46 CFR 50.20-25 - Calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Calculations. 50.20-25 Section 50.20-25 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING GENERAL PROVISIONS Plan Submittal... pressure, and safety device settings, shall be clearly identified. ...

46 CFR 50.20-25 - Calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Calculations. 50.20-25 Section 50.20-25 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING GENERAL PROVISIONS Plan Submittal... pressure, and safety device settings, shall be clearly identified. ...

46 CFR 50.20-25 - Calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Calculations. 50.20-25 Section 50.20-25 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING GENERAL PROVISIONS Plan Submittal... pressure, and safety device settings, shall be clearly identified. ...

Dual Incorporation of the in vitro Data (IC50) and in vivo (Cmax) Data for the Prediction of Area Under the Curve (AUC) for Statins using Regression Models Developed for Either Pravastatin or Simvastatin.

PubMed

Srinivas, N R

2016-08-01

Linear regression models utilizing a single time point (Cmax) has been reported for pravastatin and simvastatin. A new model was developed for the prediction of AUC of statins that utilized the slopes of the above 2 models, with pharmacokinetic (Cmax) and a pharmacodynamic (IC50 value) components for the statins. The prediction of AUCs for various statins (pravastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin) was carried out using the newly developed dual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model. Generally, the AUC predictions were contained within 0.5 to 2-fold difference of the observed AUC suggesting utility of the new models. The root mean square error predictions were<45% for the 2 models. On the basis of the present work, it is feasible to utilize both pharmacokinetic (Cmax) and pharmacodynamic (IC50) data for effectively predicting the AUC for statins. Such a new concept as described in the work may have utility in both drug discovery and development stages. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

30 CFR 57.22102 - Smoking (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Smoking (I-C mines). 57.22102 Section 57.22102... Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Fire Prevention and Control § 57.22102 Smoking (I-C mines). (a) Persons shall not smoke or carry smoking materials, matches, or lighters underground or within 50 feet of...

30 CFR 57.22102 - Smoking (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Smoking (I-C mines). 57.22102 Section 57.22102... Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Fire Prevention and Control § 57.22102 Smoking (I-C mines). (a) Persons shall not smoke or carry smoking materials, matches, or lighters underground or within 50 feet of...

30 CFR 57.22102 - Smoking (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Smoking (I-C mines). 57.22102 Section 57.22102... Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Fire Prevention and Control § 57.22102 Smoking (I-C mines). (a) Persons shall not smoke or carry smoking materials, matches, or lighters underground or within 50 feet of...

30 CFR 57.22102 - Smoking (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Smoking (I-C mines). 57.22102 Section 57.22102... Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Fire Prevention and Control § 57.22102 Smoking (I-C mines). (a) Persons shall not smoke or carry smoking materials, matches, or lighters underground or within 50 feet of...

In vitro neuraminidase inhibitory concentration (IC50) of four neuraminidase inhibitors in the Japanese 2016-17 season: Comparison with the 2010-11 to 2015-16 seasons.

PubMed

Ikematsu, Hideyuki; Kawai, Naoki; Iwaki, Norio; Kashiwagi, Seizaburo; Ishikawa, Yusuke; Yamaguchi, Hiroki; Shiosakai, Kazuhito

2018-05-11

To assess the extent of susceptibility to the four most commonly used neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) in the viruses epidemic in the 2016-17 Japanese influenza season, we measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of these NAIs for influenza virus isolates from patients and compared them with the results from the 2010-11 to 2015-16 seasons. Viral isolation was done with specimens obtained prior to treatment, and the type and subtype was determined by RT-PCR using type- and subtype-specific primers. The IC 50 was determined by a neuraminidase inhibition assay using a fluorescent substrate. A total of 276 virus isolates, 6 A (H1N1)pdm09 (2.2%), 249 A (H3N2) (90.2%), and 21 B (7.6%), had the IC 50 measured for the four NAIs. B isolates included 11 (52.4%), 9 (42.9%), and one (4.8%) of the Victoria, Yamagata, and undetermined strains, respectively. No A (H1N1)pdm09 with highly reduced sensitivity for oseltamivir was found in the 2016-17 season. No isolate with highly reduced sensitivity to the four NAIs have been found for A (H3N2) or B from the 2010-11 to 2016-17 seasons. No significant trend of increase or decrease was found in the geometric mean IC 50 s of the four NAIs during the seven studied seasons. These results indicate that the sensitivity to the four commonly used NAIs has been maintained and that any change in the effectiveness of these NAIs would be minute. Common usage of NAIs for patient treatment has not been a driving force in the selection of NAI resistant viruses. Copyright © 2018 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Add-on LABA in a separate inhaler as asthma step-up therapy versus increased dose of ICS or ICS/LABA combination inhaler.

PubMed

Price, David B; Colice, Gene; Israel, Elliot; Roche, Nicolas; Postma, Dirkje S; Guilbert, Theresa W; van Aalderen, Willem M C; Grigg, Jonathan; Hillyer, Elizabeth V; Thomas, Victoria; Martin, Richard J

2016-04-01

Asthma management guidelines recommend adding a long-acting β 2 -agonist (LABA) or increasing the dose of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) as step-up therapy for patients with uncontrolled asthma on ICS monotherapy. However, it is uncertain which option works best, which ICS particle size is most effective, and whether LABA should be administered by separate or combination inhalers. This historical, matched cohort study compared asthma-related outcomes for patients (aged 12-80 years) prescribed step-up therapy as a ≥50% extrafine ICS dose increase or add-on LABA, via either a separate inhaler or a fine-particle ICS/LABA fixed-dose combination (FDC) inhaler. Risk-domain asthma control was the primary end-point in comparisons of cohorts matched for asthma severity and control during the baseline year. After 1:2 cohort matching, the increased extrafine ICS versus separate ICS+LABA cohorts included 3232 and 6464 patients, respectively, and the fine-particle ICS/LABA FDC versus separate ICS+LABA cohorts included 7529 and 15 058 patients, respectively (overall mean age 42 years; 61-62% females). Over one outcome year, adjusted OR (95% CI) for achieving asthma control were 1.25 (1.13-1.38) for increased ICS versus separate ICS+LABA and 1.06 (1.05-1.09) for ICS/LABA FDC versus separate ICS+LABA. For patients with asthma, increased dose of extrafine-particle ICS, or add-on LABA via ICS/LABA combination inhaler, is associated with significantly better outcomes than ICS+LABA via separate inhalers.

DECONVOLUTION OF IMAGES FROM BLAST 2005: INSIGHT INTO THE K3-50 AND IC 5146 STAR-FORMING REGIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roy, Arabindo; Netterfield, Calvin B.; Ade, Peter A. R.

2011-04-01

We present an implementation of the iterative flux-conserving Lucy-Richardson (L-R) deconvolution method of image restoration for maps produced by the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST). Compared to the direct Fourier transform method of deconvolution, the L-R operation restores images with better-controlled background noise and increases source detectability. Intermediate iterated images are useful for studying extended diffuse structures, while the later iterations truly enhance point sources to near the designed diffraction limit of the telescope. The L-R method of deconvolution is efficient in resolving compact sources in crowded regions while simultaneously conserving their respective flux densities. We have analyzed itsmore » performance and convergence extensively through simulations and cross-correlations of the deconvolved images with available high-resolution maps. We present new science results from two BLAST surveys, in the Galactic regions K3-50 and IC 5146, further demonstrating the benefits of performing this deconvolution. We have resolved three clumps within a radius of 4.'5 inside the star-forming molecular cloud containing K3-50. Combining the well-resolved dust emission map with available multi-wavelength data, we have constrained the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of five clumps to obtain masses (M), bolometric luminosities (L), and dust temperatures (T). The L-M diagram has been used as a diagnostic tool to estimate the evolutionary stages of the clumps. There are close relationships between dust continuum emission and both 21 cm radio continuum and {sup 12}CO molecular line emission. The restored extended large-scale structures in the Northern Streamer of IC 5146 have a strong spatial correlation with both SCUBA and high-resolution extinction images. A dust temperature of 12 K has been obtained for the central filament. We report physical properties of ten compact sources, including six associated protostars

Deconvolution of Images from BLAST 2005: Insight into the K3-50 and IC 5146 Star-forming Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roy, Arabindo; Ade, Peter A. R.; Bock, James J.; Brunt, Christopher M.; Chapin, Edward L.; Devlin, Mark J.; Dicker, Simon R.; France, Kevin; Gibb, Andrew G.; Griffin, Matthew; Gundersen, Joshua O.; Halpern, Mark; Hargrave, Peter C.; Hughes, David H.; Klein, Jeff; Marsden, Gaelen; Martin, Peter G.; Mauskopf, Philip; Netterfield, Calvin B.; Olmi, Luca; Patanchon, Guillaume; Rex, Marie; Scott, Douglas; Semisch, Christopher; Truch, Matthew D. P.; Tucker, Carole; Tucker, Gregory S.; Viero, Marco P.; Wiebe, Donald V.

2011-04-01

We present an implementation of the iterative flux-conserving Lucy-Richardson (L-R) deconvolution method of image restoration for maps produced by the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST). Compared to the direct Fourier transform method of deconvolution, the L-R operation restores images with better-controlled background noise and increases source detectability. Intermediate iterated images are useful for studying extended diffuse structures, while the later iterations truly enhance point sources to near the designed diffraction limit of the telescope. The L-R method of deconvolution is efficient in resolving compact sources in crowded regions while simultaneously conserving their respective flux densities. We have analyzed its performance and convergence extensively through simulations and cross-correlations of the deconvolved images with available high-resolution maps. We present new science results from two BLAST surveys, in the Galactic regions K3-50 and IC 5146, further demonstrating the benefits of performing this deconvolution. We have resolved three clumps within a radius of 4farcm5 inside the star-forming molecular cloud containing K3-50. Combining the well-resolved dust emission map with available multi-wavelength data, we have constrained the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of five clumps to obtain masses (M), bolometric luminosities (L), and dust temperatures (T). The L-M diagram has been used as a diagnostic tool to estimate the evolutionary stages of the clumps. There are close relationships between dust continuum emission and both 21 cm radio continuum and 12CO molecular line emission. The restored extended large-scale structures in the Northern Streamer of IC 5146 have a strong spatial correlation with both SCUBA and high-resolution extinction images. A dust temperature of 12 K has been obtained for the central filament. We report physical properties of ten compact sources, including six associated protostars, by fitting

TOPAS/Geant4 configuration for ionization chamber calculations in proton beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wulff, Jörg; Baumann, Kilian-Simon; Verbeek, Nico; Bäumer, Christian; Timmermann, Beate; Zink, Klemens

2018-06-01

factor f Q for the detailed NACP-02 and NE2571 chamber models calculated with TOPAS agreed with the values of Gomà et al (2016 Phys. Med. Biol. 61 2389) within statistical uncertainties (1σ) of  <0.3% for almost all energies with a maximum deviation of 0.6% at 250 MeV for the NE2571. The selection of hadronic scattering models (QGSP_BIC versus QGSP_BERT) in TOPAS impacted the results at the highest energies by 0.3%  ±  0.1%. Based on the Fano cavity test, the Geant4/TOPAS Monte Carlo code, in its investigated version, can provide reliable results for IC calculations. Agreement with the detailed IC models and the published values of Gomà et al can be achieved when production cuts are reduced from the TOPAS default values. The calculations confirm the reported agreement of Gomà et al for with IAEA-TRS398 values within the given uncertainties. An additional uncertainty for the MC-calculated of  ∼0.3% by hadronic interaction models should be considered.

TOPAS/Geant4 configuration for ionization chamber calculations in proton beams.

PubMed

Wulff, Jörg; Baumann, Kilian-Simon; Verbeek, Nico; Bäumer, Christian; Timmermann, Beate; Zink, Klemens

2018-06-07

factor f Q for the detailed NACP-02 and NE2571 chamber models calculated with TOPAS agreed with the values of Gomà et al (2016 Phys. Med. Biol. 61 2389) within statistical uncertainties (1σ) of  <0.3% for almost all energies with a maximum deviation of 0.6% at 250 MeV for the NE2571. The selection of hadronic scattering models (QGSP_BIC versus QGSP_BERT) in TOPAS impacted the results at the highest energies by 0.3%  ±  0.1%. Based on the Fano cavity test, the Geant4/TOPAS Monte Carlo code, in its investigated version, can provide reliable results for IC calculations. Agreement with the detailed IC models and the published values of Gomà et al can be achieved when production cuts are reduced from the TOPAS default values. The calculations confirm the reported agreement of Gomà et al for [Formula: see text] with IAEA-TRS398 values within the given uncertainties. An additional uncertainty for the MC-calculated [Formula: see text] of  ∼0.3% by hadronic interaction models should be considered.

21 CFR 868.1890 - Predictive pulmonary-function value calculator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Predictive pulmonary-function value calculator. 868.1890 Section 868.1890 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... pulmonary-function value calculator. (a) Identification. A predictive pulmonary-function value calculator is...

21 CFR 868.1890 - Predictive pulmonary-function value calculator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Predictive pulmonary-function value calculator. 868.1890 Section 868.1890 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN... pulmonary-function value calculator. (a) Identification. A predictive pulmonary-function value calculator is...

Quantitative Spectroscopy of Supergiants in the Local Group Dwarf Galaxy IC 1613: Metallicity and Distance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berger, Travis A.; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Urbaneja, Miguel A.; Bresolin, Fabio; Gieren, Wolfgang; Pietrzyński, Grzegorz; Przybilla, Norbert

2018-06-01

We present a spectral analysis of 21 blue supergiant stars of spectral types late B to early A within the Local Group dwarf galaxy IC 1613, based on VLT Focal Reducer and Low Dispersion Spectrograph 2 low-resolution spectra. Combining our results with studies of early B-type blue supergiants, we report a wide bimodal distribution of metallicities with two peaks around [Z] ∼ ‑0.50 dex and [Z] ∼ ‑0.85 dex. The bimodal distribution correlates with spatial location, when compared with column densities of neutral hydrogen in IC 1613. While the low [Z] objects appear in regions of relatively high ISM H I column densities or close to them, the high [Z] supergiants are found in the central H I hole that is almost devoid of hydrogen. This suggests there are varied chemical evolution histories for the young stellar populations in IC 1613. Utilizing the flux-weighted gravity–luminosity relation, we determine IC 1613's distance modulus as m ‑ M = 24.39 ± 0.11 mag. This value is in agreement within previous distance measurements using the near-infrared period–luminosity relationship of Cepheids and the tip of the red giant branch.

The Prevalence of Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria: Can New Cutoff Values Be Suggested According to Age and Sex?

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Purpose The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of nocturia and nocturnal polyuria (NP) and to define new cutoff values according to age and sex for both conditions. Methods Data from a population-based prevalence survey conducted among a random sample of 2,128 adults were analyzed in this study. Participants were requested to fill out a questionnaire including the International Continence Society (ICS) definitions of lower urinary tract symptoms and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form. Additionally, a 1-day bladder diary was given to each individual. The participants were divided into 5 age groups. The prevalence of nocturia was calculated based on definitions of nocturia as ≥1 voiding episodes, ≥2 episodes, and ≥3 episodes. NP was evaluated according to the ICS definition. The mean±standard errors and 95th percentile values were calculated in each group as new cutoff values for NP. Results The prevalence of nocturia was estimated as 28.4%, 17.6%, and 8.9% for ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 voiding episodes each night, respectively. When nocturia was defined as 2 or more voiding episodes at night, the prevalence decreased significantly. The mean NP index was 29.4%±15.0% in men and 23.1%±11.8% in women. For the age groups of <50 years, 50–59 years, and ≥60 years, the new cutoff values for the diagnosis of NP were calculated as 48%, 69%, and 59% for men and 41%, 50%, and 42% for women, respectively. Conclusions We found that the definition of nocturia was still controversial and that waking up once for voiding might be within the normal spectrum of behavior. The definition of NP should be modified, and new cutoff values should be defined using the data presented in our study and in other forthcoming studies. PMID:28043108

Confidence limit calculation for antidotal potency ratio derived from lethal dose 50

PubMed Central

Manage, Ananda; Petrikovics, Ilona

2013-01-01

AIM: To describe confidence interval calculation for antidotal potency ratios using bootstrap method. METHODS: We can easily adapt the nonparametric bootstrap method which was invented by Efron to construct confidence intervals in such situations like this. The bootstrap method is a resampling method in which the bootstrap samples are obtained by resampling from the original sample. RESULTS: The described confidence interval calculation using bootstrap method does not require the sampling distribution antidotal potency ratio. This can serve as a substantial help for toxicologists, who are directed to employ the Dixon up-and-down method with the application of lower number of animals to determine lethal dose 50 values for characterizing the investigated toxic molecules and eventually for characterizing the antidotal protections by the test antidotal systems. CONCLUSION: The described method can serve as a useful tool in various other applications. Simplicity of the method makes it easier to do the calculation using most of the programming software packages. PMID:25237618

Mod 1 ICS TI Report: ICS Conversion of a 140% HPGe Detector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bounds, John Alan

This report evaluates the Mod 1 ICS, an electrically cooled 140% HPGe detector. It is a custom version of the ORTEC Integrated Cooling System (ICS) modified to make it more practical for us to use in the field. Performance and operating characteristics of the Mod 1 ICS are documented, noting both pros and cons. The Mod 1 ICS is deemed a success. Recommendations for a Mod 2 ICS, a true field prototype, are provided.

Application of Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis to Refine the Prediction of Potential Digoxin Drug Interactions

PubMed Central

Ellens, Harma; Deng, Shibing; Coleman, JoAnn; Bentz, Joe; Taub, Mitchell E.; Ragueneau-Majlessi, Isabelle; Chung, Sophie P.; Herédi-Szabó, Krisztina; Neuhoff, Sibylle; Palm, Johan; Balimane, Praveen; Zhang, Lei; Jamei, Masoud; Hanna, Imad; O’Connor, Michael; Bednarczyk, Dallas; Forsgard, Malin; Chu, Xiaoyan; Funk, Christoph; Guo, Ailan; Hillgren, Kathleen M.; Li, LiBin; Pak, Anne Y.; Perloff, Elke S.; Rajaraman, Ganesh; Salphati, Laurent; Taur, Jan-Shiang; Weitz, Dietmar; Wortelboer, Heleen M.; Xia, Cindy Q.; Xiao, Guangqing; Yamagata, Tetsuo

2013-01-01

In the 2012 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) draft guidance on drug-drug interactions (DDIs), a new molecular entity that inhibits P-glycoprotein (P-gp) may need a clinical DDI study with a P-gp substrate such as digoxin when the maximum concentration of inhibitor at steady state divided by IC50 ([I1]/IC50) is ≥0.1 or concentration of inhibitor based on highest approved dose dissolved in 250 ml divide by IC50 ([I2]/IC50) is ≥10. In this article, refined criteria are presented, determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis, using IC50 values generated by 23 laboratories. P-gp probe substrates were digoxin for polarized cell-lines and N-methyl quinidine or vinblastine for P-gp overexpressed vesicles. Inhibition of probe substrate transport was evaluated using 15 known P-gp inhibitors. Importantly, the criteria derived in this article take into account variability in IC50 values. Moreover, they are statistically derived based on the highest degree of accuracy in predicting true positive and true negative digoxin DDI results. The refined criteria of [I1]/IC50 ≥ 0.03 and [I2]/IC50 ≥ 45 and FDA criteria were applied to a test set of 101 in vitro-in vivo digoxin DDI pairs collated from the literature. The number of false negatives (none predicted but DDI observed) were similar, 10 and 12%, whereas the number of false positives (DDI predicted but not observed) substantially decreased from 51 to 40%, relative to the FDA criteria. On the basis of estimated overall variability in IC50 values, a theoretical 95% confidence interval calculation was developed for single laboratory IC50 values, translating into a range of [I1]/IC50 and [I2]/IC50 values. The extent by which this range falls above the criteria is a measure of risk associated with the decision, attributable to variability in IC50 values. PMID:23620486

Using in situ pore water concentrations to estimate the phytotoxicity of nicosulfuron in soils to corn (Zea mays L.).

PubMed

Liu, Kailin; Cao, Zhengya; Pan, Xiong; Yu, Yunlong

2012-08-01

The phytotoxicity of an herbicide in soil is typically dependent on the soil characteristics. To obtain a comparable value of the concentration that inhibits growth by 50% (IC50), 0.01 M CaCl(2) , excess pore water (EPW) and in situ pore water (IPW) were used to extract the bioavailable fraction of nicosulfuron from five different soils to estimate the nicosulfuron phytotoxicity to corn (Zea mays L.). The results indicated that the phytotoxicity of nicosulfuron in soils to corn depended on the soil type, and the IC50 values calculated based on the amended concentration of nicosulfuron ranged from 0.77 to 9.77 mg/kg among the five tested soils. The range of variation in IC50 values for nicosulfuron was smaller when the concentrations of nicosulfuron extracted with 0.01 M CaCl(2) and EPW were used instead of the amended concentration. No significant difference was observed among the IC50 values calculated from the IPW concentrations of nicosulfuron in the five tested soils, suggesting that the concentration of nicosulfuron in IPW could be used to estimate the phytotoxicity of residual nicosulfuron in soils. Copyright © 2012 SETAC.

Estimation of the IC to CG Ratio Using JEM-GLIMS and Ground-based Lightning Network Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bandholnopparat, K.; Sato, M.; Takahashi, Y.; Adachi, T.; Ushio, T.

2017-12-01

The ratio between intracloud (IC) discharge and cloud-to-ground (CG) discharge, which is denoted by Z, is the important parameter for the studies on the climatological differences of thunderstorm structures and for the quantitative evaluation of lightning contributions to the global electric circuit. However, the latitudinal, regional, and seasonal dependences of Z-value are not fully clarified. The purposes of this study are (i) to develop new methods to identify IC and CG discharges using optical data obtained by the Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements on Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-GLIMS) from space and ground-based lightning data, (ii) to estimate Z-value and its latitudinal, regional, and seasonal dependences. As a first step, we compared the JEM-GLIMS data to the ground-based lightning data obtained by JLDN, NLDN, WWLLN, and GEON in order to distinguish the lightning discharge type detected by JEM-GLIMS. As a next step, we have calculated intensity ratios between the blue and red PH channels, that is, PH2(337 nm)/PH3(762 nm), PH5(316 nm)/PH3, PH6(392 nm)/PH3, PH2/PH4(599-900 nm), PH5/PH4, and PH6/PH4 for each lightning event. From these analyses, it is found that 447 and 454 of 8355 lightning events were identified to be CG and IC discharges, respectively. It is also found that the PH intensity ratio of IC discharges is clearly higher than that of CG discharges. In addition, the difference of the PH2/PH3, PH2/PH4, and PH6/PH4 ratio between IC and CG cases is relatively large, which means these three ratios are the useful proxy to classify the discharge types for other 7454 lightning events. Finally, the estimated Z-value varies from 0.18 - 0.84 from the equator to the higher latitude. The decrease of the Z-value from the equator to the higher latitude is confirmed both in the northern and the southern hemispheres. Although this latitudinal dependence of the Z-value is similar to previous studies, i.e., Boccippio et al. (2001), the estimated absolute

Ketone EC50 values in the Microtox test.

PubMed

Chen, H F; Hee, S S

1995-03-01

The Microtox EC50 values for the following ketones are reported in the following homologous series: straight chain methyl ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, 2-hepatonone, 2-octanone, 2-decanone, and 2-tridecanone); methyl ketones substituted at one alpha carbon (3-methyl-2-butanone; 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone); methyl substituted at two alpha carbons (2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone; 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-pentanone); phenyl groups replacing methyl in acetone (acetophenone; benzophenone); methyl groups substituted at the alpha carbons of cyclohexanone; and 2,3- 2,4-, and 2,5-hexanediones, most for the first time. While there were linear relationships between log EC50 and MW for the straight chain methyl ketones, and for methyl substitution at the alpha carbon for methyl ketones, there were no other linear relationships. As molecular weight increased, the EC50 values of soluble ketones decreased; as distance between two carbonyl groups decreased so too did EC50 values. Thus, for the ketones the geometry around the carbonyl group is an important determinant of toxicity as well as MW, water solubility, and octanol/water coefficient.

50 CFR 34.7 - Fair market value appraisals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fair market value appraisals. 34.7 Section... (CONTINUED) THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM REFUGE REVENUE SHARING WITH COUNTIES § 34.7 Fair market value... procedures in order to estimate the fair market value of each area as a whole. The evaluation will be...

Sirc-cvs cytotoxicity test: an alternative for predicting rodent acute systemic toxicity.

PubMed

Kitagaki, Masato; Wakuri, Shinobu; Hirota, Morihiko; Tanaka, Noriho; Itagaki, Hiroshi

2006-10-01

An in vitro crystal violet staining method using the rabbit cornea-derived cell line (SIRC-CVS) has been developed as an alternative to predict acute systemic toxicity in rodents. Seventy-nine chemicals, the in vitro cytotoxicity of which was already reported by the Multicenter Evaluation of In vitro Toxicity (MEIC) and ICCVAM/ECVAM, were selected as test compounds. The cells were incubated with the chemicals for 72 hrs and the IC(50) and IC(35) values (microg/mL) were obtained. The results were compared to the in vivo (rat or mouse) "most toxic" oral, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous LD(50) values (mg/kg) taken from the RTECS database for each of the chemicals by using Pearson's correlation statistics. The following parameters were calculated: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, prevalence, positive predictability, and negative predictability. Good linear correlations (Pearson's coefficient; r>0.6) were observed between either the IC(50) or the IC(35) values and all the LD(50) values. Among them, a statistically significant high correlation (r=0.8102, p<0.001) required for acute systemic toxicity prediction was obtained between the IC(50) values and the oral LD(50) values. By using the cut-off concentrations of 2,000 mg/kg (LD(50)) and 4,225 microg/mL (IC(50)), no false negatives were observed, and the accuracy was 84.8%. From this, it is concluded that this method could be used to predict the acute systemic toxicity potential of chemicals in rodents.

Ganoboninketals A-C, Antiplasmodial 3,4-seco-27-Norlanostane Triterpenes from Ganoderma boninense Pat.

PubMed

Ma, Ke; Ren, Jinwei; Han, Junjie; Bao, Li; Li, Li; Yao, Yijian; Sun, Chen; Zhou, Bing; Liu, Hongwei

2014-08-22

Three new nortriterpenes, ganoboninketals A-C (1-3), featuring rearranged 3,4-seco-27-norlanostane skeletons and highly complex polycyclic systems were isolated from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma boninense. The structures of the new metabolites were established by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations in 1-3 were assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1-3 showed antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 4.0, 7.9, and 1.7 μM, respectively. Compounds 1 and 3 also displayed weak cytotoxicity against A549 cell line with IC50 values of 47.6 and 35.8 μM, respectively. Compound 2 showed weak cytotoxicity toward HeLa cell line with an IC50 value of 65.5 μM. Compounds 1-3 also presented NO inhibitory activity in the LPS-induced macrophages with IC50 values of 98.3, 24.3, and 60.9 μM, respectively.

Thiazole-based nitrogen mustards: Design, synthesis, spectroscopic studies, DFT calculation, molecular docking, and antiproliferative activity against selected human cancer cell lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Łączkowski, Krzysztof Z.; Świtalska, Marta; Baranowska-Łączkowska, Angelika; Plech, Tomasz; Paneth, Agata; Misiura, Konrad; Wietrzyk, Joanna; Czaplińska, Barbara; Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz, Anna; Malarz, Katarzyna; Musioł, Robert; Grela, Izabela

2016-09-01

Synthesis, characterization and investigation of antiproliferative activity of ten thiazole-based nitrogen mustard against human cancer cells lines (MV4-11, A549, MCF-7 and HCT116) and normal mouse fibroblast (BALB/3T3) is presented. The structures of novel compounds were determined using 1H and 13C NMR, FAB(+)-MS, and elemental analyses. Among the derivatives, 5b, 5c, 5e, 5f and 5i were found to exhibit high activity against human leukaemia MV4-11 cells with IC50 values of 2.17-4.26 μg/ml. The cytotoxic activity of compound 5c and 5f against BALB/3T3 cells is up to 20 times lower than against cancer cell lines. Our results also show that compounds 5e and 5i have very strong activity against MCF-7 and HCT116 with IC50 values of 3.02-4.13 μg/ml. Moreover, spectroscopic characterization and cellular localization for selected compound were performed. In order to identify potential drug targets we perform computer simulations with DNA-binding site of hTopoI and hTopoII and quantum chemical calculation of interaction and binding energies in complexes of the five most active compounds with guanine.

An abundance study of IC 418 using high-resolution, signal-to-noise emission spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharpee, Brian David

2003-11-01

there is no evidence in our data that either process is responsible for the observed overabundances in all recombination lines as opposed to their collisionally excited counterparts. The calculated levels of temperature fluctuations in the zones in which these ion reside are dubious, and significantly exceed model predicted values. In summary, no satisfactory, single universally applicable answer to the abundance discrepancy problem shown to exist by us in IC 418, is revealed by our observations. We developed several new techniques to analyze these data. Of particular interest is EMILI (Emission Line Identifier), a public-domain program that utilizes a comprehensive atomic transition list and a set of simple tests and criteria, to quickly provide its user with a list of rank ordered IDs for unidentified emission lines found in deep, high resolution spectra. Presented here are the results of applying EMILI to the identification of weak emission lines in the spectra of IC 418 and other PNe.

An Algorithm for the Calculation of Exact Term Discrimination Values.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willett, Peter

1985-01-01

Reports algorithm for calculation of term discrimination values that is sufficiently fast in operation to permit use of exact values. Evidence is presented to show that relationship between term discrimination and term frequency is crucially dependent upon type of inter-document similarity measure used for calculation of discrimination values. (13…

Adaptation of Lorke's method to determine and compare ED50 values: the cases of two anticonvulsants drugs.

PubMed

Garrido-Acosta, Osvaldo; Meza-Toledo, Sergio Enrique; Anguiano-Robledo, Liliana; Valencia-Hernández, Ignacio; Chamorro-Cevallos, Germán

2014-01-01

We determined the median effective dose (ED50) values for the anticonvulsants phenobarbital and sodium valproate using a modification of Lorke's method. This modification allowed appropriate statistical analysis and the use of a smaller number of mice per compound tested. The anticonvulsant activities of phenobarbital and sodium valproate were evaluated in male CD1 mice by maximal electroshock (MES) and intraperitoneal administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). The anticonvulsant ED50 values were obtained through modifications of Lorke's method that involved changes in the selection of the three first doses in the initial test and the fourth dose in the second test. Furthermore, a test was added to evaluate the ED50 calculated by the modified Lorke's method, allowing statistical analysis of the data and determination of the confidence limits for ED50. The ED50 for phenobarbital against MES- and PTZ-induced seizures was 16.3mg/kg and 12.7mg/kg, respectively. The sodium valproate values were 261.2mg/kg and 159.7mg/kg, respectively. These results are similar to those found using the traditional methods of finding ED50, suggesting that the modifications made to Lorke's method generate equal results using fewer mice while increasing confidence in the statistical analysis. This adaptation of Lorke's method can be used to determine median letal dose (LD50) or ED50 for compounds with other pharmacological activities. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

R&D100: IC ID

ScienceCinema

Hamlet, Jason; Pierson, Lyndon; Bauer, Todd

2018-06-25

Supply chain security to detect, deter, and prevent the counterfeiting of networked and stand-alone integrated circuits (ICs) is critical to cyber security. Sandia National Laboratory researchers have developed IC ID to leverage Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and strong cryptographic authentication to create a unique fingerprint for each integrated circuit. IC ID assures the authenticity of ICs to prevent tampering or malicious substitution.

ICS-II USA research design and methodology.

PubMed

Rana, H; Andersen, R M; Nakazono, T T; Davidson, P L

1997-05-01

The purpose of the WHO-sponsored International Collaborative Study of Oral Health Outcomes (ICS-II) was to provide policy-markers and researchers with detailed, reliable, and valid data on the oral health situation in their countries or regions, together with comparative data from other dental care delivery systems. ICS-II used a cross-sectional design with no explicit control groups or experimental interventions. A standardized methodology was developed and tested for collecting and analyzing epidemiological, sociocultural, economic, and delivery system data. Respondent information was obtained by household interviews, and clinical examinations were conducted by calibrated oral epidemiologists. Discussed are the sampling design characteristics for the USA research locations, response rates, samples size for interview and oral examination data, weighting procedures, and statistical methods. SUDAAN was used to adjust variance calculations, since complex sampling designs were used.

Detection of kanamycin and gentamicin residues in animal-derived food using IgY antibody based ic-ELISA and FPIA.

PubMed

Li, Cui; Zhang, Yaoyao; Eremin, Sergei A; Yakup, Omar; Yao, Gang; Zhang, Xiaoying

2017-07-15

Our aim in this study is to show that IgY antibody based immunoassays could be used to detect antibiotic residues in animal-derived food. Briefly, full antigens of gentamicin (Gent) and kanamycin (Kana) were used to immunize the laying chickens to prepare IgY antibodies. Then, these antibodies were evaluated by FPIA and ic-ELISA to detect Gent/Kana in animal-derived samples. The IC 50 of FPIA and ic-ELISA based anti-Gent IgY were 7.70±0.6μg/mL and 0.32±0.06μg/mL, respectively. The IC 50 of FPIA and ic-ELISA based anti-Kana IgY were 7.97±0.9μg/mL and 0.15±0.01μg/mL. The limits of detection (LOD, IC 10 ) for FPIA based anti-Gent/Kana IgY were 0.17 and 0.007μg/mL, respectively. The LOD for ic-ELISA were both 0.001μg/mL. These results indicated that the ic-ELISA might more suitable for antibiotic residues detection than FPIA. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two new cytotoxic stilbenoid dimers isolated from Cajanus cajan.

PubMed

Zhang, Nenling; Shen, Xiangchun; Jiang, Xiaofei; Cai, Jiazhong; Shen, Xiaoling; Hu, Yingjie; Qiu, Samuel X

2018-01-01

Two new stilbenoid dimers, cajanstilbenoids A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the leaves of Cajanus cajan. Planar structures of these compounds were verified by NMR (1D and 2D) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS). Absolute configurations were assigned by comparing experimental and calculated electronic CD values. The cytotoxicity of 1 and 2 against human hepatoma (HepG2), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and human lung cancer (A549) cells were evaluated in vitro. Compound 1 showed strong cytotoxicity against all the tested cell lines (IC 50 values: 2.14-2.56 µM), whereas compound 2 showed strong toxicity only against HepG2 (IC 50 value: 5.99 µM) and A549 cells (IC 50 value: 6.18 µM).

A program for calculation of intrapulmonary shunts, blood-gas and acid-base values with a programmable calculator.

PubMed

Ruiz, B C; Tucker, W K; Kirby, R R

1975-01-01

With a desk-top, programmable calculator, it is now possible to do complex, previously time-consuming computations in the blood-gas laboratory. The authors have developed a program with the necessary algorithms for temperature correction of blood gases and calculation of acid-base variables and intrapulmonary shunt. It was necessary to develop formulas for the Po2 temperature-correction coefficient, the oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve for adults (withe necessary adjustments for fetal blood), and changes in water vapor pressure due to variation in body temperature. Using this program in conjuction with a Monroe 1860-21 statistical programmable calculator, it is possible to temperature-correct pH,Pco2, and Po2. The machine will compute alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient, oxygen saturation (So2), oxygen content (Co2), actual HCO minus 3 and a modified base excess. If arterial blood and mixed venous blood are obtained, the calculator will print out intrapulmonary shunt data (Qs/Qt) and arteriovenous oxygen differences (a minus vDo2). There also is a formula to compute P50 if pH,Pco2,Po2, and measured So2 from two samples of tonometered blood (one above 50 per cent and one below 50 per cent saturation) are put into the calculator.

Calculating a Continuous Metabolic Syndrome Score Using Nationally Representative Reference Values.

PubMed

Guseman, Emily Hill; Eisenmann, Joey C; Laurson, Kelly R; Cook, Stephen R; Stratbucker, William

2018-02-26

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in youth varies on the basis of the classification system used, prompting implementation of continuous scores; however, the use of these scores is limited to the sample from which they were derived. We sought to describe the derivation of the continuous metabolic syndrome score using nationally representative reference values in a sample of obese adolescents and a national sample obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. Clinical data were collected from 50 adolescents seeking obesity treatment at a stage 3 weight management center. A second analysis relied on data from adolescents included in NHANES 2011-2012, performed for illustrative purposes. The continuous metabolic syndrome score was calculated by regressing individual values onto nationally representative age- and sex-specific standards (NHANES III). Resultant z scores were summed to create a total score. The final sample included 42 obese adolescents (15 male and 35 female subjects; mean age, 14.8 ± 1.9 years) and an additional 445 participants from NHANES 2011-2012. Among the clinical sample, the mean continuous metabolic syndrome score was 4.16 ± 4.30, while the NHANES sample mean was quite a bit lower, at -0.24 ± 2.8. We provide a method to calculate the continuous metabolic syndrome by comparing individual risk factor values to age- and sex-specific percentiles from a nationally representative sample. Copyright © 2018 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Estimation of Ksub Ic from slow bend precracked Charpy specimen strength ratios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Succop, G.; Brown, W. F., Jr.

1976-01-01

Strength ratios are reported which were derived from slow bend tests on 0.25 inch thick precracked Charpy specimens of steels, aluminum alloys, and a titanium alloy for which valid K sub Ic values were established. The strength ratios were used to develop calibration curves typical of those that could be useful in estimating K sub Ic for the purposes of alloy development of quality control.

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 359 - Redemption Value Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Redemption Value Calculations A... of a State, except for estate or inheritance taxes. (See 31 U.S.C. 3124.) 2. What is an example of a book-entry Series I savings bonds redemption value calculation? Assume a New Treasury Direct par...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 359 - Redemption Value Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Redemption Value Calculations A... of a State, except for estate or inheritance taxes. (See 31 U.S.C. 3124.) 2. What is an example of a book-entry Series I savings bonds redemption value calculation? Assume a New Treasury Direct par...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 359 - Redemption Value Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Redemption Value Calculations A... of a State, except for estate or inheritance taxes. (See 31 U.S.C. 3124.) 2. What is an example of a book-entry Series I savings bonds redemption value calculation? Assume a New Treasury Direct par...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 359 - Redemption Value Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Redemption Value Calculations A... of a State, except for estate or inheritance taxes. (See 31 U.S.C. 3124.) 2. What is an example of a book-entry Series I savings bonds redemption value calculation? Assume a New Treasury Direct par...

Simulation of a class of hazardous situations in the ICS «INM RAS - Baltic Sea»

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zakharova, Natalia; Agoshkov, Valery; Aseev, Nikita; Parmuzin, Eugene; Sheloput, Tateana; Shutyaev, Victor

2017-04-01

Development of Informational Computational Systems (ICS) for data assimilation procedures is one of multidisciplinary problems. To study and solve these problems one needs to apply modern results from different disciplines and recent developments in mathematical modeling, theory of adjoint equations and optimal control, inverse problems, numerical methods theory, numerical algebra, scientific computing and processing of satellite data. In this work the results on the ICS development for PC-ICS "INM RAS - Baltic Sea" are presented. We discuss practical problems studied by ICS. The System includes numerical model of the Baltic Sea thermodynamics, the new oil spill model describing the propagation of a slick at the Sea surface (Agoshkov, Aseev et al., 2014) and the optimal ship route calculating block (Agoshkov, Zayachkovsky et al., 2014). The ICS is based on the INMOM numerical model of the Baltic Sea thermodynamics (Zalesny et al., 2013). It is possible to calculate main hydrodynamic parameters (temperature, salinity, velocities, sea level) using user-friendly interface of the ICS. The System includes data assimilation procedures (Agoshkov, 2003, Parmuzin, Agoshkov, 2012) and one can use the block of variational assimilation of the sea surface temperature in order to obtain main hydrodynamic parameters. Main possibilities of the ICS and several numerical experiments are presented in the work. By the problem of risk control is meant a problem of determination of optimal resources quantity which are necessary for decreasing the risk to some acceptable value. Mass of oil slick is chosen as a function of control. For the realization of the random variable the quadratic "functional of cost" is introduced. It comprises cleaning costs and deviation of damage of oil pollution from its acceptable value. The problem of minimization of this functional is solved based on the methods of optimal control and the theory of adjoint equations. The solution of this problem is

A linear acoustic model for intake wave dynamics in IC engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harrison, M. F.; Stanev, P. T.

2004-01-01

In this paper, a linear acoustic model is described that has proven useful in obtaining a better understanding of the nature of acoustic wave dynamics in the intake system of an internal combustion (IC) engine. The model described has been developed alongside a set of measurements made on a Ricardo E6 single cylinder research engine. The simplified linear acoustic model reported here produces a calculation of the pressure time-history in the port of an IC engine that agrees fairly well with measured data obtained on the engine fitted with a simple intake system. The model has proved useful in identifying the role of pipe resonance in the intake process and has led to the development of a simple hypothesis to explain the structure of the intake pressure time history: the early stages of the intake process are governed by the instantaneous values of the piston velocity and the open area under the valve. Thereafter, resonant wave action dominates the process. The depth of the early depression caused by the moving piston governs the intensity of the wave action that follows. A pressure ratio across the valve that is favourable to inflow is maintained and maximized when the open period of the valve is such to allow at least, but no more than, one complete oscillation of the pressure at its resonant frequency to occur while the valve is open.

[Definition and validation of a comfort index calculation method for office seats].

PubMed

Taboga, P; Marcolin, F; Bordignon, M; Antonutto, G

2012-01-01

Among its other required features, a highly comfortable chair should adapt its contact surfaces, namely the seat and the back rest, to the shape of the body of the person sitting on it. However, "comfort" is not usually perceived as an absolute value, but is derived from a subjective comparison between two or more chairs. The purpose of this research was the definition of an objective comfort index (IC), i.e., derived from instrumental measurements, and which would also represent an absolute comfort value. Analytical evaluation of the distribution of body weight, by means of a barometric matrix, shows that a comfortable chair tends to minimize peak and average values of pressure at the level of the contact areas located between the body and the seat and the back of the chair. To define a comparison parameter for determining an absolute comfort value, a reference chair (SDR) was developed. The seat and the back of this chair are rigid, with poor compliance. A comfort value of zero was, by definition, assigned to this chair. Therefore, the Comfort index (IC) was obtained by the mathematical calculation of the ratios of averages, peaks and gradients of pressure, appropriately weighted, and the corresponding values measured on the tested chair and on the SDR. It is shown that the anthropometric characteristics of each subject are irrelevant to the assessment of the IC, which depends only on the compliance characteristics of the seat and back surfaces of the tested chair IC can be improved through analysis of a larger number of seats, which would thus constitute the basis for the use of an objective evaluation of seating comfort.

12 CFR 997.4 - Calculation of the quarterly present-value determination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Calculation of the quarterly present-value determination. 997.4 Section 997.4 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD NON-BANK SYSTEM ENTITIES RESOLUTION FUNDING CORPORATION OBLIGATIONS OF THE BANKS § 997.4 Calculation of the quarterly present-value...

Sensitivity of NTCP parameter values against a change of dose calculation algorithm.

PubMed

Brink, Carsten; Berg, Martin; Nielsen, Morten

2007-09-01

Optimization of radiation treatment planning requires estimations of the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). A number of models exist that estimate NTCP from a calculated dose distribution. Since different dose calculation algorithms use different approximations the dose distributions predicted for a given treatment will in general depend on the algorithm. The purpose of this work is to test whether the optimal NTCP parameter values change significantly when the dose calculation algorithm is changed. The treatment plans for 17 breast cancer patients have retrospectively been recalculated with a collapsed cone algorithm (CC) to compare the NTCP estimates for radiation pneumonitis with those obtained from the clinically used pencil beam algorithm (PB). For the PB calculations the NTCP parameters were taken from previously published values for three different models. For the CC calculations the parameters were fitted to give the same NTCP as for the PB calculations. This paper demonstrates that significant shifts of the NTCP parameter values are observed for three models, comparable in magnitude to the uncertainties of the published parameter values. Thus, it is important to quote the applied dose calculation algorithm when reporting estimates of NTCP parameters in order to ensure correct use of the models.

25 CFR 39.206 - How does OIEP calculate the value of one WSU?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false How does OIEP calculate the value of one WSU? 39.206 Section 39.206 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN SCHOOL... calculate the value of one WSU? (a) To calculate the appropriated dollar value of one WSU, OIEP divides the...

25 CFR 39.206 - How does OIEP calculate the value of one WSU?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How does OIEP calculate the value of one WSU? 39.206 Section 39.206 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN SCHOOL... calculate the value of one WSU? (a) To calculate the appropriated dollar value of one WSU, OIEP divides the...

19 CFR 351.403 - Sales used in calculating normal value; transactions between affiliated parties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Sales used in calculating normal value... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Calculation of Export Price, Constructed Export Price, Fair Value, and Normal Value § 351.403 Sales used in calculating normal value...

Phytochemical constituents, nutritional values, phenolics, flavonols, flavonoids, antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies on Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl fruits

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background The edible fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl are widely used in traditional medicine in Indonesia. It is used to treat a variety of medical conditions such as - cancer, diabetes mellitus, allergies, liver and heart diseases, kidney failure, blood diseases, high blood pressure, stroke, various skin diseases, itching, aches, and flu. Therefore, it is of great interest to determine the biochemical and cytotoxic properties of the fruit extracts. Methods The methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water extracts of P. macrocarpa fruits were examined for phytochemicals, physicochemicals, flavonols, flavonoids and phenol content. Its nutritional value (A.O.A.C method), antioxidant properties (DPPH assay) and cytotoxicity (MTT cell proliferation assay) were also determined. Results A preliminary phyotochemical screening of the different crude extracts from the fruits of P. macrocarpa showed the presence secondary metabolites such as of flavonoids, phenols, saponin glycosides and tannins. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts displayed high antioxidant acitivity (IC50 value of 8.15±0.02 ug/mL) in the DPPH assay comparable to that of the standard gallic acid (IC50 value of 10.8±0.02 ug/mL). Evaluation of cytotoxic activity showed that the crude methanol extract possessed excellent anti-proliferative activity against SKOV-3 (IC50 7.75±2.56 μg/mL) after 72 hours of treatment whilst the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts displayed good cytotoxic effect against both SKOV-3 and MDA-MB231 cell lines. The chloroform extract however, showed selective inhibitory activity in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231 (IC50 7.80±1.57 μg/mL) after 48 hours of treatment. There was no cytotoxic effect observed in the Ca Ski cell line and the two normal cell lines (MRC-5 and WRL-68). Conclusion The methanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of P. macrocarpa fruits exhibited good nutritional values, good antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, and merits

Rotational Periods and Starspot Activity of Young Solar-Type Dwarfs in the Open Cluster IC 4665

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allain, S.; Bouvier, J.; Prosser, C.; Marschall, L. A.; Laaksonen, B. D.

1995-01-01

We present the results of a V-band photometric monitoring survey of 15 late-type dwarfs in the young open cluster IC 4665. Low-amplitude periodic light variations are found for 8 stars and ascribed to the modulation by starspots that cover typically a few percent of the stellar disk. Periods range from 0.6 to 3.7 d, translating to equatorial velocities between 13 and 93 km/s. That no period longer than 4 d was detected suggests a relative paucity of extremely slow rotators (V(sub eq) much less than 10 km/s) among late-type dwarfs in IC 4665. The fractional number of slow rotators in IC 4665 is similar to that of Alpha Per cluster, suggesting that IC 4665 is close in age to Alpha Per (approx. 50 Myr).

Sensitivity of NTCP parameter values against a change of dose calculation algorithm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brink, Carsten; Berg, Martin; Nielsen, Morten

2007-09-15

Optimization of radiation treatment planning requires estimations of the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). A number of models exist that estimate NTCP from a calculated dose distribution. Since different dose calculation algorithms use different approximations the dose distributions predicted for a given treatment will in general depend on the algorithm. The purpose of this work is to test whether the optimal NTCP parameter values change significantly when the dose calculation algorithm is changed. The treatment plans for 17 breast cancer patients have retrospectively been recalculated with a collapsed cone algorithm (CC) to compare the NTCP estimates for radiation pneumonitis withmore » those obtained from the clinically used pencil beam algorithm (PB). For the PB calculations the NTCP parameters were taken from previously published values for three different models. For the CC calculations the parameters were fitted to give the same NTCP as for the PB calculations. This paper demonstrates that significant shifts of the NTCP parameter values are observed for three models, comparable in magnitude to the uncertainties of the published parameter values. Thus, it is important to quote the applied dose calculation algorithm when reporting estimates of NTCP parameters in order to ensure correct use of the models.« less

A GRB and Broad-lined Type Ic Supernova from a Single Central Engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barnes, Jennifer; Duffell, Paul C.; Liu, Yuqian; Modjaz, Maryam; Bianco, Federica B.; Kasen, Daniel; MacFadyen, Andrew I.

