14. FIRST FLOOR APARTMENT LIVING ROOM INTERIOR. FRONT ENTRY DOOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. FIRST FLOOR APARTMENT LIVING ROOM INTERIOR. FRONT ENTRY DOOR IS AT PHOTO CENTER FLANKED BY A PAIRED 4-LIGHT OVER 4-LIGHT DOUBLE-HUNG, WOOD-FRAME WINDOWS. OPEN DOORWAY TO PHOTO RIGHT OPENS TO NORTH BEDROOM. DOORWAY TO PHOTO LEFT OPENS TO KITCHEN. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Lee Vining Creek Hydroelectric System, Triplex Cottage, Lee Vining Creek, Lee Vining, Mono County, CA

Triplexer Monitor Design for Failure Detection in FTTH System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Minglei; Le, Zichun; Hu, Jinhua; Fei, Xia

2012-09-01

Triplexer was one of the key components in FTTH systems, which employed an analog overlay channel for video broadcasting in addition to bidirectional digital transmission. To enhance the survivability of triplexer as well as the robustness of FTTH system, a multi-ports device named triplexer monitor was designed and realized, by which failures at triplexer ports can be detected and localized. Triplexer monitor was composed of integrated circuits and its four input ports were connected with the beam splitter whose power division ratio was 95∶5. By means of detecting the sampled optical signal from the beam splitters, triplexer monitor tracked the status of the four ports in triplexer (e.g. 1310 nm, 1490 nm, 1550 nm and com ports). In this paper, the operation scenario of the triplexer monitor with external optical devices was addressed. And the integrated circuit structure of the triplexer monitor was also given. Furthermore, a failure localization algorithm was proposed, which based on the state transition diagram. In order to measure the failure detection and localization time under the circumstance of different failed ports, an experimental test-bed was built. Experiment results showed that the detection time for the failure at 1310 nm port by the triplexer monitor was less than 8.20 ms. For the failure at 1490 nm or 1550 nm port it was less than 8.20 ms and for the failure at com port it was less than 7.20 ms.

A triplex ribozyme expression system based on a single hairpin ribozyme.

PubMed

Aquino-Jarquin, Guillermo; Benítez-Hess, María Luisa; DiPaolo, Joseph A; Alvarez-Salas, Luis M

2008-09-01

Triplex ribozyme (RZ) configurations allow for the individual activity of trans-acting RZs in multiple expression cassettes (multiplex), thereby increasing target cleavage relative to conventionally expressed RZs. Although hairpin RZs have been advantageously compared to hammerhead RZs, their longer size and structural features complicated triplex design. We present a triplex expression system based on a single hairpin RZ with transcleavage capability and simple engineering. The system was tested in vitro using cis- and trans-cleavage kinetic assays against a known target RNA from HPV-16 E6/E7 mRNA. Single and multiplex triplex RZ constructs were more efficient in cleaving the target than tandem-cloned hairpin RZs, suggesting that the release of individual RZs enhanced trans-cleavage kinetics. Multiplex systems constructed with two different hairpin RZs resulted in better trans-cleavage compared to standard double-RZ constructs. In addition, the triplex RZ performed cis- and trans-cleavage in cervical cancer cells. The use of triplex configurations with multiplex RZs permit differential targeting of the same or different RNA, thus improving potential use against unstable targets. This prototype will provide the basis for the development of future RZ-based therapies and technologies.

Simultaneous detection of three lily viruses using Triplex IC-RT-PCR.

PubMed

Zhang, Yubao; Wang, Yajun; Xie, Zhongkui; Yang, Guo; Guo, Zhihong; Wang, Le

2017-11-01

Viruses commonly infecting lily (Lilium spp.) include: Lily symptomless virus (LSV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Lily mottle virus (LMoV). These viruses usually co-infect lilies causing severe economic losses in terms of quantity and quality of flower and bulb production around the world. Reliable and precise detection systems need to be developed for virus identification. We describe the development of a triplex immunocapture (IC) reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of LSV, CMV and LMoV. The triplex IC-RT-PCR was compared with a quadruplex RT-PCR assay. Relative to the quadruplex RT-PCR, the specificity of the triplex IC-RT-PCR system for LSV, CMV and LMoV was 100% for field samples. The sensitivity of the triplex IC-RT-PCR system was 99.4%, 81.4% and 98.7% for LSV, CMV and LMoV, respectively. Agreement (κ) between the results obtained from the two tests was 0.968, 0.844 and 0.984 for LSV, CMV and LMoV, respectively. This is the first report of the simultaneous detection of LSV, CMV and LMoV in a triplex IC-RT-PCR assay. In particular we believe this convenient and reliable triplex IC-RT-PCR method could be used routinely for large-scale field surveys or crop health monitoring of lily. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

One-step cross-genogroup multiplex RT-qPCR with an internal control system for the detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV).

PubMed

Hoferer, Marc; Braun, Anne; Skrypski, Julia; Bock, Sabine; Thalheim, Sabine; Sting, Reinhard

2017-09-01

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) causes great losses in fish hatcheries world-wide. The detection of IPNV can be challenging in certain circumstances, particularly due to low viral load and the genetic variability of this RNA virus. For the first time, this project created a quantitative triplex real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), including an endogenous control system, for specific, sensitive and rapid detection of IPNV in routine diagnostics. Multiple sequence alignment of 46 nucleotide sequences of the segment A genome obtained from the NCBI database allowed the design of two RT-qPCR systems covering the IPNV genogroup 1 and genogroups 2-5, respectively. The completed triplex RT-qPCR including a salmonid-specific endogenous control showed high specificity and an analytical sensitivity of 20-40 oligonucleotide copies. Testing of dilution series of virus-loaded cell culture suspensions proved equality of the triplex RT-qPCR with virus detection in cell culture and a higher sensitivity than conventional RT-PCR in field samples. In comparative studies of a total of 77 field samples tested, 51 showed identical positive and 19 identical negative results in cell culture and the triplex RT-qPCR. However, seven other samples yielded positive results in the triplex RT-qPCR, but negative results in cell culture. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Relative Stability of the Scleroglucan Triple-Helix and Single Strand: an Insight from Computational and Experimental Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bocchinfuso, Gianfranco; Mazzuca, Claudia; Conflitti, Paolo; Cori, Davide; Coviello, Tommasina; Palleschi, Antonio

2016-09-01

Scleroglucan (Sclg) is a polysaccharide that exhibits a triple helix conformation (triplex), both in aqueous solution and in the solid state, which is lost in DMSO solution, at high temperature and at high pH values. The triplex conformation is characterized by a high rigidity, responsible of Sclg peculiar properties. Although the relative stability of triplex and single strand has already been investigated, different structural details are still missing. In the present study, we analyse the structural properties and the factors stabilizing the single chain and the triple helix of Sclg in different conditions. To this end, we simulated both systems in water and in DMSO. The triple helix has been also simulated in the presence of chemical damages on one of the three strands (to reproduce in silico the effect of sonication) or by inducing a partial unfolding of the triplex structure. The computational results have been compared with experimental evidences in which the triplex denaturation, at alkaline pH values, has been followed by monitoring the UV and CD spectra of Congo red, used as a probe molecule. Our results indicate that sonication breaks the Sclg chains without appreciably changing the stability of the other tracts of triple helix. The simulated perturbed or partially unfolded triplexes show a clear tendency to form less ordered aggregates. Finally, our simulations put in evidence an important role of the hydrophobic interactions both in the triplex stability and in the aggregation processes observed after induced denaturation.

Divalent cations and molecular crowding buffers stabilize G-triplex at physiologically relevant temperatures

PubMed Central

Jiang, Hong-Xin; Cui, Yunxi; Zhao, Ting; Fu, Hai-Wei; Koirala, Deepak; Punnoose, Jibin Abraham; Kong, De-Ming; Mao, Hanbin

2015-01-01

G-triplexes are non-canonical DNA structures formed by G-rich sequences with three G-tracts. Putative G-triplex-forming sequences are expected to be more prevalent than putative G-quadruplex-forming sequences. However, the research on G-triplexes is rare. In this work, the effects of molecular crowding and several physiologically important metal ions on the formation and stability of G-triplexes were examined using a combination of circular dichroism, thermodynamics, optical tweezers and calorimetry techniques. We determined that molecular crowding conditions and cations, such as Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, promote the formation of G-triplexes and stabilize these structures. Of these four metal cations, Ca2+ has the strongest stabilizing effect, followed by K+, Mg2+, and Na+ in a decreasing order. The binding of K+ to G-triplexes is accompanied by exothermic heats, and the binding of Ca2+ with G-triplexes is characterized by endothermic heats. G-triplexes formed from two G-triad layers are not stable at physiological temperatures; however, G-triplexes formed from three G-triads exhibit melting temperatures higher than 37°C, especially under the molecular crowding conditions and in the presence of K+ or Ca2+. These observations imply that stable G-triplexes may be formed under physiological conditions. PMID:25787838

DNA triplex structure, thermodynamics, and destabilisation: insight from molecular simulations.

PubMed

Boehm, Belinda J; Whidborne, Charles; Button, Alexander L; Pukala, Tara L; Huang, David M

2018-05-23

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to elucidate the structure and thermodynamics of DNA triplexes associated with the neurodegenerative disease Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), as well as complexes of these triplexes with the small molecule netropsin, which is known to destabilise triplexes. The ability of molecular simulations in explicit solvent to accurately capture triplex thermodynamics is verified for the first time, with the free energy to dissociate a 15-base antiparallel purine triplex-forming oligomer (TFO) from the duplex found to be slightly higher than reported experimentally. The presence of netropsin in the minor groove destabilises the triplex as expected, reducing the dissociation free energy by approximately 50%. Netropsin binding is associated with localised narrowing of the minor groove near netropsin, an effect that has previously been under contention. This leads to localised widening of the major groove, weakening hydrogen bonds between the TFO and duplex. Consequently, destabilisation is found to be highly localised, occurring only when netropsin is bound directly opposite the TFO. The simulations also suggest that near saturation of the minor groove with ligand is required for complete triplex dissociation. A structural analysis of the DNA triplexes that can form with the FRDA-related duplex sequence indicates that the triplex with a parallel homopyrimidine TFO is likely to be more stable than the antiparallel homopurine-TFO triplex, which may have implications for disease onset and treatment.

New Approaches Towards Recognition of Nucleic Acid Triple Helices

PubMed Central

Arya, Dev P.

2012-01-01

We show that groove recognition of nucleic acid triple helices can be achieved with aminosugars. Among these aminosugars, neomycin is the most effective aminoglycoside (groove binder) for stabilizing a DNA triple helix. It stabilizes both the T·A·T triplex and mixed-base DNA triplexes better than known DNA minor groove binders (which usually destabilize the triplex) and polyamines. Neomycin selectively stabilizes the triplex (T·A·T and mixed base) without any effect on the DNA duplex. The selectivity of neomycin likely originates from its potential and shape complementarity to the triplex Watson–Hoogsteen groove, making it the first molecule that selectively recognizes a triplex groove over a duplex groove. The groove recognition of aminoglycosides is not limited to DNA triplexes, but also extends to RNA and hybrid triple helical structures. Intercalator–neomycin conjugates are shown to simultaneously probe the base stacking and groove surface in the DNA triplex. Calorimetric and spectrosocopic studies allow the quantification of the effect of surface area of the intercalating moiety on binding to the triplex. These studies outline a novel approach to the recognition of DNA triplexes that incorporates the use of non-competing binding sites. These principles of dual recognition should be applicable to the design of ligands that can bind any given nucleic acid target with nanomolar affinities and with high selectivity. PMID:21073199

RNA-DNA Triplex Formation by Long Noncoding RNAs.

PubMed

Li, Yue; Syed, Junetha; Sugiyama, Hiroshi

2016-11-17

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a pivotal role in the regulation of biological processes through various mechanisms that are not fully understood. Proposed mechanisms include regulation based on RNA-protein interactions, as well as RNA-RNA interactions and RNA-DNA interactions. Here, we focus on one possible mechanism that lncRNA might be using to impact biological function, the RNA-DNA triplex formation. We summarize currently available examples of lncRNA triplex formation and discuss the details surrounding orientation of triplex formation as one of the key properties guiding this process. We propose that symmetrical triplex-forming motifs, especially those in cis-acting lncRNAs, favor triplex formation. We also consider the effects of lncRNA structures, protein or ligand binding, and chromatin structures on the lncRNAs triplex formation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Improved Force Fields for Peptide Nucleic Acids with Optimized Backbone Torsion Parameters.

PubMed

Jasiński, Maciej; Feig, Michael; Trylska, Joanna

2018-06-06

Peptide nucleic acids are promising nucleic acid analogs for antisense therapies as they can form stable duplex and triplex structures with DNA and RNA. Computational studies of PNA-containing duplexes and triplexes are an important component for guiding their design, yet existing force fields have not been well validated and parametrized with modern computational capabilities. We present updated CHARMM and Amber force fields for PNA that greatly improve the stability of simulated PNA-containing duplexes and triplexes in comparison with experimental structures and allow such systems to be studied on microsecond time scales. The force field modifications focus on reparametrized PNA backbone torsion angles to match high-level quantum mechanics reference energies for a model compound. The microsecond simulations of PNA-PNA, PNA-DNA, PNA-RNA, and PNA-DNA-PNA complexes also allowed a comprehensive analysis of hydration and ion interactions with such systems.

Analysis of GAA/TTC DNA triplexes using nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Mariappan, S V Santhana; Cheng, Xun; van Breemen, Richard B; Silks, Louis A; Gupta, Goutam

2004-11-15

The formation of a GAA/TTC DNA triplex has been implicated in Friedreich's ataxia. The destabilization of GAA/TTC DNA triplexes either by pH or by binding to appropriate ligands was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and positive-ion electrospray mass spectrometry. The triplexes and duplexes were identified by changes in the NMR chemical shifts of H8, H1, H4, 15N7, and 15N4. The lowest pH at which the duplex is detectable depends upon the overall stability and the relative number of Hoogsteen C composite function G to T composite function A basepairs. A melting pH (pHm) of 7.6 was observed for the destabilization of the (GAA)2T4(TTC)2T4(CTT)2 triplex to the corresponding Watson-Crick duplex and the T4(CTT)2 overhang. The mass spectrometric analyses of (TTC)6.(GAA)6 composite function(TTC)6 triplex detected ions due to both triplex and single-stranded oligonucleotides under acidic conditions. The triplex ions disappeared completely at alkaline pH. Duplex and single strands were detectable only at neutral and alkaline pH values. Mass spectrometric analyses also showed that minor groove-binding ligands berenil, netropsin, and distamycin and the intercalating ligand acridine orange destabilize the (TTC)6.(GAA)6 composite function (TTC)6 triplex. These NMR and mass spectrometric methods may function as screening assays for the discovery of agents that destabilize GAA/TTC triplexes and as general methods for the characterization of structure, dynamics, and stability of DNA and DNA-ligand complexes.

New design of a triplexer using ring resonator integrated with directional coupler based on photonic crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Yaw-Dong; Shih, Tien-Tsorng; Lee, Jian-Jang

2009-11-01

In this paper, we proposed the design of directional coupler integrated with ring resonator based on two-dimensional photonic crystals (2D PCs) to develop a triplexer filter. It can be widely used as the fiber access network element for multiplexer-demultiplexer wavelength selective in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) communication systems. The directional coupler is chosen to separate the wavelengths of 1490nm and 1310nm. The ring resonator separates the wavelength of 1550nm. The transmission efficiency is larger than 90%. Besides, the total size of propose triplexer is only 19μm×12μm. We present simulation results using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the proposed structure.

Description and theory of operation of the computer by-pass system for the NASA F-8 digital fly-by-wire control system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

A triplex digital flight control system was installed in a NASA F-8C airplane to provide fail operate, full authority control. The triplex digital computers and interface circuitry process the pilot commands and aircraft motion feedback parameters according to the selected control laws, and they output the surface commands as an analog signal to the servoelectronics for position control of the aircraft's power actuators. The system and theory of operation of the computer by pass and servoelectronics are described and an automated ground test for each axis is included.

XPD-dependent activation of apoptosis in response to triplex-induced DNA damage

PubMed Central

Kaushik Tiwari, Meetu; Rogers, Faye A.

2013-01-01

DNA sequences capable of forming triplexes are prevalent in the human genome and have been found to be intrinsically mutagenic. Consequently, a balance between DNA repair and apoptosis is critical to counteract their effect on genomic integrity. Using triplex-forming oligonucleotides to synthetically create altered helical distortions, we have determined that pro-apoptotic pathways are activated by the formation of triplex structures. Moreover, the TFIIH factor, XPD, occupies a central role in triggering apoptosis in response to triplex-induced DNA strand breaks. Here, we show that triplexes are capable of inducing XPD-independent double strand breaks, which result in the formation of γH2AX foci. XPD was subsequently recruited to the triplex-induced double strand breaks and co-localized with γH2AX at the damage site. Furthermore, phosphorylation of H2AX tyrosine 142 was found to stimulate the signaling pathway of XPD-dependent apoptosis. We suggest that this mechanism may play an active role in minimizing genomic instability induced by naturally occurring noncanonical structures, perhaps protecting against cancer initiation. PMID:23913414

Thermal stability of G-rich anti-parallel DNA triplexes upon insertion of LNA and α-L-LNA.

PubMed

Kosbar, Tamer R; Sofan, Mamdouh A; Abou-Zeid, Laila; Pedersen, Erik B

2015-05-14

G-rich anti-parallel DNA triplexes were modified with LNA or α-L-LNA in their Watson-Crick and TFO strands. The triplexes were formed by targeting a pyrimidine strand to a putative hairpin formed by Hoogsteen base pairing in order to use the UV melting method to evaluate the stability of the triplexes. Their thermal stability was reduced when the TFO strand was modified with LNA or α-L-LNA. The same trend was observed when the TFO strand and the purine Watson-Crick strand both were modified with LNA. When all triad components were modified with α-L-LNA and LNA in the middle of the triplex, the thermal melting was increased. When the pyrimidine sequence was modified with a single insertion of LNA or α-L-LNA the ΔTm increased. Moreover, increasing the number of α-L-LNA in the pyrimidine target sequence to six insertions, leads to a high increase in the thermal stability. The conformational S-type structure of α-L-LNA in anti-parallel triplexes is preferable for triplex stability.

High-throughput microtitre plate-based assay for DNA topoisomerases.

PubMed

Taylor, James A; Burton, Nicolas P; Maxwell, Anthony

2012-01-01

We have developed a rapid, high-throughput assay for measuring the catalytic activity (DNA supercoiling or relaxation) of DNA topoisomerases. The assay utilizes intermolecular triplex formation between an immobilized triplex-forming oligo (TFO) and a triplex-forming region inserted into the plasmid substrate (pNO1), and capitalizes on the observation that supercoiled DNA forms triplexes more readily than relaxed DNA. Thus, supercoiled DNA is preferentially retained by the TFO under triplex-forming conditions while relaxed DNA can be washed away. Due to its high speed of sample analysis and reduced sample handling over conventional gel-based techniques, this assay can be used to screen chemical libraries for novel inhibitors of topoisomerases.

Long-Term Observation of Triplex Surgery for Cataract after Phakic 6H Implantation for Super High Myopia

PubMed Central

Liu, Xin; Wang, Xiaoying; Lu, Yi; Zheng, Tianyu; Zhou, Xingtao

2016-01-01

Purpose. To analyze the safety, effectiveness, and stability of triplex surgery for phakic 6H anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens explantation and phacoemulsification with in-the-bag IOL implantation for super high myopia in long-term observations. Methods. This retrospective case series evaluated 16 eyes of 10 patients who underwent triplex surgery. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), endothelial cell density (ECD), and associated adverse events were evaluated. Results. The mean follow-up time after the triplex surgery was 46 ± 14 months. The mean logMAR BCVA was significantly improved after triplex surgery (P = 0.047). One eye developed endophthalmitis five days postoperatively and underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Five eyes with preoperative severe endothelial cell loss developed corneal decompensation and underwent keratoplasty at a mean time of 9.4 ± 2.6 months after the triplex surgery. One eye had graft failure and underwent a second keratoplasty. The eye developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and underwent PPV with silicone oil 18 months later. ECD before the triplex surgery was not significantly different compared with that at last follow-up (P = 0.495) apart from these five eyes. Three eyes (18.8%) developed posterior capsule opacification. Conclusions. Triplex surgery was safe and effective for phakic 6H related complicated cataracts. Early extraction before severe ECD loss is recommended. PMID:27190642

Binding properties of chiral ruthenium(II) complexes Λ- and Δ-[Ru(bpy)2dppz-11-CO2Me]2+ toward the triplex RNA poly(U)•poly(A)*poly(U).

PubMed

Ni, Wen; Liu, Xiaohua; Tan, Lifeng

2018-05-24

Two chiral ruthenium(II) complexes containing ligand dppz-CO 2 Me (dppz-11-CO 2 Me = dipyrido[3,2-a,2',3'-c]phenazine-11-carboxylic acid methyl ester), Δ-[Ru(bpy) 2 dppz-11-CO 2 Me] 2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; Δ-1) and Λ-[Ru(bpy) 2 dppz-11-CO 2 Me] 2+ (Λ-1), were synthesized and characterized. The binding of the two enantiomers with the triplex RNA poly(U)•poly(A)*poly(U) was carried out by various biophysical techniques. Analysis of the absorption and fluorescence features indicates that the binding strengths of the two enantiomers toward the triplex RNA differ only slightly from each other. The total increase in viscosity and shape of the curves for the triplex RNA with Λ-1 is similar to that with Δ-1, suggesting the binding modes of two enantiomers with the triplex RNA are intercalation. Thermal melting measurements indicate that the stabilization effects clearly depended on the concentrations of Λ-1 and Δ-1. However, the third-strand stabilizing effect of Δ-1 dramatically differs from that of Λ-1 when they interact with the chiral environment of the RNA triple at pH = 7.0 and [Na + ] = 35 mM. Combined with the CD (CD = circular dichroism) variations of the triplex RNA with either Λ-1 or Δ-1, the reason for their different triplex stabilization effects may originate from the two enantiomers through different orientations intercalating into nucleobases of the triplex. In addition, effects of higher ionic strengths on the triplex stabilization in the absence and presence of the two enantiomers have also been studied. The results presented here may be useful for understanding the binding properties of the triplex RNA with small molecule, particularly chiral ruthenium(II) complexes. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Monolithically integrated fiber-to-the-home diplexers and triplexers using a bilevel etched 2 x 2 optical coupler.

PubMed

Zhang, Li; Wang, Lei; He, Jian-Jun

2009-09-01

A novel design of monolithically integrated diplexers and triplexers for fiber-to-the-home applications is presented. A bilevel etched asymmetrical 2 x 2 optical coupler is analyzed for efficient couplings of both upstream and downstream signals. The design of the diplexer is extended to a triplexer by adding an etched diffraction grating as an additional downstream demultiplexing element. The total size of the integrated diplexer and triplexer is smaller than 500 microm x 500 microm.

Bi-directional triplexer with butterfly MMI coupler using SU-8 polymer waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mareš, David; Jeřábek, Vítězslav; Prajzler, Václav

2015-01-01

We report about a design of a bi-directional planar optical multiplex/demultiplex filter (triplexer) for the optical part of planar hybrid WDM bi-directional transceiver in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) PON applications. The triplex lightwave circuit is based on the Epoxy Novolak Resin SU-8 waveguides on the silica-on-silicon substrate with Polymethylmethacrylate cladding layer. The triplexer is comprised of a linear butterfly concept of multimode interference (MMI) coupler separating downstream optical signals of 1490 nm and 1550 nm. For the upstream channel of 1310 nm, an additional directional coupler (DC) is used to add optical signal of 1310 nm propagating in opposite direction. The optical triplexer was designed and optimized using beam propagation method. The insertion losses, crosstalk attenuation, and extinction ratio for all three inputs/outputs were investigated. The intended triplexer was designed using the parameters of the separated DC and MMI filter to approximate the idealized direct connection of both devices.

MVA vaccine encoding CMV antigens safely induces durable expansion of CMV-specific T cells in healthy adults

PubMed Central

La Rosa, Corinna; Longmate, Jeff; Martinez, Joy; Zhou, Qiao; Kaltcheva, Teodora I.; Tsai, Weimin; Drake, Jennifer; Carroll, Mary; Wussow, Felix; Chiuppesi, Flavia; Hardwick, Nicola; Dadwal, Sanjeet; Aldoss, Ibrahim; Nakamura, Ryotaro; Zaia, John A.

2017-01-01

Attenuated poxvirus modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a useful viral-based vaccine for clinical investigation, because of its excellent safety profile and property of inducing potent immune responses against recombinant (r) antigens. We developed Triplex by constructing an rMVA encoding 3 immunodominant cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens, which stimulates a host antiviral response: UL83 (pp65), UL123 (IE1-exon4), and UL122 (IE2-exon5). We completed the first clinical evaluation of the Triplex vaccine in 24 healthy adults, with or without immunity to CMV and vaccinia virus (previous DryVax smallpox vaccination). Three escalating dose levels (DL) were administered IM in 8 subjects/DL, with an identical booster injection 28 days later and 1-year follow-up. Vaccinations at all DL were safe with no dose-limiting toxicities. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were documented. Local and systemic reactogenicity was transient and self-limiting. Robust, functional, and durable Triplex-driven expansions of CMV-specific T cells were detected by measuring T-cell surface levels of 4-1BB (CD137), binding to CMV-specific HLA multimers, and interferon-γ production. Marked and durable CMV-specific T-cell responses were also detected in Triplex-vaccinated CMV-seronegatives, and in DryVax-vaccinated subjects. Long-lived memory effector phenotype, associated with viral control during CMV primary infection, was predominantly found on the membrane of CMV-specific and functional T cells, whereas off-target vaccine responses activating memory T cells from the related herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus remained undetectable. Combined safety and immunogenicity results of MVA in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) recipients and Triplex in healthy adults motivated the initiation of a placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Triplex in HCT patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02506933. PMID:27760761

Triplex technology in studies of DNA damage, DNA repair, and mutagenesis.

PubMed

Mukherjee, Anirban; Vasquez, Karen M

2011-08-01

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) can bind to the major groove of homopurine-homopyrimidine stretches of double-stranded DNA in a sequence-specific manner through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding to form DNA triplexes. TFOs by themselves or conjugated to reactive molecules can be used to direct sequence-specific DNA damage, which in turn results in the induction of several DNA metabolic activities. Triplex technology is highly utilized as a tool to study gene regulation, molecular mechanisms of DNA repair, recombination, and mutagenesis. In addition, TFO targeting of specific genes has been exploited in the development of therapeutic strategies to modulate DNA structure and function. In this review, we discuss advances made in studies of DNA damage, DNA repair, recombination, and mutagenesis by using triplex technology to target specific DNA sequences. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

p53 Specifically Binds Triplex DNA In Vitro and in Cells

PubMed Central

Brázdová, Marie; Tichý, Vlastimil; Helma, Robert; Bažantová, Pavla; Polášková, Alena; Krejčí, Aneta; Petr, Marek; Navrátilová, Lucie; Tichá, Olga; Nejedlý, Karel; Bennink, Martin L.; Subramaniam, Vinod; Bábková, Zuzana; Martínek, Tomáš; Lexa, Matej; Adámik, Matej

2016-01-01

Triplex DNA is implicated in a wide range of biological activities, including regulation of gene expression and genomic instability leading to cancer. The tumor suppressor p53 is a central regulator of cell fate in response to different type of insults. Sequence and structure specific modes of DNA recognition are core attributes of the p53 protein. The focus of this work is the structure-specific binding of p53 to DNA containing triplex-forming sequences in vitro and in cells and the effect on p53-driven transcription. This is the first DNA binding study of full-length p53 and its deletion variants to both intermolecular and intramolecular T.A.T triplexes. We demonstrate that the interaction of p53 with intermolecular T.A.T triplex is comparable to the recognition of CTG-hairpin non-B DNA structure. Using deletion mutants we determined the C-terminal DNA binding domain of p53 to be crucial for triplex recognition. Furthermore, strong p53 recognition of intramolecular T.A.T triplexes (H-DNA), stabilized by negative superhelicity in plasmid DNA, was detected by competition and immunoprecipitation experiments, and visualized by AFM. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed p53 binding T.A.T forming sequence in vivo. Enhanced reporter transactivation by p53 on insertion of triplex forming sequence into plasmid with p53 consensus sequence was observed by luciferase reporter assays. In-silico scan of human regulatory regions for the simultaneous presence of both consensus sequence and T.A.T motifs identified a set of candidate p53 target genes and p53-dependent activation of several of them (ABCG5, ENOX1, INSR, MCC, NFAT5) was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Our results show that T.A.T triplex comprises a new class of p53 binding sites targeted by p53 in a DNA structure-dependent mode in vitro and in cells. The contribution of p53 DNA structure-dependent binding to the regulation of transcription is discussed. PMID:27907175

Studies on the formation and stability of triplex DNA using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

PubMed

Hu, Hongyan; Huang, Xiangyi; Ren, Jicun

2016-05-01

Triplex DNA has become one of the most useful recognition motifs in the design of new molecular biology tools, therapeutic agents and sophisticated DNA-based nanomaterials because of its direct recognition of natural double-stranded DNA. In this paper, we developed a sensitive and microscale method to study the formation and stability characterization of triplex DNA using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The principle of this method is mainly based on the excellent capacity of FCS for sensitively distinguishing between free single-strand DNA (ssDNA) fluorescent probes and fluorescent probe-double-strand DNA (dsDNA) hybridized complexes. First, we systematically investigated the experimental conditions of triplex DNA formation. Then, we evaluated the equilibrium association constants (K(a)) under different ssDNA probe lengths, composition and pH. Finally, we used FCS to measure the hybridization fraction of a 20-mer perfectly matched ssDNA probe and three single-base mismatched ssDNA probes with 146-mer dsDNA. Our data illustrated that FCS is a useful tool for the direct determination of the thermodynamic parameters of triplex DNA formation and discrimination of a single-base mismatch of triplex DNA without denaturation. Compared with current methods, our method is characterized by high sensitivity, good universality and small sample and reagent requirements. More importantly, our method has the potential to become a platform for triplex DNA research in vitro. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

G-triplex structure and formation propensity

PubMed Central

Cerofolini, Linda; Amato, Jussara; Giachetti, Andrea; Limongelli, Vittorio; Novellino, Ettore; Parrinello, Michele; Fragai, Marco; Randazzo, Antonio; Luchinat, Claudio

2014-01-01

The occurrence of a G-triplex folding intermediate of thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) has been recently predicted by metadynamics calculations, and experimentally supported by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data collected on a 3′ end TBA-truncated 11-mer oligonucleotide (11-mer-3′-t-TBA). Here we present the solution structure of 11-mer-3′-t-TBA in the presence of potassium ions. This structure is the first experimental example of a G-triplex folding, where a network of Hoogsteen-like hydrogen bonds stabilizes six guanines to form two G:G:G triad planes. The G-triplex folding of 11-mer-3′-t-TBA is stabilized by the potassium ion and destabilized by increasing the temperature. The superimposition of the experimental structure with that predicted by metadynamics shows a great similarity, with only significant differences involving two loops. These new structural data show that 11-mer-3′-t-TBA assumes a G-triplex DNA conformation as its stable form, reinforcing the idea that G-triplex folding intermediates may occur in vivo in human guanine-rich sequences. NMR and CD screening of eight different constructs obtained by removing from one to four bases at either the 3′ and the 5′ ends show that only the 11-mer-3′-t-TBA yields a relatively stable G-triplex. PMID:25378342

Biophysical Characterization of the Strong Stabilization of the RNA Triplex poly(U)•poly(A)*poly(U) by 9-O-(ω-amino) Alkyl Ether Berberine Analogs

PubMed Central

Hossain, Maidul; Haq, Lucy; Suresh Kumar, Gopinatha

2012-01-01

Background Binding of two 9-O-(ω-amino) alkyl ether berberine analogs BC1 and BC2 to the RNA triplex poly(U)•poly(A)*poly(U) was studied by various biophysical techniques. Methodology/Principal Findings Berberine analogs bind to the RNA triplex non-cooperatively. The affinity of binding was remarkably high by about 5 and 15 times, respectively, for BC1 and BC2 compared to berberine. The site size for the binding was around 4.3 for all. Based on ferrocyanide quenching, fluorescence polarization, quantum yield values and viscosity results a strong intercalative binding of BC1 and BC2 to the RNA triplex has been demonstrated. BC1 and BC2 stabilized the Hoogsteen base paired third strand by about 18.1 and 20.5°C compared to a 17.5°C stabilization by berberine. The binding was entropy driven compared to the enthalpy driven binding of berbeine, most likely due to additional contacts within the grooves of the triplex and disruption of the water structure by the alkyl side chain. Conclusions/Significance Remarkably higher binding affinity and stabilization effect of the RNA triplex by the amino alkyl berberine analogs was achieved compared to berberine. The length of the alkyl side chain influence in the triplex stabilization phenomena. PMID:22666416

Triplex-mediated analysis of cytosine methylation at CpA sites in DNA.

PubMed

Johannsen, Marie W; Gerrard, Simon R; Melvin, Tracy; Brown, Tom

2014-01-18

Modified triplex-forming oligonucleotides distinguish 5-methyl cytosine from unmethylated cytosine in DNA duplexes by differences in triplex melting temperatures. The discrimination is sequence-specific; dramatic differences in stabilisation are seen for CpA methylation, whereas CpG methylation is not detected. This direct detection of DNA methylation constitutes a new approach for epigenetic analysis.

Potential in vivo roles of nucleic acid triple-helices

PubMed Central

Buske, Fabian A

2011-01-01

The ability of double-stranded DNA to form a triple-helical structure by hydrogen bonding with a third strand is well established, but the biological functions of these structures remain largely unknown. There is considerable albeit circumstantial evidence for the existence of nucleic triplexes in vivo and their potential participation in a variety of biological processes including chromatin organization, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation and RNA processing has been investigated in a number of studies to date. There is also a range of possible mechanisms to regulate triplex formation through differential expression of triplex-forming RNAs, alteration of chromatin accessibility, sequence unwinding and nucleotide modifications. With the advent of next generation sequencing technology combined with targeted approaches to isolate triplexes, it is now possible to survey triplex formation with respect to their genomic context, abundance and dynamical changes during differentiation and development, which may open up new vistas in understanding genome biology and gene regulation. PMID:21525785

Microarray Detection of Duplex and Triplex DNA Binders with DNA-Modified Gold Nanoparticles

PubMed Central

Lytton-Jean, Abigail K. R.; Han, Min Su; Mirkin, Chad A.

2008-01-01

We have designed a chip-based assay, using microarray technology, for determining the relative binding affinities of duplex and triplex DNA binders. This assay combines the high discrimination capabilities afforded by DNA-modified Au nanoparticles with the high-throughput capabilities of DNA microarrays. The detection and screening of duplex DNA binders are important because these molecules, in many cases, are potential anticancer agents as well as toxins. Triplex DNA binders are also promising drug candidates. These molecules, in conjunction with triplex forming oligonucleotides, could potentially be used to achieve control of gene expression by interfering with transcription factors that bind to DNA. Therefore, the ability to screen for these molecules in a high-throughput fashion could dramatically improve the drug screening process. The assay reported here provides excellent discrimination between strong, intermediate, and weak duplex and triplex DNA binders in a high-throughput fashion. PMID:17614366

Comparable stability of Hoogsteen and Watson-Crick base pairs in ionic liquid choline dihydrogen phosphate.

PubMed

Tateishi-Karimata, Hisae; Nakano, Miki; Sugimoto, Naoki

2014-01-08

The instability of Hoogsteen base pairs relative to Watson-Crick base pairs has limited biological applications of triplex-forming oligonucleotides. Hydrated ionic liquids (ILs) provide favourable environments for a wide range of chemical reactions and are known to impact the stabilities of Watson-Crick base pairs. We found that DNA triplex formation was significantly stabilized in hydrated choline dihydrogen phosphate as compared with an aqueous buffer at neutral pH. Interestingly, the stability of Hoogsteen base pairs was found to be comparable with that of Watson-Crick base pairs in the hydrated IL. Molecular dynamics simulations of a DNA triplex in the presence of choline ions revealed that the DNA triplex was stabilized because of the binding of choline ion around the third strand in the grooves. Our finding will facilitate the development of new DNA materials. Our data also indicate that triplex formation may be stabilized inside cells where choline ions and their derivatives are abundant in vivo.

Comparable Stability of Hoogsteen and Watson–Crick Base Pairs in Ionic Liquid Choline Dihydrogen Phosphate

PubMed Central

Tateishi-Karimata, Hisae; Nakano, Miki; Sugimoto, Naoki

2014-01-01

The instability of Hoogsteen base pairs relative to Watson–Crick base pairs has limited biological applications of triplex-forming oligonucleotides. Hydrated ionic liquids (ILs) provide favourable environments for a wide range of chemical reactions and are known to impact the stabilities of Watson–Crick base pairs. We found that DNA triplex formation was significantly stabilized in hydrated choline dihydrogen phosphate as compared with an aqueous buffer at neutral pH. Interestingly, the stability of Hoogsteen base pairs was found to be comparable with that of Watson–Crick base pairs in the hydrated IL. Molecular dynamics simulations of a DNA triplex in the presence of choline ions revealed that the DNA triplex was stabilized because of the binding of choline ion around the third strand in the grooves. Our finding will facilitate the development of new DNA materials. Our data also indicate that triplex formation may be stabilized inside cells where choline ions and their derivatives are abundant in vivo. PMID:24399194

Big Creek Hydroelectric System, East & West Transmission Line, 241mile ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Big Creek Hydroelectric System, East & West Transmission Line, 241-mile transmission corridor extending between the Big Creek Hydroelectric System in the Sierra National Forest in Fresno County and the Eagle Rock Substation in Los Angeles, California, Visalia, Tulare County, CA

MicroRNAs form triplexes with double stranded DNA at sequence-specific binding sites; a eukaryotic mechanism via which microRNAs could directly alter gene expression

DOE PAGES

Paugh, Steven W.; Coss, David R.; Bao, Ju; ...

