Sample records for ice concentration maps

  1. Optimal Electromagnetic (EM) Geophysical Techniques to Map the Concentration of Subsurface Ice and Adsorbed Water on Mars and the Moon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stillman, D. E.; Grimm, R. E.

    2013-12-01

    Water ice is ubiquitous in our Solar System and is a probable target for planetary exploration. Mapping the lateral and vertical concentration of subsurface ice from or near the surface could determine the origin of lunar and martian ice and quantify a much-needed resource for human exploration. Determining subsurface ice concentration on Earth is not trivial and has been attempted previously with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), ground penetrating radar (GPR), airborne EM (AEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These EM geophysical techniques do not actually detect ice, but rather the absence of unfrozen water. This causes a non-unique interpretation of frozen and dry subsurface sediments. This works well in the arctic because most locations are not dry. However, for planetary exploration, liquid water is exceedingly rare and subsurface mapping must discriminate between an ice-rich and a dry subsurface. Luckily, nature has provided a unique electrical signature of ice: its dielectric relaxation. The dielectric relaxation of ice creates a temperature and frequency dependence of the electrical properties and varies the relative dielectric permittivity from ~3.1 at radar frequencies to >100 at low frequencies. On Mars, sediments smaller than silt size can hold enough adsorbed unfrozen water to complicate the measurement. This is because the presence of absorbed water also creates frequency-dependent electrical properties. The dielectric relaxation of adsorbed water and ice can be separated as they have different shapes and frequency ranges as long as a spectrum spanning the two relaxations is measured. The volume concentration of ice and adsorbed water is a function of the strength of their relaxations. Therefore, we suggest that capacitively-coupled dielectric spectroscopy (a.k.a. spectral induced polarization or complex resistivity) can detect the concentration of both ice and adsorbed water in the subsurface. To prove this concept we have collected

  2. Satellite-derived ice data sets no. 2: Arctic monthly average microwave brightness temperatures and sea ice concentrations, 1973-1976

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Parkinson, C. L.; Comiso, J. C.; Zwally, H. J.

    1987-01-01

    A summary data set for four years (mid 70's) of Arctic sea ice conditions is available on magnetic tape. The data include monthly and yearly averaged Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) brightness temperatures, an ice concentration parameter derived from the brightness temperatures, monthly climatological surface air temperatures, and monthly climatological sea level pressures. All data matrices are applied to 293 by 293 grids that cover a polar stereographic map enclosing the 50 deg N latitude circle. The grid size varies from about 32 X 32 km at the poles to about 28 X 28 km at 50 deg N. The ice concentration parameter is calculated assuming that the field of view contains only open water and first-year ice with an ice emissivity of 0.92. To account for the presence of multiyear ice, a nomogram is provided relating the ice concentration parameter, the total ice concentration, and the fraction of the ice cover which is multiyear ice.

  3. Biases in field measurements of ice nuclei concentrations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Garimella, S.; Voigtländer, J.; Kulkarni, G.; Stratmann, F.; Cziczo, D. J.

    2015-12-01

    Ice nuclei (IN) play an important role in the climate system by influencing cloud properties, precipitation, and radiative transfer. Despite their importance, there are significant uncertainties in estimating IN concentrations because of the complexities of atmospheric ice nucleation processes. Field measurements of IN concentrations with Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC) IN counters have been vital to constrain IN number concentrations and have led to various parameterizations of IN number vs. temperature and particle concentration. These parameterizations are used in many global climate models, which are very sensitive to the treatment of cloud microphysics. However, due to non-idealities in CFDC behavior, especially at high relative humidity, many of these measurements are likely biased too low. In this study, the extent of this low bias is examined with laboratory experiments at a variety of instrument conditions using the SPectrometer for Ice Nucleation, a commercially-available CFDC-style chamber. These laboratory results are compared to theoretical calculations and computational fluid dynamics models to map the variability of this bias as a function of chamber temperature and relative humidity.

  4. Short-term sea ice forecasting: An assessment of ice concentration and ice drift forecasts using the U.S. Navy's Arctic Cap Nowcast/Forecast System

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hebert, David A.; Allard, Richard A.; Metzger, E. Joseph; Posey, Pamela G.; Preller, Ruth H.; Wallcraft, Alan J.; Phelps, Michael W.; Smedstad, Ole Martin

    2015-12-01

    In this study the forecast skill of the U.S. Navy operational Arctic sea ice forecast system, the Arctic Cap Nowcast/Forecast System (ACNFS), is presented for the period February 2014 to June 2015. ACNFS is designed to provide short term, 1-7 day forecasts of Arctic sea ice and ocean conditions. Many quantities are forecast by ACNFS; the most commonly used include ice concentration, ice thickness, ice velocity, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and sea surface velocities. Ice concentration forecast skill is compared to a persistent ice state and historical sea ice climatology. Skill scores are focused on areas where ice concentration changes by ±5% or more, and are therefore limited to primarily the marginal ice zone. We demonstrate that ACNFS forecasts are skilful compared to assuming a persistent ice state, especially beyond 24 h. ACNFS is also shown to be particularly skilful compared to a climatologic state for forecasts up to 102 h. Modeled ice drift velocity is compared to observed buoy data from the International Arctic Buoy Programme. A seasonal bias is shown where ACNFS is slower than IABP velocity in the summer months and faster in the winter months. In February 2015, ACNFS began to assimilate a blended ice concentration derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) and the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS). Preliminary results show that assimilating AMSR2 blended with IMS improves the short-term forecast skill and ice edge location compared to the independently derived National Ice Center Ice Edge product.

  5. Sea Ice Concentration Estimation Using Active and Passive Remote Sensing Data Fusion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Y.; Li, F.; Zhang, S.; Zhu, T.

    2017-12-01

    In this abstract, a decision-level fusion method by utilizing SAR and passive microwave remote sensing data for sea ice concentration estimation is investigated. Sea ice concentration product from passive microwave concentration retrieval methods has large uncertainty within thin ice zone. Passive microwave data including SSM/I, AMSR-E, and AMSR-2 provide daily and long time series observations covering whole polar sea ice scene, and SAR images provide rich sea ice details with high spatial resolution including deformation and polarimetric features. In the proposed method, the merits from passive microwave data and SAR data are considered. Sea ice concentration products from ASI and sea ice category label derived from CRF framework in SAR imagery are calibrated under least distance protocol. For SAR imagery, incident angle and azimuth angle were used to correct backscattering values from slant range to ground range in order to improve geocoding accuracy. The posterior probability distribution between category label from SAR imagery and passive microwave sea ice concentration product is modeled and integrated under Bayesian network, where Gaussian statistical distribution from ASI sea ice concentration products serves as the prior term, which represented as an uncertainty of sea ice concentration. Empirical model based likelihood term is constructed under Bernoulli theory, which meets the non-negative and monotonically increasing conditions. In the posterior probability estimation procedure, final sea ice concentration is obtained using MAP criterion, which equals to minimize the cost function and it can be calculated with nonlinear iteration method. The proposed algorithm is tested on multiple satellite SAR data sets including GF-3, Sentinel-1A, RADARSAT-2 and Envisat ASAR. Results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the accuracy of ASI sea ice concentration products and reduce the uncertainty along the ice edge.

  6. Comparison of DMSP SSM/I and Landsat 7 ETM+ Sea Ice Concentrations During Summer Melt

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cavalieri, Donald J.; Markus, Thorsten; Ivanoff, Alvaro; Koblinsky, Chester J. (Technical Monitor)

    2001-01-01

    As part of NASA's EOS Aqua sea ice validation program for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images were acquired to develop a sea ice concentration data set with which to validate AMSR-E sea ice concentration retrievals. The standard AMSR-E Arctic sea ice concentration product will be obtained with the enhanced NASA Team (NT2) algorithm. The goal of this study is to assess the accuracy to which the NT2 algorithm, using DMSP Special Sensor Microwave Imager radiances, retrieves sea ice concentrations under summer melt conditions. Melt ponds are currently the largest source of error in the determination of Arctic sea ice concentrations with satellite passive microwave sensors. To accomplish this goal, Landsat 7 ETM+ images of Baffin Bay were acquired under clear sky conditions on the 26th and 27th of June 2000 and used to generate high-resolution sea ice concentration maps with which to compare the NT2 retrievals. Based on a linear regression analysis of 116 25-km samples, we find that overall the NT2 retrievals agree well with the Landsat concentrations. The regression analysis yields a correlation coefficient of 0.98. In areas of high melt ponding, the NT2 retrievals underestimate the sea ice concentrations by about 12% compared to the Landsat values.

  7. Mapping Pluto Methane Ice

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2015-09-24

    The Ralph/LEISA infrared spectrometer on NASA's New Horizons spacecraft mapped compositions across Pluto's surface as it flew past the planet on July 14, 2015. On the left, a map of methane ice abundance shows striking regional differences, with stronger methane absorption indicated by the brighter purple colors, and lower abundances shown in black. Data have only been received so far for the left half of Pluto's disk. At right, the methane map is merged with higher-resolution images from the spacecraft's Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI). http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19953

  8. Mapping uncharted territory in ice from zeolite networks to ice structures.

    PubMed

    Engel, Edgar A; Anelli, Andrea; Ceriotti, Michele; Pickard, Chris J; Needs, Richard J

    2018-06-05

    Ice is one of the most extensively studied condensed matter systems. Yet, both experimentally and theoretically several new phases have been discovered over the last years. Here we report a large-scale density-functional-theory study of the configuration space of water ice. We geometry optimise 74,963 ice structures, which are selected and constructed from over five million tetrahedral networks listed in the databases of Treacy, Deem, and the International Zeolite Association. All prior knowledge of ice is set aside and we introduce "generalised convex hulls" to identify configurations stabilised by appropriate thermodynamic constraints. We thereby rediscover all known phases (I-XVII, i, 0 and the quartz phase) except the metastable ice IV. Crucially, we also find promising candidates for ices XVIII through LI. Using the "sketch-map" dimensionality-reduction algorithm we construct an a priori, navigable map of configuration space, which reproduces similarity relations between structures and highlights the novel candidates. By relating the known phases to the tractably small, yet structurally diverse set of synthesisable candidate structures, we provide an excellent starting point for identifying formation pathways.

  9. The EUMETSAT sea ice concentration climate data record

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tonboe, Rasmus T.; Eastwood, Steinar; Lavergne, Thomas; Sørensen, Atle M.; Rathmann, Nicholas; Dybkjær, Gorm; Toudal Pedersen, Leif; Høyer, Jacob L.; Kern, Stefan

    2016-09-01

    An Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area and extent dataset has been generated by EUMETSAT's Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSISAF) using the record of microwave radiometer data from NASA's Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave radiometer (SMMR) and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) satellite sensors. The dataset covers the period from October 1978 to April 2015 and updates and further developments are planned for the next phase of the project. The methodology for computing the sea ice concentration uses (1) numerical weather prediction (NWP) data input to a radiative transfer model for reduction of the impact of weather conditions on the measured brightness temperatures; (2) dynamical algorithm tie points to mitigate trends in residual atmospheric, sea ice, and water emission characteristics and inter-sensor differences/biases; and (3) a hybrid sea ice concentration algorithm using the Bristol algorithm over ice and the Bootstrap algorithm in frequency mode over open water. A new sea ice concentration uncertainty algorithm has been developed to estimate the spatial and temporal variability in sea ice concentration retrieval accuracy. A comparison to US National Ice Center sea ice charts from the Arctic and the Antarctic shows that ice concentrations are higher in the ice charts than estimated from the radiometer data at intermediate sea ice concentrations between open water and 100 % ice. The sea ice concentration climate data record is available for download at www.osi-saf.org, including documentation.

  10. Sea-Ice Feature Mapping using JERS-1 Imagery

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Maslanik, James; Heinrichs, John

    1994-01-01

    JERS-1 SAR and OPS imagery are examined in combination with other data sets to investigate the utility of the JERS-1 sensors for mapping fine-scale sea ice conditions. Combining ERS-1 C band and JERS-1 L band SAR aids in discriminating multiyear and first-year ice. Analysis of OPS imagery for a field site in the Canadian Archipelago highlights the advantages of OPS's high spatial and spectral resolution for mapping ice structure, melt pond distribution, and surface albedo.

  11. Mapping Ross Ice Shelf with ROSETTA-Ice airborne laser altimetry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Becker, M. K.; Fricker, H. A.; Padman, L.; Bell, R. E.; Siegfried, M. R.; Dieck, C. C. M.

    2017-12-01

    The Ross Ocean and ice Shelf Environment and Tectonic setting Through Aerogeophysical surveys and modeling (ROSETTA-Ice) project combines airborne glaciological, geological, and oceanographic observations to enhance our understanding of the history and dynamics of the large ( 500,000 square km) Ross Ice Shelf (RIS). Here, we focus on the Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data collected in 2015 and 2016. This data set represents a significant advance in resolution: Whereas the last attempt to systematically map RIS (the surface-based RIGGS program in the 1970s) was at 55 km grid spacing, the ROSETTA-Ice grid has 10-20 km line spacing and much higher along-track resolution. We discuss two different strategies for processing the raw LiDAR data: one that requires proprietary software (Riegl's RiPROCESS package), and one that employs open-source programs and libraries. With the processed elevation data, we are able to resolve fine-scale ice-shelf features such as the "rampart-moat" ice-front morphology, which has previously been observed on and modeled for icebergs. This feature is also visible in the ROSETTA-Ice shallow-ice radar data; comparing the laser data with radargrams provides insight into the processes leading to their formation. Near-surface firn state and total firn air content can also be investigated through combined analysis of laser altimetry and radar data. By performing similar analyses with data from the radar altimeter aboard CryoSat-2, we demonstrate the utility of the ROSETTA-Ice LiDAR data set in satellite validation efforts. The incorporation of the LiDAR data from the third and final field season (December 2017) will allow us to construct a DEM and an ice thickness map of RIS for the austral summers of 2015-2017. These products will be used to validate and extend observations of height changes from satellite radar and laser altimetry, as well as to update regional models of ocean circulation and ice dynamics.

  12. Comparison of NASA Team2 and AES-York Ice Concentration Algorithms Against Operational Ice Charts From the Canadian Ice Service

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Shokr, Mohammed; Markus, Thorsten

    2006-01-01

    Ice concentration retrieved from spaceborne passive-microwave observations is a prime input to operational sea-ice-monitoring programs, numerical weather prediction models, and global climate models. Atmospheric Environment Service (AES)- York and the Enhanced National Aeronautics and Space Administration Team (NT2) are two algorithms that calculate ice concentration from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager observations. This paper furnishes a comparison between ice concentrations (total, thin, and thick types) output from NT2 and AES-York algorithms against the corresponding estimates from the operational analysis of Radarsat images in the Canadian Ice Service (CIS). A new data fusion technique, which incorporates the actual sensor's footprint, was developed to facilitate this study. Results have shown that the NT2 and AES-York algorithms underestimate total ice concentration by 18.35% and 9.66% concentration counts on average, with 16.8% and 15.35% standard deviation, respectively. However, the retrieved concentrations of thin and thick ice are in much more discrepancy with the operational CIS estimates when either one of these two types dominates the viewing area. This is more likely to occur when the total ice concentration approaches 100%. If thin and thick ice types coexist in comparable concentrations, the algorithms' estimates agree with CIS'S estimates. In terms of ice concentration retrieval, thin ice is more problematic than thick ice. The concept of using a single tie point to represent a thin ice surface is not realistic and provides the largest error source for retrieval accuracy. While AES-York provides total ice concentration in slightly more agreement with CIS'S estimates, NT2 provides better agreement in retrieving thin and thick ice concentrations.

  13. Multisensor comparison of ice concentration estimates in the marginal ice zone

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Burns, B. A.; Cavalieri, D. J.; Gloersen, P.; Keller, M. R.; Campbell, W. J.

    1987-01-01

    Aircraft remote sensing data collected during the 1984 summer Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait are used to compare ice concentration estimates derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, passive microwave imagery at several frequencies, aerial photography, and spectral photometer data. The comparison is carried out not only to evaluate SAR performance against more established techniques but also to investigate how ice surface conditions, imaging geometry, and choice of algorithm parameters affect estimates made by each sensor.Active and passive microwave sensor estimates of ice concentration derived using similar algorithms show an rms difference of 13 percent. Agreement between each microwave sensor and near-simultaneous aerial photography is approximately the same (14 percent). The availability of high-resolution microwave imagery makes it possible to ascribe the discrepancies in the concentration estimates to variations in ice surface signatures in the scene.

  14. Ice Shape Characterization Using Self-Organizing Maps

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    McClain, Stephen T.; Tino, Peter; Kreeger, Richard E.

    2011-01-01

    A method for characterizing ice shapes using a self-organizing map (SOM) technique is presented. Self-organizing maps are neural-network techniques for representing noisy, multi-dimensional data aligned along a lower-dimensional and possibly nonlinear manifold. For a large set of noisy data, each element of a finite set of codebook vectors is iteratively moved in the direction of the data closest to the winner codebook vector. Through successive iterations, the codebook vectors begin to align with the trends of the higher-dimensional data. In information processing, the intent of SOM methods is to transmit the codebook vectors, which contains far fewer elements and requires much less memory or bandwidth, than the original noisy data set. When applied to airfoil ice accretion shapes, the properties of the codebook vectors and the statistical nature of the SOM methods allows for a quantitative comparison of experimentally measured mean or average ice shapes to ice shapes predicted using computer codes such as LEWICE. The nature of the codebook vectors also enables grid generation and surface roughness descriptions for use with the discrete-element roughness approach. In the present study, SOM characterizations are applied to a rime ice shape, a glaze ice shape at an angle of attack, a bi-modal glaze ice shape, and a multi-horn glaze ice shape. Improvements and future explorations will be discussed.

  15. NASA: First Map Of Thawed Areas Under Greenland Ice Sheet

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-12-08

    NASA researchers have helped produce the first map showing what parts of the bottom of the massive Greenland Ice Sheet are thawed – key information in better predicting how the ice sheet will react to a warming climate. Greenland’s thick ice sheet insulates the bedrock below from the cold temperatures at the surface, so the bottom of the ice is often tens of degrees warmer than at the top, because the ice bottom is slowly warmed by heat coming from the Earth’s depths. Knowing whether Greenland’s ice lies on wet, slippery ground or is anchored to dry, frozen bedrock is essential for predicting how this ice will flow in the future, But scientists have very few direct observations of the thermal conditions beneath the ice sheet, obtained through fewer than two dozen boreholes that have reached the bottom. Now, a new study synthesizes several methods to infer the Greenland Ice Sheet’s basal thermal state –whether the bottom of the ice is melted or not– leading to the first map that identifies frozen and thawed areas across the whole ice sheet. Map caption: This first-of-a-kind map, showing which parts of the bottom of the Greenland Ice Sheet are likely thawed (red), frozen (blue) or still uncertain (gray), will help scientists better predict how the ice will flow in a warming climate. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/Jesse Allen Read more: go.nasa.gov/2avKgl2 NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

  16. Two-dimensional ice mapping of molecular cores

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Noble, J. A.; Fraser, H. J.; Pontoppidan, K. M.; Craigon, A. M.

    2017-06-01

    We present maps of the column densities of H2O, CO2 and CO ices towards the molecular cores B 35A, DC 274.2-00.4, BHR 59 and DC 300.7-01.0. These ice maps, probing spatial distances in molecular cores as low as 2200 au, challenge the traditional hypothesis that the denser the region observed, the more ice is present, providing evidence that the relationships between solid molecular species are more varied than the generic picture we often adopt to model gas-grain chemical processes and explain feedback between solid phase processes and gas phase abundances. We present the first combined solid-gas maps of a single molecular species, based upon observations of both CO ice and gas phase C18O towards B 35A, a star-forming dense core in Orion. We conclude that molecular species in the solid phase are powerful tracers of 'small-scale' chemical diversity, prior to the onset of star formation. With a component analysis approach, we can probe the solid phase chemistry of a region at a level of detail greater than that provided by statistical analyses or generic conclusions drawn from single pointing line-of-sight observations alone.

  17. Coordinated Mapping of Sea Ice Deformation Features with Autonomous Vehicles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Maksym, T.; Williams, G. D.; Singh, H.; Weissling, B.; Anderson, J.; Maki, T.; Ackley, S. F.

    2016-12-01

    Decreases in summer sea ice extent in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas has lead to a transition from a largely perennial ice cover, to a seasonal ice cover. This drives shifts in sea ice production, dynamics, ice types, and thickness distribution. To examine how the processes driving ice advance might also impact the morphology of the ice cover, a coordinated ice mapping effort was undertaken during a field campaign in the Beaufort Sea in October, 2015. Here, we present observations of sea ice draft topography from six missions of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle run under different ice types and deformation features observed during autumn freeze-up. Ice surface features were also mapped during coordinated drone photogrammetric missions over each site. We present preliminary results of a comparison between sea ice surface topography and ice underside morphology for a range of sample ice types, including hummocked multiyear ice, rubble fields, young ice ridges and rafts, and consolidated pancake ice. These data are compared to prior observations of ice morphological features from deformed Antarctic sea ice. Such data will be useful for improving parameterizations of sea ice redistribution during deformation, and for better constraining estimates of airborne or satellite sea ice thickness.

  18. Time-dependence of sea-ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction in the Arctic Basin

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Gloersen, P.; Zwally, H.J.; Chang, A.T.C.; Hall, D.K.; Campbell, W.J.; Ramseier, R.O.

    1978-01-01

    The time variation of the sea-ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction within the pack ice in the Arctic Basin is examined, using microwave images of sea ice recently acquired by the Nimbus-5 spacecraft and the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory. The images used for these studies were constructed from data acquired from the Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) which records radiation from earth and its atmosphere at a wavelength of 1.55 cm. Data are analyzed for four seasons during 1973-1975 to illustrate some basic differences in the properties of the sea ice during those times. Spacecraft data are compared with corresponding NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory data obtained over wide areas in the Arctic Basin during the Main Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (1975) to illustrate the applicability of passive-microwave remote sensing for monitoring the time dependence of sea-ice concentration (divergence). These observations indicate significant variations in the sea-ice concentration in the spring, late fall and early winter. In addition, deep in the interior of the Arctic polar sea-ice pack, heretofore unobserved large areas, several hundred kilometers in extent, of sea-ice concentrations as low as 50% are indicated. ?? 1978 D. Reidel Publishing Company.

  19. Effects of weather on the retrieval of sea ice concentration and ice type from passive microwave data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Maslanik, J. A.

    1992-01-01

    Effects of wind, water vapor, and cloud liquid water on ice concentration and ice type calculated from passive microwave data are assessed through radiative transfer calculations and observations. These weather effects can cause overestimates in ice concentration and more substantial underestimates in multi-year ice percentage by decreasing polarization and by decreasing the gradient between frequencies. The effect of surface temperature and air temperature on the magnitudes of weather-related errors is small for ice concentration and substantial for multiyear ice percentage. The existing weather filter in the NASA Team Algorithm addresses only weather effects over open ocean; the additional use of local open-ocean tie points and an alternative weather correction for the marginal ice zone can further reduce errors due to weather. Ice concentrations calculated using 37 versus 18 GHz data show little difference in total ice covered area, but greater differences in intermediate concentration classes. Given the magnitude of weather-related errors in ice classification from passive microwave data, corrections for weather effects may be necessary to detect small trends in ice covered area and ice type for climate studies.

  20. Arctic Sea Ice Classification and Mapping for Surface Albedo Parameterization in Sea Ice Modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nghiem, S. V.; Clemente-Colón, P.; Perovich, D. K.; Polashenski, C.; Simpson, W. R.; Rigor, I. G.; Woods, J. E.; Nguyen, D. T.; Neumann, G.

    2016-12-01

    A regime shift of Arctic sea ice from predominantly perennial sea ice (multi-year ice or MYI) to seasonal sea ice (first-year ice or FYI) has occurred in recent decades. This shift has profoundly altered the proportional composition of different sea ice classes and the surface albedo distribution pertaining to each sea ice class. Such changes impacts physical, chemical, and biological processes in the Arctic atmosphere-ice-ocean system. The drastic changes upset the traditional geophysical representation of surface albedo of the Arctic sea ice cover in current models. A critical science issue is that these profound changes must be rigorously and systematically observed and characterized to enable a transformative re-parameterization of key model inputs, such as ice surface albedo, to ice-ocean-atmosphere climate modeling in order to obtain re-analyses that accurately reproduce Arctic changes and also to improve sea ice and weather forecast models. Addressing this challenge is a strategy identified by the National Research Council study on "Seasonal to Decadal Predictions of Arctic Sea Ice - Challenges and Strategies" to replicate the new Arctic reality. We review results of albedo characteristics associated with different sea ice classes such as FYI and MYI. Then we demonstrate the capability for sea ice classification and mapping using algorithms developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and by the U.S. National Ice Center for use with multi-sourced satellite radar data at L, C, and Ku bands. Results obtained with independent algorithms for different radar frequencies consistently identify sea ice classes and thereby cross-verify the sea ice classification methods. Moreover, field observations obtained from buoy webcams and along an extensive trek across Elson Lagoon and a sector of the Beaufort Sea during the BRomine, Ozone, and Mercury EXperiment (BROMEX) in March 2012 are used to validate satellite products of sea ice classes. This research enables the mapping

  1. Contribution of pollen to atmospheric ice nuclei concentrations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hader, J. D.; Wright, T. P.; Petters, M. D.

    2014-06-01

    Recent studies have suggested that the ice-nucleating ability of some types of pollen is derived from non-proteinaceous macromolecules. These macromolecules may become dispersed by the rupturing of the pollen grain during wetting and drying cycles in the atmosphere. If true, this mechanism might prove to be a significant source of ice nuclei (IN) concentrations when pollen is present. Here we test this hypothesis by measuring ambient IN concentrations from the beginning to the end of the 2013 pollen season in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Air samples were collected using a swirling aerosol collector twice per week and the solutions were analysed for ice nuclei activity using a droplet freezing assay. Rainwater samples were collected at times when pollen grain number concentrations were near their maximum value and analysed with the drop-freezing assay to compare the potentially enhanced IN concentrations measured near the ground with IN concentrations found aloft. Ambient ice nuclei spectra, defined as the number of ice nuclei per volume of air as a function of temperature, are inferred from the aerosol collector solutions. No general trend was observed between ambient pollen grain counts and observed IN concentrations, suggesting that ice nuclei multiplication via pollen grain rupturing and subsequent release of macromolecules was not prevalent for the pollen types and meteorological conditions typically encountered in the southeastern US. A serendipitously sampled collection after a downpour provided evidence for a rain-induced IN burst with an observed IN concentration of approximately 30 per litre, a 30-fold increase over background concentrations at -20 °C. The onset temperature of freezing for these particles was approximately -12 °C, suggesting that the ice-nucleating particles were biological in origin.

  2. Improved method for sea ice age computation based on combination of sea ice drift and concentration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Korosov, Anton; Rampal, Pierre; Lavergne, Thomas; Aaboe, Signe

    2017-04-01

    Sea Ice Age is one of the components of the Sea Ice ECV as defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) [WMO, 2015]. It is an important climate indicator describing the sea ice state in addition to sea ice concentration (SIC) and thickness (SIT). The amount of old/thick ice in the Arctic Ocean has been decreasing dramatically [Perovich et al. 2015]. Kwok et al. [2009] reported significant decline in the MYI share and consequent loss of thickness and therefore volume. Today, there is only one acknowledged sea ice age climate data record [Tschudi, et al. 2015], based on Maslanik et al. [2011] provided by National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) [http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/nsidc0611-sea-ice-age/]. The sea ice age algorithm [Fowler et al., 2004] is using satellite-derived ice drift for Lagrangian tracking of individual ice parcels (12-km grid cells) defined by areas of sea ice concentration > 15% [Maslanik et al., 2011], i.e. sea ice extent, according to the NASA Team algorithm [Cavalieri et al., 1984]. This approach has several drawbacks. (1) Using sea ice extent instead of sea ice concentration leads to overestimation of the amount of older ice. (2) The individual ice parcels are not advected uniformly over (long) time. This leads to undersampling in areas of consistent ice divergence. (3) The end product grid cells are assigned the age of the oldest ice parcel within that cell, and the frequency distribution of the ice age is not taken into account. In addition, the base sea ice drift product (https://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/nsidc0116_icemotion.gd.html) is known to exhibit greatly reduced accuracy during the summer season [Sumata et al 2014, Szanyi, 2016] as it only relies on a combination of sea ice drifter trajectories and wind-driven "free-drift" motion during summer. This results in a significant overestimate of old-ice content, incorrect shape of the old-ice pack, and lack of information about the ice age distribution within the grid cells. We

  3. Brief Communication: Mapping river ice using drones and structure from motion

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alfredsen, Knut; Haas, Christian; Tuhtan, Jeffrey A.; Zinke, Peggy

    2018-02-01

    In cold climate regions, the formation and break-up of river ice is important for river morphology, winter water supply, and riparian and instream ecology as well as for hydraulic engineering. Data on river ice is therefore significant, both to understand river ice processes directly and to assess ice effects on other systems. Ice measurement is complicated due to difficult site access, the inherent complexity of ice formations, and the potential danger involved in carrying out on-ice measurements. Remote sensing methods are therefore highly useful, and data from satellite-based sensors and, increasingly, aerial and terrestrial imagery are currently applied. Access to low cost drone systems with quality cameras and structure from motion software opens up a new possibility for mapping complex ice formations. Through this method, a georeferenced surface model can be built and data on ice thickness, spatial distribution, and volume can be extracted without accessing the ice, and with considerably fewer measurement efforts compared to traditional surveying methods. A methodology applied to ice mapping is outlined here, and examples are shown of how to successfully derive quantitative data on ice processes.

  4. Global mapping of sea-ice production from the satellite microwaves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ohshima, K. I.; Nihashi, S.; Iwamoto, K.; Tamaru, N.; Nakata, K.; Tamura, T.

    2016-12-01

    Global overturning circulation is driven by density differences. Saline water rejected by sea-ice production in coastal polynyas is the main source of dense water, and thus sea-ice production is a key factor in the overturning circulation. However, until recently sea-ice production and its interannual variability have not been well understood due to difficulties of in situ observation. The most effective means of detection of thin-ice area and estimation of sea-ice production on large scales is satellite remote sensing using passive microwave sensors, specifically the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer. This is based upon their ability to gain complete polar coverage on a daily basis irrespective of clouds and darkness. We have estimated sea-ice production globally based on heat flux calculations using the satellite-derived thin ice thickness data. The mapping demonstrates that ice production rate is high in Antarctic coastal polynyas, in contrast to Arctic coastal polynyas. This is consistent with the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). The Ross Ice Shelf polynya has by far the highest ice production in the Southern Hemisphere. The mapping has revealed that the Cape Darnley polynya is the second highest production area, leading to the discovery of the missing (fourth) source of AABW in this region. In the region off the Mertz Glacier Tongue, sea-ice production decreased by as much as 40 %, due to the glacier calving in early 2010, resulting in a significant decrease in AABW production. The Okhotsk Northwestern polynya exhibits the highest ice production in the Northern Hemisphere, and the resultant dense water formation leads to overturning in the North Pacific. Estimates of its ice production show a significant decrease over the past 30-50 years, likely causing the weakening of the North Pacific overturning. The mapping also provides surface boundary conditions and validation data of heat- and salt-flux associated

  5. Mapping the grounding zone of Ross Ice Shelf using ICESat laser altimetry

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Brunt, Kelly M.; Fricker, Helen A.; Padman, Laurie; Scambos, Ted A.; O'Neel, Shad

    2010-01-01

    We use laser altimetry from the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) to map the grounding zone (GZ) of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, at 491 locations where ICESat tracks cross the grounding line (GL). Ice flexure in the GZ occurs as the ice shelf responds to short-term sea-level changes due primarily to tides. ICESat repeat-track analysis can be used to detect this region of flexure since each repeated pass is acquired at a different tidal phase; the technique provides estimates for both the landward limit of flexure and the point where the ice becomes hydrostatically balanced. We find that the ICESat-derived landward limits of tidal flexure are, in many places, offset by several km (and up to ∼60 km) from the GL mapped previously using other satellite methods. We discuss the reasons why different mapping methods lead to different GL estimates, including: instrument limitations; variability in the surface topographic structure of the GZ; and the presence of ice plains. We conclude that reliable and accurate mapping of the GL is most likely to be achieved when based on synthesis of several satellite datasets

  6. RADARSAT-2 Polarimetric Radar Imaging for Lake Ice Mapping

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pan, F.; Kang, K.; Duguay, C. R.

