed as k(sub CH4) = (1.2 +/- 0.1) x 10(exp -11) exp((-491 +/- 12)/T) and k(sub CD4) = (8.7 +/- 1.8) x 10(exp -12) exp((-650 +/- 61)/T) cm(exp 3) molecule(exp -1) s(exp -1), respectively. The reaction of C2H + CH4 exhibits a significant kinetic isotope effect at 300 K of k(sub CH4)/k(sub CD4) = 2.5 +/- 0.2. Temperature dependent rate constants for C2H + C2H2 were also remeasured over an increased temperature range from 143 to 359 K and found to show a slight negative temperature dependence, which can be expressed as k(sub C2H2) = 8.6 x 10(exp -16) T(exp 1.8) exp((474 +/- 90)/T) cm(exp 3) molecule(exp -1) s(exp -1).

Crystal structure of the tri-ethyl-ammonium salt of 3-[(4-hy-droxy-3-meth-oxy-phen-yl)(4-hy-droxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)meth-yl]-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-olate.

PubMed

Ikram, Muhammad; Rehman, Sadia; Khan, Afzal; Schulzke, Carola

2018-03-01

The reaction between 3,3'-[(3-meth-oxy-4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)methanedi-yl]bis-(4-hy-droxy-2 H -chromen-2-one) and tri-ethyl-amine in methanol yielded the title compound tri-ethyl-ammonium 3-[(4-hy-droxy-3-meth-oxy-phen-yl)(4-hy-droxy-2-oxo-2 H -chromen-3-yl)meth-yl]-2-oxo-2 H -chromen-4-olate, C 6 H 16 N + ·C 26 H 17 O 8 - or (NHEt 3 ) + (C 26 H 17 O 8 ) - , which crystallized directly from its methano-lic mother liquor. The non-deprotonated coumarol substituent shares its H atom with the deprotonated coumarolate substituent in a short negative charge-assisted hydrogen bond in which the freely refined H atom is moved from its parent O atom towards the acceptor O atom, elongating the covalent O-H bond to 1.18 (3) Å. The respective H atom can therefore be described as being shared by two alcohol O atoms, culminating in the formation of an eight-membered ring.

Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) United States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In late 2014, a H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, spread by migratory birds into North America mixing with low pathogenicity AI viruses to produce a H5N2 HPAI virus. The H5N8 and H5N2 HPAI viruses were detected initially in wild waterfowl and backyard birds, and lat...

Litter Control Achievement - Ohio 4-H Club Score Sheet [and] Activity Guides 1 through 7. 4-H Pilot Program 918.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Cooperative Extension Service.

Seven activity guides, evaluation sheet, and club scoresheet have been prepared for Ohio 4-H clubs' litter education program. Topics of the seven activity guides include: (1) general guidelines and types of activities; (2) little known facts about waste/litter; (3) guidelines for a walking tour; (4) fact sheet (questionnaire) related to garbage;…

Crystal structures of NiSO4·9H2O and NiSO4·8H2O: magnetic properties, stability with respect to morenosite (NiSO4·7H2O), the solid-solution series (Mg x Ni1-x )SO4·9H2O

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fortes, A. D.; Knight, K. S.; Gibbs, A. S.; Wood, I. G.

2018-02-01

Since being discovered initially in mixed-cation systems, a method of forming end-member NiSO4·9H2O and NiSO4·8H2O has been found. We have obtained powder diffraction data from protonated analogues (with X-rays) and deuterated analogues (using neutrons) of these compounds over a range of temperatures, allowing us to determine their crystal structures—including all H-atoms—and to characterise the transitions on warming from 220 to 278 K; glass → 9-hydrate → 8-hydrate + ice → 7-hydrate + ice → partial melt (7-hydrate + liquid). NiSO4·8D2O is triclinic, space-group P\\bar {1} , Z = 2, with unit cell parameters at 150 K, a = 6.12463(8) Å, b = 6.8401(1) Å, c = 12.5339(2) Å, α = 92.846(1)°, β = 97.822(1)°, γ = 96.627(1)° and V = 515.58(1) Å3. The structure consists of two symmetry-inequivalent Ni(D2O)6 octahedra on sites of \\bar {1} symmetry. These are directly joined by a water-water H-bond to form chains of octahedra parallel with the c-axis at x = 0. Two interstitial water molecules serve both to bridge the Ni(D2O)6 octahedral chains in the b-c plane and also to connect with the SO4 2- tetrahedral oxyanion. These tetrahedra are linked by the two interstitial water molecules in a reticular motif to form sheets perpendicular to c. NiSO4·9D2O is monoclinic, space-group P21/c, Z = 4, with unit-cell parameters at 150 K, a = 6.69739(6) Å, b = 11.8628(1) Å, c = 14.5667(1) Å, β = 94.9739(8)° and V = 1152.96(1) Å3. The structure is isotypic with the Mg analogue described elsewhere (Fortes et al., Acta Cryst B 73:47‒64, 2017b). It shares the motif of H-bonded octahedral chains with NiSO4·8D2O, although in the enneahydrate these run parallel with the b-axis at x = 0. Three interstitial water molecules bridge the Ni(D2O)6 octahedra to the SO4 2- tetrahedral oxyanion. The tetrahedra sit at x ≈ 0.5 and are linked by two of the three interstitial water molecules in a pentagonal motif to form ribbons parallel with b. A solid-solution series

40 CFR 439.4 - General limitation or standard for pH.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false General limitation or standard for pH. 439.4 Section 439.4 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT... General limitation or standard for pH. The pH must remain within the range 6.0 to 9.0 in any discharge...

40 CFR 439.4 - General limitation or standard for pH.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false General limitation or standard for pH. 439.4 Section 439.4 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT... General limitation or standard for pH. The pH must remain within the range 6.0 to 9.0 in any discharge...

40 CFR 439.4 - General limitation or standard for pH.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false General limitation or standard for pH. 439.4 Section 439.4 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT... General limitation or standard for pH. The pH must remain within the range 6.0 to 9.0 in any discharge...

The Challenges Associated with Change in 4-H/Youth Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McKee, Renee K.; Talbert, B. Allen; Barkman, Susan J.

2002-01-01

A survey of 97 Indiana 4-H/youth development educators and interviews with staff and volunteer board members indicated that volunteers believe in core 4-H values, recommend reaching more and different youth, and believe that the rural image inhibits progress. Staff interactions with volunteers, lack of parental involvement, group organization and…

C4'/H4' selective, non-uniformly sampled 4D HC(P)CH experiment for sequential assignments of (13)C-labeled RNAs.

PubMed

Saxena, Saurabh; Stanek, Jan; Cevec, Mirko; Plavec, Janez; Koźmiński, Wiktor

2014-11-01

A through bond, C4'/H4' selective, "out and stay" type 4D HC(P)CH experiment is introduced which provides sequential connectivity via H4'(i)-C4'(i)-C4'(i-1)-H4'(i-1) correlations. The (31)P dimension (used in the conventional 3D HCP experiment) is replaced with evolution of better dispersed C4' dimension. The experiment fully utilizes (13)C-labeling of RNA by inclusion of two C4' evolution periods. An additional evolution of H4' is included to further enhance peak resolution. Band selective (13)C inversion pulses are used to achieve selectivity and prevent signal dephasing due to the of C4'-C3' and C4'-C5' homonuclear couplings. For reasonable resolution, non-uniform sampling is employed in all indirect dimensions. To reduce sensitivity losses, multiple quantum coherences are preserved during shared-time evolution and coherence transfer delays. In the experiment the intra-nucleotide peaks are suppressed whereas inter-nucleotide peaks are enhanced to reduce the ambiguities. The performance of the experiment is verified on a fully (13)C, (15)N-labeled 34-nt hairpin RNA comprising typical structure elements.

Resistance of extremely halophilic archaea to zinc and zinc oxide nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salgaonkar, Bhakti B.; Das, Deepthi; Bragança, Judith Maria

2016-02-01

Industrialization as well as other anthropogenic activities have resulted in addition of high loads of metal and/or metal nanoparticles to the environment. In this study, the effect of one of the widely used heavy metal, zinc (Zn) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on extremely halophilic archaea was evaluated. One representative member from four genera namely Halococcus, Haloferax, Halorubrum and Haloarcula of the family Halobacteriaceae was taken as the model organism. All the haloarchaeal genera investigated were resistant to both ZnCl2 and ZnO NPs at varying concentrations. Halococcus strain BK6 and Haloferax strain BBK2 showed the highest resistance in complex/minimal medium of up to 2.0/1.0 mM ZnCl2 and 2.0/1.0-0.5 mM ZnO NP. Accumulation of ZnCl2/ZnO NPs was seen as Haloferax strain BBK2 (287.2/549.6 mg g-1) > Halococcus strain BK6 (165.9/388.5 mg g-1) > Haloarcula strain BS2 (93.2/28.5 mg g-1) > Halorubrum strain BS17 (29.9/16.2 mg g-1). Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis revealed that bulk ZnCl2 was sorbed at a higher concentration (21.77 %) on the cell surface of Haloferax strain BBK2 as compared to the ZnO NPs (14.89 %).