2016-02-04

MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, acting primarily by binding to sequence-specific locations on already transcribed messenger RNAs (mRNA). Recent studies indicate that microRNAs may also play a role in up-regulating mRNA transcription levels, although a definitive mechanism has not been established. Double-helical DNA is capable of forming triple-helical structures through Hoogsteen and reverse Hoogsteen interactions in the major groove of the duplex, and we show physical evidence that microRNAs form triple-helical structures with duplex DNA, and identify microRNA sequences that favor triplex formation. We developed an algorithm (Trident) to search genome-wide for potential triplex-forming sites and show thatmore » several mammalian and non-mammalian genomes are enriched for strong microRNA triplex binding sites. We show that those genes containing sequences favoring microRNA triplex formation are markedly enriched (3.3 fold, p<2.2 x 10 -16) for genes whose expression is positively correlated with expression of microRNAs targeting triplex binding sequences. As a result, this work has thus revealed a new mechanism by which microRNAs can interact with gene promoter regions to modify gene transcription.« less

MicroRNAs form triplexes with double stranded DNA at sequence-specific binding sites; a eukaryotic mechanism via which microRNAs could directly alter gene expression

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paugh, Steven W.; Coss, David R.; Bao, Ju

MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, acting primarily by binding to sequence-specific locations on already transcribed messenger RNAs (mRNA). Recent studies indicate that microRNAs may also play a role in up-regulating mRNA transcription levels, although a definitive mechanism has not been established. Double-helical DNA is capable of forming triple-helical structures through Hoogsteen and reverse Hoogsteen interactions in the major groove of the duplex, and we show physical evidence that microRNAs form triple-helical structures with duplex DNA, and identify microRNA sequences that favor triplex formation. We developed an algorithm (Trident) to search genome-wide for potential triplex-forming sites and show thatmore » several mammalian and non-mammalian genomes are enriched for strong microRNA triplex binding sites. We show that those genes containing sequences favoring microRNA triplex formation are markedly enriched (3.3 fold, p<2.2 x 10 -16) for genes whose expression is positively correlated with expression of microRNAs targeting triplex binding sequences. As a result, this work has thus revealed a new mechanism by which microRNAs can interact with gene promoter regions to modify gene transcription.« less

Improved bioactivity of G-rich triplex-forming oligonucleotides containing modified guanine bases

PubMed Central

Rogers, Faye A; Lloyd, Janice A; Tiwari, Meetu Kaushik

2014-01-01

Triplex structures generated by sequence-specific triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) have proven to be promising tools for gene targeting strategies. In addition, triplex technology has been highly utilized to study the molecular mechanisms of DNA repair, recombination and mutagenesis. However, triplex formation utilizing guanine-rich oligonucleotides as third strands can be inhibited by potassium-induced self-association resulting in G-quadruplex formation. We report here that guanine-rich TFOs partially substituted with 8-aza-7-deaza-guanine (PPG) have improved target site binding in potassium compared with TFOs containing the natural guanine base. We designed PPG-substituted TFOs to bind to a polypurine sequence in the supFG1 reporter gene. The binding efficiency of PPG-substituted TFOs to the target sequence was analyzed using electrophoresis mobility gel shift assays. We have determined that in the presence of potassium, the non-substituted TFO, AG30 did not bind to its target sequence, however binding was observed with the PPG-substituted AG30 under conditions with up to 140 mM KCl. The PPG-TFOs were able to maintain their ability to induce genomic modifications as measured by an assay for gene-targeted mutagenesis. In addition, these compounds were capable of triplex-induced DNA double strand breaks, which resulted in activation of apoptosis. PMID:25483840

Usefulness of FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1 as confirmatory assay for non-negative results in blood bank screening of Chagas disease.

PubMed

Campos, Fernanda Magalhães Freire; Repoles, Laura Cotta; de Araújo, Fernanda Fortes; Peruhype-Magalhães, Vanessa; Xavier, Marcelo Antônio Pascoal; Sabino, Ester Cerdeira; de Freitas Carneiro Proietti, Anna Bárbara; Andrade, Mariléia Chaves; Teixeira-Carvalho, Andréa; Martins-Filho, Olindo Assis; Gontijo, Célia Maria Ferreira

2018-04-01

A relevant issue in Chagas disease serological diagnosis regards the requirement of using several confirmatory methods to elucidate the status of non-negative results from blood bank screening. The development of a single reliable method may potentially contribute to distinguish true and false positive results. Our aim was to evaluate the performance of the multiplexed flow-cytometry anti-T. cruzi/Leishmania IgG1 serology/(FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1) with three conventional confirmatory criteria (ELISA-EIA, Immunofluorescence assay-IIF and EIA/IIF consensus criterion) to define the final status of samples with actual/previous non-negative results during anti-T. cruzi ELISA-screening in blood banks. Apart from inconclusive results, the FC-TRIPLEX presented a weak agreement index with EIA, while a strong agreement was observed when either IIF or EIA/IIF consensus criteria were applied. Discriminant analysis and Spearman's correlation further corroborates the agreement scores. ROC curve analysis showed that FC-TRIPLEX performance indexes were higher when IIF and EIA/IIF consensus were used as a confirmatory criterion. Logistic regression analysis further demonstrated that the probability of FC-TRIPLEX to yield positive results was higher for inconclusive results from IIF and EIA/IIF consensus. Machine learning tools illustrated the high level of categorical agreement between FC-TRIPLEX versus IIF or EIA/IIF consensus. Together, these findings demonstrated the usefulness of FC-TRIPLEX as a tool to elucidate the status of non-negative results in blood bank screening of Chagas disease. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Efficient triple helix formation by oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing alpha- or beta-2-amino-5-(2-deoxy-D-ribofuranosyl) pyridine residues.

PubMed

Bates, P J; Laughton, C A; Jenkins, T C; Capaldi, D C; Roselt, P D; Reese, C B; Neidle, S

1996-11-01

Triple helices containing C+xGxC triplets are destabilised at physiological pH due to the requirement for base protonation of 2'-deoxycytidine (dC), which has a pKa of 4.3. The C nucleoside 2-amino-5-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridine (beta-AP) is structurally analogous to dC but is considerably more basic, with a pKa of 5.93. We have synthesised 5'-psoralen linked oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing thymidine (dT) and either beta-AP or its alpha-anomer (alpha-AP) and have assessed their ability to form triplexes with a double-stranded target derived from standard deoxynucleotides (i.e. beta-anomers). Third strand ODNs derived from dT and beta-AP were found to have considerably higher binding affinities for the target than the corresponding ODNs derived from dT and either dC or 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Me-dC). ODNs containing dT and alpha-AP also showed enhanced triplex formation with the duplex target and, in addition are more stable in serum-containing medium than standard oligopyrimidine-derived ODNs or ODNs derived from dT and beta-AP. Molecular modelling studies showed that an alpha-anomeric AP nucleotide can be accommodated within an otherwise beta-anomeric triplex with only minor perturbation of the triplex structure. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on triplexes containing either the alpha- or beta-anomer of (N1-protonated) AP showed that in both cases the base retained two standard hydrogen bonds to its associated guanine when the 'A-type' model of the triplex was used as the start-point for the simulation, but that bifurcated hydrogen bonds resulted when the alternative 'B-type' triplex model was used. The lack of a differential stability between alpha-AP- and beta-AP-containing triplexes at pH >7, predicted from the behaviour of the B-type models, suggests that the A-type models are more appropriate.

Assembly of the Herpes Simplex Virus Capsid: Preformed Triplexes Bind to the Nascent Capsid

PubMed Central

Spencer, Juliet V.; Newcomb, William W.; Thomsen, Darrell R.; Homa, Fred L.; Brown, Jay C.

1998-01-01

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) capsid is a T=16 icosahedral shell that forms in the nuclei of infected cells. Capsid assembly also occurs in vitro in reaction mixtures created from insect cell extracts containing recombinant baculovirus-expressed HSV-1 capsid proteins. During capsid formation, the major capsid protein, VP5, and the scaffolding protein, pre-VP22a, condense to form structures that are extended into procapsids by addition of the triplex proteins, VP19C and VP23. We investigated whether triplex proteins bind to the major capsid-scaffold protein complexes as separate polypeptides or as preformed triplexes. Assembly products from reactions lacking one triplex protein were immunoprecipitated and examined for the presence of the other. The results showed that neither triplex protein bound unless both were present, suggesting that interaction between VP19C and VP23 is required before either protein can participate in the assembly process. Sucrose density gradient analysis was employed to determine the sedimentation coefficients of VP19C, VP23, and VP19C-VP23 complexes. The results showed that the two proteins formed a complex with a sedimentation coefficient of 7.2S, a value that is consistent with formation of a VP19C-VP232 heterotrimer. Furthermore, VP23 was observed to have a sedimentation coefficient of 4.9S, suggesting that this protein exists as a dimer in solution. Deletion analysis of VP19C revealed two domains that may be required for attachment of the triplex to major capsid-scaffold protein complexes; none of the deletions disrupted interaction of VP19C with VP23. We propose that preformed triplexes (VP19C-VP232 heterotrimers) interact with major capsid-scaffold protein complexes during assembly of the HSV-1 capsid. PMID:9557680

Orchestration of Structural, Stereoelectronic, and Hydrogen-Bonding Effects in Stabilizing Triplexes from Engineered Chimeric Collagen Peptides (Pro(X)-Pro(Y)-Gly)6 Incorporating 4(R/S)-Aminoproline.

PubMed

Umashankara, Muddegowda; Sonar, Mahesh V; Bansode, Nitin D; Ganesh, Krishna N

2015-09-04

Collagens are an important family of structural proteins found in the extracellular matrix with triple helix as the characteristic structural motif. The collagen triplex is made of three left-handed polyproline II (PPII) helices with each PPII strand consisting of repetitive units of the tripeptide motif X-Y-Gly, where the amino acids X and Y are most commonly proline (Pro) and 4R-hydroxyproline (Hyp), respectively. A C4-endo pucker at X-site and C4-exo pucker at Y-site have been proposed to be the key for formation of triplex, and the nature of pucker is dependent on both the electronegativity and stereochemistry of the substituent. The present manuscript describes a new class of collagen analogues-chimeric cationic collagens-wherein both X- and Y-sites in collagen triad are simultaneously substituted by a combination of 4(R/S)-(OH/NH2/NH3(+)/NHCHO)-prolyl units and triplex stabilities measured at different pHs and in EG:H2O. Based on the results a model has been proposed with the premise that any factors which specifically favor the ring puckers of C4-endo at X-site and C4-exo at Y-site stabilize the PPII conformation and hence the derived triplexes. The pH-dependent triplex stability uniquely observed with ionizable 4-amino substituent on proline enables one to define the critical combination of factors C4-(exo/endo), intraresidue H-bonding, stereoelectronic (R/S) and n → π* interactions in dictating the triplex strength. The ionizable NH2 substituent at C4 in R/S configuration is thus a versatile probe for delineating the triplex stabilizing factors and the results have potential for designing of collagen analogues with customized properties for material and biological applications.

The high stability of the triple helices formed between short purine oligonucleotides and SIV/HIV-2 vpx genes is determined by the targeted DNA structure.

PubMed Central

Svinarchuk, F; Monnot, M; Merle, A; Malvy, C; Fermandjian, S

1995-01-01

In our previous works we have shown that the oligonucleotides 5'-GGGGAGGGGGAGG-3' and 5'-GGAGGGGGAGGGG-3' give very stable and specific triplexes with their target double stranded DNAs [Svinarchuk, F., Bertrand, J.-R. and Malvy, C. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res., 22, 3742-3747; Svinarchuk, F., Paoletti, J. and Malvy, C. (1995) J. Biol. Chem., 270, 14 068-14,071]. The target for the invariable part of these oligonucleotides, 5'-GGAGGGGGAGG-3', is found in a highly conserved 20 bp long purine/pyrimidine tract of the vpx gene of the SIV and HIV-2 viruses and could be a target for oligonucleotide directed antivirus therapy. Here were report on the ability of four purine oligonucleotides with different lengths (11-, 14-, 17- and 20-mer) to form triplexes with the purine/pyrimidine stretch of the vpx gene. Triplex formation was tested by joint dimethyl sulfate (DMS) footprint, gel-retardation assay, circular dichroism (CD) and UV-melting studies. Dimethyl sulfate footprint studies revealed the antiparallel orientation of the third strand to the purine strand of the Watson-Crick duplex. However, the protection of the guanines at the ends of the target sequence decreased as the length of the third strand oligonucleotide increased. Melting temperature studies provided profiles with only one transition for all of the triplexes. The melting temperatures of the triplexes were found to be the same as for the targeted duplex in the case of the 11- and 14-mer third strands while for the 17- and 20-mer third strands the melting temperature of the triplexes were correspondingly 4 and 8 degrees C higher than for the duplex. Heating and cooling melting curves were reversible for all of the tested triplexes except one with the 20-mer third strand oligonucleotide. Circular dichroism spectra showed the ability of the target DNA to adopt an A-like DNA conformation. Upon triplex formation the A-DNA form becomes even more pronounced. This effect depends on the length of the third strand oligonucleotide: the CD spectrum shows a 'classical' A-DNA shape with the 20-mer. This is not observed with the purine/pyrimidine stretch of the HIV-1 DNA which keeps a B-like spectrum even after triplex formation. We suggest, that an A-like duplex DNA is required for the formation of a stable DNA purine(purine-pyrimidine) triplex. Images PMID:7479024

Triplex DNA-binding proteins are associated with clinical outcomes revealed by proteomic measurements in patients with colorectal cancer

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeats in mammalian genomes can induce formation of alternative non-B DNA structures such as triplexes and guanine (G)-quadruplexes. These structures can induce mutagenesis, chromosomal translocations and genomic instability. We wanted to determine if proteins that bind triplex DNA structures are quantitatively or qualitatively different between colorectal tumor and adjacent normal tissue and if this binding activity correlates with patient clinical characteristics. Methods Extracts from 63 human colorectal tumor and adjacent normal tissues were examined by gel shifts (EMSA) for triplex DNA-binding proteins, which were correlated with clinicopathological tumor characteristics using the Mann-Whitney U, Spearman’s rho, Kaplan-Meier and Mantel-Cox log-rank tests. Biotinylated triplex DNA and streptavidin agarose affinity binding were used to purify triplex-binding proteins in RKO cells. Western blotting and reverse-phase protein array were used to measure protein expression in tissue extracts. Results Increased triplex DNA-binding activity in tumor extracts correlated significantly with lymphatic disease, metastasis, and reduced overall survival. We identified three multifunctional splicing factors with biotinylated triplex DNA affinity: U2AF65 in cytoplasmic extracts, and PSF and p54nrb in nuclear extracts. Super-shift EMSA with anti-U2AF65 antibodies produced a shifted band of the major EMSA H3 complex, identifying U2AF65 as the protein present in the major EMSA band. U2AF65 expression correlated significantly with EMSA H3 values in all extracts and was higher in extracts from Stage III/IV vs. Stage I/II colon tumors (p = 0.024). EMSA H3 values and U2AF65 expression also correlated significantly with GSK3 beta, beta-catenin, and NF- B p65 expression, whereas p54nrb and PSF expression correlated with c-Myc, cyclin D1, and CDK4. EMSA values and expression of all three splicing factors correlated with ErbB1, mTOR, PTEN, and Stat5. Western blots confirmed that full-length and truncated beta-catenin expression correlated with U2AF65 expression in tumor extracts. Conclusions Increased triplex DNA-binding activity in vitro correlates with lymph node disease, metastasis, and reduced overall survival in colorectal cancer, and increased U2AF65 expression is associated with total and truncated beta-catenin expression in high-stage colorectal tumors. PMID:22682314

MicroRNAs Form Triplexes with Double Stranded DNA at Sequence-Specific Binding Sites; a Eukaryotic Mechanism via which microRNAs Could Directly Alter Gene Expression

PubMed Central

Grace, Christy R.; Ferreira, Antonio M.; Waddell, M. Brett; Ridout, Granger; Naeve, Deanna; Leuze, Michael; LoCascio, Philip F.; Panetta, John C.; Wilkinson, Mark R.; Pui, Ching-Hon; Naeve, Clayton W.; Uberbacher, Edward C.; Bonten, Erik J.; Evans, William E.

2016-01-01

MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, acting primarily by binding to sequence-specific locations on already transcribed messenger RNAs (mRNA) and typically down-regulating their stability or translation. Recent studies indicate that microRNAs may also play a role in up-regulating mRNA transcription levels, although a definitive mechanism has not been established. Double-helical DNA is capable of forming triple-helical structures through Hoogsteen and reverse Hoogsteen interactions in the major groove of the duplex, and we show physical evidence (i.e., NMR, FRET, SPR) that purine or pyrimidine-rich microRNAs of appropriate length and sequence form triple-helical structures with purine-rich sequences of duplex DNA, and identify microRNA sequences that favor triplex formation. We developed an algorithm (Trident) to search genome-wide for potential triplex-forming sites and show that several mammalian and non-mammalian genomes are enriched for strong microRNA triplex binding sites. We show that those genes containing sequences favoring microRNA triplex formation are markedly enriched (3.3 fold, p<2.2 × 10−16) for genes whose expression is positively correlated with expression of microRNAs targeting triplex binding sequences. This work has thus revealed a new mechanism by which microRNAs could interact with gene promoter regions to modify gene transcription. PMID:26844769

Intrastrand triplex DNA repeats in bacteria: a source of genomic instability

PubMed Central

Holder, Isabelle T.; Wagner, Stefanie; Xiong, Peiwen; Sinn, Malte; Frickey, Tancred; Meyer, Axel; Hartig, Jörg S.

2015-01-01

Repetitive nucleic acid sequences are often prone to form secondary structures distinct from B-DNA. Prominent examples of such structures are DNA triplexes. We observed that certain intrastrand triplex motifs are highly conserved and abundant in prokaryotic genomes. A systematic search of 5246 different prokaryotic plasmids and genomes for intrastrand triplex motifs was conducted and the results summarized in the ITxF database available online at http://bioinformatics.uni-konstanz.de/utils/ITxF/. Next we investigated biophysical and biochemical properties of a particular G/C-rich triplex motif (TM) that occurs in many copies in more than 260 bacterial genomes by CD and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as in vivo footprinting techniques. A characterization of putative properties and functions of these unusually frequent nucleic acid motifs demonstrated that the occurrence of the TM is associated with a high degree of genomic instability. TM-containing genomic loci are significantly more rearranged among closely related Escherichia coli strains compared to control sites. In addition, we found very high frequencies of TM motifs in certain Enterobacteria and Cyanobacteria that were previously described as genetically highly diverse. In conclusion we link intrastrand triplex motifs with the induction of genomic instability. We speculate that the observed instability might be an adaptive feature of these genomes that creates variation for natural selection to act upon. PMID:26450966

Ultra-fast analog-to-digital converter based on a nonlinear triplexer and an optical coder with a photonic crystal structure.

PubMed

Mehdizadeh, Farhad; Soroosh, Mohammad; Alipour-Banaei, Hamed; Farshidi, Ebrahim

2017-03-01

In this paper, we propose what we believe is a novel all-optical analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on photonic crystals. The proposed structure is composed of a nonlinear triplexer and an optical coder. The nonlinear triplexer is for creating discrete levels in the continuous optical input signal, and the optical coder is for generating a 2-bit standard binary code out of the discrete levels coming from the nonlinear triplexer. Controlling the resonant mode of the resonant rings through optical intensity is the main objective and working mechanism of the proposed structure. The maximum delay time obtained for the proposed structure was about 5 ps and the total footprint is about 1520  μm².

Calorimetric and spectroscopic studies of aminoglycoside binding to AT-rich DNA triple helices

PubMed Central

Xi, Hongjuan; Kumar, Sunil; Dosen-Micovic, Ljiljana; Arya, Dev P.

2013-01-01

Calorimetric and fluorescence techniques were used to characterize the binding of aminoglycosides-neomycin, paromomycin, and ribostamycin, with 5′-dA12-x-dT12-x-dT12-3′ intramolecular DNA triplex (x = hexaethylene glycol) and poly(dA).2poly(dT) triplex. Our results demonstrate the following features: (1) UV thermal analysis reveals that the Tm for triplex decreases with increasing pH value in the presence of neomycin, while the Tm for the duplex remains unchanged. (2) The binding affinity of neomycin decreases with increased pH, although there is an increase in observed binding enthalpy. (3) ITC studies conducted in two buffers (sodium cacodylate and MOPS) yield the number of protonated drug amino groups (Δn) as 0.29 and 0.40 for neomycin and paromomycin interaction with 5′-dA12-x-dT12-x-dT12-3′, respectively. (4) The specific heat capacity change (ΔCp) determined by ITC studies is negative, with more negative values at lower salt concentrations. From 100 mM to 250 mM KCl, the ΔCp ranges from −402 to −60 cal/(mol K) for neomycin. At pH 5.5, a more positive ΔCp is observed, with a value of −98 cal/(mol K) at 100 mM KCl. ΔCp is not significantly affected by ionic strength. (5) Salt dependence studies reveal that there are at least three amino groups of neomycin participating in the electrostatic interactions with the triplex. (6) FID studies using thiazole orange were used to derive the AC50 (aminoglycoside concentration needed to displace 50% of the dye from the triplex) values. Neomycin shows a seven fold higher affinity than paromomycin and eleven fold higher affinity than ribostamycin at pH 6.8. (7) Modeling studies, consistent with UV and ITC results, show the importance of an additional positive charge in triplex recognition by neomycin. The modeling and thermodynamic studies indicate that neomycin binding to the DNA triplex depends upon significant contributions from charge as well as shape complementarity of the drug to the DNA triplex Watson–Hoogsteen groove. PMID:20167243

Effect of competing self-structure on triplex formation with purine-rich oligodeoxynucleotides containing GA repeats.

PubMed Central

Noonberg, S B; François, J C; Garestier, T; Hélène, C

1995-01-01

Competition between triplex formation with double-stranded DNA and oligonucleotide self-association was investigated in 23mer GA and GT oligonucleotides containing d(GA)5 or d(GT)5 repeats. Whereas triplex formation with GT oligonucleotides was diminished when temperature increased from 4 to 37 degrees C, triplex formation with GA oligonucleotides was enhanced when temperature increased within the same range due to the presence of competing intermolecular GA oligonucleotide self-structure. This self-structure was determined to be a homoduplex stabilized by the internal GA repeats. UV spectroscopy of these homoduplexes demonstrated a single sharp transition with rapid kinetics (Tm = 38.5-43.5 degrees C over strand concentrations of 0.5-4 microM, respectively, with transition enthalpy, delta H = -89 +/- 7 kcal/mol) in 10 mM MgCl2, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0. Homoduplex formation was strongly stabilized by multivalent cations (spermine > Mg2+ = Ca2+) and destabilized by low concentrations of monovalent cations (K+ = Li+ = Na+) in the presence of divalent cations. However, unlike GA or GT oligonucleotide-containing triplexes, the homoduplex formed even in the absence of multivalent cations, stabilized by only moderate concentrations of monovalent cations (Li+ > Na+ > K+). Through the development of multiple equilibrium states and the resulting depletion of free oligonucleotide, it was found that the presence of competing self-structure could decrease triplex formation under a variety of experimental conditions. Images PMID:7596824

pH-independent triple-helix formation with 6-oxocytidine as cytidine analogue.

PubMed

Parsch, U; Engels, J W

2000-07-03

The syntheses of six different phosphoramidite building blocks of 6-oxocytosine and 5-allyl-6-oxocytosine as analogues of N(3)-protonated cytosine are described. These compounds have been incorporated into oligonucleotides by standard solid-phase synthesis. Hybridization of 15-mer Hoogsteen strands with target 21-mer duplexes was investigated. Comparison of the triplex-forming abilities of the different building blocks revealed that: i) 5-allyl substitution has a negative influence on triplex stability, ii) a uniform backbone of the Hoogsteen strand stabilizes triplexes relative to mixed backbones; iii) RNA strands with 6-oxocytidine or 5-allyl-6-oxocytidine do not form a triple helix with the DNA target duplex, probably due to backbone torsional constraints; and (iv) a 15-mer DNA sequence with three isolated 2'-deoxy-6-oxocytidines has the highest T(m) of all cytidine analogues investigated in this study. CD experiments provided further evidence for the presence or absence of triplex structures. In the course of these temperature-dependent CD measurements we were able to detect duplex and triplex melting independent from each other at selected wavelengths. This methodology is especially interesting in cases where UV melting curves show only one transition owing to spectral overlap.

Effect of the 3-halo substitution of the 2'-deoxy aminopyridinyl-pseudocytidine derivatives on the selectivity and stability of antiparallel triplex DNA with a CG inversion site.

PubMed

Wang, Lei; Taniguchi, Yosuke; Okamura, Hidenori; Sasaki, Shigeki

2017-07-15

Triplex formation against a target duplex DNA has the potential to become a tool for the genome research. However, there is an intrinsic restriction on the duplex DNA sequences capable of forming the triplex DNA. Recently, we demonstrated the selective formation of the stable antiparallel triplexes containing the CG inversion sites using the 2'-deoxy-1-methylpseudocytidine derivative (ΨdC), whose amino group was conjugated with the 2-aminopyridine at its 5-position as an additional hydrogen bonding unit (AP-ΨdC). The 1-N of 2-aminopyridine was supposed to be protonated to form the hydrogen bond with the guanine of the CG inversion site. In this study, to test the effect of the 3-substitution of the 2-aminopyridine unit of AP-ΨdC on the triplex stability, we synthesized the 3-halogenated 2-aminopyridine derivatives of AP-ΨdC. The pKa values 1-N of the 2-aminopyridine unit of AP-ΨdC as the monomer nucleoside were determined to be 6.3 for 3-CH 3 ( Me AP-ΨdC), 6.1 for 3-H (AP-ΨdC), 4.3 for 3-Cl ( Cl AP-ΨdC), 4.4 for 3-Br ( Br AP-ΨdC), and 4.7 for 3-I ( I AP-ΨdC), suggesting that all the halogenated AP-ΨdCs are not protonated under neutral conditions. Interestingly, although the recognition selectivity depends on the sequence context, the TFO having the sequence of the 3'-G-( I AP-ΨdC)-A-5' context showed the selective triplex formation with the CG inversion site. These results suggest that the protonation at the 1-N position plays an important role in the stable and selective triplex formation of AP-ΨdC derivatives in any sequences. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and monitored selection of nucleotide surrogates for binding T:A base pairs in homopurine-homopyrimidine DNA triple helices.

PubMed

Mokhir, A A; Connors, W H; Richert, C

2001-09-01

A total of 16 oligodeoxyribonucleotides of general sequence 5'-TCTTCTZTCTTTCT-3', where Z denotes an N-acyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine residue, were prepared via solid phase synthesis. The ability of these oligonucleotides to form triplexes with the duplex 5'-AGAAGATAGAAAGA-HEG-TCTTTCTATCTTCT-3', where HEG is a hexaethylene glycol linker, was tested. In these triplexes, an 'interrupting' T:A base pair faces the Z residue in the third strand. Among the acyl moieties of Z tested, an anthraquinone carboxylic acid residue linked via a glycinyl group gave the most stable triplex, whose UV melting point was 8.4 degrees C higher than that of the triplex with 5'-TCTTCTGTCTTTCT-3' as the third strand. The results from exploratory nuclease selection experiments suggest that a combinatorial search for strands capable of recognizing mixed sequences by triple helix formation is feasible.

Secondary binding sites for heavily modified triplex forming oligonucleotides

PubMed Central

Cardew, Antonia S.; Brown, Tom; Fox, Keith R.

2012-01-01

In order to enhance DNA triple helix stability synthetic oligonucleotides have been developed that bear amino groups on the sugar or base. One of the most effective of these is bis-amino-U (B), which possesses 5-propargylamino and 2′-aminoethoxy modifications. Inclusion of this modified nucleotide not only greatly enhances triplex stability, but also increases the affinity for related sequences. We have used a restriction enzyme protection, selection and amplification assay (REPSA) to isolate sequences that are bound by the heavily modified 9-mer triplex-forming oligonucleotide B6CBT. The isolated sequences contain An tracts (n = 6), suggesting that the 5′-end of this TFO was responsible for successful triplex formation. DNase I footprinting with these sequences confirmed triple helix formation at these secondary targets and demonstrated no interaction with similar oligonucleotides containing T or 5-propargylamino-dU. PMID:22180535

Phylo-typing of clinical Escherichia coli isolates originating from bovine mastitis and canine pyometra and urinary tract infection by means of quadruplex PCR.

PubMed

Müştak, Hamit Kaan; Günaydin, Elçin; Kaya, İnci Başak; Salar, Merve Özdal; Babacan, Orkun; Önat, Kaan; Ata, Zafer; Diker, Kadir Serdar

2015-01-01

Escherichia coli is one of the major causative agents of bovine mastitis worldwide, and is typically associated with acute, clinical mastitis. Besides this, E. coli strains which belong to the extra-intestinal pathogenic group are also the major cause of urinary tract infections and pyometra in dogs. In this study, it was aimed to investigate phylo-groups/subgroups in 155 E. coli isolates obtained from acute bovine mastitis, 43 from urinary tract infections of dogs and 20 from canine pyometra by a formerly described triplex PCR and recently described new quadruplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Group A1 (n = 118; 76%) and B1 (n = 71; 46%) were found to be the most prevalent groups by triplex and quadruplex PCR assays in mastitis isolates, respectively. Phylo-typing of 43 urinary tract isolates also revealed that most of the isolates belonged to A1 (n = 23; 54%) by triplex and B2 (n = 36; 84%) by quadruplex PCR assays. The isolates assigned as group A1 (n = 17; 85%) by triplex PCR could not be classified by quadruplex PCR in pyometra isolates. The results support the hypothesis that E. coli strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases are environmental. Also, groups C, E and F were identified as new phylo-groups for the first time in acute bovine mastitis cases. The comparison of triplex PCR with quadruplex PCR results revealed that most of the groups assigned in triplex PCR were altered by quadruplex PCR assay.

Modeling Global Soil Carbon and Soil Microbial Carbon by Integrating Microbial Processes into the Ecosystem Process Model TRIPLEX-GHG

DOE PAGES

Wang, Kefeng; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan; ...

2017-09-28

Microbial physiology plays a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles of the Earth system. However, most traditional soil carbon models are lacking in terms of the representation of key microbial processes that control the soil carbon response to global climate change. In this study, the improved process-based model TRIPLEX-GHG was developed by coupling it with the new MEND (Microbial-ENzyme-mediated Decomposition) model to estimate total global soil organic carbon (SOC) and global soil microbial carbon. The new model (TRIPLEX-MICROBE) shows considerable improvement over the previous version (TRIPLEX-GHG) in simulating SOC. We estimated the global soil carbon stock to be approximately 1195more » Pg C, with 348 Pg C located in the high northern latitudes, which is in good agreement with the well-regarded Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) and the Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD). We also estimated the global soil microbial carbon to be 21 Pg C, similar to the 23 Pg C estimated. We found that the microbial carbon quantity in the latitudinal direction showed reversions at approximately 30°N, near the equator and at 25°S. A sensitivity analysis suggested that the tundra ecosystem exhibited the highest sensitivity to a 1°C increase or decrease in temperature in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC). Furthermore, our work represents the first step towards a new generation of ecosystem process models capable of integrating key microbial processes into soil carbon cycles.« less

Modeling Global Soil Carbon and Soil Microbial Carbon by Integrating Microbial Processes into the Ecosystem Process Model TRIPLEX-GHG

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Kefeng; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan; Zhou, Xiaolu; Wang, Meng; Zhang, Kerou; Wang, Gangsheng

2017-10-01

Microbial physiology plays a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles of the Earth system. However, most traditional soil carbon models are lacking in terms of the representation of key microbial processes that control the soil carbon response to global climate change. In this study, the improved process-based model TRIPLEX-GHG was developed by coupling it with the new MEND (Microbial-ENzyme-mediated Decomposition) model to estimate total global soil organic carbon (SOC) and global soil microbial carbon. The new model (TRIPLEX-MICROBE) shows considerable improvement over the previous version (TRIPLEX-GHG) in simulating SOC. We estimated the global soil carbon stock to be approximately 1195 Pg C, with 348 Pg C located in the high northern latitudes, which is in good agreement with the well-regarded Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) and the Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD). We also estimated the global soil microbial carbon to be 21 Pg C, similar to the 23 Pg C estimated by Xu et al. (2014). We found that the microbial carbon quantity in the latitudinal direction showed reversions at approximately 30°N, near the equator and at 25°S. A sensitivity analysis suggested that the tundra ecosystem exhibited the highest sensitivity to a 1°C increase or decrease in temperature in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC). However, our work represents the first step toward a new generation of ecosystem process models capable of integrating key microbial processes into soil carbon cycles.

Modeling Global Soil Carbon and Soil Microbial Carbon by Integrating Microbial Processes into the Ecosystem Process Model TRIPLEX-GHG

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Kefeng; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan

Microbial physiology plays a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles of the Earth system. However, most traditional soil carbon models are lacking in terms of the representation of key microbial processes that control the soil carbon response to global climate change. In this study, the improved process-based model TRIPLEX-GHG was developed by coupling it with the new MEND (Microbial-ENzyme-mediated Decomposition) model to estimate total global soil organic carbon (SOC) and global soil microbial carbon. The new model (TRIPLEX-MICROBE) shows considerable improvement over the previous version (TRIPLEX-GHG) in simulating SOC. We estimated the global soil carbon stock to be approximately 1195more » Pg C, with 348 Pg C located in the high northern latitudes, which is in good agreement with the well-regarded Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) and the Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD). We also estimated the global soil microbial carbon to be 21 Pg C, similar to the 23 Pg C estimated. We found that the microbial carbon quantity in the latitudinal direction showed reversions at approximately 30°N, near the equator and at 25°S. A sensitivity analysis suggested that the tundra ecosystem exhibited the highest sensitivity to a 1°C increase or decrease in temperature in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC). Furthermore, our work represents the first step towards a new generation of ecosystem process models capable of integrating key microbial processes into soil carbon cycles.« less

Fluorescent triplex-forming DNA oligonucleotides labeled with a thiazole orange dimer unit

PubMed Central

Ikeda, Shuji; Yanagisawa, Hiroyuki; Yuki, Mizue; Okamoto, Akimitsu

2013-01-01

Fluorescent probes for the detection of a double-stranded DNA were prepared by labeling a triplex-forming DNA oligonucleotide with a thiazole orange (TO) dimer unit. They belong to ECHO (exciton-controlled hybridization-sensitive fluorescent oligonucleotide) probes which we have previously reported. The excitonic interaction between the two TO molecules was expected to effectively suppress the background fluorescence of the probes. The applicability of the ECHO probes for the detection of double-stranded DNA was confirmed by examining the thermal stability and photophysical and kinetic properties of the DNA triplexes formed by the ECHO probes. PMID:23445822

Cospeciation in the triplex symbiosis of termite gut protists (Pseudotrichonympha spp.), their hosts, and their bacterial endosymbionts.

PubMed

Noda, S; Kitade, O; Inoue, T; Kawai, M; Kanuka, M; Hiroshima, K; Hongoh, Y; Constantino, R; Uys, V; Zhong, J; Kudo, T; Ohkuma, M

2007-03-01

A number of cophylogenetic relationships between two organisms namely a host and a symbiont or parasite have been studied to date; however, organismal interactions in nature usually involve multiple members. Here, we investigated the cospeciation of a triplex symbiotic system comprising a hierarchy of three organisms -- termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these termites, and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists. The molecular phylogeny was inferred based on two mitochondrial genes for the termites and nuclear small-subunit rRNA genes for the protists and their endosymbionts, and these were compared. Although intestinal microorganisms are generally considered to have looser associations with the host than intracellular symbionts, the Pseudotrichonympha protists showed almost complete codivergence with the host termites, probably due to strict transmissions by proctodeal trophallaxis or coprophagy based on the social behaviour of the termites. Except for one case, the endosymbiotic bacteria of the protists formed a monophyletic lineage in the order Bacteroidales, and the branching pattern was almost identical to those of the protists and the termites. However, some non-codivergent evolutionary events were evident. The members of this triplex symbiotic system appear to have cospeciated during their evolution with minor exceptions; the evolutionary relationships were probably established by termite sociality and the complex microbial community in the gut.

Novel electrochemiluminescence of silver nanoclusters fabricated on triplex DNA scaffolds for label-free detection of biothiols.

PubMed

Feng, Lingyan; Wu, Li; Xing, Feifei; Hu, Lianzhe; Ren, Jinsong; Qu, Xiaogang

2017-12-15

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of metal nanoclusters and their application have been widely reported due to the good biocompatibility, fascinating electrocatalytic activity and so on. Using DNA as synthesis template opens new opportunities to modulate the physical properties of AgNCs. Triplex DNA has been reported for the site-specific, homogeneous and highly stable silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) fabrication from our recent research. Here we further explore their extraordinary ECL properties and applications in biosensor utilization. By reasonable design of DNA sequence, AgNCs were obtained in the predefined position of CG.C + sites of triplex DNA, and the ECL emission at a low potential was observed with this novel DNA template. Finally, a simple and label-free method was developed for biothiols detection based on the enhanced catalytic reaction and a robust interaction between the triplex-AgNCs and cysteine, by influencing the microenvironment provided by DNA template. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sensitive and label-free detection of miRNA-145 by triplex formation.

PubMed

Aviñó, Anna; Huertas, César S; Lechuga, Laura M; Eritja, Ramon

2016-01-01

The development of new strategies for detecting microRNAs (miRNAs) has become a crucial step in the diagnostic field. miRNA profiles depend greatly on the sample and the analytical platform employed, leading sometimes to contradictory results. In this work, we study the use of modified parallel tail-clamps to detect a miRNA sequence involved in tumor suppression by triplex formation. Thermal denaturing curves and circular dichroism (CD) measurements have been performed to confirm that parallel clamps carrying 8-aminoguanine form the most stable triplex structures with their target miRNA. The modified tail-clamps have been tested as bioreceptors in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for the detection of miRNA-145. The detection limit was improved 2.4 times demonstrating that a stable triplex structure is formed between target miRNA and 8-aminoguanine tail-clamp bioreceptor. This new approach is an essential step toward the label-free and reliable detection of miRNA signatures for diagnostic purposes.

Effect of 5-methylcytosine on the stability of triple-stranded DNA--a thermodynamic study.

PubMed Central

Xodo, L E; Manzini, G; Quadrifoglio, F; van der Marel, G A; van Boom, J H

1991-01-01

We have previously shown that the pyrimidine oligonucleotide 5'CTTCCTCCTCT (Y11) recognizes the double-helical stem of hairpin 5'GAAGGAGGAGA-T4-TCTCCTCCTTC (h26) by triple-helix formation (1). In this paper, we report the effect on triplex formation of substituting the cytosine residues of Y11 with 5-methylcytosines (5meY11). In addition, we have studied the thermodynamics of the interaction between h26 and 5meY11. The results can be summarised as follows: (i) gel electrophoresis shows that at T = 5 degrees C and pH 5, both Y11 and 5meY11 form DNA triple helices with h26, whereas at pH 6.8 only the methylated strand binds to h26; (ii) pH-stability curves of the DNA triplexes formed from h26 + Y11 and h26 + 5meY11 show that Y11 and 5meY11 are semi-protonated at pH 5.7 and 6.7, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that cytosine methylation expands the pH range compatible with triplex formation by one pH unit; (iii) as the unmethylated triplex (h26:Y11), the methylated one (h26:5meY11) denatures in a biphasic manner, in which the low temperature transition results from the dissociation of 5meY11 from h26. The Tm of the triplex to h26 plus 5meY11 transition is strongly enhanced (about 10 degrees C) by cytosine methylation. A van 't Hoff analysis of denaturation curves is presented; (iv) DSC experiments show that triplex formation between 5meY11 and h26 is characterized by delta H = -237 +/- 25 kJ/mol and delta S = -758 +/- 75 J/Kmol, corresponding to an average delta H of -21 kJ/mol and delta S of -69 J/Kmol per Hoogsteen base pair; (v) the thermodynamic analysis indicates that the extra stability imparted to the triplex by methylcytosine is entropic in origin. Images PMID:1945840

Screening and investigation of triplex DNA binders from Stephania tetrandra S. Moore by a combination of peak area-fading UHPLC with orbitrap MS and optical spectroscopies.

PubMed

Yang, Hongmei; Wang, Yihan; Yu, Wenjing; Shi, Lei; Wang, Hongfeng; Su, Rui; Chen, Changbao; Liu, Shuying

2018-05-15

The identification and screening of triplex DNA binders are important because these compounds, in many cases, are potential anticancer agents as well as promising drug candidates. Therefore, the ability to screen for these compounds in a high-throughput mode could dramatically improve the drug screening process. A method involving a combination of 96-well plate format and peak area-fading ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry was employed for screening bioactive compounds binding to the triplex DNA from the extracts of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore. Two compounds were screened out and identified as fangchinoline and tetrandrine, based on the comparison of retention time and MS 2 data with those of standards. The binding mechanisms of fangchinoline and tetrandrine at the molecular level were explored using MS 2 , fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. Collision-induced dissociation experiments showed that the complexes with fangchinoline and tetrandrine were dissociated by ligand elimination. According to these measurements, an intercalating binding is the most appropriate binding mode of these two alkaloids to the triplex DNA. The current work provides not only deep insight into alkaloid-triplex DNA complexes but also useful guidelines for the design of efficient anticancer agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium triplex DSM 44626.