    2016-12-01

    Changes in lake ice dates and duration are useful indicators for assessing long-term climate trends and variability in northern countries. Lake ice cover observations are also a valuable data source for predictions with numerical ice and weather forecasting models. In recent years, satellite remote sensing has assumed a greater role in providing observations of lake ice cover extent for both modeling and climate monitoring purposes. Polarimetric radar imaging has become a promising tool for lake ice mapping at high latitudes where meteorological conditions and polar darkness severely limit observations from optical sensors. In this study, we assessed and characterized the physical scattering mechanisms of lake ice from fully polarimetric RADARSAT-2 datasets obtained over Great Bear Lake, Canada, with the intent of classifying open water and different ice types during the freeze-up and break-up periods. Model-based and eigen-based decompositions were employed to construct the coherency matrix into deterministic scattering mechanisms. These procedures as well as basic polarimetric parameters were integrated into modified convolutional neural networks (CNN). The CNN were modified via introduction of a Markov random field into the higher iterative layers of networks for acquiring updated priors and classifying ice and open water areas over the lake. We show that the selected polarimetric parameters can help with interpretation of radar-ice/water interactions and can be used successfully for water-ice segmentation, including different ice types. As more satellite SAR sensors are being launched or planned, such as the Sentinel-1a/b series and the upcoming RADARSAT Constellation Mission, the rapid volume growth of data and their analysis require the development of robust automated algorithms. The approach developed in this study was therefore designed with the intent of moving towards fully automated mapping of lake ice for consideration by ice services.

  7. Assessment of Ice Shape Roughness Using a Self-Orgainizing Map Approach

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mcclain, Stephen T.; Kreeger, Richard E.

    2013-01-01

    Self-organizing maps are neural-network techniques for representing noisy, multidimensional data aligned along a lower-dimensional and nonlinear manifold. For a large set of noisy data, each element of a finite set of codebook vectors is iteratively moved in the direction of the data closest to the winner codebook vector. Through successive iterations, the codebook vectors begin to align with the trends of the higher-dimensional data. Prior investigations of ice shapes have focused on using self-organizing maps to characterize mean ice forms. The Icing Research Branch has recently acquired a high resolution three dimensional scanner system capable of resolving ice shape surface roughness. A method is presented for the evaluation of surface roughness variations using high-resolution surface scans based on a self-organizing map representation of the mean ice shape. The new method is demonstrated for 1) an 18-in. NACA 23012 airfoil 2 AOA just after the initial ice coverage of the leading 5 of the suction surface of the airfoil, 2) a 21-in. NACA 0012 at 0AOA following coverage of the leading 10 of the airfoil surface, and 3) a cold-soaked 21-in.NACA 0012 airfoil without ice. The SOM method resulted in descriptions of the statistical coverage limits and a quantitative representation of early stages of ice roughness formation on the airfoils. Limitations of the SOM method are explored, and the uncertainty limits of the method are investigated using the non-iced NACA 0012 airfoil measurements.

  8. Active/passive microwave sensor comparison of MIZ-ice concentration estimates. [Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Burns, B. A.; Cavalieri, D. J.; Keller, M. R.

    1986-01-01

    Active and passive microwave data collected during the 1984 summer Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait (MIZEX 84) are used to compare ice concentration estimates derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to those obtained from passive microwave imagery at several frequencies. The comparison is carried out to evaluate SAR performance against the more established passive microwave technique, and to investigate discrepancies in terms of how ice surface conditions, imaging geometry, and choice of algorithm parameters affect each sensor. Active and passive estimates of ice concentration agree on average to within 12%. Estimates from the multichannel passive microwave data show best agreement with the SAR estimates because the multichannel algorithm effectively accounts for the range in ice floe brightness temperatures observed in the MIZ.

  9. RADARSAT-2 Polarimetry for Lake Ice Mapping

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pan, Feng; Kang, Kyung-Kuk; Duguay, Claude

    2016-04-01

    Changes in the ice regime of lakes can be employed to assess long-term climate trends and variability in high latitude regions. Lake ice cover observations are not only useful for climate monitoring, but also for improving ice and weather forecasts using numerical prediction models. In recent years, satellite remote sensing has assumed a greater role in observing lake ice cover for both purposes. Radar remote sensing has become an essential tool for mapping lake ice at high latitudes where cloud cover and polar darkness severely limits ice observations from optical systems. In Canada, there is an emerging interest by government agencies to evaluate the potential of fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from RADARSAT-2 (C-band) for lake ice monitoring. In this study, we processed and analyzed the polarization states and scattering mechanisms of fully polarimetric RADARSAT-2 data obtained over Great Bear Lake, Canada, to identify open water and different ice types during the freeze-up and break-up periods. Polarimetric decompositions were employed to separate polarimetric measurements into basic scattering mechanisms. Entropy, anisotropy, and alpha angle were derived to characterize the scattering heterogeneity and mechanisms. Ice classes were then determined based on entropy and alpha angle using the unsupervised Wishart classifier and results evaluated against Landsat 8 imagery. Preliminary results suggest that the RADARSAT-2 polarimetric data offer a strong capability for identifying open water and different lake ice types.

  10. Deposition Ice Nuclei Concentration at Different Temperatures and Supersaturations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    López, M. L.; Avila, E.

    2013-05-01

    Ice formation is one of the main processes involved in the initiation of precipitation. Some aerosols serve to nucleate ice in clouds. They are called ice nuclei (IN) and they are generally solid particles, insoluble in water. At temperatures warmer than about -36°C the only means for initiation of the ice phase in the atmosphere involves IN, and temperature and supersaturation required to activate IN are considered as key information for the understanding of primary ice formation in clouds. The objective of this work is to quantify the IN concentration at ground level in Córdoba City, Argentina, under the deposition mode, that is to say that ice deposits on the IN directly from the vapor phase. It happens when the environment is supersaturated with respect to ice and subsaturated with respect to liquid water. Ice nuclei concentrations were measured in a cloud chamber placed in a cold room with temperature control down to -35°C. The operating temperature was varied between -15°C and -30°C. Ice supersaturation was ranged between 2 and 20 %. In order to quantify the number of ice particles produced in each experiment, a dish containing a supercooled solution of cane sugar, water and glycerol was placed on the floor of the cloud chamber. The activated IN grew at the expense of vapor until ice crystals were formed and these then fell down onto the sugar solution. Once there, these crystals could grow enough to be counted easily with a naked eye after a period of about three minutes, when they reach around 2 mm in diameter. In order to compare the present results with previously reported results, the data were grouped in three different ranges of supersaturation: the data with supersaturations between 2 and 8 %, the data with supersaturations between 8 and 14% and the data with supersaturations between 14 and 20 %. In the same way, in order to analize the behavior of IN concentration with supersaturation, the data were grouped for three different temperatures, the

  11. The Broken Belt: Meteorite Concentrations on Stranded Ice

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Harvey, R. P.

    2003-01-01

    Since the first Antarctic meteorite concentrations were discovered more than 25 years ago, many theories regarding the role of iceflow in the production of meteorite concentrations have been put forward, and most agree on the basic principles. These models suggest that as the East Antarctic icesheet flows toward the margins of the continent, meteorites randomly located within the volume of ice are transported toward the icesheet margin. Where mountains or subsurface obstructions block glacial flow, diversion of ice around or over an obstruction reduces horizontal ice movement rates adjacent to the barriers and creates a vertical (upward) component of movement. If local mechanisms for ice loss (ablation) exist at such sites, an equilibrium surface will develop according to the balance between ice supply and loss, and the cargo of meteorites is exhumed on a blue ice surface. The result is a conceptual conveyor belt bringing meteorite-bearing volumes of ice from the interior of the continent to stagnant or slowmoving surfaces where ice is then lost and a precious cargo is left as a lag deposit. Cassidy et al. provides an excellent overview of how this model has been adapted to several Antarctic stranding surfaces.

  12. Arctic multiyear ice classification and summer ice cover using passive microwave satellite data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comiso, J. C.

    1990-01-01

    Passive microwave data collected by Nimbus 7 were used to classify and monitor the Arctic multilayer sea ice cover. Sea ice concentration maps during several summer minima are analyzed to obtain estimates of ice floes that survived summer, and the results are compared with multiyear-ice concentrations derived from these data by using an algorithm that assumes a certain emissivity for multiyear ice. The multiyear ice cover inferred from the winter data was found to be about 25 to 40 percent less than the summer ice-cover minimum, indicating that the multiyear ice cover in winter is inadequately represented by the passive microwave winter data and that a significant fraction of the Arctic multiyear ice floes exhibits a first-year ice signature.

  13. Evaluation of the operational SAR based Baltic sea ice concentration products

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Karvonen, Juha

    Sea ice concentration is an important ice parameter both for weather and climate modeling and sea ice navigation. We have developed an fully automated algorithm for sea ice concentration retrieval using dual-polarized ScanSAR wide mode RADARSAT-2 data. RADARSAT-2 is a C-band SAR instrument enabling dual-polarized acquisition in ScanSAR mode. The swath width for the RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR mode is about 500 km, making it very suitable for operational sea ice monitoring. The polarization combination used in our concentration estimation is HH/HV. The SAR data is first preprocessed, the preprocessing consists of geo-rectification to Mercator projection, incidence angle correction fro both the polarization channels. and SAR mosaicking. After preprocessing a segmentation is performed for the SAR mosaics, and some single-channel and dual-channel features are computed for each SAR segment. Finally the SAR concentration is estimated based on these segment-wise features. The algorithm is similar as introduced in Karvonen 2014. The ice concentration is computed daily using a daily RADARSAT-2 SAR mosaic as its input, and it thus gives the concentration estimated at each Baltic Sea location based on the most recent SAR data at the location. The algorithm has been run in an operational test mode since January 2014. We present evaluation of the SAR-based concentration estimates for the Baltic ice season 2014 by comparing the SAR results with gridded the Finnish Ice Service ice charts and ice concentration estimates from a radiometer algorithm (AMSR-2 Bootstrap algorithm results). References: J. Karvonen, Baltic Sea Ice Concentration Estimation Based on C-Band Dual-Polarized SAR Data, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, in press, DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2290331, 2014.

  14. Sensitivity of open-water ice growth and ice concentration evolution in a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shi, Xiaoxu; Lohmann, Gerrit

    2017-09-01

    A coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model is applied to investigate to what degree the area-thickness distribution of new ice formed in open water affects the ice and ocean properties. Two sensitivity experiments are performed which modify the horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio of open-water ice growth. The resulting changes in the Arctic sea-ice concentration strongly affect the surface albedo, the ocean heat release to the atmosphere, and the sea-ice production. The changes are further amplified through a positive feedback mechanism among the Arctic sea ice, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and the surface air temperature in the Arctic, as the Fram Strait sea ice import influences the freshwater budget in the North Atlantic Ocean. Anomalies in sea-ice transport lead to changes in sea surface properties of the North Atlantic and the strength of AMOC. For the Southern Ocean, the most pronounced change is a warming along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), owing to the interhemispheric bipolar seasaw linked to AMOC weakening. Another insight of this study lies on the improvement of our climate model. The ocean component FESOM is a newly developed ocean-sea ice model with an unstructured mesh and multi-resolution. We find that the subpolar sea-ice boundary in the Northern Hemisphere can be improved by tuning the process of open-water ice growth, which strongly influences the sea ice concentration in the marginal ice zone, the North Atlantic circulation, salinity and Arctic sea ice volume. Since the distribution of new ice on open water relies on many uncertain parameters and the knowledge of the detailed processes is currently too crude, it is a challenge to implement the processes realistically into models. Based on our sensitivity experiments, we conclude a pronounced uncertainty related to open-water sea ice growth which could significantly affect the climate system sensitivity.

  15. An automated approach for mapping persistent ice and snow cover over high latitude regions

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Selkowitz, David J.; Forster, Richard R.

    2016-01-01

    We developed an automated approach for mapping persistent ice and snow cover (glaciers and perennial snowfields) from Landsat TM and ETM+ data across a variety of topography, glacier types, and climatic conditions at high latitudes (above ~65°N). Our approach exploits all available Landsat scenes acquired during the late summer (1 August–15 September) over a multi-year period and employs an automated cloud masking algorithm optimized for snow and ice covered mountainous environments. Pixels from individual Landsat scenes were classified as snow/ice covered or snow/ice free based on the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), and pixels consistently identified as snow/ice covered over a five-year period were classified as persistent ice and snow cover. The same NDSI and ratio of snow/ice-covered days to total days thresholds applied consistently across eight study regions resulted in persistent ice and snow cover maps that agreed closely in most areas with glacier area mapped for the Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI), with a mean accuracy (agreement with the RGI) of 0.96, a mean precision (user’s accuracy of the snow/ice cover class) of 0.92, a mean recall (producer’s accuracy of the snow/ice cover class) of 0.86, and a mean F-score (a measure that considers both precision and recall) of 0.88. We also compared results from our approach to glacier area mapped from high spatial resolution imagery at four study regions and found similar results. Accuracy was lowest in regions with substantial areas of debris-covered glacier ice, suggesting that manual editing would still be required in these regions to achieve reasonable results. The similarity of our results to those from the RGI as well as glacier area mapped from high spatial resolution imagery suggests it should be possible to apply this approach across large regions to produce updated 30-m resolution maps of persistent ice and snow cover. In the short term, automated PISC maps can be used to rapidly

  16. Consistent biases in Antarctic sea ice concentration simulated by climate models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Roach, Lettie A.; Dean, Samuel M.; Renwick, James A.

    2018-01-01

    The simulation of Antarctic sea ice in global climate models often does not agree with observations. In this study, we examine the compactness of sea ice, as well as the regional distribution of sea ice concentration, in climate models from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and in satellite observations. We find substantial differences in concentration values between different sets of satellite observations, particularly at high concentrations, requiring careful treatment when comparing to models. As a fraction of total sea ice extent, models simulate too much loose, low-concentration sea ice cover throughout the year, and too little compact, high-concentration cover in the summer. In spite of the differences in physics between models, these tendencies are broadly consistent across the population of 40 CMIP5 simulations, a result not previously highlighted. Separating models with and without an explicit lateral melt term, we find that inclusion of lateral melt may account for overestimation of low-concentration cover. Targeted model experiments with a coupled ocean-sea ice model show that choice of constant floe diameter in the lateral melt scheme can also impact representation of loose ice. This suggests that current sea ice thermodynamics contribute to the inadequate simulation of the low-concentration regime in many models.

  17. What controls the low ice number concentration in the upper troposphere?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhou, Cheng; Penner, Joyce E.; Lin, Guangxing; Liu, Xiaohong; Wang, Minghuai

    2016-10-01

    Cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause play a key role in regulating the moisture entering the stratosphere through their dehydrating effect. Low ice number concentrations ( < 200 L-1) and high supersaturations (150-160 %) have been observed in these clouds. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain these low ice number concentrations, including the inhibition of homogeneous freezing by the deposition of water vapour onto pre-existing ice crystals, heterogeneous ice formation on glassy organic aerosol ice nuclei (IN), and limiting the formation of ice number from high-frequency gravity waves. In this study, we examined the effect from three different representations of updraft velocities, the effect from pre-existing ice crystals, the effect from different water vapour deposition coefficients (α = 0.1 or 1), and the effect of 0.1 % of the total secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles acting as IN. Model-simulated ice crystal numbers are compared against an aircraft observational dataset.Including the effect from water vapour deposition on pre-existing ice particles can effectively reduce simulated in-cloud ice number concentrations for all model setups. A larger water vapour deposition coefficient (α = 1) can also efficiently reduce ice number concentrations at temperatures below 205 K, but less so at higher temperatures. SOA acting as IN is most effective at reducing ice number concentrations when the effective updraft velocities are moderate ( ˜ 0.05-0.2 m s-1). However, the effects of including SOA as IN and using (α = 1) are diminished when the effect from pre-existing ice is included.When a grid-resolved large-scale updraft velocity ( < 0.1 m s-1) is used, the ice nucleation parameterization with homogeneous freezing only or with both homogeneous freezing and heterogeneous nucleation is able to generate low ice number concentrations in good agreement with observations for temperatures below 205 K as long as the pre-existing ice effect is

  18. What controls the low ice number concentration in the upper troposphere?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhou, C.; Penner, J. E.; Lin, G.; Liu, X.; Wang, M.

    2015-12-01

    Cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause play a key role in regulating the moisture entering the stratosphere through their dehydrating effect. Low ice number concentrations (< 200 L-1) and high supersaturations (150-160 %) have been observed in these clouds. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain these low ice number concentrations, including the inhibition of homogeneous freezing by the deposition of water vapour onto pre-existing ice crystals, heterogeneous ice formation on glassy organic aerosol ice nuclei (IN), and limiting the formation of ice number from high frequency gravity waves. In this study, we examined the effect from three different representations of updraft velocities, the effect from pre-existing ice crystals, the effect from different water vapour deposition coefficients (α = 0.1 or 1), and the effect of 0.1 % of the total secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles acting as IN. Model simulated ice crystal numbers are compared against an aircraft observational dataset. Including the effect from water vapour deposition on pre-existing ice particles can effectively reduce simulated in-cloud ice number concentrations for all model set-ups. A larger water vapour deposition coefficient (α = 1) can also efficiently reduce ice number concentrations at temperatures below 205 K but less so at higher temperatures. SOA acting as IN are most effective at reducing ice number concentrations when the effective updraft velocities are moderate (∼ 0.05-0.2 m s-1). However, the effects of including SOA as IN and using (α = 1) are diminished when the effect from pre-existing ice is included. When a grid resolved large-scale updraft velocity (< 0.1 m s-1) is used, the ice nucleation parameterization with homogeneous freezing only or with both homogeneous freezing and heterogeneous nucleation is able to generate low ice number concentrations in good agreement with observations for temperatures below 205 K as long as the pre-existing ice effect is

  19. NASA Research Leads to First Complete Map of Antarctic Ice Flows

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2011-08-18

    This image is the first complete map of the speed and direction of ice flow in Antartica. The thick black lines delineate major ice divides. Subglacial lakes in Antarctica interior are also outlined in black.

  20. Grumman OV-1B Mohawk Maps the Ice over the Great Lakes

    NASA Image and Video Library

    1973-03-21

    A Grumman OV-1B Mohawk maps Great Lakes’ ice flows for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. The regular freezing of large portions of the Great Lakes during the winter frequently stalled the region’s shipping industry. Lewis developed two complementary systems to monitor the ice. The Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) system used microwaves to measure the ice distribution, and electromagnetic systems employed noise modulation to determine the thickness of the ice. Once this dual system was in place, the information could be generated during a single pass of a research aircraft and quickly distributed to ship captains planning their routes. The SLAR was superior to aerial photography for this task because it was able to penetrate cloud cover. The SLAR system used pulsed microwaves to examine a band of ice or water on either side of the aircraft up to 31 miles wide. The Lewis ice mapping devices were first tested during the winter of 1972 and 1973. The system was installed on the tail of the Coast Guard’s OV-1B aircraft. An infrared thermal mapping instrument was installed on Lewis’ DC-3 to determine the ice temperature and estimate its thickness. The team created 160 ice charts that were sent to 28 ships and 2 icebreakers. Shipping was able to continue throughout the season for the first time that winter.

  1. Dual-sensor mapping of mass balance on Russia's northernmost ice caps

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nikolskiy, D.; Malinnikov, V.; Sharov, A.; Ukolova, M.

    2012-04-01

    Mass balance of Russia's northernmost ice caps is poorly known and scarcely mapped. Thorough information about glacier fluctuations in the outer periphery of Russian shelf seas is both lacking and highly desired since it may constitute the relevant benchmark for judging and projecting climate change impacts in the entire Arctic. The present study is focussed on geodetic measurements and medium-scale mapping of the mass balance on a dozen insular ice caps, some large and some smaller, homogeneously situated along the Eurasian boundary of Central Arctic Basin. The study region extends for approx. 2.200 km from Victoria and Arthur islands in the west across Rudolph, Eva-Liv, Ushakova, Schmidt and Komsomolets islands in the north to Bennett and Henrietta islands in the east thereby comprising the most distant and least studied ice caps in the Russian Arctic. The situation of insular ice masses close to the edge of summer minimum sea ice proved helpful in analysing spatial asymmetry of glacier accumulation signal. The overall mapping of glacier elevation changes and quantification of mass balance characteristics in the study region was performed by comparing reference elevation models of study glaciers derived from Russian topographic maps 1:200,000 (CI = 20 or 40 m) representing the glacier state as in the 1950s-1960s with modern elevation data obtained from satellite radar interferometry and lidar altimetry. In total, 14 ERS and 4 TanDEM-X high-quality SAR interferograms of 1995/96 and 2011 were acquired, processed in the standard 2-pass DINSAR manner, geocoded, calibrated, mosaicked and interpreted using reference elevation models and co-located ICESat altimetry data of 2003-2010. The DINSAR analysis revealed the existence of fast-flowing outlet glaciers at Arthur, Rudolph, Eva-Liv and Bennett islands. The calculation of separate mass-balance components is complicated in this case because of generally unknown glacier velocities and ice discharge values for the mid-20

  2. Numerical model of frazil ice and suspended sediment concentrations and formation of sediment laden ice in the Kara Sea

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Sherwood, C.R.

    2000-01-01

    A one-dimensional (vertical) numerical model of currents, mixing, frazil ice concentration, and suspended sediment concentration has been developed and applied in the shallow southeastern Kara Sea. The objective of the calculations is to determine whether conditions suitable for turbid ice formation can occur during times of rapid cooling and wind- and wave-induced sediment resuspension. Although the model uses a simplistic approach to ice particles and neglects ice-sediment interactions, the results for low-stratification, shallow (∼20-m) freeze-up conditions indicate that the coconcentrations of frazil ice and suspended sediment in the water column are similar to observed concentrations of sediment in turbid ice. This suggests that wave-induced sediment resuspension is a viable mechanism for turbid ice formation, and enrichment mechanisms proposed to explain the high concentrations of sediment in turbid ice relative to sediment concentrations in underlying water may not be necessary in energetic conditions. However, salinity stratification found near the Ob' and Yenisey Rivers damps mixing between ice-laden surface water and sediment-laden bottom water and probably limits incorporation of resuspended sediment into turbid ice until prolonged or repeated wind events mix away the stratification. Sensitivity analyses indicate that shallow (≤20 m), unstratified waters with fine bottom sediment (settling speeds of ∼1 mm s−1 or less) and long open water fetches (>25 km) are ideal conditions for resuspension.

  3. Ice Mapping Observations in Galactic Star-Forming Regions: the AKARI Legacy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fraser, Helen Jane; Suutarinnen, Aleksi; Noble, Jennifer

    2015-08-01

    It is becoming increasingly clear that explaining the small-scale distribution of many gas-phase molecules relies on our interpretation of the complex inter-connectivity between gas- and solid-phase interstellar chemistries. Inputs to proto-stellar astrochemical models are required that exploit ice compositions reflecting the historical physical conditions in pre-stellar environments when the ices first formed. Such data are required to translate the near-universe picture of ice-composition to our understanding of the role of extra-galactic ices in star-formation at higher redshifts.Here we present the first attempts at multi-object ice detections, and the subsequent ice column density mapping. The AKARI space telescope was uniquely capable of observing all the ice features between 2 and 5 microns, thereby detecting H2O, CO and CO2 ices concurrently, through their stretching vibrational features. Our group has successfully extracted an unprecedented volume of ice spectra from AKARI, including sources with not more than 2 mJy flux at 3 microns, showing:(a) H2O CO and CO2 ices on 30 lines of sight towards pre-stellar and star-forming cores, which when combined with laboratory experiments indicate how the chemistries of these three ices are interlinked (Noble et al (2013)),(b) ice maps showing the spatial distribution of water ice across 12 pre-stellar cores, in different molecular clouds (Suutarinnen et al (2015)), and the distribution of ice components within these cores on 1000 AU scales (Noble et al (2015)),(c) over 200 new detections of water ice, mostly on lines of sight towards background sources (> 145), indicating that water ice column density has a minimum value as a function of Av, but on a cloud-by-cloud basis typically correlates with Av, and dust emissivity at 250 microns (Suutarinnen et al (2015)),(d) the first detections of HDO ice towards background stars (Fraser et al (2015)).We discuss whether these results support the picture of a generic chemical

  4. Physical properties of ice cream containing milk protein concentrates.

    PubMed

    Alvarez, V B; Wolters, C L; Vodovotz, Y; Ji, T

    2005-03-01

    Two milk protein concentrates (MPC, 56 and 85%) were studied as substitutes for 20 and 50% of the protein content in ice cream mix. The basic mix formula had 12% fat, 11% nonfat milk solids, 15% sweetener, and 0.3% stabilizer/emulsifier blend. Protein levels remained constant, and total solids were compensated for in MPC mixes by the addition of polydextrose. Physical properties investigated included apparent viscosity, fat globule size, melting rate, shape retention, and freezing behavior using differential scanning calorimetry. Milk protein concentrate formulations had higher mix viscosity, larger amount of fat destabilization, narrower ice melting curves, and greater shape retention compared with the control. Milk protein concentrates did not offer significant modifications of ice cream physical properties on a constant protein basis when substituted for up to 50% of the protein supplied by nonfat dry milk. Milk protein concentrates may offer ice cream manufacturers an alternative source of milk solids non-fat, especially in mixes reduced in lactose or fat, where higher milk solids nonfat are needed to compensate other losses of total solids.

  5. Concentration and variability of ice nuclei in the subtropical maritime boundary layer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Welti, André; Müller, Konrad; Fleming, Zoë L.; Stratmann, Frank

    2018-04-01

    Measurements of the concentration and variability of ice nucleating particles in the subtropical maritime boundary layer are reported. Filter samples collected in Cabo Verde over the period 2009-2013 are analyzed with a drop freezing experiment with sensitivity to detect the few rare ice nuclei active at low supercooling. The data set is augmented with continuous flow diffusion chamber measurements at temperatures below -24 °C from a 2-month field campaign in Cabo Verde in 2016. The data set is used to address the following questions: what are typical concentrations of ice nucleating particles active at a certain temperature? What affects their concentration and where are their sources? Concentration of ice nucleating particles is found to increase exponentially by 7 orders of magnitude from -5 to -38 °C. Sample-to-sample variation in the steepness of the increase indicates that particles of different origin, with different ice nucleation properties (size, composition), contribute to the ice nuclei concentration at different temperatures. The concentration of ice nuclei active at a specific temperature varies over a range of up to 4 orders of magnitude. The frequency with which a certain ice nuclei concentration is measured within this range is found to follow a lognormal distribution, which can be explained by random dilution during transport. To investigate the geographic origin of ice nuclei, source attribution of air masses from dispersion modeling is used to classify the data into seven typical conditions. While no source could be attributed to the ice nuclei active at temperatures higher than -12 °C, concentrations at lower temperatures tend to be elevated in air masses originating from the Sahara.

  6. Sea ice type maps from Alaska synthetic aperture radar facility imagery: An assessment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fetterer, Florence M.; Gineris, Denise; Kwok, Ronald

    1994-01-01

    Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery received at the Alaskan SAR Facility is routinely and automatically classified on the Geophysical Processor System (GPS) to create ice type maps. We evaluated the wintertime performance of the GPS classification algorithm by comparing ice type percentages from supervised classification with percentages from the algorithm. The root mean square (RMS) difference for multiyear ice is about 6%, while the inconsistency in supervised classification is about 3%. The algorithm separates first-year from multiyear ice well, although it sometimes fails to correctly classify new ice and open water owing to the wide distribution of backscatter for these classes. Our results imply a high degree of accuracy and consistency in the growing archive of multiyear and first-year ice distribution maps. These results have implications for heat and mass balance studies which are furthered by the ability to accurately characterize ice type distributions over a large part of the Arctic.

  7. Mapping and assessing variability in the Antarctic marginal ice zone, pack ice and coastal polynyas in two sea ice algorithms with implications on breeding success of snow petrels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stroeve, Julienne C.; Jenouvrier, Stephanie; Campbell, G. Garrett; Barbraud, Christophe; Delord, Karine

    2016-08-01

    Sea ice variability within the marginal ice zone (MIZ) and polynyas plays an important role for phytoplankton productivity and krill abundance. Therefore, mapping their spatial extent as well as seasonal and interannual variability is essential for understanding how current and future changes in these biologically active regions may impact the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Knowledge of the distribution of MIZ, consolidated pack ice and coastal polynyas in the total Antarctic sea ice cover may also help to shed light on the factors contributing towards recent expansion of the Antarctic ice cover in some regions and contraction in others. The long-term passive microwave satellite data record provides the longest and most consistent record for assessing the proportion of the sea ice cover that is covered by each of these ice categories. However, estimates of the amount of MIZ, consolidated pack ice and polynyas depend strongly on which sea ice algorithm is used. This study uses two popular passive microwave sea ice algorithms, the NASA Team and Bootstrap, and applies the same thresholds to the sea ice concentrations to evaluate the distribution and variability in the MIZ, the consolidated pack ice and coastal polynyas. Results reveal that the seasonal cycle in the MIZ and pack ice is generally similar between both algorithms, yet the NASA Team algorithm has on average twice the MIZ and half the consolidated pack ice area as the Bootstrap algorithm. Trends also differ, with the Bootstrap algorithm suggesting statistically significant trends towards increased pack ice area and no statistically significant trends in the MIZ. The NASA Team algorithm on the other hand indicates statistically significant positive trends in the MIZ during spring. Potential coastal polynya area and amount of broken ice within the consolidated ice pack are also larger in the NASA Team algorithm. The timing of maximum polynya area may differ by as much as 5 months between algorithms. These

  8. NO adsorption on ice at low concentrations

    Treesearch

    Richard A. Sommerfeld; Martha H. Conklin; S. Kay Laird

    1992-01-01

    To better understand the properties of ice surfaces at different temperatures, the adsorption of a relatively insoluble gas, NO, was studied using a continuous-flow column experiment. Adsorption isotherms for NO on the surface of ice were measured for a temperature range of-1 to -70°C and a concentration range of 10 to 250 ppbv. Very little adsorption was measured;...

  9. Assessing concentration uncertainty estimates from passive microwave sea ice products

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meier, W.; Brucker, L.; Miller, J. A.