2018-06-01

Unusually high velocities (≳0.1c) and correspondingly high kinetic energies have been observed in a subset of Type Ic supernovae (so-called “broad-lined Ic” supernovae; SNe Ic-BL), prompting a search for a central engine model capable of generating such energetic explosions. A clue to the explosion mechanism may lie in the fact that all supernovae that accompany long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) belong to the SN Ic-BL class. Using a combination of two-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamics and radiation transport calculations, we demonstrate that the central engine responsible for long GRBs can also trigger an SN Ic-BL. We find that a reasonable GRB engine injected into a stripped Wolf–Rayet progenitor produces a relativistic jet with energy ∼1051 erg, as well as an SN whose synthetic light curves and spectra are fully consistent with observed SNe Ic-BL during the photospheric phase. As a result of the jet’s asymmetric energy injection, the SN spectra and light curves depend on viewing angle. The impact of viewing angle on the spectrum is particularly pronounced at early times, while the viewing-angle dependence for the light curves (∼10% variation in bolometric luminosity) persists throughout the photospheric phase.

Sensitivity Analysis of Digital I&C Modules in Protection and Safety Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khalil Ur, Rahman; Zubair, M.; Heo, G.

2013-12-01

This research is performed to examine the sensitivity of digital Instrumentation and Control (I&C) components and modules used in regulating and protection systems architectures of nuclear industry. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) was performed for four configurations of RPS channel architecture. The channel unavailability has been calculated by using AIMS-PSA, which comes out 4.517E-03, 2.551E-03, 2.246E-03 and 2.7613-04 for architecture configuration I, II, III and IV respectively. It is observed that unavailability decreases by 43.5 % & 50.4% by inserting partial redundancy whereas maximum reduction of 93.9 % in unavailability happens when double redundancy is inserted in architecture. Coincidence module output failure and bi-stable output failures are identified as sensitive failures by Risk Reduction Worth (RRW) and Fussell-Vesely (FV) importance. RRW highlights that risk from coincidence processor output failure can reduced by 48.83 folds and FV indicates that BP output is sensitive by 0.9796 (on a scale of 1).

Correct fair market value calculation needed to avoid regulatory challenges.

PubMed

Dietrich, M O

1997-09-01

In valuing a physician practice for acquisition, it is important for buyers and sellers to distinguish between fair market value and strategic value. Although many buyers would willingly pay for the strategic value of a practice, tax-exempt buyers are required by law to consider only the fair market value in setting a bid price. Valuators must adjust group earnings to exclude items that do not apply to any willing seller and include items that do apply to any willing seller to arrive at the fair market value of the practice. In addition, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which becomes the discount rate in the valuation model, is critical to the measure of value of the practice. Small medical practices are assumed to have few hard assets and little long-term debt, and the WACC is calculated on the basis of those assumptions. When a small practice has considerable debt, however, this calculated WACC may be inappropriate for valuing the practice. In every case, evidence that shows that a transaction has been negotiated "at arm's length" should stave off any regulatory challenge.

S-values calculated from a tomographic head/brain model for brain imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chao, Tsi-chian; Xu, X. George

2004-11-01

A tomographic head/brain model was developed from the Visible Human images and used to calculate S-values for brain imaging procedures. This model contains 15 segmented sub-regions including caudate nucleus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, corpus callosum, eyes, lateral ventricles, lenses, lentiform nucleus, optic chiasma, optic nerve, pons and middle cerebellar peduncle, skull CSF, thalamus and thyroid. S-values for C-11, O-15, F-18, Tc-99m and I-123 have been calculated using this model and a Monte Carlo code, EGS4. Comparison of the calculated S-values with those calculated from the MIRD (1999) stylized head/brain model shows significant differences. In many cases, the stylized head/brain model resulted in smaller S-values (as much as 88%), suggesting that the doses to a specific patient similar to the Visible Man could have been underestimated using the existing clinical dosimetry.

The planetary nebula IC 4776 and its post-common-envelope binary central star

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sowicka, Paulina; Jones, David; Corradi, Romano L. M.; Wesson, Roger; García-Rojas, Jorge; Santander-García, Miguel; Boffin, Henri M. J.; Rodríguez-Gil, Pablo

2017-11-01

We present a detailed analysis of IC 4776, a planetary nebula displaying a morphology believed to be typical of central star binarity. The nebula is shown to comprise a compact hourglass-shaped central region and a pair of precessing jet-like structures. Time-resolved spectroscopy of its central star reveals a periodic radial velocity variability consistent with a binary system. Whilst the data are insufficient to accurately determine the parameters of the binary, the most likely solutions indicate that the secondary is probably a low-mass main-sequence star. An empirical analysis of the chemical abundances in IC 4776 indicates that the common-envelope phase may have cut short the asymptotic giant branch evolution of the progenitor. Abundances calculated from recombination lines are found to be discrepant by a factor of approximately 2 relative to those calculated using collisionally excited lines, suggesting a possible correlation between low-abundance discrepancy factors and intermediate-period post-common-envelope central stars and/or Wolf-Rayet central stars. The detection of a radial velocity variability associated with the binarity of the central star of IC 4776 may be indicative of a significant population of (intermediate-period) post-common-envelope binary central stars that would be undetected by classic photometric monitoring techniques.

40 CFR 600.209-85 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model Year Automobiles...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 359 - Redemption Value Calculations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... book-entry Series I savings bonds redemption value calculation? Assume a New Treasury Direct par investment amount in a book-entry Series I savings bonds of $34.59, with an issue date of May, 2001, and a..., 2001 and redeemed December, 2001 = $101.96. Calculation: [(Book-entry par investment) ÷ (100)] × CRV...

2-Hexadecynoic acid inhibits plasmodial FAS-II enzymes and arrests erythrocytic and liver stage Plasmodium infections.

PubMed

Tasdemir, Deniz; Sanabria, David; Lauinger, Ina L; Tarun, Alice; Herman, Rob; Perozzo, Remo; Zloh, Mire; Kappe, Stefan H; Brun, Reto; Carballeira, Néstor M

2010-11-01

Acetylenic fatty acids are known to display several biological activities, but their antimalarial activity has remained unexplored. In this study, we synthesized the 2-, 5-, 6-, and 9-hexadecynoic acids (HDAs) and evaluated their in vitro activity against erythrocytic (blood) stages of Plasmodium falciparum and liver stages of Plasmodium yoelii infections. Since the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (PfFAS-II) has recently been shown to be indispensable for liver stage malaria parasites, the inhibitory potential of the HDAs against multiple P. falciparum FAS-II (PfFAS-II) elongation enzymes was also evaluated. The highest antiplasmodial activity against blood stages of P. falciparum was displayed by 5-HDA (IC(50) value 6.6 μg/ml), whereas the 2-HDA was the only acid arresting the growth of liver stage P. yoelii infection, in both flow cytometric assay (IC(50) value 2-HDA 15.3 μg/ml, control drug atovaquone 2.5 ng/ml) and immunofluorescence analysis (IC(50) 2-HDA 4.88 μg/ml, control drug atovaquone 0.37 ng/ml). 2-HDA showed the best inhibitory activity against the PfFAS-II enzymes PfFabI and PfFabZ with IC(50) values of 0.38 and 0.58 μg/ml (IC(50) control drugs 14 and 30 ng/ml), respectively. Enzyme kinetics and molecular modeling studies revealed valuable insights into the binding mechanism of 2-HDA on the target enzymes. All HDAs showed in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC(50) values 3.7-31.7 μg/ml), Trypanosoma cruzi (only 2-HDA, IC(50) 20.2 μg/ml), and Leishmania donovani (IC(50) values 4.1-13.4 μg/ml) with generally low or no significant toxicity on mammalian cells. This is the first study to indicate therapeutic potential of HDAs against various parasitic protozoa. It also points out that the malarial liver stage growth inhibitory effect of the 2-HDA may be promoted via PfFAS-II enzymes. The lack of cytotoxicity, lipophilic nature, and calculated pharmacokinetic properties suggests that 2-HDA could be a useful compound to

2-Hexadecynoic Acid Inhibits Plasmodial FAS-II Enzymes and Arrest Erythrocytic and Liver Stage Plasmodium Infections

PubMed Central

Tasdemir, Deniz; Sanabria, David; Lauinger, Ina L.; Tarun, Alice; Herman, Rob; Perozzo, Remo; Zloh, Mire; Kappe, Stefan H.; Brun, Reto; Carballeira, Néstor M.

2010-01-01

Acetylenic fatty acids are known to display several biological activities, but their antimalarial activity has remained unexplored. In this study, we synthesized the 2-, 5-, 6-, and 9-hexadecynoic acids (HDAs) and evaluated their in vitro activity against erythrocytic (blood) stages of Plasmodium falciparum and liver stages of P. yoelii infections. Since the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (PfFAS-II) has recently been shown to be indispensable for liver stage malaria parasites, the inhibitory potential of the HDAs against multiple P. falciparum FAS-II (PfFAS-II) elongation enzymes was also evaluated. The highest antiplasmodial activity against blood stages of P. falciparum was displayed by 5-HDA (IC50 value 6.6. μg/ml), whereas the 2-HDA was the only acid arresting the growth of liver stage P. yoelii infection, in both flow cytometric assay (IC50 value 2-HDA 15.3 μg/ml, control drug atovaquone 2.5 ng/ml) and immunofluorescense analysis (IC50 2-HDA 4.88 μg/ml, control drug atovaquone 0.37 ng/ml). 2-HDA showed the best inhibitory against the PfFAS-II enzymes PfFabI and PfFabZ with IC50 values of 0.38 and 0.58 μg/ml (IC50 control drugs 14 and 30 ng/ml) respectively. Enzyme kinetics and molecular modeling studies revealed valuable insights into the binding mechanism of 2-HDA on the target enzymes. All HDAs showed in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC50 values 3.7–31.7 μg/ml), Trypanosoma cruzi (only 2-HDA, IC50 20.2 μg/ml), and Leishmania donovani (IC50 values 4.1–13.4 μg/ml) with generally low or no significant toxicity on mammalian cells. This is the first study to indicate therapeutic potential of HDAs against various parasitic protozoa. It also points out that the malarial liver stage growth inhibitory effect of the 2-HDA may be promoted via PfFAS-II enzymes. The lack of cytotoxicity, lipophilic nature and calculated pharmacokinetic properties suggest that 2-HDA could be a useful compound to study the interaction of fatty

Development of MATLAB Scripts for the Calculation of Thermal Manikin Regional Resistance Values

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

CALCULATION OF THERMAL MANIKIN REGIONAL RESISTANCE VALUES DISCLAIMER The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the...USARIEM TECHNICAL NOTE TN16-1 DEVELOPMENT OF MATLAB® SCRIPTS FOR THE CALCULATION OF THERMAL MANIKIN REGIONAL RESISTANCE VALUES...performed by thermal manikin and modeling personnel. Steps to operate the scripts as well as the underlying calculations are outlined in detail

Ultrafast VHE Gamma-Ray Flares of IC 310

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barkov, Maxim V.; Aharonian, Felix; Khangulyan, Dmitriy V.

In 2012 November MAGIC detected a bright flare from IC 310. The flare consisted of two sharp peaks with a typical duration of ~ 5 min. The energy released during that event has been estimated to be at the level of 2 × 1044 erg s-1. In this work we derive an upper limit on the possible luminosity of flares generated in black hole (BH) magnetosphere, which depends very weakly on the mass of BH and is determined by disk magnetisation, viewing angle, and pair multiplicity. Since all these parameters are smaller than a unit, the luminosity 2 × 1043 erg s-1 can be taken as a strict upper limit for flare luminosity for several minutes variability time. This upper limit appears to be approximately an order of magnitude below the value measured with MAGIC. Thus, we conclude that it seems very unfeasible that the magnetospheric processes can be indeed behind the bright flaring activity recorded from IC 310.

SPROC: A multiple-processor DSP IC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, R.

1991-01-01

A large, single-chip, multiple-processor, digital signal processing (DSP) integrated circuit (IC) fabricated in HP-Cmos34 is presented. The innovative architecture is best suited for analog and real-time systems characterized by both parallel signal data flows and concurrent logic processing. The IC is supported by a powerful development system that transforms graphical signal flow graphs into production-ready systems in minutes. Automatic compiler partitioning of tasks among four on-chip processors gives the IC the signal processing power of several conventional DSP chips.

Individual receptor profiling as a novel tool to support diagnosis of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC).

PubMed

Neuhaus, Jochen; Schulte-Baukloh, Heinrich; Stolzenburg, Jens-Uwe; Speroni di Fenizio, Pietro; Horn, Lars-Christian; Rüffert, Henrik; Hartenstein, Siegurd; Burger, Maximilian; Schulze, Matthias; Schwalenberg, Thilo

2012-10-01

Dysregulation of neurotransmitter receptors may contribute to bladder overactivity (OAB) symptoms. To address the question whether specific receptor expression patterns are associated with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC), we examined the expression of muscarinic, purinergic and histamine receptors in the detrusor. Detrusor receptor expression was investigated in bladder biopsies of female BPS/IC patients (n = 44; age 60.64 ± 13.78, mean ± SD) and carcinoma patients (n = 11; age 58.91 ± 12.72) undergoing cystectomy. Protein expression of muscarinic (M2, M3), purinergic (P2X1-3) and histamine receptors (H1, H2) was analysed by confocal immunofluorescence, and gene expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). M2, P2X1, P2X2 and H1 receptor immunoreactivity (-IR) was significantly enhanced in BPS/IC compared to the control group, while there was no difference for M3-, P2X3- and H2-IR. We calculated a score, which separated BPS/IC from control patients with an AUC of 89.46%, showing 84.09% sensitivity and 90.91% specificity. Patients had a 9.25 times enhanced calculated risk for BPS/IC. In addition, two patient subgroups (M2 > M3 and M3 > M2) were observed, which differed in associated purinergic and histamine receptor expression. M2, P2X1, P2X2 and H1 were significantly upregulated in BPS/IC patients, and H2 was occasionally highly overexpressed. There was no significant correlation between receptor protein and gene expression, implying posttranslational mechanisms being responsible for the altered receptor expressions. On the basis of individual receptor profiles, upregulated receptors could be targeted by monotherapy or combination therapy with already approved receptor inhibitors, thereby promoting tailored therapy for patients suffering from BPS/IC-like symptoms.

SEM probe of IC radiation sensitivity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gauthier, M. K.; Stanley, A. G.

1979-01-01

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) used to irradiate single integrated circuit (IC) subcomponent to test for radiation sensitivity can localize area of IC less than .03 by .03 mm for determination of exact location of radiation sensitive section.

Anand constitutive model of lead-free solder joints in 3D IC device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Liang; Liu, Zhi-quan; Ji, Yu-tong

2016-08-01

Anand constitutive relation of SnAgCu and SnAgCu-nano Al solders were studied under uniaxial tension, and the constitutive model was used in the finite element simulation to analyze the stress-strain response of lead-free solder joints in 3D IC devices. The results showed that the nine parameters of the Anand model can be determined from separated constitutive relations and experimental results. Based on Anand model, the finite element method was selected to calculate the stress-strain response of lead-free solder joints, it was found that in the 3D IC device the maximum stress-strain concentrated in the concern solder joints, the stress-strain of SnAgCu-nano Al solder joints was lower than that of SnAgCu solder joints, which represented that the addition of nano Al particles can enhance the reliability of lead-free solder joints in 3D IC devices.

Present, future of automotive hybrid IC applications discussed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsuda, Nobuyoshi; Fukuoka, Atuhisa

1987-09-01

Hybrid ICs are presently utilized in various fields such as commercial televisions, VTRs, and audio devices, industrial usage of communication equipment, computers, terminals, and automobiles. Its applications and environments are various and diverse. The functions required for hybrid ICs vary from simple high density mounting for a system to the realization of high mechanisms with the application of function timing. The functions are properly used depending upon the system with its hybrid ICs and its circuit composition. Considering structure and reliability requirements for automotive hybrid ICs, an application example for hybrid ICs which use the package (COMPACT), will be discussed.

Calculation of Expectation Values of Operators in the Complex Scaling Method

DOE PAGES

Papadimitriou, G.

2016-06-14

In the complex scaling method (CSM) provides with a way to obtain resonance parameters of particle unstable states by rotating the coordinates and momenta of the original Hamiltonian. It is convenient to use an L 2 integrable basis to resolve the complex rotated or complex scaled Hamiltonian H θ , with θ being the angle of rotation in the complex energy plane. Within the CSM, resonance and scattering solutions have fall-off asymptotics. Furthermore, one of the consequences is that, expectation values of operators in a resonance or scattering complex scaled solution are calculated by complex rotating the operators. In thismore » work we are exploring applications of the CSM on calculations of expectation values of quantum mechanical operators by using the regularized backrotation technique and calculating hence the expectation value using the unrotated operator. Moreover, the test cases involve a schematic two-body Gaussian model and also applications using realistic interactions.« less

Mechanism of the effect of pH and biochar on the phytotoxicity of the weak acid herbicides imazethapyr and 2,4-D in soil to rice (Oryza sativa) and estimation by chemical methods.

PubMed

Liu, Kailin; He, Ying; Xu, Shiji; Hu, Lifeng; Luo, Kun; Liu, Xiangying; Liu, Min; Zhou, Xiaomao; Bai, Lianyang

2018-06-18

The existing form of an ionizable organic compound can simultaneously affect its soil adsorption and plant bioactivity. In this experiment, the adsorption and bioactivity of two weak acid herbicides (WAHs), imazethapyr and 2,4-D, were studied to explore the predominant mechanism by which the soil pH and the addition of biochar can influence the phytotoxicity of WAHs in soil. Then, the WAH concentration extracted by hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction (C HF-LPME ), the in situ pore water concentration (C IPW ) and the added concentration (C AC ) were employed to estimate the phytotoxicity. The results showed that with increased pH from 5.5 to 8.5, the phytotoxicity of the WAHs to rice increased about 1-fold in the soil, but decreased in aqueous solutions, the IC 50 values for imazethapyr and 2,4-D at pH 5.0 were 3- and 2-fold higher than that at pH 8.0. In addition, the soil adsorption decreased, indicating that the adsorption process was the dominant factor for the variation of the phytotoxicity of the WAHs in the tested soil instead of the decreasing bioactivity. The concentration that inhibits plant growth by 50% (IC 50 ) calculated by the C AC in different pH and biochar soils ranged from 0.619 to 3.826 mg/kg for imazethapyr and 1.871-72.83 mg/kg for 2,4-D. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the IC 50 values reached 65.61% for imazethapyr and 130.0% for 2,4-D. However, when IC 50 was calculated by C IPW and C HF-LPME , the CVs of the IC 50 values decreased to 23.51% and 36.23% for imazethapyr and 40.21% and 50.93% for 2,4-D, respectively. These results suggested that C IPW and C HF-LPME may be more appropriate than C AC for estimating the phytotoxicity of WAHs. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Magnetics Information Consortium (MagIC)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, C.; Constable, C.; Tauxe, L.; Koppers, A.; Banerjee, S.; Jackson, M.; Solheid, P.

2003-12-01

The Magnetics Information Consortium (MagIC) is a multi-user facility to establish and maintain a state-of-the-art relational database and digital archive for rock and paleomagnetic data. The goal of MagIC is to make such data generally available and to provide an information technology infrastructure for these and other research-oriented databases run by the international community. As its name implies, MagIC will not be restricted to paleomagnetic or rock magnetic data only, although MagIC will focus on these kinds of information during its setup phase. MagIC will be hosted under EarthRef.org at http://earthref.org/MAGIC/ where two "integrated" web portals will be developed, one for paleomagnetism (currently functional as a prototype that can be explored via the http://earthref.org/databases/PMAG/ link) and one for rock magnetism. The MagIC database will store all measurements and their derived properties for studies of paleomagnetic directions (inclination, declination) and their intensities, and for rock magnetic experiments (hysteresis, remanence, susceptibility, anisotropy). Ultimately, this database will allow researchers to study "on the internet" and to download important data sets that display paleo-secular variations in the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field over geological time, or that display magnetic data in typical Zijderveld, hysteresis/FORC and various magnetization/remanence diagrams. The MagIC database is completely integrated in the EarthRef.org relational database structure and thus benefits significantly from already-existing common database components, such as the EarthRef Reference Database (ERR) and Address Book (ERAB). The ERR allows researchers to find complete sets of literature resources as used in GERM (Geochemical Earth Reference Model), REM (Reference Earth Model) and MagIC. The ERAB contains addresses for all contributors to the EarthRef.org databases, and also for those who participated in data collection, archiving and

Evaluation of in vitro anti-Leishmanial activity of some brown, green and red algae from the Persian Gulf.

PubMed

Fouladvand, M; Barazesh, A; Farokhzad, F; Malekizadeh, H; Sartavi, K

2011-06-01

Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic disease which is transmitted by the female Phlebotomus sand fly and is prevalent in four continents.The first-choice treatment for the leishmaniasis is pentavalent antimonials, which are potentially toxic and often ineffective and use of them exhibit therapeutic failure. These pharmaceutical problems point towards the need to develop novel chemotherapeutic agents. Seaweeds are considered as source of bioactive metabolites characterized by a broad spectrum of biological activities. In this experimental study, cold and hot water crude extracts of four species of green, brown and red marine algae "Caulerpa sertularioides, Gracilaria corticata, Gracillaria salicornia and Sargassum oligocystum" collected along the Bushehr coast of the Persian Gulf (southwest of Iran), prepared and their in vitro activities against Leishmania major promastigote were evaluated by using the MTT assay test. The cold and hot water crude extracts of four algae species exhibited different anti-Leishmanial activities. The minimum inhibitory concentration of hot water extracts calculated as IC50 was as follows: Caulerpa sertularioides (IC50 < or =85 microg/ml), Gracilaria corticata (IC50 < or =38 microg/ml), Gracillaria salicornia (IC50 < or =46 microg/ml) and Sargassum oligocystum (IC(50)9 < or =78 microg/ml, while these values for cold water extracts were (IC50 >125 microg/ml) for Caulerpa Sertularioides (IC50 >65 microg/ml) for Gracilaria corticata (IC50 >74 microg/ml) for Gracilaria salicornia and (IC50 >105 microg/ml) for Sargassum oligocystum, IC50 values for reference drug (Amphotericin B) was (0.16-0.2 microg/ml). According to the results, inhibitory effects of the crude extracts from these four species algae specially hot water crude extracts from "Gracilaria corticata, Gracillaria salicornia and Sargassum oligocystum" are significant and in accordance with other studies that has been done on different algae species. So these results are

New generation QuIC assays for prion seeding activity.

PubMed

Orrù, Christina D; Wilham, Jason M; Vascellari, Sarah; Hughson, Andrew G; Caughey, Byron

2012-01-01

The ability of abnormal TSE-associated forms of PrP to seed the formation of amyloid fibrils from recombinant PrP(Sen) has served as the basis for several relatively rapid and highly sensitive tests for prion diseases. These tests include rPrP-PMCA (rPMCA), standard quaking-induced conversion (S-QuIC), amyloid seeding assay (ASA), real-time QuIC (RT-QuIC) and enhanced QuIC (eQuIC). Here, we summarize recent improvements in the RT-QuIC-based assays that enhance the practicality, sensitivity and quantitative attributes of assays QuIC and promote the detection of prion seeding activity in dilute, inhibitor-laden fluids such as blood plasma.

The Associate Program on Ethnobiology, Socio-Economic Value Assessment and Community Based Conservation

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-10-01

resistant isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis and a Tritrichomonas foetus isolate. Of these, five had MIC values of < 0.1 mg/ml including an extract...significance was the low IC50 values obtained for the T. foetus extracts (SU-1461, 1464). Further studies will examine secondary extracts of the...nitroimidazole resistance in Tritrichomonas foetus . Anitmicrob. Agents Chemother. 13:1-13. 22 13. Urbina, J.A., Lazardi, K., Marchan, E., Visbal, G., Aguirre

Calculation of weighted averages approach for the estimation of ping tolerance values

USGS Publications Warehouse

Silalom, S.; Carter, J.L.; Chantaramongkol, P.

2010-01-01

A biotic index was created and proposed as a tool to assess water quality in the Upper Mae Ping sub-watersheds. The Ping biotic index was calculated by utilizing Ping tolerance values. This paper presents the calculation of Ping tolerance values of the collected macroinvertebrates. Ping tolerance values were estimated by a weighted averages approach based on the abundance of macroinvertebrates and six chemical constituents that include conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and orthophosphate. Ping tolerance values range from 0 to 10. Macroinvertebrates assigned a 0 are very sensitive to organic pollution while macroinvertebrates assigned 10 are highly tolerant to pollution.

Dynamical Competition of IC-Industry Clustering from Taiwan to China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, Bi-Huei; Tsai, Kuo-Hui

2009-08-01

Most studies employ qualitative approach to explore the industrial clusters; however, few research has objectively quantified the evolutions of industry clustering. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively analyze clustering among IC design, IC manufacturing as well as IC packaging and testing industries by using the foreign direct investment (FDI) data. The Lotka-Volterra system equations are first adopted here to capture the competition or cooperation among such three industries, thus explaining their clustering inclinations. The results indicate that the evolution of FDI into China for IC design industry significantly inspire the subsequent FDI of IC manufacturing as well as IC packaging and testing industries. Since IC design industry lie in the upstream stage of IC production, the middle-stream IC manufacturing and downstream IC packing and testing enterprises tend to cluster together with IC design firms, in order to sustain a steady business. Finally, Taiwan IC industry's FDI amount into China is predicted to cumulatively increase, which supports the industrial clustering tendency for Taiwan IC industry. Particularly, the FDI prediction of Lotka-Volterra model performs superior to that of the conventional Bass model after the forecast accuracy of these two models are compared. The prediction ability is dramatically improved as the industrial mutualism among each IC production stage is taken into account.

Long-term prediction test procedure for most ICs, based on linear response theory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Litovchenko, V.; Ivakhnenko, I.

1991-01-01

Experimentally, thermal annealing is known to be a factor which enables a number of different integrated circuits (IC's) to recover their operating characteristics after suffering radiation damage in the space radiation environment; thus, decreasing and limiting long term cumulative total-dose effects. This annealing is also known to be accelerated at elevated temperatures both during and after irradiation. Linear response theory (LRT) was applied, and a linear response function (LRF) to predict the radiation/annealing response of sensitive parameters of IC's for long term (several months or years) exposure to the space radiation environment were constructed. Compressing the annealing process from several years in orbit to just a few hours or days in the laboratory is achieved by subjecting the IC to elevated temperatures or by increasing the typical spaceflight dose rate by several orders of magnitude for simultaneous radiation/annealing only. The accomplishments are as follows: (1) the test procedure to make predictions of the radiation response was developed; (2) the calculation of the shift in the threshold potential due to the charge distribution in the oxide was written; (3) electron tunneling processes from the bulk Si to the oxide region in an MOS IC were estimated; (4) in order to connect the experimental annealing data to the theoretical model, constants of the model of the basic annealing process were established; (5) experimental data obtained at elevated temperatures were analyzed; (6) time compression and reliability of predictions for the long term region were shown; (7) a method to compress test time and to make predictions of response for the nonlinear region was proposed; and (8) nonlinearity of the LRF with respect to log(t) was calculated theoretically from a model.

Tuberculosis vaccine candidate: Characterization of H4-IC31 formulation and H4 antigen conformation.

PubMed

Deshmukh, Sasmit S; Magcalas, Federico Webster; Kalbfleisch, Kristen N; Carpick, Bruce W; Kirkitadze, Marina D

2018-08-05

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, making the development of effective TB vaccines a global priority. A TB vaccine consisting of a recombinant fusion protein, H4, combined with a novel synthetic cationic adjuvant, IC31 ® , is currently being developed. The H4 fusion protein consists of two immunogenic mycobacterial antigens, Ag85 B and TB10.4, and the IC31 ® adjuvant is a mixture of KLK, a leucine-rich peptide (KLKL5KLK), and the oligodeoxynucleotide ODN1a, a TLR9 ligand. However, efficient and robust methods for assessing these formulated components are lacking. Here, we developed and optimized phase analysis light scattering (PALS), electrical sensing zone (ESZ), and Raman, FTIR, and CD spectroscopy methods to characterize the H4-IC31 vaccine formulation. PALS-measured conductivity and zeta potential values could differentiate between the similarly sized particles of IC31 ® adjuvant and the H4-IC31 vaccine candidate and could thereby serve as a control during vaccine formulation. In addition, zeta potential is indicative of the adjuvant to antigen ratio which is the key in the immunomodulatory response of the vaccine. ESZ was used as an orthogonal method to measure IC31 ® and H4-IC31 particle sizes. Raman, FTIR, and CD spectroscopy revealed structural changes in H4 protein and IC31 ® adjuvant, inducing an increase in both the β-sheet and random coil content as a result of adsorption. Furthermore, nanoDSF showed changes in the tertiary structure of H4 protein as a result of adjuvantation to IC31 ® . Our findings demonstrate the applicability of biophysical methods to characterize vaccine components in the final H4-IC31 drug product without the requirement for desorption. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical Procedures for the Calculation of the Stresses in Monocoques. 3 - Calculation of the Bending Moments in Fuselage Frames

DTIC Science & Technology

1946-04-01

volved in the preceding calculations. It is well to check the reeulta. A repetition of all the computatlone would be very time consuming ...CONVENTION. ic ic FIG. 7 POSITIVE FORCES AND MOMENTS AT POINT B. ;?; •* * *> • ,, - --;-•••’ •-**-- • •’:•••••,. ~ wKWJgkii& Kfc . sft

19 CFR 351.408 - Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries. 351.408 Section 351.408 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ANTIDUMPING AND COUNTERVAILING DUTIES Calculation of Export Price, Constructed Export Price, Fair Value, and Normal Value §...

High performance MPEG-audio decoder IC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thorn, M.; Benbassat, G.; Cyr, K.; Li, S.; Gill, M.; Kam, D.; Walker, K.; Look, P.; Eldridge, C.; Ng, P.

1993-01-01

The emerging digital audio and video compression technology brings both an opportunity and a new challenge to IC design. The pervasive application of compression technology to consumer electronics will require high volume, low cost IC's and fast time to market of the prototypes and production units. At the same time, the algorithms used in the compression technology result in complex VLSI IC's. The conflicting challenges of algorithm complexity, low cost, and fast time to market have an impact on device architecture and design methodology. The work presented in this paper is about the design of a dedicated, high precision, Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) audio decoder.

Information Commons for Rice (IC4R)

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Rice is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population and also a key model organism for plant research. Here, we present Information Commons for Rice (IC4R; http://ic4r.org), a rice knowledgebase featuring adoption of an extensible and sustainable architecture that integrates multiple omics data through community-contributed modules. Each module is developed and maintained by different committed groups, deals with data collection, processing and visualization, and delivers data on-demand via web services. In the current version, IC4R incorporates a variety of rice data through multiple committed modules, including genome-wide expression profiles derived entirely from RNA-Seq data, resequencing-based genomic variations obtained from re-sequencing data of thousands of rice varieties, plant homologous genes covering multiple diverse plant species, post-translational modifications, rice-related literatures and gene annotations contributed by the rice research community. Unlike extant related databases, IC4R is designed for scalability and sustainability and thus also features collaborative integration of rice data and low costs for database update and maintenance. Future directions of IC4R include incorporation of other omics data and association of multiple omics data with agronomically important traits, dedicating to build IC4R into a valuable knowledgebase for both basic and translational researches in rice. PMID:26519466

On Patarin's Attack against the lIC Scheme

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogura, Naoki; Uchiyama, Shigenori

In 2007, Ding et al. proposed an attractive scheme, which is called the l-Invertible Cycles (lIC) scheme. lIC is one of the most efficient multivariate public-key cryptosystems (MPKC); these schemes would be suitable for using under limited computational resources. In 2008, an efficient attack against lIC using Gröbner basis algorithms was proposed by Fouque et al. However, they only estimated the complexity of their attack based on their experimental results. On the other hand, Patarin had proposed an efficient attack against some multivariate public-key cryptosystems. We call this attack Patarin's attack. The complexity of Patarin's attack can be estimated by finding relations corresponding to each scheme. In this paper, we propose an another practical attack against the lIC encryption/signature scheme. We estimate the complexity of our attack (not experimentally) by adapting Patarin's attack. The attack can be also applied to the lIC- scheme. Moreover, we show some experimental results of a practical attack against the lIC/lIC- schemes. This is the first implementation of both our proposed attack and an attack based on Gröbner basis algorithm for the even case, that is, a parameter l is even.

Characterization of protein folding by a Φ-value calculation with a statistical-mechanical model.

PubMed

Wako, Hiroshi; Abe, Haruo

2016-01-01

The Φ-value analysis approach provides information about transition-state structures along the folding pathway of a protein by measuring the effects of an amino acid mutation on folding kinetics. Here we compared the theoretically calculated Φ values of 27 proteins with their experimentally observed Φ values; the theoretical values were calculated using a simple statistical-mechanical model of protein folding. The theoretically calculated Φ values reflected the corresponding experimentally observed Φ values with reasonable accuracy for many of the proteins, but not for all. The correlation between the theoretically calculated and experimentally observed Φ values strongly depends on whether the protein-folding mechanism assumed in the model holds true in real proteins. In other words, the correlation coefficient can be expected to illuminate the folding mechanisms of proteins, providing the answer to the question of which model more accurately describes protein folding: the framework model or the nucleation-condensation model. In addition, we tried to characterize protein folding with respect to various properties of each protein apart from the size and fold class, such as the free-energy profile, contact-order profile, and sensitivity to the parameters used in the Φ-value calculation. The results showed that any one of these properties alone was not enough to explain protein folding, although each one played a significant role in it. We have confirmed the importance of characterizing protein folding from various perspectives. Our findings have also highlighted that protein folding is highly variable and unique across different proteins, and this should be considered while pursuing a unified theory of protein folding.

Characterization of protein folding by a Φ-value calculation with a statistical-mechanical model

PubMed Central

Wako, Hiroshi; Abe, Haruo

2016-01-01

The Φ-value analysis approach provides information about transition-state structures along the folding pathway of a protein by measuring the effects of an amino acid mutation on folding kinetics. Here we compared the theoretically calculated Φ values of 27 proteins with their experimentally observed Φ values; the theoretical values were calculated using a simple statistical-mechanical model of protein folding. The theoretically calculated Φ values reflected the corresponding experimentally observed Φ values with reasonable accuracy for many of the proteins, but not for all. The correlation between the theoretically calculated and experimentally observed Φ values strongly depends on whether the protein-folding mechanism assumed in the model holds true in real proteins. In other words, the correlation coefficient can be expected to illuminate the folding mechanisms of proteins, providing the answer to the question of which model more accurately describes protein folding: the framework model or the nucleation-condensation model. In addition, we tried to characterize protein folding with respect to various properties of each protein apart from the size and fold class, such as the free-energy profile, contact-order profile, and sensitivity to the parameters used in the Φ-value calculation. The results showed that any one of these properties alone was not enough to explain protein folding, although each one played a significant role in it. We have confirmed the importance of characterizing protein folding from various perspectives. Our findings have also highlighted that protein folding is highly variable and unique across different proteins, and this should be considered while pursuing a unified theory of protein folding. PMID:28409079

Young Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in IC 348

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luhman, K. L.

1999-11-01

I present new results from a continuing program to identify and characterize the low-mass stellar and substellar populations in the young cluster IC 348 (0.5-10 Myr). Optical spectroscopy has revealed young objects with spectral types as late as M8.25. The intrinsic J-H and H-K colors of these sources are dwarflike, whereas the R-I and I-J colors appear intermediate between the colors of dwarfs and giants. Furthermore, the spectra from 6500 to 9500 Å are reproduced well with averages of standard dwarf and giant spectra, suggesting that such averages should be used in the classification of young late-type sources. An H-R diagram is constructed for the low-mass population in IC 348 (K6-M8). The presumably coeval components of the young quadruple system GG Tau (White et al.) and the locus of stars in IC 348 are used as empirical isochrones to test the theoretical evolutionary models. The calculations of Burrows et al. do not appear to be consistent with the data at these earliest stages of stellar evolution. There is fair agreement between the data and the model isochrones of D'Antona & Mazzitelli, except near the hydrogen-burning limit. The agreement cannot be improved by changing the conversion between spectral types and effective temperatures. On the other hand, for the models of Baraffe et al., an adjustment of the temperature scale to progressively warmer temperatures at later M types, intermediate between dwarfs and giants, brings all components of GG Tau onto the same model isochrone and gives the population of IC 348 a constant age and age spread as a function of mass. When other observational constraints are considered, such as the dynamical masses of GM Aur, DM Tau, and GG Tau A, the models of Baraffe et al. are the most consistent with observations of young systems. With compatible temperature scales, the models of both D'Antona & Mazzitelli and Baraffe et al. suggest that the hydrogen-burning mass limit occurs near M6 at ages of <~10 Myr. Thus, several

Comparative Study of Erythrina indica Lam. (Febaceae) Leaves Extracts for Antioxidant Activity

PubMed Central

Sakat, SS; Juvekar, AR

2010-01-01

The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Erythrina indica Lam leaves by in vitro methods viz. 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method on isolated rat liver tissues. Quantitative analysis of antioxidative components like total amount of phenolics, flavonoids, and flavonols were estimated using the spectrophotometric method. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the IC50 value. Results showed that the aqueous and methanol extracts exhibited significant DPPH radicals scavenging activity with an IC50 value 342.59 ± 19.59, 283.24 ± 12.28 µg/mL respectively. Nitric oxide radicals were significantly scavenged by the aqueous and methanol extracts (IC50 = 250.12 ± 10.66; 328.29 ± 3.74 µg/mL). Lipid peroxidation induced by the Fe2+ was inhibited by the aqueous extract with low IC50 value (97.29 ± 2.05 µg/mL) as compared to methanol extract (IC50 = 283.74 ± 5.70 µg/mL). Both the extracts were exhibited similar quantities of total phenolics. Total flavonoids were found to be in higher quantities than total flavonols in aqueous extract as compared to methanol extract. From the results, it is concluded that the aqueous and methanol extracts of E. indica leaves possesses significant antioxidant activity that may be due to the presence of flavonoids and related polyphenolic compounds. PMID:21331194

Improvements to the Magnetics Information Consortium (MagIC) Paleo and Rock Magnetic Database

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jarboe, N.; Minnett, R.; Tauxe, L.; Koppers, A. A. P.; Constable, C.; Jonestrask, L.

2015-12-01

The Magnetic Information Consortium (MagIC) database (http://earthref.org/MagIC/) continues to improve the ease of data uploading and editing, the creation of complex searches, data visualization, and data downloads for the paleomagnetic, geomagnetic, and rock magnetic communities. Online data editing is now available and the need for proprietary spreadsheet software is therefore entirely negated. The data owner can change values in the database or delete entries through an HTML 5 web interface that resembles typical spreadsheets in behavior and uses. Additive uploading now allows for additions to data sets to be uploaded with a simple drag and drop interface. Searching the database has improved with the addition of more sophisticated search parameters and with the facility to use them in complex combinations. A comprehensive summary view of a search result has been added for increased quick data comprehension while a raw data view is available if one desires to see all data columns as stored in the database. Data visualization plots (ARAI, equal area, demagnetization, Zijderveld, etc.) are presented with the data when appropriate to aid the user in understanding the dataset. MagIC data associated with individual contributions or from online searches may be downloaded in the tab delimited MagIC text file format for susbsequent offline use and analysis. With input from the paleomagnetic, geomagnetic, and rock magnetic communities, the MagIC database will continue to improve as a data warehouse and resource.

Inhibitory Effects of Commonly Used Herbal Extracts on UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A4, 1A6, and 1A9 Enzyme Activities

PubMed Central

Mohamed, Mohamed-Eslam F.

2011-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of commonly used botanicals on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 activities in human liver microsomes. The extracts screened were black cohosh, cranberry, echinacea, garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, milk thistle, saw palmetto, and valerian in addition to the green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Formation of trifluoperazine glucuronide, serotonin glucuronide, and mycophenolic acid phenolic glucuronide was used as an index reaction for UGT1A4, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 activities, respectively, in human liver microsomes. Inhibition potency was expressed as the concentration of the inhibitor at 50% activity (IC50) and the volume in which the dose could be diluted to generate an IC50-equivalent concentration [volume/dose index (VDI)]. Potential inhibitors were EGCG for UGT1A4, milk thistle for both UGT1A6 and UGT1A9, saw palmetto for UGT1A6, and cranberry for UGT1A9. EGCG inhibited UGT1A4 with an IC50 value of (mean ± S.E.) 33.8 ± 3.1 μg/ml. Milk thistle inhibited both UGT1A6 and UGT1A9 with IC50 values of 59.5 ± 3.6 and 33.6 ± 3.1 μg/ml, respectively. Saw palmetto and cranberry weakly inhibited UGT1A6 and UGT1A9, respectively, with IC50 values >100 μg/ml. For each inhibition, VDI was calculated to determine the potential of achieving IC50-equivalent concentrations in vivo. VDI values for inhibitors indicate a potential for inhibition of first-pass glucuronidation of UGT1A4, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 substrates. These results highlight the possibility of herb-drug interactions through modulation of UGT enzyme activities. Further clinical studies are warranted to investigate the in vivo extent of the observed interactions. PMID:21632963

40 CFR 600.207-86 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model...

40 CFR 600.207-93 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... economy data from tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to calculate the fuel... city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using...

TDR method for determine IC's parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Timoshenkov, V.; Rodionov, D.; Khlybov, A.

2016-12-01

Frequency domain simulation is a widely used approach for determine integrated circuits parameters. This approach can be found in most of software tools used in IC industry. Time domain simulation approach shows intensive usage last years due to some advantages. In particular it applicable for analysis of nonlinear and nonstationary systems where frequency domain is inapplicable. Resolution of time domain systems allow see heterogeneities on distance 1mm, determine it parameters and properties. Authors used approach based on detecting reflected signals from heterogeneities - time domain reflectometry (TDR). Field effect transistor technology scaling up to 30-60nm gate length and 10nm gate dielectric, heterojunction bi-polar transistors with 10-30nm base width allows fabricate digital IC's with 20GHz clock frequency and RF-IC's with tens GHz bandwidth. Such devices and operation speed suppose transit signal by use microwave lines. There are local heterogeneities can be found inside of the signal path due to connections between different parts of signal lines (stripe line-RF-connector pin, stripe line - IC package pin). These heterogeneities distort signals that cause bandwidth decrease for RF-devices. Time domain research methods of transmission and reflected signals give the opportunities to determine heterogeneities, it properties, parameters and built up equivalent circuits. Experimental results are provided and show possibility for inductance and capacitance measurement up to 25GHz. Measurements contains result of signal path research on IC and printed circuit board (PCB) used for 12GHz RF chips. Also dielectric constant versus frequency was measured up to 35GHz.

Programmable calculator programs to solve softwood volume and value equations.

Treesearch

Janet K. Ayer Sachet

1982-01-01

This paper presents product value and product volume equations as programs for handheld calculators. These tree equations are for inland Douglas-fir, young-growth Douglas-fir, western white pine, ponderosa pine, and western larch. Operating instructions and an example are included.

Observation of supernova remnant IC 443 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope

DOE PAGES

Abdo, A. A.

2010-03-03

Here, we report observation of the supernova remnant (SNR) IC 443 (G189.1+3.0) with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Large Area Telescope (LAT) in the energy band between 200 MeV and 50 GeV. IC 443 is a shell-type SNR with mixed morphology located off the outer Galactic plane where high-energy emission has been detected in the X-ray, GeV and TeV gamma-ray bands. Past observations suggest IC 443 has been interacting with surrounding interstellar matter. Proximity between dense shocked molecular clouds and GeV-TeV gamma-ray emission regions detected by EGRET, MAGIC, and VERITAS suggests an interpretation that cosmic-ray (CR) particles are accelerated by the SNR. We accurately characterize the gamma-ray emission produced by the CRs accelerated at IC 443 using the high gamma-ray statistics and broad energy coverage provided by the LAT. The emission region is extended in the energy band with θ 68 = 0more » $$°\\atop{.}$$27 ± 0fdg01(stat) ± 0$$°\\atop{.}$$03(sys) for an assumed two-dimensional Gaussian profile and overlaps almost completely with the extended source region of VERITAS. Its centroid is displaced significantly from the known pulsar wind nebula (PWN) which suggests the PWN is not the major contributor in the present energy band. The observed spectrum changes its power-law slope continuously and continues smoothly to the MAGIC and VERITAS data points. Furthermore, the combined gamma-ray spectrum (200 MeV« less

Evaluation of in vitro aldose reductase inhibitory potential of alkaloidal fractions of Piper nigrum, Murraya koenigii, Argemone mexicana, and Nelumbo nucifera.

PubMed

Gupta, Sakshi; Singh, Nirmal; Jaggi, Amteshwar Singh

2014-05-01

Aldose reductase is primarily involved in development of long-term diabetic complications due to increased polyol pathway activity. The synthetic aldose reductase inhibitors are not very successful clinically. Therefore, the natural sources may be exploited for safer and effective aldose reductase inhibitors. In the present study, the aldose reductase inhibitory potential of hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of Piper nigrum, Murraya koenigii, Argemone mexicana, and Nelumbo nucifera was evaluated. The hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of the selected plants were prepared. The different concentrations of hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of these plants were evaluated for their goat lens aldose reductase inhibitory activity using dl-glyceraldehyde as substrate. The aldose reductase inhibitory potential of extracts was assessed in terms of their IC50 value. Amongst the hydroalcoholic extracts, the highest aldose reductase inhibitory activity was shown by P. nigrum (IC50 value 35.64±2.7 μg/mL) followed by M. koenigii (IC50 value 45.67±2.57 μg/mL), A. mexicana (IC50 value 56.66±1.30 μg/mL), and N. nucifera (IC50 value 59.78±1.32 μg/mL). Among the alkaloidal extracts, highest inhibitory activity was shown by A. mexicana (IC50 value 25.67±1.25 μg/mL), followed by N. nucifera (IC50 value 28.82±1.85 μg/mL), P. nigrum (IC50 value 30.21±1.63 μg/mL), and M. koenigii (IC50 value 35.66±1.64 μg/mL). It may be concluded that the alkaloidal extracts of these plants possess potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity and may be therapeutically exploited in diabetes-related complications associated with increased activity of aldose reductase.

Using Calculators for Assessing Pupils' Conceptualization on Place-Value

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Papadopoulos, Ioannis

2013-01-01

In this paper a two-stage research study is described focused on problem solving relevant to place-value and on the use of the operations within the calculator environment. The findings show that in this specific environment and via appropriate tasks teachers are provided with a context to better understand what year 5 or 6 pupils know or do not…

Reliability and validity of a new scale on internal coherence (ICS) of cancer patients

PubMed Central

Kröz, Matthias; Büssing, Arndt; von Laue, Hans Broder; Reif, Marcus; Feder, Gene; Schad, Friedemann; Girke, Matthias; Matthes, Harald

2009-01-01

Background Current inventories on quality of life used in oncology mainly focus on functional aspects of patients in the context of disease adaption and treatments (side) effects (EORTC QLQ C30) or generically the status of common functions (Medical Outcome Study SF 36). Beyond circumscribed dimensions of quality of life (i.e., physical, emotional, social, cognitive etc.), there is a lack of inventories which also address other relevant dimensions such as the 'sense of coherence' (SOC) in cancer patients. SOC is important because of its potential prognostic relevance in cancer patients, but the current SOC scale has mainly been validated for psychiatric and psychosomatic patients. Our two-step validation study addresses the internal coherence (ICS) scale, which is based on expert rating, using specific items for oncological patients, with respect to its reliability, validity and sensitivity to chemotherapy. Methods The items were tested on 114 participants (57 cancer patients and a matched control group), alongside questions on autonomic regulation (aR), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), self-regulation (SRQ) and Karnofsky the Performance-Index (KPI). A retest of 65 participants was carried out after a median time span of four weeks. In the second part of the study, the ICS was used to assess internal coherence during chemotherapy in 25 patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and 17 breast cancer patients. ICS was recorded before, during and 4 – 8 weeks after treatment. Results The 10-item scale of 'internal coherence' (ICS) shows good to very good reliability: Cronbach-α r = 0.91, retest-reliability r = 0.80. The ICS correlates with r = 0.43 – 0.72 to the convergence criteria (all p < 0.001). We are able to show decreased ICS-values after the third cycle for CRC and breast cancer patients, with a subsequent increase of ICS scores after the end of chemotherapy. Conclusion The ICS has good to very good reliability, validity and sensitivity to

Enzyme Hydrolysates from Stichopus horrens as a New Source for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides

PubMed Central

Forghani, Bita; Ebrahimpour, Afshin; Bakar, Jamilah; Abdul Hamid, Azizah; Hassan, Zaiton; Saari, Nazamid

2012-01-01

Stichopus horrens flesh was explored as a potential source for generating peptides with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory capacity using 6 proteases, namely alcalase, flavourzyme, trypsin, papain, bromelain, and protamex. Degree of hydrolysis (DH) and peptide profiling (SDS-PAGE) of Stichopus horrens hydrolysates (SHHs) was also assessed. Alcalase hydrolysate showed the highest DH value (39.8%) followed by flavourzyme hydrolysate (32.7%). Overall, alcalase hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC50 value of 0.41 mg/mL) followed by flavourzyme hydrolysate (IC50 value of 2.24 mg/mL), trypsin hydrolysate (IC50 value of 2.28 mg/mL), papain hydrolysate (IC50 value of 2.48 mg/mL), bromelain hydrolysate (IC50 value of 4.21 mg/mL), and protamex hydrolysate (IC50 value of 6.38 mg/mL). The SDS-PAGE results showed that alcalase hydrolysate represented a unique pattern compared to others, which yielded potent ACE inhibitory peptides with molecular weight distribution lower than 20 kDa. The evaluation of the relationship between DH and IC50 values of alcalase and flavourzyme hydrolysates revealed that the trend between those parameters was related to the type of the protease used. We concluded that the tested SHHs would be used as a potential source of functional ACE inhibitory peptides for physiological benefits. PMID:22927875

Enzyme Hydrolysates from Stichopus horrens as a New Source for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides.