40 CFR 439.4 - General limitation or standard for pH.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false General limitation or standard for pH. 439.4 Section 439.4 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT... limitation or standard for pH. The pH must remain within the range 6.0 to 9.0 in any discharge subject to BPT...

Electron scattering by the hydrocarbons C4H6,C5H8 , and C6H10

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiataki, Matheus B.; Pastega, Diego F.; Bettega, Márcio H. F.

2017-10-01

We report calculated elastic integral and differential cross sections for electron collisions with the hydrocarbons 1,3-butadiene (C4H6 ), 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (C5H8 ), and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (C6H10 ) for impact energies up to 15 eV. Our calculations were performed with the Schwinger Multichannel Method with pseudopotentials, in the static-exchange and static-exchange plus polarization approximations. These molecules differ for the presence of one methyl group, in the case of C5H8 , and two methyl groups, in the case of C6H10 in substitution of one and two hydrogen atoms in C4H6 , respectively (methylation effect). For the polar molecule 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, we included the Born closure procedure in order to account for the long-range potential. We found two π* shape resonances in the integral cross section of each one of the molecules studied. The present results are also compared with the experimental values for the resonances positions and with total cross sections available in the literature. In particular, we show that the minimum in the total cross section of C5H8 located at around 1.6 eV and assigned by the authors as a Ramsauer-Townsend minimum is, actually, a valley between the two π* shape resonances. Also for the C5H8 molecule, the enhancement in the total cross section below 1.6 eV is the tail of the low-lying shape resonance and not an effect due to its permanent dipole moment, as suggested by the authors. We discuss the influence of the methylation effect in the shape and magnitude of the elastic cross sections and also in the location of the π* shape resonances of these hydrocarbons.

Both H4K20 mono-methylation and H3K56 acetylation mark transcription-dependent histone turnover in fission yeast

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Hanna; Kwon, Chang Seob; Choi, Yoonjung, E-mail: jjungii@kaist.ac.kr

Nucleosome dynamics facilitated by histone turnover is required for transcription as well as DNA replication and repair. Histone turnover is often associated with various histone modifications such as H3K56 acetylation (H3K56Ac), H3K36 methylation (H3K36me), and H4K20 methylation (H4K20me). In order to correlate histone modifications and transcription-dependent histone turnover, we performed genome wide analyses for euchromatic regions in G2/M-arrested fission yeast. The results show that transcription-dependent histone turnover at 5′ promoter and 3′ termination regions is directly correlated with the occurrence of H3K56Ac and H4K20 mono-methylation (H4K20me1) in actively transcribed genes. Furthermore, the increase of H3K56Ac and H4K20me1 and antisense RNAmore » production was observed in the absence of the histone H3K36 methyltransferase Set2 and histone deacetylase complex (HDAC) that are involved in the suppression of histone turnover within the coding regions. These results together indicate that H4K20me1 as well as H3K56Ac are bona fide marks for transcription-dependent histone turnover in fission yeast.« less

Two dimensional simulations of triode VHF SiH4 plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Li-Wen; Chen, Weiting; Uchino, Kiichiro; Kawai, Yoshinobu

2018-06-01

Two-dimensional simulations of a triode VHF SiH4 plasma (60 MHz) were performed using a fluid model, where the plasma was realized using multirod electrodes. Higher-order silanes that are responsible for the quality of amorphous silicon were included in the simulations. A typical VHF plasma with an electron density higher than 1016 m‑3 and an electron temperature lower than 3 eV was predicted between discharge electrodes while the electron density near the substrate was very low. The SiH3 density was fairly uniform between discharge electrodes and did not decrease rapidly near the substrate, suggesting a high-speed deposition. Higher-order molecules and radicals that play an important role in dust formation had similar spatial profiles and their densities were five to 6 orders of magnitude lower than the SiH3 density. We discussed the effect of the rate constant of reaction, SiH3 + SiH3 → SiH2 + SiH4, on the SiH3 density.

Major advances in the development of histamine H4 receptor ligands.

PubMed

Smits, Rogier A; Leurs, Rob; de Esch, Iwan J P

2009-08-01

The search for new and potent histamine H4 receptor ligands is leading to a steadily increasing number of scientific publications and patent applications. Several interesting and structurally diverse compounds have been found, but fierce IP competition for a preferred 2-aminopyrimidine scaffold is becoming apparent. Recent investigations into the role of the histamine H(4)R in (patho)physiology and the use of H4R ligands in in vivo disease models reveal enormous potential in the field of inflammation and allergy, among others. The development of ligands that display activity at two or more histamine receptor (HR) subtypes is another clinical opportunity that is currently being explored. Taken together, the histamine H4R field is gearing up for clinical studies and has the potential to deliver another generation of blockbuster drugs.

Global 4-H Network: Laying the Groundwork for Global Extension Opportunities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Major, Jennifer; Miller, Rhonda

2012-01-01

A descriptive study examining 4-H programs in Africa, Asia, and Europe was conducted to provide understanding and direction in the establishment of a Global 4-H Network. Information regarding structure, organizational support, funding, and programming areas was gathered. Programs varied greatly by country, and many partnered with other 4-H…

Peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) with pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone (PPT) as a universal base: their synthesis and binding affinity for oligodeoxyribonucleotides.

PubMed

Hirano, Taisuke; Kuroda, Kenji; Kataoka, Masanori; Hayakawa, Yoshihiro

2009-07-21

Peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) including pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone (PPT) as a nucleobase were synthesized, and their binding affinity for the complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotides was investigated. We found that PNAs with one or two PPT(s) and natural nucleobases (i.e., adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine) have excellent binding affinity for oligodeoxyribonucleotides with complementary bases at the positions facing the natural nucleobases, and with adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine at the positions opposite PPT in PNAs. The binding affinity of the PPT-containing PNA is higher than or comparable to that of a PNA consisting of all complementary natural nucleobases, viz. a PNA with a suitable natural nucleobase in place of PPT in the PPT-containing PNA. Consequently, it was concluded that PPT serves as a useful universal base that can recognize all natural nucleobases.

Food Challenge: Serving Up 4-H to Non-Traditional Audiences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dodd, Sara; Follmer-Reece, Holly E.; Kostina-Ritchey, Erin; Reyna, Roxanna

2015-01-01

This article describes a novel approach for introducing 4-H to non-traditional/diverse audiences using 4-H Food Challenge. Set in a low SES and minority-serving rural school, Food Challenge was presented during the school day to all 7th grade students, with almost half voluntarily participating in an after-school club component. Program design…

A line parameter list for the nu2 and nu4 bands of /C-12/H4 and /C-13/H4, extended to J-prime = 25 and its application to planetary atmospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Orton, G. S.; Robiette, A. G.

1980-01-01

Line parameters (transition frequencies, line strengths, line widths, ground state energies and quantum identifications) for the nu2 and nu4 bands of (C-12)H4 and (C-13)H4 have been calculated for J-prime equal to or less than 25 using the simultaneous coupled fitting procedure of Gray and Robiette. Molecular constants for the nu2 band of (C-13)H4 were estimated from isotopic shifts from (C-12)H4 values. Agreement with laboratory spectra, where available, is always well within 1 kayser over the entire spectral range covered by the list. The most serious problem in comparison with laboratory data is the omission of lines belonging to 'hot' bands in this spectral region. This list is valuable in remote sensing problems for sorting out lines of trace species from weak methane lines and for determining the atmospheric opacity in relatively transparent spectral regions. Applications of the parameter list are demonstrated for remote sounding of the Jovian atmosphere.

[Immobilization technology and mechanism of fly ash using H3PO4].

PubMed

Wang, Jun; Jiang, Jian-Guo; Sui, Ji-Chao; Yang, Shi-Jian

2006-08-01

Chemical composition and toxicity leaching characteristics of fly ash was analyzed. The experiment results show that many heavy metals were contained; leaching concentration of Pb is 67.03 mg/L, which exceeds the limit of identification standard for hazardous wastes. Effect of input mass of H3PO4 on immobilization of heavy metals and its long-term environmental stability was studied. The results show that when input 8% - 14% (H3PO4 mass/ fly ash mass) of H3PO4 sound immobilization effect can be achieved; 8% and 12% of H3PO4 will bring a satisfactory environmental stability of heavy metals, while more H3PO4 led to less buffer capacity to acid conditions. In fly ash treated by 12% H3PO4, a small quantity of crystal Cr2P2O7, ZnP2, Pb3P4O13, Pb3P2O7, NaZnPO4, NaPbP3O9, Ca2ZnSi2O7 can be detected by XRD; many independent fly ash particles and bar-shaped Pb5 (PO4)3Cl with a diameter of 0.3 - 0.5 microm were observed by SEM; concentrated heavy metal materials were not obtained by CHBr3 floatation. Conclusions can be drawn that, through neutralization reaction of H3PO4 with strongly alkaline fly ash, stabilization reaction conditions were improved, entrapped heavy metals were chemically activated and PO4(3-) needed in stabilization was produced. Activated heavy metals combined with PO4(3-) on surface of fly ash,generated phosphates existing as forms of solid solution in SiO2, CaCO3, CaSO4, KCl, NaCl.