PubMed

Sassi, Mohamed; Croce, Olivier; Robert, Catherine; Raoult, Didier; Drancourt, Michel

2014-05-29

We announce the draft genome sequence of Mycobacterium triplex strain DSM 44626, a nontuberculosis species responsible for opportunistic infections. The genome described here is composed of 6,382,840 bp, with a G+C content of 66.57%, and contains 5,988 protein-coding genes and 81 RNA genes. Copyright © 2014 Sassi et al.

Thermodynamic contributions for the incorporation of GTA triplets within canonical TAT/TAT and C+GC/C+GC base-triplet stacks of DNA triplexes.

PubMed

Soto, Ana Maria; Marky, Luis A

2002-10-15

Nucleic acid triple helices may be used in the control of gene expression. One limitation of using triplex-forming oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents is that their target sequences are limited to homopurine tracts. To increase the repertoire of sequences that can be targeted, it has been postulated that a guanine can target a thymidine forming a stable GTA mismatch triplet. In this work, we have used a combination of optical and calorimetric techniques to determine thermodynamic unfolding profiles of two triplexes containing a single GTA triplet, d(A(3)TA(3)C(5)T(3)AT(3)C(5)T(3)GT(3)) (ATA) and d(AGTGAC(5)TCACTC(5)TCGCT) (GTG), and their control triplexes, d(A(7)C(5)T(7)C(5)T(7)) (TAT7) and d(AGAGAC(5)TCTCTC(5)TCTCT) (AG5T). In general, the presence of a GTA mismatch in DNA triplexes is destabilizing; however, this destabilization is greater when placed in a C(+)GC/C(+)GC base-triplet stack than between a TAT/TAT stack. These destabilizations are accompanied by a reduced unfolding enthalpy of approximately 10 kcal/mol, suggesting a decrease in the base stacking contributions surrounding the mismatch. Relative to their corresponding control triplexes, the folding of ATA is accompanied by a lower counterion uptake and a similar proton uptake, while GTG folding is accompanied by an increase in the counterion and proton uptakes. These effects are consistent with the observed decrease in stacking interactions. The overall results indicate that the main difficulty of targeting pyrimidine interruptions is that the decrease in stacking contributions, due to the incorporation of a GTA mismatch, affects the stability of the neighboring base triplets. This suggests that nucleotide analogues that increase the strength of these base-triplet stacks will result in a more effective targeting of pyrimidine interruptions.

Feasibility, Design and Construction of a Small Hydroelectric Power Generation Station as a Student Design Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peterson, James N.; Hess, Herbert L.

An undergraduate capstone engineering design project now provides hydroelectric power to a remote wilderness location. Students investigated the feasibility of designing, building, and installing a 4kW hydroelectric system to satisfy the need for electric power to support the research and teaching functions of Taylor Ranch, a university facility…

Cooperative gene regulation by microRNA pairs and their identification using a computational workflow

PubMed Central

Schmitz, Ulf; Lai, Xin; Winter, Felix; Wolkenhauer, Olaf; Vera, Julio; Gupta, Shailendra K.

2014-01-01

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an integral part of gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. Recently, it has been shown that pairs of miRNAs can repress the translation of a target mRNA in a cooperative manner, which leads to an enhanced effectiveness and specificity in target repression. However, it remains unclear which miRNA pairs can synergize and which genes are target of cooperative miRNA regulation. In this paper, we present a computational workflow for the prediction and analysis of cooperating miRNAs and their mutual target genes, which we refer to as RNA triplexes. The workflow integrates methods of miRNA target prediction; triplex structure analysis; molecular dynamics simulations and mathematical modeling for a reliable prediction of functional RNA triplexes and target repression efficiency. In a case study we analyzed the human genome and identified several thousand targets of cooperative gene regulation. Our results suggest that miRNA cooperativity is a frequent mechanism for an enhanced target repression by pairs of miRNAs facilitating distinctive and fine-tuned target gene expression patterns. Human RNA triplexes predicted and characterized in this study are organized in a web resource at www.sbi.uni-rostock.de/triplexrna/. PMID:24875477

Heat transfer enhancement in triplex-tube latent thermal energy storage system with selected arrangements of fins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Liang; Xing, Yuming; Liu, Xin; Rui, Zhoufeng

2018-01-01

The use of thermal energy storage systems can effectively reduce energy consumption and improve the system performance. One of the promising ways for thermal energy storage system is application of phase change materials (PCMs). In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model is presented to investigate the heat transfer enhancement during the melting/solidification process in a triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX) by using fluent software. The thermal conduction and natural convection are all taken into account in the simulation of the melting/solidification process. As the volume fraction of fin is kept to be a constant, the influence of proposed fin arrangement on temporal profile of liquid fraction over the melting process is studied and reported. By rotating the unit with different angle, the simulation shows that the melting time varies a little, which means that the installation error can be reduced by the selected fin arrangement. The proposed fin arrangement also can effectively reduce time of the solidification of the PCM by investigating the solidification process. To summarize, this work presents a shape optimization for the improvement of the thermal energy storage system by considering both thermal energy charging and discharging process.

Duodenal atresia in an infant with triple-X syndrome: a new associated malformation in 47,XXX.

PubMed

Rolle, Udo; Linse, Barbara; Glasow, Simone; Sandig, Klaus Rainer; Richter, Thomas; Till, Holger

2007-08-01

An association between the triple-X syndrome (47,XXX) and gastrointestinal malformations is extremely rare. Most 47,XXX patients present with a normal phenotype, but genitourinary malformations have been described. We report a case of a child with 47,XXX and duodenal atresia. Antenatal ultrasound scan showed a dilated fetal stomach and upper part of the duodenum (double bubble phenomenon) at 31 weeks of gestation in a 31-year-old woman with polyhydramnion. The amniotic fluid karyotype showed 47,XXX. After a scheduled delivery, duodenal atresia was confirmed and treated with duodeno-duodenostomy. The possible association of gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract anomalies requires a detailed postnatal clinical investigation and ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen, retroperitoneum, and pelvis on all triple-X syndrome patients. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Ultra compact triplexing filters based on SOI nanowire AWGs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiashun, Zhang; Junming, An; Lei, Zhao; Shijiao, Song; Liangliang, Wang; Jianguang, Li; Hongjie, Wang; Yuanda, Wu; Xiongwei, Hu

2011-04-01

An ultra compact triplexing filter was designed based on a silicon on insulator (SOI) nanowire arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) for fiber-to-the-home FTTH. The simulation results revealed that the design performed well in the sense of having a good triplexing function. The designed SOI nanowire AWGs were fabricated using ultraviolet lithography and induced coupler plasma etching. The experimental results showed that the crosstalk was less than -15 dB, and the 3 dB-bandwidth was 11.04 nm. The peak wavelength output from ports a, c, and b were 1455, 1510 and 1300 nm, respectively, which deviated from our original expectations. The deviation of the wavelength is mainly caused by 45 nm width deviation of the arrayed waveguides during the course of the fabrication process and partly caused by material dispersion.

XV-15 Tilt Rotor fly-by-wire collective control demonstrator development specifications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meuleners, R. J.

1981-01-01

A fly by wire system in the collective control system for XV-15 Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft was evaluated. The collective control system was selected because it requires a system tracking accuracy between right and left rotors of approximately 0.1%. The performance characteristics of the collectors axel provide typical axis control response data. The demonstrator is bread boarded as a dual system instead of the triplex system.

A directional nucleation-zipping mechanism for triple helix formation

PubMed Central

Alberti, Patrizia; Arimondo, Paola B.; Mergny, Jean-Louis; Garestier, Thérèse; Hélène, Claude; Sun, Jian-Sheng

2002-01-01

A detailed kinetic study of triple helix formation was performed by surface plasmon resonance. Three systems were investigated involving 15mer pyrimidine oligonucleotides as third strands. Rate constants and activation energies were validated by comparison with thermodynamic values calculated from UV-melting analysis. Replacement of a T·A base pair by a C·G pair at either the 5′ or the 3′ end of the target sequence allowed us to assess mismatch effects and to delineate the mechanism of triple helix formation. Our data show that the association rate constant is governed by the sequence of base triplets on the 5′ side of the triplex (referred to as the 5′ side of the target oligopurine strand) and provides evidence that the reaction pathway for triple helix formation in the pyrimidine motif proceeds from the 5′ end to the 3′ end of the triplex according to the nucleation-zipping model. It seems that this is a general feature for all triple helices formation, probably due to the right-handedness of the DNA double helix that provides a stronger base stacking at the 5′ than at the 3′ duplex–triplex junction. Understanding the mechanism of triple helix formation is not only of fundamental interest, but may also help in designing better triple helix-forming oligonucleotides for gene targeting and control of gene expression. PMID:12490709

Psoralen interstrand cross-link repair is specifically altered by an adjacent triple-stranded structure

PubMed Central

Guillonneau, F.; Guieysse, A. L.; Nocentini, S.; Giovannangeli, C.; Praseuth, D.

2004-01-01

Targeting DNA-damaging agents to specific DNA sites by using sequence-specific DNA ligands has been successful in directing genomic modifications. The understanding of repair processing of such targeted damage and the influence of the adjacent complex is largely unknown. In this way, directed interstrand cross-links (ICLs) have already been generated by psoralen targeting. The mechanisms responsible for ICL removal are far from being understood in mammalian cells, with the proposed involvement of both mutagenic and recombinogenic pathways. Here, a unique ICL was introduced at a selected site by photoactivation of a psoralen moiety with the use of psoralen conjugates of triplex-forming oligonucleotides. The processing of psoralen ICL was evaluated in vitro and in cells for two types of cross-linked substrates, either containing a psoralen ICL alone or with an adjacent triple-stranded structure. We show that the presence of a neighbouring triplex structure interferes with different stages of psoralen ICL processing: (i) the ICL-induced DNA repair synthesis in HeLa cell extracts is inhibited by the triplex structure, as measured by the efficiency of ‘true’ and futile repair synthesis, stopping at the ICL site; (ii) in HeLa cells, the ICL removal via a nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is delayed in the presence of a neighbouring triplex; and (iii) the binding to ICL of recombinant xeroderma pigmentosum A protein, which is involved in pre-incision recruitment of NER factors is impaired by the presence of the third DNA strand. These data characterize triplex-induced modulation of ICL repair pathways at specific steps, which might have implications for the controlled induction of targeted genomic modifications and for the associated cellular responses. PMID:14966263

Disruption of Higher Order DNA Structures in Friedreich’s Ataxia (GAA)n Repeats by PNA or LNA Targeting

PubMed Central

Bergquist, Helen; Rocha, Cristina S. J.; Álvarez-Asencio, Rubén; Nguyen, Chi-Hung; Rutland, Mark. W.; Smith, C. I. Edvard; Good, Liam; Nielsen, Peter E.; Zain, Rula

2016-01-01

Expansion of (GAA)n repeats in the first intron of the Frataxin gene is associated with reduced mRNA and protein levels and the development of Friedreich’s ataxia. (GAA)n expansions form non-canonical structures, including intramolecular triplex (H-DNA), and R-loops and are associated with epigenetic modifications. With the aim of interfering with higher order H-DNA (like) DNA structures within pathological (GAA)n expansions, we examined sequence-specific interaction of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) with (GAA)n repeats of different lengths (short: n=9, medium: n=75 or long: n=115) by chemical probing of triple helical and single stranded regions. We found that a triplex structure (H-DNA) forms at GAA repeats of different lengths; however, single stranded regions were not detected within the medium size pathological repeat, suggesting the presence of a more complex structure. Furthermore, (GAA)4-PNA binding of the repeat abolished all detectable triplex DNA structures, whereas (CTT)5-PNA did not. We present evidence that (GAA)4-PNA can invade the DNA at the repeat region by binding the DNA CTT strand, thereby preventing non-canonical-DNA formation, and that triplex invasion complexes by (CTT)5-PNA form at the GAA repeats. Locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotides also inhibited triplex formation at GAA repeat expansions, and atomic force microscopy analysis showed significant relaxation of plasmid morphology in the presence of GAA-LNA. Thus, by inhibiting disease related higher order DNA structures in the Frataxin gene, such PNA and LNA oligomers may have potential for discovery of drugs aiming at recovering Frataxin expression. PMID:27846236

Super-lncRNAs: identification of lncRNAs that target super-enhancers via RNA:DNA:DNA triplex formation.

PubMed

Soibam, Benjamin

2017-11-01

Super-enhancers are characterized by high levels of Mediator binding and are major contributors to the expression of their associated genes. They exhibit high levels of local chromatin interactions and a higher order of local chromatin organization. On the other hand, lncRNAs can localize to specific DNA sites by forming a RNA:DNA:DNA triplex, which in turn can contribute to local chromatin organization. In this paper, we characterize a new class of lncRNAs called super-lncRNAs that target super-enhancers and which can contribute to the local chromatin organization of the super-enhancers. Using a logistic regression model based on the number of RNA:DNA:DNA triplex sites a lncRNA forms within the super-enhancer, we identify 442 unique super-lncRNA transcripts in 27 different human cell and tissue types; 70% of these super-lncRNAs were tissue restricted. They primarily harbor a single triplex-forming repeat domain, which forms an RNA:DNA:DNA triplex with multiple anchor DNA sites (originating from transposable elements) within the super-enhancers. Super-lncRNAs can be grouped into 17 different clusters based on the tissue or cell lines they target. Super-lncRNAs in a particular cluster share common short structural motifs and their corresponding super-enhancer targets are associated with gene ontology terms pertaining to the tissue or cell line. Super-lncRNAs may use these structural motifs to recruit and transport necessary regulators (such as transcription factors and Mediator complexes) to super-enhancers, influence chromatin organization, and act as spatial amplifiers for key tissue-specific genes associated with super-enhancers. © 2017 Soibam; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the RNA Society.

Selective Inhibition of the Human tie-1 Promoter with Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotides Targeted to Ets Binding Sites

PubMed Central

Hewett, Peter W; Daft, Emma L; Laughton, Charles A; Ahmad, Shakil; Ahmed, Asif; Murray, J Clifford

2006-01-01

The Tie receptors (Tie-1 and Tie-2/Tek) are essential for angiogenesis and vascular remodeling/integrity. Tie receptors are up-regulated in tumor-associated endothelium, and their inhibition disrupts angiogenesis and can prevent tumor growth as a consequence. To investigate the potential of anti-gene approaches to inhibit tie gene expression for anti-angiogenic therapy, we have examined triple-helical (triplex) DNA formation at 2 tandem Ets transcription factor binding motifs (designated E-1 and E-2) in the human tie-1 promoter. Various tie-1 promoter deletion/mutation luciferase reporter constructs were generated and transfected into endothelial cells to examine the relative activities of E-1 and E-2. The binding of antiparallel and parallel (control) purine motif oligonucleotides (21–22 bp) targeted to E-1 and E-2 was assessed by plasmid DNA fragment binding and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Triplex-forming oligonucleotides were incubated with tie-1 reporter constructs and transfected into endothelial cells to determine their activity. The Ets binding motifs in the E-1 sequence were essential for human tie-1 promoter activity in endothelial cells, whereas the deletion of E-2 had no effect. Antiparallel purine motif oligonucleotides targeted at E-1 or E-2 selectively formed strong triplex DNA (Kd ~10−7 M) at 37 °C. Transfection of tie-1 reporter constructs with triplex DNA at E-1, but not E-2, specifically inhibited tie-1 promoter activity by up to 75% compared with control oligonucleotides in endothelial cells. As similar multiple Ets binding sites are important for the regulation of several endothelial-restricted genes, this approach may have broad therapeutic potential for cancer and other pathologies involving endothelial proliferation/dysfunction. PMID:16838069

Selective inhibition of the human tie-1 promoter with triplex-forming oligonucleotides targeted to Ets binding sites.

PubMed

Hewett, Peter W; Daft, Emma L; Laughton, Charles A; Ahmad, Shakil; Ahmed, Asif; Murray, J Clifford

2006-01-01

The Tie receptors (Tie-1 and Tie-2/Tek) are essential for angiogenesis and vascular remodeling/integrity. Tie receptors are up-regulated in tumor-associated endothelium, and their inhibition disrupts angiogenesis and can prevent tumor growth as a consequence. To investigate the potential of anti-gene approaches to inhibit tie gene expression for anti-angiogenic therapy, we have examined triple-helical (triplex) DNA formation at 2 tandem Ets transcription factor binding motifs (designated E-1 and E-2) in the human tie-1 promoter. Various tie-1 promoter deletion/mutation luciferase reporter constructs were generated and transfected into endothelial cells to examine the relative activities of E-1 and E-2. The binding of antiparallel and parallel (control) purine motif oligonucleotides (21-22 bp) targeted to E-1 and E-2 was assessed by plasmid DNA fragment binding and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Triplex-forming oligonucleotides were incubated with tie-1 reporter constructs and transfected into endothelial cells to determine their activity. The Ets binding motifs in the E-1 sequence were essential for human tie-1 promoter activity in endothelial cells, whereas the deletion of E-2 had no effect. Antiparallel purine motif oligonucleotides targeted at E-1 or E-2 selectively formed strong triplex DNA (K(d) approximately 10(-7) M) at 37 degrees C. Transfection of tie-1 reporter constructs with triplex DNA at E-1, but not E-2, specifically inhibited tie-1 promoter activity by up to 75% compared with control oligonucleotides in endothelial cells. As similar multiple Ets binding sites are important for the regulation of several endothelial-restricted genes, this approach may have broad therapeutic potential for cancer and other pathologies involving endothelial proliferation/dysfunction.

Energetics, Ion and Water Binding of the Unfolding of AA/UU Base Pair Stacks and UAU/UAU Base Triplet Stacks in RNA.

PubMed

Carr, Carolyn E; Khutsishvili, Irine; Marky, Luis A

2018-06-22

Triplex formation occurs via interaction of a third strand with the major groove of double stranded nucleic acid, through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding. In this work, we use a combination of temperature-dependent UV spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to determine complete thermodynamic profiles for the unfolding of poly(rA)•poly(rU) (Duplex) and poly(rA)•2poly(rU) (Triplex). Our thermodynamic results are in good agreement with the much earlier work of Krakauer and Sturtevant using only UV melting techniques. The folding of these two helices yielded an uptake of ions, ΔnNa+ = 0.15 mol Na+/mol base-pair (Duplex) and 0.30 mol Na+/mole base-triplet (Triplex), which are consistent with their polymer behavior and the higher charge density parameter of triple helices. The osmotic stress technique yielded a release of structural water, ΔnW = 2 mol H2O/mol base-pair (Duplex unfolding into single strands) and an uptake of structural water, ΔnW = 2 mol H2O/mole base-pair (Triplex unfolding into Duplex and a single strand). However, an overall release of electrostricted waters is obtained for the unfolding of both complexes from pressure perturbation calorimetric experiments. In total, the ΔV values obtained for the unfolding of Triplex into Duplex and a single strand correspond to an immobilization of two structural waters and a release of three electrostricted waters. The ΔV values obtained for the unfolding of Duplex into two single strands correspond to the release of two structural waters and the immobilization of four electrostricted water molecules.

SMOOTHING THE PEAKS: GRIDSHARE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY TO REDUCE BROWNOUTS ON MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC MINI-GRIDS IN BHUTAN

EPA Science Inventory

Village scale micro-hydroelectric systems in countries like Bhutan, Thailand, Peru, Laos and China provide renewable electricity to thousands of self-reliant communities in remote locations. While promising, many of these systems are plagued by a common problem: brownouts occu...

A high-throughput assay for DNA topoisomerases and other enzymes, based on DNA triplex formation.

PubMed

Burrell, Matthew R; Burton, Nicolas P; Maxwell, Anthony

2010-01-01

We have developed a rapid, high-throughput assay for measuring the catalytic activity (DNA supercoiling or relaxation) of topoisomerase enzymes that is also capable of monitoring the activity of other enzymes that alter the topology of DNA. The assay utilises intermolecular triplex formation to resolve supercoiled and relaxed forms of DNA, the principle being the greater efficiency of a negatively supercoiled plasmid to form an intermolecular triplex with an immobilised oligonucleotide than the relaxed form. The assay provides a number of advantages over the standard gel-based methods, including greater speed of analysis, reduced sample handling, better quantitation and improved reliability and accuracy of output data. The assay is performed in microtitre plates and can be adapted to high-throughput screening of libraries of potential inhibitors of topoisomerases including bacterial DNA gyrase.

Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex and triple-X syndrome: incidental finding or causality?

PubMed

Ramaekers, Paul; Loeys, Bart; von Lowtzow, Catharina; Reutter, Heiko; Leroy, Yves; Colpaert, Cécile; Blaumeiser, Bettina; Janssens, Katrien; Parizel, Maxim; Jacquemyn, Yves

2014-10-01

Bladder exstrophy is a rare malformation. Prenatal diagnosis is usually an incidental finding on routine ultrasound examination. Triple-X syndrome (karyotype 47,XXX) is the most frequent sex chromosome aneuploidy in live-born females (approximately 1 in 1000). The diagnosis is often not made because women with 47,XXX karyotype have no or hardly any clinical symptoms during life. Prenatal diagnosis of triple X karyotype is usually an incidental finding when an invasive prenatal diagnosis is performed for other reasons. Here, we report on two cases with bladder exstrophy and triple-X syndrome, one in a fetus and one in an adult. In view of two previous reports of this association in literature, causality of these two conditions should be considered. A gene dosage effect as possible underlying mechanisms will be discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

WHEELROOM (TURBINE ROOM), LOOKING WEST TOWARD PENSTOCK FOR #2 AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

WHEELROOM (TURBINE ROOM), LOOKING WEST TOWARD PENSTOCK FOR #2 AND #1 TURBINES. PHOTO BY JET LOWE, HAER, 1995. - Elwha River Hydroelectric System, Elwha Hydroelectric Dam & Plant, Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA

INTERIOR DETAIL VIEW OF CASING FOR FRANCIS WATER WHEEL (TURBINE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR DETAIL VIEW OF CASING FOR FRANCIS WATER WHEEL (TURBINE #2). PHOTO BY JET LOWE, HAER, 1995. - Elwha River Hydroelectric System, Elwha Hydroelectric Dam & Plant, Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA

Repairing the sickle cell mutation. I. Specific covalent binding of a photoreactive third strand to the mutated base pair.

PubMed

Broitman, S; Amosova, O; Dolinnaya, N G; Fresco, J R

1999-07-30

A DNA third strand with a 3'-psoralen substituent was designed to form a triplex with the sequence downstream of the T.A mutant base pair of the human sickle cell beta-globin gene. Triplex-mediated psoralen modification of the mutant T residue was sought as an approach to gene repair. The 24-nucleotide purine-rich target sequence switches from one strand to the other and has four pyrimidine interruptions. Therefore, a third strand sequence favorable to two triplex motifs was used, one parallel and the other antiparallel to it. To cope with the pyrimidine interruptions, which weaken third strand binding, 5-methylcytosine and 5-propynyluracil were used in the third strand. Further, a six residue "hook" complementary to an overhang of a linear duplex target was added to the 5'-end of the third strand via a T(4) linker. In binding to the overhang by Watson-Crick pairing, the hook facilitates triplex formation. This third strand also binds specifically to the target within a supercoiled plasmid. The psoralen moiety at the 3'-end of the third strand forms photoadducts to the targeted T with high efficiency. Such monoadducts are known to preferentially trigger reversion of the mutation by DNA repair enzymes.

Transcription blockage by stable H-DNA analogs in vitro

PubMed Central

Pandey, Shristi; Ogloblina, Anna M.; Belotserkovskii, Boris P.; Dolinnaya, Nina G.; Yakubovskaya, Marianna G.; Mirkin, Sergei M.; Hanawalt, Philip C.

2015-01-01

DNA sequences that can form unusual secondary structures are implicated in regulating gene expression and causing genomic instability. H-palindromes are an important class of such DNA sequences that can form an intramolecular triplex structure, H-DNA. Within an H-palindrome, the H-DNA and canonical B-DNA are in a dynamic equilibrium that shifts toward H-DNA with increased negative supercoiling. The interplay between H- and B-DNA and the fact that the process of transcription affects supercoiling makes it difficult to elucidate the effects of H-DNA upon transcription. We constructed a stable structural analog of H-DNA that cannot flip into B-DNA, and studied the effects of this structure on transcription by T7 RNA polymerase in vitro. We found multiple transcription blockage sites adjacent to and within sequences engaged in this triplex structure. Triplex-mediated transcription blockage varied significantly with changes in ambient conditions: it was exacerbated in the presence of Mn2+ or by increased concentrations of K+ and Li+. Analysis of the detailed pattern of the blockage suggests that RNA polymerase is sterically hindered by H-DNA and has difficulties in unwinding triplex DNA. The implications of these findings for the biological roles of triple-stranded DNA structures are discussed. PMID:26101261

Building America Case Study: Standard- Versus High-Velocity Air Distribution in High-Performance Townhomes, Denver, Colorado

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

A. Poerschke, R. Beach, T. Begg

IBACOS investigated the performance of a small-diameter high-velocity heat pump system compared to a conventional system in a new construction triplex townhouse. A ductless heat pump system also was installed for comparison, but the homebuyer backed out because of aesthetic concerns about that system. In total, two buildings, having identical solar orientation and comprised of six townhomes, were monitored for comfort and energy performance.

Analyte-Triggered DNA-Probe Release from a Triplex Molecular Beacon for Nanopore Sensing.

PubMed

Guo, Bingyuan; Sheng, Yingying; Zhou, Ke; Liu, Quansheng; Liu, Lei; Wu, Hai-Chen

2018-03-26

A new nanopore sensing strategy based on triplex molecular beacon was developed for the detection of specific DNA or multivalent proteins. The sensor is composed of a triplex-forming molecular beacon and a stem-forming DNA component that is modified with a host-guest complex. Upon target DNA hybridizing with the molecular beacon loop or multivalent proteins binding to the recognition elements on the stem, the DNA probe is released and produces highly characteristic current signals when translocated through α-hemolysin. The frequency of current signatures can be used to quantify the concentrations of the target molecules. This sensing approach provides a simple, quick, and modular tool for the detection of specific macromolecules with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. It may find useful applications in point-of-care diagnostics with a portable nanopore kit in the future. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Numerical investigation of PCM in vertical triplex tube thermal energy storage system for CSP applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Almsater, Saleh; Saman, Wasim; Bruno, Frank

2017-06-01

Numerical study for phase change material (PCM) in high temperature vertical triplex tube thermal energy storage system (TTTESS) were performed, using ANSYS FLUENT 15. For validation purposes, numerical modelling of a low temperature PCM was initially conducted and the predicted results were compared with the numerical and experimental data from the literature. The average temperature for freezing and melting agree well with the results from the literature. The validated model for the low temperature PCM was extended to high temperature TTTESS; the supercritical CO2 as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) flows in the inside and outside tubes during the charging and discharging processes, whereas the Lithium and Potassium carbonate (Li2CO3-K2CO3) (35%-65%) as the PCM is enclosed between them. To enhance the heat transfer inside the PCM, eight fins have been incorporated between the internal and external tubes. This study also provides results demonstrating the effect of adding more fins relative to the case of no fins on the freezing and melting fraction of the PCM. Compared to 2 tank system, the TTTESS with eight fins can provide significant performance with less size.

Exponential growth and selection in self-replicating materials from DNA origami rafts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Xiaojin; Sha, Ruojie; Zhuo, Rebecca; Mi, Yongli; Chaikin, Paul M.; Seeman, Nadrian C.

2017-10-01

Self-replication and evolution under selective pressure are inherent phenomena in life, and but few artificial systems exhibit these phenomena. We have designed a system of DNA origami rafts that exponentially replicates a seed pattern, doubling the copies in each diurnal-like cycle of temperature and ultraviolet illumination, producing more than 7 million copies in 24 cycles. We demonstrate environmental selection in growing populations by incorporating pH-sensitive binding in two subpopulations. In one species, pH-sensitive triplex DNA bonds enable parent-daughter templating, while in the second species, triplex binding inhibits the formation of duplex DNA templating. At pH 5.3, the replication rate of species I is ~1.3-1.4 times faster than that of species II. At pH 7.8, the replication rates are reversed. When mixed together in the same vial, the progeny of species I replicate preferentially at pH 7.8 similarly at pH 5.3, the progeny of species II take over the system. This addressable selectivity should be adaptable to the selection and evolution of multi-component self-replicating materials in the nanoscopic-to-microscopic size range.

Short-term cascaded hydroelectric system scheduling based on chaotic particle swarm optimization using improved logistic map

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Yaoyao; Yang, Shanlin; Xu, Qifa

2013-07-01

In order to solve the model of short-term cascaded hydroelectric system scheduling, a novel chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) algorithm using improved logistic map is introduced, which uses the water discharge as the decision variables combined with the death penalty function. According to the principle of maximum power generation, the proposed approach makes use of the ergodicity, symmetry and stochastic property of improved logistic chaotic map for enhancing the performance of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The new hybrid method has been examined and tested on two test functions and a practical cascaded hydroelectric system. The experimental results show that the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed CPSO algorithm in comparison with other traditional algorithms.

Legal obstacles and incentives to the development of small scale hydroelectric power in New Jersey

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None,

1980-05-01

The legal and institutional obstacles to the development of small-scale hydroelectric energy at the state level in New Jersey are described. The Federal government also exercises extensive regulatory authority in the area. The dual regulatory system from the standpoint of the appropriate legal doctrine, the law of pre-emption, application of the law to the case of hydroelectric development, and an inquiry into the practical use of the doctrine by the FERC is discussed. New Jersey follows the riparian theory of water law. Following an extensive discussion of the New Jersey water law, New Jersey regulatory law and financial considerations regardingmore » hydroelectric power development are discussed.« less

Optimization of the Alkyl Linker of TO Base Surrogate in Triplex-Forming PNA for Enhanced Binding to Double-Stranded RNA.

PubMed

Sato, Takaya; Sato, Yusuke; Nishizawa, Seiichi

2017-03-23

A series of triplex-forming peptide nucleic acid (TFP) probes carrying a thiazole orange (TO) base surrogate through an alkyl linker was synthesized, and the interactions between these so-called tFIT probes and purine-rich sequences within double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were examined. We found that the TO base surrogate linker significantly affected both the binding affinity and the fluorescence response upon triplex formation with the target dsRNA. Among the probes examined, the TO base surrogate connected through the propyl linker in the tFIT probes increased the binding affinity by a factor of ten while maintaining its function as the fluorescent universal base. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed that the increased binding affinity resulted from the gain in the binding enthalpy, which could be explained by the enhanced π-stacking interaction between the TO base surrogate and the dsRNA part of the triplex. We expect that these results will provide a molecular basis for designing strong binding tFIT probes for fluorescence sensing of various kinds of purine-rich dsRNAs sequences including those carrying a pyrimidine-purine inversion. The obtained data also offers a new insight into further development of the universal bases incorporated in TFP. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Transcription blockage by stable H-DNA analogs in vitro.

PubMed

Pandey, Shristi; Ogloblina, Anna M; Belotserkovskii, Boris P; Dolinnaya, Nina G; Yakubovskaya, Marianna G; Mirkin, Sergei M; Hanawalt, Philip C

2015-08-18

DNA sequences that can form unusual secondary structures are implicated in regulating gene expression and causing genomic instability. H-palindromes are an important class of such DNA sequences that can form an intramolecular triplex structure, H-DNA. Within an H-palindrome, the H-DNA and canonical B-DNA are in a dynamic equilibrium that shifts toward H-DNA with increased negative supercoiling. The interplay between H- and B-DNA and the fact that the process of transcription affects supercoiling makes it difficult to elucidate the effects of H-DNA upon transcription. We constructed a stable structural analog of H-DNA that cannot flip into B-DNA, and studied the effects of this structure on transcription by T7 RNA polymerase in vitro. We found multiple transcription blockage sites adjacent to and within sequences engaged in this triplex structure. Triplex-mediated transcription blockage varied significantly with changes in ambient conditions: it was exacerbated in the presence of Mn(2+) or by increased concentrations of K(+) and Li(+). Analysis of the detailed pattern of the blockage suggests that RNA polymerase is sterically hindered by H-DNA and has difficulties in unwinding triplex DNA. The implications of these findings for the biological roles of triple-stranded DNA structures are discussed. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

Optimization of Multiple and Multipurpose Reservoir System Operations by Using Matrix Structure (Case Study: Karun and Dez Reservoir Dams)

PubMed Central

Othman, Faridah; Taghieh, Mahmood

2016-01-01

Optimal operation of water resources in multiple and multipurpose reservoirs is very complicated. This is because of the number of dams, each dam’s location (Series and parallel), conflict in objectives and the stochastic nature of the inflow of water in the system. In this paper, performance optimization of the system of Karun and Dez reservoir dams have been studied and investigated with the purposes of hydroelectric energy generation and providing water demand in 6 dams. On the Karun River, 5 dams have been built in the series arrangements, and the Dez dam has been built parallel to those 5 dams. One of the main achievements in this research is the implementation of the structure of production of hydroelectric energy as a function of matrix in MATLAB software. The results show that the role of objective function structure for generating hydroelectric energy in weighting method algorithm is more important than water supply. Nonetheless by implementing ε- constraint method algorithm, we can both increase hydroelectric power generation and supply around 85% of agricultural and industrial demands. PMID:27248152

GOVERNOR FOR #3 GENERATOR INSIDE ELWHA POWERHOUSEWOODWARD WATERWHEEL GOVERNOR TYPE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GOVERNOR FOR #3 GENERATOR INSIDE ELWHA POWERHOUSE--WOODWARD WATERWHEEL GOVERNOR TYPE HR: 21,500 LBS OF THRUST, SIZE 11 BORE & STROKE. PHOTO BY JET LOWE, HAER, 1995. - Elwha River Hydroelectric System, Elwha Hydroelectric Dam & Plant, Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA

High-throughput assays for DNA gyrase and other topoisomerases

PubMed Central

Maxwell, Anthony; Burton, Nicolas P.; O'Hagan, Natasha

2006-01-01

We have developed high-throughput microtitre plate-based assays for DNA gyrase and other DNA topoisomerases. These assays exploit the fact that negatively supercoiled plasmids form intermolecular triplexes more efficiently than when they are relaxed. Two assays are presented, one using capture of a plasmid containing a single triplex-forming sequence by an oligonucleotide tethered to the surface of a microtitre plate and subsequent detection by staining with a DNA-specific fluorescent dye. The other uses capture of a plasmid containing two triplex-forming sequences by an oligonucleotide tethered to the surface of a microtitre plate and subsequent detection by a second oligonucleotide that is radiolabelled. The assays are shown to be appropriate for assaying DNA supercoiling by Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and DNA relaxation by eukaryotic topoisomerases I and II, and E.coli topoisomerase IV. The assays are readily adaptable to other enzymes that change DNA supercoiling (e.g. restriction enzymes) and are suitable for use in a high-throughput format. PMID:16936317

High-throughput assays for DNA gyrase and other topoisomerases.

PubMed

Maxwell, Anthony; Burton, Nicolas P; O'Hagan, Natasha

2006-01-01

We have developed high-throughput microtitre plate-based assays for DNA gyrase and other DNA topoisomerases. These assays exploit the fact that negatively supercoiled plasmids form intermolecular triplexes more efficiently than when they are relaxed. Two assays are presented, one using capture of a plasmid containing a single triplex-forming sequence by an oligonucleotide tethered to the surface of a microtitre plate and subsequent detection by staining with a DNA-specific fluorescent dye. The other uses capture of a plasmid containing two triplex-forming sequences by an oligonucleotide tethered to the surface of a microtitre plate and subsequent detection by a second oligonucleotide that is radiolabelled. The assays are shown to be appropriate for assaying DNA supercoiling by Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and DNA relaxation by eukaryotic topoisomerases I and II, and E.coli topoisomerase IV. The assays are readily adaptable to other enzymes that change DNA supercoiling (e.g. restriction enzymes) and are suitable for use in a high-throughput format.

Four base recognition by triplex-forming oligonucleotides at physiological pH

PubMed Central

Rusling, David A.; Powers, Vicki E. C.; Ranasinghe, Rohan T.; Wang, Yang; Osborne, Sadie D.; Brown, Tom; Fox, Keith R.

2005-01-01

We have achieved recognition of all 4 bp by triple helix formation at physiological pH, using triplex-forming oligonucleotides that contain four different synthetic nucleotides. BAU [2′-aminoethoxy-5-(3-aminoprop-1-ynyl)uridine] recognizes AT base pairs with high affinity, MeP (3-methyl-2 aminopyridine) binds to GC at higher pHs than cytosine, while APP (6-(3-aminopropyl)-7-methyl-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(7H)-one) and S [N-(4-(3-acetamidophenyl)thiazol-2-yl-acetamide)] bind to CG and TA base pairs, respectively. Fluorescence melting and DNase I footprinting demonstrate successful triplex formation at a 19mer oligopurine sequence that contains two CG and two TA interruptions. The complexes are pH dependent, but are still stable at pH 7.0. BAU, MeP and APP retain considerable selectivity, and single base pair changes opposite these residues cause a large reduction in affinity. In contrast, S is less selective and tolerates CG pairs as well as TA. PMID:15911633

VIEW OF #2 EXCITER WITH GOVERNOR ON GENERATOR FLOOR. THIS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF #2 EXCITER WITH GOVERNOR ON GENERATOR FLOOR. THIS EXCITER IS DRIVEN BY A HORIZONTAL KAPLAN WHEEL LOCATED ON OPPOSITE SIDE OF WALL IN WHEELROOM. PHOTO BY JET LOWE, HAER, 1995. - Elwha River Hydroelectric System, Elwha Hydroelectric Dam & Plant, Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA

Double triplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus and determination of their methicillin resistance directly from positive blood culture bottles.

PubMed

Kilic, Abdullah; Basustaoglu, A Celal

2011-12-01

We developed and validated here a double triplex real-time PCR assay to simultaneously detect and identify Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and their methicillin resistance in a single reaction directly from Gram-positive cocci-in-clusters (GPCs)-positive blood culture bottles. From August 15, 2009 through February 15, 2010, 238 GPC-positive samples were collected and identified by conventional methods as 11 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 28 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), 176 MR coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS), 21 MSCoNS and two Enterococcus faecalis. The double triplex real-time PCR assay was targeted and detected tuf, nuc and mecA genes in the first tube and atlE, gap and mvaA genes in the second tube which could be run simultaneously. The detection limit of the assay was found at 10(3) CFU/ml for the atleE gene, 10(4) CFU/ml for the mva gene and 10(5) CFU/ml for gap, nuc, mecA and tuf genes based on seeding experiments. All Staphylococcus species except two S. epidermidis were correctly identified by the assay. The double triplex real-time PCR assay quickly and accurately detects S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. haemolyticus and their methicillin resistance in a single reaction directly from positive blood culture bottles within 83 min. Copyright © 2011 Institut Pasteur. All rights reserved.

High-throughput screening of triplex DNA binders from complicated samples by 96-well pate format in conjunction with peak area-fading UHPLC-Orbitrap MS.