PubMed

Forghani, Bita; Ebrahimpour, Afshin; Bakar, Jamilah; Abdul Hamid, Azizah; Hassan, Zaiton; Saari, Nazamid

2012-01-01

Stichopus horrens flesh was explored as a potential source for generating peptides with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory capacity using 6 proteases, namely alcalase, flavourzyme, trypsin, papain, bromelain, and protamex. Degree of hydrolysis (DH) and peptide profiling (SDS-PAGE) of Stichopus horrens hydrolysates (SHHs) was also assessed. Alcalase hydrolysate showed the highest DH value (39.8%) followed by flavourzyme hydrolysate (32.7%). Overall, alcalase hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC(50) value of 0.41 mg/mL) followed by flavourzyme hydrolysate (IC(50) value of 2.24 mg/mL), trypsin hydrolysate (IC(50) value of 2.28 mg/mL), papain hydrolysate (IC(50) value of 2.48 mg/mL), bromelain hydrolysate (IC(50) value of 4.21 mg/mL), and protamex hydrolysate (IC(50) value of 6.38 mg/mL). The SDS-PAGE results showed that alcalase hydrolysate represented a unique pattern compared to others, which yielded potent ACE inhibitory peptides with molecular weight distribution lower than 20 kDa. The evaluation of the relationship between DH and IC(50) values of alcalase and flavourzyme hydrolysates revealed that the trend between those parameters was related to the type of the protease used. We concluded that the tested SHHs would be used as a potential source of functional ACE inhibitory peptides for physiological benefits.

The open cluster IC 4665

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prosser, Charles F.

1993-01-01

The results of a combined astrometric, photometric, and spectroscopic program to identify members of the open cluster IC 4665 are presented. Numerous new proper motion/photometric candidate members and at least 23 M dwarfs with H-alpha emission have been identified. A reanalysis of IC 4665 age using different methods yields conflicting results ranging from about 3 X 10 exp 7 yr to the age of the Pleiades. This study provides a list of candidate cluster members in the intermediate and low-mass regime of this cluster. Future spectroscopic observations of these candidates should eventually identify true cluster members.

Influence of dose calculation algorithms on the predicted dose distribution and NTCP values for NSCLC patients.

PubMed

Nielsen, Tine B; Wieslander, Elinore; Fogliata, Antonella; Nielsen, Morten; Hansen, Olfred; Brink, Carsten

2011-05-01

To investigate differences in calculated doses and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) values between different dose algorithms. Six dose algorithms from four different treatment planning systems were investigated: Eclipse AAA, Oncentra MasterPlan Collapsed Cone and Pencil Beam, Pinnacle Collapsed Cone and XiO Multigrid Superposition, and Fast Fourier Transform Convolution. Twenty NSCLC patients treated in the period 2001-2006 at the same accelerator were included and the accelerator used for treatments were modeled in the different systems. The treatment plans were recalculated with the same number of monitor units and beam arrangements across the dose algorithms. Dose volume histograms of the GTV, PTV, combined lungs (excluding the GTV), and heart were exported and evaluated. NTCP values for heart and lungs were calculated using the relative seriality model and the LKB model, respectively. Furthermore, NTCP for the lungs were calculated from two different model parameter sets. Calculations and evaluations were performed both including and excluding density corrections. There are found statistical significant differences between the calculated dose to heart, lung, and targets across the algorithms. Mean lung dose and V20 are not very sensitive to change between the investigated dose calculation algorithms. However, the different dose levels for the PTV averaged over the patient population are varying up to 11%. The predicted NTCP values for pneumonitis vary between 0.20 and 0.24 or 0.35 and 0.48 across the investigated dose algorithms depending on the chosen model parameter set. The influence of the use of density correction in the dose calculation on the predicted NTCP values depends on the specific dose calculation algorithm and the model parameter set. For fixed values of these, the changes in NTCP can be up to 45%. Calculated NTCP values for pneumonitis are more sensitive to the choice of algorithm than mean lung dose and V20 which are also commonly

Calculations of Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths. XI. Data for Liquid Water for Energies from 50 eV to 30 keV

PubMed Central

Shinotsuka, H.; Da, B.; Tanuma, S.; Yoshikawa, H.; Powell, C. J.; Penn, D. R.

2017-01-01

We calculated electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) for liquid water from its optical energy-loss function (ELF) for electron energies from 50 eV to 30 keV. These calculations were made with the relativistic full Penn algorithm (FPA) that has been used for previous IMFP and electron stopping-power calculations for many elemental solids. We also calculated IMFPs of water with three additional algorithms: the relativistic single-pole approximation (SPA), the relativistic simplified SPA, and the relativistic extended Mermin method. These calculations were made using the same optical ELF in order to assess any differences of the IMFPs arising from choice of the algorithm. We found good agreement among the IMFPs from the four algorithms for energies over 300 eV. For energies less than 100 eV, however, large differences became apparent. IMFPs from the relativistic TPP-2M equation for predicting IMFPs were in good agreement with IMFPs from the four algorithms for energies between 300 eV and 30 keV but there was poorer agreement for lower energies. We calculated values of the static structure factor as a function of momentum transfer from the FPA. The resulting values were in good agreement with results from first-principles calculations and with inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy experiments. We made comparisons of our IMFPs with earlier calculations from authors who had used different algorithms and different ELF data sets. IMFP differences could then be analyzed in terms of the algorithms and the data sets. Finally, we compared our IMFPs with measurements of IMFPs and of a related quantity, the effective attenuation length (EAL). There were large variations in the measured IMFPs and EALs (as well as their dependence on electron energy). Further measurements are therefore required to establish consistent data sets and for more detailed comparisons with calculated IMFPs. PMID:28751796

Calculations of Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths. XI. Data for Liquid Water for Energies from 50 eV to 30 keV.

PubMed

Shinotsuka, H; Da, B; Tanuma, S; Yoshikawa, H; Powell, C J; Penn, D R

2017-04-01

We calculated electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) for liquid water from its optical energy-loss function (ELF) for electron energies from 50 eV to 30 keV. These calculations were made with the relativistic full Penn algorithm (FPA) that has been used for previous IMFP and electron stopping-power calculations for many elemental solids. We also calculated IMFPs of water with three additional algorithms: the relativistic single-pole approximation (SPA), the relativistic simplified SPA, and the relativistic extended Mermin method. These calculations were made using the same optical ELF in order to assess any differences of the IMFPs arising from choice of the algorithm. We found good agreement among the IMFPs from the four algorithms for energies over 300 eV. For energies less than 100 eV, however, large differences became apparent. IMFPs from the relativistic TPP-2M equation for predicting IMFPs were in good agreement with IMFPs from the four algorithms for energies between 300 eV and 30 keV but there was poorer agreement for lower energies. We calculated values of the static structure factor as a function of momentum transfer from the FPA. The resulting values were in good agreement with results from first-principles calculations and with inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy experiments. We made comparisons of our IMFPs with earlier calculations from authors who had used different algorithms and different ELF data sets. IMFP differences could then be analyzed in terms of the algorithms and the data sets. Finally, we compared our IMFPs with measurements of IMFPs and of a related quantity, the effective attenuation length (EAL). There were large variations in the measured IMFPs and EALs (as well as their dependence on electron energy). Further measurements are therefore required to establish consistent data sets and for more detailed comparisons with calculated IMFPs.

Semiconductor/High-Tc-Superconductor Hybrid ICs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burns, Michael J.

1995-01-01

Hybrid integrated circuits (ICs) containing both Si-based semiconducting and YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x) superconducting circuit elements on sapphire substrates developed. Help to prevent diffusion of Cu from superconductors into semiconductors. These hybrid ICs combine superconducting and semiconducting features unavailable in superconducting or semiconducting circuitry alone. For example, complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) readout and memory devices integrated with fast-switching Josephson-junction super-conducting logic devices and zero-resistance interconnections.

Identification of New Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors by Pharmacophore and Structure-Based Virtual Screening

PubMed Central

Pavadai, Elumalai; El Mazouni, Farah; Wittlin, Sergio; de Kock, Carmen; Phillips, Margaret A.; Chibale, Kelly

2016-01-01

Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH), a key enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, which the Plasmodium falciparum relies on exclusively for survival, has emerged as a promising target for antimalarial drugs. In an effort to discover new and potent PfDHODH inhibitors, 3D-QSAR pharmacophore models were developed based on the structures of known PfDHODH inhibitors and the validated Hypo1 model was used as a 3D search query for virtual screening of the National Cancer Institute database. The virtual hit compounds were further filtered based on molecular docking and Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area binding energy calculations. The combination of the pharmacophore and structure-based virtual screening resulted in the identification of nine new compounds that showed >25% inhibition of PfDHODH at a concentration of 10 μM, three of which exhibited IC50 values in the range of 0.38–20 μM. The most active compound, NSC336047, displayed species-selectivity for PfDHODH over human DHODH and inhibited parasite growth with an IC50 of 26 μM. In addition to this, thirteen compounds inhibited parasite growth with IC50 values of ≤ 50 μM, four of which showed IC50 values in the range of 5–12 μM. These compounds could be further explored in the identification and development of more potent PfDHODH and parasite growth inhibitors. PMID:26915022

A Way to End the IC Designer Shortage.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robinson, Arthur L.

1980-01-01

Discusses the problem of the shortage of engineers capable of designing advanced integrated circuits (IC) and presents some suggestions for increasing the number of IC designers in universities and semiconductor companies. (HM)

Calculating p-values and their significances with the Energy Test for large datasets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barter, W.; Burr, C.; Parkes, C.

2018-04-01

The energy test method is a multi-dimensional test of whether two samples are consistent with arising from the same underlying population, through the calculation of a single test statistic (called the T-value). The method has recently been used in particle physics to search for samples that differ due to CP violation. The generalised extreme value function has previously been used to describe the distribution of T-values under the null hypothesis that the two samples are drawn from the same underlying population. We show that, in a simple test case, the distribution is not sufficiently well described by the generalised extreme value function. We present a new method, where the distribution of T-values under the null hypothesis when comparing two large samples can be found by scaling the distribution found when comparing small samples drawn from the same population. This method can then be used to quickly calculate the p-values associated with the results of the test.

Synthesis of heteroaromatic tropeines and heterogeneous binding to glycine receptors.

PubMed

Maksay, Gábor; Vincze, Zoltán; Nemes, Péter

2009-10-01

Heteroaromatic carboxylic esters of (nor)tropine were synthesized. Tropine esters displaced [(3)H]strychnine binding to glycine receptors of rat spinal cord with low Hill slopes. Two-site displacement resulted in nanomolar IC(50,1) and micromolar IC(50,2) values, and IC(50,2)/IC(50,1) ratios up to 615 depending on the heteroaromatic rings and N-methyl substitution. Nortropeines displayed high affinity and low heterogeneity. IC(50,1) and IC(50,2) values of tropeines did not correlate suggesting different binding modes/sites. Glycine potentiated only the nanomolar displacement reflecting positive allosteric interactions and potentiation of ionophore function. Affinities of three (nor)tropeines were different for glycine receptors but identical for 5-HT(3) receptors.

Inhibitory effects of psychotropic drugs on the acetylcholine receptor-operated potassium current (IK.ACh) in guinea-pig atrial myocytes.

PubMed

Okada, Muneyoshi; Watanabe, Shinya; Matada, Takashi; Asao, Yoko; Hamatani, Ramu; Yamawaki, Hideyuki; Hara, Yukio

2013-01-01

Influences of psychotropic drugs, six antipsychotics and three antidepressants, on acetylcholine receptor-operated potassium current (IK.ACh) were examined by a whole-cell patch clamp method in freshly isolated guinea-pig atrial myocyte. IK.ACh was induced by a superfusion of carbachol (CCh) or by an intracellular application of guanosine 5'-[thio] triphosphate (GTPγS). To elucidate mechanism for anticholinergic action, IC50 ratio, the ratio of IC50 for GTPγS-activated IK.ACh to CCh-induced IK.ACh, was calculated. Antipsychotics and antidepressants inhibited CCh-induced IK.ACh in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 values were as follows; chlorpromazine 0.53 μM, clozapine 0.06 μM, fluphenazine 2.69 μM, haloperidol 2.66 μM, sulpiride 42.3 μM, thioridazine 0.07 μM, amitriptyline 0.03 μM, imipramine 0.22 μM and maprotiline 1.81 μM. The drugs, except for sulpiride, inhibited GTPγS-activated IK.ACh with following IC50 values; chlorpromazine 1.71 μM, clozapine 14.9 μM, fluphenazine 3.55 μM, haloperidol 2.73 μM, thioridazine 1.90 μM, amitriptyline 7.55 μM, imipramine 7.09 μM and maprotiline 5.93 μM. The IC50 ratio for fluphenazine and haloperidol was close to unity. The IC50 ratio for chlorpromazine, clozapine, thioridazine, amitriptyline, imipramine and maprotiline was much higher than unity. The present findings suggest that the psychotropics studied suppress IK.ACh. Chlorpromazine, clozapine, thioridazine, amitriptyline, imipramine, maprotiline and sulpiride are preferentially acting on muscarinic receptor. Fluphenazine and haloperidol may act on G protein and/or potassium channel.

Critical Values for Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio: Revisiting the Original Methods of Calculation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ayre, Colin; Scally, Andrew John

2014-01-01

The content validity ratio originally proposed by Lawshe is widely used to quantify content validity and yet methods used to calculate the original critical values were never reported. Methods for original calculation of critical values are suggested along with tables of exact binomial probabilities.

Thackeray's Globules in IC 2944

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Strangely glowing dark clouds float serenely in this remarkable and beautiful image taken with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. These dense, opaque dust clouds - known as 'globules' - are silhouetted against nearby bright stars in the busy star-forming region, IC 2944. These globules were first found in IC 2944 by astronomer A.D. Thackeray in 1950. Although globules like these have been known since Dutch-American astronomer Bart Bok first drew attention to such objects in 1947, little is still known about their origin and nature, except that they are generally associated with areas of star formation, called 'HII regions' due to the presence of hydrogen gas. The largest of the globules in this image is actually two separate clouds that gently overlap along our line of sight. Each cloud is nearly 1.4 light-years (50 arcseconds) along its longest dimension, and collectively, they contain enough material to equal over 15 solar masses. IC 2944, the surrounding HII region, is filled with gas and dust that is illuminated and heated by a loose cluster of O-type stars. These stars are much hotter and much more massive than our Sun. IC 2944 is relatively close by, located only 5900 light-years (1800 parsecs) away in the constellation Centaurus. Thanks to the remarkable resolution offered by the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers can for the first time study the intricate structure of these globules. The globules appear to be heavily fractured, as if major forces were tearing them apart. When radio astronomers observed the faint hiss of molecules within the globules, they realized that the globules are actually in constant, churning motion, moving supersonically among each other. This may be caused by the powerful ultraviolet radiation from the luminous, massive stars, which also heat up the gas in the HII region, causing it to expand and stream against the globules, leading to their destruction. Despite their serene appearance, the globules may actually be likened to clumps

Calculation of day and night emittance values

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kahle, Anne B.

1986-01-01

In July 1983, the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) was flown over Death Valley, California on both a midday and predawn flight within a two-day period. The availability of calibrated digital data permitted the calculation of day and night surface temperature and surface spectral emittance. Image processing of the data included panorama correction and calibration to radiance using the on-board black bodies and the measured spectral response of each channel. Scene-dependent isolated-point noise due to bit drops, was located by its relatively discontinuous values and replaced by the average of the surrounding data values. A method was developed in order to separate the spectral and temperature information contained in the TIMS data. Night and day data sets were processed. The TIMS is unique in allowing collection of both spectral emittance and thermal information in digital format with the same airborne scanner. For the first time it was possible to produce day and night emittance images of the same area, coregistered. These data add to an understanding of the physical basis for the discrimination of difference in surface materials afforded by TIMS.

Embedded I&C for Extreme Environments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kisner, Roger A.

2016-04-01

This project uses embedded instrumentation and control (I&C) technologies to demonstrate potential performance gains of nuclear power plant components in extreme environments. Extreme environments include high temperature, radiation, high pressure, high vibration, and high EMI conditions. For extreme environments, performance gains arise from moment-to-moment sensing of local variables and immediate application of local feedback control. Planning for embedding I&C during early system design phases contrasts with the traditional, serial design approach that incorporates minimal I&C after mechanical and electrical design is complete. The demonstration application involves the development and control of a novel, proof-of-concept motor/pump design. The motor and pumpmore » combination operate within the fluid environment, eliminating the need for rotating seals. Actively controlled magnetic bearings also replace failure-prone mechanical contact bearings that typically suspend rotating components. Such as design has the potential to significantly enhance the reliability and life of the pumping system and would not be possible without embedded I&C.« less

Molecular Hydrogen Fluorescence in IC 63

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Andersson, B-G

2005-01-01

This grant has supported the acquisition, reduction and analysis of data targeting the structure and excitation of molecular hydrogen in the reflection nebula IC 63 and in particular the fluorescent emission seen in the UV. In addition to manpower for analyzing the FUSE data, the grant supported the (attempted) acquisition of supporting ground-based data. We proposed for and received observing time for two sets of ground based, data; narrow band imaging ([S II], [O III) at KPNO (July 2002; Observer: Burgh) and imaging spectro-photometry of several of the near-infrared rotation-vibration lines of H2 at the IRTF (October 2003; Observer: Andersson). Unfortunately, both of these runs were failures, primarily because of bad weather, and did not result in any useful data. We combined the FUSE observations with rocket borne observations of the star responsible for exciting the H2 fluorescence in IC 63: gamma Cas, and with archival HUT observations of IC 63, covering the long-wavelength part of the molecular hydrogen fluorescence.

Calculating meal glycemic index by using measured and published food values compared with directly measured meal glycemic index.

PubMed

Dodd, Hayley; Williams, Sheila; Brown, Rachel; Venn, Bernard

2011-10-01

Glycemic index (GI) testing is normally based on individual foods, whereas GIs for meals or diets are based on a formula using a weighted sum of the constituents. The accuracy with which the formula can predict a meal or diet GI is questionable. Our objective was to compare the GI of meals, obtained by using the formula and by using both measured food GI and published values, with directly measured meal GIs. The GIs of 7 foods were tested in 30 healthy people. The foods were combined into 3 meals, each of which provided 50 g available carbohydrate, including a staple (potato, rice, or spaghetti), vegetables, sauce, and pan-fried chicken. The mean (95% CI) meal GIs determined from individual food GI values and by direct measurement were as follows: potato meal [predicted, 63 (56, 70); measured, 53 (46, 62)], rice meal [predicted, 51 (45, 56); measured, 38 (33, 45)], and spaghetti meal [predicted, 54 (49, 60); measured, 38 (33, 44)]. The predicted meal GIs were all higher than the measured GIs (P < 0.001). The extent of the overestimation depended on the particular food, ie, 12, 15, and 19 GI units (or 22%, 40%, and 50%) for the potato, rice, and spaghetti meals, respectively. The formula overestimated the GI of the meals by between 22% and 50%. The use of published food values also overestimated the measured meal GIs. Investigators using the formula to calculate a meal or diet GI should be aware of limitations in the method. This trial is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12611000210976.

Interaction of Silymarin Flavonolignans with Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides

PubMed Central

Köck, Kathleen; Xie, Ying; Oberlies, Nicholas H.; Brouwer, Kim L. R.

2013-01-01

Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are multispecific transporters mediating the uptake of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics in tissues that are important for drug absorption and elimination, including the intestine and liver. Silymarin is a popular herbal supplement often used by patients with chronic liver disease; higher oral doses than those customarily used (140 mg three times/day) are being evaluated clinically. The present study examined the effect of silymarin flavonolignans on OATP1B1-, OATP1B3-, and OATP2B1-mediated transport in cell lines stably expressing these transporters and in human hepatocytes. In overexpressing cell lines, OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated estradiol-17β-glucuronide uptake and OATP2B1-mediated estrone-3-sulfate uptake were inhibited by most of the silymarin flavonolignans investigated. OATP1B1-, OATP1B3-, and OATP2B1-mediated substrate transport was inhibited efficiently by silymarin (IC50 values of 1.3, 2.2 and 0.3 µM, respectively), silybin A (IC50 values of 9.7, 2.7 and 4.5 µM, respectively), silybin B (IC50 values of 8.5, 5.0 and 0.8 µM, respectively), and silychristin (IC50 values of 9.0, 36.4, and 3.6 µM, respectively). Furthermore, silymarin, silybin A, and silybin B (100 µM) significantly inhibited OATP-mediated estradiol-17β-glucuronide and rosuvastatin uptake into human hepatocytes. Calculation of the maximal unbound portal vein concentrations/IC50 values indicated a low risk for silymarin-drug interactions in hepatic uptake with a customary silymarin dose. The extent of silymarin-drug interactions depends on OATP isoform specificity and concentrations of flavonolignans at the site of drug transport. Higher than customary doses of silymarin, or formulations with improved bioavailability, may increase the risk of flavonolignan interactions with OATP substrates in patients. PMID:23401473

Asphodosides A-E, anti-MRSA metabolites from Asphodelus microcarpus.

PubMed

Ghoneim, Mohammed M; Elokely, Khaled M; El-Hela, Atef A; Mohammad, Abd-Elsalam I; Jacob, Melissa; Radwan, Mohamed M; Doerksen, Robert J; Cutler, Stephen J; Ross, Samir A

2014-09-01

Bioassay guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm. et Viv. (Xanthorrhoeaceae or Asphodelaceae) resulted in isolation of five compounds identified as asphodosides A-E (1-5). Compounds 2-4 showed activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with IC50 values of 1.62, 7.0 and 9.0μg/mL, respectively. They also exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus (non-MRSA) with IC50 values of 1.0, 3.4 and 2.2μg/mL, respectively. The structure elucidation of isolated metabolites was carried out using spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR), optical rotation and both experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

H I debris in the IC 1459 galaxy group

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saponara, Juliana; Koribalski, Bärbel S.; Benaglia, Paula; Fernández López, Manuel

2018-01-01

We present H I synthesis imaging of the giant elliptical galaxy IC 1459 and its surroundings with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Our search for extended H I emission revealed a large complex of H I clouds near IC 1459, likely to be the debris from tidal interactions with neighbouring galaxies. The total H I mass (∼109 M⊙) in the detected clouds spans 250 kpc from the north-east of the gas-rich spiral NGC 7418A to the south-east of IC 1459. The extent and mass of the H I debris, which shows rather irregular morphology and kinematics, are similar to those in other nearby groups. Together with H I clouds recently detected near two other IC 1459 group members, namely IC 5270 and NGC 7418, using phased-array feeds on the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, the detected debris make up a significant fraction of the group's intergalactic medium.

40 CFR 600.211-08 - Sample calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Sample calculation of fuel economy... AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for Calculating Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust Emission Values for 1977 and Later Model...

The remarkable infrared galaxy Arp 220 = IC 4553

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Soifer, B. T.; Neugebauer, G.; Helou, G.; Lonsdale, C. J.; Hacking, P.; Rice, W.; Houck, J. R.; Low, F. J.; Rowan-Robinson, M.

1984-01-01

IRAS observations of the peculiar galaxy Arp 220 = IC 4553 show that it is extremely luminous in the far-infrared, with a total luminosity of 2 x 10 to the 12th solar luminosities. The infrared-to-blue luminosity ratio of this galaxy is about 80, which is the largest value of the ratio for galaxies in the UGC catalog, and places it in the range of the 'unidentified' infrared sources recently reported by Houck et al. in the IRAS all-sky survey. Other observations of Arp 220, combined with the luminosity in the infrared, allow either a Seyfert-like or starburst origin for this luminosity.

Saturn V S-IC (First) Stage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

This cutaway illustration shows the Saturn V S-IC (first) stage with detailed callouts of the components. The S-IC Stage is 138 feet long and 33 feet in diameter, producing 7,500,000 pounds of thrust through five F-1 engines that are powered by liquid oxygen and kerosene. Four of the engines are mounted on an outer ring and gimbal for control purposes. The fifth engine is rigidly mounted in the center. When ignited, the roar produced by the five engines equals the sound of 8,000,000 hi-fi sets.

2,4,6-Trichlorophenylhydrazine Schiff bases as DPPH radical and super oxide anion scavengers.

PubMed

Khan, Khalid Mohammed; Shah, Zarbad; Ahmad, Viqar Uddin; Khan, Momin; Taha, Muhammad; Rahim, Fazal; Ali, Sajjad; Ambreen, Nida; Perveen, Shahnaz; Choudhary, M Iqbal; Voelter, Wolfgang

2012-05-01

Syntheses of thirty 2,4,6-trichlorophenylhydrazine Schiff bases 1-30 were carried out and evaluated for their in vitro DPPH radical and super oxide anion scavenging activities. Compounds 1-30 have shown a varying degree of DPPH radical scavenging activity and their IC50 values range between 4.05-369.30 µM. The compounds 17, 28, 18, 14, 8, 15, 12, 2, 29, and 7 exhibited IC50 values ranging between 4.05±0.06-24.42±0.86 µM which are superior to standard n-propylgallate (IC50=30.12±0.27 µM). Selected compounds have shown a varying degree of superoxide anion radical scavenger activity and their IC50 values range between 91.23-406.90 µM. The compounds 28, 8, 17, 15, and 14, showed IC50 values between 91.23±1.2-105.31±2.29 µM which are superior to standard n-propylgallate (IC50=106.34±1.6 µM).

Novel Cholinesterase Inhibitors Based on O-Aromatic N,N-Disubstituted Carbamates and Thiocarbamates.

PubMed

Krátký, Martin; Štěpánková, Šárka; Vorčáková, Katarína; Švarcová, Markéta; Vinšová, Jarmila

2016-02-11

Based on the presence of carbamoyl moiety, twenty salicylanilide N,N-disubstituted (thio)carbamates were investigated using Ellman's method for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). O-Aromatic (thio)carbamates exhibited weak to moderate inhibition of both cholinesterases with IC50 values within the range of 1.60 to 311.0 µM. IC50 values for BChE were mostly lower than those obtained for AChE; four derivatives showed distinct selectivity for BChE. All of the (thio)carbamates produced a stronger inhibition of AChE than rivastigmine, and five of them inhibited BChE more effectively than both established drugs rivastigmine and galantamine. In general, 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]benzamide, 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide as well as N-methyl-N-phenyl carbamate derivatives led to the more potent inhibition. O-{4-Chloro-2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl} dimethylcarbamothioate was identified as the most effective AChE inhibitor (IC50 = 38.98 µM), while 2-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl diphenylcarbamate produced the lowest IC50 value for BChE (1.60 µM). Results from molecular docking studies suggest that carbamate compounds, especially N,N-diphenyl substituted representatives with considerable portion of aromatic moieties may work as non-covalent inhibitors displaying many interactions at peripheral anionic sites of both enzymes. Mild cytotoxicity for HepG2 cells and consequent satisfactory calculated selectivity indexes qualify several derivatives for further optimization.

Growing Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Interconnections in ICs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Jun; Ye, Qi; Cassell, Alan; Ng, Hou Tee; Stevens, Ramsey; Han, Jie; Meyyappan, M.

2005-01-01

A process for growing multiwalled carbon nanotubes anchored at specified locations and aligned along specified directions has been invented. Typically, one would grow a number of the nanotubes oriented perpendicularly to a silicon integrated-circuit (IC) substrate, starting from (and anchored on) patterned catalytic spots on the substrate. Such arrays of perpendicular carbon nanotubes could be used as electrical interconnections between levels of multilevel ICs. The process (see Figure 1) begins with the formation of a layer, a few hundred nanometers thick, of a compatible electrically insulating material (e.g., SiO(x) or Si(y)N(z) on the silicon substrate. A patterned film of a suitable electrical conductor (Al, Mo, Cr, Ti, Ta, Pt, Ir, or doped Si), having a thickness between 1 nm and 2 m, is deposited on the insulating layer to form the IC conductor pattern. Next, a catalytic material (usually, Ni, Fe, or Co) is deposited to a thickness between 1 and 30 nm on the spots from which it is desired to grow carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes are grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Unlike the matted and tangled carbon nanotubes grown by thermal CVD, the carbon nanotubes grown by PECVD are perpendicular and freestanding because an electric field perpendicular to the substrate is used in PECVD. Next, the free space between the carbon nanotubes is filled with SiO2 by means of CVD from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), thereby forming an array of carbon nanotubes embedded in SiO2. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is then performed to remove excess SiO2 and form a flat-top surface in which the outer ends of the carbon nanotubes are exposed. Optionally, depending on the application, metal lines to connect selected ends of carbon nanotubes may be deposited on the top surface. The top part of Figure 2 is a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of carbon nanotubes grown, as described above, on catalytic spots of about 100 nm diameter patterned by

Pseudospectral calculation of helium wave functions, expectation values, and oscillator strength

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grabowski, Paul E.; Chernoff, David F.

2011-10-01

We show that the pseudospectral method is a powerful tool for finding precise solutions of Schrödinger’s equation for two-electron atoms with general angular momentum. Realizing the method’s full promise for atomic calculations requires special handling of singularities due to two-particle Coulomb interactions. We give a prescription for choosing coordinates and subdomains whose efficacy we illustrate by solving several challenging problems. One test centers on the determination of the nonrelativistic electric dipole oscillator strength for the helium 11S→21P transition. The result achieved, 0.27616499(27), is comparable to the best in the literature. The formally equivalent length, velocity, and acceleration expressions for the oscillator strength all yield roughly the same accuracy. We also calculate a diverse set of helium ground-state expectation values, reaching near state-of-the-art accuracy without the necessity of implementing any special-purpose numerics. These successes imply that general matrix elements are directly and reliably calculable with pseudospectral methods. A striking result is that all the relevant quantities tested in this paper—energy eigenvalues, S-state expectation values and a bound-bound dipole transition between the lowest energy S and P states—converge exponentially with increasing resolution and at roughly the same rate. Each individual calculation samples and weights the configuration space wave function uniquely but all behave in a qualitatively similar manner. These results suggest that the method has great promise for similarly accurate treatment of few-particle systems.

Decay hazard (Scheffer) index values calculated from 1971-2000 climate normal data

Treesearch

Charles G. Carll

2009-01-01

Climate index values for estimating decay hazard to wood exposed outdoors above ground (commonly known as Scheffer index values) were calculated for 280 locations in the United States (270 locations in the conterminous United States) using the most current climate normal data available from the National Climatic Data Center. These were data for the period 1971–2000. In...

Dynamical histories of the IC 348 and NGC 1333 star-forming regions in Perseus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parker, Richard J.; Alves de Oliveira, Catarina

2017-07-01

We present analyses of the spatial distributions of stars in the young (1-3 Myr) star-forming regions IC 348 and NGC 1333 in the Perseus giant molecular cloud. We quantify the spatial structure using the Q-parameter and find that both IC 348 and NGC 1333 are smooth and centrally concentrated with Q-parameters of 0.98 and 0.89, respectively. Neither region exhibits mass segregation (Λ _MSR = 1.1^{+0.2}_{-0.3} for IC 348 and Λ _MSR = 1.2^{+0.4}_{-0.3} for NGC 1333, where ΛMSR ˜ 1 corresponds to no mass segregation) nor do the most massive stars reside in areas of enhanced stellar surface density compared to the average surface density, according to the ΣLDR method. We then constrain the dynamical histories and hence initial conditions of both regions by comparing the observed values to N-body simulations at appropriate ages. Stars in both regions likely formed with subvirial velocities that contributed to merging of substructure and the formation of smooth clusters. The initial stellar densities were no higher than ρ ˜ 100-500 M⊙ pc-3 for IC 348 and ρ ˜ 500-2000 M⊙ pc-3 for NGC 1333. These initial densities, in particular that of NGC 1333, are high enough to facilitate dynamical interactions that would likely affect ˜10 per cent of protoplanetary discs and binary stars.

Towards a better understanding of the evolution of Wolf-Rayet stars and Type Ib/Ic supernova progenitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoon, Sung-Chul

2017-10-01

Hydrogen-deficient Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars are potential candidates of Type Ib/Ic supernova (SN Ib/Ic) progenitors and their evolution is governed by mass-loss. Stellar evolution models with the most popular prescription for WR mass-loss rates given by Nugis & Lamers have difficulties in explaining the luminosity distribution of WR stars of WC and WO types and the SN Ic progenitor properties. Here, we suggest some improvements in the WR mass-loss rate prescription and discuss its implications for the evolution of WR stars and SN Ib/Ic progenitors. Recent studies on Galactic WR stars clearly indicate that the mass-loss rates of WC stars are systematically higher than those of WNE stars for a given luminosity. The luminosity and initial metallicity dependences of WNE mass-loss rates are also significantly different from those of WC stars. These factors have not been adequately considered together in previous stellar evolution models. We also find that an overall increase of WR mass-loss rates by about 60 per cent compared to the empirical values obtained with a clumping factor of 10 is needed to explain the most faint WC/WO stars. This moderate increase with our new WR mass-loss rate prescription results in SN Ib/Ic progenitor models more consistent with observations than those given by the Nugis & Lamers prescription. In particular, our new models predict that the properties of SN Ib and SN Ic progenitors are distinctively different, rather than they form a continuous sequence.

30 CFR 206.105 - What records must I keep to support my calculations of value under this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... you to use a different value if it determines that the reported value is inconsistent with the... calculations of value under this subpart? 206.105 Section 206.105 Mineral Resources MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE... must I keep to support my calculations of value under this subpart? If you determine the value of your...

Interband cascade (IC) photovoltaic (PV) architecture for PV devices

DOEpatents

Yang, Rui Q.; Tian, Zhaobing; Mishima, Tetsuya D.; Santos, Michael B.; Johnson, Matthew B.; Klem, John F.

2015-10-20

A photovoltaic (PV) device, comprising a PV interband cascade (IC) stage, wherein the IC PV stage comprises an absorption region with a band gap, the absorption region configured to absorb photons, an intraband transport region configured to act as a hole barrier, and an interband tunneling region configured to act as an electron barrier. An IC PV architecture for a photovoltaic device, the IC PV architecture comprising an absorption region, an intraband transport region coupled to the absorption region, and an interband tunneling region coupled to the intraband transport region and to the adjacent absorption region, wherein the absorption region, the intraband transport region, and the interband tunneling region are positioned such that electrons will flow from the absorption region to the intraband transport region to the interband tunneling region.

First-principles method for calculating the rate constants of internal-conversion and intersystem-crossing transitions.

PubMed

Valiev, R R; Cherepanov, V N; Baryshnikov, G V; Sundholm, D

2018-02-28

A method for calculating the rate constants for internal-conversion (k IC ) and intersystem-crossing (k ISC ) processes within the adiabatic and Franck-Condon (FC) approximations is proposed. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by calculation of k IC and k ISC for a set of organic and organometallic compounds with experimentally known spectroscopic properties. The studied molecules were pyrromethene-567 dye, psoralene, hetero[8]circulenes, free-base porphyrin, naphthalene, and larger polyacenes. We also studied fac-Alq 3 and fac-Ir(ppy) 3 , which are important molecules in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The excitation energies were calculated at the multi-configuration quasi-degenerate second-order perturbation theory (XMC-QDPT2) level, which is found to yield excitation energies in good agreement with experimental data. Spin-orbit coupling matrix elements, non-adiabatic coupling matrix elements, Huang-Rhys factors, and vibrational energies were calculated at the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) levels. The computed fluorescence quantum yields for the pyrromethene-567 dye, psoralene, hetero[8]circulenes, fac-Alq 3 and fac-Ir(ppy) 3 agree well with experimental data, whereas for the free-base porphyrin, naphthalene, and the polyacenes, the obtained quantum yields significantly differ from the experimental values, because the FC and adiabatic approximations are not accurate for these molecules.

EXTRACTION AND DETECTION OF A NEW ARSINE SULFIDE CONTAINING ARSENOSUGAR IN MOLLUSCS BY IC-ICP-MS AND IC-ESI-MS/MS

EPA Science Inventory

Using IC-ICP-MS and IC-ESI-MS/MS, an unknown arsenical compound in mollusks has been identified as a new arsine sulfide containing analog of a known arsenosugar and is referred to as As(498). This species has been observed in four separate shellfish species following a mild metha...

Sensitivity of species to chemicals: dose-response characteristics for various test types (LC(50), LR(50) and LD(50)) and modes of action.

PubMed

Hendriks, A Jan; Awkerman, Jill A; de Zwart, Dick; Huijbregts, Mark A J

2013-11-01

While variable sensitivity of model species to common toxicants has been addressed in previous studies, a systematic analysis of inter-species variability for different test types, modes of action and species is as of yet lacking. Hence, the aim of the present study was to identify similarities and differences in contaminant levels affecting cold-blooded and warm-blooded species administered via different routes. To that end, data on lethal water concentrations LC50, tissue residues LR50 and oral doses LD50 were collected from databases, each representing the largest of its kind. LC50 data were multiplied by a bioconcentration factor (BCF) to convert them to internal concentrations that allow for comparison among species. For each endpoint data set, we calculated the mean and standard deviation of species' lethal level per compound. Next, the means and standard deviations were averaged by mode of action. Both the means and standard deviations calculated depended on the number of species tested, which is at odds with quality standard setting procedures. Means calculated from (BCF) LC50, LR50 and LD50 were largely similar, suggesting that different administration routes roughly yield similar internal levels. Levels for compounds interfering biochemically with elementary life processes were about one order of magnitude below that of narcotics disturbing membranes, and neurotoxic pesticides and dioxins induced death in even lower amounts. Standard deviations for LD50 data were similar across modes of action, while variability of LC50 values was lower for narcotics than for substances with a specific mode of action. The study indicates several directions to go for efficient use of available data in risk assessment and reduction of species testing. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High-precision QEC values of superallowed 0+ → 0+β-emitters 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, P.; Xu, X.; Shuai, P.; Chen, R. J.; Yan, X. L.; Zhang, Y. H.; Wang, M.; Litvinov, Yu. A.; Blaum, K.; Xu, H. S.; Bao, T.; Chen, X. C.; Chen, H.; Fu, C. Y.; He, J. J.; Kubono, S.; Lam, Y. H.; Liu, D. W.; Mao, R. S.; Ma, X. W.; Sun, M. Z.; Tu, X. L.; Xing, Y. M.; Yang, J. C.; Yuan, Y. J.; Zeng, Q.; Zhou, X.; Zhou, X. H.; Zhan, W. L.; Litvinov, S.; Audi, G.; Uesaka, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yamaguchi, T.; Ozawa, A.; Sun, B. H.; Sun, Y.; Xu, F. R.

2017-04-01

Short-lived 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni were studied by isochronous mass spectrometry at the HIRFL-CSR facility in Lanzhou. The measured precision mass excesses (ME) of 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni are - 29471 (11) keV, - 34477 (6) keV and - 39278 (4) keV, respectively. The superallowed 0+ →0+β-decay Q values were derived to be QEC (46Cr) = 7604 (11) keV, QEC (50Fe) = 8150 (6) keV and QEC (54Ni) = 8731 (4) keV. The values for 50Fe and 54Ni are by one order of magnitude more precise than the adopted literature values. By combining the existing half-lives and branching ratios, we obtained the corrected Ft values to be Ft (50Fe) = 3103 (70) s and Ft (54Ni) = 3076 (50) s. The main contribution to the Ft uncertainties is now due to β-decay branching ratios, still, more high-precision measurements of the half-lives, the masses, and especially the branching ratios are needed in order to satisfy the requirements for a stringent CVC test.

In vitro synergism of trifluorothymidine and ganciclovir against HSV-1.

PubMed

Hobden, Jeffery A; Kumar, Manish; Kaufman, Herbert E; Clement, Christian; Varnell, Emily D; Bhattacharjee, Partha S; Hill, James M

2011-02-01

To determine whether trifluorothymidine (TFT) and ganciclovir (GCV) are synergistic against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). TFT and GCV activity against 12 strains of HSV-1 (including an acyclovir-resistant strain) was measured by plaque-forming unit (PFU) inhibition. Cellular toxicity was assessed with an MTT dye reduction assay. Synergism was determined by calculating fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC indices) based on PFU reduction. Concentrations of TFT resulting in 50% inhibition of PFUs (IC(50)) of acyclovir-susceptible HSV-1 strains ranged from 3.07 ± 0.36 to 12.52 ± 0.61 μM. GCV IC(50) values ranged from 0.40 ± 0.02 to 1.59 ± 0.14 μM. IC(50) values of TFT and GCV against the acyclovir-resistant strain were 15.40 ± 3.17 and 93.00 ± 9.64 μM, respectively. Concentrations of TFT or GCV resulting in 50% cell cytotoxicity (CC(50)) were 0.99 ± 0.01 and 92.91 ± 8.92 μM, respectively. TFT and GCV combined (10:1) were 10 times more potent against all acyclovir-susceptible HSV-1 strains. For 8 of 12 HSV-1 strains, the IC(50) of TFT and GCV combined was lower than the CC(50) of either drug. For acyclovir-susceptible HSV-1 strains, TFT and GCV combined generated a FIC index of <0.5, suggesting strong synergism between the two drugs. The FIC value for TFT and GCV combined against the acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 strain was 0.84, indicating nonantagonism. TFT and GCV are synergistic against acyclovir-susceptible HSV-1 at concentrations significantly less toxic than if each antiviral were used as a sole agent.

In Vitro Synergism of Trifluorothymidine and Ganciclovir against HSV-1

PubMed Central

Hobden, Jeffery A.; Kumar, Manish; Kaufman, Herbert E.; Clement, Christian; Varnell, Emily D.; Bhattacharjee, Partha S.

2011-01-01

Purpose. To determine whether trifluorothymidine (TFT) and ganciclovir (GCV) are synergistic against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Methods. TFT and GCV activity against 12 strains of HSV-1 (including an acyclovir-resistant strain) was measured by plaque-forming unit (PFU) inhibition. Cellular toxicity was assessed with an MTT dye reduction assay. Synergism was determined by calculating fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC indices) based on PFU reduction. Results. Concentrations of TFT resulting in 50% inhibition of PFUs (IC50) of acyclovir-susceptible HSV-1 strains ranged from 3.07 ± 0.36 to 12.52 ± 0.61 μM. GCV IC50 values ranged from 0.40 ± 0.02 to 1.59 ± 0.14 μM. IC50 values of TFT and GCV against the acyclovir-resistant strain were 15.40 ± 3.17 and 93.00 ± 9.64 μM, respectively. Concentrations of TFT or GCV resulting in 50% cell cytotoxicity (CC50) were 0.99 ± 0.01 and 92.91 ± 8.92 μM, respectively. TFT and GCV combined (10:1) were 10 times more potent against all acyclovir-susceptible HSV-1 strains. For 8 of 12 HSV-1 strains, the IC50 of TFT and GCV combined was lower than the CC50 of either drug. For acyclovir-susceptible HSV-1 strains, TFT and GCV combined generated a FIC index of <0.5, suggesting strong synergism between the two drugs. The FIC value for TFT and GCV combined against the acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 strain was 0.84, indicating nonantagonism. Conclusions. TFT and GCV are synergistic against acyclovir-susceptible HSV-1 at concentrations significantly less toxic than if each antiviral were used as a sole agent. PMID:20861476

A radial velocity survey of the open cluster IC 4665

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prosser, Charles F.; Giampapa, Mark S.

1994-01-01

A radial velocity survey of the open cluster IC 4665 is reported for a group of candidate members previously identified on the basis of proper motion and photometry. Of those candidates observed, 20 out of 42 have radial velocities consistent with membership; these cluster members populate the F5-K0 dwarf region and represent the first relatively conclusive membership determinations for such solar-type stars in IC 4665. Three new spectroscopic binary members of the cluster have been identified. Rotational velocities have also been derived; the v sin i distribution among IC 4665 members reveals that most apparent G dwarf members of IC 4665 are seen to exhibit substantial rotation (v sin i greater than 10 km/s). When compared to evolutionary isochrones, the current list of intermediate-mass members appears to support earlier suggestions that IC 4665 has an age comparable to the Pleiades.

Equalization of energy density in boiling water reactors (as exemplified by WB-50). Development and testing of WB -50 computational model on the basis of MCU-RR code

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chertkov, Yu B.; Disyuk, V. V.; Pimenov, E. Yu; Aksenova, N. V.

2017-01-01

Within the framework of research in possibility and prospects of power density equalization in boiling water reactors (as exemplified by WB-50) a work was undertaken to improve prior computational model of the WB-50 reactor implemented in MCU-RR software. Analysis of prior works showed that critical state calculations have deviation of calculated reactivity exceeding ±0.3 % (ΔKef/Kef) for minimum concentrations of boric acid in the reactor water and reaching 2 % for maximum concentration values. Axial coefficient of nonuniform burnup distribution reaches high values in the WB-50 reactor. Thus, the computational model needed refinement to take into account burnup inhomogeneity along the fuel assembly height. At this stage, computational results with mean square deviation of less than 0.7 % (ΔKef/Kef) and dispersion of design values of ±1 % (ΔK/K) shall be deemed acceptable. Further lowering of these parameters apparently requires root cause analysis of such large values and paying more attention to experimental measurement techniques.

Bioactive components from the heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus.

PubMed

Wu, Shou-Fang; Hwang, Tsong-Long; Chen, Shu-Li; Wu, Chin-Chung; Ohkoshi, Emika; Lee, Kuo-Hsiung; Chang, Fang-Rong; Wu, Yang-Chang

2011-09-15

One new phenanthrenedione, pterolinus K (1), and one new chalcone, pterolinus L (2) were isolated from the heartwood extract of Pterocarpus santalinus. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Both 1 and 2 showed inhibitory effect on elastase release by human neutrophils in response to fMLP with an IC(50) value of 4.24 and 0.95 μM, and compound 1 also inhibited superoxide anion generation with IC(50) value of 0.99 μM. In addition, compound 1 showed selective cytotoxicity against HepG2 with IC(50) value of 10.86 μM, while compound 2 showed a moderate cytotoxicity against KB with IC(50) values of 17.18 μM. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

31 CFR 359.55 - How are redemption values calculated for book-entry Series I savings bonds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How are redemption values calculated... prorated to the book-entry par investment amount for the corresponding issue and redemption dates... to $25.04; calculated value of $25.045 rounds to $25.05. [Book-entry par investment ÷ 100] × [CRV...

31 CFR 359.55 - How are redemption values calculated for book-entry Series I savings bonds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How are redemption values calculated... prorated to the book-entry par investment amount for the corresponding issue and redemption dates... to $25.04; calculated value of $25.045 rounds to $25.05. [Book-entry par investment ÷ 100] × [CRV...

31 CFR 359.55 - How are redemption values calculated for book-entry Series I savings bonds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How are redemption values calculated... prorated to the book-entry par investment amount for the corresponding issue and redemption dates... to $25.04; calculated value of $25.045 rounds to $25.05. [Book-entry par investment ÷ 100] × [CRV...

Interpretation of two compact planetary nebulae, IC 4997 and NGC 6572, with aid of theoretical models.

PubMed Central

Hyung, S; Aller, L H

1993-01-01

Observations of two dense compact planetary nebulae secured with the Hamilton Echelle spectrograph at Lick Observatory combined with previously published UV spectra secured with the International Ultraviolet Explorer enable us to probe the electron densities and temperatures (plasma diagnostics) and ionic concentrations in these objects. The diagnostic diagrams show that no homogenous model will work for these nebulae. NGC 6572 may consist of an inner torordal ring of density 25,000 atoms/cm3 and an outer conical shell of density 10,000 atoms/cm3. The simplest model of IC 4997 suggests a thick inner shell with a density of about 107 atoms/cm3 and an outer envelope of density 10,000 atoms/cm3. The abundances of all elements heavier than He appear to be less than the solar values in NGC 6572, whereas He, C, N, and O may be more abundant in IC 4997 than in the sun. IC 4997 presents puzzling problems. PMID:11607347

19 CFR 351.408 - Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... nonmarket economy countries. 351.408 Section 351.408 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION... economy countries. (a) Introduction. In identifying dumping from a nonmarket economy country, the Secretary normally will calculate normal value by valuing the nonmarket economy producers' factors of...

19 CFR 351.408 - Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... nonmarket economy countries. 351.408 Section 351.408 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION... economy countries. (a) Introduction. In identifying dumping from a nonmarket economy country, the Secretary normally will calculate normal value by valuing the nonmarket economy producers' factors of...

19 CFR 351.408 - Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... nonmarket economy countries. 351.408 Section 351.408 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION... economy countries. (a) Introduction. In identifying dumping from a nonmarket economy country, the Secretary normally will calculate normal value by valuing the nonmarket economy producers' factors of...

19 CFR 351.408 - Calculation of normal value of merchandise from nonmarket economy countries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... nonmarket economy countries. 351.408 Section 351.408 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION... economy countries. (a) Introduction. In identifying dumping from a nonmarket economy country, the Secretary normally will calculate normal value by valuing the nonmarket economy producers' factors of...

19 CFR 351.406 - Calculation of normal value if sales are made at less than cost of production.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Calculation of normal value if sales are made at less than cost of production. 351.406 Section 351.406 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION... Price, Fair Value, and Normal Value § 351.406 Calculation of normal value if sales are made at less than...