    2017-12-01

    Sea ice concentration is an essential climate variable and passive microwave derived estimates of concentration are one of the longest satellite-derived climate records. However, until recently uncertainty estimates were not provided. Numerous validation studies provided insight into general error characteristics, but the studies have found that concentration error varied greatly depending on sea ice conditions. Thus, an uncertainty estimate from each observation is desired, particularly for initialization, assimilation, and validation of models. Here we investigate three sea ice products that include an uncertainty for each concentration estimate: the NASA Team 2 algorithm product, the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI-SAF) product, and the NOAA/NSIDC Climate Data Record (CDR) product. Each product estimates uncertainty with a completely different approach. The NASA Team 2 product derives uncertainty internally from the algorithm method itself. The OSI-SAF uses atmospheric reanalysis fields and a radiative transfer model. The CDR uses spatial variability from two algorithms. Each approach has merits and limitations. Here we evaluate the uncertainty estimates by comparing the passive microwave concentration products with fields derived from the NOAA VIIRS sensor. The results show that the relationship between the product uncertainty estimates and the concentration error (relative to VIIRS) is complex. This may be due to the sea ice conditions, the uncertainty methods, as well as the spatial and temporal variability of the passive microwave and VIIRS products.

  10. Investigating the Relative Contributions of Secondary Ice Formation Processes to Ice Crystal Number Concentrations Within Mixed-Phase Clouds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sullivan, S.; Nenes, A.

    2015-12-01

    Measurements of the in-cloud ice nuclei concentration can be three or four orders of magnitude less than those of the in-cloud ice crystal number concentration. Different secondary formation processes, active after initial ice nucleation, have been proposed to explain this discrepancy, but their relative importance, and even the exact physics of each mechanism, are still unclear. We construct a simple bin microphysics model (2IM) including depositional growth, the Hallett-Mossop process, ice-ice collisions, and ice-ice aggregation, with temperature- and supersaturation-dependent efficiencies for each process. 2IM extends the time-lag collision model of Yano and Phillips to additional bins and incorporates the aspect ratio evolution of Jensen and Harrington. Model output and measured ice crystal size distributions are compared to answer three questions: (1) how important is ice-ice aggregation relative to ice-ice collision around -15°C, where the Hallett-Mossop process is no longer active; (2) what process efficiencies lead to the best reproduction of observed ice crystal size distributions; and (3) does ice crystal aspect ratio affect the dominant secondary formation process. The resulting parameterization is intended for eventual use in larger-scale mixed-phase cloud schemes.

  11. The application of ERTS imagery to monitoring Arctic sea ice. [mapping ice in Bering Sea, Beaufort Sea, Canadian Archipelago, and Greenland Sea

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barnes, J. C. (Principal Investigator); Bowley, C. J.

    1974-01-01

    The author has identified the following significant results. Because of the effect of sea ice on the heat balance of the Arctic and because of the expanding economic interest in arctic oil and minerals, extensive monitoring and further study of sea ice is required. The application of ERTS data for mapping ice is evaluated for several arctic areas, including the Bering Sea, the eastern Beaufort Sea, parts of the Canadian Archipelago, and the Greenland Sea. Interpretive techniques are discussed, and the scales and types of ice features that can be detected are described. For the Bering Sea, a sample of ERTS-1 imagery is compared with visual ice reports and aerial photography from the NASA CV-990 aircraft. The results of the investigation demonstrate that ERTS-1 imagery has substantial practical application for monitoring arctic sea ice. Ice features as small as 80-100 m in width can be detected, and the combined use of the visible and near-IR imagery is a powerful tool for identifying ice types. Sequential ERTS-1 observations at high latitudes enable ice deformations and movements to be mapped. Ice conditions in the Bering Sea during early March depicted in ERTS-1 images are in close agreement with aerial ice observations and photographs.

  12. What Controls the Low Ice Number Concentration in the Upper Tropical Troposphere?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Penner, J.; Zhou, C.; Lin, G.; Liu, X.; Wang, M.

    2015-12-01

    Cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause play a key role in regulating the moisture entering the stratosphere through their dehydrating effect. Low ice number concentrations and high supersaturations were frequently were observed in these clouds. However, low ice number concentrations are inconsistent with cirrus cloud formation based on homogeneous freezing. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain this discrepancy, including the inhibition of homogeneous freezing by pre-existing ice crystals and/or glassy organic aerosol heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) and limiting the formation of ice number from high frequency gravity waves. In this study, we examined the effect from three different parameterizations of in-cloud updraft velocities, the effect from pre-existing ice crystals, the effect from different water vapor deposition coefficients (α=0.1 or 1), and the effect from 0.1% of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) acting as glassy heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) in CAM5. Model simulated ice crystal numbers are compared against an aircraft observational dataset. Using grid resolved large-scale updraft velocity in the ice nucleation parameterization generates ice number concentrations in better agreement with observations for temperatures below 205K while using updraft velocities based on the model-generated turbulence kinetic energy generates ice number concentrations in better agreement with observations for temperatures above 205K. A larger water vapor deposition coefficient (α=1) can efficiently reduce the ice number at temperatures below 205K but less so at higher temperatures. Glassy SOA IN are most effective at reducing the ice number concentrations when the effective in-cloud updraft velocities are moderate (~0.05-0.2 m s-1). Including the removal of water vapor on pre-existing ice can also effectively reduce the ice number and diminish the effects from the additional glassy SOA heterogeneous IN. We also re-evaluate whether IN seeding in cirrus cloud is

  13. Sea Ice Detection Based on Differential Delay-Doppler Maps from UK TechDemoSat-1

    PubMed Central

    Zhu, Yongchao; Yu, Kegen; Zou, Jingui; Wickert, Jens

    2017-01-01

    Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals can be exploited to remotely sense atmosphere and land and ocean surface to retrieve a range of geophysical parameters. This paper proposes two new methods, termed as power-summation of differential Delay-Doppler Maps (PS-D) and pixel-number of differential Delay-Doppler Maps (PN-D), to distinguish between sea ice and sea water using differential Delay-Doppler Maps (dDDMs). PS-D and PN-D make use of power-summation and pixel-number of dDDMs, respectively, to measure the degree of difference between two DDMs so as to determine the transition state (water-water, water-ice, ice-ice and ice-water) and hence ice and water are detected. Moreover, an adaptive incoherent averaging of DDMs is employed to improve the computational efficiency. A large number of DDMs recorded by UK TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) over the Arctic region are used to test the proposed sea ice detection methods. Through evaluating against ground-truth measurements from the Ocean Sea Ice SAF, the proposed PS-D and PN-D methods achieve a probability of detection of 99.72% and 99.69% respectively, while the probability of false detection is 0.28% and 0.31% respectively. PMID:28704948

  14. Mapping and Assessing Variability in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone, the Pack Ice and Coastal Polynyas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stroeve, Julienne; Jenouvrier, Stephanie

    2016-04-01

    Sea ice variability within the marginal ice zone (MIZ) and polynyas plays an important role for phytoplankton productivity and krill abundance. Therefore mapping their spatial extent, seasonal and interannual variability is essential for understanding how current and future changes in these biological active regions may impact the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Knowledge of the distribution of different ice types to the total Antarctic sea ice cover may also help to shed light on the factors contributing towards recent expansion of the Antarctic ice cover in some regions and contraction in others. The long-term passive microwave satellite data record provides the longest and most consistent data record for assessing different ice types. However, estimates of the amount of MIZ, consolidated pack ice and polynyas depends strongly on what sea ice algorithm is used. This study uses two popular passive microwave sea ice algorithms, the NASA Team and Bootstrap to evaluate the distribution and variability in the MIZ, the consolidated pack ice and coastal polynyas. Results reveal the NASA Team algorithm has on average twice the MIZ and half the consolidated pack ice area as the Bootstrap algorithm. Polynya area is also larger in the NASA Team algorithm, and the timing of maximum polynya area may differ by as much as 5 months between algorithms. These differences lead to different relationships between sea ice characteristics and biological processes, as illustrated here with the breeding success of an Antarctic seabird.

  15. Reduction of air pollutant concentrations in an indoor ice-skating rink

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lee, K.; Yanagisawa, Yukio; Spengler, J.D.

    1994-01-01

    High carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations were measured in an indoor ice-skating rink with fuel-powered ice-resurfacing equipment. In 22% to 33% of the measurements over 90-min segments, CO concentrations exceeded 20 [mu]L/L as a 90-min average in the absence of rink ventilation. Average NO[sub 2] concentrations over 14 h were higher than 600 nL/L. Reduction of air pollutant concentrations in the ice-skating rink is necessary to prevent air-pollutant-exposure-related health incidents. Various methods for reducing air pollutants in an ice-skating rink were evaluated by simultaneously measuring CO and NO[sub 2] concentrations. Single pollution reduction attempts, such as extension of themore » exhaust pipe, reduction in the number of resurfacer operations, or use of an air recirculation system, did not significantly reduce air pollutant concentrations in the rink. Full operation of the mechanical ventilation system combined with reduced resurfacer operation was required to keep the air pollutant levels in the skating rink below the recommended guidelines. This investigation showed that management of clean air quality in an ice-skating rink is practically difficult as long as fuel-powered resurfacing equipment is used. 16 refs., 3 figs., 5 tabs.« less

  16. A Microwave Technique for Mapping Ice Temperature in the Arctic Seasonal Sea Ice Zone

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    St.Germain, Karen M.; Cavalieri, Donald J.

    1997-01-01

    A technique for deriving ice temperature in the Arctic seasonal sea ice zone from passive microwave radiances has been developed. The algorithm operates on brightness temperatures derived from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and uses ice concentration and type from a previously developed thin ice algorithm to estimate the surface emissivity. Comparisons of the microwave derived temperatures with estimates derived from infrared imagery of the Bering Strait yield a correlation coefficient of 0.93 and an RMS difference of 2.1 K when coastal and cloud contaminated pixels are removed. SSM/I temperatures were also compared with a time series of air temperature observations from Gambell on St. Lawrence Island and from Point Barrow, AK weather stations. These comparisons indicate that the relationship between the air temperature and the ice temperature depends on ice type.

  17. Depth-to-Ice Map of an Arctic Site on Mars

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2007-01-01

    Color coding in this map of a far-northern site on Mars indicates the change in nighttime ground-surface temperature between summer and fall. This site, like most of high-latitude Mars, has water ice mixed with soil near the surface. The ice is probably in a rock-hard frozen layer beneath a few centimeters or inches of looser, dry soil. The amount of temperature change at the surface likely corresponds to how close to the surface the icy material lies.

    The dense, icy layer retains heat better than the looser soil above it, so where the icy layer is closer to the surface, the surface temperature changes more slowly than where the icy layer is buried deeper. On the map, areas of the surface that cooled more slowly between summer and autumn (interpreted as having the ice closer to the surface) are coded blue and green. Areas that cooled more quickly (interpreted as having more distance to the ice) are coded red and yellow.

    The depth to the top of the icy layer estimated from these observations, as little as 5 centimeters (2 inches), matches modeling of where it would be if Mars has an active cycle of water being exchanged by diffusion between atmospheric water vapor and subsurface water ice.

    This map and its interpretation are in a May 3, 2007, report in the journal Nature by Joshua Bandfield of Arizona State University, Tempe. The Thermal Emission Imaging System camera on NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter collected the data presented in the map. The site is centered near 67.5 degrees north latitude, 132 degrees east longitude, in the Martian arctic plains called Vastitas Borealis. It was formerly a candidate landing site for NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander mission. This site is within the portion of the planet where, in 2002, the Gamma Ray Spectrometer suite of instruments on Mars Odyssey found evidence for water ice lying just below the surface. The information from the Gamma Ray Spectrometer is averaged over patches of ground hundreds of kilometers

  18. Recent high-resolution Antarctic ice velocity maps reveal increased mass loss in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica.

    PubMed

    Shen, Qiang; Wang, Hansheng; Shum, C K; Jiang, Liming; Hsu, Hou Tse; Dong, Jinglong

    2018-03-14

    We constructed Antarctic ice velocity maps from Landsat 8 images for the years 2014 and 2015 at a high spatial resolution (100 m). These maps were assembled from 10,690 scenes of displacement vectors inferred from more than 10,000 optical images acquired from December 2013 through March 2016. We estimated the mass discharge of the Antarctic ice sheet in 2008, 2014, and 2015 using the Landsat ice velocity maps, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)-derived ice velocity maps (~2008) available from prior studies, and ice thickness data. An increased mass discharge (53 ± 14 Gt yr -1 ) was found in the East Indian Ocean sector since 2008 due to unexpected widespread glacial acceleration in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, while the other five oceanic sectors did not exhibit significant changes. However, present-day increased mass loss was found by previous studies predominantly in west Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula. The newly discovered increased mass loss in Wilkes Land suggests that the ocean heat flux may already be influencing ice dynamics in the marine-based sector of the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS). The marine-based sector could be adversely impacted by ongoing warming in the Southern Ocean, and this process may be conducive to destabilization.

  19. Recent Increases in Snow Accumulation and Decreases in Sea-Ice Concentration Recorded in a Coastal NW Greenland Ice Core

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Osterberg, E. C.; Thompson, J. T.; Wong, G. J.; Hawley, R. L.; Kelly, M. A.; Lutz, E.; Howley, J.; Ferris, D. G.

    2013-12-01

    A significant rise in summer temperatures over the past several decades has led to widespread retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) margin and surrounding sea ice. Recent observations from geodetic stations and GRACE show that ice mass loss progressed from South Greenland up to Northwest Greenland by 2005 (Khan et al., 2010). Observations from meteorological stations at the U.S. Thule Air Force Base, remote sensing platforms, and climate reanalyses indicate a 3.5C mean annual warming in the Thule region and a 44% decrease in summer (JJAS) sea-ice concentrations in Baffin Bay from 1980-2010. Mean annual precipitation near Thule increased by 12% over this interval, with the majority of the increase occurring in fall (SON). To improve projections of future ice loss and sea-level rise in a warming climate, we are currently developing multi-proxy records (lake sediment cores, ice cores, glacial geologic data, glaciological models) of Holocene climate variability and cryospheric response in NW Greenland, with a focus on past warm periods. As part of our efforts to develop a millennial-length ice core paleoclimate record from the Thule region, we collected and analyzed snow pit samples and short firn cores (up to 20 m) from the coastal region of the GIS (2Barrel site; 76.9317 N, 63.1467 W) and the summit of North Ice Cap (76.938 N, 67.671 W) in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The 2Barrel ice core was sampled using a continuous ice core melting system at Dartmouth, and subsequently analyzed for major anion and trace element concentrations and stable water isotope ratios. Here we show that the 2Barrel ice core spanning 1990-2010 records a 25% increase in mean annual snow accumulation, and is positively correlated (r = 0.52, p<0.01) with ERA-Interim precipitation. The 2Barrel annual sea-salt Na concentration is strongly correlated (r = 0.5-0.8, p<0.05) with summer and fall sea-ice concentrations in northern Baffin Bay near Thule (Figure 1). We hypothesize that the positive

  20. Modeling the relative contributions of secondary ice formation processes to ice crystal number concentrations within mixed-phase clouds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sullivan, Sylvia; Hoose, Corinna; Nenes, Athanasios

    2016-04-01

    Measurements of in-cloud ice crystal number concentrations can be three or four orders of magnitude greater than the in-cloud ice nuclei number concentrations. This discrepancy can be explained by various secondary ice formation processes, which occur after initial ice nucleation, but the relative importance of these processes, and even the exact physics of each, is still unclear. A simple bin microphysics model (2IM) is constructed to investigate these knowledge gaps. 2IM extends the time-lag collision parameterization of Yano and Phillips, 2011 to include rime splintering, ice-ice aggregation, and droplet shattering and to incorporate the aspect ratio evolution as in Jensen and Harrington, 2015. The relative contribution of the secondary processes under various conditions are shown. In particular, temperature-dependent efficiencies are adjusted for ice-ice aggregation versus collision around -15°C, when rime splintering is no longer active, and the effect of aspect ratio on the process weighting is explored. The resulting simulations are intended to guide secondary ice formation parameterizations in larger-scale mixed-phase cloud schemes.

  1. Notable increases in nutrient concentrations in a shallow lake during seasonal ice growth.

    PubMed

    Fang, Yang; Changyou, Li; Leppäranta, Matti; Xiaonghong, Shi; Shengnan, Zhao; Chengfu, Zhang

    2016-12-01

    Nutrients may be eliminated from ice when liquid water is freezing, resulting in enhanced concentrations in the unfrozen water. The nutrients diluted from the ice may contribute to accumulated concentrations in sediment during winter and an increased risk of algae blooms during the following spring and summer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of ice cover on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the water and sediment of a shallow lake, through an examination of Ulansuhai Lake, northern China, from the period of open water to ice season in 2011-2013. The N and P concentrations were between two and five times higher, and between two and eight times higher, than in unfrozen lakes, respectively. As the ice thickness grew, contents of total N and total P showed C-shaped profiles in the ice, and were lower in the middle layer and higher in the bottom and surface layers. Most of the nutrients were released from the ice to liquid water. The results confirm that ice can cause the nutrient concentrations in water and sediment during winter to increase dramatically, thereby significantly impacting on processes in the water environment of shallow lakes.

  2. Entrainment, transport and concentration of meteorites in polar ice sheets

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Drewry, D. J.

    1986-01-01

    Glaciers and ice sheets act as slow-moving conveyancing systems for material added to both their upper and lower surfaces. Because the transit time for most materials is extremely long the ice acts as a major global storage facility. The effects of horizontal and vertical motions on the flow patterns of Antarctic ice sheets are summarized. The determination of the source areas of meteorites and their transport paths is a problem of central importance since it relates not only directly to concentration mechanisms but also to the wider issues in glaciology and meteorites. The ice and snow into which a meteorite falls, and which moves with it to the concentration area, encodes information about the infall area. The principle environmental conditions being former elevation, temperature (also related to elevation), and age of the ice. This encoded information could be used to identify the infall area.

  3. Improving Arctic Sea Ice Edge Forecasts by Assimilating High Horizontal Resolution Sea Ice Concentration Data into the US Navy’s Ice Forecast Systems

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-06-13

    Global Ocean Forecast System 3.1 also showed a substantial improvement in ice edge location over a system using the SSMIS sea ice concentration product... Global Ocean Fore- cast System (GOFS 3.1). Prior to 2 February 2015, the ice concentration fields from both ACNFS and GOFS 3.1 had been updated with...Scanning Radiometer (AMSR2) on the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Global Change Observation Mission – Water (GCOM-W) platform became available

  4. Ionospheric Correction of InSAR for Accurate Ice Motion Mapping at High Latitudes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liao, H.; Meyer, F. J.

    2016-12-01

    Monitoring the motion of the large ice sheets is of great importance for determining ice mass balance and its contribution to sea level rise. Recently the first comprehensive ice motion of the Greenland and the Antarctica have been generated with InSAR. However, these studies have indicated that the performance of InSAR-based ice motion mapping is limited by the presence of the ionosphere. This is particularly true at high latitudes and for low-frequency SAR data. Filter-based and empirical methods (e.g., removing polynomials), which have often been used to mitigate ionospheric effects, are often ineffective in these areas due to the typically strong spatial variability of ionospheric phase delay in high latitudes and due to the risk of removing true deformation signals from the observations. In this study, we will first present an outline of our split-spectrum InSAR-based ionospheric correction approach and particularly highlight how our method improves upon published techniques, such as the multiple sub-band approach to boost estimation accuracy as well as advanced error correction and filtering algorithms. We applied our work flow to a large number of ionosphere-affected dataset over the large ice sheets to estimate the benefit of ionospheric correction on ice motion mapping accuracy. Appropriate test sites over Greenland and the Antarctic have been chosen through cooperation with authors (UW, Ian Joughin) of previous ice motion studies. To demonstrate the magnitude of ionospheric noise and to showcase the performance of ionospheric correction, we will show examples of ionospheric-affected InSAR data and our ionosphere corrected result for comparison in visual. We also compared the corrected phase data to known ice velocity fields quantitatively for the analyzed areas from experts in ice velocity mapping. From our studies we found that ionospheric correction significantly reduces biases in ice velocity estimates and boosts accuracy by a factor that depends on a

  5. Shuttle Imaging Radar B (SIR-B) Weddell Sea ice observations - A comparison of SIR-B and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer ice concentrations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Martin, Seelye; Holt, Benjamin; Cavalieri, Donald J.; Squire, Vernon

    1987-01-01

    Ice concentrations over the Weddell Sea were studied using SIR-B data obtained during the October 1984 mission, with special attention given to the effect of ocean waves on the radar return at the ice edge. Sea ice concentrations were derived from the SIR-B data using two image processing methods: the classification scheme at JPL and the manual classification method at Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI), England. The SIR ice concentrations were compared with coincident concentrations from the Nimbus-7 SMMR. For concentrations greater than 40 percent, which was the smallest concentration observed jointly by SIR-B and the SMMR, the mean difference between the two data sets for 12 points was 2 percent. A comparison between the JPL and the SPRI SIR-B algorithms showed that the algorithms agree to within 1 percent in the interior ice pack, but the JPL algorithm gives slightly greater concentrations at the ice edge (due to the fact that the algorithm is affected by the wind waves in these areas).

  6. SPOT satellite mapping of Ice Stream B

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Merry, Carolyn J.

    1993-01-01

    Numerous features of glaciological significance appear on two adjoining SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) images that cover the onset region of ice stream B. Many small-scale features, such as crevasses and drift plumes, have been previously observed in aerial photography. Subtle features, such as long flow traces that have not been mapped previously, are also clear in the satellite imagery. Newly discovered features include ladder-like runners and rungs within certain shear margins, flow traces that are parallel to ice flow, unusual crevasse patterns, and flow traces originating within shear margins. An objective of our work is to contribute to an understanding of the genesis of the features observed in satellite imagery. The genetic possibilities for flow traces, other lineations, bands of transverse crevasses, shear margins, mottles, and lumps and warps are described.

  7. A Novel Approach To Improve the Efficiency of Block Freeze Concentration Using Ice Nucleation Proteins with Altered Ice Morphology.

    PubMed

    Jin, Jue; Yurkow, Edward J; Adler, Derek; Lee, Tung-Ching

    2017-03-22

    Freeze concentration is a separation process with high success in product quality. The remaining challenge is to achieve high efficiency with low cost. This study aims to evaluate the potential of using ice nucleation proteins (INPs) as an effective method to improve the efficiency of block freeze concentration while also exploring the related mechanism of ice morphology. Our results show that INPs are able to significantly improve the efficiency of block freeze concentration in a desalination model. Using this experimental system, we estimate that approximately 50% of the energy cost can be saved by the inclusion of INPs in desalination cycles while still meeting the EPA standard of drinking water (<500 ppm). Our investigative tools for ice morphology include optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography imaging analysis. Their use indicates that INPs promote the development of a lamellar structured ice matrix with larger hydraulic diameters, which facilitates brine drainage and contains less brine entrapment as compared to control samples. These results suggest great potential for applying INPs to develop an energy-saving freeze concentration method via the alteration of ice morphology.

  8. Operational multisensor sea ice concentration algorithm utilizing Sentinel-1 and AMSR2 data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dinessen, Frode

    2017-04-01

    The Norwegian Ice Service provide ice charts of the European part of the Arctic every weekday. The charts are produced from a manually interpretation of satellite data where SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data plays a central role because of its high spatial resolution and Independence of cloud cover. A new chart is produced every weekday and the charts are distributed through the CMEMS portal. After the launch of Sentinel-1A and B the number of available SAR data have significant increased making it difficult to utilize all the data in a manually process. This in combination with a user demand for a more frequent update of the ice conditions, also during the weekends, have made it important to focus the development on utilizing the high resolution Sentinel-1 data in an automatic sea ice concentration analysis. The algorithm developed here is based on a multi sensor approach using an optimal interpolation to combine sea ice concentration products derived from Sentinel-1 and passive microwave data from AMSR2. The Sentinel-1 data is classified with a Bayesian SAR classification algorithm using data in extra wide mode dual polarization (HH/HV) to separate ice and water in the full 40x40 meter spatial resolution. From the classification of ice/water the sea ice concentration is estimated by calculating amount of ice within an area of 1x1 km. The AMSR2 sea ice concentration are produced as part of the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI SAF) project and utilize the 89 GHz channel to produce a concentration product with a 3km spatial resolution. Results from the automatic classification will be presented.

  9. Studies of Antarctic Sea Ice Concentrations from Satellite Data and Their Applications

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comiso, Josefino C.; Steffen, Konrad; Zukor, Dorothy J. (Technical Monitor)

    2001-01-01

    Large changes in the sea ice cover have been observed recently. Because of the relevance of such changes to climate change studies it is important that key ice concentration data sets used for evaluating such changes are interpreted properly. High and medium resolution visible and infrared satellite data are used in conjunction with passive microwave data to study the true characteristics of the Antarctic sea ice cover, assess errors in currently available ice concentration products, and evaluate the applications and limitations of the latter in polar process studies. Cloud-free high resolution data provide valuable information about the natural distribution, stage of formation, and composition of the ice cover that enables interpretation of the large spatial and temporal variability of the microwave emissivity of Antarctic sea ice. Comparative analyses of co-registered visible, infrared and microwave data were used to evaluate ice concentrations derived from standard ice algorithms (i.e., Bootstrap and Team) and investigate the 10 to 35% difference in derived values from large areas within the ice pack, especially in the Weddell Sea, Amundsen Sea, and Ross Sea regions. Landsat and OLS data show a predominance of thick consolidated ice in these areas and show good agreement with the Bootstrap Algorithm. While direct measurements were not possible, the lower values from the Team Algorithm results are likely due to layering within the ice and snow and/or surface flooding, which are known to affect the polarization ratio. In predominantly new ice regions, the derived ice concentration from passive microwave data is usually lower than the true percentage because the emissivity of new ice changes with age and thickness and is lower than that of thick ice. However, the product provides a more realistic characterization of the sea ice cover, and are more useful in polar process studies since it allows for the identification of areas of significant divergence and polynya

  10. Two new ways of mapping sea ice thickness using ocean waves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wadhams, P.

    2010-12-01

    TWO NEW METHODS OF MAPPING SEA ICE THICKNESS USING OCEAN WAVES. P. Wadhams (1,2), Martin Doble (1,2) and F. Parmiggiani (3) (1) Dept. of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK. (2) Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France (2) ISAC-CNR, Bologna, Italy Two new methods of mapping ice thickness have been recently developed and tested, both making use of the dispersion relation of ocean waves in ice of radically different types. In frazil-pancake ice, a young ice type in which cakes less than 5 m across float in a suspension of individual ice crystals, the propagation of waves has been successfully modelled by treating the ice layer as a highly viscous fluid. The model predicts a shortening of wavelengths within the ice. Two-dimensional Fourier analysis of successive SAR subscenes to track the directional spectrum of a wave field as it enters an ice edge shows that waves do indeed shorten within the ice, and the change has been successfully used to predict the thickness of the frazil-pancake layer. Concurrent shipborne sampling in the Antarctic has shown that the method is accurate, and we now propose its use throughout the important frazil-pancake regimes in the world ocean (Antarctic circumpolar ice edge zone, Greenland Sea, Bering Sea and others). A radically different type of dispersion occurs when ocean waves enter the continuous icefields of the central Arctic, when they couple with the elastic ice cover to propagate as a flexural-gravity wave. A two-axis tiltmeter array has been used to measure the resulting change in the dispersion relation for long ocean swell (15-30 s) originating from storms in the Greenland Sea. The dispersion relation is slightly different from swell in the open ocean, so if two such arrays are placed a substantial distance (100s of km) apart and used to observe the changing wave period of arrivals from a given

  11. Depth-to-Ice Map of a Southern Mars Site Near Melea Planum

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2007-01-01

    Color coding in this map of a far-southern site on Mars indicates the change in nighttime ground-surface temperature between summer and fall. This site, like most of high-latitude Mars, has water ice mixed with soil near the surface. The ice is probably in a rock-hard frozen layer beneath a few centimeters or inches of looser, dry soil. The amount of temperature change at the surface likely corresponds to how close to the surface the icy material lies.

    The dense, icy layer retains heat better than the looser soil above it, so where the icy layer is closer to the surface, the surface temperature changes more slowly than where the icy layer is buried deeper. On the map, areas of the surface that cooled more slowly between summer and autumn (interpreted as having the ice closer to the surface) are coded blue and green. Areas that cooled more quickly (interpreted as having more distance to the ice) are coded red and yellow.

    The depth to the top of the icy layer estimated from these observations suggests that in some areas, but not others, water is being exchanged by diffusion between atmospheric water vapor and subsurface water ice. Differences in what type of material lies above the ice appear to affect the depth to the ice. The area in this image with the greatest seasonal change in surface temperature corresponds to an area of sand dunes.

    This map and its interpretation are in a May 3, 2007, report in the journal Nature by Joshua Bandfield of Arizona State University, Tempe. The Thermal Emission Imaging System camera on NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter collected the data presented in the map. The site is centered near 67 degrees south latitude, 36.5 degrees east longitude, near a plain named Melea Planum. This site is within the portion of the planet where, in 2002, the Gamma Ray Spectrometer suite of instruments on Mars Odyssey found evidence for water ice lying just below the surface. The information from the Gamma Ray Spectrometer is

  12. Concentrations of a triplet excited state are enhanced in illuminated ice.

    PubMed

    Chen, Zeyuan; Anastasio, Cort

    2017-01-25

    Photochemical reactions influence the fates and lifetimes of organic compounds in snow and ice, both through direct photoreactions and via photoproduced transient species such as hydroxyl radical (˙OH) and, perhaps, triplet excited states of organic compounds (i.e., triplets). While triplets can be important oxidants in atmospheric drops and surface waters, little is known of this class of oxidants in frozen samples. To investigate this, we examined the photoreaction of phenol with the triplet state of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde ( 3 DMB*), a product from biomass combustion, in illuminated laboratory ices. Our results show that the rate of phenol loss due to 3 DMB* is, on average, increased by a factor of 95 ± 50 in ice compared to the equivalent liquid sample. We find that this experimentally measured freeze concentration factor, F EXP , is independent of total solute concentration and temperature, in contrast to what is expected from a liquid-like region whose composition follows freezing point depression. We also find that F EXP for triplets is independent of pH, although the rates of phenol loss increase with decreasing pH in both solution and ice. The enhancement in the rate of phenol loss in/on ice indicates that concentrations of triplet excited states are enhanced in ice relative to solution and suggests that this class of oxidants might be a significant sink for organics in snow and ice.

  13. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of salts in natural sea ice

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Obbard, Rachel W.; Lieb-Lappen, Ross M.; Nordick, Katherine V.

    We describe the use of synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to examine the microstructural location of specific elements, primarily salts, in sea ice. This work was part of an investigation of the location of bromine in the sea ice-snowpack-blowing snow system, where it plays a part in the heterogeneous chemistry that contributes to tropospheric ozone depletion episodes. We analyzed samples at beamline 13-ID-E of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Using an 18 keV incident energy beam, we produced elemental maps of salts for sea ice samples from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The distribution of salts in sea icemore » depends on ice type. In our columnar ice samples, Br was located in parallel lines spaced roughly 0.5 mm apart, corresponding to the spacing of lamellae in the skeletal region during initial ice growth. The maps revealed concentrations of Br in linear features in samples from all but the topmost and bottommost depths. For those samples, the maps revealed rounded features. Calibration of the Br elemental maps showed bulk concentrations to be 5–10 g/m 3, with concentrations ten times larger in the linear features. Through comparison with horizontal thin sections, we could verify that these linear features were brine sheets or layers.« less

  14. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of salts in natural sea ice

    DOE PAGES

    Obbard, Rachel W.; Lieb-Lappen, Ross M.; Nordick, Katherine V.; ...