Special hydrogen bonds observed in two monovalent metal carboxylate-phosphinates: {NaH(Phsbnd PO2sbnd C2H4sbnd COOH)2}∞ and {[KH(Phsbnd PO2sbnd C2H4sbnd COOH)2]·H2O}∞

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Cui-Cui; Zhang, Jian-Wei; Zhou, Zhong-Gao; Du, Zi-Yi

2013-02-01

The addition of strong base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to the aqueous solution of (2-carboxyethyl)(phenyl)phosphinic acid afforded two novel monovalent metal carboxylate-phosphinates, namely, {NaH(Phsbnd PO2sbnd C2H4sbnd COOH)2}∞ (1) and {[KH(Phsbnd PO2sbnd C2H4sbnd COOH)2]·H2O}∞ (2). They represent the first examples of phosphinate containing short, symmetric or almost symmetric O⋯H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Mechanisms of immunity to Leishmania major infection in mice: the contribution of DNA vaccines coding for two novel sets of histones (H2A-H2B or H3-H4).

PubMed

Carrión, Javier

2011-09-01

The immune phenotype conferred by two different sets of histone genes (H2A-H2B or H3-H4) was assessed. BALB/c mice vaccinated with pcDNA3H2AH2B succumbed to progressive cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL), whereas vaccination with pcDNA3H3H4 resulted in partial resistance to Leishmania major challenge associated with the development of mixed T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2-type response and a reduction in parasite-specific Treg cells number at the site of infection. Therefore, the presence of histones H3 and H4 may be considered essential in the development of vaccine strategies against CL based on the Leishmania histones. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

H atoms in CH4 and Xe matrices at cryogenic temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willard, J. E.

1982-07-01

Cryogenic techniques coupled with electron spin resonance detection methods have made it possible to produce long-lived trapped hydrogen atoms in inert matrices at 4 K and to study their reactions with neutral molecules and molecular fragments when the temperature is raised to the point where they diffuse. Under the matrix conditions H atoms abstract H rapidly from all carbon-hydrogen bonds (except those of CH 4) by quantum mechanical tunnelling, even though such reactions would be precluded if the classical activation energy prevailed. Thermal H atoms in CH 4 at 15 K add to CO to form the HCO radical, and to O 2 to form the HO 2 radical. When exposed to the appropriate wavelength of light these and other radicals, including CH 3, C 2H 5 and C 2H 3 lose H by photoelimination. The H atoms are produced in the matrices by X radiolysis, γ-ray radiolysis, or photolysis of a hydrogen halide. This paper reviews some of the most significant current findings in the field from different laboratories.

Empirical electronic polarizabilities: deviations from the additivity rule. I. M2+SO4·nH2O, blödite Na2M2+(SO4)2·4H2O, and kieserite-related minerals with sterically strained structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gagné, Olivier; Hawthorne, Frank; Shannon, Robert D.; Fischer, Reinhard X.

2017-09-01

Empirical electronic polarizabilities allow the prediction of total mineral polarizabilities and mean refractive indices of the vast majority of minerals and synthetic oxides. However, deviations from the valence-sum rule at cations in some minerals are associated with large deviations of observed from calculated total polarizabilities. We have identified several groups of minerals and compounds where deviations from the valence-sum rule at cations lead to polarizability deviations of 2-5%: M(SO4)·nH2O, n = 1-6, blödite-group minerals [Na2M2+(SO4)2·4H2O], and the kieserite-related minerals: isokite, panasqueiraite and tilasite. In these minerals, the environment of the M ions contains both O and H2O: Mg[O4(H2O)2] in kieserite, szmikite, and szomolnokite; Mg[O2(H2O)4] in starkeyite, ilesite, and rozenite, and Mg[(H2O)6] in hexahydrite. In compounds where the ligands are only H2O, deviations from the valence-sum rule at the M(H2O)6 groups are not accompanied by significant polarizability deviations. This is the case for epsomite, MgSO4·7H2O; bieberite, CoSO4·7H2O; goslarite, ZnSO4·7H2O, six silicofluorides, MSiF6·6H2O; eighteen Tutton's salts, M2M'(SO4)2·6H2O, where M = K, Rb, Cs and M' = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn; and eleven MM'(SO4)2·12H2O alums, where M = Na, K, Rb and Cs, and M' = Al, Cr, Ga and In. This is also the case for the sulfates alunogen, Al2(SO4)3·17H2O and halotrichite, FeAl2(SO4)4·22H2O; three hydrated nitrates; one phosphate; three antimonates and two hydrated perchlorates. A possible explanation for this different behavior is that the bond-valence model treats O and H separately, whereas polarizability calculations treat the polarizability of the entire H2O molecule.

Human SLC4A11 Is a Novel NH3/H+ Co-transporter*

PubMed Central

Zhang, Wenlin; Ogando, Diego G.; Bonanno, Joseph A.; Obukhov, Alexander G.

2015-01-01

SLC4A11 has been proposed to be an electrogenic membrane transporter, permeable to Na+, H+ (OH−), bicarbonate, borate, and NH4+. Recent studies indicate, however, that neither bicarbonate or borate is a substrate. Here, we examined potential NH4+, Na+, and H+ contributions to electrogenic ion transport through SLC4A11 stably expressed in Na+/H+ exchanger-deficient PS120 fibroblasts. Inward currents observed during exposure to NH4Cl were determined by the [NH3]o, not [NH4+]o, and current amplitudes varied with the [H+] gradient. These currents were relatively unaffected by removal of Na+, K+, or Cl− from the bath but could be reduced by inclusion of NH4Cl in the pipette solution. Bath pH changes alone did not generate significant currents through SLC4A11, except immediately following exposure to NH4Cl. Reversal potential shifts in response to changing [NH3]o and pHo suggested an NH3/H+-coupled transport mode for SLC4A11. Proton flux through SLC4A11 in the absence of ammonia was relatively small, suggesting that ammonia transport is of more physiological relevance. Methylammonia produced currents similar to NH3 but with reduced amplitude. Estimated stoichiometry of SLC4A11 transport was 1:2 (NH3/H+). NH3-dependent currents were insensitive to 10 μm ethyl-isopropyl amiloride or 100 μm 4,4′- diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid. We propose that SLC4A11 is an NH3/2H+ co-transporter exhibiting unique characteristics. PMID:26018076

Smad4 mediated BMP2 signal is essential for the regulation of GATA4 and Nkx2.5 by affecting the histone H3 acetylation in H9c2 cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Si, Lina; Shi, Jin; Gao, Wenqun

2014-07-18

Highlights: • BMP2 can upregulated cardiac related gene GATA4, Nkx2.5, MEF2c and Tbx5. • Inhibition of Smad4 decreased BMP2-induced hyperacetylation of histone H3. • Inhibition of Smad4 diminished BMP2-induced overexpression of GATA4 and Nkx2.5. • Inhibition of Smad4 decreased hyperacetylated H3 in the promoter of GATA4 and Nkx2.5. • Smad4 is essential for BMP2 induced hyperacetylated histone H3. - Abstract: BMP2 signaling pathway plays critical roles during heart development, Smad4 encodes the only common Smad protein in mammals, which is a pivotal nuclear mediator. Our previous studies showed that BMP2 enhanced the expression of cardiac transcription factors in part bymore » increasing histone H3 acetylation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Smad4 mediated BMP2 signaling pathway is essential for the expression of cardiac core transcription factors by affecting the histone H3 acetylation. We successfully constructed a lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA interference vector targeting Smad4 (Lv-Smad4) in rat H9c2 embryonic cardiac myocytes (H9c2 cells) and demonstrated that it suppressed the expression of the Smad4 gene. Cultured H9c2 cells were transfected with recombinant adenoviruses expressing human BMP2 (AdBMP2) with or without Lv-Smad4. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that knocking down of Smad4 substantially inhibited both AdBMP2-induced and basal expression levels of cardiac transcription factors GATA4 and Nkx2.5, but not MEF2c and Tbx5. Similarly, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showed that knocking down of Smad4 inhibited both AdBMP2-induced and basal histone H3 acetylation levels in the promoter regions of GATA4 and Nkx2.5, but not of Tbx5 and MEF2c. In addition, Lv-Smad4 selectively suppressed AdBMP2-induced expression of HAT p300, but not of HAT GCN5 in H9c2 cells. The data indicated that inhibition of Smad4 diminished both AdBMP2 induced and basal histone acetylation levels in the promoter

Thermal decomposition of europium sulfates Eu2(SO4)3·8H2O and EuSO4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Denisenko, Yu. G.; Khritokhin, N. A.; Andreev, O. V.; Basova, S. A.; Sal'nikova, E. I.; Polkovnikov, A. A.