PubMed

Yang, Hongmei; Yao, Wenbin; Wang, Yihan; Shi, Lei; Su, Rui; Wan, Debin; Xu, Niusheng; Lian, Wenhui; Chen, Changbao; Liu, Shuying

2017-02-14

Conventional strategies for the screening of DNA triplex binders cannot be used for complicated samples, such as ligand libraries created by combinatorial chemistry or from natural product extracts. In the current study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS)-based approach, which we call peak area-fading (PAF) UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS and was designed for just such a purpose, is reported. The triplex DNA modified 96-well plate and the single stranded oligonucleotide modified 96-well plate (as control) were incubated with ligand libraries, and the unbound ligands were directly determined via UHPLC-ESI-MS. The binders were detected through the decrease (fading) in the peak areas compared to those of the control group. Several factors, such as incubation time, incubation temperature, and buffer, which might affect the binding affinity and reproducibility, were optimized. The potential of the approach was examined using the extracts of Rhizoma Coptidis and Phellodendron chinense Schneid cortexe. The triplex DNA-binding capabilities of the five components (epiberberine, coptisine, jatrorrhizine, berberrubine, and columbamine) were found for the first time, indicating their efficiency for the analysis of complicated samples. In contrast to our previous study, which suffered from a serious drawback of poor reproducibility, this method is more robust and more suitable for high-throughput measurements, opening a new experimental strategy in assessing large libraries of potential drug candidates that work by forming a drug/DNA complex.

The TTSMI database: a catalog of triplex target DNA sites associated with genes and regulatory elements in the human genome.

PubMed

Jenjaroenpun, Piroon; Chew, Chee Siang; Yong, Tai Pang; Choowongkomon, Kiattawee; Thammasorn, Wimada; Kuznetsov, Vladimir A

2015-01-01

A triplex target DNA site (TTS), a stretch of DNA that is composed of polypurines, is able to form a triple-helix (triplex) structure with triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) and is able to influence the site-specific modulation of gene expression and/or the modification of genomic DNA. The co-localization of a genomic TTS with gene regulatory signals and functional genome structures suggests that TFOs could potentially be exploited in antigene strategies for the therapy of cancers and other genetic diseases. Here, we present the TTS Mapping and Integration (TTSMI; http://ttsmi.bii.a-star.edu.sg) database, which provides a catalog of unique TTS locations in the human genome and tools for analyzing the co-localization of TTSs with genomic regulatory sequences and signals that were identified using next-generation sequencing techniques and/or predicted by computational models. TTSMI was designed as a user-friendly tool that facilitates (i) fast searching/filtering of TTSs using several search terms and criteria associated with sequence stability and specificity, (ii) interactive filtering of TTSs that co-localize with gene regulatory signals and non-B DNA structures, (iii) exploration of dynamic combinations of the biological signals of specific TTSs and (iv) visualization of a TTS simultaneously with diverse annotation tracks via the UCSC genome browser. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

Evaluation of BAUER UTILUS 10 and TRIPLEX Purification Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-01

of the test was to: A. Determine if the compressor and Purification System provides compressed air at the required pressures, flow rates, quality and...optimum filtering, moisture separation, third stage piston ring expansion/cylinder sealing and prevents compressed air return from the storage flasks to the...551 COMPRESSED AIR PLANTS AND SYSTEMS S9086-SY-STM-O0O PARA 551-4.2.2.1. 6. Navy Experimental Diving Unit Test Plan Number 93-01, Jan 93. 7. NAVSEAINST

A Smart Responsive Dual Aptamers-Targeted Bubble-Generating Nanosystem for Cancer Triplex Therapy and Ultrasound Imaging.

PubMed

Zhao, Feifei; Zhou, Jie; Su, Xiangjie; Wang, Yuhui; Yan, Xiaosa; Jia, Shaona; Du, Bin

2017-05-01

The absence of targeted, single treatment methods produces low therapeutic value for treating cancers. To increase the accumulation of drugs in tumors and improve the treatment effectiveness, near-infrared 808 nm photothermal responsive dual aptamers-targeted docetaxel (DTX)-containing nanoparticles is proposed. In this system, DTX and NH 4 HCO 3 are loaded in thermosensitive liposomes. The surface of liposomes is coated with gold nanoshells and connected with sulfydryl (SH) modified AS1411 and S2.2 aptamers. The nanosystem has good biocompatibility and uniform size (diameter about 200 nm). The drug is rapidly released, reaching a maximum amount (84%) at 4 h under 808 nm laser irradiation. The experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo demonstrate the nanosystem can synergistically inhibit tumor growth by combination of chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and biological therapy. Dual ligand functionalization significantly increases cellular uptake on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) cells and achieves ultrasound imaging (USI) at tumor site. The results indicate that this drug delivery system is a promising theranostic agent involving light-thermal response at tumor sites, dual ligand targeted triplex therapy, and USI. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

PROTOTYPE EICHER FISH SCREEN AND EVALUATION FACILITY, INSTALLED IN 1990 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PROTOTYPE EICHER FISH SCREEN AND EVALUATION FACILITY, INSTALLED IN 1990 ON #1 PENSTOCK. PROJECT SPONSORED BY THE ELECTRICAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE TO TRANSFER FISH DOWNSTREAM PAST THE TURBINES. PHOTO BY JET LOWE, HAER, 1995. - Elwha River Hydroelectric System, Elwha Hydroelectric Dam & Plant, Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA

VIEW OF HISTORIC SLATE SWITCHBOARD IN THE CONTROL ROOM OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF HISTORIC SLATE SWITCHBOARD IN THE CONTROL ROOM OF THE ELWHA POWERHOUSE, INCLUDING: METERS, PROTECTIVE RELAYS, AND SWITCHES. NOTE ADDITION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS FOR POWER METERING AND OPERATIONS. PHOTO BY JET LOWE, HAER, 1995. - Elwha River Hydroelectric System, Elwha Hydroelectric Dam & Plant, Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA

52. POWER HOUSE AREA, SANTA ANA NO. 2; DETAIL MAP ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

52. POWER HOUSE AREA, SANTA ANA NO. 2; DETAIL MAP OF SANTA ANA NO. 1 AND NO. 2 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT, EXHIBIT K, APR. 30, 1945. SCE drawing no. 523691 (sheet no. 6; for filing with the Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

Functionalizing Designer DNA Crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandrasekaran, Arun Richard

Three-dimensional crystals have been self-assembled from a DNA tensegrity triangle via sticky end interaction. The tensegrity triangle is a rigid DNA motif containing three double helical edges connected pair-wise by three four-arm junctions. The symmetric triangle contains 3 unique strands combined in a 3:3:1 ratio: 3 crossover, 3 helical and 1 central. The length of the sticky end reported previously was two nucleotides (nt) (GA:TC) and the motif with 2-helical turns of DNA per edge diffracted to 4.9 A at beam line NSLS-X25 and to 4 A at beam line ID19 at APS. The purpose of these self-assembled DNA crystals is that they can be used as a framework for hosting external guests for use in crystallographic structure solving or the periodic positioning of molecules for nanoelectronics. This thesis describes strategies to improve the resolution and to incorporate guests into the 3D lattice. The first chapter describes the effect of varying sticky end lengths and the influence of 5'-phosphate addition on crystal formation and resolution. X-ray diffraction data from beam line NSLS-X25 revealed that the crystal resolution for 1-nt (G:C) sticky end was 3.4 A. Motifs with every possible combination of 1-nt and 2-nt sticky-ended phosphorylated strands were crystallized and X-ray data were collected. The position of the 5'-phosphate on either the crossover (strand 1), helical (strand 2), or central strand (3) had an impact on the resolution of the self-assembled crystals with the 1-nt 1P-2-3 system diffracting to 2.62 A at APS and 3.1 A at NSLS-X25. The second chapter describes the sequence-specific recognition of DNA motifs with triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs). This study examined the feasibility of using TFOs to bind to specific locations within a 3-turn DNA tensegrity triangle motif. The TFO 5'-TTCTTTCTTCTCT was used to target the tensegrity motif containing an appropriately embedded oligopurine.oligopyrimidine binding site. As triplex formation involving cytidine nucleotides is usually pH dependent (pH < 6) four different TFOs were examined: TFO-1 was unmodified while TFOs 2-4 contained additional stabilizing analogues capable of extending triplex formation to pH 7. In addition, each of the TFOs contained a Cy5 dye at the 5'-end of the oligonucleotide to aid in characterization of TFO binding - crystals were obtained with all four variations of TFOs. Formation of DNA triplex in the motif was characterized by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), UV melting studies and FRET. Crystals containing TFO-1 (unmodified) and TFO-2 (with 2'-amino ethoxy modification) were isolated and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen for X-ray data collection at beam line NSLS-X25. X-ray data was also collected for crystals of the 3-turn triangle without any TFO bound to it. Difference maps were done between the crystals with TFO against the one without to identify any additional electron density corresponding to the third strand in the triplex binding region. The data from the crystal containing TFO-2 was used to further analyze if the additional density can match the expected position of the TFO on the triangle motif. Since the additional density did not correspond to the entire binding region, 2Fo-Fc, 3Fo-2Fc and 4Fo-3Fc maps were done to check for missing pieces of the electron density. From the resulting 2Fo-Fc map, the asymmetric unit from the 3-turn triangle (31-bp duplex model based on previous structure 3UBI) was inserted into the density as a reference. However, the electron density corresponding to the TFO was still not continuous throughout the 13-nt triplex binding region and allowed only a partial fit of the TFO. The third nucleotide in positions 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 were fit into the density in the major groove of the underlying duplex with proper triplex configuration. The third chapter describes the triplex approach to position a functional group (the UV cross-linking agent psoralen) within a pre-formed DNA motif. Triplex formation and psoralen cross-linking of the motif were analyzed by native and denaturing gel electrophoresis respectively. Motifs containing the Psoralen-TFO were also successfully crystallized and the crosslinking shown by analyzing the denatured crystals on a gel. The end goal would be to form a crosslinked designed DNA crystal that can diffract to a higher resolution. The fourth chapter describes the use of serial femtosecond crystallography for structure determination of designed DNA lattices. X-ray diffraction data from self-assembled 3D DNA microcrystals were collected from a stream of crystals in solution. Serial femtosecond crystallography eliminates the need for large crystals and the need for freezing, thus overcoming any associated crystal defects and radiation damage. Self-assembled nano/microcrystals were successfully made and were diffracted at room temperature. The best diffraction was from the 1-nt SE motif to an extent of 3.5 A in resolution.

51. INTAKE AND POWER HOUSE AREAS, SANTA ANA NO. 1; ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

51. INTAKE AND POWER HOUSE AREAS, SANTA ANA NO. 1; DETAIL MAP OF SANTA ANA NO. 1 AND NO. 2 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT, EXHIBIT K, APR. 30, 1945. SCE drawing no. 523690 (sheet no. 5; for filing with the Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

VIEW OF PELTON WATER WHEEL COMPANY (SAN FRANCISCO) TURBINE: SPEED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF PELTON WATER WHEEL COMPANY (SAN FRANCISCO) TURBINE: SPEED 225 RPM, 17,500 HP. PHOTO BY JET LOWE, HAER, 1995. (Note: the dark hole in the concrete column to the left is from a tear in the negative.) - Elwha River Hydroelectric System, Glines Hydroelectric Dam & Plant, Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA

Monitoring DNA triplex formation using multicolor fluorescence and application to insulin-like growth factor I promoter downregulation.

PubMed

Hégarat, Nadia; Novopashina, Darya; Fokina, Alesya A; Boutorine, Alexandre S; Venyaminova, Alya G; Praseuth, Danièle; François, Jean-Christophe

2014-03-01

Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) signaling is a promising antitumor strategy and nucleic acid-based approaches have been investigated to target genes in the pathway. Here, we sought to modulate IGF-I transcriptional activity using triple helix formation. The IGF-I P1 promoter contains a purine/pyrimidine (R/Y) sequence that is pivotal for transcription as determined by deletion analysis and can be targeted with a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO). We designed modified purine- and pyrimidine-rich TFOs to bind to the R/Y sequence. To monitor TFO binding, we developed a fluorescence-based gel-retardation assay that allowed independent detection of each strand in three-stranded complexes using end-labeling with Alexa 488, cyanine (Cy)3 and Cy5 fluorochromes. We characterized TFOs for their ability to inhibit restriction enzyme activity, compete with DNA-binding proteins and inhibit IGF-I transcription in reporter assays. TFOs containing modified nucleobases, 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine and 5-propynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, specifically inhibited restriction enzyme cleavage and formed triplexes on the P1 promoter fragment. In cells, deletion of the R/Y-rich sequence led to 48% transcriptional inhibition of a reporter gene. Transfection with TFOs inhibited reporter gene activity to a similar extent, whereas transcription from a mutant construct with an interrupted R/Y region was unaffected, strongly suggesting the involvement of triplex formation in the inhibitory mechanisms. Our results indicate that nuclease-resistant TFOs will likely inhibit endogenous IGF-I gene function in cells. © 2014 FEBS.

Climate change impacts on high-elevation hydroelectricity in California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Madani, Kaveh; Guégan, Marion; Uvo, Cintia B.

2014-03-01

While only about 30% of California's usable water storage capacity lies at higher elevations, high-elevation (above 300 m) hydropower units generate, on average, 74% of California's in-state hydroelectricity. In general, high-elevation plants have small man-made reservoirs and rely mainly on snowpack. Their low built-in storage capacity is a concern with regard to climate warming. Snowmelt is expected to shift to earlier in the year, and the system may not be able to store sufficient water for release in high-demand periods. Previous studies have explored the climate warming effects on California's high-elevation hydropower by focusing on the supply side (exploring the effects of hydrological changes on generation and revenues) ignoring the warming effects on hydroelectricity demand and pricing. This study extends the previous work by simultaneous consideration of climate change effects on high-elevation hydropower supply and pricing in California. The California's Energy-Based Hydropower Optimization Model (EBHOM 2.0) is applied to evaluate the adaptability of California's high-elevation hydropower system to climate warming, considering the warming effects on hydroelectricity supply and pricing. The model's results relative to energy generation, energy spills, reservoir energy storage, and average shadow prices of energy generation and storage capacity expansion are examined and discussed. These results are compared with previous studies to emphasize the need to consider climate change effects on hydroelectricity demand and pricing when exploring the effects of climate change on hydropower operations.

Simulation of the transient processes of load rejection under different accident conditions in a hydroelectric generating set

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, W. C.; Yang, J. D.; Chen, J. P.; Peng, Z. Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, C. C.

2016-11-01

Load rejection test is one of the essential tests that carried out before the hydroelectric generating set is put into operation formally. The test aims at inspecting the rationality of the design of the water diversion and power generation system of hydropower station, reliability of the equipment of generating set and the dynamic characteristics of hydroturbine governing system. Proceeding from different accident conditions of hydroelectric generating set, this paper presents the transient processes of load rejection corresponding to different accident conditions, and elaborates the characteristics of different types of load rejection. Then the numerical simulation method of different types of load rejection is established. An engineering project is calculated to verify the validity of the method. Finally, based on the numerical simulation results, the relationship among the different types of load rejection and their functions on the design of hydropower station and the operation of load rejection test are pointed out. The results indicate that: The load rejection caused by the accident within the hydroelectric generating set is realized by emergency distributing valve, and it is the basis of the optimization for the closing law of guide vane and the calculation of regulation and guarantee. The load rejection caused by the accident outside the hydroelectric generating set is realized by the governor. It is the most efficient measure to inspect the dynamic characteristics of hydro-turbine governing system, and its closure rate of guide vane set in the governor depends on the optimization result in the former type load rejection.

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides: a third strand for DNA nanotechnology

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Abstract DNA self-assembly has proved to be a useful bottom-up strategy for the construction of user-defined nanoscale objects, lattices and devices. The design of these structures has largely relied on exploiting simple base pairing rules and the formation of double-helical domains as secondary structural elements. However, other helical forms involving specific non-canonical base-base interactions have introduced a novel paradigm into the process of engineering with DNA. The most notable of these is a three-stranded complex generated by the binding of a third strand within the duplex major groove, generating a triple-helical (‘triplex’) structure. The sequence, structural and assembly requirements that differentiate triplexes from their duplex counterparts has allowed the design of nanostructures for both dynamic and/or structural purposes, as well as a means to target non-nucleic acid components to precise locations within a nanostructure scaffold. Here, we review the properties of triplexes that have proved useful in the engineering of DNA nanostructures, with an emphasis on applications that hitherto have not been possible by duplex formation alone. PMID:29228337

Four levels of hierarchical organization, including noncovalent chainmail, brace the mature tumor herpesvirus capsid against pressurization.

PubMed

Zhou, Z Hong; Hui, Wong Hoi; Shah, Sanket; Jih, Jonathan; O'Connor, Christine M; Sherman, Michael B; Kedes, Dean H; Schein, Stan

2014-10-07

Like many double-stranded DNA viruses, tumor gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus withstand high internal pressure. Bacteriophage HK97 uses covalent chainmail for this purpose, but how this is achieved noncovalently in the much larger gammaherpesvirus capsid is unknown. Our cryoelectron microscopy structure of a gammaherpesvirus capsid reveals a hierarchy of four levels of organization: (1) Within a hexon capsomer, each monomer of the major capsid protein (MCP), 1,378 amino acids and six domains, interacts with its neighboring MCPs at four sites. (2) Neighboring capsomers are linked in pairs by MCP dimerization domains and in groups of three by heterotrimeric triplex proteins. (3) Small (∼280 amino acids) HK97-like domains in MCP monomers alternate with triplex heterotrimers to form a belt that encircles each capsomer. (4) One hundred sixty-two belts concatenate to form noncovalent chainmail. The triplex heterotrimer orchestrates all four levels and likely drives maturation to an angular capsid that can withstand pressurization. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cryo-EM structure of a herpesvirus capsid at 3.1 Å.

PubMed

Yuan, Shuai; Wang, Jialing; Zhu, Dongjie; Wang, Nan; Gao, Qiang; Chen, Wenyuan; Tang, Hao; Wang, Junzhi; Zhang, Xinzheng; Liu, Hongrong; Rao, Zihe; Wang, Xiangxi

2018-04-06

Structurally and genetically, human herpesviruses are among the largest and most complex of viruses. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) with an optimized image reconstruction strategy, we report the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) capsid structure at 3.1 angstroms, which is built up of about 3000 proteins organized into three types of hexons (central, peripentonal, and edge), pentons, and triplexes. Both hexons and pentons contain the major capsid protein, VP5; hexons also contain a small capsid protein, VP26; and triplexes comprise VP23 and VP19C. Acting as core organizers, VP5 proteins form extensive intermolecular networks, involving multiple disulfide bonds (about 1500 in total) and noncovalent interactions, with VP26 proteins and triplexes that underpin capsid stability and assembly. Conformational adaptations of these proteins induced by their microenvironments lead to 46 different conformers that assemble into a massive quasisymmetric shell, exemplifying the structural and functional complexity of HSV. Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Research of hydroelectric generating set low-frequency vibration monitoring system based on optical fiber sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Min, Li; Zhang, Xiaolei; Zhang, Faxiang; Sun, Zhihui; Li, ShuJuan; Wang, Meng; Wang, Chang

2017-10-01

In order to satisfy hydroelectric generating set low-frequency vibration monitoring, the design of Passive low-frequency vibration monitoring system based on Optical fiber sensing in this paper. The hardware of the system adopts the passive optical fiber grating sensor and unbalanced-Michelson interferometer. The software system is used to programming by Labview software and finishing the control of system. The experiment show that this system has good performance on the standard vibration testing-platform and it meets system requirements. The frequency of the monitoring system can be as low as 0.2Hz and the resolution is 0.01Hz.

EXTERNAL OVERVIEW OF WHEELROOM (TURBINE ROOM) WITH PENSTOCK FOR #1 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EXTERNAL OVER-VIEW OF WHEELROOM (TURBINE ROOM) WITH PENSTOCK FOR #1 AND #2 GENERATORS AND #2 EXCITER, VIEWED WEST TO EAST. TURBINES ARE HORIZONTAL TWIN FRANCIS TURBINES, MANUFACTURED BY WELLMAN-SEAVER MORGAN CO. IN 1911. PHOTO BY JET LOWE, HAER, 1995. - Elwha River Hydroelectric System, Elwha Hydroelectric Dam & Plant, Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA

Interference between Triplex and Protein Binding to Distal Sites on Supercoiled DNA.

PubMed

Noy, Agnes; Maxwell, Anthony; Harris, Sarah A

2017-02-07

We have explored the interdependence of the binding of a DNA triplex and a repressor protein to distal recognition sites on supercoiled DNA minicircles using MD simulations. We observe that the interaction between the two ligands through their influence on their DNA template is determined by a subtle interplay of DNA mechanics and electrostatics, that the changes in flexibility induced by ligand binding play an important role and that supercoiling can instigate additional ligand-DNA contacts that would not be possible in simple linear DNA sequences. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Hiilangaay Hydroelectric Project – Final Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Twitchell, Sara; Stimac, Michael; Lang, Lisa

2016-06-01

The Hiilangaay Hydroelectric Project (“Hiilangaay” or the “Project”) is a 5-megawatt hydroelectric resource currently under construction on Prince of Wales Island (POW), Alaska, approximately ten miles east of Hydaburg. The objective of the Project is to interconnect with the existing transmission grid on Prince of Wales Island, increasing the hydroelectric generation capability by 5 MW, eliminating the need for diesel generation, increasing the reliability of the electrical system, and allowing the interconnected portion of the island to have 100 percent renewable energy generation. Pre-construction activities including construction planning, permit coordination and compliance, and final design have made it possible tomore » move forward with construction of the Hiilangaay Project. Despite repeated delays to the schedule, persistence and long-term planning will culminate in the construction of the Project, and make Prince of Wales Island independent of diesel-fueled energy« less

Drastic stabilization of parallel DNA hybridizations by a polylysine comb-type copolymer with hydrophilic graft chain.

PubMed

Miyoshi, Daisuke; Ueda, Yu-Mi; Shimada, Naohiko; Nakano, Shu-Ichi; Sugimoto, Naoki; Maruyama, Atsushi

2014-09-01

Electrostatic interactions play a major role in protein-DNA interactions. As a model system of a cationic protein, herein we focused on a comb-type copolymer of a polycation backbone and dextran side chains, poly(L-lysine)-graft-dextran (PLL-g-Dex), which has been reported to form soluble interpolyelectrolyte complexes with DNA strands. We investigated the effects of PLL-g-Dex on the conformation and thermodynamics of DNA oligonucleotides forming various secondary structures. Thermodynamic analysis of the DNA structures showed that the parallel conformations involved in both DNA duplexes and triplexes were significantly and specifically stabilized by PLL-g-Dex. On the basis of thermodynamic parameters, it was further possible to design DNA switches that undergo structural transition responding to PLL-g-Dex from an antiparallel duplex to a parallel triplex even with mismatches in the third strand hybridization. These results suggest that polycationic molecules are able to induce structural polymorphism of DNA oligonucleotides, because of the conformation-selective stabilization effects. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Multiplexed detection of anthrax-related toxin genes.

PubMed

Moser, Michael J; Christensen, Deanna R; Norwood, David; Prudent, James R

2006-02-01

Simultaneous analysis of three targets in three colors on any real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument would increase the flexibility of real-time PCR. For the detection of Bacillus strains that can cause inhalation anthrax-related illness, this ability would be valuable because two plasmids confer virulence, and internal positive controls are needed to monitor the testing in cases lacking target-specific signals. Using a real-time PCR platform called MultiCode-RTx, multiple assays were developed that specifically monitor the presence of Bacillus anthracis-specific virulence plasmid-associated genes. In particular for use on LightCycler-1, two triplex RTx systems demonstrated high sensitivity with limits of detection nearing single-copy levels for both plasmids. Specificity was established using a combination of Ct values and correct amplicon melting temperatures. All reactions were further verified by detection of an internal positive control. For these two triplex RTx assays, the analytical detection limit was one to nine plasmid copy equivalents, 100% analytical specificity with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 9%, and 100% analytical sensitivity with a CI of 2%. Although further testing using clinical or environmental samples will be required to assess diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, the RTx platform achieves similar results to those of probe-based real-time systems.

Evaluation of non-extracted genital swabs for real-time HSV PCR.

PubMed

Miari, Victoria F; Wall, Gavin R; Clark, Duncan A

2015-01-01

Nucleic acid extraction of clinical samples is accepted as a key requirement in molecular diagnostics. At Barts Health NHS Trust, swabs taken from patients with clinical suspicion of HSV infection were routinely extracted on the Qiagen MDx BioRobot prior to testing with a real-time triplex PCR for HSV1, HSV2, and VZV. The aim of this study was to adapt an existing HSV1/HSV2/VZV real-time PCR by replacing VZV with phocine herpesvirus 1 (PhHV) as an internal control (IC) and evaluate whether this adapted assay required the nucleic acid extraction step for predominantly genital swabs. First 313 non-extracted and extracted swabs were tested in parallel with the existing triplex HSV1/HSV2/VZV real-time PCR. The second stage involved testing 176 non-extracted swabs using a triplex real-time PCR for HSV1, HSV2, and PhHV and comparing the results with the samples extracted and tested by the original triplex assay. The results correlated well when the existing assay was used, with only three non-extracted samples that would have been reported as negative compared to the extracted sample result (Cq s 33, 39, 35-two samples HSV1, one sample HSV2). In the evaluation using the adapted assay containing the IC, two of 176 samples were discordant, where a HSV negative non-extracted sample result would have been reported differently to the extracted sample result (Cq s 32, 33-both HSV1). This study demonstrated that it is feasible to test non-extracted swabs for HSV in a real-time PCR that includes an IC. J. Med. Virol. 87: 125-129, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by single cell triplex PCR].

PubMed

Wu, Yue-Li; Wu, Ling-Qian; Li, Yan-Ping; Liu, Dong-E; Zeng, Qiao; Zhu, Hai-Yan; Pan, Qian; Liang, De-Sheng; Hu, Hao; Long, Zhi-Gao; Li, Juan; Dai, He-Ping; Xia, Kun; Xia, Jia-Hui

2007-04-01

To detect two exons of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene and a gender discrimination locus amelogenin gene by single cell triplex PCR, and to evaluate the possibility of this technique for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in DMD family with DMD deletion mutation. Single lymphocytes from a normal male, a normal female, two DMD patients (exon 8 and 47 deleted, respectively) and single blastomeres from the couples treated by the in vitro fertilization pre-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and without family history of DMD were obtained. Exons 8 and 47 of DMD gene were amplified by a triplex PCR assay, the amelogenin gene on X and Y chromosomes were co-amplified to analyze the correlation between embryo gender and deletion status. In the normal single lymphocytes, the amplification rate of exons 8 and 47 of DMD and amelogenin gene were 93.8%, 93.8%, and 95.3% respectively. The false positive rate was 3.3%. In the exon 8 deleted DMD patient, the amplification rate of exon 47 of DMD and amelogenin gene was 95.8%, and the false positive rate was 3.3%. In the exon 47 deleted DMD patient, the amplification rate of exon 8 of DMD and amelogenin gene was 95.8%, and the false positive rate was 0. In the single blastomeres, the amplification rate of exons 8 and 47 of DMD and amelogenin gene was 82.5%, 80.0% and 77.5%, respectively, and the false positive rate was 0. The single cell triplex PCR protocol for the detection of DMD and amelogenin gene is highly sensitive, specific and reliable, and can be used for PGD in those DMD families with DMD deletion mutation.

Triple helical polynucleotidic structures: an FTIR study of the C+ .G. Ctriplet.

PubMed

Akhebat, A; Dagneaux, C; Liquier, J; Taillandier, E

1992-12-01

Triple helixes containing one homopurine poly dG or poly rG strand and two homopyrimidine poly dC or poly rC strands have been prepared and studied by FTIR spectroscopy in H2O and D2O solutions. The spectra are discussed by comparison with those of the corresponding third strands (auto associated or not) and of double stranded poly dG.poly dC and poly rG.poly rC in the same concentration range and salt conditions. The triplex formation is characterized by the study of the base-base interactions reflected by changes in the spectral domain involving the in-plane double bond vibrations of the bases. Modifications of the initial duplex conformation (A family form for poly rG.poly rC, B family form for poly dG.poly dC) when the triplex is formed have been investigated. Two spectral domains (950-800 and 1450-1350 cm-1) containing absorption bands markers of the N and S type sugar geometries have been extensively studied. The spectra of the triplexes prepared starting with a double helix containing only riboses (poly rC+.poly rG.poly rC and poly dC+.poly rG.poly rC) as well as that of poly rC+.poly dG.poly dC present exclusively markers of the North type geometry of the sugars. On the contrary in the case of the poly dC+.poly dG.poly dC triplex both N and S type sugars are shown to coexist. The FTIR spectra allow us to propose that in this case the sugars of the purine (poly dG) strand adopt the S type geometry.

Design and construction of a VHGT-attached WDM-type triplex transceiver module using polymer PLC hybrid integration technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jerábek, Vitezslav; Hüttel, Ivan; Prajzler, Václav; Busek, K.; Seliger, P.

2008-11-01

We report about design and construction of the bidirectional transceiver TRx module for subscriber part of the passive optical network PON for a fiber to the home FTTH topology. The TRx module consists of a epoxy novolak resin polymer planar lightwave circuit (PLC) hybrid integration technology with volume holographic grating triplex filter VHGT, surface-illuminated photodetectors and spot-size converted Fabry-Pérot laser diode in SMD package. The hybrid PLC has composed from a two parts-polymer optical waveguide including VHGT filter section and a optoelectronic microwave section. The both parts are placed on the composite substrate.

4-amino-1H-benzo[g]quinazoline-2-one: a fluorescent analog of cytosine to probe protonation sites in triplex forming oligonucleotides.

PubMed

Godde, F; Toulmé, J J; Moreau, S

2000-08-01

We developed a new fluorescent analog of cytosine, the 4-amino-1H-benzo[g]quinazoline-2-one, which constitute a probe sensitive to pH. The 2'-O-Me ribonucleoside derivative of this heterocycle was synthesized and exhibited a fluorescence emission centered at 456 nm, characterized by four major excitation maxima (250, 300, 320 and 370 nm) and a fluorescence quantum yield of Phi = 0.62 at pH 7.1. The fluorescence emission maximum shifted from 456 to 492 nm when pH was decreased from 7.1 to 2.1. The pK(a) (4) was close to that of cytosine (4.17). When introduced in triplex forming oligonucleotides this new nucleoside can be used to reveal the protonation state of triplets in triple-stranded structures. Complex formation was detected by a significant quenching of fluorescence emission (approximately 88%) and the N-3 protonation of the quinazoline ring by a shift of the emission maximum from 485 to 465 nm. Using this probe we unambiguously showed that triplex formation of the pyrimidine motif does not require the protonation of all 4-amino-2-one pyrimidine rings.

Analysis of synchronous and induction generators used at hydroelectric power plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diniş, C. M.; Popa, G. N.; lagăr, A.

2017-01-01

In this paper is presented an analysis of the operating electric generators (synchronous and induction) within a small capacity hydroelectric power plant. Such is treated the problem of monitoring and control hydropower plant using SCADA systems. Have been carried an experimental measurements in small hydropower plant for different levels of water in the lake and various settings of the operating parameters.

78 FR 62616 - Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Company, Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Company, LLC; Notice of Transfer...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-22

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 3730-005] Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Company, Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Company, LLC; Notice of Transfer of Exemption 1. By letter filed September 23, 2013, Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Company informed the Commission that they have...

Design optimization of integrated BiDi triplexer optical filter based on planar lightwave circuit.

PubMed

Xu, Chenglin; Hong, Xiaobin; Huang, Wei-Ping

2006-05-29

Design optimization of a novel integrated bi-directional (BiDi) triplexer filter based on planar lightwave circuit (PLC) for fiber-to-the premise (FTTP) applications is described. A multi-mode interference (MMI) device is used to filter the up-stream 1310nm signal from the down-stream 1490nm and 1555nm signals. An array waveguide grating (AWG) device performs the dense WDM function by further separating the two down-stream signals. The MMI and AWG are built on the same substrate with monolithic integration. The design is validated by simulation, which shows excellent performance in terms of filter spectral characteristics (e.g., bandwidth, cross-talk, etc.) as well as insertion loss.

Design optimization of integrated BiDi triplexer optical filter based on planar lightwave circuit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Chenglin; Hong, Xiaobin; Huang, Wei-Ping

2006-05-01

Design optimization of a novel integrated bi-directional (BiDi) triplexer filter based on planar lightwave circuit (PLC) for fiber-to-the premise (FTTP) applications is described. A multi-mode interference (MMI) device is used to filter the up-stream 1310nm signal from the down-stream 1490nm and 1555nm signals. An array waveguide grating (AWG) device performs the dense WDM function by further separating the two down-stream signals. The MMI and AWG are built on the same substrate with monolithic integration. The design is validated by simulation, which shows excellent performance in terms of filter spectral characteristics (e.g., bandwidth, cross-talk, etc.) as well as insertion loss.

An on-chip silicon compact triplexer based on cascaded tilted multimode interference couplers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jingye; Liu, Penghao; Shi, Yaocheng

2018-03-01

An on-chip triplexer based on cascaded tilted multimode interference (MMI) couplers has been demonstrated to separate the 1310 nm wavelength band into one port and 1490 nm and 1550 nm wavelength bands into the other two ports respectively. By utilizing the dispersive self-imaging and pseudo self-imaging, the device length is not critically determined by the common multiple of beat lengths for different wavelengths. The total device size can be reduced to ∼450 μm, which is half of the butterfly structure reported. The whole device, fabricated with only one fully-etching step, is characterized with <-15 dB low crosstalk (CT) and ∼1 dB insertion loss (IL).

Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat Mitigation Plan for Hungry Horse Hydroelectric Project, Final Report.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bissell, Gael

1985-01-01

This report describes the proposed mitigation plan for wildlife losses attributable to the construction of the Hungry Horse hydroelectric project. In this report, mitigation objectives and alternatives, the recommended mitigation projects, and the crediting system for each project are described by each target species. Mitigation objectives for each species (group) were established based on the loss estimates but tailored to the recommended projects. 13 refs., 3 figs., 19 tabs.

Multispectroscopic and Theoretical Exploration of the Comparative Binding Aspects of Bioflavonoid Fisetin with Triple- and Double-Helical Forms of RNA.

PubMed

Bhuiya, Sutanwi; Haque, Lucy; Goswami, Rapti; Das, Suman

2017-12-14

The interactions of RNA triplex (U.A*U) and duplex (A.U) with naturally occurring flavonoid fisetin (FTN) have been examined at pH 7.0 using various spectroscopic, viscometric, and theoretical studies. Experimental observations showed that the ligand binds with both double- and triple-helical forms of RNA, although the binding affinity is greater for the triplex structure (5.94 × 10 6 M -1 ) compared to that for the duplex counterpart (1.0 × 10 5 M -1 ). Thermal melting experiments revealed that the Hoogsteen base-paired third strand of triplex was stabilized to a greater extent (∼14 °C) compared with the Watson-Crick base-paired second strand (∼4 °C) in the presence of FTN. From fluorimetric study, we observed that U.A*U and A.U primarily bind to the photoproduced tautomer of FTN in the excited state. Steady-state and time-resolved anisotropy measurements illustrate considerable modulations of the spectroscopic properties of the tautomeric FTN within the RNA environment. Viscometric, fluorescence quenching, and thermal melting studies all together support the mode of binding to be intercalation. Theoretical study explains the experimental absorption and emission (dual fluorescence) behavior of FTN along with the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer process.

Simultaneous detection of Zika, Chikungunya and Dengue viruses by a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay.

PubMed

Pabbaraju, Kanti; Wong, Sallene; Gill, Kara; Fonseca, Kevin; Tipples, Graham A; Tellier, Raymond

2016-10-01

In the recent past, arboviruses such as Chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) have increased their area of endemicity and presented as an emerging global public health threat. To design an assay for the simultaneous detection of ZIKV, CHIKV and Dengue (DENV) 1-4 from patients with symptoms of arboviral infection. This would be advantageous because of the similar clinical presentation typically encountered with these viruses and their co-circulation in endemic areas. In this study we have developed and validated a triplex real time reverse transcription PCR assay using hydrolysis probes targeting the non-structural 5 (NS5) region of ZIKV, non-structural protein 4 (nsP4) from CHIKV and 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of DENV 1-4. The 95% LOD by the triplex assay was 15 copies/reaction for DENV-1 and less than 10 copies/reaction for all other viruses. The triplex assay was 100% specific and did not amplify any of the other viruses tested. The assay was reproducible and adaptable to testing different specimen types including serum, plasma, urine, placental tissue, brain tissue and amniotic fluid. This assay can be easily implemented for diagnostic testing of patient samples, even in a high throughput laboratory. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

18 CFR 16.19 - Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power....19 Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power project with a license not subject to sections 14 and 15 of the Federal Power Act. (a...

18 CFR 16.19 - Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power....19 Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power project with a license not subject to sections 14 and 15 of the Federal Power Act. (a...

18 CFR 16.19 - Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power....19 Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power project with a license not subject to sections 14 and 15 of the Federal Power Act. (a...

18 CFR 16.19 - Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power....19 Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power project with a license not subject to sections 14 and 15 of the Federal Power Act. (a...

18 CFR 16.19 - Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power....19 Procedures for an existing licensee of a minor hydroelectric power project or of a minor part of a hydroelectric power project with a license not subject to sections 14 and 15 of the Federal Power Act. (a...

Philippines: Small-scale renewable energy update

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1997-12-01

This paper gives an overview of the application of small scale renewable energy sources in the Philippines. Sources looked at include solar, biomass, micro-hydroelectric, mini-hydroelectric, wind, mini-geothermal, and hybrid. A small power utilities group is being spun off the major utility, to provide a structure for developing rural electrification programs. In some instances, private companies have stepped forward, avoiding what is perceived as overwhelming beaurocracy, and installed systems with private financing. The paper provides information on survey work which has been done on resources, and the status of cooperative programs to develop renewable systems in the nation.

Mathematical Modeling in Systems for Operational Evaluation of the Stress-Strain State of the Arch-Gravity Dam at the Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bellendir, E. N.; Gordon, L. A., E-mail: lev-gordon@mail.ru; Khrapkov, A. A.

Current studies of the stress-strain state of the dam at the Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Plant at VNIIG based on mathematical modeling including full scale and experimental data are described. Applications and programs intended for automatic operational evaluation of the stress-strain state of the dam for optimizing control of the upper race level in the course of the annual filling-drawdown cycle and during seismic events are examined. Improvements in systems for monitoring the stress-strain state of concrete dams are proposed.

78 FR 6319 - Eastern Hydroelectric Corporation; Notice Rejecting Request for Rehearing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-30

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 7019-068] Eastern... an order amending license Article 401 for Eastern Hydroelectric Corporation's (Eastern Hydroelectric....\\1\\ On January 11, 2013, Eastern Hydroelectric filed a request for rehearing of Commission staff's...

View of Irving Intake System showing shed and steel flume. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Irving Intake System showing shed and steel flume. Looking west-northwest - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Irving System, Intake System, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

75 FR 19989 - Final Environmental Impact Statement for Drought Management Planning at the Kerr Hydroelectric...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-16

... Drought Management Planning at the Kerr Hydroelectric Project, Flathead Lake, MT AGENCY: Bureau of Indian... Impact Statement (FEIS) for Drought Management Planning at the Kerr Hydroelectric Project, Flathead Lake... drought management planning at the Kerr Hydroelectric Project no sooner than 30 days following the...

77 FR 38796 - Georgia Power Company; Bartletts Ferry Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Revised Restricted...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-29

... Alabama] Georgia Power Company; Bartletts Ferry Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Revised Restricted... by issuance of a new license for the Bartletts Ferry Hydroelectric Project No. 485. The programmatic... Hydroelectric Project. On June 14, 2012, the Kialegee Tribal Town requested a revision to the restricted service...