    2016-10-23

    We describe the use of synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to examine the microstructural location of specific elements, primarily salts, in sea ice. This work was part of an investigation of the location of bromine in the sea ice-snowpack-blowing snow system, where it plays a part in the heterogeneous chemistry that contributes to tropospheric ozone depletion episodes. We analyzed samples at beamline 13-ID-E of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Using an 18 keV incident energy beam, we produced elemental maps of salts for sea ice samples from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The distribution of salts in sea icemore » depends on ice type. In our columnar ice samples, Br was located in parallel lines spaced roughly 0.5 mm apart, corresponding to the spacing of lamellae in the skeletal region during initial ice growth. The maps revealed concentrations of Br in linear features in samples from all but the topmost and bottommost depths. For those samples, the maps revealed rounded features. Calibration of the Br elemental maps showed bulk concentrations to be 5–10 g/m 3, with concentrations ten times larger in the linear features. Through comparison with horizontal thin sections, we could verify that these linear features were brine sheets or layers.« less

  15. Antartic sea ice, 1973 - 1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zwally, H. J.; Comiso, J. C.; Parkinson, C. L.; Campbell, W. J.; Carsey, F. D.; Gloersen, P.

    1983-01-01

    Data from the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) on the Nimbus 5 satellite are used to determine the extent and distribution of Antarctic sea ice. The characteristics of the southern ocean, the mathematical formulas used to obtain quantitative sea ice concentrations, the general characteristics of the seasonal sea ice growth/decay cycle and regional differences, and the observed seasonal growth/decay cycle for individual years and interannual variations of the ice cover are discussed. The sea ice data from the ESMR are presented in the form of color-coded maps of the Antarctic and the southern oceans. The maps show brightness temperatures and concentrations of pack ice averaged for each month, 4-year monthly averages, and month-to-month changes. Graphs summarizing the results, such as areas of sea ice as a function of time in the various sectors of the southern ocean are included. The images demonstrate that satellite microwave data provide unique information on large-scale sea ice conditions for determining climatic conditions in polar regions and possible global climatic changes.

  16. Passive microwave mapping of ice thickness. Final Report. Ph.D. Thesis

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Apinis, J. J.; Peake, W. H.

    1976-01-01

    Basic calculations are presented for evaluating the feasibility of a scanning microwave radiometer system for mapping the thickness of lake ice. An analytical model for the apparent brightness temperature as a function of ice thickness has been developed, and elaborated to include such variables as galactic and atmospheric noise, aspect angle, polarization, temperature gradient in the ice, the presence of transition layers such as snow, slush, and water, increased loss due to air inclusions in the ice layer, and the presence of multiple ice thicknesses within the antenna footprint. It was found that brightness temperature measurements at six or seven frequencies in the range of 0.4 to 0.7 GHz were required to obtain unambiquous thickness estimates. A number of data processing methods were examined. The effects of antenna beamwidth, scanning rate, receiver bandwidth, noise figure, and integration time were studied.

  17. Spatially Mapped Reductions in the Length of the Arctic Sea Ice Season

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Parkinson, Claire L.

    2014-01-01

    Satellite data are used to determine the number of days having sea ice coverage in each year 1979-2013 and to map the trends in these ice-season lengths. Over the majority of the Arctic seasonal sea ice zone, the ice season shortened at an average rate of at least 5 days/decade between 1979 and 2013, and in a small area in the northeastern Barents Sea the rate of shortening reached over 65 days/decade. The only substantial non-coastal area with lengthening sea ice seasons is the Bering Sea, where the ice season lengthened by 5-15 days/decade. Over the Arctic as a whole, the area with ice seasons shortened by at least 5 days/decade is 12.4 × 10(exp 6) square kilimeters, while the area with ice seasons lengthened by at least 5 days/decade is only 1.1 × 10(exp 6) square kilometers. The contrast is even greater, percentage-wise, for higher rates.

  18. Landcover Mapping of the McMurdo Ice Shelf Using Landsat and WorldView Image Data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hansen, E. K.; Macdonald, G.; Mayer, D. P.; MacAyeal, D. R.

    2016-12-01

    Ice shelves bound approximately half of the Antarctic coast and act to buttress the glaciers that feed them. The collapse of the Larsen B Ice Shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula highlights the importance of processes at the surface for an ice shelf's stability. The McMurdo Ice Shelf is unique among Antarctic ice shelves in that it exists in a relatively warm climate zone and is thus more vulnerable to climate change than colder ice shelves at similar latitudes. However, little is known quantitatively about the surface cover types across the ice shelf, impeding the study of its hydrology and of the origins of its features. In particular, no work has been done linking field observations of supraglacial channels to shelf-wide surface hydrology. We will present the first satellite-derived multiscale landcover map of the McMurdo Ice Shelf based on Landsat 8 and WorldView-2 image data. Landcover types are extracted using supervised classification methods referenced to field observations. Landsat 8 provides coverage of the entire ice shelf ( 5,000 km2) at 30 m/pixel, sufficient to distinguish glacial ice, debris cover, and large supraglacial lakes. WorldView data cover a smaller area— 300 km2 at 2 m/pixel—and thus allow detailed mapping of features that are not spatially resolved by Landsat, such as supraglacial channels and small fractures across the ice shelf's surface. We take advantage of the higher resolution of WorldView-2 data to calculate the area of mid-summer surface water in channels and melt ponds within a detailed study area and use this as the basis for a spectral mixture model in order to estimate the total surface water area across the ice shelf. We intend to use the maps to guide strategic planning of future field research into the seasonal surface hydrology and climate stability of the McMurdo Ice Shelf.

  19. Concentration gradients and growth/decay characteristics of the seasonal sea ice cover

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comiso, J. C.; Zwally, H. J.

    1984-01-01

    The characteristics of sea ice cover in both hemispheres are analyzed and compared. The areal sea ice cover in the entire polar regions and in various geographical sectors is quantified for various concentration intervals and is analyzed in a consistent manner. Radial profiles of brightness temperatures from the poles across the marginal zone are also evaluated at different transects along regular longitudinal intervals during different times of the year. These radial profiles provide statistical information about the ice concentration gradients and the rates at which the ice edge advances or retreats during a complete annual cycle.

  20. Predicting Maps of Green Growth in Košice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Poorova, Zuzana; Vranayova, Zuzana

    2017-10-01

    The paper deals with the changing of the traditional roofs in the city of Košice into green roofs. Possible areas of city housing estates, after taking into account the conditions of each of them (types of buildings, statics of buildings), are listed in the paper. The research is picturing the prediction maps of Košice city from 2017 to 2042 in 5-years interval. The paper is a segment of a dissertation work focusing on changing traditional roofs into green roofs with the aim to retain water, calculate the amount of retained water and show possibilities how to use this water.

  1. Seasonal comparisons of sea ice concentration estimates derived from SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT data

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Belchansky, Gennady I.; Douglas, David C.

    2002-01-01

    The Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) microwave satellite radiometer and its predecessor SMMR are primary sources of information for global sea ice and climate studies. However, comparisons of SSM/I, Landsat, AVHRR, and ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) have shown substantial seasonal and regional differences in their estimates of sea ice concentration. To evaluate these differences, we compared SSM/I estimates of sea ice coverage derived with the NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms to estimates made using RADARSAT, and OKEAN-01 satellite sensor data. The study area included the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean, during October 1995 through October 1999. Ice concentration estimates from spatially and temporally near-coincident imagery were calculated using independent algorithms for each sensor type. The OKEAN algorithm implemented the satellite's two-channel active (radar) and passive microwave data in a linear mixture model based on the measured values of brightness temperature and radar backscatter. The RADARSAT algorithm utilized a segmentation approach of the measured radar backscatter, and the SSM/I ice concentrations were derived at National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) using the NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms. Seasonal and monthly differences between SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT ice concentrations were calculated and compared. Overall, total sea ice concentration estimates derived independently from near-coincident RADARSAT, OKEAN-01, and SSM/I satellite imagery demonstrated mean differences of less than 5.5% (S.D.<9.5%) during the winter period. Differences between the SSM/I NASA Team and the SSM/I Bootstrap concentrations were no more than 3.1% (S.D.<5.4%) during this period. RADARSAT and OKEAN-01 data both yielded higher total ice concentrations than the NASA Team and the Bootstrap algorithms. The Bootstrap algorithm yielded higher total ice concentrations than the NASA Team algorithm. Total ice

  2. Mapping an Ice Station

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-12-08

    On July 10, 2011, Melinda Webster of University of Washington mapped the locations where measurements were collected during the 2011 ICESCAPE mission's fourth sea ice station in the Chukchi Sea. The ICESCAPE mission, or "Impacts of Climate on Ecosystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment," is a NASA shipborne investigation to study how changing conditions in the Arctic affect the ocean's chemistry and ecosystems. The bulk of the research took place in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas in summer 2010 and 2011. Credit: NASA/Kathryn Hansen NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

  3. Amazonian mid- to high-latitude glaciation on Mars: Supply-limited ice sources, ice accumulation patterns, and concentric crater fill glacial flow and ice sequestration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fastook, James L.; Head, James W.

    2014-02-01

    Concentric crater fill (CCF) occurs in the interior of impact craters in mid- to high latitudes on Mars and is interpreted to have formed by glacial ice flow and debris covering. We use the characteristics and orientation of deposits comprising CCF, the thickness of pedestal deposits in mid- to high-latitude pedestal craters (Pd), the volumes of the current polar caps, and information about regional slopes and ice rheology to address questions about (1) the maximum thickness of regional ice deposits during the Late Amazonian, (2) the likelihood that these deposits flowed regionally, (3) the geological regions and features most likely to induce ice-flow, and (4) the locations and environments in which ice is likely to have been sequestered up to the present. We find that regional ice flow under Late Amazonian climate conditions requires ice thicknesses exceeding many hundreds of meters for slopes typical of the vast majority of the surface of Mars, a thickness for the mid-latitudes that is well in excess of the total volume available from polar ice reservoirs. This indicates that although conditions for mid- to high-latitude glaciation may have persisted for tens to hundreds of millions of years, the process is “supply limited”, with a steady state reached when the polar ice cap water ice supply becomes exhausted. Impact craters are by far the most abundant landform with associated slopes (interior wall and exterior rim) sufficiently high to induce glacial ice flow under Late Amazonian climate conditions, and topographic slope data show that Amazonian impact craters have been clearly modified, undergoing crater interior slope reduction and floor shallowing. We show that these trends are the predictable response of ice deposition and preferential accumulation and retention in mid- to high-latitude crater interiors during episodes of enhanced spin-axis obliquity. We demonstrate that flow from a single episode of an inter-crater terrain layer comparable to Pedestal

  4. Coast Guard Assists with Mapping of Great Lakes Ice

    NASA Image and Video Library

    1976-11-21

    A group of Coast Guard seamen leave their ship to verify ice formations on the Great Lakes as part of an joint effort with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The regular winter freezing of large portions of the Great Lakes stalled the shipping industry. Lewis began working on two complementary systems to monitor the ice. The Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) system used microwaves to measure the ice distribution and electromagnetic systems used noise modulation to determine the thickness of the ice. The images were then transferred via satellite to the Coast Guard station. The Coast Guard then transmitted the pertinent images by VHF to the ship captains to help them select the best route. The Great Lakes ice mapping devices were first tested on NASA aircraft during the winter of 1972 and 1973. The pulsed radar system was transferred to the Coast Guard’s C-130 aircraft for the 1975 and 1976 winter. The SLAR was installed in the rear cargo door, and the small S-band antenna was mounted to the underside of the aircraft. Coast Guard flights began in January 1975 at an altitude of 11,000 feet. Early in the program, teams of guardsmen and NASA researchers frequently set out in boats to take samples and measurements of the ice in order to verify the radar information.

  5. Contribution of feldspar and marine organic aerosols to global ice nucleating particle concentrations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Vergara-Temprado, Jesús; Murray, Benjamin J.; Wilson, Theodore W.

    Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are known to affect the amount of ice in mixed-phase clouds, thereby influencing many of their properties. The atmospheric INP concentration changes by orders of magnitude from terrestrial to marine environments, which typically contain much lower concentrations. Many modelling studies use parameterizations for heterogeneous ice nucleation and cloud ice processes that do not account for this difference because they were developed based on INP measurements made predominantly in terrestrial environments without considering the aerosol composition. Errors in the assumed INP concentration will influence the simulated amount of ice in mixed-phase clouds, leading to errors in top-of-atmosphere radiativemore » flux and ultimately the climate sensitivity of the model. Here we develop a global model of INP concentrations relevant for mixed-phase clouds based on laboratory and field measurements of ice nucleation by K-feldspar (an ice-active component of desert dust) and marine organic aerosols (from sea spray). The simulated global distribution of INP concentrations based on these two species agrees much better with currently available ambient measurements than when INP concentrations are assumed to depend only on temperature or particle size. Underestimation of INP concentrations in some terrestrial locations may be due to the neglect of INPs from other terrestrial sources. Our model indicates that, on a monthly average basis, desert dusts dominate the contribution to the INP population over much of the world, but marine organics become increasingly important over remote oceans and they dominate over the Southern Ocean. However, day-to-day variability is important. Because desert dust aerosol tends to be sporadic, marine organic aerosols dominate the INP population on many days per month over much of the mid- and high-latitude Northern Hemisphere. This study advances our understanding of which aerosol species need to be included in order

  6. Using Satellite-derived Ice Concentration to Represent Antarctic Coastal Polynyas in Ocean Climate Models

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stoessel, Achim; Markus, Thorsten

    2003-01-01

    The focus of this paper is on the representation of Antarctic coastal polynyas in global ice-ocean general circulation models (OGCMs), in particular their local, regional, and high-frequency behavior. This is verified with the aid of daily ice concentration derived from satellite passive microwave data using the NASATeam 2 (NT2) and the bootstrap (BS) algorithms. Large systematic regional and temporal discrepancies arise, some of which are related to the type of convection parameterization used in the model. An attempt is made to improve the fresh-water flux associated with melting and freezing in Antarctic coastal polynyas by ingesting (assimilating) satellite ice concentration where it comes to determining the thermodynamics of the open-water fraction of a model grid cell. Since the NT2 coastal open-water fraction (polynyas) tends to be less extensive than the simulated one in the decisive season and region, assimilating NT2 coastal ice concentration yields overall reduced net freezing rates, smaller formation rates of Antarctic Bottom Water, and a stronger southward flow of North Atlantic Deep Water across 30 S. Enhanced net freezing rates occur regionally when NT2 coastal ice concentration is assimilated, concomitant with a more realistic ice thickness distribution and accumulation of High-Salinity Shelf Water. Assimilating BS rather than NT2 coastal ice concentration, the differences to the non-assimilated simulation are generally smaller and of opposite sign. This suggests that the model reproduces coastal ice concentration in closer agreement with the BS data than with the NT2 data, while more realistic features emerge when NT2 data are assimilated.

  7. Comparing modelled and measured ice crystal concentrations in orographic clouds during the INUPIAQ campaign

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Farrington, Robert; Connolly, Paul J.; Lloyd, Gary; Bower, Keith N.; Flynn, Michael J.; Gallagher, Martin W.; Field, Paul R.; Dearden, Chris; Choularton, Thomas W.; Hoyle, Chris

    2016-04-01

    At temperatures between -35°C and 0°C, the presence of insoluble aerosols acting as ice nuclei (IN) is the only way in which ice can nucleate under atmospheric conditions. Previous field and laboratory campaigns have suggested that mineral dust present in the atmosphere act as IN at temperatures warmer than -35°C (e.g. Sassen et al. 2003); however, the cause of ice nucleation at temperatures greater than -10°C is less certain. In-situ measurements of aerosol properties and cloud micro-physical processes are required to drive the improvement of aerosol-cloud processes in numerical models. As part of the Ice NUcleation Process Investigation and Quantification (INUPIAQ) project, two field campaigns were conducted in the winters of 2013 and 2014 (Lloyd et al. 2014). Both campaigns included measurements of cloud micro-physical properties at the summit of Jungfraujoch in Switzerland (3580m asl), using cloud probes, including the Two-Dimensional Stereo Hydrometeor Spectrometer (2D-S), the Cloud Particle Imager 3V (CPI-3V) and the Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer with Depolarization (CAS-DPOL). The first two of these probes measured significantly higher ice number concentrations than those observed in clouds at similar altitudes from aircraft. In this contribution, we assess the source of the high ice number concentrations observed by comparing in-situ measurements at Jungfraujoch with WRF simulations applied to the region around Jungfraujoch. During the 2014 field campaign the model simulations regularly simulated ice particle concentrations that were 3 orders of magnitude per litre less than the observed ice number concentration, even taking into account the aerosol properties measured upwind. WRF was used to investigate a number of potential sources of the high ice crystal concentrations, including: an increased ice nucleating particle (INP) concentration, secondary ice multiplication and the advection of surface ice or snow crystals into the clouds. It was found that the

  8. Record low sea-ice concentration in the central Arctic during summer 2010

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Jinping; Barber, David; Zhang, Shugang; Yang, Qinghua; Wang, Xiaoyu; Xie, Hongjie

    2018-01-01

    The Arctic sea-ice extent has shown a declining trend over the past 30 years. Ice coverage reached historic minima in 2007 and again in 2012. This trend has recently been assessed to be unique over at least the last 1450 years. In the summer of 2010, a very low sea-ice concentration (SIC) appeared at high Arctic latitudes—even lower than that of surrounding pack ice at lower latitudes. This striking low ice concentration—referred to here as a record low ice concentration in the central Arctic (CARLIC)—is unique in our analysis period of 2003-15, and has not been previously reported in the literature. The CARLIC was not the result of ice melt, because sea ice was still quite thick based on in-situ ice thickness measurements. Instead, divergent ice drift appears to have been responsible for the CARLIC. A high correlation between SIC and wind stress curl suggests that the sea ice drift during the summer of 2010 responded strongly to the regional wind forcing. The drift trajectories of ice buoys exhibited a transpolar drift in the Atlantic sector and an eastward drift in the Pacific sector, which appeared to benefit the CARLIC in 2010. Under these conditions, more solar energy can penetrate into the open water, increasing melt through increased heat flux to the ocean. We speculate that this divergence of sea ice could occur more often in the coming decades, and impact on hemispheric SIC and feed back to the climate.

  9. Investigation of Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration by Means of Selected Algorithms

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-05-08

    Changes in areal extent and concentration of sea ice around Antarctica may serve as sensitive indicators of global warming . A comparison study was...occurred from July, 1987 through June, 1990. Antarctic Ocean, Antarctic regions, Global warming , Sea ice-Antarctic regions.

  10. Effects of Atmospheric Water and Surface Wind on Passive Microwave Retrievals of Sea Ice Concentration: a Simulation Study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shin, D.; Chiu, L. S.; Clemente-Colon, P.

    2006-05-01

    The atmospheric effects on the retrieval of sea ice concentration from passive microwave sensors are examined using simulated data typical for the Arctic summer. The simulation includes atmospheric contributions of cloud liquid water, water vapor and surface wind on the microwave signatures. A plane parallel radiative transfer model is used to compute brightness temperatures at SSM/I frequencies over surfaces that contain open water, first-year (FY) ice and multi-year (MY) ice and their combinations. Synthetic retrievals in this study use the NASA Team (NT) algorithm for the estimation of sea ice concentrations. This study shows that if the satellite sensor's field of view is filled with only FY ice the retrieval is not much affected by the atmospheric conditions due to the high contrast between emission signals from FY ice surface and the signals from the atmosphere. Pure MY ice concentration is generally underestimated due to the low MY ice surface emissivity that results in the enhancement of emission signals from the atmospheric parameters. Simulation results in marginal ice areas also show that the atmospheric effects from cloud liquid water, water vapor and surface wind tend to degrade the accuracy at low sea ice concentration. FY ice concentration is overestimated and MY ice concentration is underestimated in the presence of atmospheric water and surface wind at low ice concentration. This compensating effect reduces the retrieval uncertainties of total (FY and MY) ice concentration. Over marginal ice zones, our results suggest that strong surface wind is more important than atmospheric water in contributing to the retrieval errors of total ice concentrations in the normal ranges of these variables.

  11. Validation of Suomi-NPP VIIRS sea ice concentration with very high-resolution satellite and airborne camera imagery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baldwin, Daniel; Tschudi, Mark; Pacifici, Fabio; Liu, Yinghui

    2017-08-01

    Two independent VIIRS-based Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) products are validated against SIC as estimated from Very High Spatial Resolution Imagery for several VIIRS overpasses. The 375 m resolution VIIRS SIC from the Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS) SIC algorithm is compared against estimates made from 2 m DigitalGlobe (DG) WorldView-2 imagery and also against estimates created from 10 cm Digital Mapping System (DMS) camera imagery. The 750 m VIIRS SIC from the Enterprise SIC algorithm is compared against DG imagery. The IDPS vs. DG comparisons reveal that, due to algorithm issues, many of the IDPS SIC retrievals were falsely assigned ice-free values when the pixel was clearly over ice. These false values increased the validation bias and RMS statistics. The IDPS vs. DMS comparisons were largely over ice-covered regions and did not demonstrate the false retrieval issue. The validation results show that products from both the IDPS and Enterprise algorithms were within or very close to the 10% accuracy (bias) specifications in both the non-melting and melting conditions, but only products from the Enterprise algorithm met the 25% specifications for the uncertainty (RMS).

  12. Operational Implementation of Sea Ice Concentration Estimates from the AMSR2 Sensor

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Meier, Walter N.; Stewart, J. Scott; Liu, Yinghui; Key, Jeffrey; Miller, Jeffrey A.

    2017-01-01

    An operation implementation of a passive microwave sea ice concentration algorithm to support NOAA's operational mission is presented. The NASA team 2 algorithm, previously developed for the NASA advanced microwave scanning radiometer for the Earth observing system (AMSR-E) product suite, is adapted for operational use with the JAXA AMSR2 sensor through several enhancements. First, the algorithm is modified to process individual swaths and provide concentration from the most recent swaths instead of a 24-hour average. A latency (time since observation) field and a 24-hour concentration range (maximum-minimum) are included to provide indications of data timeliness and variability. Concentration from the Bootstrap algorithm is a secondary field to provide complementary sea ice information. A quality flag is implemented to provide information on interpolation, filtering, and other quality control steps. The AMSR2 concentration fields are compared with a different AMSR2 passive microwave product, and then validated via comparison with sea ice concentration from the Suomi visible and infrared imaging radiometer suite. This validation indicates the AMSR2 concentrations have a bias of 3.9% and an RMSE of 11.0% in the Arctic, and a bias of 4.45% and RMSE of 8.8% in the Antarctic. In most cases, the NOAA operational requirements for accuracy are met. However, in low-concentration regimes, such as during melt and near the ice edge, errors are higher because of the limitations of passive microwave sensors and the algorithm retrieval.

  13. Using depolarization to quantify ice nucleating particle concentrations: a new method

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zenker, Jake; Collier, Kristen N.; Xu, Guanglang

    We have developed a new method to determine ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations observed by the Texas A&M University continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC) under a wide range of operating conditions. In this study, we evaluate differences in particle optical properties detected by the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer with POLarization (CASPOL) to differentiate between ice crystals, droplets, and aerosols. The depolarization signal from the CASPOL instrument is used to determine the occurrence of water droplet breakthrough (WDBT) conditions in the CFDC. The standard procedure for determining INP concentration is to count all particles that have grown beyond a nominal sizemore » cutoff as ice crystals. During WDBT this procedure overestimates INP concentration, because large droplets are miscounted as ice crystals. Here we design a new analysis method based on depolarization ratio that can extend the range of operating conditions of the CFDC. The method agrees reasonably well with the traditional method under non-WDBT conditions with a mean percent error of ±32.1 %. Additionally, a comparison with the Colorado State University CFDC shows that the new analysis method can be used reliably during WDBT conditions.« less

  14. Using depolarization to quantify ice nucleating particle concentrations: a new method

    DOE PAGES

    Zenker, Jake; Collier, Kristen N.; Xu, Guanglang; ...

    2017-12-01

    We have developed a new method to determine ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations observed by the Texas A&M University continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC) under a wide range of operating conditions. In this study, we evaluate differences in particle optical properties detected by the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer with POLarization (CASPOL) to differentiate between ice crystals, droplets, and aerosols. The depolarization signal from the CASPOL instrument is used to determine the occurrence of water droplet breakthrough (WDBT) conditions in the CFDC. The standard procedure for determining INP concentration is to count all particles that have grown beyond a nominal sizemore » cutoff as ice crystals. During WDBT this procedure overestimates INP concentration, because large droplets are miscounted as ice crystals. Here we design a new analysis method based on depolarization ratio that can extend the range of operating conditions of the CFDC. The method agrees reasonably well with the traditional method under non-WDBT conditions with a mean percent error of ±32.1 %. Additionally, a comparison with the Colorado State University CFDC shows that the new analysis method can be used reliably during WDBT conditions.« less

  15. Using depolarization to quantify ice nucleating particle concentrations: a new method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zenker, Jake; Collier, Kristen N.; Xu, Guanglang; Yang, Ping; Levin, Ezra J. T.; Suski, Kaitlyn J.; DeMott, Paul J.; Brooks, Sarah D.

    2017-12-01

    We have developed a new method to determine ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations observed by the Texas A&M University continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC) under a wide range of operating conditions. In this study, we evaluate differences in particle optical properties detected by the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer with POLarization (CASPOL) to differentiate between ice crystals, droplets, and aerosols. The depolarization signal from the CASPOL instrument is used to determine the occurrence of water droplet breakthrough (WDBT) conditions in the CFDC. The standard procedure for determining INP concentration is to count all particles that have grown beyond a nominal size cutoff as ice crystals. During WDBT this procedure overestimates INP concentration, because large droplets are miscounted as ice crystals. Here we design a new analysis method based on depolarization ratio that can extend the range of operating conditions of the CFDC. The method agrees reasonably well with the traditional method under non-WDBT conditions with a mean percent error of ±32.1 %. Additionally, a comparison with the Colorado State University CFDC shows that the new analysis method can be used reliably during WDBT conditions.

  16. Reduced fat and sugar vanilla ice creams: sensory profiling and external preference mapping.

    PubMed

    Cadena, R S; Cruz, A G; Faria, J A F; Bolini, H M A

    2012-09-01

    The aims of this study were (1) to map sensory attributes of vanilla ice cream with reduced fat and sugar, and (2) to determine drivers of liking by applying external preference mapping and reveal the relationship between descriptive attributes and hedonic judgments using the partial least squares method. Descriptive sensory profiles (n=11) and consumer test (n=117) of 6 samples of vanilla ice cream (3 traditional and 3 with reduced fat and sugar) were determined. The attributes brightness and sweet aftertaste for sample and creaminess (appearance and texture) and sweet aroma contributed positively to the acceptance of ice cream samples. The attributes aeration, powdered milk aroma and flavor, and white chocolate aroma and flavor contributed positively to the acceptance of the ice creams. The attributes hydrogenated fat aroma and flavor were responsible for the lower acceptance of samples. The reduction in fat and sugar did not necessarily cause a decrease in acceptance. The most important factors were selection of the appropriate sweetener system and the use of good quality raw material. Copyright © 2012 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  17. High Ice Water Concentrations in the 19 August 2015 Coastal Mesoconvective System

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Proctor, Fred H.; Harrah, Steven; Switzer, George F.; Strickland, Justin K.; Hunt, Patricia J.

    2017-01-01

    During August 2015, NASA's DC-8 research aircraft was flown into High Ice Water Content (HIWC) events as part of a three-week campaign to collect airborne radar data and to obtain measurements from microphysical probes. Goals for this flight campaign included improved characterization of HIWC events, especially from an airborne radar perspective. This paper focuses on one of the flight days, in which a coastal mesoscale convective system (MCS) was investigated for HIWC conditions. The system appears to have been maintained by bands of convection flowing in from the Gulf of Mexico. These convective bands were capped by a large cloud canopy, which masks the underlying structure if viewed from an infrared sensing satellite. The DC-8 was equipped with an IsoKinetic Probe that measured ice concentrations of up to 2.3 g m(exp -3) within the cloud canopy of this system. Sustained measurements of ice crystals with concentrations exceeding 1 g m(exp -3) were encountered for up to ten minutes of flight time. Airborne Radar reflectivity factors were found to be weak within these regions of high ice water concentrations, suggesting that Radar detection of HIWC would be a challenging endeavor. This case is then investigated using a three-dimensional numerical cloud model. Profiles of ice water concentrations and radar reflectivity factor demonstrate similar magnitudes and scales between the flight measurements and model simulation. Also discussed are recent modifications to the numerical model's ice-microphysics that are based on measurements during the flight campaign. The numerical model and its updated ice-microphysics are further validated with a simulation of a well-known case of a supercell hailstorm measured during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment. Differences in HIWC between the continental supercell and the coastal MCS are discussed.

  18. MMAB Sea Ice Analysis Page

    Science.gov Websites

    . Consequently we produce two sorts of field. One is suitable for use by models, the global field. And the other color bar gif of the Alaska Region map Previous Alaska Region Maps NCEP MMAB Interactive Sea Ice Image Generation Animation Alaska Region Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan - current figure concentration color bar

  19. Passive Microwave Algorithms for Sea Ice Concentration: A Comparison of Two Techniques

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comiso, Josefino C.; Cavalieri, Donald J.; Parkinson, Claire L.; Gloersen, Per

    1997-01-01

    The most comprehensive large-scale characterization of the global sea ice cover so far has been provided by satellite passive microwave data. Accurate retrieval of ice concentrations from these data is important because of the sensitivity of surface flux(e.g. heat, salt, and water) calculations to small change in the amount of open water (leads and polynyas) within the polar ice packs. Two algorithms that have been used for deriving ice concentrations from multichannel data are compared. One is the NASA Team algorithm and the other is the Bootstrap algorithm, both of which were developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The two algorithms use different channel combinations, reference brightness temperatures, weather filters, and techniques. Analyses are made to evaluate the sensitivity of algorithm results to variations of emissivity and temperature with space and time. To assess the difference in the performance of the two algorithms, analyses were performed with data from both hemispheres and for all seasons. The results show only small differences in the central Arctic in but larger disagreements in the seasonal regions and in summer. In some ares in the Antarctic, the Bootstrap technique show ice concentrations higher than those of the Team algorithm by as much as 25%; whereas, in other areas, it shows ice concentrations lower by as much as 30%. The The differences in the results are caused by temperature effects, emissivity effects, and tie point differences. The Team and the Bootstrap results were compared with available Landsat, advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. AVHRR, Landsat, and SAR data sets all yield higher concentrations than the passive microwave algorithms. Inconsistencies among results suggest the need for further validation studies.