Calculation for simulation of archery goal value using a web camera and ultrasonic sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rusjdi, Darma; Abdurrasyid, Wulandari, Dewi Arianti

2017-08-01

Development of the device simulator digital indoor archery-based embedded systems as a solution to the limitations of the field or open space is adequate, especially in big cities. Development of the device requires simulations to calculate the value of achieving the target based on the approach defined by the parabolic motion variable initial velocity and direction of motion of the arrow reaches the target. The simulator device should be complemented with an initial velocity measuring device using ultrasonic sensors and measuring direction of the target using a digital camera. The methodology uses research and development of application software from modeling and simulation approach. The research objective to create simulation applications calculating the value of the achievement of the target arrows. Benefits as a preliminary stage for the development of the simulator device of archery. Implementation of calculating the value of the target arrows into the application program generates a simulation game of archery that can be used as a reference development of the digital archery simulator in a room with embedded systems using ultrasonic sensors and web cameras. Applications developed with the simulation calculation comparing the outer radius of the circle produced a camera from a distance of three meters.

Critical analysis of fragment-orbital DFT schemes for the calculation of electronic coupling values

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schober, Christoph; Reuter, Karsten; Oberhofer, Harald, E-mail: harald.oberhofer@ch.tum.de

2016-02-07

We present a critical analysis of the popular fragment-orbital density-functional theory (FO-DFT) scheme for the calculation of electronic coupling values. We discuss the characteristics of different possible formulations or “flavors” of the scheme which differ by the number of electrons in the calculation of the fragments and the construction of the Hamiltonian. In addition to two previously described variants based on neutral fragments, we present a third version taking a different route to the approximate diabatic state by explicitly considering charged fragments. In applying these FO-DFT flavors to the two molecular test sets HAB7 (electron transfer) and HAB11 (hole transfer),more » we find that our new scheme gives improved electronic couplings for HAB7 (−6.2% decrease in mean relative signed error) and greatly improved electronic couplings for HAB11 (−15.3% decrease in mean relative signed error). A systematic investigation of the influence of exact exchange on the electronic coupling values shows that the use of hybrid functionals in FO-DFT calculations improves the electronic couplings, giving values close to or even better than more sophisticated constrained DFT calculations. Comparing the accuracy and computational cost of each variant, we devise simple rules to choose the best possible flavor depending on the task. For accuracy, our new scheme with charged-fragment calculations performs best, while numerically more efficient at reasonable accuracy is the variant with neutral fragments.« less

Exploration of a Library of 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)aniline-Derived Semicarbazones as Dual Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase and Acetylcholinesterase: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation.

PubMed

Tripathi, Rati K P; Rai, Gopal K; Ayyannan, Senthil R

2016-06-06

A library of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)aniline-derived semicarbazones was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as monoamine oxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Most of the new compounds selectively inhibited MAO-B and AChE, with IC50 values in the micro- or nanomolar ranges. Compound 16, 1-(2,6-dichlorobenzylidene)-4-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)semicarbazide presented a balanced multifunctional profile of MAO-A (IC50 =4.52±0.032 μm), MAO-B (IC50 =0.059±0.002 μm), and AChE (IC50 =0.0087±0.0002 μm) inhibition without neurotoxicity. Kinetic studies revealed that compound 16 exhibits competitive and reversible inhibition against MAO-A and MAO-B, and mixed-type inhibition against AChE. Molecular docking studies further revealed insight into the possible interactions within the enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The most active compounds were found to interact with the enzymes through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, in silico molecular properties and ADME properties of the synthesized compounds were calculated to explore their drug-like characteristics. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The tuberculosis vaccine H4:IC31 is safe and induces a persistent polyfunctional CD4 T cell response in South African adults: A randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Geldenhuys, Hennie; Mearns, Helen; Miles, David J C; Tameris, Michele; Hokey, David; Shi, Zhongkai; Bennett, Sean; Andersen, Peter; Kromann, Ingrid; Hoff, Søren T; Hanekom, Willem A; Mahomed, Hassan; Hatherill, Mark; Scriba, Thomas J; van Rooyen, Michele; Bruce McClain, J; Ryall, Robert; de Bruyn, Guy

2015-07-09

New, more effective vaccines to prevent tuberculosis (TB) disease are needed urgently. H4:IC31 is an investigational vaccine that contains a fusion protein of the immunodominant antigens TB10.4 and Ag85B, formulated in IC31 adjuvant. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of H4:IC31 in South African adults from a TB endemic setting. In this double blind, placebo controlled, phase I trial, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-uninfected, HIV-uninfected, healthy adults with a history of childhood BCG vaccination were randomly allocated to two intramuscular vaccinations with 5, 15, 50 or 150 μg H4 formulated in 500nmol IC31, two months apart. Vaccinees were followed for six months to assess safety; immunogenicity was measured by ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining assays. Thirty-two participants received H4:IC31 and 8 received placebo. Injection site adverse events were common but mild; mild fatigue was the most common systemic adverse event. Frequencies of adverse events did not differ between dosage groups. Detectable antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses were induced by all doses of H4:IC31, but doses below 50 μg induced the highest frequencies of CD4 T cells, comprised predominantly of IFN-γ(+)TNF-α(+)IL-2(+) or TNF-α(+)IL-2(+) cells. These memory responses persisted up to the end of follow up, on study day 182. H4:IC31 demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and was immunogenic in South African adults. In this trial, the 15 μg dose appeared to induce the most optimal immune response. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aphadilactones A-D, four diterpenoid dimers with DGAT inhibitory and antimalarial activities from a Meliaceae plant.

PubMed

Liu, Jia; He, Xiu-Feng; Wang, Gai-Hong; Merino, Emilio F; Yang, Sheng-Ping; Zhu, Rong-Xiu; Gan, Li-She; Zhang, Hua; Cassera, Maria B; Wang, He-Yao; Kingston, David G I; Yue, Jian-Min

2014-01-17

Aphadilactones A-D (1-4), four diastereoisomers possessing an unprecedented carbon skeleton, were isolated from the Meliaceae plant Aphanamixis grandifolia. Their challenging structures and absolute configurations were determined by a combination of spectroscopic data, chemical degradation, fragment synthesis, experimental CD spectra, and ECD calculations. Aphadilactone C (3) with the 5S,11S,5'S,11'S configuration showed potent and selective inhibition against the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) enzyme (IC50 = 0.46 ± 0.09 μM, selectivity index > 217) and is the strongest natural DGAT-1 inhibitor discovered to date. In addition, compounds 1-4 showed significant antimalarial activities with IC50 values of 190 ± 60, 1350 ± 150, 170 ± 10, and 120 ± 50 nM, respectively.

Evaluation of Acanthamoeba Myosin-IC as a Potential Therapeutic Target

PubMed Central

Lorenzo-Morales, Jacob; López-Arencibia, Atteneri; Reyes-Batlle, María; Piñero, José E.; Valladares, Basilio; Maciver, Sutherland K.

2014-01-01

Members of the genus Acanthamoeba are facultative pathogens of humans, causing a sight-threatening keratitis and a fatal encephalitis. We have targeted myosin-IC by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing as a therapeutic approach, since it is known that the function of this protein is vital for the amoeba. In this work, specific siRNAs against the Acanthamoeba myosin-IC gene were developed. Treated and control amoebae were cultured in growth and encystment media to evaluate the induced effects after myosin-IC gene knockdown, as we have anticipated that cyst formation may be impaired. The effects of myosin-IC gene silencing were inhibition of cyst formation, inhibition of completion of cytokinesis, inhibition of osmoregulation under osmotic stress conditions, and death of the amoebae. The finding that myosin-IC silencing caused incompletion of cytokinesis is in agreement with earlier suggestions that the protein plays a role in cell locomotion, which is necessary to pull daughter cells apart after mitosis in a process known as “traction-mediated cytokinesis”. We conclude that myosin-IC is a very promising potential drug target for the development of much-needed antiamoebal drugs and that it should be further exploited for Acanthamoeba therapy. PMID:24468784

Inhibition of P-glycoprotein in Caco-2 cells: effects of herbal remedies frequently used by cancer patients.

PubMed

Engdal, S; Nilsen, O G

2008-06-01

1. The herbal products Natto K2, Agaricus, mistletoe, noni juice, green tea and garlic were investigated for in vitro inhibitory potential on P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated transport of digoxin (30 nM) in differentiated and polarized Caco-2 cells. 2. Satisfactory cell functionality was demonstrated through measurements of assay linearity, transepithelial electric resistance (TEER), cytotoxicity, mannitol permeability, and inclusion of the positive inhibition control verapamil. 3. The most potent inhibitors of the net digoxin flux (IC(50)) were mistletoe > Natto K2 > Agaricus > green tea (0.022, 0.62, 3.81, >4.5 mg ml(-1), respectively). Mistletoe also showed the lowest IC(25) value, close to that obtained by verapamil (1.0 and 0.5 microg ml(-1), respectively). The IC(50)/IC(25) ratio was found to be a good parameter for the determination of inhibition profiles. Garlic and noni juice were classified as non-inhibitors. 4. This study shows that mistletoe, Natto K2, Agaricus and green tea inhibit P-gp in vitro. Special attention should be paid to mistletoe due to very low IC(50) and IC(25) values and to Natto K2 due to a low IC(50) value and a low IC(50)/IC(25) ratio.

Design, synthesis, acetylcholinesterase inhibition and larvicidal activity of girgensohnine analogs on Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue fever.

PubMed

Carreño Otero, Aurora L; Vargas Méndez, Leonor Y; Duque L, Jonny E; Kouznetsov, Vladimir V

2014-05-06

Girgensohnine alkaloid was used as a natural model in the design and generation of new alkaloid-like α-aminonitrile series that was completed by the use of SSA-catalyzed Strecker reaction between commercial and inexpensive substituted benzaldehydes, piperidine (pyrrolidine, morpholine and N-methylpiperazine) and acetone cyanohydrin. Calculated ADMETox parameters of the designed analogs revealed their good pharmacokinetic profiles indicating lipophilic characteristics. In vitro AChE enzyme test showed that obtained α-aminonitriles could be considered as AChEIs with micromolar IC50 values ranging from 42.0 to 478.0 μM (10.3-124.0 μg/mL). Among this series, the best AChE inhibitor was the pyrrolidine α-aminonitrile 3 (IC50 = 42 μM), followed by the piperidine α-aminonitriles 2 and 6 (IC50 = 45 μM and IC50 = 51 μM, respectively), and the compound 7 (IC50 = 51 μM). In vivo insecticidal activity of more active AChEIs against Aedes aegypti larvae was also performed showing a good larvicidal activity at concentrations less than 140 ppm, highlighting products 2 and 7 that could serve as lead compounds to develop new potent and selective insecticides. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

[Effects of ethanol extract of Rhizome Pinelliae Preparata on intracellular pH value of human gastric adenocarcinoma cells].

PubMed

Zhang, Ci-an; Wu, Feng; Mao, Zhu-jun; Wei, Zhen; Li, Yong-jin; Wei, Pin-kang

2011-08-01

To observe the effects of ethanol extract of Rhizome Pinelliae Preparata on the intracellular pH value of human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. After coculturing SGC7901 cells with ethanol extract of Rhizome Pinelliae Preparata (1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 mg/mL), cell viability was evaluated by chromatometry with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining. Intracellular pH value of SGC7901 cells was measured in the monolayer by using the pH-sensitive fluorescent probe 2,7-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-carboxyfluorescein-acetoxymethyl ester. The extracellular pH value of culture medium was measured by a pH211 Calibration Check Microprocessor pH Meter. Half-inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of ethanol extract culture to SGC7901 cells was decided by the MTT method and expressions of vacuolar-H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) mRNAs were examined by the method of fluorescence quantitative-polymerase chain reaction after 72 h of drug treatment. Ethanol extract of Rhizome Pinelliae Preparata at different concentrations significantly inhibited the proliferation of SGC7901 cells, lowered the intracellular pH values and heightened the extracellular pH values. The IC(50) of 72 h culture was 0.5mg/mL and it inhibited the expressions of V-ATPase and NHE1 mRNAs. Ethanol extract of Rhizome Pinelliae Preparata can lower down the intracellular pH value of SGC7901 cells. The mechanism may be related to inhibiting the expressions of V-ATPase and NHE1 mRNAs.

ICS logging solution for network-based attacks using Gumistix technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Otis, Jeremy R.; Berman, Dustin; Butts, Jonathan; Lopez, Juan

2013-05-01

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) monitor and control operations associated with the national critical infrastructure (e.g., electric power grid, oil and gas pipelines and water treatment facilities). These systems rely on technologies and architectures that were designed for system reliability and availability. Security associated with ICS was never an inherent concern, primarily due to the protections afforded by network isolation. However, a trend in ICS operations is to migrate to commercial networks via TCP/IP in order to leverage commodity benefits and cost savings. As a result, system vulnerabilities are now exposed to the online community. Indeed, recent research has demonstrated that many exposed ICS devices are being discovered using readily available applications (e.g., ShodanHQ search engine and Google-esque queries). Due to the lack of security and logging capabilities for ICS, most knowledge about attacks are derived from real world incidents after an attack has already been carried out and the damage has been done. This research provides a method for introducing sensors into the ICS environment that collect information about network-based attacks. The sensors are developed using an inexpensive Gumstix platform that can be deployed and incorporated with production systems. Data obtained from the sensors provide insight into attack tactics (e.g., port scans, Nessus scans, Metasploit modules, and zero-day exploits) and characteristics (e.g., attack origin, frequency, and level of persistence). Findings enable security professionals to draw an accurate, real-time awareness of the threats against ICS devices and help shift the security posture from reactionary to preventative.

Bio-active engineered 50 nm silica nanoparticles with bone anabolic activity: therapeutic index, effective concentration, and cytotoxicity profile in vitro

PubMed Central

Ha, Shin-Woo; Sikorski, James A.; Weitzmann, M. Neale; Beck, George R.

2014-01-01

Silica-based nanomaterials are generally considered to be excellent candidates for therapeutic applications particularly related to skeletal metabolism however the current data surrounding the safety of silica based nanomaterials is conflicting. This may be due to differences in size, shape, incorporation of composite materials, surface properties, as well as the presence of contaminants following synthesis. In this study we performed extensive in vitro safety profiling of ~50 nm spherical silica nanoparticles with OH-terminated or Polyethylene Glycol decorated surface, with and without a magnetic core, and synthesized by the Stöber method. Nineteen different cell lines representing all major organ types were used to investigate an in vitro lethal concentration (LC) and results revealed little toxicity in any cell type analyzed. To calculate an in vitro therapeutic index we quantified the effective concentration at 50% response (EC50) for nanoparticle-stimulated mineral deposition activity using primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The EC50 for BMSCs was not substantially altered by surface or magnetic core. The calculated Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) for pre-osteoclasts was similar to the osteoblastic cells. These results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of certain silica-based nanomaterial formulations for use in treating bone diseases based on a favorable in vitro therapeutic index. PMID:24333519

Malaysian brown seaweeds Sargassum siliquosum and Sargassum polycystum: Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition activities.

PubMed

Nagappan, Hemlatha; Pee, Poh Ping; Kee, Sandra Hui Yin; Ow, Ji Tsong; Yan, See Wan; Chew, Lye Yee; Kong, Kin Weng

2017-09-01

Two Malaysian brown seaweeds, Sargassum siliquosum and Sargassum polycystum were first extracted using methanol to get the crude extract (CE) and further fractionated to obtain fucoxanthin-rich fraction (FRF). Samples were evaluated for their phenolic, flavonoid, and fucoxanthin contents, as well as their inhibitory activities towards low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. In LDL oxidation assay, an increasing trend in antioxidant activity was observed as the concentration of FRF (0.04-0.2mg/mL) and CE (0.2-1.0mg/mL) increased, though not statistically significant. As for serum oxidation assay, significant decrease in antioxidant activity was observed as concentration of FRF increased, while CE showed no significant difference in inhibitory activity across the concentrations used. The IC 50 values for ACE inhibitory activity of CE (0.03-0.42mg/mL) were lower than that of FRF (0.94-1.53mg/mL). When compared to reference drug Voglibose (IC 50 value of 0.61mg/mL) in the effectiveness in inhibiting α-amylase, CE (0.58mg/mL) gave significantly lower IC 50 values while FRF (0.68-0.71mg/mL) had significantly higher IC 50 values. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of CE (IC 50 value of 0.57-0.69mg/mL) and FRF (IC 50 value of 0.50-0.53mg/mL) were comparable to that of reference drug (IC 50 value of 0.54mg/mL). Results had shown the potential of S. siliquosum and S. polycystum in reducing cardiovascular diseases related risk factors following their inhibitory activities on ACE, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In addition, it is likelihood that FRF possessed antioxidant activity at low concentration level. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cytotoxic activity of erypogein d from erythrina poeppigiana (leguminosae) against cervical cancer (HeLa), breast cancer (MCF-7) and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herlina, T.; Gaffar, S.; Widowati, W.

2018-05-01

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells and continues to divide rapidly in the body. Current anticancer treatment usually causes many side effects. Natural products are then explored to be new alternatives for cancer treatment. Flavonoids have been known to possess medicinal properties, including anticancer. This study was performed to observe the cytotoxic activity of isoflavanone compound, erypogein D from Erythrina poeppigiana, toward cervical cancer (HeLa), breast cancer (MCF-7) and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells. The cytotoxic activity of erypogein D was tested using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3- carboxyme-thoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. The percentage of cell mortality was calculated and the IC50 was analyzed using probit analysis. The result showed that cytotoxic activity of the erypogein D against HeLa, SKOV-3, and MCF-7 cells had an IC50 value 225, 70.74, and 30.12 μM, respectively. Based on IC50 value can be concluded that erypogein D is the most cytotoxic to breast cancer MCF-7 cell. However the cytotoxic activity of erypogein D toward MCF7 is moderate.

Diagnostic value of immunoglobulin G antibodies against Candida enolase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase for candidemia

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background The yeast Candida is one of the most frequent pathogens isolated from bloodstream infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Problems with clinical and microbiological diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) have prompted the development of non-culture-based laboratory methods. Previous reports suggest that serological detection of antibodies might be useful for diagnosing systemic candidiasis. Methods Diagnosis of IC using antibodies against recombinant Candida albicans enolase (Eno) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1) was evaluated. Using recombinant Eno and Fba1 as coating antigens, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to analyze sera from patients with candidemia (n = 101), Candida colonization (n = 50), bacteremia (n = 84), invasive aspergillosis (n = 40); and from healthy controls (n = 200). Results The results demonstrated that ELISA detection of anti-Eno and anti-Fba1 IgG distinguished IC from other pathogenic infections in patients and healthy individuals. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 72.3%, 94.7%, 78.5% and 93% for anti-Eno, and 87.1%, 92.8%, 76.5% and 96.4% for anti-Fba1 antibodies, respectively. Combining these two tests improved sensitivity up to 90.1% and negative predictive value up to 97.1%, with specificity and positive predictive values of 90.6% and 72.2%. The tests were specific to the Candida genus and antibody titers were higher for candidemia patients than for controls. Positive antibody tests were obtained before blood culture results for 42.2% of patients for anti-Eno and 51.1% for anti-Fba1. Conclusion These data suggest that tests that detect IgG antibodies against Candida enolase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, especially when used in combination, could be a powerful tool for diagnosing IC. PMID:23725337

Diagnostic value of immunoglobulin G antibodies against Candida enolase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase for candidemia.

PubMed

Li, Fang-Qiu; Ma, Chun-Fang; Shi, Li-Ning; Lu, Jing-Fen; Wang, Ying; Huang, Mei; Kong, Qian-Qian

2013-05-31

The yeast Candida is one of the most frequent pathogens isolated from bloodstream infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Problems with clinical and microbiological diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) have prompted the development of non-culture-based laboratory methods. Previous reports suggest that serological detection of antibodies might be useful for diagnosing systemic candidiasis. Diagnosis of IC using antibodies against recombinant Candida albicans enolase (Eno) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1) was evaluated. Using recombinant Eno and Fba1 as coating antigens, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to analyze sera from patients with candidemia (n = 101), Candida colonization (n = 50), bacteremia (n = 84), invasive aspergillosis (n = 40); and from healthy controls (n = 200). The results demonstrated that ELISA detection of anti-Eno and anti-Fba1 IgG distinguished IC from other pathogenic infections in patients and healthy individuals. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 72.3%, 94.7%, 78.5% and 93% for anti-Eno, and 87.1%, 92.8%, 76.5% and 96.4% for anti-Fba1 antibodies, respectively. Combining these two tests improved sensitivity up to 90.1% and negative predictive value up to 97.1%, with specificity and positive predictive values of 90.6% and 72.2%. The tests were specific to the Candida genus and antibody titers were higher for candidemia patients than for controls. Positive antibody tests were obtained before blood culture results for 42.2% of patients for anti-Eno and 51.1% for anti-Fba1. These data suggest that tests that detect IgG antibodies against Candida enolase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, especially when used in combination, could be a powerful tool for diagnosing IC.

Value and limitations of transpulmonary pressure calculations during intra-abdominal hypertension.

PubMed

Cortes-Puentes, Gustavo A; Gard, Kenneth E; Adams, Alexander B; Faltesek, Katherine A; Anderson, Christopher P; Dries, David J; Marini, John J

2013-08-01

To clarify the effect of progressively increasing intra-abdominal pressure on esophageal pressure, transpulmonary pressure, and functional residual capacity. Controlled application of increased intra-abdominal pressure at two positive end-expiratory pressure levels (1 and 10 cm H2O) in an anesthetized porcine model of controlled ventilation. Large animal laboratory of a university-affiliated hospital. Eleven deeply anesthetized swine (weight 46.2 ± 6.2 kg). Air-regulated intra-abdominal hypertension (0-25 mm Hg). Esophageal pressure, tidal compliance, bladder pressure, and end-expiratory lung aeration by gas dilution. Functional residual capacity was significantly reduced by increasing intra-abdominal pressure at both positive end-expiratory pressure levels (p ≤ 0.0001) without corresponding changes of end-expiratory esophageal pressure. Above intra-abdominal pressure 5 mm Hg, plateau airway pressure increased linearly by ~ 50% of the applied intra-abdominal pressure value, associated with commensurate changes of esophageal pressure. With tidal volume held constant, negligible changes occurred in transpulmonary pressure due to intra-abdominal pressure. Driving pressures calculated from airway pressures alone (plateau airway pressure--positive end-expiratory pressure) did not equate to those computed from transpulmonary pressure (tidal changes in transpulmonary pressure). Increasing positive end-expiratory pressure shifted the predominantly negative end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure at positive end-expiratory pressure 1 cm H2O (mean -3.5 ± 0.4 cm H2O) into the positive range at positive end-expiratory pressure 10 cm H2O (mean 0.58 ± 1.2 cm H2O). Despite its insensitivity to changes in functional residual capacity, measuring transpulmonary pressure may be helpful in explaining how different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure influence recruitment and collapse during tidal ventilation in the presence of increased intra-abdominal pressure and in

IC-Finder: inferring robustly the hierarchical organization of chromatin folding

PubMed Central

Haddad, Noelle

2017-01-01

Abstract The spatial organization of the genome plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. Recent experimental techniques like Hi-C have emphasized the segmentation of genomes into interaction compartments that constitute conserved functional domains participating in the maintenance of a proper cell identity. Here, we propose a novel method, IC-Finder, to identify interaction compartments (IC) from experimental Hi-C maps. IC-Finder is based on a hierarchical clustering approach that we adapted to account for the polymeric nature of chromatin. Based on a benchmark of realistic in silico Hi-C maps, we show that IC-Finder is one of the best methods in terms of reliability and is the most efficient numerically. IC-Finder proposes two original options: a probabilistic description of the inferred compartments and the possibility to explore the various hierarchies of chromatin organization. Applying the method to experimental data in fly and human, we show how the predicted segmentation may depend on the normalization scheme and how 3D compartmentalization is tightly associated with epigenomic information. IC-Finder provides a robust and generic ‘all-in-one’ tool to uncover the general principles of 3D chromatin folding and their influence on gene regulation. The software is available at http://membres-timc.imag.fr/Daniel.Jost/DJ-TIMC/Software.html. PMID:28130423

Design and synthesis of some new carboxamide and propanamide derivatives bearing phenylpyridazine as a core ring and the investigation of their inhibitory potential on in-vitro acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.

PubMed

Kilic, Burcu; Gulcan, Hayrettin O; Aksakal, Fatma; Ercetin, Tugba; Oruklu, Nihan; Umit Bagriacik, E; Dogruer, Deniz S

2018-05-08

A series of new carboxamide and propanamide derivatives bearing phenylpyridazine as a core ring were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit both cholinesterase enzymes. In addition, a series of carboxamide and propanamide derivatives bearing biphenyl instead of phenylpyridazine were also synthesized to examine the inhibitory effect of pyridazine moiety on both cholinesterase enzymes. The inhibitory activity results revealed that compounds 5b, 5f, 5h, 5j, 5l pyridazine-3-carboxamide derivative, exhibited selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition with IC 50 values ranging from 0.11 to 2.69 µM. Among them, compound 5h was the most active one (IC 50  = 0.11 µM) without cytotoxic effect at its effective concentration against AChE. Additionally, pyridazine-3-carboxamide derivative 5d (IC 50 for AChE = 0.16 µM and IC 50 for BChE = 9.80 µM) and biphenyl-4-carboxamide derivative 6d (IC 50 for AChE = 0.59 µM and IC 50 for BChE = 1.48 µM) displayed dual cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Besides, active compounds were also tested for their ability to inhibit Aβ aggregation. Theoretical physicochemical properties of the compounds were calculated by using Molinspiration Program as well. The Lineweaver-Burk plot and docking study showed that compound 5 h targeted both the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A CMOS IC-based multisite measuring system for stimulation and recording in neural preparations in vitro

PubMed Central

Tateno, Takashi; Nishikawa, Jun

2014-01-01

In this report, we describe the system integration of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip, capable of both stimulation and recording of neurons or neural tissues, to investigate electrical signal propagation within cellular networks in vitro. The overall system consisted of three major subunits: a 5.0 × 5.0 mm CMOS IC chip, a reconfigurable logic device (field-programmable gate array, FPGA), and a PC. To test the system, microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were used to extracellularly measure the activity of cultured rat cortical neurons and mouse cortical slices. The MEA had 64 bidirectional (stimulation and recording) electrodes. In addition, the CMOS IC chip was equipped with dedicated analog filters, amplification stages, and a stimulation buffer. Signals from the electrodes were sampled at 15.6 kHz with 16-bit resolution. The measured input-referred circuitry noise was 10.1 μ V root mean square (10 Hz to 100 kHz), which allowed reliable detection of neural signals ranging from several millivolts down to approximately 33 μ Vpp. Experiments were performed involving the stimulation of neurons with several spatiotemporal patterns and the recording of the triggered activity. An advantage over current MEAs, as demonstrated by our experiments, includes the ability to stimulate (voltage stimulation, 5-bit resolution) spatiotemporal patterns in arbitrary subsets of electrodes. Furthermore, the fast stimulation reset mechanism allowed us to record neuronal signals from a stimulating electrode around 3 ms after stimulation. We demonstrate that the system can be directly applied to, for example, auditory neural prostheses in conjunction with an acoustic sensor and a sound processing system. PMID:25346683

A CMOS IC-based multisite measuring system for stimulation and recording in neural preparations in vitro.

PubMed

Tateno, Takashi; Nishikawa, Jun

2014-01-01

In this report, we describe the system integration of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip, capable of both stimulation and recording of neurons or neural tissues, to investigate electrical signal propagation within cellular networks in vitro. The overall system consisted of three major subunits: a 5.0 × 5.0 mm CMOS IC chip, a reconfigurable logic device (field-programmable gate array, FPGA), and a PC. To test the system, microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were used to extracellularly measure the activity of cultured rat cortical neurons and mouse cortical slices. The MEA had 64 bidirectional (stimulation and recording) electrodes. In addition, the CMOS IC chip was equipped with dedicated analog filters, amplification stages, and a stimulation buffer. Signals from the electrodes were sampled at 15.6 kHz with 16-bit resolution. The measured input-referred circuitry noise was 10.1 μ V root mean square (10 Hz to 100 kHz), which allowed reliable detection of neural signals ranging from several millivolts down to approximately 33 μ Vpp. Experiments were performed involving the stimulation of neurons with several spatiotemporal patterns and the recording of the triggered activity. An advantage over current MEAs, as demonstrated by our experiments, includes the ability to stimulate (voltage stimulation, 5-bit resolution) spatiotemporal patterns in arbitrary subsets of electrodes. Furthermore, the fast stimulation reset mechanism allowed us to record neuronal signals from a stimulating electrode around 3 ms after stimulation. We demonstrate that the system can be directly applied to, for example, auditory neural prostheses in conjunction with an acoustic sensor and a sound processing system.

Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of the SNR IC443

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorenstein, P.

1998-07-01

investigators examined the spatial structure of the thermal component and analyzed the GIS spectra with a non-equilibrium plasma model, and found no systematic variation of the interstellar absorption across the remnant. Evidence for shock acceleration of cosmic rays to high energies (10 TeV) was found by Keohane. X-ray imaging spectroscopy with ASCA reveals two regions of particularly hard emission: an unresolved source embedded in an extended emission region, and a ridge of emission coincident with the southeastern rim. Both features are located on part of the radio shell where the shock wave is interacting with molecular gas, and together they account for a majority of the emission at 7 keV. Though we would not have noticed it a priori, the unresolved feature is coincident with one resolved by the ROSAT HRI. The ASCA measurements were combined with higher energy data from the XTE and GRO missions and with radio and TeV gamma-ray data to produce a nonthermal multiwavelength spectrum for IC 443 which was fit with a cosmic ray interaction model. This model calculates the cynchrotron, bremsstrahlung, invers Compton, and neutral pion decay emission produced by locally accelerated cosmic ray interacting with ambient matter, soft photon fields, and magnetic fields.

Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of the SNR IC443

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gorenstein, P.

1998-01-01

investigators examined the spatial structure of the thermal component and analyzed the GIS spectra with a non-equilibrium plasma model, and found no systematic variation of the interstellar absorption across the remnant. Evidence for shock acceleration of cosmic rays to high energies (10 TeV) was found by Keohane. X-ray imaging spectroscopy with ASCA reveals two regions of particularly hard emission: an unresolved source embedded in an extended emission region, and a ridge of emission coincident with the southeastern rim. Both features are located on part of the radio shell where the shock wave is interacting with molecular gas, and together they account for a majority of the emission at 7 keV. Though we would not have noticed it a priori, the unresolved feature is coincident with one resolved by the ROSAT HRI. The ASCA measurements were combined with higher energy data from the XTE and GRO missions and with radio and TeV gamma-ray data to produce a nonthermal multiwavelength spectrum for IC 443 which was fit with a cosmic ray interaction model. This model calculates the cynchrotron, bremsstrahlung, invers Compton, and neutral pion decay emission produced by locally accelerated cosmic ray interacting with ambient matter, soft photon fields, and magnetic fields.

On the dielectric susceptibility calculation in the incommensurate phase of K2SeO4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aslanyan, T. A.

2010-10-01

It is shown that the thermodynamic potential of the domain-like incommensurate (IC) phase of the K2SeO4crystal (viewed as a model for the IC-C transition) should be supplemented with a term, taking into account the local, Lorentz electric field. The latter qualitatively changes the result of calculation of the dielectric susceptibility for this IC structure by Nattermann and Trimper, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 14, 1603, (1981), and gives phase transition to the ferroelectric IC phase obtained by Aslanyan, Phys. Rev. B 70, 024102, (2004).

An ultra low-power front-end IC for wearable health monitoring system.

PubMed

Yu-Pin Hsu; Zemin Liu; Hella, Mona M

2016-08-01

This paper presents a low-power front-end IC for wearable health monitoring systems. The IC, designed in a standard 0.13μm CMOS technology, fully integrates a low-noise analog front-end (AFE) to process the weak bio-signals, followed by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to digitize the extracted signals. An AC-coupled driving buffer, that interfaces between the AFE and the ADC is introduced to scale down the power supply of the ADC. The power consumption decreases by 50% compared to the case without power supply scaling. The AFE passes signals from 0.5Hz to 280Hz and from 0.7Hz to 160Hz with a simulated input referred noise of 1.6μVrms and achieves a maximum gain of 35dB/41dB respectively, with a noise-efficiency factor (NEF) of the AFE is 1. The 8-bit ADC achieves a simulated 7.96-bit resolution at 10KS/s sampling rate under 0.5V supply voltage. The overall system consumes only 0.86μW at dual supply voltages of 1V (AFE) and 0.5 V (ADC).

Hubble Space Telescope Image: Planetary Nebula IC 4406

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

This Hubble Space Telescope image reveals a rainbow of colors in this dying star, called IC 446. Like many other so-called planetary nebulae, IC 4406 exhibits a high degree of symmetry. The nebula's left and right halves are nearly mirror images of the other. If we could fly around IC 446 in a spaceship, we would see that the gas and dust form a vast donut of material streaming outward from the dying star. We do not see the donut shape in this photograph because we are viewing IC 4406 from the Earth-orbiting HST. From this vantage point, we are seeing the side of the donut. This side view allows us to see the intricate tendrils of material that have been compared to the eye's retina. In fact, IC 4406 is dubbed the 'Retina Nebula.' The donut of material confines the intense radiation coming from the remnant of the dying star. Gas on the inside of the donut is ionized by light from the central star and glows. Light from oxygen atoms is rendered blue in this image; hydrogen is shown as green, and nitrogen as red. The range of color in the final image shows the differences in concentration of these three gases in the nebula. This image is a composite of data taken by HST's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 in June 2001 and in January 2002 by Bob O'Dell (Vanderbilt University) and collaborators, and in January by the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI). Filters used to create this color image show oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen gas glowing in this object.

The potential medicinal value of plants from Asteraceae family with antioxidant defense enzymes as biological targets.

PubMed

Koc, Suheda; Isgor, Belgin S; Isgor, Yasemin G; Shomali Moghaddam, Naznoosh; Yildirim, Ozlem

2015-05-01

Plants and most of the plant-derived compounds have long been known for their potential pharmaceutical effects. They are well known to play an important role in the treatment of several diseases from diabetes to various types of cancers. Today most of the clinically effective pharmaceuticals are developed from plant-derived ancestors in the history of medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts from flowers and leaves of Onopordum acanthium L., Carduus acanthoides L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., and Centaurea solstitialis L., all from the Asteraceae family, for investigating their potential medicinal values of biological targets that are participating in the antioxidant defense system such as catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). In this study, free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant samples were assayed by DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu, and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods. Also, the effects of extracts on CAT, GST, and GPx enzyme activities were investigated. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected in the acetone extract of C. acanthoides flowers, with 90.305 mg GAE/L and 185.43 mg Q/L values, respectively. The highest DPPH radical scavenging was observed with the methanol leaf extracts of C. arvense with an IC50 value of 366 ng/mL. The maximum GPx and GST enzyme inhibition activities were observed with acetone extracts from the flower of C. solstitialis with IC50 values of 79 and 232 ng/mL, respectively.

(+)- and (-)-Pestaloxazine A, a Pair of Antiviral Enantiomeric Alkaloid Dimers with a Symmetric Spiro[oxazinane-piperazinedione] Skeleton from Pestalotiopsis sp.

PubMed

Jia, Yan-Lai; Wei, Mei-Yan; Chen, Hai-Yan; Guan, Fei-Fei; Wang, Chang-Yun; Shao, Chang-Lun

2015-09-04

A pair of new enantiomeric alkaloid dimers, (+)- and (-)-pestaloxazine A (1), with an unprecedented symmetric spiro[oxazinane-piperazinedione] skeleton, consisting of 22 carbons and 12 heteroatoms, were isolated from a Pestalotiopsis sp. fungus derived from a soft coral. Separation of the enantiomeric alkaloid dimers was achieved by chiral HPLC. Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of their spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction data and CD calculations. (+)-Pestaloxazine A exhibited potent antiviral activity against EV71 with an IC50 value of 14.2 ± 1.3 μM, which was stronger than that of the positive control ribavirin (IC50 = 256.1 ± 15.1 μM).

A new pair of enantiomeric lignans from the fruits of Morinda citrifolia and their absolute configuration.

PubMed

Liu, Wen-Jian; Chen, Yue-Juan; Chen, Dan-Na; Wu, Ya-Ping; Gao, Yu-Jie; Li, Jing; Zhong, Wen-Jun; Jiang, Lin

2018-04-01

A new pair of sesamin-type lignan enantiomers (±)-morifolia A (1a/1b) together with eight known analogues (2-9) were isolated from the fruits of Morinda citrifolia. Their structures were established by spectroscopic data and the absolute configurations of 1a/1b were determined by ECD calculation. All compounds were examined for their inhibitory effects on the nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and compounds 1a, 1b, 2-4 and 7-9 exhibited pronounced inhibition with IC 50 values in the range of 1.97-8.01 (μM, being more active than the positive control, quercetin (IC 50  = 15.32 (M).

Phenolic Polyketides from the Co-Cultivation of Marine-Derived Penicillium sp. WC-29-5 and Streptomyces fradiae 007

PubMed Central

Wang, Yi; Wang, Liping; Zhuang, Yibin; Kong, Fandong; Zhang, Cuixian; Zhu, Weiming

2014-01-01

Penicillium sp. WC-29-5 was co-cultured with Streptomyces fradiae 007 to produce five natural products (1–3, 4a and 4b) that were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic analysis. Interestingly, these compounds were found to be different from those produced in discrete fungal and bacterial controls. Among these compounds, the absolute configurations of compounds 4a and 4b were determined for the first time by X-ray single crystal diffraction experiments and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. An evaluation of the cytotoxic activities of these compounds revealed that 4b was moderately cytotoxic towards HL-60 and H1975 tumor cells with IC50 values of 3.73 and 5.73 µM, respectively, whereas compound 4a was only moderately cytotoxic towards H1975 cells with an IC50 value of 3.97 µM. PMID:24714124

Loddigesiinols G-J: α-glucosidase inhibitors from Dendrobium loddigesii.

PubMed

Lu, Yu; Kuang, Ming; Hu, Gu-Ping; Wu, Rui-Bo; Wang, Jun; Liu, Lan; Lin, Yong-Cheng

2014-06-23

Four new polyphenols, loddigesiinols G-J (compounds 1-4) and a known compound, crepidatuol B (5), were isolated from the stems of Dendrobium loddigesii that have long been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and have recently been used to treat type 2 diabetes. Compounds 1-5 structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-4 were determined using theoretical calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and the absolute configuration of compound 5 was determined by a comparison of the experimental ECD spectra and the literature data. Compounds 1-5 are strong inhibitors of α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 16.7, 10.9, 2.7, 3.2, and 18.9 μM, respectively. Their activities were significantly stronger than trans-resveratrol as a positive control (IC50 values of 27.9 μM).

30 CFR 57.22104 - Open flames (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Open flames (I-C mines). 57.22104 Section 57... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Fire Prevention and Control § 57.22104 Open flames (I-C mines). (a) Open flames, including cutting and welding, shall not be used underground. (b) Welding and...

30 CFR 57.22104 - Open flames (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Open flames (I-C mines). 57.22104 Section 57... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Fire Prevention and Control § 57.22104 Open flames (I-C mines). (a) Open flames, including cutting and welding, shall not be used underground. (b) Welding and...

30 CFR 57.22104 - Open flames (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Open flames (I-C mines). 57.22104 Section 57... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Fire Prevention and Control § 57.22104 Open flames (I-C mines). (a) Open flames, including cutting and welding, shall not be used underground. (b) Welding and...

30 CFR 57.22104 - Open flames (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Open flames (I-C mines). 57.22104 Section 57... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Fire Prevention and Control § 57.22104 Open flames (I-C mines). (a) Open flames, including cutting and welding, shall not be used underground. (b) Welding and...

Lithium Abundances in the Young Open Cluster IC 2602

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Randich, S.; Aharpour, N.; Pallavicini, R.; Prosser, C. F.; Stauffer, J. R.

1997-01-01

We have obtained high-resolution spectra for 28 candidate late-type stars in the 30 Myr old cluster IC 2602. NLTE Li abundances have been derived from measured equivalent widths. The log n(Li) - T(sub eff) and log n(Li) - mass distributions for our sample stars have been compared with those of the Pleiades and alpha Persei. Our data show that F stars in the three clusters have the same lithium content, which corresponds to the initial content for Pop. I stars. G and early-K IC 2602 stars are, on average, somewhat more Li-rich than their counterparts in the two slightly older clusters. Finally, the latest-type IC 2602 stars are heavily Li depleted, with their Li content being as low as the lowest measured among the Pleiades. As in the Pleiades and alpha Per, a star-to-star scatter in lithium is observed among 30 Myr old late-K/early-K dwarfs in IC 2602, indicating that this spread develops in the pre-main sequence phases.

Characterization of Cladosporols from the Marine Algal-Derived Endophytic Fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides EN-399 and Configurational Revision of the Previously Reported Cladosporol Derivatives.

PubMed

Li, Hong-Lei; Li, Xiao-Ming; Mándi, Attila; Antus, Sándor; Li, Xin; Zhang, Peng; Liu, Yang; Kurtán, Tibor; Wang, Bin-Gui

2017-10-06

Four new cladosporol derivatives, cladosporols F-I (1-4), the known cladosporol C (5), and its new epimer, cladosporol J (6), were isolated and identified from the marine algal-derived endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides EN-399. Their structures were determined by detailed interpretation of NMR and MS data, and the absolute configurations were established on the basis of TDDFT-ECD and OR calculations. The configurational assignment of cladosporols F (1) and G (2) showed that the previously reported absolute configuration of cladosporol A and all the related cladosporols need to be revised from (4'R) to (4'S). Compounds 1-6 showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Vibrio harveyi with MIC values ranging from 4 to 128 μg/mL. Compound 3 showed significant cytotoxicity against A549, Huh7, and LM3 cell lines with IC 50 values of 5.0, 1.0, and 4.1 μM, respectively, and compound 5 showed activity against H446 cell line with IC 50 value of 4.0 μM.

ASASSN-16fp (SN 2016coi): a transitional supernova between Type Ic and broad-lined Ic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Brajesh; Singh, A.; Srivastav, S.; Sahu, D. K.; Anupama, G. C.

2018-01-01

We present results based on a well-sampled optical (UBVRI) and ultraviolet (Swift/UVOT) imaging, and low-resolution optical spectroscopic follow-up observations of the nearby Type Ic supernova (SN) ASASSN-16fp (SN 2016coi). The SN was monitored during the photospheric phase (-10 to +33 d with respect to the B-band maximum light). The rise to maximum light and early post-maximum decline of the light curves are slow. The peak absolute magnitude (MV = -17.7 ± 0.2 mag) of ASASSN-16fp is comparable with broad-lined Ic SN 2002ap, SN 2012ap and transitional Ic SN 2004aw but considerably fainter than the gamma-ray burst/X-ray flash associated SNe (e.g. SN 1998bw, 2006aj). Similar to the light curve, the spectral evolution is also slow. ASASSN-16fp shows distinct photospheric phase spectral lines along with the C II features. The expansion velocity of the ejecta near maximum light reached ∼16 000 km s-1 and settled to ∼8000 km s-1, ∼1 month post-maximum. Analytical modelling of the quasi-bolometric light curve of ASASSN-16fp suggests that ∼0.1 M⊙ 56Ni mass was synthesized in the explosion, with a kinetic energy of 6.9^{+1.5}_{-1.3} × 1051 erg and total ejected mass of ∼4.5 ± 0.3 M⊙.

In vitro susceptibility of Trypanosoma brucei brucei to selected essential oils and their major components.

PubMed

Costa, Sonya; Cavadas, Cláudia; Cavaleiro, Carlos; Salgueiro, Lígia; do Céu Sousa, Maria

2018-07-01

Aiming for discovering effective and harmless antitrypanosomal agents, 17 essential oils and nine major components were screened for their effects on T. b. brucei. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh plant material and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The trypanocidal activity was assessed using blood stream trypomastigotes cultures of T. b. brucei and the colorimetric resazurin method. The MTT test was used to assess the cytotoxicity of essential oils on macrophage cells and Selectivity Indexes were calculated. Of the 17 essential oils screened three showed high trypanocidal activity (IC 50  < 10 μg/mL): Juniperus oxycedrus (IC 50 of 0.9 μg/mL), Cymbopogon citratus (IC 50 of 3.2 μg/mL) and Lavandula luisieri (IC 50 of 5.7 μg/mL). These oils had no cytotoxic effects on macrophage cells showing the highest values of Selectivity Index (63.4, 9.0 and 11.8, respectively). The oils of Distichoselinum tenuifolium, Lavandula viridis, Origanum virens, Seseli tortuosom, Syzygium aromaticum, and Thymbra capitata also exhibited activity (IC 50 of 10-25 μg/mL) but showed cytotoxicity on macrophages. Of the nine compounds tested, α-pinene (IC 50 of 2.9 μg/mL) and citral (IC 50 of 18.9 μg/mL) exhibited the highest anti-trypanosomal activities. Citral is likely the active component of C. citratus and α-pinene is responsible for the antitrypanosomal effects of J. oxycedrus. The present work leads us to propose the J. oxycedrus, C. citratus and L. luisieri oils as valuable sources of new molecules for African Sleeping Sickness treatment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High-precision Q EC values of superallowed 0 + → 0 + β-emitters 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni

DOE PAGES

Zhang, P.; Xu, X.; Shuai, P.; ...

2017-01-23

Short-lived 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni were studied by isochronous mass spectrometry at the HIRFL-CSR facility in Lanzhou. The measured precision mass excesses (ME) of 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni are -29471(11) keV, -34477(6) keV and -39278(4) keV, respectively. The superallowed 0 +→0+β-decay Q values were derived to be Q EC( 46Cr) =7604(11) keV, Q EC( 50Fe) =8150(6) keV and Q EC( 54Ni) =8731(4) keV. The values for 50Fe and 54Ni are by one order of magnitude more precise than the adopted literature values. By combining the existing half-lives and branching ratios, we obtained the corrected ℱt values to be ℱt(more » 50Fe) =3103(70) s and ℱt( 54Ni) =3076(50) s. The main contribution to the ℱt uncertainties is now due to β-decay branching ratios, still, more high-precision measurements of the half-lives, the masses, and especially the branching ratios are needed in order to satisfy the requirements for a stringent CVC test.« less

High-precision Q EC values of superallowed 0 + → 0 + β-emitters 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, P.; Xu, X.; Shuai, P.

Short-lived 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni were studied by isochronous mass spectrometry at the HIRFL-CSR facility in Lanzhou. The measured precision mass excesses (ME) of 46Cr, 50Fe and 54Ni are -29471(11) keV, -34477(6) keV and -39278(4) keV, respectively. The superallowed 0 +→0+β-decay Q values were derived to be Q EC( 46Cr) =7604(11) keV, Q EC( 50Fe) =8150(6) keV and Q EC( 54Ni) =8731(4) keV. The values for 50Fe and 54Ni are by one order of magnitude more precise than the adopted literature values. By combining the existing half-lives and branching ratios, we obtained the corrected ℱt values to be ℱt(more » 50Fe) =3103(70) s and ℱt( 54Ni) =3076(50) s. The main contribution to the ℱt uncertainties is now due to β-decay branching ratios, still, more high-precision measurements of the half-lives, the masses, and especially the branching ratios are needed in order to satisfy the requirements for a stringent CVC test.« less

40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles equipped with hydrogen... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and vehicles equipped with hydrogen... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... including, but not limited to battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for... (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Procedures for...

Study on Mine Emergency Mechanism based on TARP and ICS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xi, Jian; Wu, Zongzhi

2018-01-01

By analyzing the experiences and practices of mine emergency in China and abroad, especially the United States and Australia, normative principle, risk management principle and adaptability principle of constructing mine emergency mechanism based on Trigger Action Response Plans (TARP) and Incident Command System (ICS) are summarized. Classification method, framework, flow and subject of TARP and ICS which are suitable for the actual situation of domestic mine emergency are proposed. The system dynamics model of TARP and ICS is established. The parameters such as evacuation ratio, response rate, per capita emergency capability and entry rate of rescuers are set up. By simulating the operation process of TARP and ICS, the impact of these parameters on the emergency process are analyzed, which could provide a reference and basis for building emergency capacity, formulating emergency plans and setting up action plans in the emergency process.

Droplet-Wall/Film Impact in IC Engine Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-08-14

Report: Droplet-Wall/Film Impact in IC Engine Applications (ARO Topic 1.4.1 under ARO’s Dr. Ralph A. Anthenien) The views, opinions and/or findings...in IC Engine Applications (ARO Topic 1.4.1 under ARO’s Dr. Ralph A. Anthenien) Report Term: 0-Other Email: cklaw@princeton.edu Distribution Statement...associated with spraying in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Fuels sprayed inside engines can impact with the internal surfaces and thus not only

Spectroscopy of 50Sc and ab initio calculations of B (M 3 ) strengths

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garnsworthy, A. B.; Bowry, M.; Olaizola, B.; Holt, J. D.; Stroberg, S. R.; Cruz, S.; Georges, S.; Hackman, G.; MacLean, A. D.; Measures, J.; Patel, H. P.; Pearson, C. J.; Svensson, C. E.