78 FR 25434 - Henwood Associates, Inc.; Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Company; Notice of Transfer of Exemption

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-01

... Associates, Inc.; Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Company; Notice of Transfer of Exemption 1. By letter filed April 18, 2013, Henwood Associates, Inc. and Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Company informed the Commission that the exemption from licensing for the Salmon Creek Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 3730, originally...

Climate change impact on operation of dams and hydroelectricity generation in the Northeastern United States

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ehsani, N.; Vorosmarty, C. J.; Fekete, B. M.

2016-12-01

We are using a large-scale, high-resolution, fully integrated hydrological/reservoir/hydroelectricity model to investigate the impact of climate change on the operation of 11037 dams and generation of electricity from 375 hydroelectric power plants in the Northeastern United States. Moreover, we estimate the hydropower potential of the region by energizing the existing non-powered dams and then studying the impact of climate change on the hydropower potential. We show that climate change increases the impact of dams on the hydrology of the region. Warmer temperatures produce shorter frozen periods, earlier snowmelt and elevated evapotranspiration rates, which when combined with changes in precipitation, are projected to increase water availability in winter but reduce it during summer. As a result, the water that is stored by dams will be more than ever a necessary part of the routine water systems operations to compensate for these seasonal imbalances. The function of dams as emergency water storage for creating drought resiliency will mostly diminish in the future. Building more dams to cope with the local impacts of climate change on water resources and to offset the increased drought vulnerability may thus be inevitable. Annual hydroelectricity generation in the region is 41 Twh. Our estimate of the annual hydropower potential of non-powered dams adds up to 350 Twh. Climate change may reduce hydropower potential from non-powered dams by up to 13% and reduce current hydroelectricity generation by up to 8% annually. Hydroelectricity generation and hydropower potential may increase in winter months and decline in months of summer and fall. These changes call for recalibration of dam operations and may raise conflict of interests in multipurpose dams.

18 CFR 292.209 - Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. 292.209... Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or... the Federal Power Act, at which non-Federal hydroelectric development is permissible; or (2) An...

VERTICAL DETAIL OBLIQUE VIEW OF NORTHEAST SIDE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VERTICAL DETAIL OBLIQUE VIEW OF NORTHEAST SIDE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE WITH OLD BYPASS IN FOREGROUND, SHOWING GLASS BLOCKS PROVIDING LIGHT TO BASEMENT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE, VIEW TOWARDS WEST SOUTHWEST - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

18 CFR 292.209 - Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. 292.209... Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or... the Federal Power Act, at which non-Federal hydroelectric development is permissible; or (2) An...

OBLIQUE VIEW OF SOUTHWEST AND SOUTHEAST SIDES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE VIEW OF SOUTHWEST AND SOUTHEAST SIDES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE WITH DAM TO LEFT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE AND ENTRANCE TO OLD LOCK CHAMBER ON RIGHT, VIEW TOWARDS NORTH - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

18 CFR 292.209 - Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. 292.209... Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or... the Federal Power Act, at which non-Federal hydroelectric development is permissible; or (2) An...

Airborne Advanced Reconfigurable Computer System (ARCS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bjurman, B. E.; Jenkins, G. M.; Masreliez, C. J.; Mcclellan, K. L.; Templeman, J. E.

1976-01-01

A digital computer subsystem fault-tolerant concept was defined, and the potential benefits and costs of such a subsystem were assessed when used as the central element of a new transport's flight control system. The derived advanced reconfigurable computer system (ARCS) is a triple-redundant computer subsystem that automatically reconfigures, under multiple fault conditions, from triplex to duplex to simplex operation, with redundancy recovery if the fault condition is transient. The study included criteria development covering factors at the aircraft's operation level that would influence the design of a fault-tolerant system for commercial airline use. A new reliability analysis tool was developed for evaluating redundant, fault-tolerant system availability and survivability; and a stringent digital system software design methodology was used to achieve design/implementation visibility.

Noncoding transcripts in sense and antisense orientation regulate the epigenetic state of ribosomal RNA genes.

PubMed

Bierhoff, H; Schmitz, K; Maass, F; Ye, J; Grummt, I

2010-01-01

Alternative transcription of the same gene in sense and antisense orientation regulates expression of protein-coding genes. Here we show that noncoding RNA (ncRNA) in sense and antisense orientation also controls transcription of rRNA genes (rDNA). rDNA exists in two types of chromatin--a euchromatic conformation that is permissive to transcription and a heterochromatic conformation that is transcriptionally silent. Silencing of rDNA is mediated by NoRC, a chromatin-remodeling complex that triggers heterochromatin formation. NoRC function requires RNA that is complementary to the rDNA promoter (pRNA). pRNA forms a DNA:RNA triplex with a regulatory element in the rDNA promoter, and this triplex structure is recognized by DNMT3b. The results imply that triplex-mediated targeting of DNMT3b to specific sequences may be a common pathway in epigenetic regulation. We also show that rDNA is transcribed in antisense orientation. The level of antisense RNA (asRNA) is down-regulated in cancer cells and up-regulated in senescent cells. Ectopic asRNA triggers trimethylation of histone H4 at lysine 20 (H4K20me3), suggesting that antisense transcripts guide the histone methyltransferase Suv4-20 to rDNA. The results reveal that noncoding RNAs in sense and antisense orientation are important determinants of the epigenetic state of rDNA.

18 CFR 292.208 - Special requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. 292.208 Section... requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. (a) A hydroelectric small power production facility that impounds or diverts the water of a natural watercourse by...

18 CFR 292.208 - Special requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. 292.208 Section... requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. (a) A hydroelectric small power production facility that impounds or diverts the water of a natural watercourse by...

18 CFR 292.208 - Special requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. 292.208 Section... requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. (a) A hydroelectric small power production facility that impounds or diverts the water of a natural watercourse by...

Yakama Nation Renewable Energy Plan

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rigdon, Phillip

2016-05-10

It is the intention of the Yakama Nation to make improvements on the Wapato Irrigation Project (WIP) for the benefit of all stakeholders. Water management, water conservation and water allocation on the Wapato Irrigation Project is equally as important as hydropower. Irrigation will always be the primary purpose of this water system, but the irrigation system can also generate energy. The purpose of this project is the purchase and installation of inflow water turbines to generate an additional one megawatt of hydro-electrical power. The project will occur in two phases, Environmental Assessment and Project Implementation. The core objective for thismore » proposal is to meet the Yakama Nation’s goal in hydroelectric power development. This will include the installation of inflow water turbines on the Wapato Irrigation Project. The Yakama Nation will prepare an Environmental Assessment in preparation to purchase and install new water turbines for hydropower generation of 1 Megawatt. This is a valuable economic development strategy for Yakama Nation that will create new jobs, improve and increase rural electrification, and attract private investments. This water system has an untapped low head/low power potential without the need to construct a new dam. The objective of Phase 1 is to complete an environmental assessment and obtain approval to proceed with installation of the hydroelectric power system.« less

Benchmarking of Advanced Control Strategies for a Simulated Hydroelectric System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Finotti, S.; Simani, S.; Alvisi, S.; Venturini, M.

2017-01-01

This paper analyses and develops the design of advanced control strategies for a typical hydroelectric plant during unsteady conditions, performed in the Matlab and Simulink environments. The hydraulic system consists of a high water head and a long penstock with upstream and downstream surge tanks, and is equipped with a Francis turbine. The nonlinear characteristics of hydraulic turbine and the inelastic water hammer effects were considered to calculate and simulate the hydraulic transients. With reference to the control solutions addressed in this work, the proposed methodologies rely on data-driven and model-based approaches applied to the system under monitoring. Extensive simulations and comparisons serve to determine the best solution for the development of the most effective, robust and reliable control tool when applied to the considered hydraulic system.

Study of the Time Response of a Simulated Hydroelectric System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simani, S.; Alvisi, S.; Venturini, M.

2014-12-01

This paper addresses the design of an advanced control strategy for a typical hydroelectric dynamic process, performed in the Matlab and Simulink environments. The hydraulic system consists of a high water head and a long penstock with upstream and downstream surge tanks, and is equipped with a Francis turbine. The nonlinear characteristics of hydraulic turbine and the inelastic water hammer effects were considered to calculate and simulate the hydraulic transients. With reference to the control solution, the proposed methodology relies on an adaptive control designed by means of the on-line identification of the system model under monitoring. Extensive simulations and comparison with respect to a classic hydraulic turbine speed PID regulator show the effectiveness of the proposed modelling and control tools.

Influence of drug binding on DNA hydration: acoustic and densimetric characterizations of netropsin binding to the poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) and poly(dA).poly(dT) duplexes and the poly(dT).poly(dA).poly(dT) triplex at 25 degrees C.

PubMed

Chalikian, T V; Plum, G E; Sarvazyan, A P; Breslauer, K J

1994-07-26

We use high-precision acoustic and densimetric techniques to determine, at 25 degrees C, the changes in volume, delta V, and adiabatic compressibility, delta Ks, that accompany the binding of netropsin to the poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) and poly(dA).poly(dT) duplexes, as well as to the poly(dT).poly(dA).poly(dT) triplex. We find that netropsin binding to the heteropolymeric poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) duplex is accompanied by negative changes in volume, delta V, and small positive changes in compressibility, delta Ks. By contrast, netropsin binding to the homopolymeric poly(dA).poly(dT) duplex is accompanied by large positive changes in both volume, delta V, and compressibility, delta Ks. Furthermore, netropsin binding to the poly(dT).poly(dA).poly(dT) triplex causes changes in both volume and compressibility that are nearly twice as large as those observed when netropsin binds to the poly(dA).poly(dT) duplex. We interpret these macroscopic data in terms of binding-induced microscopic changes in the hydration of the DNA structures and the drug. Specifically, we find that netropsin binding induces the release of approximately 22 waters from the hydration shell of the poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) heteropolymeric duplex, approximately 40 waters from the hydration shell of the poly(dA).poly(dT) homopolymeric duplex, and about 53 waters from the hydration shell of the poly(dA).poly(dT), induces the release of 18 more water molecules than netropsin binding to the heteropolymeric duplex, poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT). On the basis of apparent molar volume, phi V, and apparent molar adiabatic compressibility, phi Ks, values for the initial drug-free and final drug-bound states of the two all-AT duplexes, we propose that the larger dehydration of the poly(dA).poly(dT) duplex reflects, in part, the formation of a less hydrated poly(dA).poly(dT)-netropsin complex compared with the corresponding poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT)-netropsin complex. In conjunction with our previously published entropy data [Marky, L. A., & Breslauer, K. J. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 4359-4363], we calculate that each water of hydration released to the bulk solvent by ligand binding contributes 1.6 cal K-1 mol-1 to the entropy of binding. This value corresponds to the average difference between the partial molar entropy of water in the bulk state and water in the hydration shells of the two all-AT duplexes. When netropsin binds to the poly(dT).poly(dA).poly(dT) triplex, the changes in both volume and compressibility suggest that the binding event induces more dehydration of the triplex than of the duplex state. Specifically, we calculate that netropsin binding to the poly(dT).poly(dA).poly(dT) triplex causes the release of 13 more waters than netropsin binding to the poly(dA).poly(dT) duplex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Systematic Sustainability Assessment (SSA) Tool for Hydroelectric Project in Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turan, Faiz Mohd; Johan, Kartina

2017-08-01

Sustainably developed and managed hydropower has enormous potential to contribute to global sustainability goals. It is known that hydroelectricity contributing small amounts to greenhouse gas emissions and other atmospheric pollutants. However, developing the remaining hydroelectric potential offers many challenges, and public pressure and expectations on the environmental and social performance of hydroelectric tend to increase over time. This paper aims to develop Systematic Sustainability Assessment (SSA) Tool that promotes and guides more sustainable hydroelectric projects in the context of Malaysia. The proposed SSA tool which not only provide a quality and quantitative report of sustainability performance but also act as Self-Assessment Report (SAR) to provide roadmap to achieve greater level of sustainability in project management for continuous improvement. It is expected to provide a common language that allow government, civil society, financial institutions and the hydroelectric sector to talk about and evaluate sustainability issues. The advantage of SSA tool is it can be used at any stage of hydroelectric development, from the earliest planning stages right through to operation.

Aircraft Engine On-Line Diagnostics Through Dual-Channel Sensor Measurements: Development of a Baseline System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kobayashi, Takahisa; Simon, Donald L.

2008-01-01

In this paper, a baseline system which utilizes dual-channel sensor measurements for aircraft engine on-line diagnostics is developed. This system is composed of a linear on-board engine model (LOBEM) and fault detection and isolation (FDI) logic. The LOBEM provides the analytical third channel against which the dual-channel measurements are compared. When the discrepancy among the triplex channels exceeds a tolerance level, the FDI logic determines the cause of the discrepancy. Through this approach, the baseline system achieves the following objectives: (1) anomaly detection, (2) component fault detection, and (3) sensor fault detection and isolation. The performance of the baseline system is evaluated in a simulation environment using faults in sensors and components.

View of Irving intake system showing shed and a portion ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Irving intake system showing shed and a portion of the concrete cover (foreground). Looking south-southwest - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Irving System, Intake System, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

Potential of Micro Hydroelectric Generator Embedded at 30,000 PE Effluent Discharge of Sewerage Treatment Plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Che Munaaim, M. A.; Razali, N.; Ayob, A.; Hamidin, N.; Othuman Mydin, M. A.

2018-03-01

A micro hydroelectric generator is an energy conversion approach to generate electricity from potential (motion) energy to an electrical energy. In this research, it is desired to be implemented by using a micro hydroelectric generator which is desired to be embedded at the continuous flow of effluent discharge point of domestic sewerage treatment plant (STP). This research evaluates the potential of electricity generation from micro hydroelectric generator attached to 30,000 PE sewerage treatment plant. The power output obtained from calculation of electrical power conversion is used to identify the possibility of this system and its ability to provide electrical energy, which can minimize the cost of electric bill especially for the pumping system. The overview of this system on the practical application with the consideration of payback period is summarized. The ultimate aim of the whole application is to have a self-ecosystem electrical power generated for the internal use of STP by using its own flowing water in supporting the sustainable engineering towards renewable energy and energy efficient approach. The results shows that the output power obtained is lower than expected output power (12 kW) and fall beyond of the range of a micro hydro power (5kW - 100kW) since it is only generating 1.58 kW energy by calculation. It is also observed that the estimated payback period is longer which i.e 7 years to recoup the return of investment. A range of head from 4.5 m and above for the case where the flow shall at least have maintained at 0.05 m3/s in the selected plant in order to achieved a feasible power output. In conclusion, wastewater treatment process involves the flowing water (potential energy) especially at the effluent discharge point of STP is possibly harvested for electricity generation by embedding the micro hydroelectric generator. However, the selection of STP needs to have minimum 4.5 meter head with 0.05 m3/s of continuously flowing water to make it feasible to harvest.

CRANE WINCH MECHANISM, UPPER LEVEL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CRANE WINCH MECHANISM, UPPER LEVEL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

ELECTRICAL SWITCHBOARD IN UPPER LEVEL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ELECTRICAL SWITCHBOARD IN UPPER LEVEL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

Reliability and economy -- Hydro electricity for Iran

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jahromi-Shirazi, M.J.; Zarbakhsh, M.H.

1998-12-31

Reliability is the probability that a device or system will perform its function adequately, for the period of time intended, under the operating conditions intended. Reliability and economy are two important factors in operating any system, especially in power generation. Due to the high rate in population growth in Iran, the experts have estimated that the demand for electricity will be about 63,000 MW in the next 25 years, the installed power is now about 26,000 MW. Therefore, the energy policy decision made in Iran is to go to power generation by hydroelectric plants because of reliability, availability of watermore » resources and the economics of hydroelectric power.« less

VIEW OF SOUTHEAST SIDE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE, VIEW TOWARDS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF SOUTHEAST SIDE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE, VIEW TOWARDS NORTHWEST - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

PLANAR VIEW OF NORTHWEST SIDE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE, VIEW ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PLANAR VIEW OF NORTHWEST SIDE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE, VIEW TOWARDS SOUTHEAST - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

HANDMADE WOODEN RACK FOR TOOL STORE, LOWER LEVEL OF HYDROELECTRIC ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

HANDMADE WOODEN RACK FOR TOOL STORE, LOWER LEVEL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

HARNESS END OF ELECTRIC TURBINE IN LOWER LEVEL OF HYDROELECTRIC ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

HARNESS END OF ELECTRIC TURBINE IN LOWER LEVEL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

Study of hydraulic power recovery from New Mexico water distribution systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schoenmackers, R.

1984-02-01

The results of a survey of New Mexico water distribution systems suitable for hydroelectric power development are reported. The objectives of the survey were to determine the potential for hydraulic power recovery from existing and planned water systems, to identify potential sites, and to study and recommend promising sites for further development. The survey found eleven sites in New Mexico water distribution systems with a total hydroelectric power potential of 736 kilowatts. Seven of these sites, or 439 kilowatts, could be developed immediately, having everything necessary in place but the turbine generator. These sites are located in the Bonito pipelinemore » near Carrizozo (2 sites), Raton, Ruidoso, Santa Fe, Sugarite, and Taos. If all seven sites were developed, the annual energy production could reach 3,800,000 kilowatt hours.« less

Hydroelectric System Response to Part Load Vortex Rope Excitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alligné, S.; Nicolet, C.; Bégum, A.; Landry, C.; Gomes, J.; Avellan, F.

2016-11-01

The prediction of pressure and output power fluctuations amplitudes on Francis turbine prototype is a challenge for hydro-equipment industry since it is subjected to guarantees to ensure smooth and reliable operation of the hydro units. The European FP7 research project Hyperbole aims to setup a methodology to transpose the pressure fluctuations induced by the cavitation vortex rope on the reduced scale model to the prototype generating units. A Francis turbine unit of 444MW with a specific speed value of v = 0.29, is considered as case study. A SIMSEN model of the power station including electrical system, controllers, rotating train and hydraulic system with transposed draft tube excitation sources is setup. Based on this model, a frequency analysis of the hydroelectric system is performed to analyse potential interactions between hydraulic excitation sources and electrical components.

77 FR 38796 - Alabama Power Company; Holt Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Revised Restricted Service List for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-29

... Power Company; Holt Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Revised Restricted Service List for a Programmatic... Hydroelectric Project No. 2203. The programmatic agreement, when executed by the Commission, the Alabama SHPO...

OBLIQUE VIEW OF NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST SIDES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE VIEW OF NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST SIDES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE, VIEW TOWARDS WEST - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

Minor groove RNA triplex in the crystal structure of a ribosomal frameshifting viral pseudoknot

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Su, L.; Chen, L.; Egli, M.; Berger, J. M.; Rich, A.

1999-01-01

Many viruses regulate translation of polycistronic mRNA using a -1 ribosomal frameshift induced by an RNA pseudoknot. A pseudoknot has two stems that form a quasi-continuous helix and two connecting loops. A 1.6 A crystal structure of the beet western yellow virus (BWYV) pseudoknot reveals rotation and a bend at the junction of the two stems. A loop base is inserted in the major groove of one stem with quadruple-base interactions. The second loop forms a new minor-groove triplex motif with the other stem, involving 2'-OH and triple-base interactions, as well as sodium ion coordination. Overall, the number of hydrogen bonds stabilizing the tertiary interactions exceeds the number involved in Watson-Crick base pairs. This structure will aid mechanistic analyses of ribosomal frameshifting.

-CH2- lengthening of the internucleotide linkage in the ApA dimer can improve its conformational compatibility with its natural polynucleotide counterpart

PubMed Central

Hanu, J.; Barvík, I.; Ruszová-Chmelová, K.; ŠtÆpánek, J.; Turpin, P.-Y.; Bok, J.; Rosenberg, I.; Petrová-Endová, M.

2001-01-01

The complete family of ApA phosphonate analogues with the internucleotide linkage elongated by insertion of a -CH2- group was prepared and the hybridisation and structural properties of its members in interaction with polyuridylic acid were investigated using an original 2D Raman approach. Except for the conformationally restricted ACHpA(2′3′endo-5′) modification, all of the isopolar, non-isosteric analogues form triplex-like complexes with poly(rU) at room temperature, in which two polymer strands are bound by Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen bonds to a central pseudostrand consisting of a ‘chain’ of A-dimers. For all of these dimers, the overall conformation of the triplexes was found to be similar according to their extracted Raman spectra. A simple semi-empirical model was introduced to explain the observed dependency of the efficiency of triplex formation on the adenine concentration. Apparently, for most of the modifications studied, the creation of a stable complex at room temperature requires the formation of a central pseudostrand, consisting of several adenine dimers. Molecular dynamics calculations were finally performed to interpret the differences in ‘cooperative’ behaviour between the different dimers studied. The results indicate that the exceptional properties of the ApCH2A(3′-5′) dimer could be caused by the 3D conformational compatibility of this modified linkage with the second (Hoogsteen) poly(rU) strand. PMID:11812852

Triplex DNA formation-mediated strand displacement reaction for highly sensitive fluorescent detection of melamine.

PubMed

Liu, Xiaojuan; Xu, Ningning; Gai, Panpan; Li, Feng

2018-08-01

Since melamine is a strong hazard to human health, the development of new methods for highly sensitive detection of melamine is highly desirable. Herein, a novel fluorescent biosensing strategy was designed for sensitive and selective melamine assay based on the recognition ability of abasic (AP) site in triplex towards melamine and signal amplification by Mg 2+ -dependent DNAzyme. In this strategy, the melamine-induced formation of triplex DNA was employed to trigger the strand displacement reaction (SDR). The SDR process converted the specific target recognition into the release and activation of Mg 2+ -dependent DNAzyme, which could catalyze the cleavage of fluorophore/quencher labeled DNA substrate (FQ), resulting in a significantly increased fluorescent signal. Under the optimal conditions, the fluorescent signal has a linear relationship with the logarithm of the melamine concentration in a wide range of 0.005-50 μM. The detection limit was estimated to be 0.9 nM (0.1ppb), which is sufficiently sensitive for practical application. Furthermore, this strategy exhibits high selectivity against other potential interfering substances, and the practical application of this strategy for milk samples reveals that the proposed strategy works well for melamine assay in real samples. Therefore, this strategy presents a new method for the sensitive melamine assay and holds great promise for sensing applications in the environment and the food safety field. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

8. LONG VIEW OF CONCRETE FORBAY/SANDBOX FROM ENTRY POINT OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. LONG VIEW OF CONCRETE FORBAY/SANDBOX FROM ENTRY POINT OF WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM. VIEW TO WEST. - Tule River Hydroelectric Project, Water Conveyance System, Middle Fork Tule River, Springville, Tulare County, CA

Study on safety operation for large hydroelectric generator unit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Z. G.; Cui, T.; Zhou, L. J.; Zhi, F. L.; Wang, Z. W.

2012-11-01

Hydroelectric generator unit is a complex mechanical system which is composed of hydraulic turbine and electric generator. Rotary system is supported by the bearing bracket and the reinforced concrete structures, and vibration problem can't be avoided in the process of operating. Many large-scale hydroelectric units have been damaged because of the vibration problem in recent years. As the increase of the hydraulic turbine unit capacity and water head, the safe operation of hydraulic turbine has become a focus research in many countries. The operating characteristics of the hydraulic turbine have obvious differences at different working conditions. Based on the combination of field measurement and theoretical calculation, this paper shows a deep research on the safe operation of a large-scale Francis turbine unit. Firstly, the measurements of vibration, swing, pressure fluctuation and noise were carried out at 4 different heads. And also the relationships between vibrations and pressure fluctuations at different heads and working conditions were analysed deeply. Then the scientific prediction of safe operation for the unit at high head were done based on the CFD numerical calculation. Finally, this paper shows the division of the operating zone for the hydroelectric unit. According to the experimental results (vibrations, swings, pressure fluctuations and noise) as well as the theoretical results, the operating zone of the unit has been divided into three sections: prohibited operating zone, transition operating zone and safe operating zone. After this research was applied in the hydropower station, the security and economic efficiency of unit increased greatly, and enormous economic benefits and social benefits have been obtained.

OBLIQUE VIEW OF NORTHWEST AND NORTHEAST SIDES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE VIEW OF NORTHWEST AND NORTHEAST SIDES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE, OLD BYPASS IN BACKGROUND, VIEW TOWARDS SOUTH - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

[Hygienic characteristics of work conditions at large Hydroelectric Power Plants with mechanization and automatization].

PubMed

Iakimova, L D

1997-01-01

The article touches upon hygienic problems associated with mechanization and automation of major hydroelectric power stations. The authors present criteria to evaluate work conditions of the main occupations participating in the technologic process of hydroelectric power stations.

[Space-time water monitoring system at the Iriklinsk hydroelectric power station].

PubMed

Deriabin, D G; Poliakov, E G; Priakhina, A A; Karimov, I F

2002-01-01

The Microbiosensor B 17677 F test system was applied to make a space-time monitoring of the biotoxicity of water used for production and everyday purposes at the Iriklinsk hydroelectric power station (IHEPS) and to identify the leading causes determining the biotoxicity of tested samples. There were seasonal variations in the biotoxicity with the maximum in spring and with minimum in winter and spring and a relationship of the spring rise in the biotoxicity to water pH changes. There was also an association of the certain values of the biotoxicity of industrial water with the concentration of petroleum products that are major pollutants at the IHEPS. The datum points that characterize the maximum level of technogenic exposure were identified.

1. RUINED PORTION OF SANTA ANA CANAL INTAKE ALONGSIDE SAR3 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. RUINED PORTION OF SANTA ANA CANAL INTAKE ALONGSIDE SAR-3 SYSTEM TUNNEL, JUST TO SOUTH OF SAR-2. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Abandoned Tunnel, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

OBLIQUE VIEW OF NORTHWEST SIDE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE VIEW OF NORTHWEST SIDE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE AND INTERIOR OF SOUTHWEST CORNER OF OLD BYPASS IN FOREGROUND, VIEW TOWARDS SOUTHWEST - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

76 FR 67174 - Arkansas Electric Cooperative Corp., Riverbank Hydro No. 9 LLC, Solia 3 Hydroelectric LLC, Lock...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-31

... Hydroelectric LLC, Lock Hydro Friends Fund XLV, FFP Project 2 LLC; Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit... (Riverbank) and Solia 3 Hydroelectric LLC (Solia) and on May 3, 2011, Lock Hydro Friends Fund XLV (Lock Hydro...

2. VIEW EAST ALONG DIKE TOWARDS HYDROELECTRIC GENERATING FACILITY. FORMER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. VIEW EAST ALONG DIKE TOWARDS HYDROELECTRIC GENERATING FACILITY. FORMER TRANSFORMER BUILDING AND SERVICE SHED SEEN TO LEFT BELOW DIKE - Middle Creek Hydroelectric Dam, On Middle Creek, West of U.S. Route 15, 3 miles South of Selinsgrove, Selinsgrove, Snyder County, PA

Feasibility Study of Economics and Performance of a Hydroelectric Installation at the Jeddo Mine Drainage Tunnel. A Study Prepared in Partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency for the RE-Powering America's Land Initiative: Siting Renewable Energy on Potentially Contaminated Land and Mine Sites

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, J. O.; Mosey, G.

2013-02-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Jeddo Tunnel discharge site for a feasibility study of renewable energy potential. The purpose of this report is to assess technical and economic viability of the site for hydroelectric and geothermal energy production. In addition, the report outlines financing options that could assist in the implementation of a system.

Artificial Bee Colony Optimization for Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basu, M.

2014-12-01

Artificial bee colony optimization is applied to determine the optimal hourly schedule of power generation in a hydrothermal system. Artificial bee colony optimization is a swarm-based algorithm inspired by the food foraging behavior of honey bees. The algorithm is tested on a multi-reservoir cascaded hydroelectric system having prohibited operating zones and thermal units with valve point loading. The ramp-rate limits of thermal generators are taken into consideration. The transmission losses are also accounted for through the use of loss coefficients. The algorithm is tested on two hydrothermal multi-reservoir cascaded hydroelectric test systems. The results of the proposed approach are compared with those of differential evolution, evolutionary programming and particle swarm optimization. From numerical results, it is found that the proposed artificial bee colony optimization based approach is able to provide better solution.

Proceedings of the 1984 IEEE international conference on systems, man and cybernetics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1984-01-01

This conference contains papers on artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and man-machine systems. Topics considered include concurrent minimization, a robot programming system, system modeling and simulation, camera calibration, thermal power plants, image processing, fault diagnosis, knowledge-based systems, power systems, hydroelectric power plants, expert systems, and electrical transients.

Mechanization of and experience with a triplex fly-by-wire backup control system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lock, W. P.; Petersen, W. R.; Whitman, G. B.

1976-01-01

A redundant three axis analog control system was designed and developed to back up a digital fly by wire control system for an F-8C airplane. The mechanization and operational experience with the backup control system, the problems involved in synchronizing it with the primary system, and the reliability of the system are discussed. The backup control system was dissimilar to the primary system, and it provided satisfactory handling through the flight envelope evaluated. Limited flight tests of a variety of control tasks showed that control was also satisfactory when the backup control system was controlled by a minimum displacement (force) side stick. The operational reliability of the F-8 digital fly by wire control system was satisfactory, with no unintentional downmodes to the backup control system in flight. The ground and flight reliability of the system's components is discussed.

Alternate-strand triple-helix formation by the 3'-3'-linked oligodeoxynucleotides with the intercalators at the junction point.

PubMed

Ueno, Y; Mikawa, M; Hoshika, S; Takeba, M; Kitade, Y; Matsuda, A

2001-01-01

3'-3'-Linked oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with the anthraquinonyl group at the junction point were synthesized on a DNA synthesizer using a controlled pore glass (CPG), which has pentaerythritol carrying the intercalator at one of the four hydroxymethyl groups. Stability of the triplexes with the target duplexes was studied by thermal denaturation. The 3'-3'-linked ODNs with the anthraquinonyl group enhanced the thermal stability of the triplexes when compared with those without the intercalator and the unmodified nonamer. The inhibitory activity of the 3'-3'-linked ODNs against the cleavage of the target DNA by the restriction enzyme Hind III was tested. It was found that the 3'-3'-linked ODN with the anthraquinonyl group at the junction point inhibited the cleavage by the enzyme more effectively than the nonamer and the 3'-3'-linked ODN without the intercalator.

Proton-Fueled, Reversible DNA Hybridization Chain Assembly for pH Sensing and Imaging.

PubMed

Liu, Lan; Liu, Jin-Wen; Huang, Zhi-Mei; Wu, Han; Li, Na; Tang, Li-Juan; Jiang, Jian-Hui

2017-07-05

Design of DNA self-assembly with reversible responsiveness to external stimuli is of great interest for diverse applications. We for the first time develop a pH-responsive, fully reversible hybridization chain reaction (HCR) assembly that allows sensitive sensing and imaging of pH in living cells. Our design relies on the triplex forming sequences that form DNA triplex with toehold regions under acidic conditions and then induce a cascade of strand displacement and DNA assembly. The HCR assembly has shown dynamic responses in physiological pH ranges with excellent reversibility and demonstrated the potential for in vitro detection and live-cell imaging of pH. Moreover, this method affords HCR assemblies with highly localized fluorescence responses, offering advantages of improving sensitivity and better selectivity. The proton-fueled, reversible HCR assembly may provide a useful approach for pH-related cell biology study and disease diagnostics.

1. CONTEXTUAL VIEW OF THE NINE MILE HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT (HED), ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. CONTEXTUAL VIEW OF THE NINE MILE HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT (HED), SHOWING DAM AND POWERHOUSE IN FOREGROUND, VILLAGE COMPLEX IN RIGHT BACKGROUND, LOOKING WEST FROM ABOVE STATE HIGHWAY 291 - Nine Mile Hydroelectric Development, State Highway 291 along Spokane River, Nine Mile Falls, Spokane County, WA

View of Diversion Dam and Flume Intake of the Childs ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Diversion Dam and Flume Intake of the Childs System at the Irving Powerhouse. Looking northwest - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Flume Intake & Forebay, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

18 CFR 420.51 - Hydroelectric power plant water use charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... increased hydraulic head available to the hydroelectric project as a result of investments by the Commission shall be charged one mill per kilowatt-hour of energy produced. (2) Owners of hydroelectric power plants... kilowatt-hour of energy produced. No charges for increased flows will be required when charges for...

18 CFR 420.51 - Hydroelectric power plant water use charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... increased hydraulic head available to the hydroelectric project as a result of investments by the Commission shall be charged one mill per kilowatt-hour of energy produced. (2) Owners of hydroelectric power plants... kilowatt-hour of energy produced. No charges for increased flows will be required when charges for...

18 CFR 420.51 - Hydroelectric power plant water use charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... increased hydraulic head available to the hydroelectric project as a result of investments by the Commission shall be charged one mill per kilowatt-hour of energy produced. (2) Owners of hydroelectric power plants... kilowatt-hour of energy produced. No charges for increased flows will be required when charges for...

18 CFR 420.51 - Hydroelectric power plant water use charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... increased hydraulic head available to the hydroelectric project as a result of investments by the Commission shall be charged one mill per kilowatt-hour of energy produced. (2) Owners of hydroelectric power plants... kilowatt-hour of energy produced. No charges for increased flows will be required when charges for...

77 FR 47628 - Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project; Eagle Crest Energy; Notice of Meeting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-09

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [P-13123-002-CA] Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project; Eagle Crest Energy; Notice of Meeting Postponement On July 17, 2012, the...), on the Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project. However, the meeting has been postponed...

76 FR 22393 - Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project, Eagle Crest Energy; Notice of Cancellation...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-21

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [P-13123-002-CA] Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project, Eagle Crest Energy; Notice of Cancellation of Teleconference On March 15... Mountain Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project. This meeting has been cancelled. We will reschedule this...

18 CFR 292.203 - General requirements for qualification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... certification, pursuant to § 292.207(b)(1), that has been granted. (c) Hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. (1) A hydroelectric small power production facility that..., pursuant to § 292.207(b)(1), that has been granted. (c) Hydroelectric small power production facilities...

76 FR 51961 - Brown Bear Power, LLC, Topsham Hydroelectric Generating Facility Trust No. 1, Topsham Hydro...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-19

... On August 3, 2011, Brown Bear Power, LLC, Topsham Hydroelectric Generating Facility (Trust No. 1... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 4784-082] Brown Bear Power, LLC, Topsham Hydroelectric Generating Facility Trust No. 1, Topsham Hydro Partners Limited Partnership...

18 CFR 420.51 - Hydroelectric power plant water use charges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Hydroelectric power plant water use charges. 420.51 Section 420.51 Conservation of Power and Water Resources DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION ADMINISTRATIVE MANUAL BASIN REGULATIONS-WATER SUPPLY CHARGES Hydroelectric Power Water...

77 FR 41980 - Uniontown Hydro, LLC, Project No. 12958-001-Kentucky and Indiana, Uniontown Hydroelectric Project...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-17

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Uniontown Hydro, LLC, Project No. 12958-001-Kentucky and Indiana, Uniontown Hydroelectric Project; Newburgh Hydro, LLC, Project No. 12962-001-Kentucky and Indiana, Newburgh Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Revised Restricted Service List for a...

78 FR 35630 - Martin Dam Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Availability of the Draft Environmental Impact...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-13

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 349-173] Martin Dam Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Martin Dam... the Martin Dam Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 349), located on the Tallapoosa River in Tallapoosa...

76 FR 67178 - Wells Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Availability of the Final Environmental Impact Statement...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-31

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 2149-152] Wells Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Availability of the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Wells... application for license for the Wells Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 2149), located on the Columbia River in...

76 FR 20657 - Wells Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-13

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 2149-152] Wells Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Wells... of Energy Projects has reviewed the application for license for the Wells Hydroelectric Project (FERC...

77 FR 56636 - Commission Information Collection Activities (FERC-500 & FERC-505); Comment Request; Extension

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-13

...) to provide the Commission with the responsibility of issuing licenses for non-federal hydroelectric... States public. Types of Respondents: Non-federal hydroelectric plants greater than 5 megawatt capacity (FERC-500); non-federal hydroelectric plants less than 5 megawatts capacity (FERC-505). Estimate of...

76 FR 81929 - South Carolina Public Service Authority; Notice of Workshop for Santee Cooper Hydroelectric Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-29

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 199-205] South Carolina Public Service Authority; Notice of Workshop for Santee Cooper Hydroelectric Project On May 26 and...) and the South Carolina Public Service Authority (SCPSA), licensee for the Santee-Cooper Hydroelectric...

76 FR 25330 - Georgia Power Company; Project No. 485-063-Georgia and Alabama, Bartletts Ferry Hydroelectric...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-04

...-063--Georgia and Alabama, Bartletts Ferry Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Proposed Restricted Service... Ferry Hydroelectric Project. The Programmatic Agreement, when executed by the Commission, the Georgia...., Bin 10221, Atlanta, GA 30308. Elizabeth Ann Brown, Deputy SHPO, Joey Charles, Georgia Power Alabama...

Hydration of Watson-Crick base pairs and dehydration of Hoogsteen base pairs inducing structural polymorphism under molecular crowding conditions.

PubMed

Miyoshi, Daisuke; Nakamura, Kaori; Tateishi-Karimata, Hisae; Ohmichi, Tatsuo; Sugimoto, Naoki

2009-03-18

It has been revealed recently that molecular crowding, which is one of the largest differences between in vivo and in vitro conditions, is a critical factor determining the structure, stability, and function of nucleic acids. However, the effects of molecular crowding on Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen base pairs remain unclear. In order to investigate directly and quantitatively the molecular crowding effects on base pair types in nucleic acids, we designed intramolecular parallel- and antiparallel-stranded DNA duplexes consisting of Hoogsteen and Watson-Crick base pairs, respectively, as well as an intramolecular parallel-stranded triplex containing both types of base pairs. Thermodynamic analyses demonstrated that the values of free energy change at 25 degrees C for Hoogsteen base-pair formations decreased from +1.45 +/- 0.15 to +1.09 +/- 0.13 kcal mol(-1), and from -1.89 +/- 0.13 to -2.71 +/- 0.11 kcal mol(-1) in the intramolecular duplex and triplex, respectively, when the concentration of PEG 200 (polyethylene glycol with average molecular weight 200) increased from 0 to 20 wt %. However, corresponding values for Watson-Crick formation in the duplex and triplex increased from -10.2 +/- 0.2 to -8.7 +/- 0.1 kcal mol(-1), and from -10.8 +/- 0.2 to -9.2 +/- 0.2 kcal mol(-1), respectively. Furthermore, it was revealed that the opposing effects of molecular crowding on the Hoogsteen and Watson-Crick base pairs were due to different behaviors of water molecules binding to the DNA strands.

TriPleX: a versatile dielectric photonic platform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wörhoff, Kerstin; Heideman, René G.; Leinse, Arne; Hoekman, Marcel

2015-04-01

Photonic applications based on planar waveguide technology impose stringent requirements on properties such as optical propagation losses, light coupling to optical fibers, integration density, as well as on reliability and reproducibility. The latter is correlated to a high level of control of the refractive index and waveguide geometry. In this paper, we review a versatile dielectric waveguide platform, called TriPleX, which is based on alternating silicon nitride and silicon dioxide films. Fabrication with CMOS-compatible equipment based on low-pressure chemical vapor deposition enables the realization of stable material compositions being a prerequisite to the control of waveguide properties and modal shape. The transparency window of both materials allows for the realization of low-loss waveguides over a wide wavelength range (400 nm-2.35 μm). Propagation losses as low as 5×10-4 dB/cm are reported. Three basic geometries (box shell, double stripe, and filled box) can be distinguished. A specific tapering technology is developed for on-chip, low-loss (<0.1 dB) spotsize convertors, allowing for combining efficient fiber to chip coupling with high-contrast waveguides required for increased functional complexity as well as for hybrid integration with other photonic platforms such as InP and SOI. The functionality of the TriPleX platform is captured by verified basic building blocks. The corresponding library and associated design kit is available for multi-project wafer (MPW) runs. Several applications of this platform technology in communications, biomedicine, sensing, as well as a few special fields of photonics are treated in more detail.