  20. Sea ice algae chlorophyll a concentrations derived from under-ice spectral radiation profiling platforms

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lange, Benjamin A.; Katlein, Christian; Nicolaus, Marcel; Peeken, Ilka; Flores, Hauke

    2016-12-01

    Multiscale sea ice algae observations are fundamentally important for projecting changes to sea ice ecosystems, as the physical environment continues to change. In this study, we developed upon previously established methodologies for deriving sea ice-algal chlorophyll a concentrations (chl a) from spectral radiation measurements, and applied these to larger-scale spectral surveys. We conducted four different under-ice spectral measurements: irradiance, radiance, transmittance, and transflectance, and applied three statistical approaches: Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF), Normalized Difference Indices (NDI), and multi-NDI. We developed models based on ice core chl a and coincident spectral irradiance/transmittance (N = 49) and radiance/transflectance (N = 50) measurements conducted during two cruises to the central Arctic Ocean in 2011 and 2012. These reference models were ranked based on two criteria: mean robustness R2 and true prediction error estimates. For estimating the biomass of a large-scale data set, the EOF approach performed better than the NDI, due to its ability to account for the high variability of environmental properties experienced over large areas. Based on robustness and true prediction error, the three most reliable models, EOF-transmittance, EOF-transflectance, and NDI-transmittance, were applied to two remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and two Surface and Under-Ice Trawl (SUIT) spectral radiation surveys. In these larger-scale chl a estimates, EOF-transmittance showed the best fit to ice core chl a. Application of our most reliable model, EOF-transmittance, to an 85 m horizontal ROV transect revealed large differences compared to published biomass estimates from the same site with important implications for projections of Arctic-wide ice-algal biomass and primary production.

  1. NASA Team 2 Sea Ice Concentration Algorithm Retrieval Uncertainty

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Brucker, Ludovic; Cavalieri, Donald J.; Markus, Thorsten; Ivanoff, Alvaro

    2014-01-01

    Satellite microwave radiometers are widely used to estimate sea ice cover properties (concentration, extent, and area) through the use of sea ice concentration (IC) algorithms. Rare are the algorithms providing associated IC uncertainty estimates. Algorithm uncertainty estimates are needed to assess accurately global and regional trends in IC (and thus extent and area), and to improve sea ice predictions on seasonal to interannual timescales using data assimilation approaches. This paper presents a method to provide relative IC uncertainty estimates using the enhanced NASA Team (NT2) IC algorithm. The proposed approach takes advantage of the NT2 calculations and solely relies on the brightness temperatures (TBs) used as input. NT2 IC and its associated relative uncertainty are obtained for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres using the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) TB. NT2 IC relative uncertainties estimated on a footprint-by-footprint swath-by-swath basis were averaged daily over each 12.5-km grid cell of the polar stereographic grid. For both hemispheres and throughout the year, the NT2 relative uncertainty is less than 5%. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is low in the interior ice pack, and it increases in the marginal ice zone up to 5%. In the Northern Hemisphere, areas with high uncertainties are also found in the high IC area of the Central Arctic. Retrieval uncertainties are greater in areas corresponding to NT2 ice types associated with deep snow and new ice. Seasonal variations in uncertainty show larger values in summer as a result of melt conditions and greater atmospheric contributions. Our analysis also includes an evaluation of the NT2 algorithm sensitivity to AMSR-E sensor noise. There is a 60% probability that the IC does not change (to within the computed retrieval precision of 1%) due to sensor noise, and the cumulated probability shows that there is a 90% chance that the IC varies by less than

  2. Understanding Ice Supersaturation, Particle Growth, and Number Concentration in Cirrus Clouds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comstock, Jennifer M.; Lin, Ruei-Fong; Starr, David O'C.; Yang, Ping

    2008-01-01

    Many factors control the ice supersaturation and microphysical properties in cirrus clouds. We explore the effects of dynamic forcing, ice nucleation mechanisms, and ice crystal growth rate on the evolution and distribution of water vapor and cloud properties in nighttime cirrus clouds using a one-dimensional cloud model with bin microphysics and remote sensing measurements obtained at the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility located near Lamont, OK. We forced the model using both large-scale vertical ascent and, for the first time, mean mesoscale velocity derived from radar Doppler velocity measurements. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation processes are explored, where a classical theory heterogeneous scheme is compared with empirical representations. We evaluated model simulations by examining both bulk cloud properties and distributions of measured radar reflectivity, lidar extinction, and water vapor profiles, as well as retrieved cloud microphysical properties. Our results suggest that mesoscale variability is the primary mechanism needed to reproduce observed quantities. Model sensitivity to the ice growth rate is also investigated. The most realistic simulations as compared with observations are forced using mesoscale waves, include fast ice crystal growth, and initiate ice by either homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations (tens to hundreds particles per liter) are typically two orders of magnitude smaller than previously published results based on aircraft measurements in cirrus clouds, although higher concentrations are possible in isolated pockets within the nucleation zone.

  3. Mapping Solid and Liquid Meltwater Retention on the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets from Space

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Miller, J.; Bringer, A.; Jezek, K. C.; Johnson, J. T.; Scambos, T.; Forster, R. R.; Long, D. G.

    2017-12-01

    We use satellite and airborne microwave radiometry to explore the potential for mapping both solid (infiltration ice) and liquid (firn aquifers) meltwater retention on ice sheets. Meltwater retention in firn is currently poorly understood, especially on an ice sheet-scale, however, critical to understanding the ultimate fate of liquid meltwater produced at the surface of ice sheets. Is it contributing to sea level? Or, is it being buffered prior to escaping into the ocean? We previously developed a simple satellite retrieval technique to map firn aquifers on the Greenland ice sheet using distinct L-band brightness temperature signatures that decrease on timescales of months following surface freeze-up, however, similar L-band brightness temperature signatures that decrease on timescales ranging from weeks to days are also present throughout the percolation facies of both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. We hypothesize this characteristic family of temporal signatures represents meltwater retention within firn, where slowly decreasing signatures are characteristic of meltwater retention within perennial firn aquifers, and rapidly decreasing signatures are characteristic of meltwater retention as superimposed ice. Decreasing signatures on timescales between likely represent a continuum of firn characteristics, such as transient firn aquifers, perched firn aquifers, ice layers, ice pipes and lenses, and iced firn. To investigate these temporal signatures, we use L-band (1.4 GHz) brightness temperature observations collected over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets by the interferometric MIRAS instrument aboard ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite, and the radiometer aboard NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite. We will also investigate spectral signatures using multi-frequency L-band brightness temperature data (0.5-2 GHz) to be collected over several firn aquifer areas on the Greenland ice sheet by the Ohio State University

  4. Air Data - Concentration Map

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Make a map of daily concentrations over several days. The daily air quality can be displayed in terms of the Air Quality Index or in concentration ranges for certain PM species like organic carbon, nitrates, and sulfates.

  5. ALMA Thermal Mapping of Ceres – Search for Subsurface Water Ice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moullet, Arielle; Li, Jian-Yang; Titus, Timothy N.; Sykes, Mark V.; Hsieh, Henry H.

    2018-06-01

    Spectroscopic observations of the surface of Ceres by Dawn have demonstrated that hydrated minerals are ubiquitous, but only few smaller sites are enriched with water ice. This is somewhat surprising as Ceres is believed to host a large amount a water in its interior.The possibility of inhomogeneous subsurface water distribution can be investigated by tracing thermal inertia distribution. To that effect, we mapped the temperature of Ceres using 1.3mm maps of the whole surface obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) over three different epochs during one Ceres’ year. Assessing the thermal conditions at the depths probed by sub millimeter observations (a few cm below the surface, within the annual thermal skin depth) is critical to constrain the effective thermal inertia, and hence the status of subsurface water ice. We will present preliminary results in terms of temperature features and the corresponding thermal inertia derived based on comparisons from the KRC thermal model which has been extensively used for Mars. Initial analysis is consistent with the presence of near-surface high thermal inertia layer, presumably water ice, in the north polar region.This work is supported by the NASA Solar System Observations Program NNX15AE02G.

  6. Measurements of ice nucleating particle concentrations at 242 K in the free troposphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lacher, L.; Lohmann, U.; Boose, Y.; Zipori, A.; Herrmann, E.; Bukowiecki, N.; Steinbacher, M.; Gute, E.; Kanji, Z. A.

    2017-12-01

    Clouds containing ice play an important role in the Earth's system, but some fundamental knowledge on their formation and further development is still missing. The phase change from vapor or liquid to ice in the atmosphere can occur heterogeneously in the presence of ice nucleating particles (INPs) at temperatures warmer, and supersaturations lower than required for homogeneous freezing. Only a small fraction of particles in an environment relevant for the occurrence of ice- and mixed-phase clouds are INPs, and their identification and quantification remains challenging. We measure INP concentrations with the ETH Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber (HINC) at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (JFJ) during several field campaigns in different seasons and years. The measurements are performed at 242 K and above water saturation, representing ice- and mixed-phase clouds conditions. Due to its elevation of 3580 m a.s.l. the site encounters mostly free tropospheric conditions, and is influenced by boundary layer injections up to 80% of the time in summer. JFJ regularly encounters Saharan dust events and receives air masses of marine origin, which can both occur within the free troposphere. Our measurements show that INP concentrations in the free troposphere do not follow a seasonal cycle. They are remarkably constant, with concentrations from 0.5 - 8 L-1 (interquartile range), which compares well to measurements performed under the same conditions at another location within the free troposphere, the Izaña Atmospheric Research Station in Tenerife. At JFJ, correlations with parameters of physical properties of ambient particles, meteorology and air mass characteristics do not show a single best estimator to predict INP concentrations, emphasizing the complexity of ice nucleation in the free troposphere. Increases in INP concentrations of a temporary nature were observed in the free troposphere during Saharan dust events and marine air mass influence, which

  7. GAMBIT--Gamburtsev Aerogeophysical Mapping of Bedrock and Ice Targets During IPY

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Studinger, M.; Finn, C. A.; Bell, R. E.; Gogineni, S.; Hayden, L.; Braaten, D.

    2004-12-01

    Antarctica is a key element in Earth's climatic and geodynamic systems, yet on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year, we lack fundamental geologic and geophysical data from the deep interior of this vast continent. Despite the central role that Antarctica has played in shaping the present global environment, fundamental, first-order parameters such as ice volume and stratigraphy, bedrock elevation, lithology, structure, age, and tectonic history remain poorly known over large portions of the continent, including the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains. Given the extensive ice cover, airborne geophysical data is the best and most cost-effective method to characterize broad areas of sub-ice basement and expand our knowledge of Antarctica. Under a program entitled, GAMBIT--Gamburtsev Aerogeophysical Mapping of Bedrock and Ice Targets, we propose to conduct airborne gravity, magnetic and radar surveys over the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, a priority for geophysical and drilling studies by the solid Earth and glaciology communities for many years. This proposal will help develop long-range aerogeophysical capabilities and provide data to the Antarctic community within a year after collection to help answer fundamental science questions of global significance. By integrating these with international efforts during the IPY, we can maximize and broaden the use of all data sets. Specifically, we propose to image the East Antarctic ice sheet and bedrock with airborne geophysical surveys through the GAMBIT project in order to: 1) determine ice volume for mass balance calculations and identify internal layers reflecting the accumulation history of the East Antarctic ice sheet in the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains region; 2) characterize the gravity, magnetic, and elevation signatures of the East Antarctic crustal basement of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains; 3) integrate these data with existing and new data collected during IPY over

  8. In-lake carbon dioxide concentration patterns in four distinct phases in relation to ice cover dynamics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Denfeld, B. A.; Wallin, M.; Sahlee, E.; Sobek, S.; Kokic, J.; Chmiel, H.; Weyhenmeyer, G. A.

    2014-12-01

    Global carbon dioxide (CO2) emission estimates from inland waters include emissions at ice melt that are based on simple assumptions rather than evidence. To account for CO2 accumulation below ice and potential emissions into the atmosphere at ice melt we combined continuous CO2 concentrations with spatial CO2 sampling in an ice-covered small boreal lake. From early ice cover to ice melt, our continuous surface water CO2 concentration measurements at 2 m depth showed a temporal development in four distinct phases: In early winter, CO2 accumulated continuously below ice, most likely due to biological in-lake and catchment inputs. Thereafter, in late winter, CO2 concentrations remained rather constant below ice, as catchment inputs were minimized and vertical mixing of hypolimnetic water was cut off. As ice melt began, surface water CO2 concentrations were rapidly changing, showing two distinct peaks, the first one reflecting horizontal mixing of CO2 from surface and catchment waters, the second one reflecting deep water mixing. We detected that 83% of the CO2 accumulated in the water during ice cover left the lake at ice melt which corresponded to one third of the total CO2 storage. Our results imply that CO2 emissions at ice melt must be accurately integrated into annual CO2 emission estimates from inland waters. If up-scaling approaches assume that CO2 accumulates linearly under ice and at ice melt all CO2 accumulated during ice cover period leaves the lake again, present estimates may overestimate CO2 emissions from small ice covered lakes. Likewise, neglecting CO2 spring outbursts will result in an underestimation of CO2 emissions from small ice covered lakes.

  9. Monthly average polar sea-ice concentration

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Schweitzer, Peter N.

    1995-01-01

    The data contained in this CD-ROM depict monthly averages of sea-ice concentration in the modern polar oceans. These averages were derived from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) instruments aboard satellites of the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program from 1978 through 1992. The data are provided as 8-bit images using the Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) developed by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications.

  10. Arctic multiyear ice classification and summer ice cover using passive microwave satellite data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Comiso, J. C.

    1990-08-01

    The ability to classify and monitor Arctic multiyear sea ice cover using multispectral passive microwave data is studied. Sea ice concentration maps during several summer minima have been analyzed to obtain estimates of ice surviving the summer. The results are compared with multiyear ice concentrations derived from data the following winter, using an algorithm that assumes a certain emissivity for multiyear ice. The multiyear ice cover inferred from the winter data is approximately 25 to 40% less than the summer ice cover minimum, suggesting that even during winter when the emissivity of sea ice is most stable, passive microwave data may account for only a fraction of the total multiyear ice cover. The difference of about 2×106 km2 is considerably more than estimates of advection through Fram Strait during the intervening period. It appears that as in the Antarctic, some multiyear ice floes in the Arctic, especially those near the summer marginal ice zone, have first-year ice or intermediate signatures in the subsequent winter. A likely mechanism for this is the intrusion of seawater into the snow-ice interface, which often occurs near the marginal ice zone or in areas where snow load is heavy. Spatial variations in melt and melt ponding effects also contribute to the complexity of the microwave emissivity of multiyear ice. Hence the multiyear ice data should be studied in conjunction with the previous summer ice data to obtain a more complete characterization of the state of the Arctic ice cover. The total extent and actual areas of the summertime Arctic pack ice were estimated to be 8.4×106 km2 and 6.2×106 km2, respectively, and exhibit small interannual variability during the years 1979 through 1985, suggesting a relatively stable ice cover.

  11. Investigating the Effects of Environmental Solutes on the Reaction Environment in Ice and at Ice Surfaces

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Malley, Philip Patrick Anthony

    The reaction environments present in water, ice, and at ice surfaces are physically distinct from one another and studies have shown that photolytic reactions can take place at different rates in the different media. Kinetics of reactions in frozen media are measured in snow and ice prepared from deionized water. This reduces experimental artifacts, but is not relevant to snow in the environment, which contains solutes. We have monitored the effect of nonchromophoric (will not absorb sunlight) organic matter on the photolytic fate of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) phenanthrene, pyrene, and anthracene in ice and at ice surfaces. Nonchromophoric organic matter reduced photolysis rates to below our detection limit in bulk ice, and reduced rates at ice surfaces to a lesser extent due to the PAHs partially partitioning to the organics present. In addition, we have monitored the effect of chromophoric (will absorb sunlight) dissolved organic matter (cDOM) on the fate of anthracene in water, ice, and ice surfaces. cDOM reduced rates in all three media. Suppression in liquid water was due to physical interactions between anthracene and the cDOM, rather than to competitive photon absorbance. More suppression was observed in ice cubes and ice granules than in liquid water due to a freeze concentrating effect. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is another ubiquitous environmental solute that can influence reaction kinetics in water, ice, and at ice surfaces. Using Raman microscopy, we have mapped the surface of ice of frozen NaCl solutions at 0.02M and 0.6M, as well as the surface of frozen samples of Sargasso Sea Water. At temperatures above and below the eutectic temperature (-21.1°C). Above the eutectic, regions of ice and liquid water were observed in all samples. Liquid regions generally took the form of channels. Channel widths and fractional liquid surface coverage increased with NaCl concentration and temperature. Volume maps of the three samples at temperatures

  12. Statistical Prediction of Sea Ice Concentration over Arctic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Jongho; Jeong, Jee-Hoon; Kim, Baek-Min

    2017-04-01

    In this study, a statistical method that predict sea ice concentration (SIC) over the Arctic is developed. We first calculate the Season-reliant Empirical Orthogonal Functions (S-EOFs) of monthly Arctic SIC from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, which contain the seasonal cycles (12 months long) of dominant SIC anomaly patterns. Then, the current SIC state index is determined by projecting observed SIC anomalies for latest 12 months to the S-EOFs. Assuming the current SIC anomalies follow the spatio-temporal evolution in the S-EOFs, we project the future (upto 12 months) SIC anomalies by multiplying the SI and the corresponding S-EOF and then taking summation. The predictive skill is assessed by hindcast experiments initialized at all the months for 1980-2010. When comparing predictive skill of SIC predicted by statistical model and NCEP CFS v2, the statistical model shows a higher skill in predicting sea ice concentration and extent.

  13. Ice-nucleating particle concentrations unaffected by urban air pollution in Beijing, China

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Jie; Wu, Zhijun; Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie; Grawe, Sarah; Hartmann, Markus; Pei, Xiangyu; Liu, Zirui; Ji, Dongsheng; Wex, Heike

    2018-03-01

    Exceedingly high levels of PM2.5 with complex chemical composition occur frequently in China. It has been speculated whether anthropogenic PM2.5 may significantly contribute to ice-nucleating particles (INP). However, few studies have focused on the ice-nucleating properties of urban particles. In this work, two ice-nucleating droplet arrays have been used to determine the atmospheric number concentration of INP (NINP) in the range from -6 to -25 °C in Beijing. No correlations between NINP and either PM2.5 or black carbon mass concentrations were found, although both varied by more than a factor of 30 during the sampling period. Similarly, there were no correlations between NINP and either total particle number concentration or number concentrations for particles with diameters > 500 nm. Furthermore, there was no clear difference between day and night samples. All these results indicate that Beijing air pollution did not increase or decrease INP concentrations in the examined temperature range above values observed in nonurban areas; hence, the background INP concentrations might not be anthropogenically influenced as far as urban air pollution is concerned, at least in the examined temperature range.

  14. The Use of Satellite Observations in Ice Cover Simulations

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-01-01

    Io rmotions have been used to map upper-level winds over polar diagnose the origins of a large area of reduced ice ,,ncfl.’c regions (Turner and...was motivated by the availability of coverage in the Arctic. Also shown are November-April s-ver!,_- the multiyear ice concentrations derived from

  15. Regional variations in the stability and diffusion of water-ice in the Martian regolith

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mellon, Michael T.; Jakosky, Bruce M.

    1992-01-01

    Geologic evidence suggests subsurface water-ice has played an important role in the formation of Martian landforms. Forms of mass-wasting such as debris aprons and flow patterns on valley floors suggest creep deformation of ice-laden soil, while thermokarst and chaotic terrain suggest once extensive deposits of ground ice that were later removed. The global distribution of ice-related morphology was mapped. The mapping showed regional variation, in both latitude and longitude, in the distribution of debris aprons, concentric fill craters, and 'softened' crater profiles.

  16. Pilot study and evaluation of a SMMR-derived sea ice data base

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barry, R. G.; Anderson, M. R.; Crane, R. G.; Troisi, V. J.; Weaver, R. L.

    1984-01-01

    Data derived from the Nimbus 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) are discussed and the types of problems users have with satellite data are documented. The development of software for assessing the SMMR data is mentioned. Two case studies were conducted to verify the SMMR-derived sea ice concentrations and multi-year ice fractions. The results of a survey of potential users of SMMR data are presented, along with SMMR-derived sea ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction maps. The interaction of the Arctic atmosphere with the ice was studied using the Nimbus 7 SMMR. In addition, the characteristics of ice in the Arctic ocean were determined from SMMR data.

  17. Ice Sheet Roughness Estimation Based on Impulse Responses Acquired in the Global Ice Sheet Mapping Orbiter Mission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Niamsuwan, N.; Johnson, J. T.; Jezek, K. C.; Gogineni, P.

    2008-12-01

    The Global Ice Sheet Mapping Orbiter (GISMO) mission was developed to address scientific needs to understand the polar ice subsurface structure. This NASA Instrument Incubator Program project is a collaboration between Ohio State University, the University of Kansas, Vexcel Corporation and NASA. The GISMO design utilizes an interferometric SAR (InSAR) strategy in which ice sheet reflected signals received by a dual-antenna system are used to produce an interference pattern. The resulting interferogram can be used to filter out surface clutter so as to reveal the signals scattered from the base of the ice sheet. These signals are further processed to produce 3D-images representing basal topography of the ice sheet. In the past three years, the GISMO airborne field campaigns that have been conducted provide a set of useful data for studying geophysical properties of the Greenland ice sheet. While topography information can be obtained using interferometric SAR processing techniques, ice sheet roughness statistics can also be derived by a relatively simple procedure that involves analyzing power levels and the shape of the radar impulse response waveforms. An electromagnetic scattering model describing GISMO impulse responses has previously been proposed and validated. This model suggested that rms-heights and correlation lengths of the upper surface profile can be determined from the peak power and the decay rate of the pulse return waveform, respectively. This presentation will demonstrate a procedure for estimating the roughness of ice surfaces by fitting the GISMO impulse response model to retrieved waveforms from selected GISMO flights. Furthermore, an extension of this procedure to estimate the scattering coefficient of the glacier bed will be addressed as well. Planned future applications involving the classification of glacier bed conditions based on the derived scattering coefficients will also be described.

  18. Concentric crater fill on Mars - An aeolian alternative to ice-rich mass wasting

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zimbelman, J. R.; Clifford, S. M.; Williams, S. H.

    1989-01-01

    Concentric crater fill, a distinctive martian landform represented by a concentric pattern of surface undulations confined within a crater rim, has been interpreted as an example of ice-enhanced regolith creep at midlatitudes (e.g., Squyres and Carr, 1986). Theoretical constraints on the stability and mobility of ground ice limit the applicability of an ice-rich soil in effectively mobilizing downslope movement at latitudes poleward of + or - 30 deg, where concentric crater fill is observed. High-resolution images of concentric crater fill material in the Utopia Planitia region (45 deg N, 271 deg W) show it to be an eroded, multiple-layer deposit. Layering should not be preserved if the crater fill material moved by slow deformation throughout its thickness, as envisioned in the ice-enhanced creep model. Multiple layers are also exposed in the plains material surrounding the craters, indicating a recurrent depositional process that was at least regional in extent. Mantling layers are observed in high-resolution images of many other locations around Mars, suggesting that deposition occurred on a global scale and was not limited to the Utopia Planitia region. It is suggested that an aeolian interpretation for the origin and modification of concentric crater fill material is most consistent with morphologic and theoretical constraints.

  19. Sea Ice

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Parkinson, Claire L.; Cavalieri, Donald J.

    2005-01-01

    Sea ice covers vast areas of the polar oceans, with ice extent in the Northern Hemisphere ranging from approximately 7 x 10(exp 6) sq km in September to approximately 15 x 10(exp 6) sq km in March and ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere ranging from approximately 3 x 10(exp 6) sq km in February to approximately 18 x 10(exp 6) sq km in September. These ice covers have major impacts on the atmosphere, oceans, and ecosystems of the polar regions, and so as changes occur in them there are potential widespread consequences. Satellite data reveal considerable interannual variability in both polar sea ice covers, and many studies suggest possible connections between the ice and various oscillations within the climate system, such as the Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and Antarctic Oscillation, or Southern Annular Mode. Nonetheless, statistically significant long-term trends are also apparent, including overall trends of decreased ice coverage in the Arctic and increased ice coverage in the Antarctic from late 1978 through the end of 2003, with the Antarctic ice increases following marked decreases in the Antarctic ice during the 1970s. For a detailed picture of the seasonally varying ice cover at the start of the 21st century, this chapter includes ice concentration maps for each month of 2001 for both the Arctic and the Antarctic, as well as an overview of what the satellite record has revealed about the two polar ice covers from the 1970s through 2003.

  20. Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Concentrations from Multichannel Passive-Microwave Satellite Data Sets: October 1978-September 1995 User's Guide

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cavalieri, Donald J.; Parkinson, Claire L.; Gloersen, Per; Zwally, H. Jay

    1997-01-01

    Satellite multichannel passive-microwave sensors have provided global radiance measurements with which to map, monitor, and study the Arctic and Antarctic polar sea ice covers. The data span over 18 years (as of April 1997), starting with the launch of the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on NASA's SeaSat A and Nimbus 7 in 1978 and continuing with the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSMI) series beginning in 1987. It is anticipated that the DMSP SSMI series will continue into the 21st century. The SSMI series will be augmented by new, improved sensors to be flown on Japanese and U.S. space platforms. This User's Guide provides a description of a new sea ice concentration data set generated from observations made by three of these multichannel sensors. The data set includes gridded daily ice concentrations (every-other-day for the SMMR data) for both the north and south polar regions from October 26, 1978 through September 30, 1995, with the one exception of a 6-week data gap from December 3, 1987 through January 12, 1988. The data have been placed on two CD-ROMs that include a ReadMeCD file giving the technical details on the file format, file headers, north and south polar grids, ancillary data sets, and directory structure of the CD-ROM. The CD-ROMS will be distributed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, CO.

  1. Ice dynamics of the Allan Hills meteorite concentration sites revealed by satellite aperture radar interferometry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Coren, F.; Delisle, G.; Sterzai, P.

    2003-09-01

    The ice flow conditions of a 100 x 100 km area of Victoria Land, Antarctica were analyzed with the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique. The area includes a number of meteorite concentration sites, in particular the Allan Hills ice fields. Regional ice flow velocities around the Mid- western and Near-western ice fields and the Allan Hills main ice field are shown to be 2.5 m yr-1. These sites are located on a horseshoe-shaped area that bounds an area characterized by higher ice flow velocities of up to 5 m yr-1. Meteorite find locations on the Elephant Moraine are located in this "high ice flow" area. The SAR derived digital elevation model (DEM) shows atypical low surface slopes for Antarctic conditions, which are the cause for the slow ice movements. Numerous ice rises in the area are interpreted to cap sub-ice obstacles, which were formed by tectonic processes in the past. The ice rises are considered to represent temporary features, which develop only during warm stages when the regional ice stand is lowered. Ice depressions, which develop in warm stages on the lee side of ice rises, may act as the sites of temporary build-up of meteorite concentrations, which turn inoperative during cold stages when the regional ice level rises and the ice rises disappear. Based on a simplified ice flow model, we argue that the regional ice flow in cold stages is reduced by a factor of at least 3.

  2. Ice nucleating particle concentration during a combustion aerosol event

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Adams, Mike; O'Sullivan, Daniel; Porter, Grace; Sanchez-Marroquin, Alberto; Tarn, Mark; Harrison, Alex; McQuaid, Jim; Murray, Benjamin

    2017-04-01

    The formation of ice in supercooled clouds is important for cloud radiative properties, their lifetime and the formation of precipitation. Cloud water droplets can supercool to below -33oC, but in the presence of Ice Nucleating Particles (INPs) freezing can be initiated at much higher temperatures. The concentration of atmospheric aerosols that are active as INPs depends on a number of factors, such as temperature and aerosol composition and concentration. However, our knowledge of which aerosol types serve as INPs is limited. For example, there has been much discussion over whether aerosol from combustion processes are important as INP. This is significant because combustion aerosol have increased in concentration dramatically since pre-industrial times and therefore have the potential to exert a significant anthropogenic impact on clouds and climate. In this study we made measurements of INP concentrations in Leeds over a specific combustion aerosol event in order to test if there was a correlation between INP concentrations and combustion aerosol. The combustion aerosol event was on the 5th November which is a major bonfire and firework event celebrated throughout the UK. During the event we observed a factor of five increase in aerosol and a factor of 10 increase in black carbon, but observed no significant increase in INP concentration. This implies that black carbon and combustion aerosol did not compete with the background INP during this event.

  3. Physical and Radiative Characteristic and Long-term Variability of the Okhotsk Sea Ice Cover

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nishio, Fumihiko; Comiso, Josefino C.; Gersten, Robert; Nakayama, Masashige; Ukita, Jinro; Gasiewski, Al; Stanko, Boba; Naoki, Kazuhiro

    2008-01-01

    Much of what we know about the large scale characteristics of the Okhotsk Sea ice cover has been provided by ice concentration maps derived from passive microwave data. To understand what satellite data represent in a highly divergent and rapidly changing environment like the Okhotsk Sea, we take advantage of concurrent satellite, aircraft, and ship data acquired on 7 February and characterized the sea ice cover at different scales from meters to hundreds of kilometers. Through comparative analysis of surface features using co-registered data from visible, infrared and microwave channels we evaluated the general radiative and physical characteristics of the ice cover as well as quantify the distribution of different ice types in the region. Ice concentration maps from AMSR-E using the standard sets of channels, and also only the 89 GHz channel for optimal resolution, are compared with aircraft and high resolution visible data and while the standard set provides consistent results, the 89 GHz provides the means to observe mesoscale patterns and some unique features of the ice cover. Analysis of MODIS data reveals that thick ice types represents about 37% of the ice cover indicating that young and new ice types represent a large fraction of the ice cover that averages about 90% ice concentration according to passive microwave data. These results are used to interpret historical data that indicate that the Okhotsk Sea ice extent and area are declining at a rapid rate of about -9% and -12 % per decade, respectively.

  4. NASA, Navy, and AES/York sea ice concentration comparison of SSM/I algorithms with SAR derived values

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jentz, R. R.; Wackerman, C. C.; Shuchman, R. A.; Onstott, R. G.; Gloersen, Per; Cavalieri, Don; Ramseier, Rene; Rubinstein, Irene; Comiso, Joey; Hollinger, James

    1991-01-01

    Previous research studies have focused on producing algorithms for extracting geophysical information from passive microwave data regarding ice floe size, sea ice concentration, open water lead locations, and sea ice extent. These studies have resulted in four separate algorithms for extracting these geophysical parameters. Sea ice concentration estimates generated from each of these algorithms (i.e., NASA/Team, NASA/Comiso, AES/York, and Navy) are compared to ice concentration estimates produced from coincident high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The SAR concentration estimates are produced from data collected in both the Beaufort Sea and the Greenland Sea in March 1988 and March 1989, respectively. The SAR data are coincident to the passive microwave data generated by the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I).