2017-10-01

The GRIFFIN spectrometer at TRIUMF-ISAC has been used to study excited states and transitions in 50Sc following the β decay of 50Ca. Branching ratios were determined from the measured γ -ray intensities, and angular correlations of γ rays have been used to firmly assign the spins of excited states. The presence of an isomeric state that decays by an M 3 transition with a B (M 3 ) strength of 13.6(7) W.u. has been confirmed. We compare the first ab initio calculations of B (M 3 ) strengths in light- and medium-mass nuclei from the valence-space in-medium similarity renormalization group approach, using consistently derived effective Hamiltonians and effective M 3 operator. The experimental data are well reproduced for isoscalar M 3 transitions when using bare g factors, but the strength of isovector M 3 transitions are found to be underestimated by an order of magnitude.

“Dynamic Range” of Inferred Phenotypic HIV Drug Resistance Values in Clinical Practice

PubMed Central

Swenson, Luke C.; Pollock, Graham; Wynhoven, Brian; Mo, Theresa; Dong, Winnie; Hogg, Robert S.; Montaner, Julio S. G.; Harrigan, P. Richard

2011-01-01

Background ‘Virtual’ or inferred phenotypes (vPhenotypes) are commonly used to assess resistance to antiretroviral agents in patients failing therapy. In this study, we provide a clinical context for understanding vPhenotype values. Methods All HIV-infected persons enrolled in the British Columbia Drug Treatment Program with a baseline plasma viral load (pVL) and follow-up genotypic resistance and pVL results were included up to October 29, 2008 (N = 5,277). Change from baseline pVL was determined as a function of Virco vPhenotype, and the “dynamic range” (defined here by the 10th and 90th percentiles for fold-change in IC50 amongst all patients) was estimated from the distribution of vPhenotye fold-changes across the cohort. Results The distribution of vPhenotypes from a large cohort of HIV patients who have failed therapy are presented for all available antiretroviral agents. A maximum change in IC50 of at least 13-fold was observed for all drugs. The dideoxy drugs, tenofovir and most PIs exhibited small “dynamic ranges” with values of <4-fold change observed in >99% of samples. In contrast, zidovudine, lamivudine, emtricitabine and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inihibitors (excluding etravirine) had large dynamic ranges. Conclusion We describe the populational distribution of vPhenotypes such that vPhenotype results can be interpreted relative to other patients in a drug-specific manner. PMID:21390218

Synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative and antibacterial activity of new thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives.

PubMed

Trotsko, Nazar; Przekora, Agata; Zalewska, Justyna; Ginalska, Grażyna; Paneth, Agata; Wujec, Monika

2018-12-01

In our present research, we synthesised new thiazolidine-2,4-diones (12-28). All the newly synthesised compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative and antibacterial activity. Antiproliferative evaluation was carried out using normal human skin fibroblasts and tumour cell lines: A549, HepG2, and MCF-7. The IC 50 values were determined for tested compounds revealing antiproliferative activity. Moreover, safety index (SI) was calculated. Among all tested derivatives, the compound 18 revealed the highest antiproliferative activity against human lung, breast, and liver cancer cells. More importantly, the derivative 18 showed meaningfully lower IC 50 values when compared to the reference substance, irinotecan, and relatively high SI values. Moreover, newly synthesised compounds were screened for the bacteria growth inhibition in vitro. According to our screening results, most active compound was the derivative 18 against Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, it may be implied that the novel compound 18 appears to be a very promising agent for anticancer treatment.

Direct soil contact values for ecological receptors exposed to weathered petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) fraction 2.

PubMed

Angell, Robin A; Kullman, Steve; Shrive, Emma; Stephenson, Gladys L; Tindal, Miles

2012-11-01

Ecological tier 1 Canada-wide standards (CWS) for petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) fraction 2 (F2; >nC10-C16) in soil were derived using ecotoxicological assessment endpoints (effective concentrations [ECs]/lethal concentrations [LCs]/inhibitory concentrations, 25% [IC25s]) with freshly spiked (fresh) fine- and coarse-grained soils. These soil standards might be needlessly conservative when applied to field samples with weathered hydrocarbons. The purpose of the present study was to assess the degradation and toxicity of weathered PHC F2 in a fine-grained soil and to derive direct soil contact values for ecological receptors. Fine-grained reference soils were spiked with distilled F2 and weathered for 183 d. Toxicity tests using plants and invertebrates were conducted with the weathered F2-spiked soils. Endpoint EC/IC25s were calculated and used to derive soil standards for weathered F2 in fine-grained soil protective of ecological receptors exposed via direct soil contact. The values derived for weathered F2 were less restrictive than current ecological tier 1 CWS for F2 in soil. Copyright © 2012 SETAC.

Cross Sections Calculations of ( d, t) Nuclear Reactions up to 50 MeV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tel, E.; Yiğit, M.; Tanır, G.

2013-04-01

In nuclear fusion reactions two light atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus. Fusion power is the power generated by nuclear fusion processes. In contrast with fission power, the fusion reaction processes does not produce radioactive nuclides. The fusion will not produce CO2 or SO2. So the fusion energy will not contribute to environmental problems such as particulate pollution and excessive CO2 in the atmosphere. Fusion powered electricity generation was initially believed to be readily achievable, as fission power had been. However, the extreme requirements for continuous reactions and plasma containment led to projections being extended by several decades. In 2010, more than 60 years after the first attempts, commercial power production is still believed to be unlikely before 2050. Although there have been significant research and development studies on the inertial and magnetic fusion reactor technology, there is still a long way to go to penetrate commercial fusion reactors to the energy market. In the fusion reactor, tritium self-sufficiency must be maintained for a commercial power plant. Therefore, for self-sustaining (D-T) fusion driver tritium breeding ratio should be greater than 1.05. Working out the systematics of ( d, t) nuclear reaction cross sections is of great importance for the definition of the excitation function character for the given reaction taking place on various nuclei at different energies. Since the experimental data of charged particle induced reactions are scarce, self-consistent calculation and analyses using nuclear theoretical models are very important. In this study, ( d, t) cross sections for target nuclei 19F, 50Cr, 54Fe, 58Ni, 75As, 89Y, 90Zr, 107Ag, 127I, 197Au and 238U have been investigated up to 50 MeV deuteron energy. The excitation functions for ( d, t) reactions have been calculated by pre-equilibrium reaction mechanism. Calculation results have been also compared with the available measurements in

The jet-ISM interactions in IC 5063

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mukherjee, Dipanjan; Wagner, Alexander Y.; Bicknell, Geoffrey V.; Morganti, Raffaella; Oosterloo, Tom; Nesvadba, Nicole; Sutherland, Ralph S.

2018-05-01

The interstellar medium of the radio galaxy IC 5063 is highly perturbed by an AGN jet expanding in the gaseous disc of the galaxy. We model this interaction with relativistic hydrodynamic simulations and multiphase initial conditions for the interstellar medium and compare the results with recent observations. As the jets flood through the intercloud channels of the disc, they ablate, accelerate, and disperse clouds to velocities exceeding 400 km s-1. Clouds are also destroyed or displaced in bulk from the central regions of the galaxy. Our models with jet powers of 1044 and 1045 erg s-1 are capable of reproducing many of the observed features in the position velocity diagram of IC 5063, and confirm the notion that the jet is responsible for the strongly perturbed gas dynamics seen in the ionized, neutral, and molecular gas phases. In our simulations, we also see strong venting of the jet plasma perpendicular to the disc, which entrains clumps and diffuse filaments into the halo of the galaxy. Our simulations are the first 3D hydrodynamic simulations of the jet and interstellar matter of IC 5063.

The Search for Wolf-Rayet Stars in IC10

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tehrani, Katie; Crowther, Paul; Archer, Isabelle

2017-11-01

We present a deep imaging and spectroscopic survey of the Local Group starburst galaxy IC10 using Gemini North/GMOS to unveil the global Wolf-Rayet population. It has previously been suggested that for IC10 to follow the WC/WN versus metallicity dependence seen in other Local Group galaxies, a large WN population must remain undiscovered. Our search revealed 3 new WN stars, and 5 candidates awaiting confirmation, providing little evidence to support this claim. We also compute an updated nebular derived metallicity of log(O/H)+12=8.40 +/- 0.04 for the galaxy using the direct method. Inspection of IC10 WR average line luminosities show these stars are more similar to their LMC, rather than SMC counterparts.

Intensity of emission lines of the quiescent solar corona: comparison between calculated and observed values

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krissinel, Boris

2018-03-01

The paper reports the results of calculations of the center-to-limb intensity of optically thin line emission in EUV and FUV wavelength ranges. The calculations employ a multicomponent model for the quiescent solar corona. The model includes a collection of loops of various sizes, spicules, and free (inter-loop) matter. Theoretical intensity values are found from probabilities of encountering parts of loops in the line of sight with respect to the probability of absence of other coronal components. The model uses 12 loops with sizes from 3200 to 210000 km with different values of rarefaction index and pressure at the loop base and apex. The temperature at loop apices is 1 400 000 K. The calculations utilize the CHIANTI database. The comparison between theoretical and observed emission intensity values for coronal and transition region lines obtained by the SUMER, CDS, and EIS telescopes shows quite satisfactory agreement between them, particularly for the solar disk center. For the data acquired above the limb, the enhanced discrepancies after the analysis refer to errors in EIS measurements.

Inhibitory effects of some drugs on carbonic anhydrase enzyme purified from Kangal Akkaraman sheep in Sivas, Turkey.

PubMed

Koçyiğit, Ümit M; Durna Daştan, Sevgi; Taslimi, Parham; Daştan, Taner; Gülçin, İlhami

2018-01-01

In this study, carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme was purified and characterized from blood samples of Kangal Akkaraman sheep and inhibitory properties on certain antibiotics were examined. CA purification was composed of preparation of the hemolysate and conducting the Sepharose-4B-tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity gel chromatography in having specific activity of 11626 EU mg -1 , yield of 14.40%, and 242.76-fold purification. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed to assess the enzyme purity and a single band was observed. Some antibiotics were exhibited in vitro inhibition on the CA activity. IC 50 values of these inhibitors were calculated by plotting activity percentage. IC 50 values of certain drugs (dexamethasone; caffeine; metamizole sodium; tetramisol; ceftiofur HCl; ivermectin; tavilin 50; penokain G; neosym; and sulfamezathine) were found as 0.38, 8.24, 285.53, 114.77, 5.33, 2.76, 27.58, 213.50, 208.28, and 36.60 μM, respectively. K i values of different drugs on Kangal Akkaraman sheep blood CA activity were found in the range of 0.21 ± 0.038-266.64 ± 37.11 μM. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Purification, Crystallization And Preliminary X-Ray Analysis of Aminoglycoside-2 ''-Phosphotransferase-Ic [APH(2 '')-Ic] From Enterococcus Gallinarum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Byrnes, L.J.; /SLAC, SSRL; Badarau, A.

2009-04-30

Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics is primarily the result of deactivation of the drugs. Three families of enzymes are responsible for this activity, with one such family being the aminoglycoside phosphotransferases (APHs). The gene encoding one of these enzymes, aminoglycoside-2{double_prime}-phosphotransferase-Ic [APH(2{double_prime})-Ic] from Enterococcus gallinarum, has been cloned and the wild-type protein (comprising 308 amino-acid residues) and three mutants that showed elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations towards gentamicin (F108L, H258L and a double mutant F108L/H258L) were expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified. All APH(2{double_prime})-Ic variants were crystallized in the presence of 14-20%(w/v) PEG 4000, 0.25 M MgCl{sub 2}, 0.1 M Tris-HClmore » pH 8.5 and 1 mM Mg{sub 2}GTP. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group C2, with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The approximate unit-cell parameters are a = 82.4, b = 54.2, c = 77.0 {angstrom}, {beta} = 108.8{sup o}. X-ray diffraction data were collected to approximately 2.15 {angstrom} resolution from an F108L crystal at beamline BL9-2 at SSRL, Stanford, California, USA.« less

Individualism-Collectivism: Links to Occupational Plans and Work Values

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hartung, Paul J.; Fouad, Nadya A.; Leong, Frederick T. L.; Hardin, Erin E.

2010-01-01

Individualism-collectivism (IC) constitutes a cultural variable thought to influence a wide variety of variables including career planning and decision making. To examine this possibility, college students (216 women, 106 men, 64% racial-ethnic minorities) responded to measures of IC, occupational plans, and work values. Multivariate analysis of…

6-Nitrobenzimidazole derivatives: potential phosphodiesterase inhibitors: synthesis and structure-activity relationship.

PubMed

Khan, K M; Shah, Zarbad; Ahmad, V U; Ambreen, N; Khan, M; Taha, M; Rahim, F; Noreen, S; Perveen, S; Choudhary, M I; Voelter, W

2012-02-15

6-Nitrobenzimidazole derivatives (1-30) synthesized and their phosphodiesterase inhibitory activities determined. Out of thirty tested compounds, ten showed a varying degrees of phosphodiesterase inhibition with IC(50) values between 1.5±0.043 and 294.0±16.7 μM. Compounds 30 (IC(50)=1.5±0.043 μM), 1 (IC(50)=2.4±0.049 μM), 11 (IC(50)=5.7±0.113 μM), 13 (IC(50)=6.4±0.148 μM), 14 (IC(50)=10.5±0.51 μM), 9 (IC(50)=11.49±0.08 μM), 3 (IC(50)=63.1±1.48 μM), 10 (IC(50)=120.0±4.47 μM), and 6 (IC(50)=153.2±5.6 μM) showed excellent phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, much superior to the standard EDTA (IC(50)=274±0.007 μM), and thus are potential molecules for the development of a new class of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. A structure-activity relationship is evaluated. All compounds are characterized by spectroscopic parameters. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

75 FR 54940 - Agency Information Collection (IC) Activities; Revision of an Approved IC; Accident Recordkeeping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-09

... include the Agency name and the docket number for this Notice. Note that DOT posts all comments received... underlying this IC is 49 CFR 390.15, ``Assistance in investigations and special studies.'' It requires motor... Information Technology. [FR Doc. 2010-22456 Filed 9-8-10; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4910-EX-P ...

40 CFR 600.209-95 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling. 600.209-95 Section 600.209-95 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year...

40 CFR 600.209-85 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling. 600.209-85 Section 600.209-85 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year...

40 CFR 600.210-08 - Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for labeling. 600.210-08 Section 600.210-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year...

Correlation between in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of compounds using CQ-sensitive and CQ-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and CQ-resistant strain of P. yoelii.

PubMed

Srivastava, Kumkum; Agarwal, Pooja; Soni, Awakash; Puri, S K

2017-07-01

Present efforts have been made to establish a correlation between in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity using MIC, IC 50 and IC 90 values against CQ-sensitive (3D7) and CQ-resistant (K1) strains of Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo activity against Plasmodium yoelii. The method of discriminant function analysis (DFA) was applied to analyze the data. It was observed that in vitro IC 90 values against both 3D7 and K1 strains (p < 0.001) have strong correlation with in vivo curative activity. The respective IC 50 and IC 90 values of compounds, which cured mice (i.e., animals did not show recrudescence of parasitemia even after 60 days posttreatment), ranged between 3 and 14 nM and 14 and 186 nM against 3D7 and between 9 and 65 nM and 24 and 359 nM against the K1 strain of P. falciparum. Whereas the IC 50 and IC 90 values of compounds which exhibited in vivo suppressive activity in mice ranged between 10 and 307 nm and 61 and >965 nM, respectively, against 3D7 and 75 and >806 nm and 241 and >1232 nM against the K1 strain of P. falciparum. The findings suggest that IC 90 values against both 3D7 and K1 strains (p < 0.02) are the main contributors for the prediction of in vivo curative activity of a new molecule. Apart from this, a reasonable correlation between MIC and IC 50 values of compounds has also been established.

Bio-active engineered 50 nm silica nanoparticles with bone anabolic activity: therapeutic index, effective concentration, and cytotoxicity profile in vitro.

PubMed

Ha, Shin-Woo; Sikorski, James A; Weitzmann, M Neale; Beck, George R

2014-04-01

Silica-based nanomaterials are generally considered to be excellent candidates for therapeutic applications particularly related to skeletal metabolism however the current data surrounding the safety of silica based nanomaterials is conflicting. This may be due to differences in size, shape, incorporation of composite materials, surface properties, as well as the presence of contaminants following synthesis. In this study we performed extensive in vitro safety profiling of ∼ 50 nm spherical silica nanoparticles with OH-terminated or Polyethylene Glycol decorated surface, with and without a magnetic core, and synthesized by the Stöber method. Nineteen different cell lines representing all major organ types were used to investigate an in vitro lethal concentration (LC) and results revealed little toxicity in any cell type analyzed. To calculate an in vitro therapeutic index we quantified the effective concentration at 50% response (EC50) for nanoparticle-stimulated mineral deposition activity using primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The EC50 for BMSCs was not substantially altered by surface or magnetic core. The calculated Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) for pre-osteoclasts was similar to the osteoblastic cells. These results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of certain silica-based nanomaterial formulations for use in treating bone diseases based on a favorable in vitro therapeutic index. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wide-Field Structure of Local Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxy IC1613

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pucha, Ragadeepika; Carlin, Jeffrey; Willman, Beth; Sand, David J.; Bechtol, Keith

2018-01-01

IC1613 is a typical dwarf irregular galaxy in the Local Group. Being an isolated dwarf, as opposed to the dwarfs around the Milky Way, it is likely to be subjected to fewer strong environmental effects. As a result, it serves as a good prototype for the study of the structure and evolution of dwarf galaxies. We present g- and i- band photometry from deep imaging of four fields around IC1613, that resolved stars up to ~ 4 magnitudes fainter than the tip of the RGB. This photometry was obtained using Hyper-Suprime Cam (HSC) on the Subaru Telescope. The large (1.5o) field-of-view of HSC provides us with a unique opportunity to study the wide-field structure of this dwarf galaxy. This project explores the structure of IC1613 to radii of about ~ 25 kpc using different types of stellar tracers. The aim is to search for evidence of a stellar halo or stellar over-densities around IC1613. The relative contributions of the different stellar populations as a function of position in IC1613 are also shown.

30 CFR 57.22203 - Main fan operation (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Main fan operation (I-C mines). 57.22203... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22203 Main fan operation (I-C mines). Main fans shall be operated continuously while ore production is in progress. ...

Simultaneous detection of three lily viruses using Triplex IC-RT-PCR.

PubMed

Zhang, Yubao; Wang, Yajun; Xie, Zhongkui; Yang, Guo; Guo, Zhihong; Wang, Le

2017-11-01

Viruses commonly infecting lily (Lilium spp.) include: Lily symptomless virus (LSV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Lily mottle virus (LMoV). These viruses usually co-infect lilies causing severe economic losses in terms of quantity and quality of flower and bulb production around the world. Reliable and precise detection systems need to be developed for virus identification. We describe the development of a triplex immunocapture (IC) reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of LSV, CMV and LMoV. The triplex IC-RT-PCR was compared with a quadruplex RT-PCR assay. Relative to the quadruplex RT-PCR, the specificity of the triplex IC-RT-PCR system for LSV, CMV and LMoV was 100% for field samples. The sensitivity of the triplex IC-RT-PCR system was 99.4%, 81.4% and 98.7% for LSV, CMV and LMoV, respectively. Agreement (κ) between the results obtained from the two tests was 0.968, 0.844 and 0.984 for LSV, CMV and LMoV, respectively. This is the first report of the simultaneous detection of LSV, CMV and LMoV in a triplex IC-RT-PCR assay. In particular we believe this convenient and reliable triplex IC-RT-PCR method could be used routinely for large-scale field surveys or crop health monitoring of lily. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Host-pathogen-interaction reconstituted in 3-dimensional cocultures of mucosa and <i>C. albicans.

PubMed

Buchs, Romina; Lehner, Bruno; Meuwly, Phillippe; Schnyder, Bruno

2018-06-14

<i>C. albicans frequently causes recurrent intimal infectious disease (ID). This demands the treatment of multiple phases of the infection. The objective of this study was to uncover the host-pathogen-interaction using 2D epithelium cell-barrier and 3D subepithelium tissue cells of human mucosa. The 2D cell cultures assessed <i>C. albicans adhesion. Addition of the anti-fungal drug Fluconazol did not inhibit the adhesion, despite its pathogen growth inhibition (MIC value 0.08μg/mL). A 3D tissue was engineered in multi-transwells by placing human fibroblast cultures on a thick porous scaffold. This contained the yeast placed in the top compartment and prevented passive penetration. After 28h the pathogen transmigrated the barrier and was collected in the bottom compartment. A change in pathogen morphology was observed where hypha formed and grew to be 231μm long after 28h. The hypha was thus long enough to cross the 200μm thick 3D tissue. The 3D infection was inhibited by addition of Fluconazol (0.08μg/mL), confirming that penetration is dependent on pathogen growth. In conclusion, ID was reconstituted step-by-step on 2D epithelium surface and in 3D connective tissue of human mucosa. Fluconazol growth-inhibition of the pathogen <i>C. albicans was confirmed in the 3D tissue. We thus propose that this ID in vitro test is suitable for the identification and characterization of new treatments against <i>C. albicans..

Molecular dynamics and MM/GBSA-integrated protocol probing the correlation between biological activities and binding free energies of HIV-1 TAR RNA inhibitors.

PubMed

Peddi, Saikiran Reddy; Sivan, Sree Kanth; Manga, Vijjulatha

2018-02-01

The interaction of HIV-1 transactivator protein Tat with its cognate transactivation response (TAR) RNA has emerged as a promising target for developing antiviral compounds and treating HIV infection, since it is a crucial step for efficient transcription and replication. In the present study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM/GBSA calculations have been performed on a series of neamine derivatives in order to estimate appropriate MD simulation time for acceptable correlation between ΔG bind and experimental pIC 50 values. Initially, all inhibitors were docked into the active site of HIV-1 TAR RNA. Later to explore various conformations and examine the docking results, MD simulations were carried out. Finally, binding free energies were calculated using MM/GBSA method and were correlated with experimental pIC 50 values at different time scales (0-1 to 0-10 ns). From this study, it is clear that in case of neamine derivatives as simulation time increased the correlation between binding free energy and experimental pIC 50 values increased correspondingly. Therefore, the binding energies which can be interpreted at longer simulation times can be used to predict the bioactivity of new neamine derivatives. Moreover, in this work, we have identified some plausible critical nucleotide interactions with neamine derivatives that are responsible for potent inhibitory activity. Furthermore, we also provide some insights into a new class of oxadiazole-based back bone cyclic peptides designed by incorporating the structural features of neamine derivatives. On the whole, this approach can provide a valuable guidance for designing new potent inhibitors and modify the existing compounds targeting HIV-1 TAR RNA.

Illuminating the Depths of the MagIC (Magnetics Information Consortium) Database

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koppers, A. A. P.; Minnett, R.; Jarboe, N.; Jonestrask, L.; Tauxe, L.; Constable, C.

2015-12-01

The Magnetics Information Consortium (http://earthref.org/MagIC/) is a grass-roots cyberinfrastructure effort envisioned by the paleo-, geo-, and rock magnetic scientific community. Its mission is to archive their wealth of peer-reviewed raw data and interpretations from magnetics studies on natural and synthetic samples. Many of these valuable data are legacy datasets that were never published in their entirety, some resided in other databases that are no longer maintained, and others were never digitized from the field notebooks and lab work. Due to the volume of data collected, most studies, modern and legacy, only publish the interpreted results and, occasionally, a subset of the raw data. MagIC is making an extraordinary effort to archive these data in a single data model, including the raw instrument measurements if possible. This facilitates the reproducibility of the interpretations, the re-interpretation of the raw data as the community introduces new techniques, and the compilation of heterogeneous datasets that are otherwise distributed across multiple formats and physical locations. MagIC has developed tools to assist the scientific community in many stages of their workflow. Contributors easily share studies (in a private mode if so desired) in the MagIC Database with colleagues and reviewers prior to publication, publish the data online after the study is peer reviewed, and visualize their data in the context of the rest of the contributions to the MagIC Database. From organizing their data in the MagIC Data Model with an online editable spreadsheet, to validating the integrity of the dataset with automated plots and statistics, MagIC is continually lowering the barriers to transforming dark data into transparent and reproducible datasets. Additionally, this web application generalizes to other databases in MagIC's umbrella website (EarthRef.org) so that the Geochemical Earth Reference Model (http://earthref.org/GERM/) portal, Seamount Biogeosciences

XMM-Newton observations of the supernova remnant IC 443. II. Evidence of stellar ejecta in the inner regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Troja, E.; Bocchino, F.; Miceli, M.; Reale, F.

2008-07-01

Aims: We investigate the spatial distribution of the physical and chemical properties of the hot X-ray emitting plasma of the supernova remnant IC 443, to derive important constraints on its ionization stage, on the progenitor supernova explosion, on the age of the remnant, and its physical association with a close pulsar wind nebula. Methods: We present XMM-Newton images of IC 443, a median photon energy map, silicon and sulfur equivalent width maps, and a spatially resolved spectral analysis of a set of homogeneous regions. Results: The hard X-ray thermal emission (1.4-5.0 keV) of IC 443 displays a centrally-peaked morphology, its brightness peaks being associated with hot (kT > 1 keV) X-ray emitting plasma. A ring-shaped structure, characterized by high values of equivalent widths and median photon energy, encloses the PWN. Its hard X-ray emission is spectrally characterized by a collisional ionization equilibrium model, and strong emission lines of Mg, Si, and S, requiring oversolar metal abundances. Dynamically, the location of the ejecta ring suggests an SNR age of ~4000 yr. The presence of overionized plasma in the inner regions of IC 443, addressed in previous works, is much less evident in our observations.

Assessment of diclofenac LC50 reference values in juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio).

PubMed

Praskova, E; Voslarova, E; Siroka, Z; Plhalova, L; Macova, S; Marsalek, P; Pistekova, V; Svobodova, Z

2011-01-01

The aim of the study was to compare the acute toxicity of diclofenac to juvenile and embryonic stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acute toxicity tests were performed on the aquarium fish Danio rerio, which is one of the model organisms most commonly used in toxicity testing. The tests were performed using a semi-static method according to OECD guideline No. 203 (Fish, acute toxicity test). Embryo toxicity tests were performed in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in compliance with OECD No. 212 methodology (Fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages). The results were subjected to a probit analysis using the EKO-TOX 5.2 programme to determine 96hLC50 and 144hLC50 (median lethal concentration, 50% mortality after a 96 h or 144 h interval, respectively) values of diclofenac. The statistical significance of the difference between LC50 values in juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio was tested using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test implemented in the Unistat 5.1 programme. The LC50 mean value of diclofenac was 166.6 +/- 9.8 mg/L in juvenile Danio rerio, and 6.11 +/- 2.48 mg/L in embryonic stages of Danio rerio. The study demonstrated a statistically higher sensitivity to diclofenac (P < 0.05) in embryonic stages compared to the juvenile fish.

Molecular rationale delineating the role of lycopene as a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: in vitro and in silico study.

PubMed

Alvi, Sahir Sultan; Iqbal, Danish; Ahmad, Saheem; Khan, M Salman

2016-09-01

This study initially aimed to depict the molecular rationale evolving the role of lycopene in inhibiting the enzymatic activity of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase via in vitro and in silico analysis. Our results illustrated that lycopene exhibited strong HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity (IC50 value of 36 ng/ml) quite better than pravastatin (IC50 = 42 ng/ml) and strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 value = 4.57 ± 0.23 μg/ml) as compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 value = 9.82 ± 0.42 μg/ml). Moreover, the Ki value of lycopene (36 ng/ml) depicted via Dixon plot was well concurred with an IC50 value of 36 ± 1.8 ng/ml. Moreover, molecular informatics study showed that lycopene exhibited binding energy of -5.62 kcal/mol indicating high affinity for HMG-CoA reductase than HMG-CoA (ΔG: -5.34 kcal/mol). Thus, in silico data clearly demonstrate and support the in vitro results that lycopene competitively inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity by binding at the hydrophobic portion of HMG-CoA reductase.

The beautiful side of IC 335

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

Hubble sees a galaxy 60 million light-years away This new NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the galaxy IC 335 in front of a backdrop of distant galaxies. IC 335 is part of a galaxy group containing three other galaxies, and located in the Fornax Galaxy Cluster 60 million light-years away. As seen in this image, the disk of IC 335 appears edge-on from the vantage point of Earth. This makes it harder for astronomers to classify it, as most of the characteristics of a galaxy’s morphology — the arms of a spiral or the bar across the center — are only visible on its face. Still, the 45 000 light-year-long galaxy could be classified as an S0 type. These lenticular galaxies are an intermediate state in galaxy morphological classification schemes between true spiral and elliptical galaxies. They have a thin stellar disk and a bulge, like spiral galaxies, but in contrast to typical spiral galaxies they have used up most of the interstellar medium. Only a few new stars can be created out of the material that is left and the star formation rate is very low. Hence, the population of stars in S0 galaxies consists mainly of aging stars, very similar to the star population in elliptical galaxies. As S0 galaxies have only ill-defined spiral arms they are easily mistaken for elliptical galaxies if they are seen inclined face-on or edge-on as IC 335 here. And indeed, despite the morphological differences between S0 and elliptical class galaxies, they share some common characteristics, like typical sizes and spectral features. Both classes are also deemed "early-type" galaxies, because they are evolving passively. However, while elliptical galaxies may be passively evolving when we observe them, they have usually had violent interactions with other galaxies in their past. In contrast, S0 galaxies are either aging and fading spiral galaxies, which never had any interactions with other galaxies, or they are the aging result of a single merger between two spiral galaxies

Synthesis, Chemical and Physical Characterization of TKX-50

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klapoetke, Thomas

2015-06-01

TKX-50 (bis(hydroxylammonium) 5,5'-bis(tetrazolate-1 N-oxide)) is one of the most promising ionic salts as a possible replacement for RDX. The thermal behavior of TKX-50 (bis(hydroxylammonium) 5,5'-(tetrazolate-1 N-oxide)) and the kinetics of its thermal decomposition were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The calculated results of the detonation parameters and equations of state for the detonation products (EOS DP) of explosive materials TKX-50 and MAD-X1 and several of their derivatives were obtained using the computer program EXPLO5 V.6.01. These values were also calculated for standard explosive materials which are commonly used such as TNT, PETN, RDX, HMX as well as for the more powerful explosive material CL-20 to allow comparisons to be made. The determination of the detonation parameters and EOS DP was conducted both for explosive materials having the maximum crystalline density and for porous right up to 50% in volume materials. The influence of the content of plastic binder polyisobutylene used (up to 20% in volume) on all of the investigated properties was also examined. Calculated results on shock wave loading of different inert barriers in a wide range of their dynamic properties under explosion on their surfaces of concrete size charges of different explosive materials in various initial states were obtained with the use of the one-dimensional computer hydrocode EP. Barriers due to materials such as polystyrene, textolite, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, tantalum or tungsten were examined (Fig. 1). Initial values of pressure and other parameters of loading on the interface explosive-barrier were determined in the process of conducted calculations. Phenomena of propagation and attenuation of shock waves in barrier materials were considered too for all possible situations. From these calculations, an essentially complete overview of the explosion properties and characteristics of shock wave

VCSEL-based optical transceiver module operating at 25 Gb/s and using a single CMOS IC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afriat, Gil; Horwitz, Lior; Lazar, Dror; Issachar, Assaf; Pogrebinsky, Alexander; Ran, Adee; Shoor, Ehud; Bar, Roi; Saba, Rushdy

2012-01-01

We present here a low cost, small form factor, optical transceiver module composed of a CMOS IC transceiver, 850 nm emission wavelength VCSEL modulated at 25 Gb/s, and an InGaAs/InP PIN Photo Diode (PD). The transceiver IC is fabricated in a standard 28 nm CMOS process and integrates the analog circuits interfacing the VCSEL and PD, namely the VCSEL driver and Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA), as well as all other required transmitter and receiver circuits like Phase Locked Loop (PLL), Post Amplifier and Clock & Data Recovery (CDR). The transceiver module couples into a 62.5/125 um multi-mode (OM1) TX/RX fiber pair via a low cost plastic cover realizing the transmitter and receiver lens systems and demonstrates BER < 10-12 at the 25 Gb/s data rate over a distance of 3 meters. Using a 50/125 um laser optimized multi-mode fiber (OM3), the same performance was achieved over a distance of 30 meters.

International Space Agency CIO Forum Industrial Control System (ICS) and Cyber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Powell, Robert

2017-01-01

This briefing covers Industrial Control System (ICS) best practices for enhancing cyber protection. The briefing provides a very high-level overview of best practices currently being pursued by NASA as well as by other US government agencies such as NIST and DHS ICS-CERT. All information presented in this slide deck is publicly available and no sensitive information is provided in these slides. These slides will be used to generate discussion around best practices within the international community in the area of ICS cyber protections.

AGB stars as tracers to IC 1613 evolution.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hashemi, S. A.; Javadi, A.; van Loon, J. Th.

We are going to apply AGB stars to find star formation history for IC 1613 galaxy; this a new and simple method that works well for nearby galaxies. IC 1613 is a Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy that is located at distance of 750 kpc, a gas rich and isolated dwarf galaxy that has a low foreground extinction. We use the long period variable stars (LPVs) that represent the very final stage of evolution of stars with low and intermediate mass at the AGB phase and are very luminous and cool so that they emit maximum brightness in near-infrared bands. Thus near-infrared photometry with using stellar evolutionary models help us to convert brightness to birth mass and age and from this drive star formation history of the galaxy. We will use the luminosity distribution of the LPVs to reconstruct the star formation history-a method we have successfully applied in other Local Group galaxies. Our analysis shows that the IC 1613 has had a nearly constant star formation rate, without any dominant star formation episode.

Use of optical technique for inspection of warpage of IC packages

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toh, Siew-Lok; Chau, Fook S.; Ong, Sim Heng

2001-06-01

The packaging of IC packages has changed over the years, form dual-in-line, wire-bond, and pin-through-hole in printed wiring board technologies in the 1970s to ball grid array, chip scale and surface mount technologies in the 1990s. Reliability has been a big problem for manufacturers for some moisture-sensitive packages. One of the potential problems in plastic IC packages is moisture-induced popcorn effect which can arise during the reflow process. Shearography is a non-destructive inspection technique that may be used to detect the delamination and warpage of IC packages. It is non-contacting and permits a full-field observation of surface displacement derivatives. Another advantage of this technique is that it is able to give the real-time formation of the fringes which indicate flaws in the IC package under real-time simulation condition of Surface Mount Technology (SMT) IR reflow profile. It is extremely fast and convenient to study the true behavior of the packaging deformation during the SMT process. It can be concluded that shearography has the potential for the real- time detection, in situ and non-destructive inspection of IC packages during the surface mount process.

Student Definitions of Intercultural Competence (IC)--Are They Context-Specific?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Binder, Nadine; Odag, Ozen; Leiser, Anne; Ludders, Lisa; Kedzior, Karina Karolina

2018-01-01

Higher education institutions increasingly seek to promote students' intercultural competence (IC), yet its conceptualization remains a challenge. The first aim of this study was to explore how a purposive sample of n = 77 domestic, undergraduate students at a public university in Germany define IC. The second aim was to assess to what extent such…

30 CFR 57.22210 - In-line filters (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false In-line filters (I-C mines). 57.22210 Section... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22210 In-line filters (I-C mines). Filters or separators shall be installed on air-lift fan systems to prevent explosive concentrations of...

30 CFR 57.22210 - In-line filters (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false In-line filters (I-C mines). 57.22210 Section... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22210 In-line filters (I-C mines). Filters or separators shall be installed on air-lift fan systems to prevent explosive concentrations of...

30 CFR 57.22210 - In-line filters (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false In-line filters (I-C mines). 57.22210 Section... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22210 In-line filters (I-C mines). Filters or separators shall be installed on air-lift fan systems to prevent explosive concentrations of...

30 CFR 57.22210 - In-line filters (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false In-line filters (I-C mines). 57.22210 Section... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22210 In-line filters (I-C mines). Filters or separators shall be installed on air-lift fan systems to prevent explosive concentrations of...

30 CFR 57.22210 - In-line filters (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false In-line filters (I-C mines). 57.22210 Section... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22210 In-line filters (I-C mines). Filters or separators shall be installed on air-lift fan systems to prevent explosive concentrations of...

25 CFR 179.102 - How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder... How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate? (a) If income is subject to division, the Secretary will use Actuarial Table S, Valuation of Annuities, found at 26 CFR 20...

25 CFR 179.102 - How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder... How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate? (a) If income is subject to division, the Secretary will use Actuarial Table S, Valuation of Annuities, found at 26 CFR 20...

25 CFR 179.102 - How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder... How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate? (a) If income is subject to division, the Secretary will use Actuarial Table S, Valuation of Annuities, found at 26 CFR 20...

25 CFR 179.102 - How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder... How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate? (a) If income is subject to division, the Secretary will use Actuarial Table S, Valuation of Annuities, found at 26 CFR 20...

25 CFR 179.102 - How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder... How does the Secretary calculate the value of a remainder and a life estate? (a) If income is subject to division, the Secretary will use Actuarial Table S, Valuation of Annuities, found at 26 CFR 20...

The effects of acute pesticide exposure on neuroblastoma cells chronically exposed to diazinon.

PubMed

Axelrad, J C; Howard, C V; McLean, W G

2003-03-14

Speculation about potential neurotoxicity due to chronic exposure to low doses of organophosphate (OP) pesticides is not yet supported by experimental evidence. The objective of this work was to use a cell culture model of chronic OP exposure to determine if such exposure can alter the sensitivity of nerve cells to subsequent acute exposure to OPs or other compounds. NB2a neuroblastoma cells were grown in the presence of 25 microM diazinon for 8 weeks. The OP was then withdrawn and the cells were induced to differentiate in the presence of various other pesticides or herbicides, including OPs and OP-containing formulations. The resulting outgrowth of neurite-like structures was measured by light microscopy and quantitative image analysis and the IC(50) for each OP or formulation was calculated. The IC(50) values in diazinon-pre-exposed cells were compared with the equivalent values in cells not pre-exposed to diazinon. The IC(50) for inhibition of neurite outgrowth by acute application of diazinon, pyrethrum, glyphosate or a commercial formulation of glyphosate was decreased by between 20 and 90% after pre-treatment with diazinon. In contrast, the IC(50) for pirimiphos methyl was unaffected and those for phosmet or chlorpyrifos were increased by between 1.5- and 3-fold. Treatment of cells with chlorpyrifos or with a second glyphosate-containing formulation led to the formation of abnormal neurite-like structures in diazinon-pre-exposed cells. The data support the view that chronic exposure to an OP may reduce the threshold for toxicity of some, but by no means all, environmental agents.

Industry-Oriented Laboratory Development for Mixed-Signal IC Test Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hu, J.; Haffner, M.; Yoder, S.; Scott, M.; Reehal, G.; Ismail, M.

2010-01-01

The semiconductor industry is lacking qualified integrated circuit (IC) test engineers to serve in the field of mixed-signal electronics. The absence of mixed-signal IC test education at the collegiate level is cited as one of the main sources for this problem. In response to this situation, the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at…

30 CFR 57.22241 - Advance face boreholes (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Boreholes shall be drilled in such a manner to insure that the advancing face will not accidently break into... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). 57.22241... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22241 Advance face boreholes (I-C mines...

30 CFR 57.22241 - Advance face boreholes (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). 57.22241... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22241 Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). (a) Boreholes shall be drilled at least 25 feet in advance of a face whenever the work place is...

30 CFR 57.22241 - Advance face boreholes (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). 57.22241... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22241 Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). (a) Boreholes shall be drilled at least 25 feet in advance of a face whenever the work place is...

30 CFR 57.22241 - Advance face boreholes (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). 57.22241... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22241 Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). (a) Boreholes shall be drilled at least 25 feet in advance of a face whenever the work place is...

30 CFR 57.22241 - Advance face boreholes (I-C mines).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). 57.22241... Standards for Methane in Metal and Nonmetal Mines Ventilation § 57.22241 Advance face boreholes (I-C mines). (a) Boreholes shall be drilled at least 25 feet in advance of a face whenever the work place is...

A Novel Two-Step Hierarchial Quantitative Structure-Activity ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Background: Accurate prediction of in vivo toxicity from in vitro testing is a challenging problem. Large public–private consortia have been formed with the goal of improving chemical safety assessment by the means of high-throughput screening. Methods and results: A database containing experimental cytotoxicity values for in vitro half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and in vivo rodent median lethal dose (LD50) for more than 300 chemicals was compiled by Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergaenzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch (ZEBET ; National Center for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments) . The application of conventional quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling approaches to predict mouse or rat acute LD50 values from chemical descriptors of ZEBET compounds yielded no statistically significant models. The analysis of these data showed no significant correlation between IC50 and LD50. However, a linear IC50 versus LD50 correlation could be established for a fraction of compounds. To capitalize on this observation, we developed a novel two-step modeling approach as follows. First, all chemicals are partitioned into two groups based on the relationship between IC50 and LD50 values: One group comprises compounds with linear IC50 versus LD50 relationships, and another group comprises the remaining compounds. Second, we built conventional binary classification QSAR models t

What Is Professional Development Worth? Calculating the Value of Onboarding Programs in Extension

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harder, Amy; Hodges, Alan; Zelaya, Priscilla

2017-01-01

Return on investment (ROI) is a commonly used metric for organizations concerned with demonstrating the value of their investments; it can be used to determine whether funds spent providing professional development programs for Extension professionals are good investments. This article presents a method for calculating ROI for an onboarding…

Novel N-allyl/propargyl tetrahydroquinolines: Synthesis via Three-component Cationic Imino Diels-Alder Reaction, Binding Prediction, and Evaluation as Cholinesterase Inhibitors.

PubMed

Rodríguez, Yeray A; Gutiérrez, Margarita; Ramírez, David; Alzate-Morales, Jans; Bernal, Cristian C; Güiza, Fausto M; Romero Bohórquez, Arnold R

2016-10-01

New N-allyl/propargyl 4-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines derivatives were efficiently synthesized using acid-catalyzed three components cationic imino Diels-Alder reaction (70-95%). All compounds were tested in vitro as dual acetylcholinesterase and butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitors and their potential binding modes, and affinity, were predicted by molecular docking and binding free energy calculations (∆G) respectively. The compound 4af (IC50 = 72 μm) presented the most effective inhibition against acetylcholinesterase despite its poor selectivity (SI = 2), while the best inhibitory activity on butyryl-cholinesterase was exhibited by compound 4ae (IC50 = 25.58 μm) with considerable selectivity (SI = 0.15). Molecular docking studies indicated that the most active compounds fit in the reported acetylcholinesterase and butyryl-cholinesterase active sites. Moreover, our computational data indicated a high correlation between the calculated ∆G and the experimental activity values in both targets. © 2016 The Authors Chemical Biology & Drug Design Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Design, synthesis, kinetic mechanism and molecular docking studies of novel 1-pentanoyl-3-arylthioureas as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase and free radical scavengers.

PubMed

Larik, Fayaz Ali; Saeed, Aamer; Channar, Pervaiz Ali; Muqadar, Urooj; Abbas, Qamar; Hassan, Mubashir; Seo, Sung-Yum; Bolte, Michael

2017-12-01

A series of novel 1-pentanoyl-3-arylthioureas was designed as new mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors and free radical scavengers. The title compounds were obtained in excellent yield and characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and X-ray crystallography in case of compound (4a). The inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase and DPPH were evaluated and it was observed that 1-Pentanoyl-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) thiourea (4f) showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC 50 1.568 ± 0.01 mM) comparable to Kojic acid (IC 50 16.051 ± 1.27 mM). Interestingly compound 4f exhibited higher antioxidant potential compared to other derivatives. The docking studies of synthesized 1-Pentanoyl-3-arylthioureas analogues were also carried out against tyrosinase protein (PDBID 2ZMX) to compare the binding affinities with IC 50 values. The predicted binding affinities are in good agreement with the IC 50 values as compound (4f) showed highest binding affinity (-7.50 kcal/mol) compared to others derivatives. The kinetic mechanism analyzed by Line-weavere Burk plots exhibited that compound (4f) inhibit the enzyme inhibits the tyrosinase non-competitively to form an enzyme inhibitor complex. The inhibition constants Ki calculated from Dixon plots for compound (4f) is 1.10 μM. It was also found from kinetic analysis that derivative 4f irreversible enzyme inhibitor complex. It is proposed on the basis of our investigation that title compound (4f) may serve as lead structure for the design of more potent tyrosinase inhibitors. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Discovery of New Inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii via the Pathogen Box

PubMed Central

Spalenka, Jérémy; Escotte-Binet, Sandie; Bakiri, Ali; Hubert, Jane; Renault, Jean-Hugues; Velard, Frédéric; Duchateau, Simon; Aubert, Dominique; Huguenin, Antoine

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite which affects approximately 30% of the population worldwide. The drugs currently used against toxoplasmosis are few in number and show several limitations, such as drug intolerance, poor bioavailability, or drug resistance mechanism developed by the parasite. Thus, it is important to find new compounds able to inhibit parasite invasion or proliferation. In this study, the 400 compounds of the open-access Pathogen Box, provided by the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) foundation, were screened for their anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity. A preliminary in vitro screening performed over 72 h by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed 15 interesting compounds that were effective against T. gondii at 1 μM. Their cytotoxicity was estimated on Vero cells, and their 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were further calculated. As a result, eight anti-Toxoplasma gondii compounds with an IC50 of less than 2 μM and a selectivity index (SI) value of greater than 4 were identified. The most active was MMV675968, showing an IC50 of 0.02 μM and a selectivity index value equal to 275. Two other compounds, MMV689480 and MMV687807, also showed a good activity against T. gondii, with IC50s of 0.10 μM (SI of 86.6) and 0.15 μM (SI of 11.3), respectively. Structure-activity relationships for the eight selected compounds also were discussed on the basis of fingerprinting similarity measurements using the Tanimoto method. The anti-Toxoplasma gondii compounds highlighted here represent potential candidates for the development of new drugs that could be used against toxoplasmosis. PMID:29133550

Discovery of New Inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii via the Pathogen Box.

PubMed

Spalenka, Jérémy; Escotte-Binet, Sandie; Bakiri, Ali; Hubert, Jane; Renault, Jean-Hugues; Velard, Frédéric; Duchateau, Simon; Aubert, Dominique; Huguenin, Antoine; Villena, Isabelle

2018-02-01

Toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite which affects approximately 30% of the population worldwide. The drugs currently used against toxoplasmosis are few in number and show several limitations, such as drug intolerance, poor bioavailability, or drug resistance mechanism developed by the parasite. Thus, it is important to find new compounds able to inhibit parasite invasion or proliferation. In this study, the 400 compounds of the open-access Pathogen Box, provided by the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) foundation, were screened for their anti- Toxoplasma gondii activity. A preliminary in vitro screening performed over 72 h by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed 15 interesting compounds that were effective against T. gondii at 1 μM. Their cytotoxicity was estimated on Vero cells, and their 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 ) were further calculated. As a result, eight anti- Toxoplasma gondii compounds with an IC 50 of less than 2 μM and a selectivity index (SI) value of greater than 4 were identified. The most active was MMV675968, showing an IC 50 of 0.02 μM and a selectivity index value equal to 275. Two other compounds, MMV689480 and MMV687807, also showed a good activity against T. gondii , with IC 50 s of 0.10 μM (SI of 86.6) and 0.15 μM (SI of 11.3), respectively. Structure-activity relationships for the eight selected compounds also were discussed on the basis of fingerprinting similarity measurements using the Tanimoto method. The anti- Toxoplasma gondii compounds highlighted here represent potential candidates for the development of new drugs that could be used against toxoplasmosis. Copyright © 2018 Spalenka et al.

The antioxidant activity test by using DPPH method from the white tea using different solvents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Darmajana, Doddy A.; Hadiansyah, Firman; Desnilasari, Dewi

2017-11-01

The solvents used in this study are: aquades, ethanol and glacial acetic acid. The raw material as the source of antioxidants is white tea. Pure Quercetin is used as a comparing antioxidant. The treatment design was the solvent type for extraction, while the antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH method, with IC50 as the reference of antioxidant activity value. The results of antioxidant activity tests with three different solvent types are IC50 of 22,499 µg/mL for aquades, IC50 of 13,317 µg/mL for Ethanol and IC50 of 60,555 µg/mL for Glacial Acetic Acid. As a control of the standard antioxidant activity value of Quercetin is 4,313 µg/mL.

MagIC, a genetically encoded fluorescent indicator for monitoring cellular Mg2+ using a non-Förster resonance energy transfer ratiometric imaging approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koldenkova, Vadim Pérez; Matsuda, Tomoki; Nagai, Takeharu

2015-10-01

Intracellular Mg roles are commensurate with its abundance in the cell cytoplasm. However, little is known about Mg subcellular dynamics, primarily due to the lack of suitable Mg-selective tools to monitor this ion in intracellular compartments. To cope with this lack, we developed a Mg-sensitive indicator-MagIC (indicator for Magnesium Imaging in Cell) -composed of a functionalized yellow fluorescent protein (FP) variant fused to a red-emitting FP serving as a reference, thus allowing ratiometric imaging of Mg. MagIC expressed in mammalian cells is homogeneously distributed between the cytosol and nucleus but its fusion with appropriate targeting sequences redirects it to mitochondria or the endoplasmic reticulum. MagIC shows little interference by intracellular Ca [Kd(Mg2+)=5.1 mM Kd(Ca2+)=4.8 mM] and its kinetic properties (k=84 s-1) approach those of indicator dyes. With MagIC, as reported previously, we also observed a cytosolic Mg increase provoked by application of 50 mM MgCl2 in the medium. This effect is, however, mimicked by 75 mM KCl or 150 mM D-sorbitol addition, indicating that it is a response to the associated hyperosmotic shock and not to Mg itself. Our results confirm the functionality of MagIC as a useful tool for the long-awaited possibility of prolonged and organelle-specific monitoring of cellular Mg.