2017-11-01

Reactions of europium sulfates Eu2(SO4)3·8H2O and EuSO4 complete decomposition were studied by Simultaneous Thermal Analysis. It was revealed that one-step dehydratation of Eu2(SO4)3·8H2O crystallohydrate is accompanied by the formation of amorphous anhydrous europium sulfate Eu2(SO4)3. Crystallization of amorphous europium (III) sulfate occurs at 381.1 °C (in argon) and 391.3 °C (in air). The average enthalpy values for dehydratation reaction of Eu2(SO4)3·8H2O (ΔH° = 141.1 kJ/mol), decomposition reactions of Eu2(SO4)3 (ΔH = 463.1 kJ/mol), Eu2O2SO4 (ΔH = 378.4 kJ/mol) and EuSO4 (ΔH = 124.1 kJ/mol) were determined. The step process mechanisms of thermal decomposition of europium (III) sulfate in air and europium (II) sulfate in inert atmosphere were established and justified. The kinetic parameters of complete thermal decomposition of europium (III) sulfate octahydrate were calculated by Kissinger model. The standard enthalpies of compound formation were calculated using thermal effects and formation enthalpy data for binary compounds.

F{sup −}/OH{sup −} substitution in [H{sub 4}tren]{sup 4+} and [H{sub 3}tren]{sup 3+} hydroxyfluorotitanates(IV) and classification of tren cation configurations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lhoste, Jérôme, E-mail: jerome.lhoste@univ-lemans.fr; Body, Monique, E-mail: monique.body@univ-lemans.fr; Legein, Christophe, E-mail: christophe.legein@univ-lemans.fr

2014-09-15

Three [H{sub 3}tren]{sup 3+} or [H{sub 4}tren]{sup 4+} hydroxyfluorotitanates(IV) are solvothermally synthesized from TiO{sub 2}, tren amine, 40% HF aqueous solution and ethanol under microwave heating at 120 °C and 190 °C. [H{sub 4}tren]·(TiF{sub 4.6}(OH){sub 1.4}){sub 2}·2.7H{sub 2}O (I) and β-[H{sub 3}tren]·(TiF{sub 4.5}(OH){sub 1.5})·(F) (II) are described for the first time. The third compound, α-[H{sub 3}tren]·(TiF{sub 4.7}(OH){sub 1.3})·(F) (III), was previously reported as a pure fluorotitanate. The structure determinations are performed from single crystal (I) and powder (II) X-ray diffraction data. The F{sup −}/OH{sup −} substitution, expected from the presence of water in the reaction medium, is characterized by chemicalmore » analyses and {sup 19}F MAS solid state NMR experiments: all three structures are built up from Ti(F,OH){sub 6}{sup 2−} octahedra and “free” fluoride ions or water molecules. “Free” fluoride ions are not affected by F{sup −}/OH{sup −} substitution. The electroneutrality is ensured by triprotonated or tetraprotonated tren amines which adopt specific configurations. Additionally, based on the analysis of [H{sub 3}tren]{sup 3+} or [H{sub 4}tren]{sup 4+} hydroxo/oxo/fluorometalates, a classification of the configurations of tren cations is proposed. - Graphical abstract: The ratio of the relative intensities of the {sup 19}F NMR lines assigned to F atoms belonging to isolated TiF{sub 6−x}(OH){sub x} octahedra and to “free” fluoride ions shows that the F{sup −}/OH{sup −} substitution concerns only F atoms bonded to titanium. - Highlights: • Three tren templated hydroxyfluorotitanates(IV) have been solvothermally synthesized. • They are built up from Ti(F,OH){sub 6}{sup 2−} octahedra and “free” F{sup −} ions or H{sub 2}O molecules. • F{sup −}/OH{sup −} substitution does not affect “free” F{sup −} sites. • [H{sub 4}tren]{sup 4+} and [H{sub 3}tren]{sup 3+} cations adopt

H3 and H4 Lysine Acetylation Correlates with Developmental and Experimentally Induced Adult Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex

PubMed Central

Vierci, Gabriela; Pannunzio, Bruno; Bornia, Natalia; Rossi, Francesco M.

2016-01-01

Histone posttranslational modifications play a fundamental role in orchestrating gene expression. In this work, we analyzed the acetylation of H3 and H4 histones (AcH3–AcH4) and its modulation by visual experience in the mouse visual cortex (VC) during normal development and in two experimental conditions that restore juvenile-like plasticity levels in adults (fluoxetine treatment and enriched environment). We found that AcH3–AcH4 declines with age and is upregulated by treatments restoring plasticity in the adult. We also found that visual experience modulates AcH3–AcH4 in young and adult plasticity-restored mice but not in untreated ones. Finally, we showed that the transporter vGAT is downregulated in adult plasticity-restored models. In summary, we identified a dynamic regulation of AcH3–AcH4, which is associated with high plasticity levels and enhanced by visual experience. These data, along with recent ones, indicate H3–H4 acetylation as a central hub in the control of experience-dependent plasticity in the VC. PMID:27891053

Tumor Regression and Delayed Onset Toxicity Following B7-H4 CAR T Cell Therapy

PubMed Central

Smith, Jenessa B; Lanitis, Evripidis; Dangaj, Denarda; Buza, Elizabeth; Poussin, Mathilde; Stashwick, Caitlin; Scholler, Nathalie; Powell, Daniel J

2016-01-01

B7-H4 protein is frequently overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Here, we engineered T cells with novel B7-H4-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognized both human and murine B7-H4 to test the hypothesis that B7-H4 CAR T cell therapy can be applied safely in preclinical models. B7-H4 CAR T cells specifically secreted IFN-γ and lysed B7-H4(+) targets. In vivo, B7-H4 CAR T cells displayed antitumor reactivity against B7-H4(+) human ovarian tumor xenografts. Unexpectedly, B7-H4 CAR T cell treatment reproducibly showed delayed, lethal toxicity 6–8 weeks after therapy. Comprehensive assessment of murine B7-H4 protein distribution uncovered expression in ductal and mucosal epithelial cells in normal tissues. Postmortem analysis revealed the presence of widespread histologic lesions that correlated with B7-H4(+) expression, and were inconsistent with graft versus host disease. Lastly, expression patterns of B7-H4 protein in normal human tissue were comparable to distribution in mice, advancing our understanding of B7-H4. We conclude that B7-H4 CAR therapy mediates control of cancer outgrowth. However, long-term engraftment of B7-H4 CAR T cells mediates lethal, off-tumor toxicity that is likely due to wide expression of B7-H4 in healthy mouse organs. This model system provides a unique opportunity for preclinical evaluation of safety approaches that limit CAR-mediated toxicity after tumor destruction in vivo. PMID:27439899

Vaccine protection of poultry against H5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Following the 2014-2015 outbreaks of H5N2 and H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the U.S., studies were performed to identify vaccines with potential to be used as a control mechanism in the event of future outbreaks. We tested both inactivated and recombinant vaccine...

Synthesis and pharmacological properties of new derivatives of 4-alkoxy-6-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3(2H)-diones.

PubMed

Sladowska, Helena; Sabiniarz, Aleksandra; Sapa, Jacek; Filipek, Barbara

2009-01-01

Synthesis of 2-(2-hydroxy-3-amino)propyl derivatives of 4-alkoxy-6-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3(2H)-diones (24-35) is described. The chlorides used in the above synthesis exist mainly in the cyclic forms (18, 20-23). Only chloride with benzhydryl substituent at the nitrogen atom of piperazine has the chain structure (19). Among the studied imides the most active analgesics in the "writhing" syndrome test proved to be compounds 30 and 31 (with LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) containing 4-benzylpiperidino group. Furthermore, all imides suppressed significantly spontaneous locomotor activity of mice.

Practical Methylation Procedure for (1H)-1,2,4-Triazole (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

Francis Group, LLC. 14. ABSTRACT Conversion of (1H)-1,2,4-triazole to its sodium salt with methanolic sodium methoxide is followed by reaction ...From - To) 04-06-2007 Journal Article 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Practical Methylation Procedure for (1H)-1,2,4-Triazole (Postprint...continuous extraction (chloroform/water) with a final short-path distillation under a controlled vacuum to obtain spectroscopically pure 1- methyl -1,2,4

Interferon regulatory factor 1 and histone H4 acetylation in systemic lupus erythematosus

PubMed Central

Leung, Yiu Tak; Shi, Lihua; Maurer, Kelly; Song, Li; Zhang, Zhe; Petri, Michelle; Sullivan, Kathleen E