  5. Photochemistry of PAHs in cosmic water ice. The effect of concentration on UV-VIS spectroscopy and ionization efficiency

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cuylle, Steven H.; Allamandola, Louis J.; Linnartz, Harold

    2014-02-01

    Context. Observations and models show that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the interstellar medium. Like other molecules in dense clouds, PAHs accrete onto interstellar dust grains, where they are embedded in an ice matrix dominated by water. In the laboratory, mixed molecular ices (not containing PAHs) have been extensively studied using Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. Experiments including PAHs in ices have started, however, the concentrations used are typically much higher than the concentrations expected for interstellar ices. Optical spectroscopy offers a sensitive alternative. Aims: We report an experimental study of the effect PAH concentration has on the electronic spectra and the vacuum UV (VUV) driven processes of PAHs in water-rich ices. The goal is to apply the outcome to cosmic ices. Methods: Optical spectroscopic studies allow us to obtain in-situ and quasi real-time electronic solid state spectra of two prototypical PAHs (pyrene and coronene) embedded in water ice under VUV photoprocessing. The study is carried out on PAH:H2O concentrations in the range of 1:30 000 to pure PAH, covering the temperature range from 12 to 125 K. Results: PAH concentration strongly influences the efficiency of PAH cation formation. At low concentrations, ionization efficiencies are over 60% dropping to about 15% at 1:1000. Increasing the PAH concentration reveals spectral broadening in neutral and cation PAH spectra attributed to PAH clustering inside the ice. At the PAH concentrations expected for interstellar ices, some 10 to 20% may be present as cations. The presence of PAHs in neutral and ion form will add distinctive absorption bands to cosmic ice optical spectra and this may serve as a tool to determine PAH concentrations.

  6. Antarctic Sea Ice-Atmosphere Interactions: A Self-organizing Map-based Perspective

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reusch, D. B.

    2005-12-01

    Interactions between the ocean, sea ice and the atmosphere are a significant component of the dynamic nature of the Earth's climate system. Self-organizing maps (SOMs), an analysis tool from the field of artificial neural networks, have been used to study variability in Antarctic sea ice extent and the West Antarctic atmospheric circulation, plus the relationship and interactions between these two systems. Self-organizing maps enable unsupervised classification of large, multivariate/multidimensional data sets, e.g., time series of the atmospheric circulation or sea-ice extent, into a fixed number of distinct generalized states or modes, organized spatially as a two-dimensional grid, that are representative of the input data. When applied to atmospheric data, the analysis yields a nonlinear classification of the continuum of atmospheric conditions. In contrast to principal component analysis, SOMs do not force orthogonality or require subjective rotations to produce interpretable patterns. Twenty four years (1973-96) of monthly sea ice extent data (10 deg longitude bands; Simmonds and Jacka, 1995) were analyzed with a 30-node SOM. The resulting set of generalized patterns concisely captures the spatial and temporal variability in this data. An example of the former is variability in the longitudinal region of greatest extent. The SOM patterns readily show that there are multiple spatial patterns corresponding to "greatest extent conditions". Temporal variability is examined by creating frequency maps (i.e., which patterns occur most often) by month. With the annual cycle still in the data, the monthly frequency maps show a cycle moving from least extent, through expansion to greatest extent and back through retreat. When plotted in "SOM space", month-to-month transitions occur at different rates of change, suggesting that there is variability in the rate of change in extent at different times of the year, e.g., retreat in January is faster than November. Twenty

  7. Mapping seabed geomorphology in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland; Bathymetric records of ice streaming and retreat

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dove, Dayton; Finlayson, Andrew; Bradwell, Tom; Arosio, Riccardo; Howe, John

    2014-05-01

    Approximately 7,000 km² of new bathymetry have been stitched together with onshore airborne radar data, both gridded at 5m resolution, to map and describe the submarine glacial landscape of the Inner Hebrides sector of the former British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). As part of the MAREMAP Project (http://www.maremap.ac.uk), and to build on previous work (Howe et al., 2012), we are using recently acquired swath bathymetry data, collected primarily by the UKHO Civil Hydrography Programme, to characterise the geomorphology, sea-bed sediments, and bedrock geology of the Inner Hebrides region. Mapping has revealed an extensive array of well-preserved glacigenic landforms on the seabed associated with key stages of ice flow and retreat of the BIIS following the Last Glacial Maximum. On multiple submarine rock platforms and within overdeepened troughs, diverse assemblages of glacially streamlined landforms are present, forming a geomorphic continuum between rock drumlins and mega-flutes. Superimposed streamlined bedforms indicate different phases of fast flow at the ice sheet bed, and the convergence of flow sets suggest that ice sheet flow was organised into faster flowing topographically controlled corridors. Across the region, the streamlined landforms occur within a geographically controlled zone, semi-independent of the underlying geology. This is consistent with the onset zone of the Hebrides Ice Stream, as previously postulated (Howe et al., 2012). Submarine moraine ridges are observed widely across the survey area: within sea lochs, atop rock platforms and superimposed on glacially streamlined bedforms, as well as pinned to topographic highs (i.e. islands). Some retreat patterns reveal clear glacial recession towards respective catchments, while others are more ambiguous and are the focus of ongoing work. The bathymetry data notably reveal more geomorphic evidence of glaciation than adjacent land records, thus providing the opportunity to reassess onshore mapping

  8. Detection of microbial concentration in ice-cream using the impedance technique.

    PubMed

    Grossi, M; Lanzoni, M; Pompei, A; Lazzarini, R; Matteuzzi, D; Riccò, B

    2008-06-15

    The detection of microbial concentration, essential for safe and high quality food products, is traditionally made with the plate count technique, that is reliable, but also slow and not easily realized in the automatic form, as required for direct use in industrial machines. To this purpose, the method based on impedance measurements represents an attractive alternative since it can produce results in about 10h, instead of the 24-48h needed by standard plate counts and can be easily realized in automatic form. In this paper such a method has been experimentally studied in the case of ice-cream products. In particular, all main ice-cream compositions of real interest have been considered and no nutrient media has been used to dilute the samples. A measurement set-up has been realized using benchtop instruments for impedance measurements on samples whose bacteria concentration was independently measured by means of standard plate counts. The obtained results clearly indicate that impedance measurement represents a feasible and reliable technique to detect total microbial concentration in ice-cream, suitable to be implemented as an embedded system for industrial machines.

  9. Development of the geoCamera, a System for Mapping Ice from a Ship

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arsenault, R.; Clemente-Colon, P.

    2012-12-01

    The geoCamera produces maps of the ice surrounding an ice-capable ship by combining images from one or more digital cameras with the ship's position and attitude data. Maps are produced along the ship's path with the achievable width and resolution depending on camera mounting height as well as camera resolution and lens parameters. Our system has produced maps up to 2000m wide at 1m resolution. Once installed and calibrated, the system is designed to operate automatically producing maps in near real-time and making them available to on-board users via existing information systems. The resulting small-scale maps complement existing satellite based products as well as on-board observations. Development versions have temporarily been deployed in Antarctica on the RV Nathaniel B. Palmer in 2010 and in the Arctic on the USCGC Healy in 2011. A permanent system has been deployed during the summer of 2012 on the USCGC Healy. To make the system attractive to other ships of opportunity, design goals include using existing ship systems when practical, using low costs commercial-off-the-shelf components if additional hardware is necessary, automating the process to virtually eliminate adding to the workload of ships technicians and making the software components modular and flexible enough to allow more seamless integration with a ships particular IT system.

  10. Analysis Sharpens Mars Hydrogen Map, Hinting Equatorial Water Ice

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-09-28

    Re-analysis of 2002-2009 data from a hydrogen-finding instrument on NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter increased the resolution of maps of hydrogen abundance. The reprocessed data (lower map) shows more "water-equivalent hydrogen" (darker blue) in some parts of this equatorial region of Mars. Puzzingly, this suggests the possible presence of water ice just beneath the surface near the equator, though it would not be thermodynamically stable there. The upper map uses raw data from Odyssey's neutron spectrometer instrument, which senses the energy state of neutrons coming from Mars, providing an indication of how much hydrogen is present in the top 3 feet (1 meter) of the surface. Hydrogen detected by Odyssey at high latitudes of Mars in 2002 was confirmed to be in the form of water ice by the follow-up NASA Phoenix Mars Lander mission in 2008. A 2017 reprocessing of the older data applied image-reconstruction techniques often used to reduce blurring from medical imaging data. The results are shown here for an area straddling the equator for about one-fourth the circumference of the planet, centered at 175 degrees west longitude. The white contours outline lobes of a formation called Medusae Fossae, coinciding with some areas of higher hydrogen abundance in the enhanced-resolution analysis. The black line indicates the limit of a relatively young lava plain, coinciding with areas of lower hydrogen abundance in the enhanced-resolution analysis. The color-coding key for hydrogen abundance in both maps is indicated by the horizontal bar, in units expressed as how much water would be present in the ground if the hydrogen is all in the form of water. Units of the equivalent water weight, as a percentage of the material in the ground, are correlated with counts recorded by the spectrometer, ranging from less than 1 weight-percent water equivalent (red) to more than 30 percent (dark blue). https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21848

  11. Unexpectedly high ultrafine aerosol concentrations above East Antarctic sea-ice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Humphries, R. S.; Klekociuk, A. R.; Schofield, R.; Keywood, M.; Ward, J.; Wilson, S. R.

    2015-10-01

    The effect of aerosols on clouds and their radiative properties is one of the largest uncertainties in our understanding of radiative forcing. A recent study has concluded that better characterisation of pristine, natural aerosol processes leads to the largest reduction in these uncertainties. Antarctica, being far from anthropogenic activities, is an ideal location for the study of natural aerosol processes. Aerosol measurements in Antarctica are often limited to boundary layer air-masses at spatially sparse coastal and continental research stations, with only a handful of studies in the sea ice region. In this paper, the first observational study of sub-micron aerosols in the East Antarctic sea ice region is presented. Measurements were conducted aboard the ice-breaker Aurora Australis in spring 2012 and found that boundary layer condensation nuclei (CN3) concentrations exhibited a five-fold increase moving across the Polar Front, with mean Polar Cell concentrations of 1130 cm-3 - higher than any observed elsewhere in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region. The absence of evidence for aerosol growth suggested that nucleation was unlikely to be local. Air parcel trajectories indicated significant influence from the free troposphere above the Antarctic continent, implicating this as the likely nucleation region for surface aerosol, a similar conclusion to previous Antarctic aerosol studies. The highest aerosol concentrations were found to correlate with low pressure systems, suggesting that the passage of cyclones provided an accelerated pathway, delivering air-masses quickly from the free-troposphere to the surface. After descent from the Antarctic free troposphere, trajectories suggest that sea ice boundary layer air-masses travelled equator-ward into the low albedo Southern Ocean region, transporting with them emissions and these aerosol nuclei where, after growth, may potentially impact on the region's radiative balance. The high aerosol concentrations and

  12. Summer Arctic ice concentrations and characteristics from SAR and SSM/I data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comiso, Joey C.; Kwok, Ron

    1993-01-01

    The extent and concentration of the Summer minima provide indirect information about the long term ability of the perennial portion of the ice pack to survive the Arctic atmosphere and ocean system. Both active and passive microwave data were used with some success for monitoring the ice cover during the Summer, but they both suffer from similar problems caused by the presence of meltponding, surface wetness, flooding, and freeze/thaw cycles associated with periodic changes in surface air temperatures. A comparative analysis of ice conditions in the Arctic region using coregistered ERS-1 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) and SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) data was made. The analysis benefits from complementary information from the two systems, the good spatial resolution of SAR data, and the good time resolution of and global coverage by SSM/I data. The results show that in many areas ice concentrations derived from SAR data are significantly different (usually higher) than those derived from passive microwave data. Additional insights about surface conditions can be inferred depending on the nature of the discrepancies.

  13. Operational use of high-resolution sst in a coupled sea ice-ocean model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Albretsen, A.

    2003-04-01

    A high-latitude, near real time, sea surface temperature (SST) product with 10 km resolution is developed at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (met.no) through the EUMETSAT project OSI-SAF (Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility). The product covers the Atlantic Ocean from 50N to 90N and is produced twice daily. A digitized SST and sea ice map is produced manually once a week at the Ice Mapping Service at met.no using all available information from the previous week. This map is the basis for a daily SST analysis, in which the most recent OSI-SAF SST products are successively overlaid. The resulting SST analysis field is then used in a simple data assimilation scheme in a coupled ice-ocean model to perform daily 10 days forecasts of ocean and sea ice variables. Also, the associated OSI-SAF sea ice concentration product, built from different polar orbiting satellites, is assimilated into the sea ice model. Preliminary estimates of impact on forecast skill and error statistics will be presented.

  14. Physical and Radiative Characteristics and Long Term Variability of the Okhotsk Sea Ice Cover

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nishio, Fumihiko; Comiso, Josefino C.; Gersten, Robert; Nakayama, Masashige; Ukita, Jinro; Gasiewski, Al; Stanko, Boba; Naoki, Kazuhiro

    2007-01-01

    Much of what we know about the large scale characteristics of the Okhotsk Sea ice cover comes from ice concentration maps derived from passive microwave data. To understand what these satellite data represents in a highly divergent and rapidly changing environment like the Okhotsk Sea, we analyzed concurrent satellite, aircraft, and ship data and characterized the sea ice cover at different scales from meters to tens of kilometers. Through comparative analysis of surface features using co-registered data from visible, infrared and microwave channels we evaluated how the general radiative and physical characteristics of the ice cover changes as well as quantify the distribution of different ice types in the region. Ice concentration maps from AMSR-E using the standard sets of channels, and also only the 89 GHz channel for optimal resolution, are compared with aircraft and high resolution visible data and while the standard set provides consistent results, the 89 GHz provides the means to observe mesoscale patterns and some unique features of the ice cover. Analysis of MODIS data reveals that thick ice types represents about 37% of the ice cover indicating that young and new ice represent a large fraction of the lice cover that averages about 90% ice concentration, according to passive microwave data. A rapid decline of -9% and -12 % per decade is observed suggesting warming signals but further studies are required because of aforementioned characteristics and because the length of the ice season is decreasing by only 2 to 4 days per decade.

  15. Dating a tropical ice core by time-frequency analysis of ion concentration depth profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gay, M.; De Angelis, M.; Lacoume, J.-L.

    2014-09-01

    Ice core dating is a key parameter for the interpretation of the ice archives. However, the relationship between ice depth and ice age generally cannot be easily established and requires the combination of numerous investigations and/or modelling efforts. This paper presents a new approach to ice core dating based on time-frequency analysis of chemical profiles at a site where seasonal patterns may be significantly distorted by sporadic events of regional importance, specifically at the summit area of Nevado Illimani (6350 m a.s.l.), located in the eastern Bolivian Andes (16°37' S, 67°46' W). We used ion concentration depth profiles collected along a 100 m deep ice core. The results of Fourier time-frequency and wavelet transforms were first compared. Both methods were applied to a nitrate concentration depth profile. The resulting chronologies were checked by comparison with the multi-proxy year-by-year dating published by de Angelis et al. (2003) and with volcanic tie points. With this first experiment, we demonstrated the efficiency of Fourier time-frequency analysis when tracking the nitrate natural variability. In addition, we were able to show spectrum aliasing due to under-sampling below 70 m. In this article, we propose a method of de-aliasing which significantly improves the core dating in comparison with annual layer manual counting. Fourier time-frequency analysis was applied to concentration depth profiles of seven other ions, providing information on the suitability of each of them for the dating of tropical Andean ice cores.

  16. Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Ronne Ice Shelf area, Antarctica, 1974-2002

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ferrigno, Jane G.; Foley, K.M.; Swithinbank, C.; Williams, R.S.; Dalide, L.M.

    2005-01-01

    (MSS) images of Ant-arctica and the subsequent repeat coverage made possible with Landsat and other satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica (Ferrigno and Gould, 1987). The availability of this information provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica (Swithinbank, 1988; Williams and Ferrigno, 1988). The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) (and in some areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)), RADARSAT images, and other data where available, to compare changes during a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula). The results of the analysis are being used to produce a digital database and a series of USGS Geologic Investigations Series Maps (I-2600) consisting of 23 maps at 1:1,000,000 scale and 1 map at 1:5,000,000 scale, in both paper and digital format (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; Ferrigno and others, 2002) (available online at http://www.glaciers.er.usgs.gov).

  17. Role of Salt, Pressure, and Water Activity on Homogeneous Ice Nucleation.

    PubMed

    Espinosa, Jorge R; Soria, Guiomar D; Ramirez, Jorge; Valeriani, Chantal; Vega, Carlos; Sanz, Eduardo

    2017-09-21

    Pure water can be substantially supercooled below the melting temperature without transforming into ice. The achievable supercooling can be enhanced by adding solutes or by applying hydrostatic pressure. Avoiding ice formation is of great importance in the cryopreservation of food or biological samples. In this Letter, we investigate the similarity between the effects of pressure and salt on ice formation using a combination of state-of-the-art simulation techniques. We find that both hinder ice formation by increasing the energetic cost of creating the ice-fluid interface. Moreover, we examine the widely accepted proposal that the ice nucleation rate for different pressures and solute concentrations can be mapped through the activity of water [ Koop , L. ; Tsias , P. Nature , 2000 , 406 , 611 ]. We show that such a proposal is not consistent with the nucleation rates predicted in our simulations because it does not include all parameters affecting ice nucleation. Therefore, even though salt and pressure have a qualitatively similar effect on ice formation, they cannot be quantitatively mapped onto one another.

  18. The Impact of Sea Ice Concentration Accuracies on Climate Model Simulations with the GISS GCM

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Parkinson, Claire L.; Rind, David; Healy, Richard J.; Martinson, Douglas G.; Zukor, Dorothy J. (Technical Monitor)

    2000-01-01

    The Goddard Institute for Space Studies global climate model (GISS GCM) is used to examine the sensitivity of the simulated climate to sea ice concentration specifications in the type of simulation done in the Atmospheric Modeling Intercomparison Project (AMIP), with specified oceanic boundary conditions. Results show that sea ice concentration uncertainties of +/- 7% can affect simulated regional temperatures by more than 6 C, and biases in sea ice concentrations of +7% and -7% alter simulated annually averaged global surface air temperatures by -0.10 C and +0.17 C, respectively, over those in the control simulation. The resulting 0.27 C difference in simulated annual global surface air temperatures is reduced by a third, to 0.18 C, when considering instead biases of +4% and -4%. More broadly, least-squares fits through the temperature results of 17 simulations with ice concentration input changes ranging from increases of 50% versus the control simulation to decreases of 50% yield a yearly average global impact of 0.0107 C warming for every 1% ice concentration decrease, i.e., 1.07 C warming for the full +50% to -50% range. Regionally and on a monthly average basis, the differences can be far greater, especially in the polar regions, where wintertime contrasts between the +50% and -50% cases can exceed 30 C. However, few statistically significant effects are found outside the polar latitudes, and temperature effects over the non-polar oceans tend to be under 1 C, due in part to the specification of an unvarying annual cycle of sea surface temperatures. The +/- 7% and 14% results provide bounds on the impact (on GISS GCM simulations making use of satellite data) of satellite-derived ice concentration inaccuracies, +/- 7% being the current estimated average accuracy of satellite retrievals and +/- 4% being the anticipated improved average accuracy for upcoming satellite instruments. Results show that the impact on simulated temperatures of imposed ice concentration

  19. Sensitivity of the sea ice concentration over the Kara-Barents Sea in autumn to the winter temperature variability over East Asia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cho, K. H.; Chang, E. C.

    2017-12-01

    In this study, we performed sensitivity experiments by utilizing the Global/Regional Integrated Model system with different conditions of the sea ice concentration over the Kara-Barents (KB) Sea in autumn, which can affect winter temperature variability over East Asia. Prescribed sea ice conditions are 1) climatological autumn sea ice concentration obtained from 1982 to 2016, 2) reduced autumn sea ice concentration by 50% of the climatology, and 3) increased autumn sea ice concentration by 50% of climatology. Differently prescribed sea ice concentration changes surface albedo, which affects surface heat fluxes and near-surface air temperature. The reduced (increased) sea ice concentration over the KB sea increases (decreases) near-surface air temperature that leads the lower (higher) sea level pressure in autumn. These patterns are maintained from autumn to winter season. Furthermore, it is shown that the different sea ice concentration over the KB sea has remote effects on the sea level pressure patterns over the East Asian region. The lower (higher) sea level pressure over the KB sea by the locally decreased (increased) ice concentration is related to the higher (lower) pressure pattern over the Siberian region, which induces strengthened (weakened) cold advection over the East Asian region. From these sensitivity experiments it is clarified that the decreased (increased) sea ice concentration over the KB sea in autumn can lead the colder (warmer) surface air temperature over East Asia in winter.

  20. Airborne Laser Altimetry Mapping of the Greenland Ice Sheet: Application to Mass Balance Assessment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Abdalati, W.; Krabill, W.; Frederick, E.; Manizade, S.; Martin, C.; Sonntag, J.; Swift, R.; Thomas, R.; Wright, W.; Yungel, J.

    2000-01-01

    In 1998 and '99, the Arctic Ice Mapping (AIM) program completed resurveys of lines occupied 5 years earlier revealing elevation changes of the Greenland ice sheet and identifying areas of significant thinning, thickening and balance. In planning these surveys, consideration had to be given to the spatial constraints associated with aircraft operation, the spatial nature of ice sheet behavior, and limited resources, as well as temporal issues, such as seasonal and interannual variability in the context of measurement accuracy. This paper examines the extent to which the sampling and survey strategy is valid for drawing conclusions on the current state of balance of the Greenland ice sheet. The surveys covered the entire ice sheet with an average distance of 21.4 km between each location on the ice sheet and the nearest flight line. For most of the ice sheet, the elevation changes show relatively little spatial variability, and their magnitudes are significantly smaller than the observed elevation change signal. As a result, we conclude that the density of the sampling and the accuracy of the measurements are sufficient to draw meaningful conclusions on the state of balance of the entire ice sheet over the five-year survey period. Outlet glaciers, however, show far more spatial and temporal variability, and each of the major ones is likely to require individual surveys in order to determine its balance.

  1. Geomorphological mapping of ice-free areas using polarimetric RADARSAT-2 data on Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island, Antarctica

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmid, T.; López-Martínez, J.; Guillaso, S.; Serrano, E.; D'Hondt, O.; Koch, M.; Nieto, A.; O'Neill, T.; Mink, S.; Durán, J. J.; Maestro, A.

    2017-09-01

    Satellite-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been used for characterizing and mapping in two relevant ice-free areas in the South Shetland Islands. The objective has been to identify and characterize land surface covers that mainly include periglacial and glacial landforms, using fully polarimetric SAR C band RADARSAT-2 data, on Fildes Peninsula that forms part of King George Island, and Ardley Island. Polarimetric parameters obtained from the SAR data, a selection of field based training and validation sites and a supervised classification approach, using the support vector machine were chosen to determine the spatial distribution of the different landforms. Eight periglacial and glacial landforms were characterized according to their scattering mechanisms using a set of 48 polarimetric parameters. The mapping of the most representative surface covers included colluvial deposits, stone fields and pavements, patterned ground, glacial till and rock outcrops, lakes and glacier ice. The overall accuracy of the results was estimated at 81%, a significant value when mapping areas that are within isolated regions where access is limited. Periglacial surface covers such as stone fields and pavements occupy 25% and patterned ground over 20% of the ice-free areas. These are results that form the basis for an extensive monitoring of the ice-free areas throughout the northern Antarctic Peninsula region.

  2. Unexpectedly high ultrafine aerosol concentrations above East Antarctic sea ice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Humphries, R. S.; Klekociuk, A. R.; Schofield, R.; Keywood, M.; Ward, J.; Wilson, S. R.

    2016-02-01

    Better characterisation of aerosol processes in pristine, natural environments, such as Antarctica, have recently been shown to lead to the largest reduction in uncertainties in our understanding of radiative forcing. Our understanding of aerosols in the Antarctic region is currently based on measurements that are often limited to boundary layer air masses at spatially sparse coastal and continental research stations, with only a handful of studies in the vast sea-ice region. In this paper, the first observational study of sub-micron aerosols in the East Antarctic sea ice region is presented. Measurements were conducted aboard the icebreaker Aurora Australis in spring 2012 and found that boundary layer condensation nuclei (CN3) concentrations exhibited a five-fold increase moving across the polar front, with mean polar cell concentrations of 1130 cm-3 - higher than any observed elsewhere in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region. The absence of evidence for aerosol growth suggested that nucleation was unlikely to be local. Air parcel trajectories indicated significant influence from the free troposphere above the Antarctic continent, implicating this as the likely nucleation region for surface aerosol, a similar conclusion to previous Antarctic aerosol studies. The highest aerosol concentrations were found to correlate with low-pressure systems, suggesting that the passage of cyclones provided an accelerated pathway, delivering air masses quickly from the free troposphere to the surface. After descent from the Antarctic free troposphere, trajectories suggest that sea-ice boundary layer air masses travelled equatorward into the low-albedo Southern Ocean region, transporting with them emissions and these aerosol nuclei which, after growth, may potentially impact on the region's radiative balance. The high aerosol concentrations and their transport pathways described here, could help reduce the discrepancy currently present between simulations and observations of

  3. Automated mapping of persistent ice and snow cover across the western U.S. with Landsat

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Selkowitz, David J.; Forster, Richard R.

    2016-07-01

    We implemented an automated approach for mapping persistent ice and snow cover (PISC) across the conterminous western U.S. using all available Landsat TM and ETM+ scenes acquired during the late summer/early fall period between 2010 and 2014. Two separate validation approaches indicate this dataset provides a more accurate representation of glacial ice and perennial snow cover for the region than either the U.S. glacier database derived from US Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Raster Graphics (DRG) maps (based on aerial photography primarily from the 1960s-1980s) or the National Land Cover Database 2011 perennial ice and snow cover class. Our 2010-2014 Landsat-derived dataset indicates 28% less glacier and perennial snow cover than the USGS DRG dataset. There are larger differences between the datasets in some regions, such as the Rocky Mountains of Northwest Wyoming and Southwest Montana, where the Landsat dataset indicates 54% less PISC area. Analysis of Landsat scenes from 1987-1988 and 2008-2010 for three regions using a more conventional, semi-automated approach indicates substantial decreases in glaciers and perennial snow cover that correlate with differences between PISC mapped by the USGS DRG dataset and the automated Landsat-derived dataset. This suggests that most of the differences in PISC between the USGS DRG and the Landsat-derived dataset can be attributed to decreases in PISC, as opposed to differences between mapping techniques. While the dataset produced by the automated Landsat mapping approach is not designed to serve as a conventional glacier inventory that provides glacier outlines and attribute information, it allows for an updated estimate of PISC for the conterminous U.S. as well as for smaller regions. Additionally, the new dataset highlights areas where decreases in PISC have been most significant over the past 25-50 years.

  4. Automated mapping of persistent ice and snow cover across the western U.S. with Landsat

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Selkowitz, David J.; Forster, Richard R.

    2016-01-01

    We implemented an automated approach for mapping persistent ice and snow cover (PISC) across the conterminous western U.S. using all available Landsat TM and ETM+ scenes acquired during the late summer/early fall period between 2010 and 2014. Two separate validation approaches indicate this dataset provides a more accurate representation of glacial ice and perennial snow cover for the region than either the U.S. glacier database derived from US Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Raster Graphics (DRG) maps (based on aerial photography primarily from the 1960s–1980s) or the National Land Cover Database 2011 perennial ice and snow cover class. Our 2010–2014 Landsat-derived dataset indicates 28% less glacier and perennial snow cover than the USGS DRG dataset. There are larger differences between the datasets in some regions, such as the Rocky Mountains of Northwest Wyoming and Southwest Montana, where the Landsat dataset indicates 54% less PISC area. Analysis of Landsat scenes from 1987–1988 and 2008–2010 for three regions using a more conventional, semi-automated approach indicates substantial decreases in glaciers and perennial snow cover that correlate with differences between PISC mapped by the USGS DRG dataset and the automated Landsat-derived dataset. This suggests that most of the differences in PISC between the USGS DRG and the Landsat-derived dataset can be attributed to decreases in PISC, as opposed to differences between mapping techniques. While the dataset produced by the automated Landsat mapping approach is not designed to serve as a conventional glacier inventory that provides glacier outlines and attribute information, it allows for an updated estimate of PISC for the conterminous U.S. as well as for smaller regions. Additionally, the new dataset highlights areas where decreases in PISC have been most significant over the past 25–50 years.

  5. Modeling concentric crater fill in Utopia Planitia, Mars, with an ice flow line model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Weitz, N.; Zanetti, M.; Osinski, G. R.; Fastook, J. L.

    2018-07-01

    Impact craters in the mid-latitudes of Mars are commonly filled to variable degrees with some combination of ice, dust, and rocky debris. Concentric surface features visible in these craters have been linked to debris transportation and glacial and periglacial processes. Concentric crater fill (CCF) observed today are interpreted to be the remains of repeated periods of accumulation and sublimation during the last tens to hundreds of million years. Previous work suggests that during phases of high obliquity, ice accumulates in crater interiors and begins to flow down steep crater slopes, slowly filling the crater. During times of low obliquity ice is protected from sublimation through a surface debris layer consisting of dust and rocky material. Here, we use an ice flow line model to understand the development of concentric crater fill. In a regional study of Utopia Planitia craters, we address questions about the influence of crater size on the CCF formation process, the time scales needed to fill an impact crater with ice, and explore commonly described flow features of CCF. We show that observed surface debris deposits as well as asymmetric flow features can be reproduced with the model. Using surface mass balance data from global climate models and a credible obliquity scenario, we find that craters less than 80 km in diameter can be entirely filled in less than 8 My, beginning as recently as 40 Ma ago. Uncertainties in input variables related to ice viscosity do not change the overall behavior of ice flow and the filling process. We model CCF for the Utopia Planitia region and find subtle trends for crater size versus fill level, crater size versus sublimation reduction by the surface debris layer, and crater floor elevation versus fill level.

  6. High hydrostatic pressure modification of whey protein concentrate for improved body and texture of lowfat ice cream.

    PubMed

    Lim, S-Y; Swanson, B G; Ross, C F; Clark, S

    2008-04-01

    Previous research demonstrated that application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), particularly at 300 MPa for 15 min, can enhance foaming properties of whey protein concentrate (WPC). The purpose of this research was to determine the practical impact of HHP-treated WPC on the body and texture of lowfat ice cream. Washington State University (WSU)-WPC was produced by ultrafiltration of fresh separated whey received from the WSU creamery. Commercial whey protein concentrate 35 (WPC 35) powder was reconstituted to equivalent total solids as WSU-WPC (8.23%). Three batches of lowfat ice cream mix were produced to contain WSU-WPC without HHP, WSU-WPC with HHP (300 MPa for 15 min), and WPC 35 without HHP. All lowfat ice cream mixes contained 10% WSU-WPC or WPC 35. Overrun and foam stability of ice cream mixes were determined after whipping for 15 min. Ice creams were produced using standard ice cream ingredients and processing. The hardness of ice creams was determined with a TA-XT2 texture analyzer. Sensory evaluation by balanced reference duo-trio test was carried out using 52 volunteers. The ice cream mix containing HHP-treated WSU-WPC exhibited the greatest overrun and foam stability, confirming the effect of HHP on foaming properties of whey proteins in a complex system. Ice cream containing HHP-treated WSU-WPC exhibited significantly greater hardness than ice cream produced with untreated WSU-WPC or WPC 35. Panelists were able to distinguish between ice cream containing HHP-treated WSU-WPC and ice cream containing untreated WPC 35. Improvements of overrun and foam stability were observed when HHP-treated whey protein was used at a concentration as low as 10% (wt/wt) in ice cream mix. The impact of HHP on the functional properties of whey proteins was more pronounced than the impact on sensory properties.