40 CFR 600.208-08 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for a model type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... may use fuel economy data from tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to...) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests...

40 CFR 600.208-08 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for a model type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to calculate the fuel economy for the... combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural...

40 CFR 600.208-08 - Calculation of FTP-based and HFET-based fuel economy values for a model type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... tests conducted on these vehicle configuration(s) at high altitude to calculate the fuel economy for the... combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii) Calculate the city, highway, and combined fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural...

In vitro evaluation of novel antiviral activities of 60 medicinal plants extracts against hepatitis B virus.

PubMed

Arbab, Ahmed Hassan; Parvez, Mohammad Khalid; Al-Dosari, Mohammed Salem; Al-Rehaily, Adnan Jathlan

2017-07-01

Currently, >35 Saudi Arabian medicinal plants are traditionally used for various liver disorders without a scientific rationale. This is the first experimental evaluation of the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) potential of the total ethanolic and sequential organic extracts of 60 candidate medicinal plants. The extracts were tested for toxicity on HepG2.2.15 cells and cytotoxicity concentration (CC 50 ) values were determined. The extracts were further investigated on HepG2.2.15 cells for anti-HBV activities by analyzing the inhibition of HBsAg and HBeAg production in the culture supernatants, and their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) and therapeutic index (TI) values were determined. Of the screened plants, Guiera senegalensis (dichloromethane extract, IC 50 =10.65), Pulicaria crispa (ethyl acetate extract, IC 50 =14.45), Coccinea grandis (total ethanol extract, IC 50 =31.57), Fumaria parviflora (hexane extract, IC 50 =35.44), Capparis decidua (aqueous extract, IC 50 =66.82), Corallocarpus epigeus (total ethanol extract, IC 50 =71.9), Indigofera caerulea (methanol extract, IC 50 =73.21), Abutilon figarianum (dichloromethane extract, IC 50 =99.76) and Acacia oerfota (total ethanol extract, IC 50 =101.46) demonstrated novel anti-HBV activities in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Further qualitative phytochemical analysis of the active extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins, which are attributed to antiviral efficacies. In conclusion, P. crispa, G. senegalensis and F. parviflora had the most promising anti-HBV potentials, including those of C. decidua , C. epigeus, A. figarianum , A. oerfota and I. caerulea with marked activities. However, a detailed phytochemical study of these extracts is essential to isolate the active principle(s) responsible for their novel anti-HBV potential.

Men Working on Mock-Up of S-IC Thrust Structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1963-01-01

This photograph depicts Marshall Space Flight Center employees, James Reagin, machinist (top); Floyd McGinnis, machinist; and Ernest Davis, experimental test mechanic (foreground), working on a mock up of the S-IC thrust structure. The S-IC stage is the first stage, or booster, of the 364-foot long Saturn V rocket that ultimately took astronauts to the Moon. The S-IC stage, burned over 15 tons of propellant per second during its 2.5 minutes of operation to take the vehicle to a height of about 36 miles and to a speed of about 6,000 miles per hour. The stage was 138 feet long and 33 feet in diameter. Operating at maximum power, all five of the engines produced 7,500,000 pounds of thrust.

J{sub IC} evaluation of the smooth and the side-grooved CT specimen in the reactor pressure vessel steel (SA508-3)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oh, S.W.; Lim, M.B.; Kim, T.H.

1993-12-31

The elastic-plastic fracture toughness J{sub IC} of SA508-3 forging steel was investigated by using CT-type specimens. The thickness of the smooth specimen is B{sub 0} = 25.4 mm and the side groove specimen is B{sub N} = 20.4 mm and the side groove deep is S{center_dot}G = [(B{sub 0} {minus} B{sub N})/B{sub 0}] {times} 100 = 19.7% and the groove angle is 90{degree}. The J{sub IC} tests estimated according to the method proposed in the ASTM E813-81 and JSME S001-81. The side-grooved specimen have the advantage of J{sub IC} estimation, it is much easier to determine the onset of ductilemore » tearing by the R-curve method and it improved accuracy and scatter of the toughness values thus determined, provided all the size-requirements for the specimen prescribed in the JSME method were satisfied. But it is difficult to find by the ASTM method. The critical stretched zone width (SZW{sub C}) of the side-grooved specimens found to be smaller than that previously determined for the standard CT specimens without side-grooves. This was attributed to higher triaxiality produced by the side-grooves. The stretched zone width method gave slightly larger J{sub IC} values than those by the R-curve method for SA508-3, as has been observed for the standard specimen without side-groove.« less

High-resolution radio study of SNR IC 443 at low radio frequencies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castelletti, G.; Dubner, G.; Clarke, T.; Kassim, N. E.

2011-10-01

Aims: We investigate the morphology at low radio frequencies of the supernova remnant (SNR) IC 443 in detail and accurately establish its radio continuum spectral properties. Methods: We used the VLA in multiple configurations to produce high-resolution radio images of IC 443 at 74 and 330 MHz. From these data we produced the first sensitive, spatially resolved spectral analysis of the radio emission at long wavelengths. The changes with position in the radio spectral index were correlated with data in near infrared (NIR) from 2MASS, in gamma-rays from VERITAS, and with the molecular 12CO (J = 1 - 0) line emission. Results: The new image at 74 MHz has HPBW = 35'' and rms = 30 mJy beam-1 and at 330 MHz HPBW = 17'' and rms = 1.7 mJy beam-1. The integrated flux densities for the whole SNR are S74 MHzSNR=470±51 Jy and S330 MHzSNR=248±15 Jy. Improved estimates of the integrated spectrum were derived taking a turnover into account to fit the lowest frequency measurements in the literature. Combining our measurements with existing data, we derive an integrated spectral index α10 MHz10700 MHz=-0.39±0.01 with a free-free continuum optical depth at 330 MHz τ330 ~ 7 × 10-4 (τ10 = 1.07); all measurements above ~ 10 MHz are equally consistent with a power law spectrum. For the pulsar wind nebula associated with the compact source CXOU J061705.3+222127, we calculated S330 MHzPWN=0.23±0.05 Jy, S1420 MHzPWN=0.20±0.04 Jy, and α330 MHz8460 MHz˜ 0.0. Substantial variations are observed in spectral index between 74 and 330 MHz across IC 443. The flattest spectral components ( - 0.25 ≤ α ≤ - 0.05) coincide with the brightest parts of the SNR along the eastern border, with an impressive agreement with ionic lines as observed in the 2MASS J and H bands. The diffuse interior of IC 443 has a spectrum steeper than found anywhere in the SNR ( - 0.85 ≤ α ≤ - 0.6), while the southern ridge again has a flatter spectrum (α ~ -0.4). With the available statistics the VERITAS

Bifurcatriol, a New Antiprotozoal Acyclic Diterpene from the Brown Alga Bifurcaria bifurcata

PubMed Central

Smyrniotopoulos, Vangelis; Merten, Christian; Kaiser, Marcel; Tasdemir, Deniz

2017-01-01

Linear diterpenes that are commonly found in brown algae are of high chemotaxonomic and ecological importance. This study reports bifurcatriol (1), a new linear diterpene featuring two stereogenic centers isolated from the Irish brown alga Bifurcaria bifurcata. The gross structure of this new natural product was elucidated based on its spectroscopic data (IR, 1D and 2D-NMR, HRMS). Its absolute configuration was identified by experimental and computational vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy, combined with the calculation of 13C-NMR chemical shielding constants. Bifurcatriol (1) was tested for in vitro antiprotozoal activity towards a small panel of parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, and Leishmania donovani) and cytotoxicity against mammalian primary cells. The highest activity was exerted against the malaria parasite P. falciparum (IC50 value 0.65 μg/mL) with low cytotoxicity (IC50 value 56.6 μg/mL). To our knowledge, this is the first successful application of VCD and DP4 probability analysis of the calculated 13C-NMR chemical shifts for the simultaneous assignment of the absolute configuration of multiple stereogenic centers in a long-chain acyclic natural product. PMID:28767061

3D-ICs created using oblique processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burckel, D. Bruce

2016-03-01

This paper demonstrates that another class of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) exists, distinct from through silicon via centric and monolithic 3D-ICs. Furthermore, it is possible to create devices that are 3D at the device level (i.e. with active channels oriented in each of the three coordinate axes), by performing standard CMOS fabrication operations at an angle with respect to the wafer surface into high aspect ratio silicon substrates using membrane projection lithography (MPL). MPL requires only minimal fixturing changes to standard CMOS equipment, and no change to current state-of-the-art lithography. Eliminating the constraint of 2D planar device architecture enables a wide range of new interconnect topologies which could help reduce interconnect resistance/capacitance, and potentially improve performance.

IC [Interior Communications] Electrician 3 and 2: Rate Training Manual. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Naval Education and Training Command, Pensacola, FL.

The rate training manual provides information related to the tasks assigned to the Interior Communications (IC) Electricians Third and Second Class who operate and maintain the interior communications systems and associated equipment. Chapter one discusses career challenges for the IC Electrician in terms of responsibilities, advancement…

PTP1B, α-glucosidase, and DPP-IV inhibitory effects for chromene derivatives from the leaves of Smilax china L.

PubMed

Zhao, Bing Tian; Le, Duc Dat; Nguyen, Phi Hung; Ali, Md Yousof; Choi, Jae-Sue; Min, Byung Sun; Shin, Heung Mook; Rhee, Hae Ik; Woo, Mi Hee

2016-06-25

Two new flavonoids, bismilachinone (11) and smilachinin (14), were isolated from the leaves of Smilax china L. together with 14 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. The PTP1B, α-glucosidase, and DPP-IV inhibitory activities of compounds 1-16 were evaluated at the molecular level. Among them, compounds 4, 7, and 10 showed moderate DPP-IV inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 20.81, 33.12, and 32.93 μM, respectively. Compounds 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, and 16 showed strong PTP1B inhibitory activities, with respective IC50 values of 7.62, 10.80, 0.92, 2.68, 9.77, and 24.17 μM compared with the IC50 value for the positive control (ursolic acid: IC50 = 1.21 μM). Compounds 2-7, 11, 12, 15, and 16 showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, with respective IC50 values of 8.70, 81.66, 35.11, 35.92, 7.99, 26.28, 11.28, 62.68, 44.32, and 70.12 μM. The positive control, acarbose, displayed an IC50 value of 175.84 μM. In the kinetic study for the PTP1B enzyme, compounds 6, 11, and 12 displayed competitive inhibition with Ki values of 3.20, 8.56, and 5.86 μM, respectively. Compounds 3, 4, and 16 showed noncompetitive inhibition with Ki values of 18.75, 5.95, and 22.86 μM, respectively. Molecular docking study for the competitive inhibitors (6, 11, and 12) radically corroborates the binding affinities and inhibition of PTP1B enzymes. These results indicated that the leaves of Smilax china L. may contain compounds with anti-diabetic activity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Association Between Low 50 g Glucose Challenge Test Values and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.

PubMed

Kwon, Hayan; Lee, Joonho; Lee, Byung-Wan; Kwon, Ja-Young; Kim, Young-Han

2018-01-11

The implications of low values on the 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) in pregnancy are not clearly defined. Few studies have evaluated the influence of maternal low GCT values on obstetrical outcomes. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between women with low 50 g GCT values and those with normal values. Women undergoing gestational diabetes mellitus screening at 24-28 weeks of gestational age between January 2010 and December 2016 were retrospectively evaluated. Women with multifetal pregnancies, prepregnancy type I or II diabetes, GCT performed before 24 or after 28 weeks of gestational age, and women undergoing multiple GCTs in the same pregnancy were excluded. Low GCT values and normal GCT values were defined as ≤85 mg/dL and 86-130 mg/dL, respectively. Of 3875 screened subjects, 519 (13.4%) women were included in the low GCT group and 3356 (86.6%) in the normal GCT group. Low GCT women had a significantly higher rate of small for gestational age (SGA) infants than normal GCT women (10.8% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.02). Cesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) were less frequent in low GCT women than in normal women (32.6% vs. 42.8%, p < 0.01 and 0.2% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.03, respectively). Low GCT women had a 1.38-fold increased risk of bearing SGA infants (95% confidence intervals: 1.01-1.88, p = 0.04). Rate of SGA infants was significantly higher and cesarean delivery and PPH rates were significantly lower in women with low GCT values. Low GCT values were independently associated with an increased risk of SGA.

40 CFR 600.207-08 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (i) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii)(A) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel, if 5-cycle testing has been performed. Otherwise...

Effect of blood sampling schedule and method of calculating the area under the curve on validity and precision of glycaemic index values.

PubMed

Wolever, Thomas M S

2004-02-01

To evaluate the suitability for glycaemic index (GI) calculations of using blood sampling schedules and methods of calculating area under the curve (AUC) different from those recommended, the GI values of five foods were determined by recommended methods (capillary blood glucose measured seven times over 2.0 h) in forty-seven normal subjects and different calculations performed on the same data set. The AUC was calculated in four ways: incremental AUC (iAUC; recommended method), iAUC above the minimum blood glucose value (AUCmin), net AUC (netAUC) and iAUC including area only before the glycaemic response curve cuts the baseline (AUCcut). In addition, iAUC was calculated using four different sets of less than seven blood samples. GI values were derived using each AUC calculation. The mean GI values of the foods varied significantly according to the method of calculating GI. The standard deviation of GI values calculating using iAUC (20.4), was lower than six of the seven other methods, and significantly less (P<0.05) than that using netAUC (24.0). To be a valid index of food glycaemic response independent of subject characteristics, GI values in subjects should not be related to their AUC after oral glucose. However, calculating GI using AUCmin or less than seven blood samples resulted in significant (P<0.05) relationships between GI and mean AUC. It is concluded that, in subjects without diabetes, the recommended blood sampling schedule and method of AUC calculation yields more valid and/or more precise GI values than the seven other methods tested here. The only method whose results agreed reasonably well with the recommended method (ie. within +/-5 %) was AUCcut.

Unveiling the AGN in IC 883: discovery of a parsec-scale radio jet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romero-Cañizales, C.; Alberdi, A.; Ricci, C.; Arévalo, P.; Pérez-Torres, M. Á.; Conway, J. E.; Beswick, R. J.; Bondi, M.; Muxlow, T. W. B.; Argo, M. K.; Bauer, F. E.; Efstathiou, A.; Herrero-Illana, R.; Mattila, S.; Ryder, S. D.

2017-05-01

IC 883 is a luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) classified as a starburst-active galactic nucleus (AGN) composite. In a previous study, we detected a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN) radio candidate. Here, we report on our radio follow-up at three frequencies that provides direct and unequivocal evidence of the AGN activity in IC 883. Our analysis of archival X-ray data, together with the detection of a transient radio source with luminosity typical of bright supernovae, gives further evidence of the ongoing star formation activity, which dominates the energetics of the system. At sub-parsec scales, the radio nucleus has a core-jet morphology with the jet being a newly ejected component showing a subluminal proper motion of 0.6-1 c. The AGN contributes less than 2 per cent of the total IR luminosity of the system. The corresponding Eddington factor is ˜10-3, suggesting this is a low-accretion rate engine, as often found in LLAGNs. However, its high bolometric luminosity (˜1044 erg s-1) agrees better with a normal AGN. This apparent discrepancy may just be an indication of the transition nature of the nucleus from a system dominated by star formation, to an AGN-dominated system. The nucleus has a strongly inverted spectrum and a turnover at ˜4.4 GHz, thus qualifying as a candidate for the least luminous (L5.0 GHz ˜ 6.3 × 1028 erg s-1 Hz-1) and one of the youngest (˜3 × 103 yr) gigahertz-peaked spectrum (GPS) sources. If the GPS origin for the IC 883 nucleus is confirmed, then advanced mergers in the LIRG category are potentially key environments to unveil the evolution of GPS sources into more powerful radio galaxies.

40 CFR 600.211-08 - Sample calculation of fuel economy values for labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Sample calculation of fuel economy values for labeling. 600.211-08 Section 600.211-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model...

Calculating Measurement Uncertainty of the “Conventional Value of the Result of Weighing in Air”

DOE PAGES

Flicker, Celia J.; Tran, Hy D.

2016-04-02

The conventional value of the result of weighing in air is frequently used in commercial calibrations of balances. The guidance in OIML D-028 for reporting uncertainty of the conventional value is too terse. When calibrating mass standards at low measurement uncertainties, it is necessary to perform a buoyancy correction before reporting the result. When calculating the conventional result after calibrating true mass, the uncertainty due to calculating the conventional result is correlated with the buoyancy correction. We show through Monte Carlo simulations that the measurement uncertainty of the conventional result is less than the measurement uncertainty when reporting true mass.more » The Monte Carlo simulation tool is available in the online version of this article.« less

Edwards nXDS15iC Vacuum Scroll Pump Pressure Testing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sessions, H.; Morgan, G. A.

2013-07-17

The SRNL High Pressure Laboratory performed testing on an Edwards Model nXDS15iC Vacuum Scroll Pump on July 10th and 11th of 2013 at 723-A. This testing was done in an attempt to obtain initial compression ratio information for the nXDS15iC pump, with compression ratio defined as discharge pressure of the pump divided by suction pressure. Pressure burst testing was also done on the pump to determine its design pressure for pressure safety reasons. The Edwards nXDS15iC pump is being evaluated by SRNL for use part of the SHINE project being executed by SRNL.

Construction Progress of the S-IC Test Stand Complex Bunker House

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1963-01-01

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army's Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, the existing stands were remodeled and a sizable new test area was developed. The new comprehensive test complex for propulsion and structural dynamics was unique within the nation and the free world, and they remain so today because they were constructed with foresight to meet the future as well as on going needs. Construction of the S-IC Static test stand complex began in 1961 in the west test area of MSFC, and was completed in 1964. The S-IC static test stand was designed to develop and test the 138-ft long and 33-ft diameter Saturn V S-IC first stage, or booster stage, weighing in at 280,000 pounds. Required to hold down the brute force of a 7,500,000-pound thrust produced by 5 F-1 engines, the S-IC static test stand was designed and constructed with the strength of hundreds of tons of steel and 12,000,000 pounds of cement, planted down to bedrock 40 feet below ground level. The foundation walls, constructed with concrete and steel, are 4 feet thick. The base structure consists of four towers with 40-foot-thick walls extending upward 144 feet above ground level. The structure was topped by a crane with a 135-foot boom. With the boom in the upright position, the stand was given an overall height of 405 feet, placing it among the highest structures in Alabama at the time. In addition to the S-IC stand, additional related facilities were built during this time frame. Built to the east of the S-IC stand, the block house served as the control room. To the south of the blockhouse was a newly constructed pump house used for delivering water to the S-IC stand during testing. North of the massive test stand, the F-1 Engine test stand was built for testing a single F-1 engine. Just southeast of the S-IC stand a concrete bunker house was constructed. The bunker housed

Innovative Teaching of IC Design and Manufacture Using the Superchip Platform

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, P. R.; Wilcock, R.; McNally, I.; Swabey, M.

2010-01-01

This paper describes how an intelligent chip architecture has allowed a large cohort of undergraduate (UG) students to be given effective practical insight into integrated circuit (IC) design by designing and manufacturing their own ICs. To achieve this, an efficient chip architecture, the "Superchip," was developed, which allows multiple student…

Drug Synergy of Tenofovir and Nanoparticle-Based Antiretrovirals for HIV Prophylaxis

PubMed Central

Chaowanachan, Thanyanan; Krogstad, Emily; Ball, Cameron; Woodrow, Kim A.

2013-01-01

Background The use of drug combinations has revolutionized the treatment of HIV but there is no equivalent combination product that exists for prevention, particularly for topical HIV prevention. Strategies to combine chemically incompatible agents may facilitate the discovery of unique drug-drug activities, particularly unexplored combination drug synergy. We fabricated two types of nanoparticles, each loaded with a single antiretroviral (ARV) that acts on a specific step of the viral replication cycle. Here we show unique combination drug activities mediated by our polymeric delivery systems when combined with free tenofovir (TFV). Methodology/Principal Findings Biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles loaded with efavirenz (NP-EFV) or saquinavir (NP-SQV) were individually prepared by emulsion or nanoprecipitation techniques. Nanoparticles had reproducible size (d ∼200 nm) and zeta potential (-25 mV). The drug loading of the nanoparticles was approximately 7% (w/w). NP-EFV and NP-SQV were nontoxic to TZM-bl cells and ectocervical explants. Both NP-EFV and NP-SQV exhibited potent protection against HIV-1 BaL infection in vitro. The HIV inhibitory effect of nanoparticle formulated ARVs showed up to a 50-fold reduction in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) compared to free drug. To quantify the activity arising from delivery of drug combinations, we calculated combination indices (CI) according to the median-effect principle. NP-EFV combined with free TFV demonstrated strong synergistic effects (CI50 = 0.07) at a 1∶50 ratio of IC50 values and additive effects (CI50 = 1.05) at a 1∶1 ratio of IC50 values. TFV combined with NP-SQV at a 1∶1 ratio of IC50 values also showed strong synergy (CI50 = 0.07). Conclusions ARVs with different physicochemical properties can be encapsulated individually into nanoparticles to potently inhibit HIV. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that combining TFV with either NP-EFV or NP

ICS classification system of infected osteosynthesis: Long-term results.

PubMed

Romanò, Carlo L; Morelli, Ilaria; Romanò, Delia; Meani, Enzo; Drago, Lorenzo

2018-03-01

The best treatment strategy for infected osteosyntheses is still debated. While hardware removal or eventually early device exchange may be necessary in most of the cases, temporary hardware retention until fracture healing can be a valid alternative option in others. Aim of the present study is to report the long-term results of 215 patients with infected osteosyntheses, treated according to the ICS (Infection, Callus, Stability) classification in two Italian hospitals. Patients classified as ICS Type 1 (N = 83) feature callus progression and hardware stability, in spite of the presence of infection; these patients were treated with suppressive antibiotic therapy coupled with local debridement in 18.1% of the cases, and no hardware removal until bone healing. Type 2 patients (N = 75) are characterized by the presence of infection and hardware stability, but no callus progression; these patients were treated as Type 1 patients, but with additional callus stimulation therapies. Type 3 patients (N = 57), showing infection, no callus progression and loss of hardware stability, underwent removal and exchange of the fixation device. Considering only the initial treatment, performed according to the ICS classification, at a minimum 5 years follow up, 89.3% achieved bone healing and 93.5% did not show infection recurrence. The ICS classification appears as a useful and reliable tool to help standardizing the decision-making process in treating infected osteosynthesis with the most conservative approach. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Strategies for defining traits when calculating economic values for livestock breeding: a review.

PubMed

Wolfová, M; Wolf, J

2013-09-01

The objective of the present review was (i) to survey different approaches for choosing the complex of traits for which economic values (EVs) are calculated, (ii) to call attention to the proper definition of traits and (iii) to discuss the manner and extent to which relationships among traits have been considered in the calculation of EVs. For this purpose, papers dealing with the estimation of EVs of traits in livestock were reviewed. The most important reasons for incompatibility of EVs for similar traits estimated in different countries and by different authors were found to be inconsistencies in trait definitions and in assumptions being made about relationships among traits. An important problem identified was how to choose the most appropriate criterion to characterise production or functional ability for a particular class of animals. Accordingly, the review covered the following three topics: (i) which trait(s) would best characterise the growth ability of an animal; (ii) how to define traits expressed repeatedly in subsequent reproductive cycles of breeding females and (iii) how to deal with traits that differ in average value between sexes or among animal groups. Various approaches that have been used to solve these problems were discussed. Furthermore, the manner in which diverse authors chose one or more traits from a group of alternatives for describing a specific biological potential were reviewed and commented on. The consequences of including or excluding relationships among economically important traits when estimating the EV for a specific trait were also examined. An important conclusion of the review is that, for a better comparability and interpretability of estimated EVs in the literature, it is desirable that clear and unique definitions of the traits, complete information on assumptions used in analytical models and details on inter-relationships between traits are documented. Furthermore, the method and the model used for the genetic

On the interpretation of the inverted kinetics equation and space-time calculations of the effectiveness of the VVER-1000 reactor scram system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zizin, M. N.; Ivanov, L. D.

2013-12-01

In the present paper, an attempt is made to analyze the accuracy of calculating the effectiveness of the VVER-1000 reactor scram system by means of the inverted solution of the kinetics equation (ISKE). In the numerical studies in the intellectual ShIPR software system, the actuation of the reactor scram system with the possible jamming of one of the two most effective rods is simulated. First, the connection of functionals calculated in the space-time computation in different approximations with the kinetics equation is considered on the theoretical level. The formulas are presented in a manner facilitating their coding. Then, the results of processing of several such functions by the ISKE are presented. For estimating the effectiveness of the VVER-1000 reactor scram system, it is proposed to use the measured currents of ionization chambers (IC) jointly with calculated readings of IC imitators. In addition, the integral of the delayed neutron (DN) generation rate multiplied by the adjoint DN source over the volume of the reactor, calculated for the instant of time when insertion of safety rods ends, is used. This integral is necessary for taking into account the spatial reactivity effects. Reasonable agreement was attained for the considered example between the effectiveness of the scram system evaluated by this method and the values obtained by steady-state calculations as the difference of the reciprocal effective multiplication factors with withdrawn and inserted control rods. This agreement was attained with the use of eight-group DN parameters.

Calculations of Excitation Functions of Some Structural Fusion Materials for ( n, t) Reactions up to 50 MeV Energy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tel, E.; Durgu, C.; Aktı, N. N.; Okuducu, Ş.

2010-06-01

Fusion serves an inexhaustible energy for humankind. Although there have been significant research and development studies on the inertial and magnetic fusion reactor technology, there is still a long way to go to penetrate commercial fusion reactors to the energy market. Tritium self-sufficiency must be maintained for a commercial power plant. For self-sustaining (D-T) fusion driver tritium breeding ratio should be greater than 1.05. So, the working out the systematics of ( n, t) reaction cross sections is of great importance for the definition of the excitation function character for the given reaction taking place on various nuclei at different energies. In this study, ( n, t) reactions for some structural fusion materials such as 27Al, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, and 56Fe have been investigated. The new calculations on the excitation functions of 27Al( n, t)25Mg, 51V( n, t)49Ti, 52Cr( n, t)50V, 55Mn( n, t)53Cr and 56Fe( n, t)54Mn reactions have been carried out up to 50 MeV incident neutron energy. In these calculations, the pre-equilibrium and equilibrium effects have been investigated. The pre-equilibrium calculations involve the new evaluated the geometry dependent hybrid model, hybrid model and the cascade exciton model. Equilibrium effects are calculated according to the Weisskopf-Ewing model. Also in the present work, we have calculated ( n, t) reaction cross-sections by using new evaluated semi-empirical formulas developed by Tel et al. at 14-15 MeV energy. The calculated results are discussed and compared with the experimental data taken from the literature.

Multicolor CCD Photometry of the Open Cluster IC361

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

journal Volume 19 Numbers 1/2 2010 Contents V. Straizys, A. Kazlauskas. Young stars in the Camelopardalis dust and molecular clouds. VI. YSOs...Vilnius + I system for 7250 stars down to 1= 19.6 mag has been obtained in the 20’ x 26’ field of the open cluster IC 361 in Camelopardalis . The catalog...1= 19.6 mag has been obtained in the 20’ x 26’ field of the open cluster IC 361 in Camelopardalis . The catalog of 1420 stars down to V ~ 18.5 mag

Classification of fMRI independent components using IC-fingerprints and support vector machine classifiers.

PubMed

De Martino, Federico; Gentile, Francesco; Esposito, Fabrizio; Balsi, Marco; Di Salle, Francesco; Goebel, Rainer; Formisano, Elia

2007-01-01

We present a general method for the classification of independent components (ICs) extracted from functional MRI (fMRI) data sets. The method consists of two steps. In the first step, each fMRI-IC is associated with an IC-fingerprint, i.e., a representation of the component in a multidimensional space of parameters. These parameters are post hoc estimates of global properties of the ICs and are largely independent of a specific experimental design and stimulus timing. In the second step a machine learning algorithm automatically separates the IC-fingerprints into six general classes after preliminary training performed on a small subset of expert-labeled components. We illustrate this approach in a multisubject fMRI study employing visual structure-from-motion stimuli encoding faces and control random shapes. We show that: (1) IC-fingerprints are a valuable tool for the inspection, characterization and selection of fMRI-ICs and (2) automatic classifications of fMRI-ICs in new subjects present a high correspondence with those obtained by expert visual inspection of the components. Importantly, our classification procedure highlights several neurophysiologically interesting processes. The most intriguing of which is reflected, with high intra- and inter-subject reproducibility, in one IC exhibiting a transiently task-related activation in the 'face' region of the primary sensorimotor cortex. This suggests that in addition to or as part of the mirror system, somatotopic regions of the sensorimotor cortex are involved in disambiguating the perception of a moving body part. Finally, we show that the same classification algorithm can be successfully applied, without re-training, to fMRI collected using acquisition parameters, stimulation modality and timing considerably different from those used for training.

Cytotoxic constituents of Pachyrhizus tuberosus from Peruvian amazon.

PubMed

Leuner, Olga; Havlik, Jaroslav; Budesinsky, Milos; Vrkoslav, Vladimir; Chu, Jessica; Bradshaw, Tracey D; Hummelova, Jana; Miksatkova, Petra; Lapcik, Oldrich; Valterova, Irena; Kokoska, Ladislav

2013-10-01

Investigations into the chemical constituents of the seeds of the neglected tuber crop Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Leguminosae) resulted in the isolation of seven components: five rotenoids [12a-hydroxyerosone (1), 12a-hydroxydolineone (2), erosone (3), 12a-hydroxyrotenone (4) and rotenone (6)], a phenylfuranocoumarin [pachyrrhizine (5)] and an isoflavanone [neotenone (7)]. The compounds were isolated using several chromatography techniques and characterized and verified by NMR and HPLC/MS. The MTT assay was used to examine the selective cytotoxic effects of the methanolic P. tuberosus extract and isolated compounds in two human cancer cell lines [breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HCT-116)] and in non-transformed human fibroblasts (MRC-5); IC50 values were calculated. The methanolic P. tuberosus extract displayed respectable cytotoxic effects against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 7.3 and 6.3 microg/mL, respectively. Of the compounds, 6 exacted greatest cytotoxicity and selectivity towards the cancer cell lines tested, yielding IC50 values of 0.3 microg/mL against both MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells, and a 6-fold reduced activity against MRC-5 fibroblasts. Compound 4 also demonstrated cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HCT-116 (1.1 and 1.8 microg/mL, respectively), and reduced cytotoxicity towards MRC-5 cells (7.5 mirog/mL). The results revealed from the in vitro cytotoxic MTT assay are worthy of further antitumor investigation.

Vaccinols J-S, ten new salicyloid derivatives from the marine mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis vaccinii.

PubMed

Wang, Jun-Feng; Liang, Rui; Liao, Sheng-Rong; Yang, Bin; Tu, Zheng-Chao; Lin, Xiu-Ping; Wang, Bin-Gui; Liu, Yonghong

2017-07-01

Ten new salicyloid derivatives, namely vaccinols J-S (1-10), along with five known compounds (11-15) were isolated from Pestalotiopsis vaccinii (cgmcc3.9199) endogenous with the mangrove plant Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (Rhizophoraceae). Their structures including absolute configurations were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, optical rotation, CD spectra, quantum ECD calculations. To the best of our knowledge, vaccinol J (1) is the first example of salicyloid derivatives containing 2-methylfuran moiety. All of the new compounds were tested for their anti-enterovirus 7l (EV71) and cytotoxic activities. Among them, vaccinol J (1) exhibited in vitro anti-EV71 with IC 50 value of 30.7μM (IC 50 177.0μM for the positive control ribavirin). Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Construction Progress of the S-IC Test Stand-Pumps

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1962-01-01

At its founding, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) inherited the Army's Jupiter and Redstone test stands, but much larger facilities were needed for the giant stages of the Saturn V. From 1960 to 1964, the existing stands were remodeled and a sizable new test area was developed. The new comprehensive test complex for propulsion and structural dynamics was unique within the nation and the free world, and they remain so today because they were constructed with foresight to meet the future as well as on going needs. Construction of the S-IC Static test stand complex began in 1961 in the west test area of MSFC, and was completed in 1964. The S-IC static test stand was designed to develop and test the 138-ft long and 33-ft diameter Saturn V S-IC first stage, or booster stage, weighing in at 280,000 pounds. Required to hold down the brute force of a 7,500,000-pound thrust produced by 5 F-1 engines, the S-IC static test stand was designed and constructed with the strength of hundreds of tons of steel and 12,000,000 pounds of cement, planted down to bedrock 40 feet below ground level. The foundation walls, constructed with concrete and steel, are 4 feet thick. The base structure consists of four towers with 40-foot-thick walls extending upward 144 feet above ground level. The structure was topped by a crane with a 135-foot boom. With the boom in the upright position, the stand was given an overall height of 405 feet, placing it among the highest structures in Alabama at the time. This photo, taken April 4, 1961, shows the S-IC test stand dry once again when workers resumed construction after a 6 month delay due to booster size reconfiguration back in September of 1961. The disturbance of a natural spring during the excavation of the site required water to be pumped from the site continuously. The site was completely flooded after the pumps were shut down during the construction delay.

Galaxy IC 3639 with Obscured Active Galactic Nucleus

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-01-07

IC 3639, a galaxy with an active galactic nucleus, is seen in this image combining data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the European Southern Observatory. This galaxy contains an example of a supermassive black hole hidden by gas and dust. Researchers analyzed NuSTAR data from this object and compared them with previous observations from NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory and the Japanese-led Suzaku satellite. The findings from NuSTAR, which is more sensitive to higher energy X-rays than these observatories, confirm the nature of IC 3639 as an active galactic nucleus that is heavily obscured, and intrinsically much brighter than observed. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21087

Synthesis, β-glucuronidase inhibition and molecular docking studies of hybrid bisindole-thiosemicarbazides analogs.

PubMed

Taha, Muhammad; Ismail, Nor Hadiani; Imran, Syahrul; Rahim, Fazal; Wadood, Abdul; Khan, Huma; Ullah, Hayat; Salar, Uzma; Khan, Khalid Mohammed

2016-10-01

Hybrid bisindole-thiosemicarbazides analogs (1-18) were synthesized and screened for β-glucuronidase activity. All compounds showed varied degree of β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential when compared with standard d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50=48.4±1.25μM). Compounds 4, 7, 9, 6, 5, 12, 17 and 18 showed exceptional β-glucuronidase inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 0.1 to 5.7μM. Compounds 1, 3, 8, 16, 13, 2 and 14 also showed better activities than standard with IC50 values ranging from 7.12 to 15.0μM. The remaining compounds 10, 11, and 15 showed good inhibitory potential with IC50 values 33.2±0.75, 21.4±0.30 and 28.12±0.25μM respectively. Molecular docking studies were carried out to confirm the binding interaction of the compounds. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and anti-parasitic activity of a novel quinolinone-chalcone series.

PubMed

Roussaki, Marina; Hall, Belinda; Lima, Sofia Costa; da Silva, Anabela Cordeiro; Wilkinson, Shane; Detsi, Anastasia

2013-12-01

A series of novel quinolinone-chalcone hybrids and analogues were designed, synthesized and their biological activity against the mammalian stages of Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania infantum evaluated. Promising molecular scaffolds with significant microbicidal activity and low cytotoxicity were identified. Quinolinone-chalcone 10 exhibited anti-parasitic properties against both organisms, being the most potent anti-L. infantum agent of the entire series (IC50 value of 1.3±0.1 μM). Compounds 4 and 11 showed potency toward the intracellular, amastigote stage of L. infantum (IC50 values of 2.1±0.6 and 3.1±1.05 μM, respectively). Promising trypanocidal compounds include 5 and 10 (IC50 values of 2.6±0.1 and 3.3±0.1 μM, respectively) as well as 6 and 9 (both having IC50 values of <5 μM). Chemical modifications on the quinolinone-chalcone scaffold were performed on selected compounds in order to investigate the influence of these structural features on antiparasitic activity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Coulomb Excitation of the N = 50 nucleus 80Zn

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van de Walle, J.; Aksouh, F.; Ames, F.; Behrens, T.; Bildstein, V.; Blazhev, A.; Cederkäll, J.; Clément, E.; Cocolios, T. E.; Davinson, T.; Delahaye, P.; Eberth, J.; Ekström, A.; Fedorov, D. V.; Fedosseev, V. N.; Fraile, L. M.; Franchoo, S.; Gernhauser, R.; Georgiev, G.; Habs, D.; Heyde, K.; Huber, G.; Huyse, M.; Ibrahim, F.; Ivanov, O.; Iwanicki, J.; Jolie, J.; Kester, O.; Köster, U.; Kröll, T.; Krücken, R.; Lauer, M.; Lisetskiy, A. F.; Lutter, R.; Marsh, B. A.; Mayet, P.; Niedermaier, O.; Nilsson, T.; Pantea, M.; Perru, O.; Raabe, R.; Reiter, P.; Sawicka, M.; Scheit, H.; Schrieder, G.; Schwalm, D.; Seliverstov, M. D.; Sieber, T.; Sletten, G.; Smirnova, N.; Stanoiu, M.; Stefanescu, I.; Thomas, J.-C.; Valiente-Dobón, J. J.; van Duppen, P.; Verney, D.; Voulot, D.; Warr, N.; Weisshaar, D.; Wenander, F.; Wolf, B. H.; Zielińska, M.

2008-05-01

Neutron rich Zinc isotopes, including the N = 50 nucleus 80Zn, were produced and post-accelerated at the Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility REX-ISOLDE (CERN). Low-energy Coulomb excitation was induced on these isotopes after post-acceleration, yielding B(E2) strengths to the first excited 2+ states. For the first time, an excited state in 80Zn was observed and the 21+ state in 78Zn was established. The measured B(E2,21+-->01+) values are compared to two sets of large scale shell model calculations. Both calculations reproduce the observed B(E2) systematics for the full Zinc isotopic chain. The results for N = 50 isotones indicate a good N = 50 shell closure and a strong Z = 28 proton core polarization. The new results serve as benchmarks to establish theoretical models, predicting the nuclear properties of the doubly magic nucleus 78Ni.

The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Boron Derivatives in Rodents

PubMed Central

Hall, Iris H.; Burnham, Bruce S.; Chen, Shang Y.; Sood, Anup; Spielvogel, Bernard F.; Morse, Karen W.

1995-01-01

Acyclic amine-carboxyboranes were effective anti-inflammatory agents in mice at 8 mg/kg x 2. These amine-carboxyboranes were more effective than the standard indomethacin at 8 mg/kg x 2, pentoxifylline at 50 mg/kg x 2, and phenylbutazone at 50 mg/kg x 2. The heterocyclic amine derivatives as well as amine-carbamoylboranes, carboalkoxyboranes, and cyanoboranes were generally less active. However, selected aminomethyl-phosphonate-N-cyanoboranes demonstrated greater than 60% reduction of induced inflammation. The boron compounds were also active in the rat induced edema, chronic arthritis, and pleurisy screens, demonstrating activity similar to the standard indomethacin. The compounds were effecive in reducing local pain and decreased the tail flick reflex to pain. The derivatives which demonstrated good anti-inflammatory activity were effective inhibitors of hydrolytic lysosomal, and proteolytic enzyme activities with IC50 50 values equal to -6M in mouse macrophages, human leukocytes, and Be Sal osteofibrolytic cells. In these same cell lines, the agents blocked prostaglandin cyclooxygenase activity with IC50 values of -6M. In mouse macrophage and human leukocytes, 5′ lipoxygenase activity was also inhibited by the boron derivatives with IC50 values of 10-6M. These IC50 values for inhibition of these enzyme activities are consistent with published values of known anti-inflammatory agents which target these enzymes. PMID:18472741

50 Years of ``Scaling'' Jack Kilby's Invention

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doering, Robert

2008-03-01

This year is the 50th anniversary of Jack Kilby's 1958 invention of the integrated circuit (IC), for which he won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics. Since that invention in a laboratory at Texas Instruments, IC components have been continuously miniaturized, which has resulted in exponential improvement trends in their performance, energy efficiency, and cost per function. These improvements have created a semiconductor industry that has grown to over 250B in annual sales. The process of reducing integrated-circuit component size and associated parameters in a coordinated fashion is traditionally called ``feature-size scaling.'' Kilby's original circuit had active (transistor) and passive (resistor, capacitor) components with dimensions of a few millimeters. Today, the minimum feature sizes on integrated circuits are less than 30 nanometers for patterned line widths and down to about one nanometer for film thicknesses. Thus, we have achieved about five orders of magnitude in linear-dimension scaling over the past fifty years, which has resulted in about ten orders of magnitude increase in the density of IC components, a representation of ``Moore's Law.'' As IC features are approaching atomic dimensions, increasing emphasis is now being given to the parallel effort of further diversifying the types of components in integrated circuits. This is called ``functional scaling'' and ``more then Moore.'' Of course, the enablers for both types of scaling have been developed at many laboratories around the world. This talk will review a few of the highlights in scaling and its applications from R&D projects at Texas Instruments.

Neurotoxicity screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS): Effects on neuronal activity in rat cortical cultures using microelectrode arrays (MEA).

PubMed

Zwartsen, Anne; Hondebrink, Laura; Westerink, Remco Hs

2018-05-01

While the prevalence and the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is steadily increasing, data on pharmacological, toxicological and clinical effects is limited. Considering the large number of NPS available, there is a clear need for efficient in vitro screening techniques that capture multiple mechanisms of action. Neuronal cultures grown on multi-well microelectrode arrays (mwMEAs) have previously proven suitable for neurotoxicity screening of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and (illicit) drugs. We therefore used rat primary cortical cultures grown on mwMEA plates to investigate the effects of eight NPS (PMMA, α-PVP, methylone, MDPV, 2C-B, 25B-NBOMe, BZP and TFMPP) and two 'classic' illicit drugs (cocaine, methamphetamine) on spontaneous neuronal activity. All tested drugs rapidly and concentration-dependently decreased the weighted mean firing rate (wMFR) and the weighted mean burst rate (wMBR) during a 30 min acute exposure. Of the 'classic' drugs, cocaine most potently inhibited the wMFR (IC 50 9.8 μM), whereas methamphetamine and the structurally-related NPS PMMA were much less potent (IC 50 100 μM and IC 50 112 μM, respectively). Of the cathinones, MDPV and α-PVP showed comparable IC 50 values (29 μM and 21 μM, respectively), although methylone was 10-fold less potent (IC 50 235 μM). Comparable 10-fold differences in potency were also observed between the hallucinogenic phenethylamines 2C-B (IC 50 27 μM) and 25B-NBOMe (IC 50 2.4 μM), and between the piperazine derivatives BZP (IC 50 161 μM) and TFMPP (IC 50 19 μM). All drugs also inhibited the wMBR and concentration-response curves for wMBR and wMFR were comparable. For most drugs, IC 50 values are close to the estimated human brain concentrations following recreational doses of these drugs, highlighting the importance of this efficient in vitro screening approach for classification and prioritization of emerging NPS. Moreover, the wide range of IC 50 values observed for

Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of aminoglycoside-2′′-phosphotransferase-Ic [APH(2′′)-Ic] from Enterococcus gallinarum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Byrnes, Laura J.; Badarau, Adriana; Vakulenko, Sergei B.

2008-02-01

APH(2′′)-Ic is an enzyme that is responsible for high-level gentamicin resistance in E. gallinarum isolates. Crystals of the wild-type enzyme and three mutants have been prepared and a complete X-ray diffraction data set was collected to 2.15 Å resolution from an F108L crystal. Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics is primarily the result of deactivation of the drugs. Three families of enzymes are responsible for this activity, with one such family being the aminoglycoside phosphotransferases (APHs). The gene encoding one of these enzymes, aminoglycoside-2′′-phosphotransferase-Ic [APH(2′′)-Ic] from Enterococcus gallinarum, has been cloned and the wild-type protein (comprising 308 amino-acid residues) and threemore » mutants that showed elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations towards gentamicin (F108L, H258L and a double mutant F108L/H258L) were expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified. All APH(2′′)-Ic variants were crystallized in the presence of 14–20%(w/v) PEG 4000, 0.25 M MgCl{sub 2}, 0.1 M Tris–HCl pH 8.5 and 1 mM Mg{sub 2}GTP. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group C2, with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The approximate unit-cell parameters are a = 82.4, b = 54.2, c = 77.0 Å, β = 108.8°. X-ray diffraction data were collected to approximately 2.15 Å resolution from an F108L crystal at beamline BL9-2 at SSRL, Stanford, California, USA.« less

High-resolution spectroscopy of the extended narrow-line region of IC 5063 and NGC 7212

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Congiu, E.; Contini, M.; Ciroi, S.; Cracco, V.; Berton, M.; Di Mille, F.; Frezzato, M.; La Mura, G.; Rafanelli, P.

2017-10-01

We studied the properties of the gas of the extended narrow-line region (ENLR) of two Seyfert 2 galaxies: IC 5063 and NGC 7212. We analysed high-resolution spectra to investigate how the main properties of this region depend on the gas velocity. We divided the emission lines in velocity bins and we calculated several line ratios. Diagnostic diagrams and suma composite models (photoionization + shocks) show that in both galaxies there might be evidence of shocks significantly contributing in the gas ionization at high |V|, even though photoionization from the active nucleus remains the main ionization mechanism. In IC 5063, the ionization parameter depends on V and its trend might be explained assuming an hollow bi-conical shape for the ENLR, with one of the edges aligned with the galaxy disc. On the other hand, NGC 7212 does not show any kind of dependence. The models show that solar O/H relative abundances reproduce the observed spectra in all the analysed regions. They also revealed an high fragmentation of the gas clouds, suggesting that the complex kinematics observed in these two objects might be caused by interaction between the interstellar medium and high-velocity components, such as jets.

Electrostatic potential calculation for biomolecules--creating a database of pre-calculated values reported on a per residue basis for all PDB protein structures.

PubMed

Rocchia, W; Neshich, G

2007-10-05

STING and Java Protein Dossier provide a collection of physical-chemical parameters, describing protein structure, stability, function, and interaction, considered one of the most comprehensive among the available protein databases of similar type. Particular attention in STING is paid to the electrostatic potential. It makes use of DelPhi, a well-known tool that calculates this physical-chemical quantity for biomolecules by solving the Poisson Boltzmann equation. In this paper, we describe a modification to the DelPhi program aimed at integrating it within the STING environment. We also outline how the "amino acid electrostatic potential" and the "surface amino acid electrostatic potential" are calculated (over all Protein Data Bank (PDB) content) and how the corresponding values are made searchable in STING_DB. In addition, we show that the STING and Java Protein Dossier are also capable of providing these particular parameter values for the analysis of protein structures modeled in computers or being experimentally solved, but not yet deposited in the PDB. Furthermore, we compare the calculated electrostatic potential values obtained by using the earlier version of DelPhi and those by STING, for the biologically relevant case of lysozyme-antibody interaction. Finally, we describe the STING capacity to make queries (at both residue and atomic levels) across the whole PDB, by looking at a specific case where the electrostatic potential parameter plays a crucial role in terms of a particular protein function, such as ligand binding. BlueStar STING is available at http://www.cbi.cnptia.embrapa.br.

Module comprising IC memory stack dedicated to and structurally combined with an IC microprocessor chip

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carson, John C. (Inventor); Indin, Ronald J. (Inventor); Shanken, Stuart N. (Inventor)

1994-01-01

A computer module is disclosed in which a stack of glued together IC memory chips is structurally integrated with a microprocessor chip. The memory provided by the stack is dedicated to the microprocessor chip. The microprocessor and its memory stack may be connected either by glue and/or by solder bumps. The solder bumps can perform three functions--electrical interconnection, mechanical connection, and heat transfer. The electrical connections in some versions are provided by wire bonding.

Decreased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration in low cardiac output patients and its influence on the determination of in vivo p50.

PubMed

Piccioni, Marilde A; Cestari, Idágene A; Strunz, Célia M C; Auler, José O

2003-08-01

We investigated whether 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) is altered in patients with low cardiac output and the influence of its concentration on the calculation of in vivo P(50). Biochemical and blood gas analysis were performed along with the measurement of cardiac output and body temperature in 13 patients submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries without the use of donor blood. In vivo P(50) was calculated using the measured (P(50m)) and the estimated 2,3-DPG (P(50e)). 2,3-DPG concentration was lower in these patients when compared to the values obtained in normal volunteers (6.9 +/- 2.2 vs. 11.9 +/- 2.4 microm/gHb). P(50m) was lower than P(50e) (21.6 +/- 1.1 vs. 30.1 +/- 1.2 mm Hg) at all time points. Our data show that in patients with low cardiac output, 2,3-DPG concentration is reduced. Therefore, in these patients, the use of standard values for this variable may introduce an error in the calculation of in vivo P(50).