2015-01-01

Histone acetylation modulates gene expression and has been described as increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) interactions that influence H4 acetylation (H4ac) in SLE. Intracellular flow cytometry for H4 acetylated lysine (K) 5, K8, K12, and K16 was performed. Histone acetylation was defined in monocytes and T cells from controls and SLE patients. RNA-Seq studies were performed on monocytes to look for an imbalance in histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylase enzyme expression. Expression levels were validated using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. IRF1 induction of H4ac was evaluated using D54MG cells overexpressing IRF1. IRF1 protein interactions were studied using co-immunoprecipitation assays. IRF1-dependent recruitment of histone acetyltransferases to target genes was examined by ChIP assays using p300 antibody. Flow cytometry data showed significantly increased H4K5, H4K8, H4K12, and H4K16 acetylation in SLE monocytes. HDAC3 and HDAC11 gene expression were decreased in SLE monocytes. PCAF showed significantly higher gene expression in SLE than controls. IRF1-overexpressing D54MG cells were associated with significantly increased H4K5, H4K8, and H4K12 acetylation compared to vector-control D54MG cells both globally and at specific target genes. Co-immunoprecipitation studies using D54MG cells revealed IRF1 protein-protein interactions with PCAF, P300, CBP, GCN5, ATF2, and HDAC3. ChIP experiments demonstrated increased p300 recruitment to known IRF1 targets in D54MG cells overexpressing IRF1. In contrast, p300 binding to IRF1 targets decreased in D54MG cells with IRF1 knockdown. SLE appears to be associated with an imbalance in histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylase enzymes favoring pathologic H4 acetylation. Furthermore, IRF1 directly interacts with chromatin modifying enzymes, supporting a model where recruitment to specific target genes is mediated in part by IRF1. PMID

Context dependency of Set1/COMPASS-mediated histone H3 Lys4 trimethylation

PubMed Central

Thornton, Janet L.; Westfield, Gerwin H.; Takahashi, Yoh-hei; Cook, Malcolm; Gao, Xin; Woodfin, Ashley R.; Lee, Jung-Shin; Morgan, Marc A.; Jackson, Jessica; Smith, Edwin R.; Couture, Jean-Francois; Skiniotis, Georgios; Shilatifard, Ali

2014-01-01

The stimulation of trimethylation of histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4) by H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub) has been widely studied, with multiple mechanisms having been proposed for this form of histone cross-talk. Cps35/Swd2 within COMPASS (complex of proteins associated with Set1) is considered to bridge these different processes. However, a truncated form of Set1 (762-Set1) is reported to function in H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) without interacting with Cps35/Swd2, and such cross-talk is attributed to the n-SET domain of Set1 and its interaction with the Cps40/Spp1 subunit of COMPASS. Here, we used biochemical, structural, in vivo, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing (ChIP-seq) approaches to demonstrate that Cps40/Spp1 and the n-SET domain of Set1 are required for the stability of Set1 and not the cross-talk. Furthermore, the apparent wild-type levels of H3K4me3 in the 762-Set1 strain are due to the rogue methylase activity of this mutant, resulting in the mislocalization of H3K4me3 from the promoter-proximal regions to the gene bodies and intergenic regions. We also performed detailed screens and identified yeast strains lacking H2Bub but containing intact H2Bub enzymes that have normal levels of H3K4me3, suggesting that monoubiquitination may not directly stimulate COMPASS but rather works in the context of the PAF and Rad6/Bre1 complexes. Our study demonstrates that the monoubiquitination machinery and Cps35/Swd2 function to focus COMPASS's H3K4me3 activity at promoter-proximal regions in a context-dependent manner. PMID:24402317

Thermally-induced first-order phase transition in the (FC6H4C2H4NH3)2[PbI4] photoluminescent organic-inorganic material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koubaa, M.; Dammak, T.; Garrot, D.; Castro, M.; Codjovi, E.; Mlayah, A.; Abid, Y.; Boukheddaden, K.

2012-03-01

The thermal properties of the perovskite slab alkylammonium lead iodide (FC6H4C2H4NH3)2[PbI4] are investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry, differential scanning calorimetry, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy. The spectroscopic ellipsometry, performed in the heating mode, clearly evidenced the presence of a singularity at 375 K. This is corroborated by the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence, which pointed out a first-order order-disorder phase transition at ˜375 K, with a hysteresis loop of 40 K width. Raman spectroscopy data suggest that this transition arises from a dynamic rotational disordering of the ammonium headgroups of the alkylammonium chain. In contrast, differential scanning calorimetry measurements on a pellet sample led to an entropy change value ΔS ≈0.39 J/K/mol at the transition, suggesting the existence of a residual short-range order of the NH3+ on cooling from the high temperature phase.

Synthesis and structure of the extended phosphazane ligand [(1,4-C6H4){N(μ-PN(t)Bu)2N(t)Bu}2](4).

PubMed

Sevilla, Raquel; Less, Robert J; García-Rodríguez, Raúl; Bond, Andrew D; Wright, Dominic S

2016-02-07

The reaction of the phenylene-bridged precursor (1,4-C6H4)[N(PCl2)2]2 with (t)BuNH2 in the presence of Et3N gives the new ligand precursor (1,4-C6H4)[N(μ-N(t)Bu)2(PNH(t)Bu)2]2, deprotonation of which with Bu2Mg gives the novel tetraanion [(1,4-C6H4){N(μ-N(t)Bu)2(PN(t)Bu)2}2](4-).

Kinetics of struvite to newberyite transformation in the precipitation system MgCl2-NH4H2PO4NaOH-H2O.

PubMed

Babić-Ivancić, Vesna; Kontrec, Jasminka; Brecević, Ljerka; Kralj, Damir

2006-10-01

The influence of the initial reactant concentrations on the composition of the solid phases formed in the precipitation system MgCl(2)-NH(4)H(2)PO(4)-NaOH-H(2)O was investigated. The precipitation diagram constructed shows the approximate concentration regions within which struvite, newberyite, and their mixtures exist at 25 degrees C and an aging time of 60 min. It was found that immediately after mixing the reactant solutions, struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O) precipitated in nearly the whole concentration area, while newberyite (MgHPO(4).3H(2)O) appeared mostly within the region of the excess of magnesium concentration. It was also found that after aging time of 60 min the precipitation domain of struvite alone is much broader than that of newberyite or the domain of their coexistence, and shows that struvite is more abundant in the systems in which the initial concentration of ammonium phosphate is higher than that of magnesium. The kinetics of struvite to newberyite transformation (conversion) was systematically studied under the conditions of different initial reactant concentrations and different initial pH in the systems in which a mixture of both phases precipitated spontaneously. The struvite to newberyite conversion period was found to be strongly related to the ratio of initial supersaturations, S(N)/S(S), rather than to the any particular physical quantity that can describe and predict the behavior of the precipitation system. Experimental data suggest a solution-mediated process as a most possible transformation mechanism. Along with a continuous monitoring of the changes in the liquid phase, the content of struvite in the solid phase was estimated by means of a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) method, developed for this particular precipitation system.

In silico modeling techniques for predicting the tertiary structure of human H4 receptor.

PubMed

Zaid, Hilal; Raiyn, Jamal; Osman, Midhat; Falah, Mizied; Srouji, Samer; Rayan, Anwar

2016-01-01

First cloned in 2000, the human Histamine H4 Receptor (hH4R) is the last member of the histamine receptors family discovered so far, it belongs to the GPCR super-family and is involved in a wide variety of immunological and inflammatory responses. Potential hH4R antagonists are proposed to have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergies, inflammation, asthma and colitis. So far, no hH4R ligands have been successfully introduced to the pharmaceutical market, which creates a strong demand for new selective ligands to be developed. in silico techniques and structural based modeling are likely to facilitate the achievement of this goal. In this review paper we attempt to cover the fundamental concepts of hH4R structure modeling and its implementations in drug discovery and development, especially those that have been experimentally tested and to highlight some ideas that are currently being discussed on the dynamic nature of hH4R and GPCRs, in regards to computerized techniques for 3-D structure modeling.

Vertical profiles of H2O, H2SO4, and sulfuric acid concentration at 45-75 km on Venus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.

2015-05-01

A method developed by Krasnopolsky and Pollack (Krasnopolsky, V.A., Pollack, J.B. [1994]. Icarus 109, 58-78) to model vertical profiles of H2O and H2SO4 vapors and sulfuric acid concentration in the Venus cloud layer has been updated with improved thermodynamic parameters for H2O and H2SO4 and reduced photochemical production of sulfuric acid. The model is applied to the global-mean conditions and those at the low latitudes and at 60°. Variations in eddy diffusion near the lower cloud boundary are used to simulate variability in the cloud properties and abundances of H2O and H2SO4. The best version of the model for the global-mean condition results in a lower cloud boundary (LCB) at 47.5 km, H2SO4 peak abundance of 7.5 ppm at the LCB, and H2O mixing ratios of 7 ppm at 62 km and 3.5 ppm above 67 km. The model for low latitudes gives LCB at 48.5 km, the H2SO4 peak of 5 ppm, H2O of 8.5 ppm at 62 km and 3 ppm above 67 km. The model for 60° shows LCB at 46 km, the H2SO4 peak of 8.5 ppm, H2O of 9 ppm at 62 km and 4.5 ppm above 67 km. The calculated variability is induced by the proper changes in the production of sulfuric acid (by factors of 1.2 and 0.7 for the low latitudes and 60°, respectively) and reduction of eddy diffusion near 45 km relative to the value at 54 km by factors of 1.1, 3, and 4.5 for the low and middle (global-mean) latitudes and 60°, respectively. Concentration of sulfuric acid at the low and middle latitudes varies from ∼98% near 50 km to ∼80% at 60 km and then is almost constant at 79% at 70 km. Concentration at 60° is 98% at 50 km, 73% at 63 km, and 81% at 70 km. There is a reasonable agreement between the model results and observations except for the sulfuric acid concentration in the lower clouds. Variations of eddy diffusion in the lower cloud layer simulate variations in atmospheric dynamics and may induce strong variations in water vapor near the cloud tops. Variations in temperature may affect abundances of the H2O and H2SO4 vapors

4-H Textile Science Textile Arts Projects.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scholl, Jan

This packet contains three 4-H textile arts projects for students in the textile sciences area. The projects cover weaving, knitting, and crocheting. Each project provides an overview of what the student will learn, what materials are needed, and suggested projects for the area. Projects can be adapted for beginning, intermediate, or advanced…

The C4H7+ cation. A theoretical investigation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koch, W.; Liu, B.; DeFrees, D. J.