What is the real price of hydroelectric production on the Senegal River?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raso, Luciano; Bader, Jean-Claude; Malaterre, Pierre-Olivier

2014-05-01

Manantali is an annual reservoir on the Senegal River, located in Mali and serving Senegal and Mauritania. The reservoir is used to regulate the flow for hydroelectric production, in the face of the extremely variable seasonal climate of the region. Manantali has been operative for about 10 years now, exceeding the planned production capacity. The economic benefit comes at a price. Before the dam's construction, the annual flood was the basis of flood recession agriculture, traditionally practiced by the local population. Hydroelectric production requires a more regular flow; therefore flow peaks that used to create the flood are now dumped in the reservoir. Floods are reduced because the current reservoir management privileges hydroelectric production to flood recession agriculture. Moreover, the local water authority is evaluating the construction of 6 more reservoirs, which will enhance even further the controllability of the river flow. This study assesses the externalities of energy production for the agricultural production, quantifying the reduction of flooded surface when energy production is maximized, or alternatively, the loss energy production to maintain a minimum sustainable flood. In addition, we examine the system reliability against extreme events, and how a better use of hydrological information can improve the present reservoir management, in order to find a win-win solution. In this study we employ Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) methodology. SDDP is a leaner version of Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP). SDDP does not suffer of the "curse of dimensionality", and therefore it can be applied to larger systems. In this application we include in the model: i) A semi-distributed hydrological model, ii) the reservoir, iii) the hydraulic routing process within the catchment and from the reservoir to the floodplain.

Comparative Cooling Season Performance of Air Distribution Systems in Multistory Townhomes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

A. Poerschke; Beach, R.; Beggs, T.

2016-08-26

IBACOS investigated the performance of a small-diameter high velocity heat pump system compared to a conventional system in a new construction triplex townhouse. A ductless heat pump system also was installed for comparison, but the homebuyer backed out because of aesthetic concerns about that system. In total, two buildings, having identical solar orientation and comprised of six townhomes, were monitored for comfort and energy performance. Results show that the small-diameter system provides more uniform temperatures from floor to floor in the three-story townhome. No clear energy consumption benefit was observed from either system. The builder is continuing to explore themore » small-diameter system as its new standard system to provide better comfort and indoor air quality. The homebuilder also explored the possibility of shifting its townhome product to meet the U.S. Department of Energy Challenge Home National Program Requirements.« less

75 FR 66748 - City of Kaukauna, WI; Notice of Authorization for Continued Project Operation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-29

... City of Kaukauna, Wisconsin, licensee for the Badger-Rapide Croche Hydroelectric Project, filed an... thereunder. The Badger-Rapide Croche Hydroelectric Project is on the Fox River in Outagamie County, near the... operation of the Badger-Rapide Croche Hydroelectric Project, until such time as the Commission acts on its...

76 FR 72196 - CRD Hydroelectric LLC; Western Minnesota Municipal Power Agency; Notice of Application for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-22

... Hydroelectric LLC; Western Minnesota Municipal Power Agency; Notice of Application for Transfer of License, and Soliciting Comments and Motions To Intervene On October 14, 2011, CRD Hydroelectric LLC (transferor) and Western Minnesota Municipal Power Agency (transferee) filed an application for transfer of license for the...

78 FR 48670 - Rivermill Hydroelectric, Inc., New Hampshire Hydro Associates; Notice of Transfer of Exemption

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-09

... Hydroelectric, Inc., New Hampshire Hydro Associates; Notice of Transfer of Exemption August 5, 2013. 1. By letter filed July 19, 2013, Rivermill Hydroelectric, Inc. and New Hampshire Hydro Associates informed the... issued September 21, 1988,\\2\\ has been transferred to New Hampshire Hydro Associates. The project is...

78 FR 5798 - Ceresco Hydroelectric Dam, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-28

... Hydroelectric Dam, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and Soliciting Comments, Motions To Intervene, and Competing Applications On October 19, 2012, Ceresco Hydroelectric Dam, LLC... feet National Geodetic Vertical Datum; (2) a dam comprised of (a) a 126- foot-wide, 13-foot-high...

75 FR 30805 - Gibson Dam Hydroelectric Company, LLC; Notice Soliciting Comments, and Final Terms and Conditions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-02

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 12478-003] Gibson Dam... of Application: Major Project--Existing Dam. b. Project No.: P-12478-003. c. Date filed: August 28, 2009. d. Applicant: Gibson Dam Hydroelectric Company, LLC. e. Name of Project: Gibson Dam Hydroelectric...

76 FR 26718 - Gibson Dam Hydroelectric Company, LLC; Notice of Availability of Draft Environmental Assessment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

... Dam Hydroelectric Company, LLC; Notice of Availability of Draft Environmental Assessment In accordance... reviewed the application for license for the Gibson Dam Hydroelectric Project, located at the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation's, Gibson dam on the Sun River in Lewis and Clark and Teton...

Rivers of Energy: The Hydropower Potential. Worldwatch Paper No. 44.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Deudney, Daniel

Described are the history, current status and future potential of hydroelectric power in the world. Issues discussed include the environmental and social impacts of dam construction, and the use of small-scale hydroelectric installations in developing nations. Also considered are hydroelectric development of the world's remote regions, the need to…

76 FR 73612 - Lock Hydro Friends Fund XVIII; Upper Hydroelectric LLC; FFP Project 95 LLC; Riverbank Hydro No...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-29

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project Nos. 14261-000; 14268-000; 14277-000; 14281-000] Lock Hydro Friends Fund XVIII; Upper Hydroelectric LLC; FFP Project 95 LLC... Friends Fund XVIII (Lock Hydro), Upper Hydroelectric LLC (Upper Hydro), Riverbank Hydro No. 25 LLC...

75 FR 51258 - Boott Hydropower, Inc.; Eldred L Field Hydroelectric Facility Trust; Notice of Application for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-19

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 2790-055] Boott Hydropower... Hydropower, Inc. and Eldred L Field Hydroelectric Facility Trust. e. Name of Project: Lowell Hydroelectric... Affairs Coordinator, Boott Hydropower, Inc., One Tech Drive, Suite 220, Andover, MA 01810. Tel: (978) 681...

78 FR 55072 - Sutton Hydroelectric Company, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-09

... Hydroelectric Company, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and Soliciting Comments, Motions To Intervene, and Competing Applications On March 1, 2013, Sutton Hydroelectric Company, LLC filed an application for a successive preliminary permit, pursuant to section 4(f) of the Federal Power Act...

75 FR 6020 - Notice of Competing Preliminary Permit Applications Accepted for Filing and Soliciting Comments...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-05

... feasibility of the George W. Andrews Hydroelectric Project located at the existing George W. Andrews Lock and.... Andrews Lock and Dam Hydroelectric Project by Brookfield Power (Project No. 13077-000, filed on November... have an average annual generation of 89 gigawatt-hours. The proposed George W. Andrews Hydroelectric...

78 FR 5830 - Draft Environmental Assessment and Proposed Habitat Conservation Plan for the Interim Operations...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-28

... Operations of PacifiCorp's Klamath Hydroelectric Project on the Klamath River, Klamath County, OR, and... Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for the interim operations of the Klamath Hydroelectric Project in [[Page 5831... habitats upon which they depend, resulting from the interim operations of the Klamath Hydroelectric Project...

75 FR 71102 - White Mountain Hydroelectric Corp.; Notice of Application for Amendment of License, and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-22

... Amendment of License. b. Project No.: 11313-019. c. Date Filed: March 31, 2010. d. Applicant: White Mountain Hydroelectric Corp. e. Name of Project: Apthorp Hydroelectric Project. f. Location: The project is located on... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Project No. 11313-019] White Mountain...

Description and Flight Test Results of the NASA F-8 Digital Fly-by-Wire Control System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

A NASA program to develop digital fly-by-wire (DFBW) technology for aircraft applications is discussed. Phase I of the program demonstrated the feasibility of using a digital fly-by-wire system for aircraft control through developing and flight testing a single channel system, which used Apollo hardware, in an F-8C airplane. The objective of Phase II of the program is to establish a technology base for designing practical DFBW systems. It will involve developing and flight testing a triplex digital fly-by-wire system using state-of-the-art airborne computers, system hardware, software, and redundancy concepts. The papers included in this report describe the Phase I system and its development and present results from the flight program. Man-rated flight software and the effects of lightning on digital flight control systems are also discussed.

View of Irving Powerhouse. Looking across Fossil Creek (westsouthwest) ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Irving Powerhouse. Looking across Fossil Creek (west-southwest) - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Irving System, Irving Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

7 CFR 4290.720 - Enterprises that may be ineligible for Financing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... wells, wind farms, or power facilities (including solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, or biomass power... ineligible for Farm Credit System Assistance. If one or more Farm Credit System Institutions or their... that is not otherwise eligible to receive Financing from the Farm Credit System under the Farm Credit...

7 CFR 4290.720 - Enterprises that may be ineligible for Financing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... wells, wind farms, or power facilities (including solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, or biomass power... ineligible for Farm Credit System Assistance. If one or more Farm Credit System Institutions or their... that is not otherwise eligible to receive Financing from the Farm Credit System under the Farm Credit...

PNNL Tests Fish Passage System

ScienceCinema

Colotelo, Alison

2018-01-16

Scientists from PNNL are testing a fish transportation system developed by Whooshh Innovations. The Whooshh system uses a flexible tube that works a bit like a vacuum, guiding fish over hydroelectric dams or other structures. Compared to methods used today, this system could save money while granting fish quicker, safer passage through dams and hatcheries.

PNNL Tests Fish Passage System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colotelo, Alison

2015-03-13

Scientists from PNNL are testing a fish transportation system developed by Whooshh Innovations. The Whooshh system uses a flexible tube that works a bit like a vacuum, guiding fish over hydroelectric dams or other structures. Compared to methods used today, this system could save money while granting fish quicker, safer passage through dams and hatcheries.

View looking out of the Irving Powerhouse showing the exiting ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View looking out of the Irving Powerhouse showing the exiting water flowing south into the inlet of the Childs System. Looking south - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Irving System, Irving Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

78 FR 69663 - Jonathan and Jayne Chase Troy Mills Hydroelectric Inc.; Notice of Transfer of Exemption

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-20

... Jayne Chase Troy Mills Hydroelectric Inc.; Notice of Transfer of Exemption 1. By letter filed October 15, 2013, Jonathan Chase informed the Commission that the exemption from licensing for the Troy Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 13381, originally issued December 2, 2011,\\1\\ has been transferred to Troy Mills...

78 FR 26358 - Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project, Eagle Crest Energy; Notice of Meeting With...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-06

... Storage Hydroelectric Project, Eagle Crest Energy; Notice of Meeting With the Bureau of Land Management a... of the Meeting: Commission staff will meet with the staff of the Bureau of Land Management to improve... Policy and Management Act and the Federal Power Act), on the Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Hydroelectric...

7. SHOSHONE HYDROELECTRIC PLANT, WEST ELEVATION OF MAIN BUILDING TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. SHOSHONE HYDROELECTRIC PLANT, WEST ELEVATION OF MAIN BUILDING TO THE LEFT, NORTH ELEVATION OF OFFICE BUILDING TO THE RIGHT, VIEW TO THE EAST. CONCRETE 'PATH' IN FOREGROUND IS THE CONDUIT THROUGH WHICH POWER CABLES RUN FROM THE TRANSFORMERS TO THE 115 KV SUBSTATION. - Shoshone Hydroelectric Plant Complex, 60111 U.S. Highway 6, Garfield County, CO

33 CFR Appendix - List of FPC Standard Articles Forms Used in Permits and Licenses for Hydroelectric Projects

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Forms Used in Permits and Licenses for Hydroelectric Projects Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS OF... hydropower projects under the Federal Power Act (ER 1140-2-4). Pt. 221, List List of FPC Standard Articles Forms Used in Permits and Licenses for Hydroelectric Projects The following FPC standard articles Forms...

33 CFR Appendix - List of FPC Standard Articles Forms Used in Permits and Licenses for Hydroelectric Projects

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Forms Used in Permits and Licenses for Hydroelectric Projects Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS OF... hydropower projects under the Federal Power Act (ER 1140-2-4). Pt. 221, List List of FPC Standard Articles Forms Used in Permits and Licenses for Hydroelectric Projects The following FPC standard articles Forms...

76 FR 37108 - Inside Passage Electric Cooperative; Notice of Declaration of Intention and Soliciting Comments...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-24

... Supply Creek Hydroelectric Project. f. Location: The proposed Water Supply Creek Hydroelectric Project will be located on Water Supply Creek, near the town of Hoonah on Chichagof Island, Alaska, affecting T... proposed run-of-river Water Supply Creek Hydroelectric Project will consist of: (1) A proposed 8-foot- high...

Methane and CO2 emissions from China's hydroelectric reservoirs: a new quantitative synthesis.

PubMed

Li, Siyue; Zhang, Quanfa; Bush, Richard T; Sullivan, Leigh A

2015-04-01

Controversy surrounds the green credentials of hydroelectricity because of the potentially large emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from associated reservoirs. However, limited and patchy data particularly for China is constraining the current global assessment of GHG releases from hydroelectric reservoirs. This study provides the first evaluation of the CO2 and CH4 emissions from China's hydroelectric reservoirs by considering the reservoir water surface and drawdown areas, and downstream sources (including spillways and turbines, as well as river downstream). The total emission of 29.6 Tg CO2/year and 0.47 Tg CH4/year from hydroelectric reservoirs in China, expressed as CO2 equivalents (eq), corresponds to 45.6 Tg CO2eq/year, which is 2-fold higher than the current GHG emission (ca. 23 Tg CO2eq/year) from global temperate hydropower reservoirs. China's average emission of 70 g CO2eq/kWh from hydropower amounts to 7% of the emissions from coal-fired plant alternatives. China's hydroelectric reservoirs thus currently mitigate GHG emission when compared to the main alternative source of electricity with potentially far great reductions in GHG emissions and benefits possible through relatively minor changes to reservoir management and design. On average, the sum of drawdown and downstream emission including river reaches below dams and turbines, which is overlooked by most studies, represents the equivalent of 42% of the CO2 and 92% of CH4 that emit from hydroelectric reservoirs in China. Main drivers on GHG emission rates are summarized and highlight that water depth and stratification control CH4 flux, and CO2 flux shows significant negative relationships with pH, DO, and Chl-a. Based on our finding, a substantial revision of the global carbon emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs is warranted.

[Impacts of hydroelectric cascade exploitation on river ecosystem and landscape: a review].

PubMed

Yang, Kun; Deng, Xi; Li, Xue-Ling; Wen, Ping

2011-05-01

Hydroelectric cascade exploitation, one of the major ways for exploiting water resources and developing hydropower, not only satisfies the needs of various national economic sectors, but also promotes the socio-economic sustainable development of river basin. unavoidable anthropogenic impacts on the entire basin ecosystem. Based on the process of hydroelectric cascade exploitation and the ecological characteristics of river basins, this paper reviewed the major impacts of hydroelectric cascade exploitation on dam-area ecosystems, river reservoirs micro-climate, riparian ecosystems, river aquatic ecosystems, wetlands, and river landscapes. Some prospects for future research were offered, e.g., strengthening the research of chain reactions and cumulative effects of ecological factors affected by hydroelectric cascade exploitation, intensifying the study of positive and negative ecological effects under the dam networks and their joint operations, and improving the research of successional development and stability of basin ecosystems at different temporal and spatial scales.

View of Pressure Tunnel Intake at Stehr Lake. Looking southeast ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Pressure Tunnel Intake at Stehr Lake. Looking southeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Pressure Tunnel Intake, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

13. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR, DETAIL OF EXCITER No. 2 GENERAL ELECTRIC ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR, DETAIL OF EXCITER No. 2 GENERAL ELECTRIC INDUCTION MOTOR NAMEPLATE. VIEW TO EAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse Exciters, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

21. INTERIOR OF SOUTHEAST REAR BEDROOM SHOWING ALUMINUMFRAME SLIDING GLASS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

21. INTERIOR OF SOUTHEAST REAR BEDROOM SHOWING ALUMINUM-FRAME SLIDING GLASS WINDOWS. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

19. INTERIOR OF NORTHEAST REAR BEDROOM SHOWING ALUMINUMFRAME SLIDING GLASS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. INTERIOR OF NORTHEAST REAR BEDROOM SHOWING ALUMINUM-FRAME SLIDING GLASS WINDOWS. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

19. Heat Pump, view to the southwest. This system provides ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. Heat Pump, view to the southwest. This system provides ventilation air heating and cooling throughout the powerhouse. - Washington Water Power Clark Fork River Noxon Rapids Hydroelectric Development, Powerhouse, South bank of Clark Fork River at Noxon Rapids, Noxon, Sanders County, MT

25. SAR2, SHOWING TAILRACE REPAIRS AFTER FLOOD OF JANUARY, 1916; ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. SAR-2, SHOWING TAILRACE REPAIRS AFTER FLOOD OF JANUARY, 1916; ALSO FLUME CONNECTION TO MENTONE SYSTEM. SCE negative no. 3904, July 13, 1916. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

18 CFR 292.209 - Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. 292.209... Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or... license or exemption is filed for a project located at a Government dam, as defined in section 3(10) of...

18 CFR 292.209 - Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. 292.209... Exceptions from requirements for hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or... license or exemption is filed for a project located at a Government dam, as defined in section 3(10) of...

77 FR 59389 - Hawks Nest Hydro, LLC; Notice of Intent To File License Application, Filing of Pre-Application...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-27

.... Name of Project: Hawks Nest Hydroelectric Project (P-2512-069) and Glen Ferris Hydroelectric Project (P... of Gauley Bridge, and Glen Ferris Hydroelectric Project is on the Kanawha River in the vicinity of the Town of Glen Ferris, both within Fayette County, West Virginia. The projects do not affect federal...

LNG carrier using membrane tank system delivered

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-12-06

The world's first LNG carrier that incorporates the Technigaz Mark 3 membrane tank system was delivered in October to its owner, Asia LNG Transport Sdn. Bhd., a joint venture between Nippon Yusen K.K. and Perbadanan Nasional Shipping Line Berhad of Malaysia. NKK built the 18,800 cu m, fully double-hull carrier Aman Bintulu at its Tsu works. Construction was completed in September with more than 2 months of sea trials and gas tests using [minus]190 C. Liquid nitrogen and final gas trails with LNG. The orthogonally corrugated stainless membrane primary barrier and the triplex (aluminum foil/fiber glass cloth) composite-material secondary barriermore » prevent LNG from leaking in the event of an accident.« less

DHX9 helicase is involved in preventing genomic instability induced by alternatively structured DNA in human cells

PubMed Central

Jain, Aklank; Bacolla, Albino; del Mundo, Imee M.; Zhao, Junhua; Wang, Guliang; Vasquez, Karen M.

2013-01-01

Sequences that have the capacity to adopt alternative (i.e. non-B) DNA structures in the human genome have been implicated in stimulating genomic instability. Previously, we found that a naturally occurring intra-molecular triplex (H-DNA) caused genetic instability in mammals largely in the form of DNA double-strand breaks. Thus, it is of interest to determine the mechanism(s) involved in processing H-DNA. Recently, we demonstrated that human DHX9 helicase preferentially unwinds inter-molecular triplex DNA in vitro. Herein, we used a mutation-reporter system containing H-DNA to examine the relevance of DHX9 activity on naturally occurring H-DNA structures in human cells. We found that H-DNA significantly increased mutagenesis in small-interfering siRNA-treated, DHX9-depleted cells, affecting mostly deletions. Moreover, DHX9 associated with H-DNA in the context of supercoiled plasmids. To further investigate the role of DHX9 in the recognition/processing of H-DNA, we performed binding assays in vitro and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in U2OS cells. DHX9 recognized H-DNA, as evidenced by its binding to the H-DNA structure and enrichment at the H-DNA region compared with a control region in human cells. These composite data implicate DHX9 in processing H-DNA structures in vivo and support its role in the overall maintenance of genomic stability at sites of alternatively structured DNA. PMID:24049074

DHX9 helicase is involved in preventing genomic instability induced by alternatively structured DNA in human cells.

PubMed

Jain, Aklank; Bacolla, Albino; Del Mundo, Imee M; Zhao, Junhua; Wang, Guliang; Vasquez, Karen M

2013-12-01

Sequences that have the capacity to adopt alternative (i.e. non-B) DNA structures in the human genome have been implicated in stimulating genomic instability. Previously, we found that a naturally occurring intra-molecular triplex (H-DNA) caused genetic instability in mammals largely in the form of DNA double-strand breaks. Thus, it is of interest to determine the mechanism(s) involved in processing H-DNA. Recently, we demonstrated that human DHX9 helicase preferentially unwinds inter-molecular triplex DNA in vitro. Herein, we used a mutation-reporter system containing H-DNA to examine the relevance of DHX9 activity on naturally occurring H-DNA structures in human cells. We found that H-DNA significantly increased mutagenesis in small-interfering siRNA-treated, DHX9-depleted cells, affecting mostly deletions. Moreover, DHX9 associated with H-DNA in the context of supercoiled plasmids. To further investigate the role of DHX9 in the recognition/processing of H-DNA, we performed binding assays in vitro and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in U2OS cells. DHX9 recognized H-DNA, as evidenced by its binding to the H-DNA structure and enrichment at the H-DNA region compared with a control region in human cells. These composite data implicate DHX9 in processing H-DNA structures in vivo and support its role in the overall maintenance of genomic stability at sites of alternatively structured DNA.

Effects of a triplex mixture of Peganum harmala, Rhus coriaria, and Urtica dioica aqueous extracts on metabolic and histological parameters in diabetic rats.

PubMed

Abedi Gaballu, Fereydoon; Abedi Gaballu, Yousef; Moazenzade Khyavy, Omid; Mardomi, Alireza; Ghahremanzadeh, Kazem; Shokouhi, Behrooz; Mamandy, Himan

2015-08-01

Several therapeutic effects such as antioxidant and blood glucose-lowering activities have been reported for Peganum harmala L (Zygophyllaceae) (PH) seeds, Rhus coriaria L (Anacardiaceae) (RC) fruits, and Urtica dioica L (Urticaceae) (UD) leaves. This study investigates the effects of a triplex mixture (1:1:1) of these medicinal plants on metabolic and histological parameters in diabetic rats. Aqueous extracts of PH, RC and UD were administered as either monotherapy or in combination at a final dose of 200 mg/kg to alloxan-induced diabetic rats by daily gavage. Biochemical parameters including blood glucose, liver function-related enzymes, lipid profile, and creatinine were estimated by spectrophotometric methods. Tissues from the liver and kidney stained with hematoxylin/eosin were histologically examined. The results obtained from the exposure groups were compared to either healthy or diabetic control groups. Compared with the diabetic control rats, all aqueous extracts (ED50 = 11.5 ± 2.57 mg/ml) led to significant decreases in the levels of ALP (1.39-2.23-fold, p < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (1.79-3.26-fold, p < 0.05), and blood glucose (1.27-4.16-fold, p < 0.05). The serum concentrations of TG was decreased only by treatment with UD and triplex mixture (1.25- and 1.20-fold, respectively, p < 0.05). Among the studied parameters, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), LDL-C, TG, and creatinine recovered to healthy control levels after 4 weeks of treatment with the extract mixture. This study showed that PH, RC, and UD extracts, especially their combination, had significant antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and liver and renal damage recovering effects.

Development and Evaluation of a Novel Multicopy-Element-Targeting Triplex PCR for Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Feces

PubMed Central

Garrido, Joseba M.; Molina, Elena; Geijo, María V.; Elguezabal, Natalia; Vázquez, Patricia; Juste, Ramón A.

2014-01-01

The enteropathy called paratuberculosis (PTB), which mainly affects ruminants and has a worldwide distribution, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This disease significantly reduces the cost-effectiveness of ruminant farms, and therefore, reliable and rapid detection methods are needed to control the spread of the bacterium in livestock and in the environment. The aim of this study was to identify a specific and sensitive combination of DNA extraction and amplification to detect M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in feces. Negative bovine fecal samples were inoculated with increasing concentrations of two different bacterial strains (field and reference) to compare the performance of four extraction and five amplification protocols. The best results were obtained using the JohnePrep and MagMax extraction kits combined with an in-house triplex real-time PCR designed to detect IS900, ISMap02 (an insertion sequence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis present in 6 copies per genome), and an internal amplification control DNA simultaneously. These combinations detected 10 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells/g of spiked feces. The triplex PCR detected 1 fg of genomic DNA extracted from the reference strain K10. The performance of the robotized version of the MagMax extraction kit combined with the IS900 and ISMap02 PCR was further evaluated using 615 archival fecal samples from the first sampling of nine Friesian cattle herds included in a PTB control program and followed up for at least 4 years. The analysis of the results obtained in this survey demonstrated that the diagnostic method was highly specific and sensitive for the detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples from cattle and a very valuable tool to be used in PTB control programs. PMID:24727272

A Novel Triplex Quantitative PCR Strategy for Quantification of Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Aquatic Environments

PubMed Central

Bliem, Rupert; Schauer, Sonja; Plicka, Helga; Obwaller, Adelheid; Sommer, Regina; Steinrigl, Adolf; Alam, Munirul; Reischer, Georg H.; Farnleitner, Andreas H.

2015-01-01

Vibrio cholerae is a severe human pathogen and a frequent member of aquatic ecosystems. Quantification of V. cholerae in environmental water samples is therefore fundamental for ecological studies and health risk assessment. Beside time-consuming cultivation techniques, quantitative PCR (qPCR) has the potential to provide reliable quantitative data and offers the opportunity to quantify multiple targets simultaneously. A novel triplex qPCR strategy was developed in order to simultaneously quantify toxigenic and nontoxigenic V. cholerae in environmental water samples. To obtain quality-controlled PCR results, an internal amplification control was included. The qPCR assay was specific, highly sensitive, and quantitative across the tested 5-log dynamic range down to a method detection limit of 5 copies per reaction. Repeatability and reproducibility were high for all three tested target genes. For environmental application, global DNA recovery (GR) rates were assessed for drinking water, river water, and water from different lakes. GR rates ranged from 1.6% to 76.4% and were dependent on the environmental background. Uncorrected and GR-corrected V. cholerae abundances were determined in two lakes with extremely high turbidity. Uncorrected abundances ranged from 4.6 × 102 to 2.3 × 104 cell equivalents liter−1, whereas GR-corrected abundances ranged from 4.7 × 103 to 1.6 × 106 cell equivalents liter−1. GR-corrected qPCR results were in good agreement with an independent cell-based direct detection method but were up to 1.6 log higher than cultivation-based abundances. We recommend the newly developed triplex qPCR strategy as a powerful tool to simultaneously quantify toxigenic and nontoxigenic V. cholerae in various aquatic environments for ecological studies as well as for risk assessment programs. PMID:25724966

Cost-effectiveness of additional blood screening tests in the Netherlands.

PubMed

Borkent-Raven, Barbara A; Janssen, Mart P; van der Poel, Cees L; Bonsel, Gouke J; van Hout, Ben A

2012-03-01

During the past decade, blood screening tests such as triplex nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I or I (HTLV-I/II) antibody testing were added to existing serologic testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). In some low-prevalence regions these additional tests yielded disputable benefits that can be valuated by cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs). CEAs are used to support decision making on implementation of medical technology. We present CEAs of selected additional screening tests that are not uniformly implemented in the EU. Cost-effectiveness was analyzed of: 1) HBV, HCV, and HIV triplex NAT in addition to serologic testing; 2) HTLV-I/II antibody test for all donors, for first-time donors only, and for pediatric recipients only; and 3) hepatitis A virus (HAV) for all donations. Disease progression of the studied viral infections was described in five Markov models. In the Netherlands, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of triplex NAT is €5.20 million per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) for testing minipools of six donation samples and €4.65 million/QALY for individual donation testing. The ICER for anti-HTLV-I/II is €45.2 million/QALY if testing all donations, €2.23 million/QALY if testing new donors only, and €27.0 million/QALY if testing blood products for pediatric patients only. The ICER of HAV NAT is €18.6 million/QALY. The resulting ICERs are very high, especially when compared to other health care interventions. Nevertheless, these screening tests are implemented in the Netherlands and elsewhere. Policy makers should reflect more explicit on the acceptability of costs and effects whenever additional blood screening tests are implemented. © 2011 American Association of Blood Banks.

Improved DNA hybridization parameters by Twisted Intercalating Nucleic Acid (TINA).

PubMed

Schneider, Uffe Vest

2012-01-01

This thesis establishes oligonucleotide design rules and applications of a novel group of DNA stabilizing molecules collectively called Twisted Intercalating Nucleic Acid - TINA. Three peer-reviewed publications form the basis for the thesis. One publication describes an improved and rapid method for determination of DNA melting points and two publications describe the effects of positioning TINA molecules in parallel triplex helix and antiparallel duplex helix forming DNA structures. The third publication establishes that TINA molecules containing oligonucleotides improve an antiparallel duplex hybridization based capture assay's analytical sensitivity compared to conventionel DNA oligonucleotides. Clinical microbiology is traditionally based on pathogenic microorganisms' culture and serological tests. The introduction of DNA target amplification methods like PCR has improved the analytical sensitivity and total turn around time involved in clinical diagnostics of infections. Due to the relatively weak hybridization between the two strands of double stranded DNA, a number of nucleic acid stabilizing molecules have been developed to improve the sensitivity of DNA based diagnostics through superior binding properties. A short introduction is given to Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen based DNA binding and the derived DNA structures. A number of other nucleic acid stabilizing molecules are described. The stabilizing effect of TINA molecules on different DNA structures is discussed and considered in relation to other nucleic acid stabilizing molecules and in relation to future use of TINA containing oligonucleotides in clinical diagnostics and therapy. In conclusion, design of TINA modified oligonucleotides for antiparallel duplex helixes and parallel triplex helixes follows simple purpose dependent rules. TINA molecules are well suited for improving multiplex PCR assays and can be used as part of novel technologies. Future research should test whether combinations of TINA molecules and other nucleic acid stabilizing molecules can increase analytical sensitivity whilst maintaining nucleobase mismatch discrimination in triplex helix based diagnostic assays.

Human XPA and RPA DNA repair proteins participate in specific recognition of triplex-induced helical distortions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vasquez, Karen M.; Christensen, Jesper; Li, Lei; Finch, Rick A.; Glazer, Peter M.

2002-04-01

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) plays a central role in maintaining genomic integrity by detecting and repairing a wide variety of DNA lesions. Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A protein (XPA) is an essential component of the repair machinery, and it is thought to be involved in the initial step as a DNA damage recognition and/or confirmation factor. Human replication protein A (RPA) and XPA have been reported to interact to form a DNA damage recognition complex with greater specificity for damaged DNA than XPA alone. The mechanism by which these two proteins recognize such a wide array of structures resulting from different types of DNA damage is not known. One possibility is that they recognize a common feature of the lesions, such as distortions of the helical backbone. We have tested this idea by determining whether human XPA and RPA proteins can recognize the helical distortions induced by a DNA triple helix, a noncanonical DNA structure that has been shown to induce DNA repair, mutagenesis, and recombination. We measured binding of XPA and RPA, together or separately, to substrates containing triplexes with three, two, or no strands covalently linked by psoralen conjugation and photoaddition. We found that RPA alone recognizes all covalent triplex structures, but also forms multivalent nonspecific DNA aggregates at higher concentrations. XPA by itself does not recognize the substrates, but it binds them in the presence of RPA. Addition of XPA decreases the nonspecific DNA aggregate formation. These results support the hypothesis that the NER machinery is targeted to helical distortions and demonstrate that RPA can recognize damaged DNA even without XPA.

8. EXTERIOR DETAIL OF FRONT ENTRY PORCH SHOWING ORIGINAL ARTS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. EXTERIOR DETAIL OF FRONT ENTRY PORCH SHOWING ORIGINAL ARTS AND CRAFTS STYLE ELECTRICAL LANTERN. VIEW TO SOUTH. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Clubhouse Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

15. INTERIOR OVERVIEW TO SOUTHEAST. ACTIVE CONTROL PANEL AND GENERATORS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. INTERIOR OVERVIEW TO SOUTHEAST. ACTIVE CONTROL PANEL AND GENERATORS AT LEFT, HISTORIC CONTROL PANEL AT RIGHT. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

4. INTERIOR OF ABANDONED SANTA ANA CANAL TUNNEL, SHOWING CEMENT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. INTERIOR OF ABANDONED SANTA ANA CANAL TUNNEL, SHOWING CEMENT TROUGH FLOOR AND UNFINISHED GRANITE ROOF. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Abandoned Tunnel, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

INTERIOR VIEW LOOKING AT THE OILOSTATIC RESERVOIR AND PRESSURIZING TANKS. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR VIEW LOOKING AT THE OILOSTATIC RESERVOIR AND PRESSURIZING TANKS. - Wilson Dam & Hydroelectric Plant, Oilostatic Transmission System, Spanning Tennessee River at Wilson Dam Road (Route 133), Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

View of north wall (electrical panel), interior of Childs Powerhouse. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of north wall (electrical panel), interior of Childs Powerhouse. Looking east - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Childs Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of Flume Bridge #4 showing flume and trestles. Looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Flume Bridge #4 showing flume and trestles. Looking northeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Flume Bridge No. 4, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of Stand Pipe (Surge Tank) from FS 502. Looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Stand Pipe (Surge Tank) from FS 502. Looking northeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Stand Pipe (Surge Tank), Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

15. INTERIOR OF BATHROOM SHOWING COMBINATION TUB/SHOWER, SINK, AND SLIDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. INTERIOR OF BATHROOM SHOWING COMBINATION TUB/SHOWER, SINK, AND SLIDING GLASS WINDOW. VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

69. Credit TCL. Housing of Pelton exciter impulse wheel and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

69. Credit TCL. Housing of Pelton exciter impulse wheel and attached General Electric 60 kW exciter generator. - Battle Creek Hydroelectric System, Battle Creek & Tributaries, Red Bluff, Tehama County, CA

5. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR SHOWING EXCITER No. 1. SMALL PELTONDOBLE IMPULSE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR SHOWING EXCITER No. 1. SMALL PELTON-DOBLE IMPULSE WHEEL IN FOREGROUND. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse Exciters, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

3. DETAIL, LIGHTNING ARRESTER ON SAR TRANSMISSION LINE. EEC print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. DETAIL, LIGHTNING ARRESTER ON SAR TRANSMISSION LINE. EEC print no. S-C-01-00478, no date. Photographer unknown. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Transmission Lines, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

The Effect of Hydroelectric Power Plants (hpp) on Agro-Life at Rural Land Regulation in Turkey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Onursal Denli, G.; Denli, H. H.; Seker, D. Z.; Bitik, E.; Cetin, S.

2014-12-01

Turkey is one of the self-sufficient in foodstuffs and globally ranks as 7th significant agricultural exporter in the world. Main trading partners are the European Union, the United States and the Middle East. As known, agricultural production is dependent on factors including efficient and effective use of all inputs ranging from those natural resources as in land and water to well-trained human resources as labour at the production. The socio-economic aspects of this sector take several forms ranging from the incomes of the primary producers. Rural land regulation is a necessity for rural areas and is regarded as a useful instrument for improving farmer's incomes and life standards. The irrigation system, established during the rural regulation/land consolidation period of large-scale farming, is insufficiently adjusted to the new land tenure structures. The government is especially in the process of water management with hydroelectric power plants. This process produces energy that is required but effects negatively the rivers and agricultural, environmental, climatic conditions. Rivers are vessels of the nature. Free flowing rivers give life to all nature. Most of the studies indicate that Hydroelectric Power Plants (HPP) affects the surface and ground-water management, natural life, agricultural productivity, socio-economic situation at agricultural regions and agro-life related with immigration. This study emphasizes the effect of Hydroelectric Power Plants which are used in transformation of water as a renewable natural resource into electricity power from the perspective of environmental policies and rural regulation.

76 FR 52871 - Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A; Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-24

..., hydroelectric power facility operator or water supply system operator. Potentially affected entities may include... (NAICS code 221111). Water supply and irrigation systems (NAICS code 221310). This listing is not... treatment areas are limited to completely enclosed pipe or water conveyance systems or concrete chambers...

Study on a hypothetical replacement of nuclear electricity by wind power in Sweden

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wagner, F.; Rachlew, E.

2016-05-01

The Swedish electricity supply system benefits strongly from the natural conditions which allow a high share of hydroelectricity. A complete supply is, however, not possible. Up to now, nuclear power is the other workhorse to serve the country with electricity. Thus, electricity production of Sweden is basically CO2 -free and Sweden has reached an environmental status which others in Europe plan to reach in 2050. Furthermore, there is an efficient exchange within the Nordic countries, Nordpol, which can ease possible capacity problems during dry cold years. In this study we investigate to what extent and with what consequences the base load supply of nuclear power can be replaced by intermittent wind power. Such a scenario leads unavoidably to high wind power installations. It is shown that hydroelectricity cannot completely smooth out the fluctuations of wind power and an additional back-up system using fossil fuel is necessary. From the operational dynamics, this system has to be based on gas. The back-up system cannot be replaced by a storage using surplus electricity from wind power. The surplus is too little. To overcome this, further strong extension of wind power is necessary which leads, however, to a reduction of the use of hydroelectricity if the annual consumption is kept constant. In this case one fossil-free energy form is replaced by another, however, more complex one. A mix of wind power at 22.3GW plus a gas based back-up system with 8.6GW producing together 64.8TWh would replace the present infrastructure with 9GW nuclear power producing 63.8TWh electricity. The specific CO2 -emission increases to the double in this case. Pumped storage for the exclusive supply of Sweden does not seem to be a meaningful investment.-1

7 CFR 4290.720 - Enterprises that may be ineligible for Financing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... wells, wind farms, or power facilities (including solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, or biomass power... the majority of the activities of the Enterprise. Examples include motion pictures. (e) Farm land... ineligible for Farm Credit System Assistance. If one or more Farm Credit System Institutions or their...

20. OVERVIEW OF SAR3 COMPLEX, SHOWING FORMER RESIDENTIAL AREA, SAR3 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. OVERVIEW OF SAR-3 COMPLEX, SHOWING FORMER RESIDENTIAL AREA, SAR-3 SWITCH RACK, MAINTENANCE YARD, AND GREENSPOT BRIDGE. NOTE ALSO LARGE PIPE CONDUCTING TAILRACE WATER INTO IRRIGATION SYSTEM. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

46. GENERAL MAP OF SANTA ANA NO. 3 PROJECT MAP ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

46. GENERAL MAP OF SANTA ANA NO. 3 PROJECT MAP OF ALL THREE POWER HOUSE SYSTEMS, EXHIBIT J, JAN. 25, 1956. SCE drawing no. 535041 (sheet no. 1; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

Oligo/Polynucleotide-Based Gene Modification: Strategies and Therapeutic Potential

PubMed Central

Sargent, R. Geoffrey; Kim, Soya

2011-01-01

Oligonucleotide- and polynucleotide-based gene modification strategies were developed as an alternative to transgene-based and classical gene targeting-based gene therapy approaches for treatment of genetic disorders. Unlike the transgene-based strategies, oligo/polynucleotide gene targeting approaches maintain gene integrity and the relationship between the protein coding and gene-specific regulatory sequences. Oligo/polynucleotide-based gene modification also has several advantages over classical vector-based homologous recombination approaches. These include essentially complete homology to the target sequence and the potential to rapidly engineer patient-specific oligo/polynucleotide gene modification reagents. Several oligo/polynucleotide-based approaches have been shown to successfully mediate sequence-specific modification of genomic DNA in mammalian cells. The strategies involve the use of polynucleotide small DNA fragments, triplex-forming oligonucleotides, and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides to mediate homologous exchange. The primary focus of this review will be on the mechanistic aspects of the small fragment homologous replacement, triplex-forming oligonucleotide-mediated, and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated gene modification strategies as it relates to their therapeutic potential. PMID:21417933

Single-Stranded γPNAs for In Vivo Site-Specific Genome Editing via Watson-Crick Recognition

PubMed Central

Bahal, Raman; Quijano, Elias; McNeer, Nicole Ali; Liu, Yanfeng; Bhunia, Dinesh C.; López-Giráldez, Francesco; Fields, Rachel J.; Saltzman, W. Mark; Ly, Danith H.; Glazer, Peter M.