[Calculation on ecological security baseline based on the ecosystem services value and the food security].

PubMed

He, Ling; Jia, Qi-jian; Li, Chao; Xu, Hao

2016-01-01

The rapid development of coastal economy in Hebei Province caused rapid transition of coastal land use structure, which has threatened land ecological security. Therefore, calculating ecosystem service value of land use and exploring ecological security baseline can provide the basis for regional ecological protection and rehabilitation. Taking Huanghua, a city in the southeast of Hebei Province, as an example, this study explored the joint point, joint path and joint method between ecological security and food security, and then calculated the ecological security baseline of Huanghua City based on the ecosystem service value and the food safety standard. The results showed that ecosystem service value of per unit area from maximum to minimum were in this order: wetland, water, garden, cultivated land, meadow, other land, salt pans, saline and alkaline land, constructive land. The order of contribution rates of each ecological function value from high to low was nutrient recycling, water conservation, entertainment and culture, material production, biodiversity maintenance, gas regulation, climate regulation and environmental purification. The security baseline of grain production was 0.21 kg · m⁻², the security baseline of grain output value was 0.41 yuan · m⁻², the baseline of ecosystem service value was 21.58 yuan · m⁻², and the total of ecosystem service value in the research area was 4.244 billion yuan. In 2081 the ecological security will reach the bottom line and the ecological system, in which human is the subject, will be on the verge of collapse. According to the ecological security status, Huanghua can be divided into 4 zones, i.e., ecological core protection zone, ecological buffer zone, ecological restoration zone and human activity core zone.

Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than values calculated using the concept for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS).

PubMed

Mathai, John K; Liu, Yanhong; Stein, Hans H

2017-02-01

An experiment was conducted to compare values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for four animal proteins and four plant proteins with values calculated as recommended for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS), but determined in pigs instead of in rats. Values for standardised total tract digestibility (STTD) of crude protein (CP) and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) were calculated for whey protein isolate (WPI), whey protein concentrate (WPC), milk protein concentrate (MPC), skimmed milk powder (SMP), pea protein concentrate (PPC), soya protein isolate (SPI), soya flour and whole-grain wheat. The PDCAAS-like values were calculated using the STTD of CP to estimate AA digestibility and values for DIAAS were calculated from values for SID of AA. Results indicated that values for SID of most indispensable AA in WPI, WPC and MPC were greater (P<0·05) than for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat. With the exception of arginine and tryptophan, the SID of all indispensable AA in SPI was greater (P<0·05) than in soya flour, and with the exception of threonine, the SID of all indispensable AA in wheat was less (P<0·05) than in all other ingredients. If the same scoring pattern for children between 6 and 36 months was used to calculate PDCAAS-like values and DIAAS, PDCAAS-like values were greater (P<0·05) than DIAAS values for SMP, PPC, SPI, soya flour and wheat indicating that PDCAAS-like values estimated in pigs may overestimate the quality of these proteins.

Multi-Wavelength Views of Protostars in IC 1396

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-12-18

This archival image from 2003 captured by NASA Spitzer Space Telescope captured the Elephant Trunk Nebula, an elongated dark globule within the emission nebula IC 1396 in the constellation of Cepheus.

Validating the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS) in Child Welfare Organizations

PubMed Central

Ehrhart, Mark G.; Torres, Elisa M.; Wright, Lisa A.; Martinez, Sandra Y.; Aarons, Gregory A.

2015-01-01

There is increasing emphasis on the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in child welfare settings and growing recognition of the importance of the organizational environment, and the organization’s climate in particular, for how employees perceive and support EBP implementation. Recently, Ehrhart, Aarons, and Farahnak (2014) reported on the development and validation of a measure of EBP implementation climate, the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS), in a sample of mental health clinicians. The ICS consists of 18 items and measures six critical dimensions of implementation climate: focus on EBP, educational support for EBP, recognition for EBP, rewards for EBP, selection or EBP, and selection for openness. The goal of the current study is to extend this work by providing evidence for the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the ICS in a sample of child welfare service providers. Survey data were collected from 215 child welfare providers across three states, 12 organizations, and 43 teams. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good fit to the six-factor model and the alpha reliabilities for the overall measure and its subscales was acceptable. In addition, there was general support for the invariance of the factor structure across the child welfare and mental health sectors. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the ICS measure for use in child welfare service organizations. PMID:26563643

Validating the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS) in child welfare organizations.

PubMed

Ehrhart, Mark G; Torres, Elisa M; Wright, Lisa A; Martinez, Sandra Y; Aarons, Gregory A

2016-03-01

There is increasing emphasis on the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in child welfare settings and growing recognition of the importance of the organizational environment, and the organization's climate in particular, for how employees perceive and support EBP implementation. Recently, Ehrhart, Aarons, and Farahnak (2014) reported on the development and validation of a measure of EBP implementation climate, the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS), in a sample of mental health clinicians. The ICS consists of 18 items and measures six critical dimensions of implementation climate: focus on EBP, educational support for EBP, recognition for EBP, rewards for EBP, selection or EBP, and selection for openness. The goal of the current study is to extend this work by providing evidence for the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the ICS in a sample of child welfare service providers. Survey data were collected from 215 child welfare providers across three states, 12 organizations, and 43 teams. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good fit to the six-factor model and the alpha reliabilities for the overall measure and its subscales was acceptable. In addition, there was general support for the invariance of the factor structure across the child welfare and mental health sectors. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the ICS measure for use in child welfare service organizations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Is higher population-level use of ICS/LABA combination associated with better asthma outcomes? Cross-sectional surveys of nationally representative populations in New Zealand and Australia.

PubMed

Reddel, Helen K; Beckert, Lutz; Moran, Angela; Ingham, Tristram; Ampon, Rosario D; Peters, Matthew J; Sawyer, Susan M

2017-11-01

New Zealand (NZ) and Australia (AU) have similarly high asthma prevalence; both have universal public health systems, but different criteria for subsidized medicines. We explored differences in asthma management and asthma-related outcomes between these countries. A web-based survey was administered in AU (2012) and NZ (2013) to individuals aged ≥16 years with current asthma, drawn randomly from web-based panels, stratified by national population proportions. Symptom control was assessed with the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Healthcare utilization was assessed from reported urgent doctor/hospital visits in the previous year. NZ (n = 537) and Australian (n = 2686) participants had similar age and gender distribution. More NZ than Australian participants used inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing medication (68.8% vs 60.9%; P = 0.006) but ICS/long-acting β 2 -agonist (LABA) constituted 44.4% of NZ and 81.5% of Australian total ICS use (P < 0.0001). Adherence was higher with ICS/LABA than ICS-alone (P < 0.0001), and higher in NZ than in AU (P < 0.0001). ACT scores were similar (P = 0.41), with symptoms well controlled in 58.6% and 54.4% participants, respectively. More NZ participants reported non-urgent asthma reviews (56.6% vs 50.4%; P = 0.009). Similar proportions had urgent asthma visits (27.9% and 28.6%, respectively, P = 0.75). This comparison, which included the first nationally representative data for asthma control in NZ, showed that poorly controlled asthma is common in both NZ and AU, despite subsidized ICS-containing medications. The greater use of ICS-alone in NZ relative to ICS/LABA does not appear to have compromised population-level asthma outcomes, perhaps due to better adherence in NZ. Different ICS/LABA subsidy criteria and different patient copayments may also have contributed to these findings. © 2017 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.

Inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase from orange peel.

PubMed

Malterud, K E; Rydland, K M

2000-11-01

A series of polymethoxylated flavonoids has been isolated from orange peel, and their inhibitory activity toward soybean 15-lipoxygenase was determined. The strongest inhibition was shown by 3,5,6,7,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone (IC(50) = 49 +/- 5 microM). Sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, tetramethylscutellarein, and 3,5, 6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone were somewhat less active, with IC(50) values of 70-86 microM, comparable to the positive control quercetin (IC(50) = 68 +/- 5 microM). Demethylation apparently results in less active compounds, with 5-O-demethylsinensetin having an IC(50) value of 144 +/- 10 microM. Some other orange peel constituents were isolated and tested as well, hesperidin (IC(50) = 180 +/- 10 microM) and ferulic acid (111 +/- 2 microM), showing moderate activity. The polymethoxylated flavonoids were virtually inactive as scavengers of the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical. Hesperidin was only slightly active (24.2 +/- 0.7% scavenged at a concentration of 2 mM), and ferulic acid showed good activity (IC(50) = 86.4 +/- 0.7 microM). From this, it appears that orange peel constituents may counteract enzymatic lipid peroxidation processes catalyzed by 15-lipoxygenase in vitro. The radical scavenging activity of orange peel extracts is only modest.

Reference values for pulmonary diffusing capacity for adult native Finns.

PubMed

Kainu, Annette; Toikka, Jyri; Vanninen, Esko; Timonen, Kirsi L

2017-04-01

Measurement standards for pulmonary diffusing capacity were updated in 2005 by the ATS/ERS Task Force. However, in Finland reference values published in 1982 by Viljanen et al. have been used to date. The main aim of this study was to produce updated reference models for single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide for Finnish adults. Single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was measured in 631 healthy non-smoking volunteers (41.5% male). Reference values for diffusing capacity (DLCO), alveolar volume (VA), diffusing capacity per unit of lung volume (DLCO/VA), and lung volumes were calculated using a linear regression model. Previously used Finnish reference values were found to produce too low predicted values, with mean predicted DLCO 111.0 and 104.4%, and DLCO/VA of 103.5 and 102.7% in males and females, respectively. With the European Coalition for Steel and Coal (ECSC) reference values there was a significant sex difference in DLCO/VA with mean predicted 105.4% in males and 92.8% in females (p < .001). New reference values for DLCO, DLCO/VA, VA, vital capacity (VC), inspiratory vital capacity (IVC), and inspiratory capacity (IC) are suggested for clinical use to replace technically outdated reference values for clinical applications.

A non-cytotoxic N-dehydroabietylamine derivative with potent antimalarial activity.

PubMed

Sadashiva, Maralinganadoddi P; Gowda, Raghavendra; Wu, Xianzhu; Inamdar, Gajanan S; Kuzu, Omer F; Rangappa, Kanchugarakoppal S; Robertson, Gavin P; Gowda, D Channe

2015-08-01

Malaria caused by the Plasmodium parasites continues to be an enormous global health problem owing to wide spread drug resistance of parasites to many of the available antimalarial drugs. Therefore, development of new classes of antimalarial agents is essential to effectively treat malaria. In this study, the efficacy of naturally occurring diterpenoids, dehydroabietylamine and abietic acid, and their synthetic derivatives was assessed for antimalarial activity. Dehydroabietylamine and its N-trifluoroacetyl, N-tribromoacetyl, N-benzoyl, and N-benzyl derivatives showed excellent activity against P. falciparum parasites with IC50 values of 0.36 to 2.6 µM. Interestingly, N-dehydroabietylbenzamide showed potent antimalarial activity (IC50 0.36), and negligible cytotoxicity (IC50 >100 µM) to mammalian cells; thus, this compound can be an important antimalarial drug. In contrast, abietic acid was only marginally effective, exhibiting an IC50 value of ~82 µM. Several carboxylic group-derivatives of abietic acid were moderately active with IC50 values of ~8.2 to ~13.3 µM. These results suggest that a detailed understanding of the structure-activity relationship of abietane diterpenoids might provide strategies to exploit this class of compounds for malaria treatment. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

IC97 Is a Novel Intermediate Chain of I1 Dynein That Interacts with Tubulin and Regulates Interdoublet Sliding

PubMed Central

Wirschell, Maureen; Yang, Chun; Yang, Pinfen; Fox, Laura; Yanagisawa, Haru-aki; Kamiya, Ritsu; Witman, George B.; Porter, Mary E.

2009-01-01

Our goal is to understand the assembly and regulation of flagellar dyneins, particularly the Chlamydomonas inner arm dynein called I1 dynein. Here, we focus on the uncharacterized I1-dynein IC IC97. The IC97 gene encodes a novel IC without notable structural domains. IC97 shares homology with the murine lung adenoma susceptibility 1 (Las1) protein—a candidate tumor suppressor gene implicated in lung tumorigenesis. Multiple, independent biochemical assays determined that IC97 interacts with both α- and β-tubulin subunits within the axoneme. I1-dynein assembly mutants suggest that IC97 interacts with both the IC138 and IC140 subunits within the I1-dynein motor complex and that IC97 is part of a regulatory complex that contains IC138. Microtubule sliding assays, using axonemes containing I1 dynein but devoid of IC97, show reduced microtubule sliding velocities that are not rescued by kinase inhibitors, revealing a critical role for IC97 in I1-dynein function and control of dynein-driven motility. PMID:19420136

SN2005da: A Spectroscopic and Photometric Analysis of a Peculiar Type Ic Supernova

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williamson, Jacob

2017-12-01

Core collapse supernovae are an important class of objects in stellar evolution research as they are the final life stage of high mass stars. Supernovae in general are classified into several spectral types; this paper explores SN 2005da, classified as a Type Ic, meaning it lacks hydrogen and helium lines. The supernova was originally classified as a broad-lined Type Ic (Type Ic-BL), with expansion velocities near maximum light greater than or approximately equal to 15000 km/s. However, some of the elements present in the spectrum, namely carbon and oxygen, have narrower lines (FWHM approximately equal to 2300 km/s) than other elements, indicating an interaction with a previously ejected envelope. The supernova is also found to have a decay time, with a change in magnitude over 15 days following maximum light of about 1.4 magnitudes, that is significantly faster than typical Type Ic or Ic-BL. This is more akin to a rarer object type known as a Type Ibn, although it lacks the characteristic narrow helium lines of this type. Therefore, SN 2005da appears to be unlike known examples of Type Ic supernovae.

A Solder Based Self Assembly Project in an Introductory IC Fabrication Course

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rao, Madhav; Lusth, John C.; Burkett, Susan L.

2015-01-01

Integrated circuit (IC) fabrication principles is an elective course in a senior undergraduate and early graduate student's curriculum. Over the years, the semiconductor industry relies heavily on students with developed expertise in the area of fabrication techniques, learned in an IC fabrication theory and laboratory course. The theory course…

TIF-IC, a factor involved in both transcription initiation and elongation of RNA polymerase I.

PubMed

Schnapp, G; Schnapp, A; Rosenbauer, H; Grummt, I

1994-09-01

We have characterized a transcription factor from Ehrlich ascites cells that is required for ribosomal gene transcription by RNA polymerase I (Pol I). This factor, termed TIF-IC, has a native molecular mass of 65 kDa, associates with Pol I, and is required both for the assembly of Sarkosyl-resistant initiation complexes and for the formation of the first internucleotide bonds. In addition to its function in transcription initiation, TIF-IC also plays a role in elongation of nascent RNA chains. At suboptimal levels of TIF-IC, transcripts with heterogeneous 3' ends are formed which are chased into full-length transcripts by the addition of more TIF-IC. Moreover, on a tailed template, which allows initiation in the absence of auxiliary factors, TIF-IC was found to stimulate the overall rate of transcription elongation and suppress pausing of Pol I. Thus TIF-IC appears to serve a function similar to the Pol II-specific factor TFIIF which is required for Pol II transcription initiation and elongation.

Pulsed laser ablation of IC packages for device failure analyses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Ming Hui; Mai, ZhiHong; Chen, G. X.; Thiam, Thomas; Song, Wen D.; Lu, Yongfeng; Soh, Chye E.; Chong, Tow Chong

2002-06-01

Pulsed laser ablation of mold compounds for IC packaging in air and with steam assistance is investigated. It is applied to decap IC packages and expose computer CPU dies for the device failure analyses. Compared with chemical decapping, the laser ablation has advantages of being fast speed, non- contact and dry processing. Laser ablation with the steam assistance results in higher ablation rate and wider ablated crater with much smoother surface morphology. It implies that the steam assisted laser ablation can achieve a faster and better quality laser processing. Audible acoustic wave and plasma optical signal diagnostics are also carried out to have a better understanding of the mechanisms behind. Light wavelength and laser fluence applied in the decapping are two important parameters. The 532 nm Nd:YAG laser decapping at a low laser fluence can achieve a large decapping area with a fine ablation profile. IC packages decapped by the laser ablation show good quality for the device failure analyses.

Ester of Quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide as Apoptosis Inductors in K-562 Cell Line: An in vitro, QSAR and DFT Study.

PubMed

Rivera, Gildardo; Andrade-Ochoa, Sergio; Romero, Manolo S Ortega; Palos, Isidro; Monge, Antonio; Sanchez-Torres, Luvia Enid

2017-01-01

Quinoxalines have shown a wide variety of biological activities including as antitumor agents. The aims of this study were to evaluate the activity of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives on K562 cells, the establishment of the mechanism of induced cell death, and the construction of predictive QSAR models. Sixteen esters of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide were evaluated for antitumor activity on K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells and their IC50 values were determined. The mechanism of induced cell death by the most active molecule was assessed by flow cytometry and an in silico study was conducted to optimize and calculate theoretical descriptors of all quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives. QSAR and QPAR models were created using genetic algorithms. Our results show that compounds C5, C7, C10, C12 and C15 had the lowest IC50 of the series. C15 was the most active compound (IC50= 3.02 μg/mL), inducing caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death via the intrinsic pathway. QSAR and QPAR studies are discussed. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Chemistry and Selective Tumor Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity of Polyketides from the South China Sea Sponge Plakortis sp.

PubMed

Li, Jiao; Li, Cui; Riccio, Raffaele; Lauro, Gianluigi; Bifulco, Giuseppe; Li, Tie-Jun; Tang, Hua; Zhuang, Chun-Lin; Ma, Hao; Sun, Peng; Zhang, Wen

2017-05-03

Simplextone E ( 1 ), a new metabolite of polyketide origin, was isolated with eight known analogues ( 2 - 9 ) from the South China Sea sponge Plakortis sp. The relative configuration of the new compound was elucidated by a detailed analysis of the spectroscopic data and quantum mechanical calculation of NMR chemical shifts, aided by the newly reported DP4+ approach. Its absolute configuration was determined by the TDDFT/ECD calculation. Simplextone E ( 1 ) is proven to be one of the isomers of simplextone D. The absolute configuration at C-8 in alkyl chain of plakortone Q ( 2 ) was also assigned based on the NMR calculation. In the preliminary in vitro bioassay, compounds 6 and 7 showed a selective growth inhibitory activity against HCT-116 human colon cancer cells with IC 50 values of 8.3 ± 2.4 and 8.4 ± 2.3 μM, corresponding to that of the positive control, adriamycin (IC 50 4.1 μM). The two compounds also showed selective activities towards MCF-7 human breast cancer and K562 human erythroleukemia cells while compound 3 only displayed weak activity against K562 cells.

Optimizing study design for interobserver reliability: IUGA-ICS classification of complications of prostheses and graft insertion.

PubMed

Haylen, Bernard T; Lee, Joseph; Maher, Chris; Deprest, Jan; Freeman, Robert

2014-06-01

Results of interobserver reliability studies for the International Urogynecological Association-International Continence Society (IUGA-ICS) Complication Classification coding can be greatly influenced by study design factors such as participant instruction, motivation, and test-question clarity. We attempted to optimize these factors. After a 15-min instructional lecture with eight clinical case examples (including images) and with classification/coding charts available, those clinicians attending an IUGA Surgical Complications workshop were presented with eight similar-style test cases over 10 min and asked to code them using the Category, Time and Site classification. Answers were compared to predetermined correct codes obtained by five instigators of the IUGA-ICS prostheses and grafts complications classification. Prelecture and postquiz participant confidence levels using a five-step Likert scale were assessed. Complete sets of answers to the questions (24 codings) were provided by 34 respondents, only three of whom reported prior use of the charts. Average score [n (%)] out of eight, as well as median score (range) for each coding category were: (i) Category: 7.3 (91 %); 7 (4-8); (ii) Time: 7.8 (98 %); 7 (6-8); (iii) Site: 7.2 (90 %); 7 (5-8). Overall, the equivalent calculations (out of 24) were 22.3 (93 %) and 22 (18-24). Mean prelecture confidence was 1.37 (out of 5), rising to 3.85 postquiz. Urogynecologists had the highest correlation with correct coding, followed closely by fellows and general gynecologists. Optimizing training and study design can lead to excellent results for interobserver reliability of the IUGA-ICS Complication Classification coding, with increased participant confidence in complication-coding ability.

Variability of LD50 Values from Rat Oral Acute Toxicity Studies: Implications for Alternative Model Development

EPA Science Inventory

Alternative models developed for estimating acute systemic toxicity are generally evaluated using in vivo LD50 values. However, in vivo acute systemic toxicity studies can produce variable results, even when conducted according to accepted test guidelines. This variability can ma...

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and risk of mycobacterium in patients with chronic respiratory diseases: a meta-analysis.

PubMed

Ni, Songshi; Fu, Zhenxue; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Hua

2014-07-01

Studies have indicated that therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) can be associated with a higher risk of pneumonia. However, it is not known whether ICS increases the risk of mycobacterium. Most of these published studies were small, and the conclusions were inconsistent. A meta-analysis was conducted into whether ICS increases the risk of mycobacterium in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. PubMed, OVID, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Five studies involving 4,851 cases and 28,477 controls were considered in the meta-analysis. From the pooled analyses, there was significant association between ICS and risk of mycobacterium in all patients with chronic respiratory diseases [risk ratio (RR) =1.81; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23-2.68; P=0.003]. Among patients with chronic respiratory diseases, the relationship between ICS and risk of tuberculosis (TB) was also significant (RR =1.34; 95% CI, 1.15-1.55; P=0.0001). And meta-analysis of four studies in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (RR =1.42; 95% CI, 1.18-1.72; P=0.0003) or two studies in patients who have prior pulmonary TB (RR =1.61; 95% CI, 1.35-1.92; P<0.00001) or three studies in patients with high-dose ICS (RR =1.60; 95% CI, 1.28-1.99; P<0.0001) showed a relationship between ICS and risk of mycobacterium. Significant relationship has been shown between ICS use and risk of mycobacterium in all patients with chronic respiratory diseases. ICS use also increases the risk of TB among the patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Use of ICS increases the risk of mycobacterium in patients with COPD or patients with prior pulmonary TB or patients inhaling high-dose corticosteroids. Further research is required to establish the potential adverse effect of ICS as a therapy for chronic respiratory diseases.

The German Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS-G): Reliability and Validity Evidence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neumann, Sandra; Rietz, Christian; Stenneken, Prisca

2017-01-01

Background: In 2012 the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS) was published as a parent-report screening assessment that considers parents' perceptions of their children's functional intelligibility with a range of communication partners that differ in levels of authority and familiarity in real-life situations. To date, the ICS has been…

46 CFR 151.50-50 - Elemental phosphorus in water.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Elemental phosphorus in water. 151.50-50 Section 151.50... phosphorus in water. (a) Tanks shall be designed and tested for a head equivalent to the design lading of phosphorus and its water blanket extended to 8 feet above the tank top. In addition, tank design calculations...

46 CFR 151.50-50 - Elemental phosphorus in water.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Elemental phosphorus in water. 151.50-50 Section 151.50... phosphorus in water. (a) Tanks shall be designed and tested for a head equivalent to the design lading of phosphorus and its water blanket extended to 8 feet above the tank top. In addition, tank design calculations...

46 CFR 151.50-50 - Elemental phosphorus in water.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Elemental phosphorus in water. 151.50-50 Section 151.50... phosphorus in water. (a) Tanks shall be designed and tested for a head equivalent to the design lading of phosphorus and its water blanket extended to 8 feet above the tank top. In addition, tank design calculations...

46 CFR 151.50-50 - Elemental phosphorus in water.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Elemental phosphorus in water. 151.50-50 Section 151.50... phosphorus in water. (a) Tanks shall be designed and tested for a head equivalent to the design lading of phosphorus and its water blanket extended to 8 feet above the tank top. In addition, tank design calculations...

Some new results on shock chemistry in IC 443

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Denoyer, L. K.; Frerking, M. A.

1981-01-01

New observations have been made of CO, CO-13, SiO, SO, H2CO, HCO(+), N2H(+), CS, OCS, HCN, and OH in the shocked clouds of IC 443. It is found that at position IC 443 B, (1) the shocked CO is optically thin; (2) the HCO(+)/CO abundance ratio is 4-9 x 10 to the -4 th, representing a tenfold enhancement over that of normal interstellar clouds; (3) there is no enhancement of SO or SIO, as occurs in Orion KL; and (4) there is optically thin preshock OH, confirming a hundredfold enhancement of the OH/CO ratio in the shock.

MagIC: Fluid dynamics in a spherical shell simulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wicht, J.; Gastine, T.; Barik, A.; Putigny, B.; Yadav, R.; Duarte, L.; Dintrans, B.

2017-09-01

MagIC simulates fluid dynamics in a spherical shell. It solves for the Navier-Stokes equation including Coriolis force, optionally coupled with an induction equation for Magneto-Hydro Dynamics (MHD), a temperature (or entropy) equation and an equation for chemical composition under both the anelastic and the Boussinesq approximations. MagIC uses either Chebyshev polynomials or finite differences in the radial direction and spherical harmonic decomposition in the azimuthal and latitudinal directions. The time-stepping scheme relies on a semi-implicit Crank-Nicolson for the linear terms of the MHD equations and a Adams-Bashforth scheme for the non-linear terms and the Coriolis force.

40 CFR 600.207-93 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type. 600.207-93 Section 600.207-93 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model...

40 CFR 600.207-86 - Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Calculation of fuel economy values for a model type. 600.207-86 Section 600.207-86 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND CARBON-RELATED EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model...

In Vitro Drug-Induced Liver Injury Prediction: Criteria Optimization of Efflux Transporter IC50 and Physicochemical Properties.

PubMed

Yucha, Robert W; He, Kan; Shi, Qin; Cai, Lining; Nakashita, Yukie; Xia, Cindy Q; Liao, Mingxiang

2017-06-01

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a severe drug adverse response, which cannot always be reliably predicted in preclinical or clinical studies. Lack of observation of DILI during preclinical and clinical drug development has led to DILI being a leading cause of drug withdrawal from the market. As DILI is potentially fatal, pharmaceutical companies have been developing in vitro tools to screen for potential liver injury. Screens for physicochemical properties, mitochondrial function, and transport protein inhibition have all been employed to varying degrees of success. In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) has become a major risk factor for in vivo DILI predictions, yet discrepancies exist in which methods to use and the extent to which BSEP inhibition predicts clinical DILI. The presented work focuses on optimizing DILI predictions by comparing BSEP inhibition via the membrane vesicle assay and the hepatocyte-based BSEPcyte assay, as well as dual and triple liabilities. BSEP transport inhibition of taurcholic acids and glycocholic acids were similar for up to 29 drugs tested, in both the vesicle and hepatocyte-based assays. Positive and negative DILI predictions were optimized at a 50-µM cutoff value for 50 drugs using both NIH Livertox and PharmaPendium databases. Additionally, dual inhibition of BSEP and other efflux transporters (multidrug resistance-associated protein [MRP]2, MRP3, or MRP4) provided no observable predictive benefit compared with BSEP inhibition alone. Eighty-five percent of drugs with high molecular weight (>600 Da), high cLogP (>3), or a daily dose >100 mg and BSEP inhibition were associated with DILI. Triple liability of BSEP inhibition, high molecular weight, and high cLogP attained a 100% positive prediction rate. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Reference Value Advisor: a new freeware set of macroinstructions to calculate reference intervals with Microsoft Excel.

PubMed

Geffré, Anne; Concordet, Didier; Braun, Jean-Pierre; Trumel, Catherine

2011-03-01

International recommendations for determination of reference intervals have been recently updated, especially for small reference sample groups, and use of the robust method and Box-Cox transformation is now recommended. Unfortunately, these methods are not included in most software programs used for data analysis by clinical laboratories. We have created a set of macroinstructions, named Reference Value Advisor, for use in Microsoft Excel to calculate reference limits applying different methods. For any series of data, Reference Value Advisor calculates reference limits (with 90% confidence intervals [CI]) using a nonparametric method when n≥40 and by parametric and robust methods from native and Box-Cox transformed values; tests normality of distributions using the Anderson-Darling test and outliers using Tukey and Dixon-Reed tests; displays the distribution of values in dot plots and histograms and constructs Q-Q plots for visual inspection of normality; and provides minimal guidelines in the form of comments based on international recommendations. The critical steps in determination of reference intervals are correct selection of as many reference individuals as possible and analysis of specimens in controlled preanalytical and analytical conditions. Computing tools cannot compensate for flaws in selection and size of the reference sample group and handling and analysis of samples. However, if those steps are performed properly, Reference Value Advisor, available as freeware at http://www.biostat.envt.fr/spip/spip.php?article63, permits rapid assessment and comparison of results calculated using different methods, including currently unavailable methods. This allows for selection of the most appropriate method, especially as the program provides the CI of limits. It should be useful in veterinary clinical pathology when only small reference sample groups are available. ©2011 American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology.

Unprecedented 22,26-seco physalins from Physalis angulata and their anti-inflammatory potential.

PubMed

Sun, Cheng-Peng; Oppong, Mahmood Brobbey; Zhao, Feng; Chen, Li-Xia; Qiu, Feng

2017-10-25

Two novel physalins, including a 22,26-seco physalin, physalin X (1), and a 11,15-cyclo-9(10),14(17),22(26)-triseco physalin with an unprecedented aromatic ring, aromaphysalin B (2), were isolated from Physalis angulata L. Their structures were determined by IR, UV, HRESIMS, and 2D NMR spectra as well as theoretical calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited inhibitory activities on NO production with IC 50 values of 68.50 and 29.69 μM, respectively. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 2 is also discussed.

Direct led-fluorescence method for Mao-B inactivation in the treatment of Parkinson's

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castillo, Jimmy A.; Hung, Jannett; Rodriguez, M.; Bastidas, E.; Laboren, I.; Jaimes, A.

2004-10-01

A led-fluorescence spectroscopy method determinate the inhibitory effects of probe compounds on MAO-B activity is described. In this assay, we demonstrate the possibility of determinate the activity of MAO-B efficiently and rapidly without the use of reference substrate. Measuring variations in fluorescence intensity of MAO-B enzyme during the reaction with inhibitors, L-deprenyl and berberine IC50 and KI values were obtained. For L-deprenyl (IC50 = 0.017 μM and KI = 0.019 μM) and berberine (IC50 = 90 μM and KI = 47 μM) were in agreement to the values obtained with a standard method and literature reported.

Time efficient 124I-PET volumetry in benign thyroid disorders by automatic isocontour procedures: mathematic adjustment using manual contoured measurements in low-dose CT.

PubMed

Freesmeyer, Martin; Kühnel, Christian; Westphal, Julian G

2015-01-01

Benign thyroid diseases are widely common in western societies. However, the volumetry of the thyroid gland, especially when enlarged or abnormally formed, proves to be a challenge in clinical routine. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid threshold-based isocontour extraction method for thyroid volumetry from (124)I-PET/CT data in patients scheduled for radioactive iodine therapy. PET/CT data from 45 patients were analysed 30 h after 1 MBq (124)I administration. Anatomical reference volume was calculated using manually contoured data from low-dose CT images of the neck (MC). In addition, we applied an automatic isocontour extraction method (IC0.2/1.0), with two different threshold values (0.2 and 1.0 kBq/ml), for volumetry of the PET data-set. IC0.2/1.0 shape data that showed significant variation from MC data were excluded. Subsequently, a mathematical correlation using a model of linear regression with multiple variables and step-wise elimination (mIC0.2/1.0), between IC0.2/1.0 and MC, was established. Data from 41 patients (IC0.2), and 32 patients (IC1.0) were analysed. The mathematically calculated volume, mIC, showed a median deviation from the reference (MC), of ±9 % (1-54 %) for mIC0.2 and of ±8.2 % (1-50 %) for mIC1.0 CONCLUSION: Contour extraction with both, mIC1.0 and mIC0.2 gave rapid and reliable results. However, mIC0.2 can be applied to significantly more patients (>90 %) and is, therefore, deemed to be more suitable for clinical routine, keeping in mind the potential advantages of using (124)I-PET/CT for the preparation of patients scheduled for radioactive iodine therapy.

Incentive memory: evidence the basolateral amygdala encodes and the insular cortex retrieves outcome values to guide choice between goal-directed actions.

PubMed

Parkes, Shauna L; Balleine, Bernard W

2013-05-15

Choice between goal-directed actions is determined by the relative value of their consequences. Such values are encoded during incentive learning and later retrieved to guide performance. Although the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the gustatory region of insular cortex (IC) have been implicated in these processes, their relative contribution is still a matter of debate. Here we assessed whether these structures interact during incentive learning and retrieval to guide choice. In these experiments, rats were trained on two actions for distinct outcomes after which one of the two outcomes was devalued by specific satiety immediately before a choice extinction test. We first confirmed that, relative to appropriate controls, outcome devaluation recruited both the BLA and IC based on activation of the immediate early gene Arc; however, we found that infusion of the NMDAr antagonist ifenprodil into the BLA only abolished outcome devaluation when given before devaluation. In contrast, ifenprodil infusion into the IC was effective whether made before devaluation or test. We hypothesized that the BLA encodes and the IC retrieves incentive value for choice and, to test this, developed a novel sequential disconnection procedure. Blocking NMDAr activation unilaterally in the BLA before devaluation and then contralaterally in the IC before test abolished selective devaluation. In contrast, reversing the order of these infusions left devaluation intact. These results confirm that the BLA and IC form a circuit mediating the encoding and retrieval of outcome values, with the BLA encoding and the IC retrieving such values to guide choice.

Method of calculation of critical values of financial indicators for developing food security strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aigyl Ilshatovna, Sabirova; Svetlana Fanilevna, Khasanova; Vildanovna, Nagumanova Regina

2018-05-01

On the basis of decision making theory (minimax and maximin approaches) the authors propose a technique with the results of calculations of the critical values of effectiveness indicators of agricultural producers in the Republic of Tatarstan for 2013-2015. There is justified necessity of monitoring the effectiveness of the state support and the direction of its improvement.

Structural stability, elastic and thermodynamic properties of Au-Cu alloys from first-principles calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kong, Ge-Xing; Ma, Xiao-Juan; Liu, Qi-Jun; Li, Yong; Liu, Zheng-Tang

2018-03-01

Using first-principles calculations method based on density functional theory (DFT) with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) implementation of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), we investigate the structural, elastic and thermodynamic properties of gold-copper intermetallic compounds (Au-Cu ICs). The calculated lattice parameters are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The elastic constants show that all the investigated Au-Cu alloys are mechanically stable. Elastic properties, including the shear modulus, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and Pugh's indicator, of the intermetallic compounds are evaluated and discussed, with special attention to the remarkable anisotropy displayed by Au-Cu ICs. Thermodynamic and transport properties including the Debye temperature, thermal conductivity and melting point are predicted from the averaged sound velocity and elastic moduli, using semi-empirical formulas.

The defective nature of ice Ic and its implications for atmospheric science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuhs, W. F.; Hansen, T. C.

2009-04-01

The possible atmospheric implication of ice Ic (cubic ice) has already been suggested some time ago in the context of snow crystal formation [1]. New findings from air-borne measurements in cirrus clouds and contrails have put ice Ic into the focus of interest to understand the so-called "supersaturation puzzle" [2,3,4,5]. Our recent microstructural work on ice Ic [6,7] appears to be highly relevant in this context. We have found that ice Ic is characterized by a complex stacking fault pattern, which changes as a function of temperature as well as time. Indeed, from our own [8] and other group's work [9] one knows that (in contrast to earlier believe) ice Ic can form up to temperatures at least as high as 240K - thus in the relevant range for cirrus clouds. We have good preliminary evidence that the "cubicity" (which can be related to stacking fault probabilities) as well as the particle size of ice Ic are the relevant parameters for this correlation. The "cubicity" of stacking faulty ice Ic (established by diffraction) correlates nicely with the increased supersaturation at decreasing temperatures observed in cirrus clouds and contrails, a fact, which may be considered as further evidence for the presence of ice Ic. Moreover, the stacking faults lead to kinks in the outer shapes of the minute ice Ic crystals as seen by cryo scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM); these defective sites are likely to play some role in heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere. The cryo-SEM work suggests that stacking-faulty ice Ic has many more active centres for such reactions than the usually considered thermodynamically stable form, ice Ih. [1] T Kobayashi & T Kuroda (1987) Snow Crystals. In: Morphology of Crystals (ed. I Sunagawa), Terra Scientific Publishing, Tokyo, pp.649-743. [2] DM Murphy (2003) Dehydration in cold clouds is enhanced by a transition from from cubic to hexagonal ice. Geophys.Res.Lett.,30, 2230, doi:10.1029/2003GL018566. [3] RS Gao & 19 other authors (2004

Methods of the working processes modelling of an internal combustion engine by an ANSYS IC Engine module

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurchatkin, I. V.; Gorshkalev, A. A.; Blagin, E. V.

2017-01-01

This article deals with developed methods of the working processes modelling in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine (ICE). Methods includes description of the preparation of a combustion chamber 3-d model, setting of the finite-element mesh, boundary condition setting and solution customization. Aircraft radial engine M-14 was selected for modelling. The cycle of cold blowdown in the ANSYS IC Engine software was carried out. The obtained data were compared to results of known calculation methods. A method of engine’s induction port improvement was suggested.

Properties of Protostars in the Elephant Trunk in the Globule IC 1396A

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reach, William T.; Faied, Dohy; Rho, Jeonghee; Boogert, Adwin; Tappe, Achim; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Morris, Patrick; Cambrésy, Laurent; Palla, Francesco; Valdettaro, Riccardo

2009-01-01

Extremely red objects, identified in the early Spitzer Space Telescope observations of the bright-rimmed globule IC 1396A and photometrically classified as Class I protostars and Class II T Tauri stars based on their mid-infrared (mid-IR) colors, were spectroscopically observed at 5.5-38 μm (Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph), at the 22 GHz water maser frequency (National Radio Astronomy Observatory Green Bank Telescope), and in the optical (Palomar Hale 5 m) to confirm their nature and further elucidate their properties. The sources photometrically identified as Class I, including IC 1396A:α, γ, δ, epsilon, and ζ, are confirmed as objects dominated by accretion luminosity from dense envelopes, with accretion rates 1-10 × 10-6 M sun yr-1 and present stellar masses 0.1-2 M sun. The Class I sources have extremely red continua, still rising at 38 μm, with a deep silicate absorption at 9-11 μm, weaker silicate absorption around 18 μm, and weak ice features including CO2 at 15.2 μm and H2O at 6 μm. The ice/silicate absorption ratio in the envelope is exceptionally low for the IC 1396A protostars, compared to those in nearby star-forming regions, suggesting that the envelope chemistry is altered by the radiation field or globule pressure. Only one 22 GHz water maser was detected in IC 1396A; it is coincident with a faint mid-IR source, offset from near the luminous Class I protostar IC 1396A:γ. The maser source, IC 1396A:γ b , has luminosity less than 0.1 L sun, the first H2O maser from such a low-luminosity object. Two near-infrared (NIR) H2 knots on opposite sides of IC 1396A:γ reveal a jet, with an axis clearly distinct from the H2O maser of IC 1396A:γ b . The objects photometrically classified as Class II, including IC 1396A:β, θ, Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)J 21364964+5722270, 2MASSJ 21362507+5727502, LkHα 349c, Tr 37 11-2146, and Tr 37 11-2037, are confirmed as stars with warm, luminous disks, with a silicate emission feature at 9-11 μm, and

Effect of glutamate receptor antagonists and antirheumatic drugs on proliferation of synoviocytes in vitro.

PubMed

Parada-Turska, Jolanta; Rzeski, Wojciech; Majdan, Maria; Kandefer-Szerszeń, Martyna; Turski, Waldemar A

2006-03-27

One of the most striking features of inflammatory arthritis is the hyperplasia of synovial fibroblasts. It is not known whether the massive synovial hyperplasia characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis is due to the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts or to defective apoptosis. It has been found that glutamate receptor antagonists inhibit proliferation of different human tumour cells and the anticancer potential of glutamate receptor antagonists was suggested. Here, we investigated the effect of glutamate receptor antagonists and selected antirheumatic drugs on proliferation of synoviocytes in vitro. Experiments were conducted on rabbit synoviocytes cell line HIG-82 obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Menassas, VA, USA). Cell proliferation was assessed by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The IC50 value (the concentration of drug necessary to induce 50% inhibition) together with confidence limits was calculated. Glutamate receptor antagonists, 1-(4-aminophenyl)-3,5-dihydro-7,8-dimethoxy-4H-2,3-benzodiazepin-4-one (CFM-2), riluzole, memantine, 1-4-aminophenyl-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine (GYKI 52466), dizocilpine, ketamine and 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), inhibited proliferation of synoviocytes with the following IC50 values (in mM): 0.014, 0.017, 0.065, 0.102, 0.15, 0.435 and 1.16, respectively. Antirheumatic drugs, celecoxib, diclofenac, nimesulide, sulfasalazine, naproxen and methotrexate, inhibited proliferation of synoviocytes with the following IC50 values (in mM): 0.0043, 0.034, 0.044, 0.096, 0.385 and 1.123, respectively. Thus, the antiproliferative potential of glutamate receptor antagonists is comparable to that of antirheumatic drugs.

Institutional computing (IC) information session

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koch, Kenneth R; Lally, Bryan R

2011-01-19

The LANL Institutional Computing Program (IC) will host an information session about the current state of unclassified Institutional Computing at Los Alamos, exciting plans for the future, and the current call for proposals for science and engineering projects requiring computing. Program representatives will give short presentations and field questions about the call for proposals and future planned machines, and discuss technical support available to existing and future projects. Los Alamos has started making a serious institutional investment in open computing available to our science projects, and that investment is expected to increase even more.

TIF-IC, a factor involved in both transcription initiation and elongation of RNA polymerase I.

PubMed Central

Schnapp, G; Schnapp, A; Rosenbauer, H; Grummt, I

1994-01-01

We have characterized a transcription factor from Ehrlich ascites cells that is required for ribosomal gene transcription by RNA polymerase I (Pol I). This factor, termed TIF-IC, has a native molecular mass of 65 kDa, associates with Pol I, and is required both for the assembly of Sarkosyl-resistant initiation complexes and for the formation of the first internucleotide bonds. In addition to its function in transcription initiation, TIF-IC also plays a role in elongation of nascent RNA chains. At suboptimal levels of TIF-IC, transcripts with heterogeneous 3' ends are formed which are chased into full-length transcripts by the addition of more TIF-IC. Moreover, on a tailed template, which allows initiation in the absence of auxiliary factors, TIF-IC was found to stimulate the overall rate of transcription elongation and suppress pausing of Pol I. Thus TIF-IC appears to serve a function similar to the Pol II-specific factor TFIIF which is required for Pol II transcription initiation and elongation. Images PMID:8076598

Investigation of local anesthetic and antimycobacterial activity of Ottonia martiana Miq. (Piperaceae).

PubMed

Cunico, Miriam M; Trebien, Herbert A; Galetti, Fábio C; Miguel, Obdulio G; Miguel, Marilis D; Auer, Celso G; Silva, Célio L; de Souza, Ana Olívia

2015-01-01

Ottonia martiana is a plant popularly known in Brazil by the use for toothache. Ethanolic extract (EE), hexane fraction (HF), dichloromethane fraction (DF) and piperovatine obtained from O. martiana were assayed in vitro and in vivo. The acute toxicity of EE was determined, and LD50 values of 164.5 and 65.0 mg/kg by the oral and intraperitoneal routes, respectively, indicated a high toxicity for EE in vivo, explaining its popular use by topical administration only. A local anesthetic-like effect of EE and its fractions was observed in experimental models using pain induction, and such effect involved an analgesic action. The antimycobacterial activity of EE, HF, DF and piperovatine was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27924. EE, HF, DF, and piperovatine showed a potential antimycobacterial effect with MICs of 16.0, 62.0, 62.0 and 8.0 μg/mL, respectively. Piperovatine was more effective than the EE or the other fractions. The selectivity index (SI=IC50/MIC) values calculated for EE, HF, DF and piperovatine based on the MICs and the cytotoxicity against J774 macrophages (IC50 by MTT assay) revealed values of 6.43, 2.34, 1.5 and 9.66, respectively.

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Pinus species essential oils and their constituents.

PubMed

Bonesi, Marco; Menichini, Federica; Tundis, Rosa; Loizzo, Monica R; Conforti, Filomena; Passalacqua, Nicodemo G; Statti, Giancarlo A; Menichini, Francesco

2010-10-01

This study aimed to investigate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity of the essential oils from Pinus nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra var. calabrica, and P. heldreichii subsp. leucodermis. This activity is relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), since cholinesterase drugs are currently the only drugs available to treat AD. P. heldreichii subsp. leucodermis exhibited the most promising activity, with IC(50) values of 51.1 and 80.6 microg/mL against AChE and BChE, respectively. An interesting activity against AChE was also observed with P. nigra subsp. nigra essential oil, with an IC(50) value of 94.4 microg/mL. Essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS with the purpose of investigating their relationships with the observed activities. Among the identified constituents, terpinolene, beta-phellandrene, linalyl acetate, trans-caryophyllene, and terpinen-4-ol were tested. trans-Caryophyllene and terpinen-4-ol inhibited BChE with IC(50) values of 78.6 and 107.6 microg/mL, respectively. beta-Phellandrene was selective against AChE (IC(50) value of 120.2 microg/mL).

A Monte Carlo calculation model of electronic portal imaging device for transit dosimetry through heterogeneous media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yoon, Jihyung; Jung, Jae Won, E-mail: jungj@ecu.edu; Kim, Jong Oh

2016-05-15

Purpose: To develop and evaluate a fast Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation model of electronic portal imaging device (EPID) based on its effective atomic number modeling in the XVMC code. Methods: A previously developed EPID model, based on the XVMC code by density scaling of EPID structures, was modified by additionally considering effective atomic number (Z{sub eff}) of each structure and adopting a phase space file from the EGSnrc code. The model was tested under various homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms and field sizes by comparing the calculations in the model with measurements in EPID. In order to better evaluate themore » model, the performance of the XVMC code was separately tested by comparing calculated dose to water with ion chamber (IC) array measurement in the plane of EPID. Results: In the EPID plane, calculated dose to water by the code showed agreement with IC measurements within 1.8%. The difference was averaged across the in-field regions of the acquired profiles for all field sizes and phantoms. The maximum point difference was 2.8%, affected by proximity of the maximum points to penumbra and MC noise. The EPID model showed agreement with measured EPID images within 1.3%. The maximum point difference was 1.9%. The difference dropped from the higher value of the code by employing the calibration that is dependent on field sizes and thicknesses for the conversion of calculated images to measured images. Thanks to the Z{sub eff} correction, the EPID model showed a linear trend of the calibration factors unlike those of the density-only-scaled model. The phase space file from the EGSnrc code sharpened penumbra profiles significantly, improving agreement of calculated profiles with measured profiles. Conclusions: Demonstrating high accuracy, the EPID model with the associated calibration system may be used for in vivo dosimetry of radiation therapy. Through this study, a MC model of EPID has been developed, and their performance has been

Investigation of miscellaneous hERG inhibition in large diverse compound collection using automated patch-clamp assay

PubMed Central

Yu, Hai-bo; Zou, Bei-yan; Wang, Xiao-liang; Li, Min

2016-01-01

Aim: hERG potassium channels display miscellaneous interactions with diverse chemical scaffolds. In this study we assessed the hERG inhibition in a large compound library of diverse chemical entities and provided data for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying promiscuity of hERG inhibition. Methods: Approximately 300 000 compounds contained in Molecular Library Small Molecular Repository (MLSMR) library were tested. Compound profiling was conducted on hERG-CHO cells using the automated patch-clamp platform–IonWorks Quattro™. Results: The compound library was tested at 1 and 10 μmol/L. IC50 values were predicted using a modified 4-parameter logistic model. Inhibitor hits were binned into three groups based on their potency: high (IC50<1 μmol/L), intermediate (1 μmol/L< IC50<10 μmol/L), and low (IC50>10 μmol/L) with hit rates of 1.64%, 9.17% and 16.63%, respectively. Six physiochemical properties of each compound were acquired and calculated using ACD software to evaluate the correlation between hERG inhibition and the properties: hERG inhibition was positively correlative to the physiochemical properties ALogP, molecular weight and RTB, and negatively correlative to TPSA. Conclusion: Based on a large diverse compound collection, this study provides experimental evidence to understand the promiscuity of hERG inhibition. This study further demonstrates that hERG liability compounds tend to be more hydrophobic, high-molecular, flexible and polarizable. PMID:26725739

Bedside determination of bicarbonate and base excess, blood oxygen saturation and content, VD/VT, and P50 using a programmable calculator.

PubMed

Wilkinson, P L

1979-06-01

Assessing and modifying oxygen transport are major parts of ICU patient management. Determination of base excess, blood oxygen saturation and content, dead space ventilation, and P50 helps in this management. A program is described for determining these variables using a T1 59 programmable calculator and PC 100A printer. Each variable can be independently calculated without running the whole program. The calculator-printer's small size, low cost, and hard copy printout make it a valuable and versatile tool for calculating physiological variables. The program is easily entered by an stored on magnetic card, and prompts the user to enter the appropriate variables, making is easy to run by untrained personnel.