1988-01-01

The potential energy surface of the C4H7+ cation has been investigated with ab initio quantum chemical theory. Extended basis set calculations, including electronic correlation, show that cyclobutyl and cyclopropylcarbinyl cation are equally stable isomers. The saddle point connecting these isomers lies 0.6 kcal/mol above the minima. The global C4H7+ minimum corresponds to the 1-methylallyl cation, which is 9.0 kcal/mol more stable than the cyclobutyl and the cyclopropylcarbinyl cation and 9.5 kcal/mol below the 2-methylallyl cation. These results are in excellent agreement with experimental data.

Simple method for the growth of 4H silicon carbide on silicon substrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asghar, M.; Shahid, M. Y.; Iqbal, F.; Fatima, K.; Nawaz, Muhammad Asif; Arbi, H. M.; Tsu, R.

2016-03-01

In this study we report thermal evaporation technique as a simple method for the growth of 4H silicon carbide on p-type silicon substrate. A mixture of Si and C60 powder of high purity (99.99%) was evaporated from molybdenum boat. The as grown film was characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Hall Measurements. The XRD pattern displayed four peaks at 2Θ angles 28.550, 32.700, 36.100 and 58.900 related to Si (1 1 1), 4H-SiC (1 0 0), 4H-SiC (1 1 1) and 4H-SiC (2 2 2), respectively. FTIR, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and electrical properties further strengthened the 4H-SiC growth.

Preparation, Characterization, and Structure of Two Layered Molybdenum(VI) Phosphates: KMo(H 2O)O 2PO 4 and NH 4Mo(H 2O)O 2PO 4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Millini, Roberto; Carati, Angela

1995-08-01

New layered Mo(VI) compounds, KMo(H 2O)O 2PO 4 (I) and NH 4Mo(H 2O)O 2PO 4 (II), were synthesized hydrothermally and their structures were determined from single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compounds (I) and (II) are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic P2 1/ n space group with a = 12.353(3), b = 8.623(2), c = 5.841(1) Å, β = 102.78(1)°, V = 606.8(2) Å 3, Z = 4, and R = 0.027 ( Rw = 0.030) for compound (I) and a = 12.435(3), b = 8.761(2), c = 6.015(1), β = 103.45(1)°, V = 637.3(2) Å 3, Z = 4, and R = 0.040 ( Rw = 0.041) for compound (II). The structure consists of layers built up of eight- and four-membered rings resulting from the alternation of corner-sharing [MoO 6] octahedra and [PO 4] tetrahedra. The layers stack along the (1¯01) direction by intercalating K and NH 4 ions.

Reassortment of influenza A viruses in wild birds in Alaska before H5 Clade 2.3.4.4 Outbreaks

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hill, Nichola J.; Hussein, Islam T. M.; Davis, Kimberly R.; Ma, Eric J.; Spivey, Timothy; Ramey, Andy M.; Puryear, Wendy Blay; Das, Suman R.; Halpin, Rebecca A.; Lin, Xudong; Federova, Nadia B.; Suarez, David L.; Boyce, Walter M.; Runstadler, Jonathan A.

2017-01-01

Sampling of mallards in Alaska during September 2014–April 2015 identified low pathogenic avian influenza A virus (subtypes H5N2 and H1N1) that shared ancestry with highly pathogenic reassortant H5N2 and H5N1 viruses. Molecular dating indicated reassortment soon after interhemispheric movement of H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4, suggesting genetic exchange in Alaska or surrounds before outbreaks.

Immobilization of Alkali Metal Fluorides via Recrystallization in a Cationic Lamellar Material, [Th(MoO4)(H2O)4Cl]Cl·H2O.

PubMed

Lin, Jian; Bao, Hongliang; Qie, Meiying; Silver, Mark A; Yue, Zenghui; Li, Xiaoyun; Zhu, Lin; Wang, Xiaomei; Zhang, Linjuan; Wang, Jian-Qiang

2018-06-05

Searching for cationic extended materials with a capacity for anion exchange resulted in a unique thorium molybdate chloride (TMC) with the formula of [Th(MoO 4 )(H 2 O) 4 Cl]Cl·H 2 O. The structure of TMC is composed of zigzagging cationic layers [Th(MoO 4 )(H 2 O) 4 Cl] + with Cl - as interlamellar charge-balancing anions. Instead of performing ion exchange, alkali thorium fluorides were formed after soaking TMC in AF (A = Na, K, and Cs) solutions. The mechanism of AF immobilization is elucidated by the combination of SEM-EDS, PXRD, FTIR, and EXAFS spectroscopy. It was observed that four water molecules coordinating with the Th 4+ center in TMC are vulnerable to competition with F - , due to the formation of more favorable Th-F bonds compared to Th-OH 2 . This leads to a single crystal-to-polycrystalline transformation via a pathway of recrystallization to form alkali thorium fluorides.

Histone H4K20 tri-methylation at late-firing origins ensures timely heterochromatin replication.

PubMed

Brustel, Julien; Kirstein, Nina; Izard, Fanny; Grimaud, Charlotte; Prorok, Paulina; Cayrou, Christelle; Schotta, Gunnar; Abdelsamie, Alhassan F; Déjardin, Jérôme; Méchali, Marcel; Baldacci, Giuseppe; Sardet, Claude; Cadoret, Jean-Charles; Schepers, Aloys; Julien, Eric

2017-09-15

Among other targets, the protein lysine methyltransferase PR-Set7 induces histone H4 lysine 20 monomethylation (H4K20me1), which is the substrate for further methylation by the Suv4-20h methyltransferase. Although these enzymes have been implicated in control of replication origins, the specific contribution of H4K20 methylation to DNA replication remains unclear. Here, we show that H4K20 mutation in mammalian cells, unlike in Drosophila , partially impairs S-phase progression and protects from DNA re-replication induced by stabilization of PR-Set7. Using Epstein-Barr virus-derived episomes, we further demonstrate that conversion of H4K20me1 to higher H4K20me2/3 states by Suv4-20h is not sufficient to define an efficient origin per se , but rather serves as an enhancer for MCM2-7 helicase loading and replication activation at defined origins. Consistent with this, we find that Suv4-20h-mediated H4K20 tri-methylation (H4K20me3) is required to sustain the licensing and activity of a subset of ORCA/LRWD1-associated origins, which ensure proper replication timing of late-replicating heterochromatin domains. Altogether, these results reveal Suv4-20h-mediated H4K20 tri-methylation as a critical determinant in the selection of active replication initiation sites in heterochromatin regions of mammalian genomes. © 2017 The Authors.

Ferromagnetism in proton irradiated 4H-SiC single crystal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, Ren-Wei; Wang, Hua-Jie; Chen, Wei-Bin

Room-temperature ferromagnetism is observed in proton irradiated 4H-SiC single crystal. An initial increase in proton dose leads to pronounced ferromagnetism, accompanying with obvious increase in vacancy concentration. Further increase in irradiation dose lowers the saturation magnetization with the decrease in total vacancy defects due to the defects recombination. It is found that divacancies are the mainly defects in proton irradiated 4H-SiC and responsible for the observed ferromagnetism.

B7-H4 as a protective shield for pancreatic islet beta cells.

PubMed

Sun, Annika C; Ou, Dawei; Luciani, Dan S; Warnock, Garth L

2014-12-15

Auto- and alloreactive T cells are major culprits that damage β-cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and islet transplantation. Current immunosuppressive drugs can alleviate immune-mediated attacks on islets. T cell co-stimulation blockade has shown great promise in autoimmunity and transplantation as it solely targets activated T cells, and therefore avoids toxicity of current immunosuppressive drugs. An attractive approach is offered by the newly-identified negative T cell co-signaling molecule B7-H4 which is expressed in normal human islets, and its expression co-localizes with insulin. A concomitant decrease in B7-H4/insulin co-localization is observed in human type 1 diabetic islets. B7-H4 may play protective roles in the pancreatic islets, preserving their function and survival. In this review we outline the protective effect of B7-H4 in the contexts of T1D, islet cell transplantation, and potentially type 2 diabetes. Current evidence offers encouraging data regarding the role of B7-H4 in reversal of autoimmune diabetes and donor-specific islet allograft tolerance. Additionally, unique expression of B7-H4 may serve as a potential biomarker for the development of T1D. Future studies should continue to focus on the islet-specific effects of B7-H4 with emphasis on mechanistic pathways in order to promote B7-H4 as a potential therapy and cure for T1D.