  7. Effects of locust bean gum and mono- and diglyceride concentrations on particle size and melting rates of ice cream.

    PubMed

    Cropper, S L; Kocaoglu-Vurma, N A; Tharp, B W; Harper, W J

    2013-06-01

    The objective of this study was to determine how varying concentrations of the stabilizer, locust bean gum (LBG), and different levels of the emulsifier, mono- and diglycerides (MDGs), influenced fat aggregation and melting characteristics of ice cream. Ice creams were made containing MDGs and LBG singly and in combination at concentrations ranging between 0.0% to 0.14% and 0.0% to 0.23%, respectively. Particle size analysis, conducted on both the mixes and ice cream, and melting rate testing on the ice cream were used to determine fat aggregation. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between particle size values for experimental ice cream mixes. However, higher concentrations of both LBG and MDG in the ice creams resulted in values that were larger than the control. This study also found an increase in the particle size values when MDG levels were held constant and LBG amounts were increased in the ice cream. Ice creams with higher concentrations of MDG and LBG together had the greatest difference in the rate of melting than the control. The melting rate decreased with increasing LBG concentrations at constant MDG levels. These results illustrated that fat aggregation may not only be affected by emulsifiers, but that stabilizers may play a role in contributing to the destabilization of fat globules. © 2013 Institute of Food Technologists®

  8. An active bacterial community linked to high chl-a concentrations in Antarctic winter-pack ice and evidence for the development of an anaerobic sea-ice bacterial community.

    PubMed

    Eronen-Rasimus, Eeva; Luhtanen, Anne-Mari; Rintala, Janne-Markus; Delille, Bruno; Dieckmann, Gerhard; Karkman, Antti; Tison, Jean-Louis

    2017-10-01

    Antarctic sea-ice bacterial community composition and dynamics in various developmental stages were investigated during the austral winter in 2013. Thick snow cover likely insulated the ice, leading to high (<4 μg l -1 ) chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations and consequent bacterial production. Typical sea-ice bacterial genera, for example, Octadecabacter, Polaribacter and Glaciecola, often abundant in spring and summer during the sea-ice algal bloom, predominated in the communities. The variability in bacterial community composition in the different ice types was mainly explained by the chl-a concentrations, suggesting that as in spring and summer sea ice, the sea-ice bacteria and algae may also be coupled during the Antarctic winter. Coupling between the bacterial community and sea-ice algae was further supported by significant correlations between bacterial abundance and production with chl-a. In addition, sulphate-reducing bacteria (for example, Desulforhopalus) together with odour of H 2 S were observed in thick, apparently anoxic ice, suggesting that the development of the anaerobic bacterial community may occur in sea ice under suitable conditions. In all, the results show that bacterial community in Antarctic sea ice can stay active throughout the winter period and thus possible future warming of sea ice and consequent increase in bacterial production may lead to changes in bacteria-mediated processes in the Antarctic sea-ice zone.

  9. MODIS Snow and Ice Production

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hall, Dorthoy K.; Hoser, Paul (Technical Monitor)

    2002-01-01

    Daily, global snow cover maps, and sea ice cover and sea ice surface temperature (IST) maps are derived from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are available at no cost through the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). Included on this CD-ROM are samples of the MODIS snow and ice products. In addition, an animation, done by the Scientific Visualization studio at Goddard Space Flight Center, is also included.

  10. Verification of a New NOAA/NSIDC Passive Microwave Sea-Ice Concentration Climate Record

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Meier, Walter N.; Peng, Ge; Scott, Donna J.; Savoie, Matt H.

    2014-01-01

    A new satellite-based passive microwave sea-ice concentration product developed for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)Climate Data Record (CDR) programme is evaluated via comparison with other passive microwave-derived estimates. The new product leverages two well-established concentration algorithms, known as the NASA Team and Bootstrap, both developed at and produced by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The sea ice estimates compare well with similar GSFC products while also fulfilling all NOAA CDR initial operation capability (IOC) requirements, including (1) self describing file format, (2) ISO 19115-2 compliant collection-level metadata,(3) Climate and Forecast (CF) compliant file-level metadata, (4) grid-cell level metadata (data quality fields), (5) fully automated and reproducible processing and (6) open online access to full documentation with version control, including source code and an algorithm theoretical basic document. The primary limitations of the GSFC products are lack of metadata and use of untracked manual corrections to the output fields. Smaller differences occur from minor variations in processing methods by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (for the CDR fields) and NASA (for the GSFC fields). The CDR concentrations do have some differences from the constituent GSFC concentrations, but trends and variability are not substantially different.

  11. A new, multi-resolution bedrock elevation map of the Greenland ice sheet

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Griggs, J. A.; Bamber, J. L.; Grisbed Consortium

    2010-12-01

    Gridded bedrock elevation for the Greenland ice sheet has previously been constructed with a 5 km posting. The true resolution of the data set was, in places, however, considerably coarser than this due to the across-track spacing of ice-penetrating radar transects. Errors were estimated to be on the order of a few percent in the centre of the ice sheet, increasing markedly in relative magnitude near the margins, where accurate thickness is particularly critical for numerical modelling and other applications. We use new airborne and satellite estimates of ice thickness and surface elevation to determine the bed topography for the whole of Greenland. This is a dynamic product, which will be updated frequently as new data, such as that from NASA’s Operation Ice Bridge, becomes available. The University of Kansas has in recent years, flown an airborne ice-penetrating radar system with close flightline spacing over several key outlet glacier systems. This allows us to produce a multi-resolution bedrock elevation dataset with the high spatial resolution needed for ice dynamic modelling over these key outlet glaciers and coarser resolution over the more sparsely sampled interior. Airborne ice thickness and elevation from CReSIS obtained between 1993 and 2009 are combined with JPL/UCI/Iowa data collected by the WISE (Warm Ice Sounding Experiment) covering the marginal areas along the south west coast from 2009. Data collected in the 1970’s by the Technical University of Denmark were also used in interior areas with sparse coverage from other sources. Marginal elevation data from the ICESat laser altimeter and the Greenland Ice Mapping Program were used to help constrain the ice thickness and bed topography close to the ice sheet margin where, typically, the terrestrial observations have poor sampling between flight tracks. The GRISBed consortium currently consists of: W. Blake, S. Gogineni, A. Hoch, C. M. Laird, C. Leuschen, J. Meisel, J. Paden, J. Plummer, F

  12. Reconstruction of Aerosol Concentration and Composition from Glacier Ice Cores

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vogel, Alexander; Dällenbach, Kaspar; El-Haddad, Imad; Wendl, Isabel; Eichler, Anja; Schwikowski, Margit

    2017-04-01

    Reconstruction of the concentration and composition of natural aerosol in an undisturbed atmosphere enables the evaluation of the understanding of aerosol-climate effects, which is currently based on highly uncertain emission inventories of the biosphere under pre-industrial conditions. Understanding of the natural state of the pre-industrial atmosphere and evaluating the atmospheric perturbations by anthropogenic emissions, and their potential feedbacks, is essential for accurate model predictions of the future climate (Boucher et al., 2013). Here, we present a new approach for the chemical characterization of the organic fraction preserved in cold-glacier ice cores. From this analysis historic trends of atmospheric organic aerosols are reconstructed, allowing new insights on organic aerosol composition and mass in the pre-industrial atmosphere, which can help to improve climate models through evaluation of our current understanding of aerosol radiative effects. We present results from a proof-of-principal study, analyzing an 800 year ice core record from the Lomonosovfonna glacier ice core, drilled in 2009 in Svalbard, Norway, using a setup that has until then only been applied on offline measurements of aerosol filter extracts (Dällenbach et al., 2016): The melted ice was nebulized and dried, such that aerosols are formed from the soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic compounds that are preserved in the ice. To improve the sensitivity, the aerosol stream was then enriched by the application of an online aerosol concentrator, before the aerosol was analyzed by electron ionization within a high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). We were able to demonstrate that this setup is a quantitative method toward nitrate and sulfate when internal inorganic standards of NH415NO3 and (NH4)234SO4 are added to the sample. Comparison between AMS and IC measurements of nitrate and sulfate resulted in an excellent agreement. The analysis of

  13. Geomorphological Mapping of Sputnik Planum on Pluto: Convection, Glacial Flow, Sublimation and Re-deposition of Nitrogen Ice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    White, O. L.; Moore, J. M.; Stern, S. A.; Weaver, H. A., Jr.; Olkin, C.; Ennico Smith, K.; Young, L. A.; Cheng, A. F.

    2016-12-01

    The New Horizons flyby of Pluto provided extensive high-resolution coverage of its encounter hemisphere. The most prominent surface feature in this hemisphere is the high albedo region informally named Tombaugh Regio, the western portion of which is represented by the expansive nitrogen ice plains informally named Sputnik Planum. A large fraction of Sputnik Planum displays a distinct cellular pattern, with individual cells typically displaying ovoid planforms and shallow pitting on a scale of a few hundred meters. Troughs with medial ridges define the boundaries between cells. Prior studies have argued that this pattern is indicative of solid-state convection occurring within the nitrogen ice. The southern non-cellular plains are either featureless or display dense fields of often elongate and aligned pits typically reaching a few km across, interpreted to have formed via sublimation. The mapping that will be presented at AGU focuses on identifying the different plains units that compose Sputnik Planum and defining the boundaries between them, which aids in assessing their time sequencing and correlation to one another. The cellular plains are divided into bright and dark units, with the bright unit forming a continuous high albedo zone with the bright uplands of east Tombaugh Regio. We interpret the dark plains to represent the main body of convecting N2 ice that forms the cellular plains of Sputnik Planum, with the low albedo caused by a high concentration of entrained dark material (likely tholins). Preferential sublimation of N2 ice from these plains would leave the dark ice exposed, and re-deposition of the N2 ice on the eastern cellular plains and uplands of east Tombaugh Regio would create a thin veneer of pure, bright N2 ice covering these landscapes. The non-cellular plains are universally bright and display evidence for southwards flow of the N2 ice, based on the orientations of fields of elongate sublimation pits as well as the presence of `extinct cells

  14. The Glacier and Land Ice Surface Topography Interferometer: An Airborne Proof-of-concept Mapping Sensor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moller, D.; Hensley, S.; Chuang, C.; Fisher, C.; Muellerschoen, R.; Milligan, L.; Sadowy, G.; Rignot, E. J.

    2009-12-01

    In May 2009 a new radar technique for mapping ice surface topography was demonstrated in a Greenland campaign as part of the NASA International Polar Year activities. This was achieved by integrating a Ka-band single-pass interferometric synthetic radar on the NASA Dryden Gulfstream III for a coordinated deployment. Although the technique of using radar interferometry for mapping terrain has been demonstrated before, this is the first such application at millimeter-wave frequencies. This proof-of-concept demonstration was motivated by the Glacier and Land Ice Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN) Instrument Incubator Program and furthermore, highly leveraged existing ESTO hardware and software assets (the Unmanned Airborne Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) and processor and the PR2 (precipitation radar 2) RF assembly and power amplifier). Initial Ka-band test flights occurred in March and April of 2009 followed by the Greenland deployment. Instrument performance indicates swath widths over the ice between 5-7km, with height precisions ranging from 30cm-3m at a posting of 3m x 3m. However, for this application the electromagnetic wave will penetrate an unknown amount into the snow cover thus producing an effective bias that must be calibrated. This penetration will be characterized as part of this program and is expected to vary as a function of snow wetness and radar incidence angle. To evaluate this, we flew a coordinated collection with the NASA Wallops Airborne Topographic Mapper on a transect from Greenland’s Summit its West coast. This flight included two field calibration sites at Colorado Institute for Research in Environmental Science’s Swiss Camp and the National Science Foundation’s Summit station. Additional collections entailed flying a grid over Jakobshavn glacier which were repeated after 6 days to reveal surface dynamics. In this time frame we were able to observe horizontal motion of over 1km on the glacier. While developed for

  15. The control of ice crystal growth and effect on porous structure of konjac glucomannan-based aerogels.

    PubMed

    Ni, Xuewen; Ke, Fan; Xiao, Man; Wu, Kao; Kuang, Ying; Corke, Harold; Jiang, Fatang

    2016-11-01

    Konjac glucomannan (KGM)-based aerogels were prepared using a combination of sol-gel and freeze-drying methods. Preparation conditions were chosen to control ice crystal growth and aerogel structure formation. The ice crystals formed during pre-freezing were observed by low temperature polarizing microscopy, and images of aerogel pores were obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The size of ice crystals were calculated and size distribution maps were drawn, and similarly for aerogel pores. Results showed that ice crystal growth and aerogel pore sizes may be controlled by varying pre-freezing temperatures, KGM concentration and glyceryl monostearate concentration. The impact of pre-freezing temperatures on ice crystal growth was explained as combining ice crystal growth rate with nucleation rate, while the impacts of KGM and glyceryl monostearate concentration on ice crystal growth were interpreted based on their influences on sol network structure. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  16. Maps Showing Inundation Depths, Ice-Rafted Erratics, and Sedimentary Facies of Late Pleistocene Missoula Floods in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Minervini, J.M.; O'Connor, J. E.; Wells, R.E.

    2003-01-01

    Glacial Lake Missoula, impounded by the Purcell Trench lobe of the late Pleistocene Cordilleran Icesheet, repeatedly breached its ice dam, sending floods as large as 2,500 cubic kilometers racing across the Channeled Scabland and down the Columbia River valley to the Pacific Ocean. Peak discharges for some floods exceeded 20 million cubic meters per second. At valley constrictions along the flood route, floodwaters temporarily ponded behind each narrow zone. One such constriction at Kalama Gap-northwest of Portland-backed water 120-150 meters high in the Portland basin, and backflooded 200 km south into Willamette Valley. Dozens of floods backed up into the Willamette Valley, eroding 'scabland' channels, and depositing giant boulder gravel bars in areas of vigorous currents as well as bedded flood sand and silt in backwater areas. Also, large chunks of ice entrained from the breached glacier dam rafted hundreds of 'erratic' rocks, leaving them scattered among the flanking foothills and valley bottom. From several sources and our own mapping, we have compiled information on many of these features and depict them on physiographic maps derived from digital elevation models of the Portland Basin and Willamette Valley. These maps show maximum flood inundation levels, inundation levels associated with stratigraphic evidence of repeated floodings, distribution of flood deposits, and sites of ice-rafted erratics. Accompanying these maps, a database lists locations, elevations, and descriptions of approximately 400 ice-rafted erratics-most compiled from early 20th-century maps and notes of A.M. Piper and I.S. Allison.

  17. Ice Sheet and Sea Ice Observations from Unmanned Aircraft Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Crocker, R. I.; Maslanik, J. A.

    2011-12-01

    A suite of sensors has been assembled to map ice sheet and sea ice surface topography with fine-resolution from small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). This payload is optimized to provide coincident surface elevation and imagery data, and with its low cost and ease of reproduction, it has the potential to become a widely-distributed observational resource to complement polar manned-aircraft and satellite missions. To date, it has been deployed to map ice sheet elevations near Jakobshavn Isbræ in Greenland, and to measure sea ice freeboard and roughness in Fram Strait off the coast of Svalbard. Data collected during these campaigns have facilitate a detailed assessment of the system's surface elevation measurement accuracy, and provide a glimpse of the summer 2009 Fram Strait sea ice conditions. These findings are presented, along with a brief overview of our future Arctic UAS operations.

  18. Greenland ice sheet retreat since the Little Ice Age

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Beitch, Marci J.

    Late 20th century and 21st century satellite imagery of the perimeter of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) provide high resolution observations of the ice sheet margins. Examining changes in ice margin positions over time yield measurements of GrIS area change and rates of margin retreat. However, longer records of ice sheet margin change are needed to establish more accurate predictions of the ice sheet's future response to global conditions. In this study, the trimzone, the area of deglaciated terrain along the ice sheet edge that lacks mature vegetation cover, is used as a marker of the maximum extent of the ice from its most recent major advance during the Little Ice Age. We compile recently acquired Landsat ETM+ scenes covering the perimeter of the GrIS on which we map area loss on land-, lake-, and marine-terminating margins. We measure an area loss of 13,327 +/- 830 km2, which corresponds to 0.8% shrinkage of the ice sheet. This equates to an averaged horizontal retreat of 363 +/- 69 m across the entire GrIS margin. Mapping the areas exposed since the Little Ice Age maximum, circa 1900 C.E., yields a century-scale rate of change. On average the ice sheet lost an area of 120 +/- 16 km 2/yr, or retreated at a rate of 3.3 +/- 0.7 m/yr since the LIA maximum.

  19. Application LANDSAT imagery to geologic mapping in the ice-free valleys of Antarctica

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Houston, R. S. (Principal Investigator); Marrs, R. W.; Smithson, S. B.

    1976-01-01

    The author has identified the following significant results. Studies in the Ice-Free Valleys are resulted in the compilation of a sizeable library of maps and publications. Rock reflectance measurements were taken during the Antarctic summer of 1973. Spectral reflectance of rocks (mostly mafic lava flows) in the McMurdo and Ice-Free Valleys areas were measured using a filter wheel photometer equipped to measure reflectances in the four Landsat bands. A series of samples were collected at regular intervals across a large differentiated, mafic sill near Lake Vida. Chemical analyses of the sample suggest that the tonal variations in this sill are controlled by changes in the iron content of the rock. False color images were prepared for a number of areas by the diazo method and with an optical multispectral biviewer. These images were useful in defining boundaries of sea ice, snow cover, and in the study of ablating glaciers, but were not very useful for rock discrimination.

  20. Interactions between Arctic sea ice drift, concentration and thickness modeled by NEMO-LIM3 at different resolutions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Docquier, David; Massonnet, François; Raulier, Jonathan; Lecomte, Olivier; Fichefet, Thierry

    2016-04-01

    Sea ice concentration and thickness have substantially decreased in the Arctic since the beginning of the satellite era. As a result, mechanical strength has decreased allowing more fracturing and leading to increased sea ice drift. However, recent studies have highlighted that the interplay between sea ice thermodynamics and dynamics is poorly represented in contemporary global climate model (GCM) simulations. Thus, the considerable inter-model spread in terms of future sea ice extent projections could be reduced by better understanding the interactions between drift, concentration and thickness. This study focuses on the results coming from the global coupled ocean-sea ice model NEMO-LIM3 between 1979 and 2012. Three different simulations are forced by the Drakkar Forcing Set (DFS) 5.2 and run on the global tripolar ORCA grid at spatial resolutions of 0.25, 1° and 2°. The relation between modeled sea ice drift, concentration and thickness is further analyzed, compared to observations and discussed in the framework of the above-mentioned poor representation. It is proposed as a process-based metric for evaluating model performance. This study forms part of the EU Horizon 2020 PRIMAVERA project aiming at developing a new generation of advanced and well-evaluated high-resolution GCMs.

  1. Arctic sea ice concentration observed with SMOS during summer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gabarro, Carolina; Martinez, Justino; Turiel, Antonio

    2017-04-01

    The Arctic Ocean is under profound transformation. Observations and model predictions show dramatic decline in sea ice extent and volume [1]. A retreating Arctic ice cover has a marked impact on regional and global climate, and vice versa, through a large number of feedback mechanisms and interactions with the climate system [2]. The launch of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, in 2009, marked the dawn of a new type of space-based microwave observations. Although the mission was originally conceived for hydrological and oceanographic studies [3,4], SMOS is also making inroads in the cryospheric sciences by measuring the thin ice thickness [5,6]. SMOS carries an L-band (1.4 GHz), passive interferometric radiometer (the so-called MIRAS) that measures the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, at about 50 km spatial resolution, continuous multi-angle viewing, large wide swath (1200-km), and with a 3-day revisit time at the equator, but more frequently at the poles. A novel radiometric method to determine sea ice concentration (SIC) from SMOS is presented. The method uses the Bayesian-based Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) approach to retrieve SIC. The advantage of this approach with respect to the classical linear inversion is that the former takes into account the uncertainty of the tie-point measured data in addition to the mean value, while the latter only uses a mean value of the tie-point data. When thin ice is present, the SMOS algorithm underestimates the SIC due to the low opacity of the ice at this frequency. However, using a synergistic approach with data from other satellite sensors, it is possible to obtain accurate thin ice thickness estimations with the Bayesian-based method. Despite its lower spatial resolution relative to SSMI or AMSR-E, SMOS-derived SIC products are little affected by the atmosphere and the snow (almost transparent at L-band). Moreover L-band measurements are more robust in front of the

  2. Mapping of ice, snow and water using aircraft-mounted LiDAR

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Church, Philip; Matheson, Justin; Owens, Brett

    2016-05-01

    Neptec Technologies Corp. has developed a family of obscurant-penetrating 3D laser scanners (OPAL 2.0) that are being adapted for airborne platforms for operations in Degraded Visual Environments (DVE). The OPAL uses a scanning mechanism based on the Risley prism pair. Data acquisition rates can go as high as 200kHz for ranges within 240m and 25kHz for ranges exceeding 240m. The scan patterns are created by rotating two prisms under independent motor control producing a conical Field-Of-View (FOV). An OPAL laser scanner with 90° FOV was installed on a Navajo aircraft, looking down through an aperture in the aircraft floor. The rotation speeds of the Risley prisms were selected to optimize a uniformity of the data samples distribution on the ground. Flight patterns simulating a landing approach over snow and ice in an unprepared Arctic environment were also performed to evaluate the capability of the OPAL LiDAR to map snow and ice elevation distribution in real-time and highlight potential obstacles. Data was also collected to evaluate the detection of wires when flying over water, snow and ice. Main results and conclusions obtained from the flight data analysis are presented.

  3. Towards automated mapping of lake ice using RADARSAT-2 and simulated RCM compact polarimetric data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Duguay, Claude

    2016-04-01

    The Canadian Ice Service (CIS) produces a weekly ice fraction product (a text file with a single lake-wide ice fraction value, in tenth, estimated for about 140 large lakes across Canada and northern United States) created from the visual interpretation of RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR dual-polarization (HH and HV) imagery, complemented by optical satellite imagery (AVHRR, MODIS and VIIRS). The weekly ice product is generated in support of the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) needs for lake ice coverage in their operational numerical weather prediction model. CIS is interested in moving from its current (manual) way of generating the ice fraction product to a largely automated process. With support from the Canadian Space Agency, a project was recently initiated to assess the potential of polarimetric SAR data for lake ice cover mapping in light of the upcoming RADARSAT Constellation Mission (to be launched in 2018). The main objectives of the project are to evaluate: 1) state-of-the-art image segmentation algorithms and 2) RADARSAT-2 polarimetric and simulated RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) compact polarimetric SAR data for ice/open water discrimination. The goal is to identify the best segmentation algorithm and non-polarimetric/polarimetric parameters for automated lake ice monitoring at CIS. In this talk, we will present the background and context of the study as well as initial results from the analysis of RADARSAT-2 Standard Quad-Pol data acquired during the break-up and freeze-up periods of 2015 on Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories.

  4. Photochemistry of coronene in cosmic water ice analogs at different concentrations.

    PubMed

    de Barros, A L F; Mattioda, A L; Ricca, A; Cruz, G; Allamandola, L J

    2017-10-20

    This work presents the photochemistry of ultraviolet (UV) irradiated coronene in water ices at 15 K, studied using mid-infrared Fourier transform (FTIR) spectroscopy for C 24 H 12 :H 2 O at concentrations of (1:50), (1:150), (1:200), (1:300) and (1:400). Previous UV irradiation studies of anthracene:H 2 O, pyrene:H 2 O and benzo[ghi]perylene:H 2 O ices at 15 K have shown that aromatic alcohols and ketones, as well as CO 2 and H 2 CO are formed at very low temperatures. Like-wise, here, in addition to the coronene cation, hydroxy-, keto-, and protonated coronene (coronene-H + ) are formed. The rate constants for the decay of neutral coronene and for the formation of photoproducts have been derived. It is shown that PAHs and their UV-induced PAH:H 2 O photoproducts have mid-infrared spectroscopic signatures in the 5-8 μ m region that can contribute to the interstellar ice components described by Boogert et al. (2008) as C1-C5. Our results suggest that oxygenated and hydrogenated PAHs could be in UV-irradiated regions of the ISM where water-rich ices are important.

  5. Photochemistry of Coronene in Cosmic Water Ice Analogs at Different Concentrations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de Barros, A. L. F.; Mattioda, A. L.; Ricca, A.; Cruz-Diaz, G. A.; Allamandola, L. J.

    2017-10-01

    This work presents the photochemistry of ultraviolet (UV) irradiated coronene in water ices at 15 K studied using mid-infrared Fourier transform (FTIR) spectroscopy for C24H12:H2O at concentrations of (1:50), (1:150), (1:200), (1:300), and (1:400). Previous UV irradiation studies of anthracene:H2O, pyrene:H2O, and benzo[ghi]perylene:H2O ices at 15 K have shown that aromatic alcohols and ketones, as well as CO2 and H2CO, are formed at very low temperatures. Likewise, here, in addition to the coronene cation, hydroxy-, keto-, and protonated coronene (coronene H+) are formed. The rate constants for the decay of neutral coronene and for the formation of photoproducts have been derived. It is shown that Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their UV induced PAH:H2O photoproducts have mid-infrared spectroscopic signatures in the 5-8 μm region that can contribute to the interstellar ice components described by Boogert et al. as C1-C5. Our results suggest that oxygenated and hydrogenated PAHs could be in UV-irradiated regions of the interstellar medium where water-rich ices are important.

  6. Multi-frequency SAR, SSM/I and AVHRR derived geophysical information of the marginal ice zone

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Shuchman, R. A.; Onstott, R. G.; Wackerman, C. C.; Russel, C. A.; Sutherland, L. L.; Johannessen, O. M.; Johannessen, J. A.; Sandven, S.; Gloerson, P.

    1991-01-01

    A description is given of the fusion of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I), and NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data to study arctic processes. These data were collected during the SIZEX/CEAREX experiments that occurred in the Greenland Sea in March of 1989. Detailed comparisons between the SAR, AVHRR, and SSM/I indicated: (1) The ice edge position was in agreement to within 25 km, (2) The SSM/I SAR total ice concentration compared favorably, however, the SSM/I significantly underpredicted the multiyear fraction, (3) Combining high resolution SAR with SSM/I can potentially map open water and new ice features in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) which cannot be mapped by the single sensors, and (4) The combination of all three sensors provides accurate ice information as well as sea surface temperature and wind speeds.

  7. Evaluating Ice Nucleating Particle Concentrations From Prognostic Dust Minerals in an Earth System Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Perlwitz, J. P.; Knopf, D. A.; Fridlind, A. M.; Miller, R. L.; Pérez García-Pando, C.; DeMott, P. J.

    2016-12-01

    The effect of aerosol particles on the radiative properties of clouds, the so-called, indirect effect of aerosols, is recognized as one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate prediction. The distribution of water vapor, precipitation, and ice cloud formation are influenced by the atmospheric ice formation, thereby modulating cloud albedo and thus climate. It is well known that different particle types possess different ice formation propensities with mineral dust being a superior ice nucleating particle (INP) compared to soot particles. Furthermore, some dust mineral types are more proficient INP than others, depending on temperature and relative humidity.In recent work, we have presented an improved dust aerosol module in the NASA GISS Earth System ModelE2 with prognostic mineral composition of the dust aerosols. Thus, there are regional variations in dust composition. We evaluated the predicted mineral fractions of dust aerosols by comparing them to measurements from a compilation of about 60 published literature references. Additionally, the capability of the model to reproduce the elemental composition of the simulated dusthas been tested at Izana Observatory at Tenerife, Canary Islands, which is located off-shore of Africa and where frequent dust events are observed. We have been able to show that the new approach delivers a robust improvement of the predicted mineral fractions and elemental composition of dust.In the current study, we use three-dimensional dust mineral fields and thermodynamic conditions, which are simulated using GISS ModelE, to calculate offline the INP concentrations derived using different ice nucleation parameterizations that are currently discussed. We evaluate the calculated INP concentrations from the different parameterizations by comparing them to INP concentrations from field measurements.

  8. The Antarctic Ice.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Radok, Uwe

    1985-01-01

    The International Antarctic Glaciological Project has collected information on the East Antarctic ice sheet since 1969. Analysis of ice cores revealed climatic history, and radar soundings helped map bedrock of the continent. Computer models of the ice sheet and its changes over time will aid in predicting the future. (DH)

  9. Immersion freezing in concentrated solution droplets for a variety of ice nucleating particles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wex, Heike; Kohn, Monika; Grawe, Sarah; Hartmann, Susan; Hellner, Lisa; Herenz, Paul; Welti, Andre; Lohmann, Ulrike; Kanji, Zamin; Stratmann, Frank

    2016-04-01

    The measurement campaign LINC (Leipzig Ice Nucleation counter Comparison) was conducted in September 2015, during which ice nucleation measurements as obtained with the following instruments were compared: - LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator, see e.g. Wex et al., 2014) - PIMCA-PINC (Portable Immersion Mode Cooling Chamber together with PINC) - PINC (Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber, Chou et al., 2011) - SPIN (SPectrometer for Ice Nuclei, Droplet Measurement Technologies) While LACIS and PIMCA-PINC measured immersion freezing, PINC and SPIN varied the super-saturation during the measurements and collected data also for relative humidities below 100% RHw. A suite of different types of ice nucleating particles were examined, where particles were generated from suspensions, subsequently dried and size selected. For the following samples, data for all four instruments are available: K-feldspar, K-feldspar treated with nitric acid, Fluka-kaolinite and birch pollen. Immersion freezing measurements by LACIS and PIMCA-PINC were in excellent agreement. Respective parameterizations from these measurement were used to model the ice nucleation behavior below water vapor saturation, assuming that the process can be described as immersion freezing in concentrated solutions. This is equivalent to simply including a concentration dependent freezing point depression in the immersion freezing parameterization, as introduced for coated kaolinite particles in Wex et al. (2014). Overall, measurements performed below water vapor saturation were reproduced by the model, and it will be discussed in detail, why deviations were observed in some cases. Acknowledgement: Part of this work was funded by the DFG Research Unit FOR 1525 INUIT, grant WE 4722/1-2. Literature: Chou, C., O. Stetzer, E. Weingartner, Z. Juranyi, Z. A. Kanji, and U. Lohmann (2011), Ice nuclei properties within a Saharan dust event at the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(10), 4725

  10. Mapping sea ice leads with a coupled numeric/symbolic system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Key, J.; Schweiger, A. J.; Maslanik, J. A.

    1990-01-01

    A method is presented which facilitates the detection and delineation of leads with single-channel Landsat data by coupling numeric and symbolic procedures. The procedure consists of three steps: (1) using the dynamic threshold method, an image is mapped to a lead/no lead binary image; (2) the likelihood of fragments to be real leads is examined with a set of numeric rules; and (3) pairs of objects are examined geometrically and merged where possible. The processing ends when all fragments are merged and statistical characteristics are determined, and a map of valid lead objects are left which summarizes useful physical in the lead complexes. Direct implementation of domain knowledge and rapid prototyping are two benefits of the rule-based system. The approach is found to be more successfully applied to mid- and high-level processing, and the system can retrieve statistics about sea-ice leads as well as detect the leads.

  11. New Tools for Sea Ice Data Analysis and Visualization: NSIDC's Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vizcarra, N.; Stroeve, J.; Beam, K.; Beitler, J.; Brandt, M.; Kovarik, J.; Savoie, M. H.; Skaug, M.; Stafford, T.