2014-01-01

Triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) facilitate gene editing by stimulating recombination of donor DNAs within genomic DNA via site-specific formation of altered helical structures that further stimulate DNA repair. However, PNAs designed for triplex formation are sequence restricted to homopurine sites. Herein we describe a novel strategy where next generation single-stranded gamma PNAs (γPNAs) containing miniPEG substitutions at the gamma position can target genomic DNA in mouse bone marrow at mixed-sequence sites to induce targeted gene editing. In addition to enhanced binding, γPNAs confer increased solubility and improved formulation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for efficient intracellular delivery. Single-stranded γPNAs induce targeted gene editing at frequencies of 0.8% in mouse bone marrow cells treated ex vivo and 0.1% in vivo via IV injection, without detectable toxicity. These results suggest that γPNAs may provide a new tool for induced gene editing based on Watson-Crick recognition without sequence restriction. PMID:25174576

Single-stranded γPNAs for in vivo site-specific genome editing via Watson-Crick recognition.

PubMed

Bahal, Raman; Quijano, Elias; McNeer, Nicole A; Liu, Yanfeng; Bhunia, Dinesh C; Lopez-Giraldez, Francesco; Fields, Rachel J; Saltzman, William M; Ly, Danith H; Glazer, Peter M

2014-01-01

Triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) facilitate gene editing by stimulating recombination of donor DNAs within genomic DNA via site-specific formation of altered helical structures that further stimulate DNA repair. However, PNAs designed for triplex formation are sequence restricted to homopurine sites. Herein we describe a novel strategy where next generation single-stranded gamma PNAs (γPNAs) containing miniPEG substitutions at the gamma position can target genomic DNA in mouse bone marrow at mixed-sequence sites to induce targeted gene editing. In addition to enhanced binding, γPNAs confer increased solubility and improved formulation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for efficient intracellular delivery. Single-stranded γPNAs induce targeted gene editing at frequencies of 0.8% in mouse bone marrow cells treated ex vivo and 0.1% in vivo via IV injection, without detectable toxicity. These results suggest that γPNAs may provide a new tool for induced gene editing based on Watson-Crick recognition without sequence restriction.

Single step production of Cas9 mRNA for zygote injection.

PubMed

Redel, Bethany K; Beaton, Benjamin P; Spate, Lee D; Benne, Joshua A; Murphy, Stephanie L; O'Gorman, Chad W; Spate, Anna M; Prather, Randall S; Wells, Kevin D

2018-03-01

Production of Cas9 mRNA in vitro typically requires the addition of a 5´ cap and 3´ polyadenylation. A plasmid was constructed that harbored the T7 promoter followed by the EMCV IRES and a Cas9 coding region. We hypothesized that the use of the metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1) triplex structure downstream of an IRES/Cas9 expression cassette would make polyadenylation of in vitro produced mRNA unnecessary. A sequence from the mMalat1 gene was cloned downstream of the IRES/Cas9 cassette described above. An mRNA concentration curve was constructed with either commercially available Cas9 mRNA or the IRES/ Cas9/triplex, by injection into porcine zygotes. Blastocysts were genotyped to determine if differences existed in the percent of embryos modified. The concentration curve identified differences due to concentration and RNA type injected. Single step production of Cas9 mRNA provides an alternative source of Cas9 for use in zygote injections.

In vivo correction of anaemia in β-thalassemic mice by γPNA-mediated gene editing with nanoparticle delivery

PubMed Central

Bahal, Raman; Ali McNeer, Nicole; Quijano, Elias; Liu, Yanfeng; Sulkowski, Parker; Turchick, Audrey; Lu, Yi-Chien; Bhunia, Dinesh C.; Manna, Arunava; Greiner, Dale L.; Brehm, Michael A.; Cheng, Christopher J.; López-Giráldez, Francesc; Ricciardi, Adele; Beloor, Jagadish; Krause, Diane S.; Kumar, Priti; Gallagher, Patrick G.; Braddock, Demetrios T.; Mark Saltzman, W.; Ly, Danith H.; Glazer, Peter M.

2016-01-01

The blood disorder, β-thalassaemia, is considered an attractive target for gene correction. Site-specific triplex formation has been shown to induce DNA repair and thereby catalyse genome editing. Here we report that triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) substituted at the γ position plus stimulation of the stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit pathway yielded high levels of gene editing in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in a mouse model of human β-thalassaemia. Injection of thalassemic mice with SCF plus nanoparticles containing γPNAs and donor DNAs ameliorated the disease phenotype, with sustained elevation of blood haemoglobin levels into the normal range, reduced reticulocytosis, reversal of splenomegaly and up to 7% β-globin gene correction in HSCs, with extremely low off-target effects. The combination of nanoparticle delivery, next generation γPNAs and SCF treatment may offer a minimally invasive treatment for genetic disorders of the blood that can be achieved safely and simply by intravenous administration. PMID:27782131

Duplex and triplex formation of mixed pyrimidine oligonucleotides with stacking of phenyl-triazole moieties in the major groove.

PubMed

Andersen, Nicolai Krog; Døssing, Holger; Jensen, Frank; Vester, Birte; Nielsen, Poul

2011-08-05

5-(1-Phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2'-deoxycytidine was synthesized from a modified CuAAC protocol and incorporated into mixed pyrimidine oligonucleotide sequences together with the corresponding 5-(1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2'-deoxyuridine. With consecutive incorporations of the two modified nucleosides, improved duplex formation with a complementary RNA and improved triplex formation with a complementary DNA duplex were observed. The improvement is due to π-π stacking of the phenyl-triazole moieties in the major groove. The strongest stacking and most pronounced positive influence on thermal stability was found in between the uridine analogues or with the cytidine analogue placed in the 3' direction to the uridine analogue. Modeling indicated a different orientation of the phenyl-triazole moieties in the major groove to account for the difference between the two nucleotides. The modified oligonucleotides were all found to be significantly stabilized toward nucleolytic degration.

6. EXTERIOR OF REAR (EAST END) AND NORTH SIDE SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. EXTERIOR OF REAR (EAST END) AND NORTH SIDE SHOWING ASBESTOS SIDING, BACKYARD LAWN, AND CLOTHESLINE. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

2. CONFLUENCE POOL, DETAIL OF TUNNEL PORTAL WITH WATER ENTERING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. CONFLUENCE POOL, DETAIL OF TUNNEL PORTAL WITH WATER ENTERING FROM SANTA ANA RIVER. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Bear Creek Diversion Dam & Confluence Pool, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

EXTERIOR VIEW SHOWING THE OILOSTATIC TERMINALS IN THE GENERATING PLANT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EXTERIOR VIEW SHOWING THE OILOSTATIC TERMINALS IN THE GENERATING PLANT SWITCH YARD. - Wilson Dam & Hydroelectric Plant, Oilostatic Transmission System, Spanning Tennessee River at Wilson Dam Road (Route 133), Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

5. INTERIOR VIEW OF POWER HOUSE, LOOKING SOUTH, SHOWING 1500 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. INTERIOR VIEW OF POWER HOUSE, LOOKING SOUTH, SHOWING 1500 HP TURBINE AND GENERATOR IN FOREGROUND, FRANCIS TURBINE AND GENERATOR AT REAR - Centerville Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse, Butte Creek, Centerville, Butte County, CA

32. SAR1, VIEW FROM STABLE LOFT. SCE negative no. 10319, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

32. SAR-1, VIEW FROM STABLE LOFT. SCE negative no. 10319, November 1, 1923. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

26. GARAGE AND RETAINING WALLS NEAR SAR3. NOTE SEVEN OAKS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. GARAGE AND RETAINING WALLS NEAR SAR-3. NOTE SEVEN OAKS DAM ROAD CONSTRUCTION SCAR ON MOUNTAINSIDE IN DISTANCE. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

34. SAR2, WATERDRIVEN EXCITERS. SCE negative no. 10329, November 1, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. SAR-2, WATER-DRIVEN EXCITERS. SCE negative no. 10329, November 1, 1923. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

1. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT HOUSE, ON PENSTOCK ABOVE SAR1. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT HOUSE, ON PENSTOCK ABOVE SAR-1. VIEW TO NORTWEST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Domestic Water Supply Treatment House, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

1. OVERVIEW OF FIFTH FLUME ABOVE SAR1 FOREBAY, SHOWING OLD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. OVERVIEW OF FIFTH FLUME ABOVE SAR-1 FOREBAY, SHOWING OLD AND NEWER CEMENT FOOTINGS. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Flumes & Tunnels below Sandbox, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

View of Steel Flume Bridge #2 crossing over wash. Looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Steel Flume Bridge #2 crossing over wash. Looking downstream, southwest - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Flume Bridge No. 2, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of Steel Flume Bridge #3 crossing over Sally May ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Steel Flume Bridge #3 crossing over Sally May Wash. Looking northwest - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Flume Bridge No. 3, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of Sally May/Purple Mountain Siphon Intake. Looking southeast ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Sally May/Purple Mountain Siphon Intake. Looking southeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Sally May-Purple Mountain Siphon Intake, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

Closeup view of Flume Bridge #4 showing structural components. Looking ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Close-up view of Flume Bridge #4 showing structural components. Looking northeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Flume Bridge No. 4, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

68. Credit FM. Detail showing operators. Note cooling duct (now ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

68. Credit FM. Detail showing operators. Note cooling duct (now removed), governor (now removed), hand-operated needle valve controls (now removed). - Battle Creek Hydroelectric System, Battle Creek & Tributaries, Red Bluff, Tehama County, CA

20. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS AND ORIGINAL WOODFRAMED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS AND ORIGINAL WOOD-FRAMED SLIDING GLASS WINDOWS OVER SINK. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Worker Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

16. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS AND ORIGINAL WOODFRAMED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS AND ORIGINAL WOOD-FRAMED SLIDING-GLASS WINDOWS OVER SINK. VIEW TO EAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Worker Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

20. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING TRANSITION FROM RECENT SHED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING TRANSITION FROM RECENT SHED ADDITION TO ORIGINAL REAR PORCH AREA. VIEW TO SOUTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

12. INTERIOR OF NORTH END ENCLOSED SCREEN PORCH. DOUBLE FRENCH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. INTERIOR OF NORTH END ENCLOSED SCREEN PORCH. DOUBLE FRENCH DOORS LEAD TO BEDROOM #3. VIEW TO EAST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

53. NEW BCB AND LIGHTNING ARRESTER ARRANGEMENT, SANTA ANA RIVER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

53. NEW BCB AND LIGHTNING ARRESTER ARRANGEMENT, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 2, JAN. 24, 1977. SCE drawing no. 455670-0. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

From Milk-Medicine To Public (Re)Education Programs: An Examination Of Anishinabek Mothers' Responses To Hydroelectric Flooding In The Treaty #3 District, 1900-1975.

PubMed

Luby, Brittany

2015-01-01

This paper explores how Anishinabek women managed their households during the hydroelectric boom of the 1950s and provides new insight into flooding impact analyses. To date, historians have sought to understand how hydroelectric development compromised "subsistence" living. Research has addressed declining fish and game populations and the corresponding decline in male employment. But, what do these trends mean once the nets and traps have been emptied? By focusing on the family home, we discover that hydroelectric power generation on the Winnipeg River disrupted the environment's ability to provide resources necessary to maintain women's reproductive health (especially breast milk). Food shortages caused by hydroelectric development in the postwar era compromised Anishinabek women's ability to raise their children in accordance with cultural expectations. What emerges from this analysis is a new lens through which to theorize the voluntary enrolment of Anishinabek children in residential schools in northwestern Ontario.

Mechanization of and experience with a triplex fly-by-wire backup control system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lock, W. P.; Petersen, W. R.; Whitman, G. B.

1975-01-01

A redundant three-axis analog control system was designed and developed to back up a digital fly-by-wire control system for an F-8C airplane. Forty-two flights, involving 58 hours of flight time, were flown by six pilots. The mechanization and operational experience with the backup control system, the problems involved in synchronizing it with the primary system, and the reliability of the system are discussed. The backup control system was dissimilar to the primary system, and it provided satisfactory handling through the flight envelope evaluated. Limited flight tests of a variety of control tasks showed that control was also satisfactory when the backup control system was controlled by a minimum-displacement (force) side stick. The operational reliability of the F-8 digital fly-by-wire control system was satisfactory, with no unintentional downmodes to the backup control system in flight. The ground and flight reliability of the system's components is discussed.

Culinary and pressure irrigation water system hydroelectric generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Christiansen, Cory

Pleasant Grove City owns and operates a drinking water system that included pressure reducing stations (PRVs) in various locations and flow conditions. Several of these station are suitable for power generation. The City evaluated their system to identify opportunities for power generation that can be implemented based on the analysis of costs and prediction of power generation and associated revenue. The evaluation led to the selection of the Battle Creek site for development of a hydro-electric power generating system. The Battle Creek site includes a pipeline that carries spring water to storage tanks. The system utilizes a PRV to reducemore » pressure before the water is introduced into the tanks. The evaluation recommended that the PRV at this location be replaced with a turbine for the generation of electricity. The system will be connected to the utility power grid for use in the community. A pelton turbine was selected for the site, and a turbine building and piping system were constructed to complete a fully functional power generation system. It is anticipated that the system will generate approximately 440,000 kW-hr per year resulting in $40,000 of annual revenue.« less

12. TYPICAL CONCRETELINED CANAL/FLUME TRANSITION (LOCATED JUST WEST OF HIGHWAY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. TYPICAL CONCRETE-LINED CANAL/FLUME TRANSITION (LOCATED JUST WEST OF HIGHWAY 190 CROSSOVER). WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEM IS COMPRISED OF MULTIPLE INTERSET CONCRETE-LINED CANAL AND FLUME SECTIONS. VIEW TO WEST. - Tule River Hydroelectric Project, Water Conveyance System, Middle Fork Tule River, Springville, Tulare County, CA

View of steel flume (Irving intake system) that is covered ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of steel flume (Irving intake system) that is covered with old flume stock, flattened to protect from debris, animals and daylight, and is supported by wood trestles, as it continues downhill toward the Irving Powerhouse. Truck in photo provides scale. Looking north - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Irving System, Intake System, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

16. EXCITERS, AND SYNCHROSCOPE GAUGE ON WALL. ACTIVE ELECTRIC EXCITER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. EXCITERS, AND SYNCHROSCOPE GAUGE ON WALL. ACTIVE ELECTRIC EXCITER AT REAR; UNUSED WATER-DRIVEN EXCITER IN FOREGROUND. VIEW TO SOUTH-SOUTHWEST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

170. Credit SHS. Northern California Power Company substation, Bully Hill ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

170. Credit SHS. Northern California Power Company substation, Bully Hill Mine area. Note lack of vegetation, caused by nearby copper smelting works. - Battle Creek Hydroelectric System, Battle Creek & Tributaries, Red Bluff, Tehama County, CA

1. EAST SIDE SHOWING LOW CINDERBLOCK WALL AND ASPHALTPAVED PARKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EAST SIDE SHOWING LOW CINDER-BLOCK WALL AND ASPHALT-PAVED PARKING LOT FOR NEW CONTROL BUILDING. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Control Station, Hydrographer's Office, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

2. OVERVIEW OF MAINTENANCE ROAD AND FOURTH FLUME ABOVE SAR1 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. OVERVIEW OF MAINTENANCE ROAD AND FOURTH FLUME ABOVE SAR-1 FOREBAY, HIGH ABOVE SANTA ANA RIVER BED, LOOKING SOUTHWEST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Flumes & Tunnels below Sandbox, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

24. OVERVIEW OF SAR3 AREA, SHOWING SWITCH RACK, SERVICE YARD, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. OVERVIEW OF SAR-3 AREA, SHOWING SWITCH RACK, SERVICE YARD, WAREHOUSE, CARPENTER SHOP, AND STORAGE SHED. VIEW TO SOUTH-SOUTHEAST. PANORAMA 2/2. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

52. SAR1, OPERATOR WORKING GOVERNOR. EEC print no. GC0100390, no ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

52. SAR-1, OPERATOR WORKING GOVERNOR. EEC print no. G-C-01-00390, no date. Photograph by Benjamin F. Pearson. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

17. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING OPEN FIVEPANELED DOOR TO REAR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING OPEN FIVE-PANELED DOOR TO REAR BEDROOM AND OPEN ENTRY TO LIVING ROOM. VIEW TO EAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

View of governor, water wheel, generator #1 and exciter (west ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of governor, water wheel, generator #1 and exciter (west end of Childs Powerhouse). Looking southeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Childs Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of east and south (rear) walls, water wheels and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of east and south (rear) walls, water wheels and generators, interior of Childs Powerhouse. Looking southeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Childs Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of west end of Childs Powerhouse, including transformer station ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of west end of Childs Powerhouse, including transformer station and associated sheds. Looking downstream (east) - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Childs Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of the current distribution "bus" atop switching cabinets within ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of the current distribution "bus" atop switching cabinets within the former transformer building. Looking northwest - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Childs Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

1. FIRST SECTION OF PIPELINE BETWEEN CONFLUENCE POOL AND FISH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. FIRST SECTION OF PIPELINE BETWEEN CONFLUENCE POOL AND FISH SCREEN. NOTE RETAINING WALL BESIDE PIPE. VIEW TO NORTH-NORTHEAST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Pipeline to Fish Screen, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

27. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING ORIGINAL CABINETS, LATCHES AND PULLS, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

27. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING ORIGINAL CABINETS, LATCHES AND PULLS, AND WOOD-FRAME SLIDING-GLASS WINDOWS ABOVE SINK. VIEW TO EAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Clubhouse Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

5. EXTERIOR OF FRONT AND SOUTHWEST WALL OF HOUSE SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. EXTERIOR OF FRONT AND SOUTHWEST WALL OF HOUSE SHOWING GABLE-ROOFED 1965 ADDITION WITH SLIDING-GLASS WINDOWS. VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

13. INTERIOR OF FRONT BEDROOM SHOWING BUILTIN COMBINATION CABINET/SLIDING DOOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. INTERIOR OF FRONT BEDROOM SHOWING BUILT-IN COMBINATION CABINET/SLIDING DOOR CLOSET AND SLIDING GLASS WINDOW. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

24. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 2 SHOWING ALUMINUMFRAMED SLIDINGGLASS WINDOWS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 2 SHOWING ALUMINUM-FRAMED SLIDING-GLASS WINDOWS ON NORTH AND EAST WALLS. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 6, Cashbaugh-Kilpatrick House, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

12. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR SHOWING EXCITER No. 2 SMALL PELTONDOBLE IMPULSE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR SHOWING EXCITER No. 2 SMALL PELTON-DOBLE IMPULSE WHEEL, HAND-CONTROLLED GATE VALVE, AND NOZZLE. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse Exciters, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

6. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR SHOWING EXCITER No. 1. HANDCONTROLLED GATE VALVE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR SHOWING EXCITER No. 1. HAND-CONTROLLED GATE VALVE SHOWN ON NOZZLE TO PELTON-DOBLE IMPULSE WHEEL. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse Exciters, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

14. LIVING ROOM INTERIOR SHOWING WEST SIDE AND SOUTH END ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. LIVING ROOM INTERIOR SHOWING WEST SIDE AND SOUTH END DOUBLE FRENCH DOORS, AND FIBERBOARD WALLS. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

29. BEDROOM #3 INTERIOR SHOWING DOUBLE FRENCH DOORS TO SCREENED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. BEDROOM #3 INTERIOR SHOWING DOUBLE FRENCH DOORS TO SCREENED PORCH AND FIVE-PANELED DOOR TO HALL. VIEW TO WEST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

33. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 4 SHOWING 1LIGHT OVER 1LIGHT, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

33. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 4 SHOWING 1-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOWS. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 6, Cashbaugh-Kilpatrick House, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

19. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING 2LIGHT OVER 2LIGHT, DOUBLEHUNG, WOODFRAMED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING 2-LIGHT OVER 2-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG, WOOD-FRAMED WINDOW. VIEW TO EAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

Design of an Adaptive Power Regulation Mechanism and a Nozzle for a Hydroelectric Power Plant Turbine Test Rig

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mert, Burak; Aytac, Zeynep; Tascioglu, Yigit; Celebioglu, Kutay; Aradag, Selin; ETU Hydro Research Center Team

2014-11-01

This study deals with the design of a power regulation mechanism for a Hydroelectric Power Plant (HEPP) model turbine test system which is designed to test Francis type hydroturbines up to 2 MW power with varying head and flow(discharge) values. Unlike the tailor made regulation mechanisms of full-sized, functional HEPPs; the design for the test system must be easily adapted to various turbines that are to be tested. In order to achieve this adaptability, a dynamic simulation model is constructed in MATLAB/Simulink SimMechanics. This model acquires geometric data and hydraulic loading data of the regulation system from Autodesk Inventor CAD models and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis respectively. The dynamic model is explained and case studies of two different HEPPs are performed for validation. CFD aided design of the turbine guide vanes, which is used as input for the dynamic model, is also presented. This research is financially supported by Turkish Ministry of Development.

Grid-connected in-stream hydroelectric generation based on the doubly fed induction machine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lenberg, Timothy J.

Within the United States, there is a growing demand for new environmentally friendly power generation. This has led to a surge in wind turbine development. Unfortunately, wind is not a stable prime mover, but water is. Why not apply the advances made for wind to in-stream hydroelectric generation? One important advancement is the creation of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM). This thesis covers the application of a gearless DFIM topology for hydrokinetic generation. After providing background, this thesis presents many of the options available for the mechanical portion of the design. A mechanical turbine is then specified. Next, a method is presented for designing a DFIM including the actual design for this application. In Chapter 4, a simulation model of the system is presented, complete with a control system that maximizes power generation based on water speed. This section then goes on to present simulation results demonstrating proper operation.

National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study:Regional Assessment: Volume XXIII: Alaska and Hawaii

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

amount of recoverable geothermal energy is still unknown, a test well (HGP-A) was drilled 6,450 feet into the eastern rift of Kilauea volcano on...US Army Corps of Engineers National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study Volume XXIII September 1 981 Regional Assessment: Alaska and Hawaii ...National Hydroelectric Power Resources Study: Final Regional Assessment; Alaska and Hawaii IS. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER IWR 82-𔃻-23 7. AUTHOR(a) 8

63. Photocopy of photograph, no date. MAP OF POTOMAC EDISON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

63. Photocopy of photograph, no date. MAP OF POTOMAC EDISON COMPANY SYSTEM. (Courtesy of the Potomac Edison Company Library (Hagerstown, MD), Historical Data Files - Dam No. 5 Hydroelectric Plant, On Potomac River, Hedgesville, Berkeley County, WV

159. Credit PG&E. Using mules and horses to transport generator ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

159. Credit PG&E. Using mules and horses to transport generator base plate from Anderson, CA, to Northern California's Kilarc powerhouse, c. 1903. - Battle Creek Hydroelectric System, Battle Creek & Tributaries, Red Bluff, Tehama County, CA

32. SHAW BOX 5 TON CRANE, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

32. SHAW BOX 5 TON CRANE, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 3, JAN. 24, 1977. SCE drawing no. 455678-0. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-3 Powerhouse, San Bernardino National Forest, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

29. SAR2, VIEW TO NORTH WITH EXCITERS AT LEFT. SCE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. SAR-2, VIEW TO NORTH WITH EXCITERS AT LEFT. SCE negative no. 1043, photographed June 6, 1912. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

31. SAR2, INTERIOR SHOWING SWITCHBOARD, OPERATOR'S DESK, AND TRANSFORMER BANK. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

31. SAR-2, INTERIOR SHOWING SWITCHBOARD, OPERATOR'S DESK, AND TRANSFORMER BANK. SCE negative no. 10327, November 1, 1923. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

34. FORMER SANDBOX ON SAR1 FLOWLINE. EEC print no. SC0100559 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. FORMER SANDBOX ON SAR-1 FLOWLINE. EEC print no. S-C-01-00559 (print is marked '81' outside vignette frame), no date. Photographer unknown. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

36. SAR1, OVERVIEW OF POWERHOUSE AND HOUSING AREA FROM ACROSS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

36. SAR-1, OVERVIEW OF POWERHOUSE AND HOUSING AREA FROM ACROSS CANYON. EEC print no. G-C-01-00088, no date. Photograph by Benjamin F. Pearson. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

7. SOUTHEAST PENSTOCK ENTERING RECEIVER ON NORTHEAST SIDE OF SAR1, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. SOUTHEAST PENSTOCK ENTERING RECEIVER ON NORTHEAST SIDE OF SAR-1, ALSO SHOWING TURBINE SHUT OFF VALVES AND ISOLATION VALVE. VIEW TO WEST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

36. SAR1 UNDER CONSTRUCTION, WITH WORKERS ATOP CRANE. EEC print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

36. SAR-1 UNDER CONSTRUCTION, WITH WORKERS ATOP CRANE. EEC print no. N-C-01-00031, no date. Photograph by Benjamin F. Pearson. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

42. SAR2, OVERVIEW OF POWERHOUSE AND HOUSING AREA, LOOKING NORTH, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

42. SAR-2, OVERVIEW OF POWERHOUSE AND HOUSING AREA, LOOKING NORTH, SHOWING HORSE-DRAWN BUGGY. SCE negative no. 3, no date. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

33. SAR1, LOOKING DOWN CANYON OVER TAILRACE CONSTRUCTION. EEC print ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

33. SAR-1, LOOKING DOWN CANYON OVER TAILRACE CONSTRUCTION. EEC print no. G-C-01-00269, no date. Photograph by Benjamin F. Pearson. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

6. PLANT 2 POWERHOUSE AND TRANSFORMER BUILDING. NOTE ABSENCE OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. PLANT 2 POWERHOUSE AND TRANSFORMER BUILDING. NOTE ABSENCE OF DIAMOND-SHAPED WINDOWS VISIBLE ON TRANSFORMER BUILDING IN PRE-1970 PHOTOGRAPHS. VIEW TO WEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 2, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

View of Flume Tunnel #3 through Purple Mountain, showing flume ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Flume Tunnel #3 through Purple Mountain, showing flume entering into the tunnel. Looking south - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Flume Tunnel No. 3, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of rear of Childs Powerhosue. Rockwork on east end ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of rear of Childs Powerhosue. Rockwork on east end was recently replaced following a flood. Looking south-southwest - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Childs Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

2. PLANK WALKWAY ATOP PIPE, ALSO SHOWING OVERFLOW CONTROL BOX ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. PLANK WALKWAY ATOP PIPE, ALSO SHOWING OVERFLOW CONTROL BOX AT JUNCTION OF PIPE WITH CONCRETE CHANNEL TO FISH SCREEN. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Pipeline to Fish Screen, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

12. ENCLOSED SLEEPING PORCH INTERIOR DETAIL SHOWING PULLDOWN STAIRCASE TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. ENCLOSED SLEEPING PORCH INTERIOR DETAIL SHOWING PULL-DOWN STAIRCASE TO ATTIC. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Big Creek Town, Operator House, Orchard Avenue south of Huntington Lake Road, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

18. INTERIOR OF BATHROOM SHOWING DOOR TO SOUTH BEDROOM AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. INTERIOR OF BATHROOM SHOWING DOOR TO SOUTH BEDROOM AND ALUMINUM-FRAMED SLIDING GLASS WINDOW ABOVE BATHTUB AT PHOTO LEFT. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

22. ASSEMBLY OF 9700 H.P. ALLIS CHALMERS TURBINE, CENTERVILLE P.H. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. ASSEMBLY OF 9700 H.P. ALLIS CHALMERS TURBINE, CENTERVILLE P.H. Drawing no. 50153, traced from Allis Chalmers drawing #699, April 24, 1906. - Centerville Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse, Butte Creek, Centerville, Butte County, CA

28. Credit JTL. Overview of unit 5 (installed 1908) showing ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. Credit JTL. Overview of unit 5 (installed 1908) showing exciter, generator, deflector motor, needle valve control, impulse wheel housing, and gate valve controls. - Battle Creek Hydroelectric System, Battle Creek & Tributaries, Red Bluff, Tehama County, CA

2. EAST END PLANT 5 POWERHOUSE AND EAST TAILRACE. STONE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. EAST END PLANT 5 POWERHOUSE AND EAST TAILRACE. STONE RETAINING WALLS BEHIND POWERHOUSE DELINEATE FORMER RESIDENTIAL AREA. VIEW TO WEST ACROSS PLANT 6 INTAKE. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 5, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

31. HALL INTERIOR SHOWING SINGLE FRENCH DOOR TO NORTH SIDE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

31. HALL INTERIOR SHOWING SINGLE FRENCH DOOR TO NORTH SIDE SCREENED PORCH, AND TRAP-DOOR ACCESS TO ATTIC. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

14. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 1 SHOWING ORIGINAL 6LIGHT OVER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 1 SHOWING ORIGINAL 6-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT WINDOWS ON SOUTH AND WEST WALLS. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Control Station, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

17. DINING ROOM INTERIOR SHOWING GROUP OF THREE 1 LIGHT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. DINING ROOM INTERIOR SHOWING GROUP OF THREE 1 LIGHT OVER 1 LIGHT WINDOWS, AND DOORWAY INTO KITCHEN. VIEW TO EAST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

4. PULLEY SYSTEM AND CABLE FOR GATELIFTING MECHANISM, MOUNTED ABOVE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. PULLEY SYSTEM AND CABLE FOR GATE-LIFTING MECHANISM, MOUNTED ABOVE THE THREE GATE OPENINGS, LOOKING SOUTH/SOUTHEAST. - Washington Water Power Spokane River Upper Falls Hydroelectric Development, Gates & Gate-Lifting Mechanisms, Spokane River, approximately 0.5 mile northeast of intersection of Spokane Falls Boulevard & Post Street, Spokane, Spokane County, WA

7. Unit 3 Service Water System Valves, view to the ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. Unit 3 Service Water System Valves, view to the east. These pipes and valves supply water from the draft chest for cooling the generator barrels. - Washington Water Power Clark Fork River Cabinet Gorge Hydroelectric Development, Powerhouse, North Bank of Clark Fork River at Cabinet Gorge, Cabinet, Bonner County, ID

6-Oxocytidine a novel protonated C-base analogue for stable triple helix formation.

PubMed Central

Berressem, R; Engels, J W

1995-01-01

2'-O-Methyl-3'-O-phosphoramidite building blocks of 6-oxocytidine 6 and its 5-methyl derivative 7, respectively, were synthesized and incorporated via phosphoramidite chemistry in 15 mer oligodeoxynucleotides [d(T72T7), S2; d(T73T7), S3] to obtain potential Py.Pu.Py triplex forming homopyrimidine strands. UV thermal denaturation studies and CD spectroscopy of 1:1 mixtures of these oligomers and a 21 mer target duplex [d(C3A7GA7C3)-d(G3T7CT7G3), D1] with a complementary purine tract showed a nearly pH-independent (6.0-8.0) triple helix formation with melting temperatures of 21-19 degrees C and 18.5-17.5 degrees C, respectively (buffer system: 50 mM sodium cacodylate, 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM MgCl2). In contrast, with the corresponding 15mer deoxy-C-containing oligonucleotide [d(T(7)1T7), S1] triplex formation was observed only below pH 6.6. Specificity for the recognition of Watson-Crick GC-base pairs was observed by pairing the modified C-bases of the 15mers with all other possible Watson-Crick-base compositions in the target duplex [d(C3A7XA7C3)-d(G3T7YT7G3), X = A,C,T; Y = T,G,A, D2-4]. Additionally, the Watson-Crick-pairing of the modified oligomers S2 and S3 was studied. PMID:7567457

6-Oxocytidine a novel protonated C-base analogue for stable triple helix formation.

PubMed

Berressem, R; Engels, J W

1995-09-11

2'-O-Methyl-3'-O-phosphoramidite building blocks of 6-oxocytidine 6 and its 5-methyl derivative 7, respectively, were synthesized and incorporated via phosphoramidite chemistry in 15 mer oligodeoxynucleotides [d(T72T7), S2; d(T73T7), S3] to obtain potential Py.Pu.Py triplex forming homopyrimidine strands. UV thermal denaturation studies and CD spectroscopy of 1:1 mixtures of these oligomers and a 21 mer target duplex [d(C3A7GA7C3)-d(G3T7CT7G3), D1] with a complementary purine tract showed a nearly pH-independent (6.0-8.0) triple helix formation with melting temperatures of 21-19 degrees C and 18.5-17.5 degrees C, respectively (buffer system: 50 mM sodium cacodylate, 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM MgCl2). In contrast, with the corresponding 15mer deoxy-C-containing oligonucleotide [d(T(7)1T7), S1] triplex formation was observed only below pH 6.6. Specificity for the recognition of Watson-Crick GC-base pairs was observed by pairing the modified C-bases of the 15mers with all other possible Watson-Crick-base compositions in the target duplex [d(C3A7XA7C3)-d(G3T7YT7G3), X = A,C,T; Y = T,G,A, D2-4]. Additionally, the Watson-Crick-pairing of the modified oligomers S2 and S3 was studied.

18 CFR 4.101 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Hydroelectric Power Projects of 5 Megawatts or Less § 4.101 Applicability... the Federal Power Act (Act), including licensing, for small hydroelectric power projects as defined in...

18 CFR 4.101 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Hydroelectric Power Projects of 5 Megawatts or Less § 4.101 Applicability... the Federal Power Act (Act), including licensing, for small hydroelectric power projects as defined in...

18 CFR 4.101 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Hydroelectric Power Projects of 5 Megawatts or Less § 4.101 Applicability... the Federal Power Act (Act), including licensing, for small hydroelectric power projects as defined in...

18 CFR 4.93 - Action on exemption applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... OF PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Conduit Hydroelectric Facilities § 4.93 Action on exemption... may convert the exemption application into an application for license for the hydroelectric project...

18 CFR 4.93 - Action on exemption applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... OF PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Conduit Hydroelectric Facilities § 4.93 Action on exemption... may convert the exemption application into an application for license for the hydroelectric project...

18 CFR 4.101 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Hydroelectric Power Projects of 5 Megawatts or Less § 4.101 Applicability... the Federal Power Act (Act), including licensing, for small hydroelectric power projects as defined in...

18 CFR 4.93 - Action on exemption applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... OF PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Conduit Hydroelectric Facilities § 4.93 Action on exemption... may convert the exemption application into an application for license for the hydroelectric project...

18 CFR 4.93 - Action on exemption applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... OF PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Conduit Hydroelectric Facilities § 4.93 Action on exemption... may convert the exemption application into an application for license for the hydroelectric project...

18 CFR 4.101 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Hydroelectric Power Projects of 5 Megawatts or Less § 4.101 Applicability... the Federal Power Act (Act), including licensing, for small hydroelectric power projects as defined in...

Indian energy sources in 1980's

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chaturvedi, A. C.

Indian energy sources for electrical power generation are surveyed with a view to the development of the available hydroelectric resources. The capital-intensive nature of hydroelectric projects and their long gestation periods have impeded the rapid exploitation of the hydroelectric resources in the country, which are expected to provide 37% of the 16,200 MW capacity anticipated by 2001. Alternative sources of power such as solar and wind energy, biogas conversion and the use of industrial waste heat to produce electricity are discussed with case studies presented.

19. INTERIOR OF BATHROOM SHOWING DOOR TO NORTH BEDROOM UNUSUAL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. INTERIOR OF BATHROOM SHOWING DOOR TO NORTH BEDROOM UNUSUAL PAIRED ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL LIGHT FIXTURES ON WALL ABOVE SINK AND MIRROR. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

27. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING ELECTRICAL JUNCTION CABINET, HOPPER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

27. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING ELECTRICAL JUNCTION CABINET, HOPPER WINDOW, OPEN DOOR TO KITCHEN NO. 2, AND METAL SINK. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 6, Cashbaugh-Kilpatrick House, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

1. WATER ENTERING CONFLUENCE POOL FROM BEAR CREEK AT LEFT, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. WATER ENTERING CONFLUENCE POOL FROM BEAR CREEK AT LEFT, AND FROM SANTA ANA RIVER THROUGH TUNNEL #0 AT RIGHT. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Bear Creek Diversion Dam & Confluence Pool, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

28. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING STORAGE CLOSET AT PHOTO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING STORAGE CLOSET AT PHOTO CENTER LEFT AND HOT WATER HEATER CLOSET AT PHOTO CENTER RIGHT. VIEW TO EAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 6, Cashbaugh-Kilpatrick House, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

3. EXTERIOR OF SOUTH SIDE SHOWING DOOR TO ENCLOSED FRONT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. EXTERIOR OF SOUTH SIDE SHOWING DOOR TO ENCLOSED FRONT PORCH ON PHOTO RIGHT AND DOOR TO KITCHEN AT PHOTO LEFT. VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Control Station, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

4. INTERIOR OF POWERHOUSE GENERATOR ROOM SHOWING GENERATOR UNITS AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. INTERIOR OF POWERHOUSE GENERATOR ROOM SHOWING GENERATOR UNITS AT FOREGROUND RIGHT, GOVERNORS AND CONTROL VALVES AT LEFT, AND EXCITERS AT BACK LEFT. VIEW TO NORTH. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse Exciters, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

13 CFR 121.201 - What size standards has SBA identified by North American Industry Classification System codes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Hydroelectric Power Generation See footnote 1 221112 Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation See footnote 1 221113... Materials and Basic Forms and Shapes Merchant Wholesalers 100 424690 Other Chemical and Allied Products...