Food Intake Recording Software System, version 4 (FIRSSt4): A self-completed 24-h dietary recall for children

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The Food Intake Recording Software System, version 4 (FIRSSt4), is a web-based 24-h dietary recall (24 hdr) self-administered by children based on the Automated Self-Administered 24-h recall (ASA24) (a self-administered 24 hdr for adults). The food choices in FIRSSt4 are abbreviated to include only ...

UV photolysis of 4-iodo-, 4-bromo-, and 4-chlorophenol: Competition between C-Y (Y = halogen) and O-H bond fission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sage, Alan G.; Oliver, Thomas A. A.; King, Graeme A.; Murdock, Daniel; Harvey, Jeremy N.; Ashfold, Michael N. R.

2013-04-01

The wavelength dependences of C-Y and O-H bond fission following ultraviolet photoexcitation of 4-halophenols (4-YPhOH) have been investigated using a combination of velocity map imaging, H Rydberg atom photofragment translational spectroscopy, and high level spin-orbit resolved electronic structure calculations, revealing a systematic evolution in fragmentation behaviour across the series Y = I, Br, Cl (and F). All undergo O-H bond fission following excitation at wavelengths λ ≲ 240 nm, on repulsive ((n/π)σ*) potential energy surfaces (PESs), yielding fast H atoms with mean kinetic energies ˜11 000 cm-1. For Y = I and Br, this process occurs in competition with prompt C-I and C-Br bond cleavage on another (n/π)σ* PES, but no Cl/Cl* products unambiguously attributable to one photon induced C-Cl bond fission are observed from 4-ClPhOH. Differences in fragmentation behaviour at longer excitation wavelengths are more marked. Prompt C-I bond fission is observed following excitation of 4-IPhOH at all λ ≤ 330 nm; the wavelength dependent trends in I/I* product branching ratio, kinetic energy release, and recoil anisotropy suggest that (with regard to C-I bond fission) 4-IPhOH behaves like a mildly perturbed iodobenzene. Br atoms are observed when exciting 4-BrPhOH at long wavelengths also, but their velocity distributions suggest that dissociation occurs after internal conversion to the ground state. O-H bond fission, by tunnelling (as in phenol), is observed only in the cases of 4-FPhOH and, more weakly, 4-ClPhOH. These observed differences in behaviour can be understood given due recognition of (i) the differences in the vertical excitation energies of the C-Y centred (n/π)σ* potentials across the series Y = I < Br < Cl and the concomitant reduction in C-Y bond strength, cf. that of the rival O-H bond, and (ii) the much increased spin-orbit coupling in, particularly, 4-IPhOH. The present results provide (another) reminder of the risks inherent in

UV photolysis of 4-iodo-, 4-bromo-, and 4-chlorophenol: competition between C-Y (Y = halogen) and O-H bond fission.

PubMed

Sage, Alan G; Oliver, Thomas A A; King, Graeme A; Murdock, Daniel; Harvey, Jeremy N; Ashfold, Michael N R

2013-04-28

The wavelength dependences of C-Y and O-H bond fission following ultraviolet photoexcitation of 4-halophenols (4-YPhOH) have been investigated using a combination of velocity map imaging, H Rydberg atom photofragment translational spectroscopy, and high level spin-orbit resolved electronic structure calculations, revealing a systematic evolution in fragmentation behaviour across the series Y = I, Br, Cl (and F). All undergo O-H bond fission following excitation at wavelengths λ ≲ 240 nm, on repulsive ((n∕π)σ∗) potential energy surfaces (PESs), yielding fast H atoms with mean kinetic energies ∼11,000 cm(-1). For Y = I and Br, this process occurs in competition with prompt C-I and C-Br bond cleavage on another (n∕π)σ∗ PES, but no Cl∕Cl∗ products unambiguously attributable to one photon induced C-Cl bond fission are observed from 4-ClPhOH. Differences in fragmentation behaviour at longer excitation wavelengths are more marked. Prompt C-I bond fission is observed following excitation of 4-IPhOH at all λ ≤ 330 nm; the wavelength dependent trends in I∕I∗ product branching ratio, kinetic energy release, and recoil anisotropy suggest that (with regard to C-I bond fission) 4-IPhOH behaves like a mildly perturbed iodobenzene. Br atoms are observed when exciting 4-BrPhOH at long wavelengths also, but their velocity distributions suggest that dissociation occurs after internal conversion to the ground state. O-H bond fission, by tunnelling (as in phenol), is observed only in the cases of 4-FPhOH and, more weakly, 4-ClPhOH. These observed differences in behaviour can be understood given due recognition of (i) the differences in the vertical excitation energies of the C-Y centred (n∕π)σ∗ potentials across the series Y = I < Br < Cl and the concomitant reduction in C-Y bond strength, cf. that of the rival O-H bond, and (ii) the much increased spin-orbit coupling in, particularly, 4-IPhOH. The present results provide (another) reminder of the

The solubility of the tetragonal form of hen egg white lysozyme from pH 4.0 to 5.4

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cacioppo, Elizabeth; Pusey, Marc L.

1991-01-01

Hen egg white lysozyme solubilities in the presence of the tetragonal crystal form have been determined. Conditions investigated cover the pH range 4.0 to 5.4, varying from 2.0 to 7.0 percent NaCl concentrations and from 4 to 25 C. In all instances, the solubilities were found to increase with temperature and decrease with increasing salt concentration. The effects of pH were more complex, showing a decreasing solubility with increasing pH at low salt concentration and an increasing solubility with increasing pH at high salt concentration.

Unexpected formation of 1-[4-chloromethylphenyl]-5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl]-1H-tetrazole and 1-[4-chloromethylphenyl]-5-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-1H-tetrazole: Crystal structure, bioassay screening and molecular docking studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jawabrah Al-Hourani, Baker; Ali, Basem F.; Judeh, Zaher; El-Barghouthi, Musa I.; Al-Awaida, Wajdy; Snobar, Yasmin; El Soubani, Fatima; Matalka, Khalid; Wuest, Frank

2018-07-01

During the cyclization reaction of benzyl alcohol containing amides, using NaN3 and SiCl4, additional unique chlorination development was observed to yield the novel azoles 1-[4-chloromethylphenyl]-5-[4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl]-1H-tetrazole (3a) and 1-[4-chloromethylphenyl]-5-[4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]-1H-tetrazole (3b). Control experiments showed that the SiCl4 or SiCl3N3 has the major role for such functional group transformation in such a clean reaction and quantitative yield. Their molecular structures have been ascertained using the X-ray crystallography technique in addition to the spectroscopic analyses. Both compounds 3a and 3b crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The cell parameters of azole 3a are a = 22.3827 (8), Å, b = 5.1602 (2) Å, c = 13.4994 (5) Å3, β = 95.2352 (14)°, V = 1552.67 (10) Å3, and Z = 4. While the cell parameters of azole 3b are a = 20.582 (2), Å, b = 5.8947 (7) Å, c = 13.0796 (16) Å3, β = 104.376 (4)°, V = 1537.2 (3) Å3, and Z = 4. The central tetrazole ring of both compounds is planar and bears (4-chloromethylphenyl) at position one (N-1) of the central moiety. However, the substituents 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl and 4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl of azoles 3a and 3b, respectively, are attached to the C-5 of the same central unit. The phenyl rings at N-1, (C2sbnd C7) and C9sbnd C14 in (3a); (C2sbnd C7) and (C8sbnd C14) in (3b) are inclined compared to the tetrazole ring with dihedral angles of 21.74° and 83.94° in 3a and 25.85° and 65.13° in 3b. The two phenyl rings, at N-1 and C-5, are rotated against each other by 87.73° (in 3a) and 72.21° (in 3b). In the crystal, intermolecular interactions between molecules of 3a,b are dominated by Csbnd H⋯O and Csbnd H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Additional Cl…π interactions add extra supramolecularity. All intermolecular interaction motifs consolidate a three dimensional network lattice. The molecular docking studies were carried out to understand the interaction of

Double-walled structure of anodic TiO2 nanotubes in H3PO4/NH4F mixed electrolyte

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Siyu; Chen, Ying; Li, Chengyuan; Ouyang, Huijun; Qin, Shuai; Song, Ye

2018-04-01

Normally, the well-ordered anodic TiO2 nanotubes (ATNTs) are obtained in NH4F electrolyte, after annealing, the double-walled structure of nanotubes will appear. Here, after adding H3PO4 into NHF4 electrolyte, we got the double-walled structure of nanotubes by anodizing without annealing, which means the direct existence of anion-contaminated layer in ATNTs. Influence of H3PO4 content on anodizing voltage and morphology of ATNTs were compared in detail. The XRD pattern illustrated that the crystallinity decreases with increasing H3PO4 concentration, and the anion-contaminated layer thickens with the increase of H3PO4 concentration. Meanwhile, the existence of the anion-contaminated layer also proved the limitations of the filed-assisted dissolution theory, while the double-walled structure can be explained by oxygen bubble model and plastic flow model.