Nira acidity and antioxidant activity of Palm sugar in Sumowono Village

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winarni, Sri; Arifan, Fahmi; Wisnu Broto, RTD.; Fuadi, Ariza; Alviche, Lola

2018-05-01

The palm sugar not only has potential as natural sweetener but also has antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to analyze antioxidant and pH of the nira in palm sugar. The sample in this study was palm sugar from 6 different production sites. Test of antioxidant activity used DPPH method (1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) with a wavelength of 517 nm. The value of absorbance solution was measured using spectrophotometry and the value of effective concentration (IC50) was counted. The pH test was measured using a pH meter. Pearson’s correlation test revealed r=-0.045 with significant value 0.932 (>0.005). There was no correlation between pH value and antioxidant activity of palm sugar. IC50 value of palm sugar in Sumowono village revealed that it had a strong antioxidant activity (50 μg/ml - 100 μg/ml) that is 74,73 μg/ml 83.94 μg/ml 82.31 μg/ml 83.94 μg/ml 86.10 μg/ml 82.13 μg/ml 89.17 μg/ml 89.71 μg/ml 89.17 μg/ml and 84.84 μg/ml). Lower IC50 values indicate higher antioxidant activity. Palm sugar with the best antioxidant activity came from the production sites which had IC50 values of 74.73 μg/ml. Potential antioxidants can be optimized by making improvements to the processing system.

Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical individualism-collectivism: a study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines.

PubMed

Cukur, Cem Safak; de Guzman, Maria Rosario T; Carlo, Gustavo

2004-12-01

The authors examined the links between two dimensions that have been useful in understanding cross-cultural differences and similarities, namely, individualism-collectivism (I-C) and value orientations. The authors examined the relations and parallels between the two variables by directly relating them and examining the patterns of relations that both have with a third variable, religiosity. Participants were 475 college students from the Philippines, the United States, and Turkey who responded to measures of horizontal and vertical I-C, value orientations, and religiosity. The authors found partial support for the parallels between I-C and value types, particularly for collectivism and conservative values. Moreover, religiosity was associated positively with conservative values and collectivism, across all three cultures. The authors found individualism to also relate to openness-to-change values, though the patterns were not as consistent as those that they found between collectivism and conservation. Differences and similarities emerged in links of I-C-values to religiosity across the three samples.

Quinolinic Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Potential Multi-target Compounds for Neurodegeneration: Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase Inhibition.

PubMed

Khan, Nehal A; Khan, Imtiaz; Abid, Syed M A; Zaib, Sumera; Ibrar, Aliya; Andleeb, Hina; Hameed, Shahid; Iqbal, Jamshed

2018-01-01

Parkinson's disease (PD), a debilitating and progressive disorder, is among the most challenging and devastating neurodegenerative diseases predominantly affecting the people over 60 years of age. To confront PD, an advanced and operational strategy is to design single chemical functionality able to control more than one target instantaneously. In this endeavor, for the exploration of new and efficient inhibitors of Parkinson's disease, we synthesized a series of quinoline carboxylic acids (3a-j) and evaluated their in vitro monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The molecular docking and in silico studies of the most potent inhibitors were performed to identify the probable binding modes in the active site of the monoamine oxidase enzymes. Moreover, molecular properties were calculated to evaluate the druglikeness of the compounds. The biological evaluation results revealed that the tested compounds were highly potent against monoamine oxidase (A & B), 3c targeted both the isoforms of MAO with IC50 values of 0.51 ± 0.12 and 0.51 ± 0.03 µM, respectively. The tested compounds also demonstrated high and completely selective inhibitory action against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values ranging from 4.36 to 89.24 µM. Among the examined derivatives, 3i was recognized as the most potent inhibitor of AChE with an IC50 value of 4.36 ± 0.12 ±µM. The compounds appear to be promising inhibitors and could be used for the future development of drugs targeting neurodegenerative disorders. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Using 3d Bim Model for the Value-Based Land Share Calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Çelik Şimşek, N.; Uzun, B.

2017-11-01

According to the Turkish condominium ownership system, 3D physical buildings and its condominium units are registered to the condominium ownership books via 2D survey plans. Currently, 2D representations of the 3D physical objects, causes inaccurate and deficient implementations for the determination of the land shares. Condominium ownership and easement right are established with a clear indication of land shares (condominium ownership law, article no. 3). So, the land share of each condominium unit have to be determined including the value differences among the condominium units. However the main problem is that, land share has often been determined with area based over the project before construction of the building. The objective of this study is proposing a new approach in terms of value-based land share calculations of the condominium units that subject to condominium ownership. So, the current approaches and its failure that have taken into account in determining the land shares are examined. And factors that affect the values of the condominium units are determined according to the legal decisions. This study shows that 3D BIM models can provide important approaches for the valuation problems in the determination of the land shares.

Optical Spectrum of the Compact Planetary Nebula IC 5117

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hyung, Siek; Aller, Lawrence H.; Feibelman, Walter A.; Lee, Seong-Jae; Fisher, Richard R. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

High resolution spectroscopic data of the very compact planetary nebula IC 5117 are obtained in the optical wavelengths, 3700A - 10050A, with the Hamilton Echelle Spectrograph at Lick Observatory, and which have been analyzed along with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) UV archive data. Although a diagnostic diagram shows significant density and temperature fluctuations, our analysis indicates that the nebular gas may be represented by a homogeneous shell of extremely high density gas, N(sub epsilon) approx. 90 000 /cu cm. The average electron temperatures, e.g. indicated by the [OIII] diagnostics, are around 12 000 K. We construct a photoionization model to represent most of the observed line intensities, and the physical condition of this compact nebulosity. Based on the semi-empirical ionization correction approach, and model indications, we derived the elemental abundances: He, C, N, O, Ne, and Ar appear to be normal or marginally depleted compared to the average planetary nebula, while the remaining elements, S, Cl, and K appear to be enhanced. IC 5117 is perhaps a very young compact planetary nebula, slightly more evolved than the other well-known compact planetary nebula IC 4997. The central stellar temperature is likely to be around 120 000 K, evolved from a C-rich AGB progenitor.

40 CFR 600.206-86 - Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel, and electric vehicle...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Calculation and use of fuel economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel, and electric vehicle configurations. 600.206-86 Section 600.206-86... economy values for gasoline-fueled, diesel, and electric vehicle configurations. (a) Fuel economy values...

New N-phenylpyrrolamide DNA gyrase B inhibitors: Optimization of efficacy and antibacterial activity.

PubMed

Durcik, Martina; Lovison, Denise; Skok, Žiga; Durante Cruz, Cristina; Tammela, Päivi; Tomašič, Tihomir; Benedetto Tiz, Davide; Draskovits, Gábor; Nyerges, Ákos; Pál, Csaba; Ilaš, Janez; Peterlin Mašič, Lucija; Kikelj, Danijel; Zidar, Nace

2018-06-25

The ATP binding site located on the subunit B of DNA gyrase is an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial agents. In recent decades, several small-molecule inhibitor classes have been discovered but none has so far reached the market. We present here the discovery of a promising new series of N-phenylpyrrolamides with low nanomolar IC 50 values against DNA gyrase, and submicromolar IC 50 values against topoisomerase IV from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The most potent compound in the series has an IC 50 value of 13 nM against E. coli gyrase. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Gram-positive bacteria are in the low micromolar range. The oxadiazolone derivative 11a, with an IC 50 value of 85 nM against E. coli DNA gyrase displays the most potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 1.56 μM against Enterococcus faecalis, and 3.13 μM against wild type S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). The activity against wild type E. coli in the presence of efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN) is 4.6 μM. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Time-dependent importance sampling in semiclassical initial value representation calculations for time correlation functions.

PubMed

Tao, Guohua; Miller, William H

2011-07-14

An efficient time-dependent importance sampling method is developed for the Monte Carlo calculation of time correlation functions via the initial value representation (IVR) of semiclassical (SC) theory. A prefactor-free time-dependent sampling function weights the importance of a trajectory based on the magnitude of its contribution to the time correlation function, and global trial moves are used to facilitate the efficient sampling the phase space of initial conditions. The method can be generally applied to sampling rare events efficiently while avoiding being trapped in a local region of the phase space. Results presented in the paper for two system-bath models demonstrate the efficiency of this new importance sampling method for full SC-IVR calculations.

Virtual screening of B-Raf kinase inhibitors: A combination of pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking, 3D-QSAR model and binding free energy calculation studies.

PubMed

Zhang, Wen; Qiu, Kai-Xiong; Yu, Fang; Xie, Xiao-Guang; Zhang, Shu-Qun; Chen, Ya-Juan; Xie, Hui-Ding

2017-10-01

B-Raf kinase has been identified as an important target in recent cancer treatment. In order to discover structurally diverse and novel B-Raf inhibitors (BRIs), a virtual screening of BRIs against ZINC database was performed by using a combination of pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking, 3D-QSAR model and binding free energy (ΔG bind ) calculation studies in this work. After the virtual screening, six promising hit compounds were obtained, which were then tested for inhibitory activities of A375 cell lines. In the result, five hit compounds show good biological activities (IC 50 <50μM). The present method of virtual screening can be applied to find structurally diverse inhibitors, and the obtained five structurally diverse compounds are expected to develop novel BRIs. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Impact of dietary fiber energy on the calculation of food total energy value in the Brazilian Food Composition Database.

PubMed

Menezes, Elizabete Wenzel de; Grande, Fernanda; Giuntini, Eliana Bistriche; Lopes, Tássia do Vale Cardoso; Dan, Milana Cara Tanasov; Prado, Samira Bernardino Ramos do; Franco, Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo; Charrondière, U Ruth; Lajolo, Franco Maria

2016-02-15

Dietary fiber (DF) contributes to the energy value of foods and including it in the calculation of total food energy has been recommended for food composition databases. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of including energy provided by the DF fermentation in the calculation of food energy. Total energy values of 1753 foods from the Brazilian Food Composition Database were calculated with or without the inclusion of DF energy. The energy values were compared, through the use of percentage difference (D%), in individual foods and in daily menus. Appreciable energy D% (⩾10) was observed in 321 foods, mainly in the group of vegetables, legumes and fruits. However, in the Brazilian typical menus containing foods from all groups, only D%<3 was observed. In mixed diets, the DF energy may cause slight variations in total energy; on the other hand, there is appreciable energy D% for certain foods, when individually considered. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phenolic, flavonoid contents, anticholinesterase and antioxidant evaluation of Iris germanica var; florentina.

PubMed

Ullah, Farhat; Ayaz, Muhammad; Sadiq, Abdul; Hussain, Abid; Ahmad, Sajjad; Imran, Muhammad; Zeb, Anwar

2016-06-01

This study was designed to investigate antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of Iris germanica var; florentina. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory potential of plant samples were investigated by Ellman's assay. Antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH, H2O2 and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were expressed in mg GAE/g dry weight and mg RTE/g, respectively. In AChE inhibition assay, Ig.Fl, Ig.Sp and Ig.Cf fractions exhibited highest activity with IC50 values of < 0.1, 5.64 and 19 μg/mL, respectively. In BChE inhibitory assay, Ig.Fl, Ig.Sp, Ig.Cf and Ig.Cr were most active with IC50 of < 0.1, < 0.1, 31 and 78 μg/mL, respectively. In DPPH assay, Ig.Fl and Ig.Cf exhibited highest inhibition of free radicals, 80.52% (IC50 = 9 μg/mL) and 78.30% (IC50 = 8 μg/mL), respectively. In ABTS assay Ig.Cr, Ig.Cf, Ig.Fl and Ig.Sp exhibited IC50 values of < 0.1, 2, 2 and 3 μg/mL, respectively.

Psychosocial co-morbidities in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain syndrome (IC/BPS): A systematic review.

PubMed

McKernan, Lindsey C; Walsh, Colin G; Reynolds, William S; Crofford, Leslie J; Dmochowski, Roger R; Williams, David A

2018-03-01

Psychosocial factors amplify symptoms of Interstitial Cystitis (IC/BPS). While psychosocial self-management is efficacious in other pain conditions, its impact on an IC/BPS population has rarely been studied. The objective of this review is to learn the prevalence and impact of psychosocial factors on IC/BPS, assess baseline psychosocial characteristics, and offer recommendations for assessment and treatment. Following PRISMA guidelines, primary information sources were PubMed including MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and GoogleScholar. Inclusion criteria included: (i) a clearly defined cohort with IC/BPS or with Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome provided the IC/BPS cohort was delineated with quantitative results from the main cohort; (ii) all genders and regions; (iii) studies written in English from 1995 to April 14, 2017; (iv) quantitative report of psychosocial factors as outcome measures or at minimum as baseline characteristics. Thirty-four of an initial 642 articles were reviewed. Quantitative analyses demonstrate the magnitude of psychosocial difficulties in IC/BPS, which are worse than average on all measures, and fall into areas of clinical concern for 7 out of 10 measures. Meta-analyses shows mean Mental Component Score of the Short-Form 12 Health Survey (MCS) of 40.80 (SD 6.25, N = 2912), where <36 is consistent with severe psychological impairment. Averaged across studies, the population scored in the range seen in clinical depression (CES-D 19.89, SD 13.12, N = 564) and generalized anxiety disorder (HADS-A 8.15, SD 4.85, N = 465). The psychological impact of IC/BPS is pervasive and severe. Existing evidence of treatment is lacking and suggests self-management intervention may be helpful. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Assessment of adult body composition using bioelectrical impedance: comparison of researcher calculated to machine outputted values

PubMed Central

Franco-Villoria, Maria; Wright, Charlotte M; McColl, John H; Sherriff, Andrea; Pearce, Mark S

2016-01-01

Objectives To explore the usefulness of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) for general use by identifying best-evidenced formulae to calculate lean and fat mass, comparing these to historical gold standard data and comparing these results with machine-generated output. In addition, we explored how to best to adjust lean and fat estimates for height and how these overlapped with body mass index (BMI). Design Cross-sectional observational study within population representative cohort study. Setting Urban community, North East England Participants Sample of 506 mothers of children aged 7–8 years, mean age 36.3 years. Methods Participants were measured at a home visit using a portable height measure and leg-to-leg BIA machine (Tanita TBF-300MA). Measures Height, weight, bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Outcome measures Lean and fat mass calculated using best-evidenced published formulae as well as machine-calculated lean and fat mass data. Results Estimates of lean mass were similar to historical results using gold standard methods. When compared with the machine-generated values, there were wide limits of agreement for fat mass and a large relative bias for lean that varied with size. Lean and fat residuals adjusted for height differed little from indices of lean (or fat)/height2. Of 112 women with BMI >30 kg/m2, 100 (91%) also had high fat, but of the 16 with low BMI (<19 kg/m2) only 5 (31%) also had low fat. Conclusions Lean and fat mass calculated from BIA using published formulae produces plausible values and demonstrate good concordance between high BMI and high fat, but these differ substantially from the machine-generated values. Bioelectrical impedance can supply a robust and useful field measure of body composition, so long as the machine-generated output is not used. PMID:26743700

Evaluation of Antileishmanial Activity of Selected Brazilian Plants and Identification of the Active Principles

PubMed Central

Filho, Valdir Cechinel; Meyre-Silva, Christiane; Niero, Rivaldo; Bolda Mariano, Luisa Nathália; Gomes do Nascimento, Fabiana; Vicente Farias, Ingrid; Gazoni, Vanessa Fátima; dos Santos Silva, Bruna; Giménez, Alberto; Gutierrez-Yapu, David; Salamanca, Efrain; Malheiros, Angela

2013-01-01

This study evaluated extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds from some selected Brazilian medicinal plants against strains of promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and L. brasiliensis in vitro. The cell viability was determined, comparing the results with reference standards. The dichloromethane fractions of the roots, stems, and leaves of Allamanda schottii showed IC50 values between 14.0 and 2.0 μg/mL. Plumericin was the main active compound, with IC50 of 0.3 and 0.04 μg/mL against the two species of Leishmania analyzed. The hexane extract of Eugenia umbelliflora fruits showed IC50 of 14.3 and 5.7 μg/mL against L. amazonensis and L. brasiliensis, respectively. The methanolic extracts of the seeds of Garcinia achachairu and guttiferone A presented IC50 values of 35.9 and 10.4 μg/mL, against L. amazonensis, respectively. The ethanolic extracts of the stem barks of Rapanea ferruginea and the isolated compound, myrsinoic acid B, presented activity against L. brasiliensis with IC50 of 24.1 and 6.1 μg/mL. Chloroform fraction of Solanum sisymbriifolium exhibited IC50 of 33.8 and 20.5 μg/mL, and cilistol A was the main active principle, with IC50 of 6.6 and 3.1 μg/mL against L. amazonensis and L. brasiliensis, respectively. It is concluded that the analyzed plants are promising as new and effective antiparasitic agents. PMID:23840252

31 CFR 351.13 - What do I need to know about the savings bond rate to understand redemption value calculations in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What do I need to know about the savings bond rate to understand redemption value calculations in this subpart? 351.13 Section 351.13 Money... What do I need to know about the savings bond rate to understand redemption value calculations in this...

Neopetrosiquinones A and B, Sesquiterpene Benzoquinones Isolated from the Deep-water Sponge Neopetrosia cf. proxima

PubMed Central

Winder, Priscilla L.; Baker, Heather L.; Linley, Patricia; Guzmán, Esther; Pomponi, Shirley A.; Diaz, M. Cristina; Reed, John K.; Wright, Amy E.

2011-01-01

Two new marine-derived sesquiterpene benzoquinones which we designate as neopetrosiquinone A (1) and B (2), have been isolated from a deep-water sponge of the family Petrosiidae. The structures were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibit the in vitro proliferation of the DLD-1 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line with IC50 values of 3.7 and 9.8 μM, respectively, and the PANC-1 human pancreatic carcinoma cell line with IC50 values of 6.1 and 13.8 μM, respectively. Neopetrosiquinone A (1) also inhibited the in vitro proliferation of the AsPC-1 human pancreatic carcinoma cell line with an IC50 value of 6.1 μM. The compounds are structurally related to alisiaquinone A, cyclozonarone and xestoquinone. PMID:22014756

Ab-initio calculation and experimental observation of room temperature ferromagnetism in 50 keV nitrogen implanted rutile TiO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luitel, Homnath; Chakrabarti, Mahuya; Sarkar, A.; Dechoudhury, S.; Bhowmick, D.; Naik, V.; Sanyal, D.

2018-02-01

Room temperature magnetic properties of 50 keV N4+ ion beam implanted rutile TiO2 have been theoretically and experimentally studied. Ab-initio calculation under the frame work of density functional theory has been carried out to study the magnetic properties of the different possible nitrogen related defects in TiO2. Spin polarized density of states calculation suggests that both Ninst and NO can induce ferromagnetic ordering in rutile TiO2. In both cases the 2p orbital electrons of nitrogen atom give rise to the magnetic moment in TiO2. The possibility of the formation of N2 molecule in TiO2 system is also studied but in this case no significant magnetic moment has been observed. The magnetic measurements, using SQUID magnetometer, results a ferromagnetic ordering even at room temperature for the 50 keV N4+ ion beam implanted rutile TiO2.

Docking analysis targeted to the whole enzyme: an application to the prediction of inhibition of PTP1B by thiomorpholine and thiazolyl derivatives.

PubMed

Ganou, C A; Eleftheriou, P Th; Theodosis-Nobelos, P; Fesatidou, M; Geronikaki, A A; Lialiaris, T; Rekka, E A

2018-02-01

PTP1b is a protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in the inactivation of insulin receptor. Since inhibition of PTP1b may prolong the action of the receptor, PTP1b has become a drug target for the treatment of type II diabetes. In the present study, prediction of inhibition using docking analysis targeted specifically to the active or allosteric site was performed on 87 compounds structurally belonging to 10 different groups. Two groups, consisting of 15 thiomorpholine and 10 thiazolyl derivatives exhibiting the best prediction results, were selected for in vitro evaluation. All thiomorpholines showed inhibitory action (with IC 50 = 4-45 μΜ, Ki = 2-23 μM), while only three thiazolyl derivatives showed low inhibition (best IC 50 = 18 μΜ, Ki = 9 μΜ). However, free binding energy (E) was in accordance with the IC 50 values only for some compounds. Docking analysis targeted to the whole enzyme revealed that the compounds exhibiting IC 50 values higher than expected could bind to other peripheral sites with lower free energy, E o , than when bound to the active/allosteric site. A prediction factor, E- (Σ Eo × 0.16), which takes into account lower energy binding to peripheral sites, was proposed and was found to correlate well with the IC 50 values following an asymmetrical sigmoidal equation with r 2 = 0.9692.

Crowdsourcing Disease Biomarker Discovery Research: The IP4IC Study.

PubMed

Chancellor, Michael B; Bartolone, Sarah N; Veerecke, Andrew; Lamb, Laura E

2018-05-01

Biomarker discovery is limited by readily assessable, cost efficient human samples available in large numbers that represent the entire heterogeneity of the disease. We developed a novel, active participation crowdsourcing method to determine BP-RS (Bladder Permeability Defect Risk Score). It is based on noninvasive urinary cytokines to discriminate patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome who had Hunner lesions from controls and patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome but without Hunner lesions. We performed a national crowdsourcing study in cooperation with the Interstitial Cystitis Association. Patients answered demographic, symptom severity and urinary frequency questionnaires on a HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) compliant website. Urine samples were collected at home, stabilized with a preservative and sent to Beaumont Hospital for analysis. The expression of 3 urinary cytokines was used in a machine learning algorithm to develop BP-RS. The IP4IC study collected a total of 448 urine samples, representing 153 patients (147 females and 6 males) with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, of whom 54 (50 females and 4 males) had Hunner lesions. A total of 159 female and 136 male controls also participated, who were age matched. A defined BP-RS was calculated to predict interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome with Hunner lesions or a bladder permeability defect etiology with 89% validity. In this novel participation crowdsourcing study we obtained a large number of urine samples from 46 states, which were collected at home, shipped and stored at room temperature. Using a machine learning algorithm we developed BP-RS to quantify the risk of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome with Hunner lesions, which is indicative of a bladder permeability defect etiology. To our knowledge BP-RS is the first validated urine biomarker assay for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and one of the

31 CFR 359.39 - How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.39 Section 359.39 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE FISCAL...

31 CFR 359.39 - How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.39 Section 359.39 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE PUBLIC...

31 CFR 359.39 - How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.39 Section 359.39 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE PUBLIC...

31 CFR 359.39 - How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.39 Section 359.39 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE PUBLIC...

31 CFR 359.39 - How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How are redemption values calculated for definitive Series I savings bonds? 359.39 Section 359.39 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF THE PUBLIC...

Novel tacrine/acridine anticholinesterase inhibitors with piperazine and thiourea linkers.

PubMed

Hamulakova, Slavka; Imrich, Jan; Janovec, Ladislav; Kristian, Pavol; Danihel, Ivan; Holas, Ondrej; Pohanka, Miroslav; Böhm, Stanislav; Kozurkova, Maria; Kuca, Kamil

2014-09-01

A new series of substituted tacrine/acridine and tacrine/tacrine dimers with aliphatic or alkylene-thiourea linkers was synthesized and the potential of these compounds as novel human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) inhibitors with nanomolar inhibition activity was evaluated. The most potent AChE inhibitor was found to be homodimeric tacrine derivative 14a, which demonstrated an IC50 value of 2 nM; this value indicates an activity rate which is 250-times higher than that of tacrine 1 and 7500-times higher than 7-MEOTA 15, the compounds which were used as standards in the study. IC50 values of derivatives 1, 9, 10, 14b and 15 were compared with the dissociation constants of the enzyme-inhibitor complex, Ki1, and the enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex, Ki2, for. A dual binding site is presumed for the synthesized compounds which possess two tacrines or tacrine and acridine as terminal moieties show evidence of dual site binding. DFT calculations of theoretical desolvation free energies, ΔΔGtheor, and docking studies elucidate these suggestions in more detail. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The connection Between Plasma Protein Binding and Acute Toxicity as Determined by the LD50 Value.

PubMed

Svennebring, Andreas

2016-02-01

Preclinical Research A dataset of three drug classes (acids, bases, and neutrals) with LD50 values in mice was analysed to investigate a possible connection between high plasma protein binding and acute toxicity. Initially, it was found that high plasma protein binding was associated with toxicity for acids and neutrals, but after compensating for differences in lipophilicity, plasma protein binding was found not to be associated with toxicity. The therapeutic index established by the quotient between mouse LD50 and the defined daily dose was unaffected by both lipophilicity and plasma protein binding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In vitro study of biological activities of anthocyanin-rich berry extracts on porcine intestinal epithelial cells.

PubMed

Kšonžeková, Petra; Mariychuk, Ruslan; Eliašová, Adriana; Mudroňová, Dagmar; Csank, Tomáš; Király, Ján; Marcinčáková, Dana; Pistl, Juraj; Tkáčiková, L'udmila

2016-03-15

Anthocyanins, compounds that represent the major group of flavonoids in berries, are one of the most powerful natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate biological activities and comparison of anthocyanin-rich extracts prepared from chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and blueberry (V. corymbosum) on the porcine intestinal epithelial IPEC-1 cell line. The IC50 values calculated in the antioxidant cell-based dichlorofluorescein assay (DCF assay) were 1.129 mg L(-1) for chokeberry, 1.081 mg L(-1) for elderberry, 2.561 mg L(-1) for bilberry and 2.965 mg L(-1) for blueberry, respectively. We found a significant negative correlation (P < 0.001) between cyanidin glycosides content and IC50 values. Moreover, extracts rich in cyanidin glycosides stimulated proliferation of IPEC-1 cells and did not have cytotoxic effect on cells at an equivalent in vivo concentration. We found that the chokeberry and elderberry extracts rich in cyanidin glycosides possess better antioxidant and anticytotoxic activities in comparison to blueberry or bilberry extracts with complex anthocyanin profiles. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anti-viral and cytotoxic norbisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica and their absolute configurations.

PubMed

Lv, Jun-Jiang; Yu, Shan; Xin, Ying; Cheng, Rong-Rong; Zhu, Hong-Tao; Wang, Dong; Yang, Chong-Ren; Xu, Min; Zhang, Ying-Jun

2015-09-01

In an effort to identify anti-viral and cytotoxic compounds from Phyllanthus spp., 14 highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids, phyllaemblicins H1-H14, were isolated from the roots of Phyllanthus emblica Linn, along with phyllaemblicins B and C and glochicoccinoside D. Their structures were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Determination of absolute configurations of these compounds was facilitated by theoretical calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) for the aglycone components, and pre-column derivative/chiral HPLC analysis for the monosaccharides. The known glochicoccinoside D displayed potent activity against influenza A virus strain H3N2 and hand, foot and mouth virus EV71, with IC50 values of 4.5±0.6 and 2.6±0.7 μg/ml, respectively. Phyllaemblicin H1 showed moderate cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines A-549 and SMMC-7721, with IC50 values of 4.7±0.7 and 9.9±1.3 μM, respectively. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tests of shock chemistry in IC 443G

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Turner, B. E.; Chan, Kin-Wing; Green, S.; Lubowich, D. A.

1992-01-01

Eight molecular species, in the hot dense clump IC 443G, believed to be impacted by the shock wave from the SNR IC 443, are investigated. The clump consists of two distinct regions, one relatively cool, and one hotter and denser. Region 1 contains CO, HCO(+), HCN, and CN, whose abundances may be explained either by ion-molecule chemistry, or by a D shock of 60-90 km/s, passing through a clump of about 100,000/cu cm. Region 2 gives rise to SiO, CS, SO, and H2CO, and requires an ND shock of 5-15 km/s passing through a region of about 1,000,000/cu cm. Observed fractional abundances fit ND shock models if L is about 6.6 x 10 exp 15 cm. In general, observed line widths vary inversely with derived excitation density, while centroid velocities of all species are essentially identical.

40 CFR 600.207-08 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii)(A) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel...-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations. 600.207-08 Section 600.207-08...

40 CFR 600.207-08 - Calculation and use of vehicle-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... economy values from the tests performed using gasoline or diesel test fuel. (ii)(A) Calculate the 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values from the tests performed using alcohol or natural gas test fuel...-specific 5-cycle-based fuel economy values for vehicle configurations. 600.207-08 Section 600.207-08...

Antimicrobial and antileishmanial activities of diterpenoids isolated from the roots of Salvia deserta

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Four diterpenes with biological activity were isolated from Salvia deserta roots. Taxodione was considered leishmanicidal, with IC50 value of 0.46 µg/mL against Leishimania donovani and also exhibited antifungal and antimicrobial activities. Ferruginol displayed the greatest activity (24-h IC50 1.29...

The new semi-analytic code GalICS 2.0 - reproducing the galaxy stellar mass function and the Tully-Fisher relation simultaneously

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cattaneo, A.; Blaizot, J.; Devriendt, J. E. G.; Mamon, G. A.; Tollet, E.; Dekel, A.; Guiderdoni, B.; Kucukbas, M.; Thob, A. C. R.

2017-10-01

GalICS 2.0 is a new semi-analytic code to model the formation and evolution of galaxies in a cosmological context. N-body simulations based on a Planck cosmology are used to construct halo merger trees, track subhaloes, compute spins and measure concentrations. The accretion of gas on to galaxies and the morphological evolution of galaxies are modelled with prescriptions derived from hydrodynamic simulations. Star formation and stellar feedback are described with phenomenological models (as in other semi-analytic codes). GalICS 2.0 computes rotation speeds from the gravitational potential of the dark matter, the disc and the central bulge. As the rotation speed depends not only on the virial velocity but also on the ratio of baryons to dark matter within a galaxy, our calculation predicts a different Tully-Fisher relation from models in which vrot ∝ vvir. This is why, GalICS 2.0 is able to reproduce the galaxy stellar mass function and the Tully-Fisher relation simultaneously. Our results are also in agreement with halo masses from weak lensing and satellite kinematics, gas fractions, the relation between star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass, the evolution of the cosmic SFR density, bulge-to-disc ratios, disc sizes and the Faber-Jackson relation.

Hypoxia affects cellular responses to plant extracts.

PubMed

Liew, Sien-Yei; Stanbridge, Eric J; Yusoff, Khatijah; Shafee, Norazizah

2012-11-21

Microenvironmental conditions contribute towards varying cellular responses to plant extract treatments. Hypoxic cancer cells are known to be resistant to radio- and chemo-therapy. New therapeutic strategies specifically targeting these cells are needed. Plant extracts used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can offer promising candidates. Despite their widespread usage, information on their effects in hypoxic conditions is still lacking. In this study, we examined the cytotoxicity of a series of known TCM plant extracts under normoxic versus hypoxic conditions. Pereskia grandifolia, Orthosiphon aristatus, Melastoma malabathricum, Carica papaya, Strobilanthes crispus, Gynura procumbens, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, Pereskia bleo and Clinacanthus nutans leaves were dried, blended into powder form, extracted in methanol and evaporated to produce crude extracts. Human Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells were treated with various concentrations of the plant extracts under normoxia or hypoxia (0.5% oxygen). 24h after treatment, an MTT assay was performed and the IC(50) values were calculated. Effect of the extracts on hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activity was evaluated using a hypoxia-driven firefly luciferase reporter assay. The relative cytotoxicity of each plant extract on Saos-2 cells was different in hypoxic versus normoxic conditions. Hypoxia increased the IC(50) values for Pereskia grandifola and Orthosiphon aristatus extracts, but decreased the IC(50) values for Melastoma malabathricum and Carica papaya extracts. Extracts of Strobilanthes crispus, Gynura procumbens, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides had equivalent cytotoxic effects under both conditions. Pereskia bleo and Clinacanthus nutans extracts were not toxic to cells within the concentration ranges tested. The most interesting result was noted for the Carica papaya extract, where its IC(50) in hypoxia was reduced by 3-fold when compared to the normoxic condition. This reduction was found to be associated with HIF

Synthesis of novel fluorinated chalcones derived from 4‧-morpholinoacetophenone and their antiproliferative effects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurşun Aktar, Bedriye Seda; Oruç-Emre, Emine Elçin; Demirtaş, Ibrahim; Yaglioglu, Ayse Sahin; Guler, Caglar; Adem, Sevki; Karaküçük Iyidoğan, Ayşegül

2017-12-01

The fluorinated chalcones were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation between 4‧-morpholineacetophenone and various fluorinated benzaldehydes in the presence of NaOH in methanol. The synthesized compounds [1-7] were evaluated their antiproliferative activity against HeLa and C6 cell lines. Among them, compounds 4 and 5 were determined to have anticancer activity against HeLa cells line (IC50 values of 7.74 and 6.10 μg/mL, respectively). The anticancer activity results were shown that compounds 3, and 6 had inhibitory against C6 cells (IC50 values of 12.80 and 4.16 μg/mL, respectively). The compounds 1 and 2 had high antiproliferative activity with non-cytotoxicity. All of the new compounds, except for compound 4 showed inhibition against the human isozyme hCA I with IC50 in the range of 0.5-1,16 mM. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was effectively inhibited by compound 4 with IC50 = 26 μM.

Broad-line Type Ic supernova SN 2014ad

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sahu, D. K.; Anupama, G. C.; Chakradhari, N. K.; Srivastav, S.; Tanaka, Masaomi; Maeda, Keiichi; Nomoto, Ken'ichi

2018-04-01

We present optical and ultraviolet photometry and low-resolution optical spectroscopy of the broad-line Type Ic supernova SN 2014ad in the galaxy PGC 37625 (Mrk 1309), covering the evolution of the supernova during -5 to +87 d with respect to the date of maximum in the B band. A late-phase spectrum obtained at +340 d is also presented. With an absolute V-band magnitude at peak of MV = -18.86 ± 0.23 mag, SN 2014ad is fainter than supernovae associated with gamma ray bursts (GRBs), and brighter than most of the normal and broad-line Type Ic supernovae without an associated GRB. The spectral evolution indicates that the expansion velocity of the ejecta, as measured using the Si II line, is as high as ˜33 500 km s-1 around maximum, while during the post-maximum phase it settles at ˜15 000 km s-1. The expansion velocity of SN 2014ad is higher than that of all other well-observed broad-line Type Ic supernovae except for the GRB-associated SN 2010bh. The explosion parameters, determined by applying Arnett's analytical light-curve model to the observed bolometric light-curve, indicate that it was an energetic explosion with a kinetic energy of ˜(1 ± 0.3) × 1052 erg and a total ejected mass of ˜(3.3 ± 0.8) M⊙, and that ˜0.24 M⊙ of 56Ni was synthesized in the explosion. The metallicity of the host galaxy near the supernova region is estimated to be ˜0.5 Z⊙.

Chlorosilane acute inhalation toxicity and development of an LC50 prediction model.

PubMed

Jean, Paul A; Gallavan, Robert H; Kolesar, Gary B; Siddiqui, Waheed H; Oxley, Jon A; Meeks, Robert G

2006-07-01

The acute inhalation toxicity of 10 chlorosilanes was investigated in Fischer 344 rats using a 1-h whole-body vapor inhalation exposure and a 14-day recovery period. The median lethal concentration (LC50(1)) for each material was calculated from the nominal exposure concentrations and mortality. Experimentally derived LC50(1) values for monochlorosilanes (4257-4478 ppm) were greater than those for dichlorosilanes (1785-2092 ppm), which were greater than those for trichlorosilanes (1257-1611 ppm). Apparent was a strong structure-activity relationship (r2 = .97) between chlorine content and LC50(1) value. Estimated LC50(1) values for mono-, di-, and trichlorosilanes were determined to be 3262, 1639, and 1066 ppm, respectively, utilizing this relationship and the lower limit of the 95% prediction interval. The LC50(1) values determined in this series of studies were greater than that reported for hydrogen chloride (3124 ppm), when expressed on a chlorine equivalence basis (3570-5248 ppm), demonstrating that the acute toxicity of these chlorosilanes is similar to or less than that for hydrogen chloride. The good correlation between chlorine content and LC50(1) provides a sound basis for estimation of LC50(1) for chlorosilanes not already evaluated. The use of structure-activity relationships is consistent with the chemical industry and federal agency initiatives to reduce, refine, and/or replace the use of animals in testing without compromising the quality of health and safety assessments.

Cytotoxicity of fucosterol containing fraction of marine algae against breast and colon carcinoma cell line

PubMed Central

Khanavi, Mahnaz; Gheidarloo, Razieh; Sadati, Nargess; Ardekani, Mohammad Reza Shams; Nabavi, Seyed Mohammad Bagher; Tavajohi, Shohreh; Ostad, Seyed Nasser

2012-01-01

Context: Marine algae produce different secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. Many studies have been achieved on the screening of biological effects of marine organisms and a lot of active compounds were isolated and characterized. Aims: In an attempt to find cytotoxic compound of hexane fraction, isolation, identification, and cytotoxicity of active compound of this fraction were performed. Materials and Methods: In this study, total methanolic (70%) extract and partition fractions of hexane, chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and MeOH–H2O of Sargassum angustifolium, Chondria dasyphylla, and Ulva flexuosa, collected from coastlines of the Persian Gulf in south of Iran, were studied against colon carcinoma (HT-29), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), breast ductal carcinoma (T47D), and Swiss mouse embryo fibroblast (NIH 3T3) cell lines by MTT assay. Statistical Analysis Used: IC50 (median growth inhibitory concentration) values were calculated by Sigmaplot (10) software. Results: Hexane fraction of Chondria dasyphylla (IC50 82.26 ± 4.09 μg/ml) and MeOH-H2O fraction of Ulva flexuosa (IC50 116.92 ± 8.58 μg/ml) showed cytotoxic activity against proliferation of T47D cells. Hexane fraction of Sargassum angustifolium was also observed for cytotoxicity against T47D and HT-29 cell lines (IC50 166.42 ± 26.7 and 190.24 ± 52.8 μg/ml), respectively. An investigation of a component from the hexane fraction of Sargassum angustifolium yielded a steroidal metabolite, fucosterol, with cytotoxicity in T47D and HT29 (IC50 27.94 ± 9.3 and 70.41 ± 7.5 μg/ml). Conclusions: These results indicated that fucosterol, the most abundant phytosterol in brown algae, is responsible for cytotoxic effect of this extract against breast and colon carcinoma cell lines. PMID:22438665

Synthesis, crystal structures, molecular docking, and in vitro biological activities of transition metals with 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylic acid.

PubMed

Yang, Dan-Dan; Chen, Ya-Nan; Wu, Yu-Shan; Wang, Rui; Chen, Zhi-Jian; Qin, Jie; Qian, Shao-Song; Zhu, Hai-Liang

2016-07-15

Four novel mononuclear complexes, [Cd(L)2·2H2O] (1), [Ni(L)2·2H2O] (2) [Cu(L)2·H2O] (3), and [Zn(L)2·2H2O] (4) (CCDC numbers: 1444630-1444633 for complexes 1-4) (HL=4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylic acid) were synthesized, and have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. Molecular docking study preliminarily revealed that complex 1 had potential telomerase inhibitory activity. In accordance with the result of calculation, in vitro tests of the inhibitory activities of complex 1 against telomerase showed complex 1 (IC50=8.17±0.91μM) had better inhibitory activities, while complexes 2, 3 and 4 showed no inhibitory activities. Antiproliferative activity in human cancer cell line HepG2 was further determined by MTT assays. The IC50 value (6.5±0.2μM) for the complex 1 having good inhibitory activity against HepG2 was at the same micromolar concentrations with cis-platinum (2.2±1.2μM). While the IC50 value for the metal-free ligand, complex 2, 3 and 4 was more than 100μM. These results indicated that telomerase was potentially an anticancer drug target and showed that complex 1 was a potent inhibitor of human telomerase as well as an antiproliferative compound. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Publications - IC 35 | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys

Science.gov Websites

DGGS IC 35 Publication Details Title: Alaska's mineral industry 1991: A summary Authors: Bundtzen, T.K ., 1992, Alaska's mineral industry 1991: A summary: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Publications - IC 36 | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys

Science.gov Websites

DGGS IC 36 Publication Details Title: Alaska's mineral industry 1992: A summary Authors: Swainbank, R.C ., 1993, Alaska's mineral industry 1992: A summary: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Publications - IC 40 | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys

Science.gov Websites

DGGS IC 40 Publication Details Title: Alaska's mineral industry 1994: A summary Authors: Swainbank, R.C mineral industry 1994: A summary: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information

Biofunctional Properties of Enzymatic Squid Meat Hydrolysate

PubMed Central

Choi, Joon Hyuk; Kim, Kyung-Tae; Kim, Sang Moo

2015-01-01

Squid is one of the most important commercial fishes in the world and is mainly utilized or consumed as sliced raw fish or as processed products. The biofunctional activities of enzymatic squid meat hydrolysate were determined to develop value-added products. Enzymatic squid hydrolysate manufactured by Alcalase effectively quenched 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide radical with IC50 values of 311, 3,410, and 111.5 μg/mL, respectively. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of squid hydrolysate was strong with an IC50 value of 145.1 μg/mL, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 4.72 mg/mL was moderately low. Overall, squid meat hydrolysate can be used in food or cosmetic industries as a bioactive ingredient and possibly be used in the manufacture of seasoning, bread, noodle, or cosmetics. PMID:25866752

Watching AGN feedback at its birth: HST observations of nascent outflow host IC860

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alatalo, Katherine

2016-10-01

IC860 is a nearby IR-luminous early-type spiral with a unique set of properties: it is a shocked, poststarburst galaxy that hosts an AGN-driven neutral wind and a compact core of molecular gas. IC860 can serve as a rosetta stone for the early stages of triggering AGN feedback. We propose to use WFC3 on HST to obtain NUV, optical and near-IR imaging of IC860. We will create a spatially-resolved history of star formation quenching through SED-fitting of 7 requested broadband filters, and compare the spatially resolved star formation histories to in different positions within the underlying stellar features (such as spiral structure) that might define a narrative of how star formation is quenching in IC860. These observations will also resolve the super-star cluster sites to trace the most recent star formation. Finally, these observations will trace the mass of the outflow by building an absorption map of the dust. IC860 presents a unique opportunity to study a galaxy at an early stage of transitioning from blue spiral to red early-type galaxy, that also hosts an AGN-driven neutral wind and a compact, turbulent molecular gas core.

A high ratio of IC31® adjuvant to antigen is necessary for H4 TB vaccine immunomodulation

PubMed Central

Aboutorabian, Sepideh; Hakimi, Jalil; Boudet, Florence; Montano, Sandrine; Dookie, Annie; Roque, Cristopher; Ausar, Salvador F; Rahman, Nausheen; Brookes, Roger H

2015-01-01

A tuberculosis (TB) vaccine consisting of a recombinant fusion protein (H4) and a novel TLR9 adjuvant (IC31) is in clinical development. To better understand the H4-IC31 ratio, we measured the binding capacity of IC31 for H4 protein and immunized mice with formulations that contained limiting to excess ratios of IC31 to H4. An immunomodulated H4-specific IFNγ response was only observed when IC31 was present in excess of H4. Since TLR expression is species-specific and the vaccine is intended to boost BCG-primed immunity, we questioned whether data in mice would translate to humans. To address this question, we used the fresh human Whole Blood (hWB) recovered from BCG-vaccinated subjects to screen H4-IC31 formulations. We found IC31 modulation in hWB to be quite distinct from the TLR4-Adjuvant. Unlike TLR4-Adjuvant, IC31 formulations did not induce the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, but modulated a robust H4-specific IFNγ response after 12 d of culture. We then re-stimulated the fresh hWB of 5 BCG-primed subjects with formulations that had excess or limiting IC31 binding for H4 protein and again found that an immunomodulated H4-specific IFNγ response needed an excess of IC31. Finally, we monitored the zeta (ζ) potential of H4-IC31 formulations and found that the overall charge of H4-IC31 particles changes from negative to positive once IC31 is in greater than 9-fold excess. Using two diverse yet mutually supportive approaches, we confirm the need for an excess of IC31 adjuvant in H4 TB vaccine formulations and suggest surface potential may be an important factor. PMID:25997147

A high ratio of IC31(®) adjuvant to antigen is necessary for H4 TB vaccine immunomodulation.

PubMed

Aboutorabian, Sepideh; Hakimi, Jalil; Boudet, Florence; Montano, Sandrine; Dookie, Annie; Roque, Cristopher; Ausar, Salvador F; Rahman, Nausheen; Brookes, Roger H

2015-01-01

A tuberculosis (TB) vaccine consisting of a recombinant fusion protein (H4) and a novel TLR9 adjuvant (IC31) is in clinical development. To better understand the H4-IC31 ratio, we measured the binding capacity of IC31 for H4 protein and immunized mice with formulations that contained limiting to excess ratios of IC31 to H4. An immunomodulated H4-specific IFNγ response was only observed when IC31 was present in excess of H4. Since TLR expression is species-specific and the vaccine is intended to boost BCG-primed immunity, we questioned whether data in mice would translate to humans. To address this question, we used the fresh human Whole Blood (hWB) recovered from BCG-vaccinated subjects to screen H4-IC31 formulations. We found IC31 modulation in hWB to be quite distinct from the TLR4-Adjuvant. Unlike TLR4-Adjuvant, IC31 formulations did not induce the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, but modulated a robust H4-specific IFNγ response after 12 d of culture. We then re-stimulated the fresh hWB of 5 BCG-primed subjects with formulations that had excess or limiting IC31 binding for H4 protein and again found that an immunomodulated H4-specific IFNγ response needed an excess of IC31. Finally, we monitored the zeta (ζ) potential of H4-IC31 formulations and found that the overall charge of H4-IC31 particles changes from negative to positive once IC31 is in greater than 9-fold excess. Using two diverse yet mutually supportive approaches, we confirm the need for an excess of IC31 adjuvant in H4 TB vaccine formulations and suggest surface potential may be an important factor.

Recent Progresses in Laboratory Astrophysics with Ames’ COSmIC Facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salama, Farid; Contreras, Cesar; Sciamma-O'Brien, Ella; Bejaoui, Salma

2016-06-01

We present and discuss the characteristics and the capabilities of the laboratory facility, COSmIC, that was developed at NASA Ames to generate, process and analyze interstellar, circumstellar and planetary analogs in the laboratory [1]. COSmIC stands for “Cosmic Simulation Chamber” and is dedicated to the study of neutral and ionized molecules and nano particles under the low temperature and high vacuum conditions that are required to simulate space environments. COSmIC integrates a variety of state-of-the-art instruments that allow forming, processing and monitoring simulated space conditions for planetary, circumstellar and interstellar materials in the laboratory. COSmIC is composed of a Pulsed Discharge Nozzle (PDN) expansion that generates a plasma in free supersonic jet expansion coupled to two high-sensitivity, complementary in situ diagnostics: a Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) systems for photonic detection and a Reflectron Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ReTOF-MS) for mass detection [2].Recent laboratory results that were obtained using COSmIC will be presented, in particular the progress that has been achieved in the domain of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) [3] and in monitoring, in the laboratory, the formation of dust grains and aerosols from their gas-phase molecular precursors in environments as varied as stellar/circumstellar outflows [4] and planetary atmospheres [5]. Plans for future, next generation, laboratory experiments on cosmic molecules and grains in the growing field of laboratory astrophysics will also be addressed as well as the implications of the current studies for astronomy.References: [1] Salama F., In Organic Matter in Space, IAU Symposium 251, Kwok & Sandford Eds.Cambridge University Press, Vol. 4, S251, p. 357 (2008) and references therein.[2] Ricketts C., Contreras C., Walker, R., Salama F., Int. J. Mass Spec, 300, 26 (2011)[3] Salama F., Galazutdinov G., Krelowski J

IC 751: A New Changing Look AGN Discovered by NuSTAR

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ricci, C.; Bauer, F. E.; Arevalo, P.; Boggs, S.; Brandt, W. N.; Christensen, F. E.; Craig, W. W.; Ghandi, P.; Hailey, C. J.; Harrison, F. A.;

19 CFR 351.405 - Calculation of normal value based on constructed value.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... value. 351.405 Section 351.405 Customs Duties INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE... constructed value as the basis for normal value where: neither the home market nor a third country market is... a fictitious market are disregarded; no contemporaneous sales of comparable merchandise are...

Protecting ICS Systems Within the Energy Sector from Cyber Attacks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barnes, Shaquille

Advance persistent threat (APT) groups are continuing to attack the energy sector through cyberspace, which poses a risk to our society, national security, and economy. Industrial control systems (ICSs) are not designed to handle cyber-attacks, which is why asset owners need to implement the correct proactive and reactive measures to mitigate the risk to their ICS environments. The Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team (ICS-CERT) responded to 290 incidents for fiscal year 2016, where 59 of those incidents came from the Energy Sector. APT groups know how vulnerable energy sector ICS systems are and the destruction they can cause when they go offline such as loss of production, loss of life, and economic impact. Defending against APT groups requires more than just passive controls such as firewalls and antivirus solutions. Asset owners should implement a combination of best practices and active defense in their environment to defend against APT groups. Cyber-attacks against critical infrastructure will become more complex and harder to detect and respond to with traditional security controls. The purpose of this paper was to provide asset owners with the correct security controls and methodologies to help defend against APT groups.

50 CFR Table 47d to Part 679 - Percent of the CDQ Program's Pollock Allocation, Numbers of Chinook Salmon Used To Calculate the...