26. SAR2, GENERAL VIEW FROM WEST SHOWING DAMAGE FROM 1938 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. SAR-2, GENERAL VIEW FROM WEST SHOWING DAMAGE FROM 1938 FLOOD. SCE negative no. 20949, March 30, 1938. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

4. THIRD FLUME ABOVE SAR1 FOREBAY, SHOWING TYPICAL CHANGE IN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. THIRD FLUME ABOVE SAR-1 FOREBAY, SHOWING TYPICAL CHANGE IN CURVATURE OF METAL SHEETING AS FLUME MEETS TUNNEL AT PORTAL. VIEW TO NORTH. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Flumes & Tunnels below Sandbox, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

35. SAR1 UNDER CONSTRUCTION, SHOWING TAILRACE AREA AND SCAFFOLDING. EEC ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

35. SAR-1 UNDER CONSTRUCTION, SHOWING TAILRACE AREA AND SCAFFOLDING. EEC print no. N-C-01-00028, no date. Photograph by Benjamin F. Pearson. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

12. OVERVIEW FROM FORMER RESIDENTIAL AREA NORTH OF SAR2, SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. OVERVIEW FROM FORMER RESIDENTIAL AREA NORTH OF SAR-2, SHOWING TRAIL UP TO FOREBAY, RETAINING WALL, PEPPER TREES, AND SAR-2 IN DISTANCE. VIEW TO SOUTH-SOUTHEAST. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

14. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR, EXCITER No. 2 SHOWING GENERAL ELECTRIC INDUCTION ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. POWERHOUSE INTERIOR, EXCITER No. 2 SHOWING GENERAL ELECTRIC INDUCTION MOTOR IN SERIES BETWEEN PELTON-DOBLE IMPULSE WHEEL AND GENERAL ELECTRIC GENERATOR. VIEW TO EAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse Exciters, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

5. SWITCH TOWER AND JUNCTION OF S.A.R. #1 & S.A.R. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. SWITCH TOWER AND JUNCTION OF S.A.R. #1 & S.A.R. #2 TRANSMISSION LINES, MARCH 7, 1916. SCE drawing no. 4932. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Transmission Lines, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

View of Childs Powerhouse electrical panel and operator station. In ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Childs Powerhouse electrical panel and operator station. In forground generator #2 and its exciter are visible. Looking north - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Childs Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

Bead Roller, at right, used for preparing flume sheeting (still ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Bead Roller, at right, used for preparing flume sheeting (still in use, 2004); on left is a pipe cutter. Facing southeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Childs Powerhouse, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

13. WEST ELEVATION, POWERHOUSE, WITH FIGURES AND AUTOMOBILES Historic photograph ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. WEST ELEVATION, POWERHOUSE, WITH FIGURES AND AUTOMOBILES Historic photograph no. 1646, no date, held at Media Arts and Services Department, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco, CA. - Centerville Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse, Butte Creek, Centerville, Butte County, CA

47. INTERIOR UNDER CONSTRUCTION, SHOWING EXCITERS AND BASES FOR GENERATOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

47. INTERIOR UNDER CONSTRUCTION, SHOWING EXCITERS AND BASES FOR GENERATOR UNITS. EEC print no. N-C-01-00033, no date. Photograph by Benjamin F. Pearson. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

5. EXTERIOR OF NORTH SIDE SHOWING ENCLOSED FRONT PORCH AREA, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. EXTERIOR OF NORTH SIDE SHOWING ENCLOSED FRONT PORCH AREA, ALUMINUM SLIDING GLASS WINDOW GLAZING REPLACEMENTS, AND RAILING FOR STAIRS TO BASEMENT. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

17. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 3 SHOWING MODERN ALUMINUMFRAMED SLIDINGGLASS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 3 SHOWING MODERN ALUMINUM-FRAMED SLIDING-GLASS WINDOWS WITH WOOD SURROUNDS ON SOUTHWEST AND NORTHWEST WALLS. VIEW TO WEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

17. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS, SINK, AND FAUCET, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS, SINK, AND FAUCET, AND ORIGINAL WOOD-FRAMED SLIDING GLASS WINDOWS ON SOUTH WALL OVER SINK. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Worker Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

16. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS AND COUNTER TOP, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS AND COUNTER TOP, AND ORIGINAL WOOD-FRAMED SLIDING GLASS WINDOW IN NORTH WALL OVERLOOKING FRONT ENTRY. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Worker Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

53. SIPHON NO. 1, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 2 PROJECT, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

53. SIPHON NO. 1, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 2 PROJECT, EXHIBIT L, PROJECT 1933, MAY 1973. SCE drawing no. 5110869 (sheet no. 11; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

3. TAILRACE AND FOREBAY, SANTA ANA NO. 3, EXHIBIT L, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. TAILRACE AND FOREBAY, SANTA ANA NO. 3, EXHIBIT L, JAN. 25, 1956. SCE drawing no. 541475 (sheet 6; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-3 Forebay & Penstock, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

3. PLANT 3 FLOWLINE DEPARTING PLANT 2. THIS SECTION OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. PLANT 3 FLOWLINE DEPARTING PLANT 2. THIS SECTION OF FLOWLINE WAS THE LAST REMAINING OF WOOD-STAVE CONSTRUCTION. ICE ON FLOWLINE DELINEATES LEAKS. VIEW TO SOUTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 2, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

27. BEDROOM #2 INTERIOR SHOWING DOUBLE FRENCH DOORS TO SCREENED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

27. BEDROOM #2 INTERIOR SHOWING DOUBLE FRENCH DOORS TO SCREENED PORCH AND UNUSUAL WINDOWED CLOSET THROUGH OPEN FIVE-PANELED DOOR. VIEW TO WEST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

16. DINING ROOM INTERIOR SHOWING DOUBLE DOOR ARCHWAY INTO LIVING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. DINING ROOM INTERIOR SHOWING DOUBLE DOOR ARCHWAY INTO LIVING ROOM AND DOUBLE FRENCH DOORS INTO SOUTH END SCREENED PORCH. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

8. INTERIOR OF LIVING ROOM SHOWING DOORWAY TO KITCHEN, CHANDELIER, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. INTERIOR OF LIVING ROOM SHOWING DOORWAY TO KITCHEN, CHANDELIER, AND ORIGINAL PAIRED 6-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOWS. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

30. BEDROOM #3 INTERIOR SHOWING 1 LIGHT OVER 1 LIGHT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

30. BEDROOM #3 INTERIOR SHOWING 1 LIGHT OVER 1 LIGHT WINDOW ON EAST WALL AND PARTIALLY OPENED DOOR TO WINDOWED CLOSET. VIEW TO EAST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

22. INTERIOR OR BEDROOM NO. 1 SHOWING 1LIGHT OVER 1LIGHT, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. INTERIOR OR BEDROOM NO. 1 SHOWING 1-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW ON EAST WALL. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 6, Cashbaugh-Kilpatrick House, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

30. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 3 SHOWING SINGLE 1LIGHT OVER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

30. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 3 SHOWING SINGLE 1-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW AT NORTHWEST ROOM CORNER. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 6, Cashbaugh-Kilpatrick House, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

A model for the data extrapolation of greenhouse gas emissions in the Brazilian hydroelectric system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pinguelli Rosa, Luiz; Aurélio dos Santos, Marco; Gesteira, Claudio; Elias Xavier, Adilson

2016-06-01

Hydropower reservoirs are artificial water systems and comprise a small proportion of the Earth’s continental territory. However, they play an important role in the aquatic biogeochemistry and may affect the environment negatively. Since the 90s, as a result of research on organic matter decay in manmade flooded areas, some reports have associated greenhouse gas emissions with dam construction. Pioneering work carried out in the early period challenged the view that hydroelectric plants generate completely clean energy. Those estimates suggested that GHG emissions into the atmosphere from some hydroelectric dams may be significant when measured per unit of energy generated and should be compared to GHG emissions from fossil fuels used for power generation. The contribution to global warming of greenhouse gases emitted by hydropower reservoirs is currently the subject of various international discussions and debates. One of the most controversial issues is the extrapolation of data from different sites. In this study, the extrapolation from a site sample where measurements were made to the complete set of 251 reservoirs in Brazil, comprising a total flooded area of 32 485 square kilometers, was derived from the theory of self-organized criticality. We employed a power law for its statistical representation. The present article reviews the data generated at that time in order to demonstrate how, with the help of mathematical tools, we can extrapolate values from one reservoir to another without compromising the reliability of the results.

Fabrication of a TFF-Attached WDM-Type Triplex Transceiver Module Using Silica PLC Hybrid Integration Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Young-Tak; Park, Yoon-Jung; Park, Sang-Ho; Shin, Jang-Uk; Lee, Chul-Wook; Ko, Hyunsung; Baek, Yongsoon; Park, Chul-Hee; Kwon, Yoon-Koo; Hwang, Wol-Yon; Oh, Kwang-Ryong; Sung, Heekyung

2006-12-01

An optical triplex transceiver (TRx) module, which consists of thin-film filter (TFF)-attached wavelength-division multiplexer (WDM) and photodiode (PD) carriers, has been fabricated using a silica planar lightwave circuit (PLC) hybrid integration technology. Two types of TFFs were attached to a diced sidewall of a silica-terraced PLC platform to realize the TFF-attached WDM. The PD carriers with a 45° mirror, on which receiving surface-illuminated PDs were bonded, were assembled with the PLC platform to form receiver (Rx) parts. As the main performances of the packaged TRx module, a very clear transmitter (Tx) eye pattern and minimum Rx sensitivity of -25.7 dBm were obtained under a 1.25-Gb/s Tx Rx operation for digital applications. For an analog Rx application, a module responsivity of about 0.8 A/W was achieved, and a second-order intermodulation distortion value of less than -70 dBc at an optical modulation index of 40% was obtained under a two-tone test of 400 and 450 MHz.

Development of a 30-kA cable-in-conduit conductor for pulsed poloidal coils

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takashi, Y.; Dresner, L.; Kato, T.

1983-05-01

This paper describes design parameters of a 30-kA cable-in-conduit conductor (JF-30), and the test results of stability margin measured by using a triplex in a conduit. Cross sectional size of JF-30 is 35mm X 35 mm and 567 NbTi-Cu-CuNi strands are in a stainless steel conduit whose thickness is 2 mm. Void fraction is 33 % and the designed stability margin is 270 mJ/cc at 5 atm and 7 T. Stability test by a triplex showed a favorable margin, a few hundreds of mJ at 7 T even without helium flow. In addition, the stability was strongly increased when heliummore » flow up to 0.2 g/s was applied. At around 3 atm, the authors found that the stability margin was more than 2 J/cc which exceeded the present heater capacity. This resulted in an extension of current range, in which the sample is stable, up to 150 to 200 % when compared to the case without helium flow.« less

A magnesium-induced triplex pre-organizes the SAM-II riboswitch

PubMed Central

Roy, Susmita; Lammert, Heiko; Dayie, T. Kwaku; Sanbonmatsu, Karissa Y.

2017-01-01

Our 13C- and 1H-chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiments previously revealed a dynamic exchange between partially closed and open conformations of the SAM-II riboswitch in the absence of ligand. Here, all-atom structure-based molecular simulations, with the electrostatic effects of Manning counter-ion condensation and explicit magnesium ions are employed to calculate the folding free energy landscape of the SAM-II riboswitch. We use this analysis to predict that magnesium ions remodel the landscape, shifting the equilibrium away from the extended, partially unfolded state towards a compact, pre-organized conformation that resembles the ligand-bound state. Our CEST and SAXS experiments, at different magnesium ion concentrations, quantitatively confirm our simulation results, demonstrating that magnesium ions induce collapse and pre-organization. Agreement between theory and experiment bolsters microscopic interpretation of our simulations, which shows that triplex formation between helix P2b and loop L1 is highly sensitive to magnesium and plays a key role in pre-organization. Pre-organization of the SAM-II riboswitch allows rapid detection of ligand with high selectivity, which is important for biological function. PMID:28248966

Development and validation of duplex, triplex, and pentaplex real-time PCR screening assays for the detection of genetically modified organisms in food and feed.

PubMed

Huber, Ingrid; Block, Annette; Sebah, Daniela; Debode, Frédéric; Morisset, Dany; Grohmann, Lutz; Berben, Gilbert; Stebih, Dejan; Milavec, Mojca; Zel, Jana; Busch, Ulrich

2013-10-30

Worldwide, qualitative methods based on PCR are most commonly used as screening tools for genetically modified material in food and feed. However, the increasing number and diversity of genetically modified organisms (GMO) require effective methods for simultaneously detecting several genetic elements marking the presence of transgenic events. Herein we describe the development and validation of a pentaplex, as well as complementary triplex and duplex real-time PCR assays, for the detection of the most common screening elements found in commercialized GMOs: P-35S, T-nos, ctp2-cp4-epsps, bar, and pat. The use of these screening assays allows the coverage of many GMO events globally approved for commercialization. Each multiplex real-time PCR assay shows high specificity and sensitivity with an absolute limit of detection below 20 copies for the targeted sequences. We demonstrate by intra- and interlaboratory tests that the assays are robust as well as cost- and time-effective for GMO screening if applied in routine GMO analysis.

50 CFR 223.301 - Special rules-marine and anadromous fishes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... their behalf for the purpose of monitoring and evaluating the Opal Springs Hydroelectric Project (FERC... maintenance of the Opal Springs Hydroelectric Project (FERC Project No. 5891) as administered under a license...

Washington Water Power Spokane River Upper Falls Hydroelectric Development, Gate ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Washington Water Power Spokane River Upper Falls Hydroelectric Development, Gate House, Spokane River, approximately 0.5 mile northeast of intersection of Spokane Falls Boulevard & Post Street, Spokane, Spokane County, WA

Space-Based Solar Power System Architecture

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-01

alternatives to fossil fuels: nuclear fission reactors, hydroelectric power, wind turbines and solar power to name just a few. Each has advantages...powered laser could give people or wildlife serious burns or cause blindness and possibly even death depending on exposure proximity and time. 11

19. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING STUCCO WALL/DRYWALL WALL TRANSITION, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING STUCCO WALL/DRYWALL WALL TRANSITION, ELECTRICAL JUNCTION BOXES, BUILT-IN WALL CABINETRY, AND ELECTRICAL WALL HEATER. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

4. EXTERIOR DETAIL OF FRONT PORCH SHOWING ASBESTOS SIDING, SOFFITED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. EXTERIOR DETAIL OF FRONT PORCH SHOWING ASBESTOS SIDING, SOFFITED BOXED CORNICE, SQUARE POST PORCH SUPPORT, AND STICK BALASTRADE WITH CRIS-CROSSED MEMBERS. VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

10. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN/UTILITY AREA SHOWING DOORWAYS TO NORTHWEST BEDROOM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN/UTILITY AREA SHOWING DOORWAYS TO NORTHWEST BEDROOM AT PHOTO LEFT, AND THE SOUTHEAST REAR BEDROOM AT PHOTO CENTER. VIEW TO EAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

13. INTERIOR OF THE BATHROOM SHOWING OPEN DOOR TO BEDROOM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. INTERIOR OF THE BATHROOM SHOWING OPEN DOOR TO BEDROOM NO. 1 AT PHOTO LEFT, AND BUILT-IN CABINET ABOVE TOILET AT PHOTO CENTER. VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

8. INTERIOR OF FRONT SCREENEDIN PORCH SHOWING PORCH ENTRY DOOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. INTERIOR OF FRONT SCREENED-IN PORCH SHOWING PORCH ENTRY DOOR AT PHOTO CENTER AND FRONT ENTRY DOOR TO LIVING ROOM AT PHOTO LEFT. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

1. SAR1, SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST ELEVATIONS, WITH SWITCH RACK AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. SAR-1, SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST ELEVATIONS, WITH SWITCH RACK AT LEFT, AND SANTA ANA WELL #1 AND STONE RETAINING WALLS AT RIGHT. VIEW TO NORTH. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

37. SAR2, SHOWING OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS (ABOVE) AND GENERATOR FIELD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

37. SAR-2, SHOWING OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS (ABOVE) AND GENERATOR FIELD COIL CONTROL RHEOSTATS (BELOW). SCE negative no. 10331, November 1, 1923. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

44. SAR3, GENERAL VIEW OF POWERHOUSE AND HOUSING AREA FROM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

44. SAR-3, GENERAL VIEW OF POWERHOUSE AND HOUSING AREA FROM THE NEW TRAIL ACROSS THE CANYON. SCE negative no. 4321, March 15, 1918. Photograph by G. Haven Bishop. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

4. PENSTOCKS. EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 1 PROJECT, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. PENSTOCKS. EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 1 PROJECT, APR. 30, 1945. SCE drawing no. 523197 (sheet no. 7; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Forebay & Penstock, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

4. EXTERIOR OF EAST SIDE SHOWING STAIRS TO CATWALK AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. EXTERIOR OF EAST SIDE SHOWING STAIRS TO CATWALK AND OPEN UTILITY ROOM DOOR. OPEN DOOR AT BOTTOM OF STAIRS LEADS TO BASEMENT. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

28. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING OPEN PANEL DOOR TO PANTRY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING OPEN PANEL DOOR TO PANTRY AT PHOTO RIGHT AND OPEN DOOR TO ORIGINAL SIDE-ENTRY UTILITY ROOM AT PHOTO LEFT. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Clubhouse Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

24. BEDROOM #1 INTERIOR SHOWING OPEN DOOR TO HALL WITH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. BEDROOM #1 INTERIOR SHOWING OPEN DOOR TO HALL WITH HALL LINEN CLOSETS VISIBLE IN BACKGROUND, AND PARTIALLY OPEN DOOR TO CLOSET. VIEW TO EAST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

11. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NUMBER ONE SHOWING OPEN PANEL DOOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NUMBER ONE SHOWING OPEN PANEL DOOR TO LIVING ROOM AT PHOTO RIGHT AND OPEN DOOR TO BATHROOM AT PHOTO LEFT. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Worker Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

View of Sally May/Purple Mountain Siphon. FS road #502 is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Sally May/Purple Mountain Siphon. FS road #502 is in the bottom foreground. Looking west-southwest - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Sally May-Purple Mountain Siphon, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of Sally May/Purple Mountain Siphon Intake house from the ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Sally May/Purple Mountain Siphon Intake house from the south showing the flume existing. Looking north - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Sally May-Purple Mountain Siphon Intake, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of the Sally May Siphon discharge box and transition ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of the Sally May Siphon discharge box and transition to steel flume on wood trestle. Looking northeast - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Sally May-Purple Mountain Siphon Discharge, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

View of Stehr Lake from FS 502 looking upstream (northeast). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Stehr Lake from FS 502 looking upstream (northeast). Vehicle at right center is parked on earthen Upper Stehr Lake Dam. - Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Project, Childs System, Stehr Lake & Dams, Forest Service Road 708/502, Camp Verde, Yavapai County, AZ

15. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS, OUNTER TOP, SINK, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING UPDATED CABINETS, OUNTER TOP, SINK, AND FAUCET, AND ORIGINAL WOOD FRAMED SLIDING-GLASS WINDOW IN NORTH WALL OVERLOOKING FRONT PORCH. VIEW TO NORTH. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Worker Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

2. SPILLWAYS AND ROCKDROP, SANTA ANA NO. 3, EXHIBIT L, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. SPILLWAYS AND ROCK-DROP, SANTA ANA NO. 3, EXHIBIT L, JAN. 25, 1956. SCE drawing no. 541724 (sheet 5; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-3 Forebay & Penstock, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

9. HIGH LENNON FLUME, SANTA ANA NO 3, EXHIBIT L, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. HIGH LENNON FLUME, SANTA ANA NO 3, EXHIBIT L, JAN. 25, 1956. SCE drawing no. 541723 (sheet 3; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Warm Springs Canyon-SAR-3 Flumes, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

5. SANDBOX BETWEEN TUNNELS 12. SANTA ANA NO. 3, EXHIBIT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. SANDBOX BETWEEN TUNNELS 1-2. SANTA ANA NO. 3, EXHIBIT L, JAN. 25, 1956. SCE drawing no. 541727 (sheet 2; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Sandbox, SAR-3 Flowline, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

1. EXTERIOR OVERVIEW OF PLANT 4 RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX SHOWING BUILDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EXTERIOR OVERVIEW OF PLANT 4 RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX SHOWING BUILDING 106 AT PHOTO CENTER JUST TO THE RIGHT OF THE PLANT 5 FOREBAY SPILLWAY. VIEW TO WEST - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

1. EXTERIOR OVERVIEW SHOWING BISHOP CREEK PLANT 4 RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EXTERIOR OVERVIEW SHOWING BISHOP CREEK PLANT 4 RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX. BUILDING 122 IS VISIBLE AT PHOTO CENTER. PLANT 5 INTAKE DAM AT PHOTO LEFT. VIEW TO WEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

11. INTERIOR OF WEST SIDE ENCLOSED SCREEN PORCH IN OPPOSITE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. INTERIOR OF WEST SIDE ENCLOSED SCREEN PORCH IN OPPOSITE VIEW FROM CA-167-A-8. DOUBLE FRENCH DOORS LEAD TO BEDROOM #2. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse 8, Operator Cottage, Big Creek, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

9. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING 1950s STYLE CABINETRY AND 3LIGHT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING 1950s STYLE CABINETRY AND 3-LIGHT OVER 3-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG, WOOD-FRAMED WINDOW OVER SINK, VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

15. INTERIOR OF SOUTH BEDROOM SHOWING 6LIGHT OVER 1LIGHT, DOUBLEHUNG, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. INTERIOR OF SOUTH BEDROOM SHOWING 6-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG, WOOD-FRAME WINDOWS ON EAST AND SOUTH WALL. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

9. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING OPEN DOOR TO LIVING ROOM, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN SHOWING OPEN DOOR TO LIVING ROOM, AND BUILT-IN CABINETS AROUND SINK AND FLANKING 1-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT WINDOW. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Control Station, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

26. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN NO. 2 SHOWING BUILTIN CABINETRY AROUND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN NO. 2 SHOWING BUILT-IN CABINETRY AROUND SINK AND FLANKING 6-LIGHT OVER 6-LIGHT, DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 6, Cashbaugh-Kilpatrick House, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

T.C.G triplet in an antiparallel purine.purine.pyrimidine DNA triplex. Conformational studies by NMR.

PubMed

Dittrich, K; Gu, J; Tinder, R; Hogan, M; Gao, X

1994-04-12

The antiparallel purine.purine.pyrimidine DNA triplex, RRY6, which contains a T.C.G inverted triplet in the center of the sequence, was examined by proton and phosphorous two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The local conformation of the T.C.G triplet (T4.C11.G18) and the effect of this triplet on the global helical structure were analyzed in detail. The formation of the T.C.G triplet is confirmed by a set of cross-strand NOEs, including unusual cross-strand NOEs between the third strand and the pyrimidine strand as opposed to the purine strand of the duplex. NMR data suggest that the T.C.G triplet may be present in an equilibrium between a non-hydrogen-bonded form and a T(O4)-C(NH2) hydrogen-bonded form and that there is a distortion of the in-plane alignment of the three bases. The flanking G.G.C base triplets are well-defined on the 5'-side of T4, but somewhat interrupted on the 3'-side of T4. The effect of the third strand binding on the Watson-Crick duplex was probed by an NMR study of the free duplex RY6. NMR parameters are affected mostly around the T.C.G inversion site. The perturbations extend to at least two adjacent base triplets on either side. The binding of the third purine strand and the accommodation of a central T.C.G inversion in RRY6 does not require a readjustment in sugar pucker, which remains in the range of C2'-endo. 31P resonances of RRY6 distribute over a range of 2.2 ppm. The H-P coupling patterns of the third strand differ from those of the duplex. General spectral patterns defined by the marker protons of the RRY and YRY triplexes are compared.

3. SWIMMING POOL. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. Rainbow Hydroelectric Facility, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. SWIMMING POOL. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Rainbow Hydroelectric Facility, Swimming Pool, On north bank of Missouri River 2 miles Northeast of Great Falls, & end of Rainbow Dam Road, Great Falls, Cascade County, MT

1. SWIMMING POOL. VIEW TO WEST. Rainbow Hydroelectric Facility, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. SWIMMING POOL. VIEW TO WEST. - Rainbow Hydroelectric Facility, Swimming Pool, On north bank of Missouri River 2 miles Northeast of Great Falls, & end of Rainbow Dam Road, Great Falls, Cascade County, MT

2. SWIMMING POOL. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. Rainbow Hydroelectric Facility, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. SWIMMING POOL. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Rainbow Hydroelectric Facility, Swimming Pool, On north bank of Missouri River 2 miles Northeast of Great Falls, & end of Rainbow Dam Road, Great Falls, Cascade County, MT

Recovery Act. Tapoco project. Cheoah upgrade

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tran, Paul

2013-10-02

Under Funding Opportunity Announcement Number: DE-FOA-0000120, Recovery Act: Hydroelectric Facility Modernization, Alcoa Power Generating Inc. (APGI), a fully owned subsidiary of Alcoa Inc., implemented major upgrades at its Cheoah hydroelectric facility near Robbinsville, North Carolina.

Washington Water Power Spokane River Upper Falls Hydroelectric Development, Gates ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Washington Water Power Spokane River Upper Falls Hydroelectric Development, Gates & Gate-Lifting Mechanisms, Spokane River, approximately 0.5 mile northeast of intersection of Spokane Falls Boulevard & Post Street, Spokane, Spokane County, WA

9. Water Purification System and Instrument Air Receiver Tank, view ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Water Purification System and Instrument Air Receiver Tank, view to the south. The water purification system is visible in the right foreground of the photograph and the instrument air receiver tank is visible in the right background of the photograph. - Washington Water Power Clark Fork River Cabinet Gorge Hydroelectric Development, Powerhouse, North Bank of Clark Fork River at Cabinet Gorge, Cabinet, Bonner County, ID

Transmission Bearing Damage Detection Using Decision Fusion Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dempsey, Paula J.; Lewicki, David G.; Decker, Harry J.

2004-01-01

A diagnostic tool was developed for detecting fatigue damage to rolling element bearings in an OH-58 main rotor transmission. Two different monitoring technologies, oil debris analysis and vibration, were integrated using data fusion into a health monitoring system for detecting bearing surface fatigue pitting damage. This integrated system showed improved detection and decision-making capabilities as compared to using individual monitoring technologies. This diagnostic tool was evaluated by collecting vibration and oil debris data from tests performed in the NASA Glenn 500 hp Helicopter Transmission Test Stand. Data was collected during experiments performed in this test rig when two unanticipated bearing failures occurred. Results show that combining the vibration and oil debris measurement technologies improves the detection of pitting damage on spiral bevel gears duplex ball bearings and spiral bevel pinion triplex ball bearings in a main rotor transmission.

Prediction of Francis Turbine Prototype Part Load Pressure and Output Power Fluctuations with Hydroelectric Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alligné, S.; Nicolet, C.; Béguin, A.; Landry, C.; Gomes, J.; Avellan, F.

2017-04-01

The prediction of pressure and output power fluctuations amplitudes on Francis turbine prototype is a challenge for hydro-equipment industry since it is subjected to guarantees to ensure smooth and reliable operation of the hydro units. The European FP7 research project Hyperbole aims to setup a methodology to transpose the pressure fluctuations induced by the cavitation vortex rope from the reduced scale model to the prototype generating units. A Francis turbine unit of 444MW with a specific speed value of ν = 0.29, is considered as case study. A SIMSEN model of the power station including electrical system, controllers, rotating train and hydraulic system with transposed draft tube excitation sources is setup. Based on this model, a frequency analysis of the hydroelectric system is performed for all technologies to analyse potential interactions between hydraulic excitation sources and electrical components. Three technologies have been compared: the classical fixed speed configuration with Synchronous Machine (SM) and the two variable speed technologies which are Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) and Full Size Frequency Converter (FSFC).

WTS-4 system verification unit for wind/hydroelectric integration study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watts, A. W.

1982-01-01

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) initiated a study to investigate the concept of integrating 100 MW of wind energy from megawatt-size wind turbines with the Federal hydroelectric system. As a part of the study, one large wind turbine was purchased through the competitive bid process and is now being installed to serve as a system verification unit (SVU). Reclamation negotiated an agreement with NASA to provide technical management of the project for the design, fabrication, installation, testing, and initial operation. Hamilton Standard was awarded a contract to furnish and install its WTS-4 wind turbine rated at 4 MW at a site near Medicine Bow, Wyoming. The purposes for installing the SVU are to fully evaluate the wind/hydro integration concept, make technical evaluation of the hardware design, train personnel in the technology, evaluate operation and maintenance aspects, and evaluate associated environmental impacts. The SVU will be operational in June 1982. Data from the WTS-4 and from a second SVU, Boeing's MOD-2, will be used to prepare a final design for a 100-MW farm if Congress authorizes the project.

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR ON UPPER LEVEL ON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR ON UPPER LEVEL ON HYDROELECTRIC POWER HOUSE - St. Lucie Canal, Lock No. 1, Hydroelectric Power House, St. Lucie, Cross State Canal, Okeechobee Intracoastal Waterway, Stuart, Martin County, FL

Canton hydroelectric project: feasibility study. Final report, appendices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1979-05-01

These appendices contain legal, environmental, regulatory, technical and economic information used in evaluating the feasibility of redeveloping the hydroelectric power generating facilities at the Upper and Lower Dams of the Farmington River at Collinsville, CT. (LCL)

18 CFR 4.105 - Action on exemption applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... DETERMINATION OF PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Hydroelectric Power Projects of 5 Megawatts or Less § 4.105... exemption of a small hydroelectric power project from provisions of Part I of the Act other than the...

18 CFR 4.105 - Action on exemption applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... DETERMINATION OF PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Hydroelectric Power Projects of 5 Megawatts or Less § 4.105... exemption of a small hydroelectric power project from provisions of Part I of the Act other than the...

18 CFR 4.105 - Action on exemption applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... DETERMINATION OF PROJECT COSTS Exemption of Small Hydroelectric Power Projects of 5 Megawatts or Less § 4.105... exemption of a small hydroelectric power project from provisions of Part I of the Act other than the...

77 FR 14516 - Alabama Power Company, Martin Dam Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Proposed Revised Restricted...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-12

... a Programmatic Agreement for Managing Properties Included in or Eligible for Inclusion in the... for inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places at the Martin Dam Hydroelectric Project...

State Models to Incentivize and Streamline Small Hydropower Development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Curtis, Taylor; Levine, Aaron; Johnson, Kurt

In 2016, the hydropower fleet in the United States produced more than 6 percent (approximately 265,829 gigawatt-hours [GWh]) of the total net electricity generation. The median-size hydroelectric facility in the United States is 1.6 MW and 75 percent of total facilities have a nameplate capacity of 10 MW or less. Moreover, the U.S. Department of Energy's Hydropower Vision study identified approximately 79 GW hydroelectric potential beyond what is already developed. Much of the potential identified is at low-impact new stream-reaches, existing conduits, and non-powered dams with a median project size of 10 MW or less. To optimize the potential andmore » value of small hydropower development, state governments are crafting policies that provide financial assistance and expedite state and federal review processes for small hydroelectric projects. This report analyzes state-led initiatives and programs that incentivize and streamline small hydroelectric development.« less

5. EXTERIOR OF SOUTH SIDE SHOWING ELECTRICAL JUNCTION BOX NEXT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. EXTERIOR OF SOUTH SIDE SHOWING ELECTRICAL JUNCTION BOX NEXT TO SOUTH SIDE DOOR AND CHAIN-LINK FENCE AROUND GARDEN AREA AT REAR OF HOUSE. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

6. INTERIOR VIEW OF NORTH ENTRANCE TO BASEMENT SHOWING WORKBENCH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. INTERIOR VIEW OF NORTH ENTRANCE TO BASEMENT SHOWING WORKBENCH AT PHOTO LEFT AND ONE OF TWO DOORWAYS TO MAIN BASEMENT AREA AT PHOTO RIGHT. VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Control Station, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

24. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 2 SHOWING OPEN DOOR TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. INTERIOR OF BEDROOM NO. 2 SHOWING OPEN DOOR TO DINING ROOM AT LEFT PHOTO CENTER. DOORWAY AT PHOTO RIGHT LEADS TO BEDROOM NO. 3. VIEW TO SOUTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

8. INTERIOR OF LIVING ROOM SHOWING DOORWAY TO KITCHEN AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. INTERIOR OF LIVING ROOM SHOWING DOORWAY TO KITCHEN AT PHOTO RIGHT CENTER, AND OPEN FOUR-PANEL WOOD DOOR TO NORTH BEDROOM AT PHOTO CENTER LEFT. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

87. Credit JE. West and south elevations. Notice draft tube ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

87. Credit JE. West and south elevations. Notice draft tube openings, relief valve outlets above them, and exciter water discharge opening (with scaffolding in front). (JE, v. 27 1911 p. 417). - Battle Creek Hydroelectric System, Battle Creek & Tributaries, Red Bluff, Tehama County, CA

14. LOW OBLIQUE VIEW OF WEST ELEVATION, FROM OPPOSITE BANK ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. LOW OBLIQUE VIEW OF WEST ELEVATION, FROM OPPOSITE BANK OF BUTTE CREEK Historic photograph no. 136, no date, held at Media Arts and Services Department, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco, CA. - Centerville Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse, Butte Creek, Centerville, Butte County, CA

19. OVERVIEW OF INTERIOR, LOOKING SOUTH. UNIT #2 IS AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. OVERVIEW OF INTERIOR, LOOKING SOUTH. UNIT #2 IS AT RIGHT FOREGROUND Historic photograph no. H-145, no date, held at Media Arts and Services Department, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Francisco, CA. - Centerville Hydroelectric System, Powerhouse, Butte Creek, Centerville, Butte County, CA

23. OVERVIEW OF SAR3 AREA, SHOWING CORNER OF SAR3 WITH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

23. OVERVIEW OF SAR-3 AREA, SHOWING CORNER OF SAR-3 WITH TAILRACE, ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE, TOILET SHED, AND RETAINING WALLS AT FORMER EMPLOYEE HOUSING SITE. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. PANORAMA 1/2. - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

7. INTERIOR OF VESTIBULE SHOWING OPEN 1LIGHT FRONT DOOR AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. INTERIOR OF VESTIBULE SHOWING OPEN 1-LIGHT FRONT DOOR AT PHOTO RIGHT, AND OPEN PANEL DOOR TO BEDROOM ADDITION (BEDROOM NUMBER TWO) AT PHOTO CENTER. VIEW TO WEST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Worker Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

12. INTERIOR OF LIVING ROOM FROM DINING ROOM SHOWING OPEN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. INTERIOR OF LIVING ROOM FROM DINING ROOM SHOWING OPEN FRONT DOOR AT PHOTO CENTER AND OPEN DOOR TO BEDROOM NO. 1 AT PHOTO LEFT. VIEW TO NORTH. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

12. INTERIOR OF HALL SHOWING OPEN PANEL DOOR TO BEDROOM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. INTERIOR OF HALL SHOWING OPEN PANEL DOOR TO BEDROOM NUMBER TWO AT PHOTO CENTER, AND OPEN PANEL DOOR TO BEDROOM NUMBER ONE AT RIGHT PHOTO CENTER. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Clubhouse Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

7. INTERIOR OF SOUTH MAIN BUILDING ROOM AND OPEN DOOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. INTERIOR OF SOUTH MAIN BUILDING ROOM AND OPEN DOOR TO SHED ADDITION, OPEN DOOR TO NORTH MAIN BUILDING ROOM, AND CLOSED DOOR TO BATHROOM. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Control Station, Hydrographer's Office, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

20. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING OPEN DOORWAY TO KITCHEN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

20. INTERIOR OF UTILITY ROOM SHOWING OPEN DOORWAY TO KITCHEN AT PHOTO LEFT, JUNCTION BOXES AT UPPER PHOTO CENTER, AND PLUMBING FOR WASHER AT PHOTO RIGHT. VIEW TO EAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

7. HOUSE SOUTH SIDE EXTERIOR SHOWING ENCLOSED SLEEPING PORCH AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. HOUSE SOUTH SIDE EXTERIOR SHOWING ENCLOSED SLEEPING PORCH AND CASEMENT WINDOW INTO ATTIC AT PEAK OF GABLE. VIEW TO NORTH. - Big Creek Hydroelectric System, Big Creek Town, Operator House, Orchard Avenue south of Huntington Lake Road, Big Creek, Fresno County, CA

43. FLOOR PLAN OF POWER HOUSE, EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. FLOOR PLAN OF POWER HOUSE, EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 2 PROJECT, APR. 30, 1945. SCE drawing no. 523643 (sheet no. 14; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

4. FOREBAY AND PENSTOCK, EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. FOREBAY AND PENSTOCK, EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 2 PROJECT, APR. 30, 1945. SCE drawing no. 523642 (sheet no. 13; for filing with the Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Forebay & Penstock, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

44. SECTIONS OF POWER HOUSE, EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA RIVER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

44. SECTIONS OF POWER HOUSE, EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 2 PROJECT, APR. 30, 1945. SCE drawing no. 523644 (sheet no. 15; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

55. CROSS SECTION OF POWER HOUSE, EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

55. CROSS SECTION OF POWER HOUSE, EXHIBIT L, SANTA ANA RIVER NO. 1 PROJECT, APR. 30, 1945. SCE drawing no. 523199 (sheet no. 9, for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-1 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

11. INTAKE FLUME AND TUNNEL SECTIONS, SANTA ANA NO. 3, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

11. INTAKE FLUME AND TUNNEL SECTIONS, SANTA ANA NO. 3, EXHIBIT L, JAN. 25, 1956. SCE drawing no. 541728 (sheet 1; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Warm Springs Canyon-SAR-3 Flumes, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

46. LONGITUDINAL SECTION POWER HOUSE S.A.R. NO. 2, EDISON ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

46. LONGITUDINAL SECTION - POWER HOUSE S.A.R. NO. 2, EDISON PROJECT, APR. 30, 1945. SCE drawing no. 523198 (sheet no. 8; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, SAR-2 Powerhouse, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

10. TYPICAL DETAILS OF LENNON FLUME, SANTA ANA NO. 3, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. TYPICAL DETAILS OF LENNON FLUME, SANTA ANA NO. 3, EXHIBIT L, JAN. 25, 1956. SCE drawing no. 541722 (sheet 4; for filing with Federal Power Commission). - Santa Ana River Hydroelectric System, Warm Springs Canyon-SAR-3 Flumes, Redlands, San Bernardino County, CA

1. EXTERIOR OVERVIEW SHOWING BISHOP CREEK PLANT 4 RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EXTERIOR OVERVIEW SHOWING BISHOP CREEK PLANT 4 RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX. BUILDING 113 IS VISIBLE AT RIGHT PHOTO CENTER. PLANT 5 INTAKE DAM AT PHOTO LEFT. VIEW TO WEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

3. EXTERIOR OF FRONT ENTRY SHOWING GABLE OVER RECESSED PORCH ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. EXTERIOR OF FRONT ENTRY SHOWING GABLE OVER RECESSED PORCH WITH RUSTIC STYLE DECORATIVE TREATMENT. WELDED STEEL PORCH RAILING ADDED IN 1972 IS VISIBLE AT PHOTO CENTER. VIEW TO SOUTHWEST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Worker Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA

5. INTERIOR SHOWING WOOD STORAGE CABINETS AND 2LIGHT OVER 2LIGHT, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. INTERIOR SHOWING WOOD STORAGE CABINETS AND 2-LIGHT OVER 2-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG, WOOD-FRAMED WINDOW THROUGH SOUTHEAST WALL AT PHOTO CENTER. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Lightning Arrestor Vault, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

12. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN/UTILITY AREA SHOWING ORIGINAL 1LIGHT OVER 1LIGHT, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN/UTILITY AREA SHOWING ORIGINAL 1-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT, DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW OVER SINK, AND BUILT-IN KITCHEN CABINETRY. VIEW TO SOUTHEAST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 4, Worker Cottage, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

25. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN NO. 2 SHOWING BUILTIN CABINETS, 1LIGHT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. INTERIOR OF KITCHEN NO. 2 SHOWING BUILT-IN CABINETS, 1-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT, DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW, AND DOORWAY TO UTILITY ROOM. VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Bishop Creek Hydroelectric System, Plant 6, Cashbaugh-Kilpatrick House, Bishop Creek, Bishop, Inyo County, CA

9. INTERIOR OF LIVING ROOM SHOWING OPEN 6LIGHT FRONT ENTRY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. INTERIOR OF LIVING ROOM SHOWING OPEN 6-LIGHT FRONT ENTRY DOOR AND TWO 6-LIGHT OVER 1-LIGHT SASH WINDOWS OVERLOOKING FRONT ENTRY STEPS. VIEW TO NORTHEAST. - Rush Creek Hydroelectric System, Clubhouse Cottage, Rush Creek, June Lake, Mono County, CA