Phase Equilibria and Transport Properties in the Systems AgNO3/RCN/H2O. R = CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H,, C6H5, and C6H5CH2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Surjya P.; Wittekopf, Burghard; Weil, Konrad G.

1988-11-01

Silver nitrate can form homogeneous liquid phases with some organic nitriles and water, even when there is no miscibility between the pure liquid components. We determined the shapes of the single phase regions in the ternary phase diagram for the following systems: silver nitrate /RCN /H2O with R =CH3, C3H7, C6H5, and C6H5CH2 at room temperature and for R =C6H5 also at 60 °C and O °C. Furthermore we studied kinematic viscosities, electrical conductivities, and densities of mixtures containing silver nitrate, RCN, and water with the mole ratios X /4 /1 (0.2≦ X ≦S 3.4). In these cases also R = C2H5 and C4H9 were studied. The organic nitriles show different dependences of viscosity and conductivity on the silver nitrate content from the aliphatic ones.

Antigenic diversity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 isolated in Asia.

PubMed

Ohkawara, Ayako; Okamatsu, Masatoshi; Ozawa, Makoto; Chu, Duc-Huy; Nguyen, Lam Thanh; Hiono, Takahiro; Matsuno, Keita; Kida, Hiroshi; Sakoda, Yoshihiro

2017-05-01

H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have spread in both poultry and wild birds since late 2003. Continued circulation of HPAIV in poultry in several regions of the world has led to antigenic drift. In the present study, we analyzed the antigenic properties of H5 HPAIV isolated in Asia using four neutralizing mAbs recognizing hemagglutinin, which were established using A/chicken/Kumamoto/1-7/2014 (H5N8), belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 and also using polyclonal antibodies. Viruses of clades 1.1, 2.3.2.1, 2.3.4, and 2.3.4.4 had different reactivity patterns to the panel of mAbs, thereby indicating that the antigenicity of the viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 were similar but differed from the other clades. In particular, the antigenicity of the viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 differed from those of the viruses of clades 2.3.4 and 2.3.2.1, which suggests that the recent H5 HPAIV have further evolved antigenically divergent. In addition, reactivity of antiserum suggests that the antigenicity of viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 differed slightly among groups A, B, and C. Vaccines are still used in poultry in endemic countries, so the antigenicity of H5 HPAIV should be monitored continually to facilitate control of avian influenza. The panel of mAbs established in the present study will be useful for detecting antigenic drift in the H5 viruses that emerge from the current strains. © 2017 The Societies and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Simple method for the growth of 4H silicon carbide on silicon substrate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Asghar, M.; Shahid, M. Y.; Iqbal, F.

In this study we report thermal evaporation technique as a simple method for the growth of 4H silicon carbide on p-type silicon substrate. A mixture of Si and C{sub 60} powder of high purity (99.99%) was evaporated from molybdenum boat. The as grown film was characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Hall Measurements. The XRD pattern displayed four peaks at 2Θ angles 28.55{sup 0}, 32.70{sup 0}, 36.10{sup 0} and 58.90{sup 0} related to Si (1 1 1), 4H-SiC (1 0 0), 4H-SiC (1 1 1) and 4H-SiC (2 2 2), respectively. FTIR, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and electrical properties further strengthenedmore » the 4H-SiC growth.« less

H3K4 demethylase activities repress proliferative and postmitotic aging

PubMed Central

Alvares, Stacy M; Mayberry, Gaea A; Joyner, Ebony Y; Lakowski, Bernard; Ahmed, Shawn

2014-01-01

Homeostasis of postmitotic and proliferating cells is maintained by pathways that repress stress. We found that the Caenorhabditis elegans histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylases RBR-2 and SPR-5 promoted postmitotic longevity of stress-resistant daf-2 adults, altered pools of methylated H3K4, and promoted silencing of some daf-2 target genes. In addition, RBR-2 and SPR-5 were required for germ cell immortality at a high temperature. Transgenerational proliferative aging was enhanced for spr-5; rbr-2 double mutants, suggesting that these histone demethylases may function sequentially to promote germ cell immortality by targeting distinct H3K4 methyl marks. RBR-2 did not play a comparable role in the maintenance of quiescent germ cells in dauer larvae, implying that it represses stress that occurs as a consequence of germ cell proliferation, rather than stress that accumulates in nondividing cells. We propose that H3K4 demethylase activities promote the maintenance of chromatin states during stressful growth conditions, thereby repressing postmitotic aging of somatic cells as well as proliferative aging of germ cells. PMID:24134677

Charge transfer complexes of metal-free phthalocyanine radical anions with decamethylmetallocenium cations: (Cp*2Co+)(H2Pc˙-)·solvent and (Cp*2Cr+)(H2Pc˙-)·4C6H4Cl2.

PubMed

Konarev, Dmitri V; Khasanov, Salavat S; Ishikawa, Manabu; Otsuka, Akihiro; Yamochi, Hideki; Saito, Gunzi; Lyubovskaya, Rimma N

2017-03-14

Charge transfer complexes (Cp* 2 Co + )(H 2 Pc˙ - )·0.5C 6 H 4 Cl 2 ·0.7C 6 H 5 CN·0.3C 6 H 14 (1) and (Cp* 2 Cr + )(H 2 Pc˙ - )·4C 6 H 4 Cl 2 (2) have been obtained as single crystals. Both complexes contain metal-free phthalocyanine (Pc) radical anions and decamethylmetallocenium cations. Reduction of the Pc macrocycle leads to the appearance of new bands at 1026-1030 nm in the NIR range and blue shifts of both Soret and Q-bands of H 2 Pc in the spectra of 1 and 2. The geometry of the Pc macrocycles supports the formation of H 2 Pc˙ - by the alternation of shorter and longer C-N(imine) bonds in the macrocycles in 2. Complex 1 contains pairs of H 2 Pc˙ - having effective π-π interactions with two sandwiched Cp* 2 Co + cations, whereas complex 2 contains stacks composed of alternating Cp* 2 Cr + and H 2 Pc˙ - ions. The magnetic moment of 1 is 1.64 μ B at 300 K due to the contribution of the H 2 Pc˙ - spins with the S = 1/2 state and diamagnetism of Cp* 2 Co + . This is supported by the observation of a narrow EPR signal of 1 with g = 2.0032-2.0036 characteristic of H 2 Pc˙ - . Strong antiferromagnetic coupling of spins with a Weiss temperature of -23 K is observed between H 2 Pc˙ - in 1. This coupling is probably mediated by the Cp* 2 Co + cations. The magnetic moment of 2 is 4.18 μ B at 300 K indicating the contribution of both paramagnetic H 2 Pc˙ - (S = 1/2) and Cp* 2 Cr + (S = 3/2) species. In spite of the presence of stacks of alternating ions in 2, only weak magnetic coupling is observed with a Weiss temperature of -4 K most probably due to ineffective π-π interactions between Cp* 2 Cr + and H 2 Pc˙ - . The EPR spectrum of 2 contains an asymmetric signal attributed to Cr III (g 1 = 3.9059-3.9220) and a narrow Lorentzian signal from H 2 Pc˙ - with g 2 = 1.9943-1.9961. In addition to these signals, a broad EPR signal grows in intensity below 80 K with g 4 = 2.1085-2.2438 which can be attributed to both paramagnetic Cp* 2 Cr + and H 2 Pc

2-[4-(4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)phen­yl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole

PubMed Central

Kia, Reza; Fun, Hoong-Kun; Kargar, Hadi

2008-01-01

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C12H14N4, lies about a crystallographic inversion centre. The five- and six-membered rings are twisted from each other, forming a dihedral angle of 18.06 (7)°. In the crystal structure, neighbouring mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into one-dimensional infinite chains forming 18-membered rings with R 2 2(18) motifs. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak inter­molecular π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8254 (6) Å] and C—H⋯π inter­actions. PMID:21581375

Understanding the Knowledge and Use of Experiential Learning within Pennsylvania 4-H Clubs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bechtel, Robyn; Ewing, John C.; Threeton, Mark; Mincemoyer, Claudia

2013-01-01

Experiential learning is incorporated into the National 4-H curriculum. However, the state 4-H staff in Pennsylvania is unsure of the current knowledge and use of experiential learning within the local 4-H clubs. An online survey was distributed to Extension educators and volunteer leaders within Pennsylvania to assess the current knowledge and…

Separates. 4-H Textile Science Advanced Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scholl, Jan F.

This booklet, which was developed for use by 4-H club members in Pennsylvania, contains the information required to sew a two-piece nontailored outfit and/or a one-or two-piece dress. The following are among the topics covered: the difference between a fiber and a fabric; properties of different fibers and fabrics; common jacket, neckline, sleeve,…