    2017-12-01

    Arctic sea ice has long been recognized as a sensitive climate indicator and has undergone a dramatic decline over the past thirty years. Antarctic sea ice continues to be an intriguing and active field of research. The National Snow and Ice Data Center's Arctic Sea Ice News & Analysis (ASINA) offers researchers and the public a transparent view of sea ice data and analysis. We have released a new set of tools for sea ice analysis and visualization. In addition to Charctic, our interactive sea ice extent graph, the new Sea Ice Data and Analysis Tools page provides access to Arctic and Antarctic sea ice data organized in seven different data workbooks, updated daily or monthly. An interactive tool lets scientists, or the public, quickly compare changes in ice extent and location. Another tool allows users to map trends, anomalies, and means for user-defined time periods. Animations of September Arctic and Antarctic monthly average sea ice extent and concentration may also be accessed from this page. Our tools help the NSIDC scientists monitor and understand sea ice conditions in near real time. They also allow the public to easily interact with and explore sea ice data. Technical innovations in our data center helped NSIDC quickly build these tools and more easily maintain them. The tools were made publicly accessible to meet the desire from the public and members of the media to access the numbers and calculations that power our visualizations and analysis. This poster explores these tools and how other researchers, the media, and the general public are using them.

  12. An Ultra-Wideband, Microwave Radar for Measuring Snow Thickness on Sea Ice and Mapping Near-Surface Internal Layers in Polar Firn

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Panzer, Ben; Gomez-Garcia, Daniel; Leuschen, Carl; Paden, John; Rodriguez-Morales, Fernando; Patel, Azsa; Markus, Thorsten; Holt, Benjamin; Gogineni, Prasad

    2013-01-01

    Sea ice is generally covered with snow, which can vary in thickness from a few centimeters to >1 m. Snow cover acts as a thermal insulator modulating the heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, and it impacts sea-ice growth rates and overall thickness, a key indicator of climate change in polar regions. Snow depth is required to estimate sea-ice thickness using freeboard measurements made with satellite altimeters. The snow cover also acts as a mechanical load that depresses ice freeboard (snow and ice above sea level). Freeboard depression can result in flooding of the snow/ice interface and the formation of a thick slush layer, particularly in the Antarctic sea-ice cover. The Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) has developed an ultra-wideband, microwave radar capable of operation on long-endurance aircraft to characterize the thickness of snow over sea ice. The low-power, 100mW signal is swept from 2 to 8GHz allowing the air/snow and snow/ ice interfaces to be mapped with 5 c range resolution in snow; this is an improvement over the original system that worked from 2 to 6.5 GHz. From 2009 to 2012, CReSIS successfully operated the radar on the NASA P-3B and DC-8 aircraft to collect data on snow-covered sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic for NASA Operation IceBridge. The radar was found capable of snow depth retrievals ranging from 10cm to >1 m. We also demonstrated that this radar can be used to map near-surface internal layers in polar firn with fine range resolution. Here we describe the instrument design, characteristics and performance of the radar.

  13. Classification methods for monitoring Arctic sea ice using OKEAN passive/active two-channel microwave data

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Belchansky, Gennady I.; Douglas, David C.

    2000-01-01

    This paper presents methods for classifying Arctic sea ice using both passive and active (2-channel) microwave imagery acquired by the Russian OKEAN 01 polar-orbiting satellite series. Methods and results are compared to sea ice classifications derived from nearly coincident Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image data of the Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas. The Russian OKEAN 01 satellite data were collected over weekly intervals during October 1995 through December 1997. Methods are presented for calibrating, georeferencing and classifying the raw active radar and passive microwave OKEAN 01 data, and for correcting the OKEAN 01 microwave radiometer calibration wedge based on concurrent 37 GHz horizontal polarization SSM/I brightness temperature data. Sea ice type and ice concentration algorithms utilized OKEAN's two-channel radar and passive microwave data in a linear mixture model based on the measured values of brightness temperature and radar backscatter, together with a priori knowledge about the scattering parameters and natural emissivities of basic sea ice types. OKEAN 01 data and algorithms tended to classify lower concentrations of young or first-year sea ice when concentrations were less than 60%, and to produce higher concentrations of multi-year sea ice when concentrations were greater than 40%, when compared to estimates produced from SSM/I data. Overall, total sea ice concentration maps derived independently from OKEAN 01, SSM/I, and AVHRR satellite imagery were all highly correlated, with uniform biases, and mean differences in total ice concentration of less than four percent (sd<15%).

  14. Mapping the Frozen Void

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suutarinen, Aleksi; Fraser, Helen

    2013-07-01

    Reactions on the surfaces of dust grains play a vital role in the overall chemistry of interstellar matter. These grains become covered by icy layers, which are the largest molecular reservoir in the interstellar medium. Given this, it is surprising that the effect ice has on the overall chain of reactions is poorly characterized. One step on the path of gaining better understanding here is to develop methods of figuring out how much ice is present in these clouds, the links between ice components, and synergy between the ices and gas phase molecules. We do this by examining the absorption spectra of ices on lines of sight towards several stars behind clouds of interstellar matter. From these we can reconstruct spatial maps of the ice distribution on scales of as little as 1000 AU, as a test of the chemical variation within a cloud. By overlapping the ice data with other maps of the same region (gas emission, temperature, density etc) we create combined maps to reveal the astrochemistry of star-forming regions and pre-stellar cores. In this poster we present the continuing results of our ice mapping programme, using data from the AKARI satellite, specifically in slitless spectroscopy observations in the NIR. In this region the key ice features encompass H2O, CO and CO2. The maps illustrate the power of our dedicated AKARI data reduction pipeline, and the novelty of our observing programme. We also detail the next steps' in our ice mapping research. The method is being expanded to include the full 10'x10' AKARI field of view, taking account of image distortion induced by the dispersing optics. These maps are then combined with exiting gas-phase observations and SCUBA maps. The latest attempts at this are shown here. What is clear already is that it is difficult to predict ice abundances from factors such as extinction or gas density alone, and that ice formation and evolution can vary hugely over even very small astronomical scales.

  15. Photochemistry of Coronene in Cosmic Water Ice Analogs at Different Concentrations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    De Barros, A. L. F.; Mattioda, A. L.; Ricca, A.

    This work presents the photochemistry of ultraviolet (UV) irradiated coronene in water ices at 15 K studied using mid-infrared Fourier transform (FTIR) spectroscopy for C{sub 24}H{sub 12}:H{sub 2}O at concentrations of (1:50), (1:150), (1:200), (1:300), and (1:400). Previous UV irradiation studies of anthracene:H{sub 2}O, pyrene:H{sub 2}O, and benzo[ghi]perylene:H{sub 2}O ices at 15 K have shown that aromatic alcohols and ketones, as well as CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}CO, are formed at very low temperatures. Likewise, here, in addition to the coronene cation, hydroxy-, keto-, and protonated coronene (coronene H{sup +}) are formed. The rate constants for the decay of neutralmore » coronene and for the formation of photoproducts have been derived. It is shown that Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their UV induced PAH:H{sub 2}O photoproducts have mid-infrared spectroscopic signatures in the 5–8 μ m region that can contribute to the interstellar ice components described by Boogert et al. as C1–C5. Our results suggest that oxygenated and hydrogenated PAHs could be in UV-irradiated regions of the interstellar medium where water-rich ices are important.« less

  16. Operation IceBridge Turns Five

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-12-08

    In May 2014, two new studies concluded that a section of the land-based West Antarctic ice sheet had reached a point of inevitable collapse. Meanwhile, fresh observations from September 2014 showed sea ice around Antarctica had reached its greatest extent since the late 1970s. To better understand such dynamic and dramatic differences in the region's land and sea ice, researchers are travelling south to Antarctica this month for the sixth campaign of NASA’s Operation IceBridge. The airborne campaign, which also flies each year over Greenland, makes annual surveys of the ice with instrumented research aircraft. Instruments range from lasers that map the elevation of the ice surface, radars that "see" below it, and downward looking cameras to provide a natural-color perspective. The Digital Mapping System (DMS) camera acquired the above photo during the mission’s first science flight on October 16, 2009. At the time of the image, the DC-8 aircraft was flying at an altitude of 515 meters (1,700 feet) over heavily compacted first-year sea ice along the edge of the Amundsen Sea. Since that first flight, much has been gleaned from IceBridge data. For example, images from an IceBridge flight in October 2011 revealed a massive crack running about 29 kilometers (18 miles) across the floating tongue of Antarctica's Pine Island Glacier. The crack ultimately led to a 725-square-kilometer (280-square-mile) iceberg. In 2012, IceBridge data was a key part of a new map of Antarctica called Bedmap2. By combining surface elevation, ice thickness, and bedrock topography, Bedmap2 gives a clearer picture of Antarctica from the ice surface down to the land surface. Discoveries have been made in Greenland, too, including the identification of a 740-kilometer-long (460-mile-long) mega canyon below the ice sheet. Repeated measurements of land and sea ice from aircraft extend the record of observations once made by NASA’s Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite, or ICESat, which

  17. Ice sheet radar altimetry

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zwally, J.

    1988-01-01

    The surface topography of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets between 72 degrees north and south was mapped using radar altimetry data from the U.S. Navy GEOSAT. The glaciological objectives of this activity were to study the dynamics of the ice flow, changes in the position of floating ice-shelf fronts, and ultimately to measure temporal changes in ice surface elevation indicative of ice sheet mass balance.

  18. Looking Into and Through the Ross Ice Shelf - ROSETTA-ICE

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bell, R. E.

    2015-12-01

    the two IceBridge lines located 47 km apart. The ROSETTA-ICE program will begin a systematic mapping of the Ross Ice Shelf and sub-ice topography using the IcePod system beginning in 2015. Together the new gravity-derived bathymetry and the mapping of the ice shelf structure will provide key insights into the stability of the ice shelf.

  19. Interannual variability of monthly Southern Ocean sea ice distributions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Parkinson, Claire L.

    1992-01-01

    The interannual variability of the Southern-Ocean sea-ice distributions was mapped and analyzed using data from Nimbus-5 ESMR and Nimbus-7 SMMR, collected from 1973 to 1987. The set of 12 monthly maps obtained reveals many details on spatial variability that are unobtainable from time series of ice extents. These maps can be used as baseline maps for comparisons against future Southern Ocean sea ice distributions. The maps are supplemented by more detailed maps of the frequency of ice coverage, presented in this paper for one month within each of the four seasons, and by the breakdown of these results to the periods covered individually by each of the two passive-microwave imagers.

  20. Statistical Analysis of SSMIS Sea Ice Concentration Threshold at the Arctic Sea Ice Edge during Summer Based on MODIS and Ship-Based Observational Data.

    PubMed

    Ji, Qing; Li, Fei; Pang, Xiaoping; Luo, Cong

    2018-04-05

    The threshold of sea ice concentration (SIC) is the basis for accurately calculating sea ice extent based on passive microwave (PM) remote sensing data. However, the PM SIC threshold at the sea ice edge used in previous studies and released sea ice products has not always been consistent. To explore the representable value of the PM SIC threshold corresponding on average to the position of the Arctic sea ice edge during summer in recent years, we extracted sea ice edge boundaries from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sea ice product (MOD29 with a spatial resolution of 1 km), MODIS images (250 m), and sea ice ship-based observation points (1 km) during the fifth (CHINARE-2012) and sixth (CHINARE-2014) Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions, and made an overlay and comparison analysis with PM SIC derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS, with a spatial resolution of 25 km) in the summer of 2012 and 2014. Results showed that the average SSMIS SIC threshold at the Arctic sea ice edge based on ice-water boundary lines extracted from MOD29 was 33%, which was higher than that of the commonly used 15% discriminant threshold. The average SIC threshold at sea ice edge based on ice-water boundary lines extracted by visual interpretation from four scenes of the MODIS image was 35% when compared to the average value of 36% from the MOD29 extracted ice edge pixels for the same days. The average SIC of 31% at the sea ice edge points extracted from ship-based observations also confirmed that choosing around 30% as the SIC threshold during summer is recommended for sea ice extent calculations based on SSMIS PM data. These results can provide a reference for further studying the variation of sea ice under the rapidly changing Arctic.

  1. Observed platelet ice distributions in Antarctic sea ice: An index for ocean-ice shelf heat flux

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Langhorne, P. J.; Hughes, K. G.; Gough, A. J.; Smith, I. J.; Williams, M. J. M.; Robinson, N. J.; Stevens, C. L.; Rack, W.; Price, D.; Leonard, G. H.; Mahoney, A. R.; Haas, C.; Haskell, T. G.

    2015-07-01

    Antarctic sea ice that has been affected by supercooled Ice Shelf Water (ISW) has a unique crystallographic structure and is called platelet ice. In this paper we synthesize platelet ice observations to construct a continent-wide map of the winter presence of ISW at the ocean surface. The observations demonstrate that, in some regions of coastal Antarctica, supercooled ISW drives a negative oceanic heat flux of -30 Wm-2 that persists for several months during winter, significantly affecting sea ice thickness. In other regions, particularly where the thinning of ice shelves is believed to be greatest, platelet ice is not observed. Our new data set includes the longest ice-ocean record for Antarctica, which dates back to 1902 near the McMurdo Ice Shelf. These historical data indicate that, over the past 100 years, any change in the volume of very cold surface outflow from this ice shelf is less than the uncertainties in the measurements.

  2. Concentrations and source regions of light-absorbing particles in snow/ice in northern Pakistan and their impact on snow albedo

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gul, Chaman; Praveen Puppala, Siva; Kang, Shichang; Adhikary, Bhupesh; Zhang, Yulan; Ali, Shaukat; Li, Yang; Li, Xiaofei

    2018-04-01

    Black carbon (BC), water-insoluble organic carbon (OC), and mineral dust are important particles in snow and ice which significantly reduce albedo and accelerate melting. Surface snow and ice samples were collected from the Karakoram-Himalayan region of northern Pakistan during 2015 and 2016 in summer (six glaciers), autumn (two glaciers), and winter (six mountain valleys). The average BC concentration overall was 2130 ± 1560 ng g-1 in summer samples, 2883 ± 3439 ng g-1 in autumn samples, and 992 ± 883 ng g-1 in winter samples. The average water-insoluble OC concentration overall was 1839 ± 1108 ng g-1 in summer samples, 1423 ± 208 ng g-1 in autumn samples, and 1342 ± 672 ng g-1 in winter samples. The overall concentration of BC, OC, and dust in aged snow samples collected during the summer campaign was higher than the concentration in ice samples. The values are relatively high compared to reports by others for the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. This is probably the result of taking more representative samples at lower elevation where deposition is higher and the effects of ageing and enrichment are more marked. A reduction in snow albedo of 0.1-8.3 % for fresh snow and 0.9-32.5 % for aged snow was calculated for selected solar zenith angles during daytime using the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation (SNICAR) model. The daily mean albedo was reduced by 0.07-12.0 %. The calculated radiative forcing ranged from 0.16 to 43.45 W m-2 depending on snow type, solar zenith angle, and location. The potential source regions of the deposited pollutants were identified using spatial variance in wind vector maps, emission inventories coupled with backward air trajectories, and simple region-tagged chemical transport modeling. Central, south, and west Asia were the major sources of pollutants during the sampling months, with only a small contribution from east Asia. Analysis based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-STEM) chemical transport model identified a

  3. Observational Evidence of a Hemispheric-wide Ice-ocean Albedo Feedback Effect on Antarctic Sea-ice Decay

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nihashi, Sohey; Cavalieri, Donald J.

    2007-01-01

    The effect of ice-ocean albedo feedback (a kind of ice-albedo feedback) on sea-ice decay is demonstrated over the Antarctic sea-ice zone from an analysis of satellite-derived hemispheric sea ice concentration and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40) atmospheric data for the period 1979-2001. Sea ice concentration in December (time of most active melt) correlates better with the meridional component of the wind-forced ice drift (MID) in November (beginning of the melt season) than the MID in December. This 1 month lagged correlation is observed in most of the Antarctic sea-ice covered ocean. Daily time series of ice , concentration show that the ice concentration anomaly increases toward the time of maximum sea-ice melt. These findings can be explained by the following positive feedback effect: once ice concentration decreases (increases) at the beginning of the melt season, solar heating of the upper ocean through the increased (decreased) open water fraction is enhanced (reduced), leading to (suppressing) a further decrease in ice concentration by the oceanic heat. Results obtained fi-om a simple ice-ocean coupled model also support our interpretation of the observational results. This positive feedback mechanism explains in part the large interannual variability of the sea-ice cover in summer.

  4. Passive microwave remote sensing for sea ice research

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1984-01-01

    Techniques for gathering data by remote sensors on satellites utilized for sea ice research are summarized. Measurement of brightness temperatures by a passive microwave imager converted to maps of total sea ice concentration and to the areal fractions covered by first year and multiyear ice are described. Several ancillary observations, especially by means of automatic data buoys and submarines equipped with upward looking sonars, are needed to improve the validation and interpretation of satellite data. The design and performance characteristics of the Navy's Special Sensor Microwave Imager, expected to be in orbit in late 1985, are described. It is recommended that data from that instrument be processed to a form suitable for research applications and archived in a readily accessible form. The sea ice data products required for research purposes are described and recommendations for their archival and distribution to the scientific community are presented.

  5. Validation and Interpretation of a new sea ice GlobIce dataset using buoys and the CICE sea ice model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Flocco, D.; Laxon, S. W.; Feltham, D. L.; Haas, C.

    2012-04-01

    The GlobIce project has provided high resolution sea ice product datasets over the Arctic derived from SAR data in the ESA archive. The products are validated sea ice motion, deformation and fluxes through straits. GlobIce sea ice velocities, deformation data and sea ice concentration have been validated using buoy data provided by the International Arctic Buoy Program (IABP). Over 95% of the GlobIce and buoy data analysed fell within 5 km of each other. The GlobIce Eulerian image pair product showed a high correlation with buoy data. The sea ice concentration product was compared to SSM/I data. An evaluation of the validity of the GlobICE data will be presented in this work. GlobICE sea ice velocity and deformation were compared with runs of the CICE sea ice model: in particular the mass fluxes through the straits were used to investigate the correlation between the winter behaviour of sea ice and the sea ice state in the following summer.

  6. Variability of Arctic Sea Ice as Viewed from Space

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Parkinson, Claire L.

    1998-01-01

    Over the past 20 years, satellite passive-microwave radiometry has provided a marvelous means for obtaining information about the variability of the Arctic sea ice cover and particularly about sea ice concentrations (% areal coverages) and from them ice extents and the lengths of the sea ice season. This ability derives from the sharp contrast between the microwave emissions of sea ice versus liquid water and allows routine monitoring of the vast Arctic sea ice cover, which typically varies in extent from a minimum of about 8,000,000 sq km in September to a maximum of about 15,000,000 sq km in March, the latter value being over 1.5 times the area of either the United States or Canada. The vast Arctic ice cover has many impacts, including hindering heat, mass, and y momentum exchanges between the oceans and the atmosphere, reducing the amount of solar radiation absorbed at the Earth's surface, affecting freshwater transports and ocean circulation, and serving as a vital surface for many species of polar animals. These direct impacts also lead to indirect impacts, including effects on local and perhaps global atmospheric temperatures, effects that are being examined in general circulation modeling studies, where preliminary results indicate that changes on the order of a few percent sea ice concentration can lead to temperature changes of 1 K or greater even in local areas outside of the sea ice region. Satellite passive-microwave data for November 1978 through December 1996 reveal marked regional and interannual variabilities in both the ice extents and the lengths of the sea ice season, as well as some statistically significant trends. For the north polar ice cover as a whole, maximum ice extents varied over a range of 14,700,000 - 15,900,000 km(2), while individual regions showed much greater percentage variations, e.g., with the Greenland Sea experiencing a range of 740,000 - 1,1110,000 km(2) in its yearly maximum ice coverage. Although variations from year to

  7. OBLIMAP 2.0: a fast climate model-ice sheet model coupler including online embeddable mapping routines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reerink, Thomas J.; van de Berg, Willem Jan; van de Wal, Roderik S. W.

    2016-11-01

    This paper accompanies the second OBLIMAP open-source release. The package is developed to map climate fields between a general circulation model (GCM) and an ice sheet model (ISM) in both directions by using optimal aligned oblique projections, which minimize distortions. The curvature of the surfaces of the GCM and ISM grid differ, both grids may be irregularly spaced and the ratio of the grids is allowed to differ largely. OBLIMAP's stand-alone version is able to map data sets that differ in various aspects on the same ISM grid. Each grid may either coincide with the surface of a sphere, an ellipsoid or a flat plane, while the grid types might differ. Re-projection of, for example, ISM data sets is also facilitated. This is demonstrated by relevant applications concerning the major ice caps. As the stand-alone version also applies to the reverse mapping direction, it can be used as an offline coupler. Furthermore, OBLIMAP 2.0 is an embeddable GCM-ISM coupler, suited for high-frequency online coupled experiments. A new fast scan method is presented for structured grids as an alternative for the former time-consuming grid search strategy, realising a performance gain of several orders of magnitude and enabling the mapping of high-resolution data sets with a much larger number of grid nodes. Further, a highly flexible masked mapping option is added. The limitation of the fast scan method with respect to unstructured and adaptive grids is discussed together with a possible future parallel Message Passing Interface (MPI) implementation.

  8. Relating Regional Arctic Sea Ice and climate extremes over Europe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ionita-Scholz, Monica; Grosfeld, Klaus; Lohmann, Gerrit; Scholz, Patrick

    2016-04-01

    The potential increase of temperature extremes under climate change is a major threat to society, as temperature extremes have a deep impact on environment, hydrology, agriculture, society and economy. Hence, the analysis of the mechanisms underlying their occurrence, including their relationships with the large-scale atmospheric circulation and sea ice concentration, is of major importance. At the same time, the decline in Arctic sea ice cover during the last 30 years has been widely documented and it is clear that this change is having profound impacts at regional as well as planetary scale. As such, this study aims to investigate the relation between the autumn regional sea ice concentration variability and cold winters in Europe, as identified by the numbers of cold nights (TN10p), cold days (TX10p), ice days (ID) and consecutive frost days (CFD). We analyze the relationship between Arctic sea ice variation in autumn (September-October-November) averaged over eight different Arctic regions (Barents/Kara Seas, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi/Bering Seas, Central Arctic, Greenland Sea, Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay, Laptev/East Siberian Seas and Northern Hemisphere) and variations in atmospheric circulation and climate extreme indices in the following winter season over Europe using composite map analysis. Based on the composite map analysis it is shown that the response of the winter extreme temperatures over Europe is highly correlated/connected to changes in Arctic sea ice variability. However, this signal is not symmetrical for the case of high and low sea ice years. Moreover, the response of temperatures extreme over Europe to sea ice variability over the different Arctic regions differs substantially. The regions which have the strongest impact on the extreme winter temperature over Europe are: Barents/Kara Seas, Beaufort Sea, Central Arctic and the Northern Hemisphere. For the years of high sea ice concentration in the Barents/Kara Seas there is a reduction in the number

  9. Upper-Tropospheric Cloud Ice from IceCube

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wu, D. L.

    2017-12-01

    Cloud ice plays important roles in Earth's energy budget and cloud-precipitation processes. Knowledge of global cloud ice and its properties is critical for understanding and quantifying its roles in Earth's atmospheric system. It remains a great challenge to measure these variables accurately from space. Submillimeter (submm) wave remote sensing has capability of penetrating clouds and measuring ice mass and microphysical properties. In particular, the 883-GHz frequency is a highest spectral window in microwave frequencies that can be used to fill a sensitivity gap between thermal infrared (IR) and mm-wave sensors in current spaceborne cloud ice observations. IceCube is a cubesat spaceflight demonstration of 883-GHz radiometer technology. Its primary objective is to raise the technology readiness level (TRL) of 883-GHz cloud radiometer for future Earth science missions. By flying a commercial receiver on a 3U cubesat, IceCube is able to achieve fast-track maturation of space technology, by completing its development, integration and testing in 2.5 years. IceCube was successfully delivered to ISS in April 2017 and jettisoned from the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2017. The IceCube cloud-ice radiometer (ICIR) has been acquiring data since the jettison on a daytime-only operation. IceCube adopted a simple design without payload mechanism. It makes maximum utilization of solar power by spinning the spacecraft continuously about the Sun vector at a rate of 1.2° per second. As a result, the ICIR is operated under the limited resources (8.6 W without heater) and largely-varying (18°C-28°C) thermal environments. The spinning cubesat also allows ICIR to have periodical views between the Earth (atmosphere and clouds) and cold space (calibration), from which the first 883-GHz cloud map is obtained. The 883-GHz cloud radiance, sensitive to ice particle scattering, is proportional to cloud ice amount above 10 km. The ICIR cloud map acquired during June 20-July 2

  10. Anomalously high arsenic concentration in a West Antarctic ice core and its relationship to copper mining in Chile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schwanck, Franciele; Simões, Jefferson C.; Handley, Michael; Mayewski, Paul A.; Bernardo, Ronaldo T.; Aquino, Francisco E.

    2016-01-01

    Arsenic variability records are preserved in snow and ice cores and can be utilized to reconstruct air pollution history. The Mount Johns ice core (79°55‧S; 94°23‧W and 91.2 m depth) was collected from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the 2008/09 austral summer. Here, we report the As concentration variability as determined by 2137 samples from the upper 45 m of this core using ICP-SFMS (CCI, University of Maine, USA). The record covers approximately 125 years (1883-2008) showing a mean concentration of 4.32 pg g-1. The arsenic concentration in the core follows global copper mining evolution, particularly in Chile (the largest producer of Cu). From 1940 to 1990, copper-mining production increased along with arsenic concentrations in the MJ core, from 1.92 pg g-1 (before 1900) to 7.94 pg g-1 (1950). In the last two decades, environmental regulations for As emissions have been implemented, forcing smelters to treat their gases to conform to national and international environmental standards. In Chile, decontamination plants required by the government started operating from 1993 to 2000. Thereafter, Chilean copper production more than doubled while As emission levels declined, and the same reduction was observed in the Mount Johns ice core. After 1999, arsenic concentrations in our samples decreased to levels comparable to the period before 1900.

  11. Sea ice motions in the Central Arctic pack ice as inferred from AVHRR imagery

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Emery, William; Maslanik, James; Fowler, Charles

    1995-01-01

    Synoptic observations of ice motion in the Arctic Basin are currently limited to those acquired by drifting buoys and, more recently, radar data from ERS-1. Buoys are not uniformly distributed throughout the Arctic, and SAR coverage is currently limited regionally and temporally due to the data volume, swath width, processing requirements, and power needs of the SAR. Additional ice-motion observations that can map ice responses simultaneously over large portions of the Arctic on daily to weekly time intervals are thus needed to augment the SAR and buoys data and to provide an intermediate-scale measure of ice drift suitable for climatological analyses and ice modeling. Principal objectives of this project were to: (1) demonstrate whether sufficient ice features and ice motion existed within the consolidated ice pack to permit motion tracking using AVHRR imagery; (2) determine the limits imposed on AVHRR mapping by cloud cover; and (3) test the applicability of AVHRR-derived motions in studies of ice-atmosphere interactions. Each of these main objectives was addressed. We conclude that AVHRR data, particularly when blended with other available observations, provide a valuable data set for studying sea ice processes. In a follow-on project, we are now extending this work to cover larger areas and to address science questions in more detail.

  12. LANDSAT survey of near-shore ice conditions along the Arctic coast of Alaska

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stringer, W. J. (Principal Investigator); Barrett, S. A.

    1978-01-01

    The author has identified the following significant results. Winter and spring near-shore ice conditions were analyzed for the Beaufort Sea 1973-77, and the Chukchi Sea 1973-76. LANDSAT imagery was utilized to map major ice features related to regional ice morphology. Significant features from individual LANDSAT image maps were combined to yield regional maps of major ice ridge systems for each year of study and maps of flaw lead systems for representative seasons during each year. These regional maps were, in turn, used to prepare seasonal ice morphology maps. These maps showed, in terms of a zonal analysis, regions of statistically uniform ice behavior. The behavioral characteristics of each zone were described in terms of coastal processes and bathymetric configuration.

  13. Control of ice chromatographic retention mechanism by changing temperature and dopant concentration.

    PubMed

    Tasaki, Yuiko; Okada, Tetsuo

    2011-12-15

    A liquid phase coexists with solid water ice in a typical binary system, such as NaCl-water, in the temperature range between the freezing point and the eutectic point (t(eu)) of the system. In ice chromatography with salt-doped ice as the stationary phase, both solid and liquid phase can contribute to solute retention in different fashions; that is, the solid ice surface acts as an adsorbent, while a solute can be partitioned into the liquid phase. Thus, both adsorption and partition mechanisms can be utilized for ice chromatographic separation. An important feature in this approach is that the liquid phase volume can be varied by changing the temperature and the concentration of a salt incorporated into the ice stationary phase. Thus, we can control the relative contribution from the partition mechanism in the entire retention because the liquid phase volume can be estimated from the freezing depression curve. Separation selectivity can thereby be modified. The applicability of this concept has been confirmed for the solutes of different adsorption and partition abilities. The predicted retention based on thermodynamics basically agrees well with the corresponding experimental retention. However, one important inconsistency has been found. The calculation predicts a step-like discontinuity of the solute retention at t(eu) because the phase diagram suggests that the liquid phase abruptly appears at t(eu) when the temperature increases. In contrast, the corresponding experimental plots are continuous over the wider range including the subeutectic temperatures. This discrepancy is explained by the existence of the liquid phase below t(eu). A difference between predicted and measured retention factors allows the estimation of the volume of the subeutectic liquid phase.

  14. Microfabric and Structures in Glacial Ice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Monz, M.; Hudleston, P. J.

    2017-12-01

    Similar to rocks in active orogens, glacial ice develops both structures and fabrics that reflect deformation. Crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), associated with mechanical anisotropy, develops as ice deforms, and as in rock, directly reflects the conditions and mechanisms of deformation and influences the overall strength. This project aims to better constrain the rheologic properties of natural ice through microstructural analysis and to establish the relationship of microfabric to macroscale structures. The focus is on enigmatic fabric patterns found in coarse grained, "warm" (T > -10oC) ice deep in ice sheets and in valley glaciers. Deformation mechanisms that produce such patterns are poorly understood. Detailed mapping of surface structures, including bedding, foliation, and blue bands (bubble-free veins of ice), was done in the ablation zone of Storglaciären, a polythermal valley glacier in northern Sweden. Microstructural studies on samples from a transect across the ablation zone were carried out in a cold room. Crystal size was too large for use of electron backscattered diffraction to determine CPO, therefore a Rigsby universal stage, designed specifically for ice, was used. In thick and thin sections, recrystallized grains are locally variable in both size (1mm-7cm in one thin section) and shape and clearly reflect recrystallization involving highly mobile grain boundaries. Larger crystals are often branching, and appear multiple times throughout one thin section. There is a clear shape preferred orientation that is generally parallel with foliation defined by bubble alignment and concentration. Locally, there appears to be an inverse correlation between bubble concentration and smoothness of grain boundaries. Fabric in samples that have undergone prolonged shear display roughly symmetrical multimaxima patterns centered around the pole to foliation. The angular distances between maxima suggest a possible twin relationship that may have

  15. A Long-Term and Reproducible Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration Data Record for Climate Studies and Monitoring

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Peng, G.; Meier, W. N.; Scott, D. J.; Savoie, M. H.

    2013-01-01

    A long-term, consistent, and reproducible satellite-based passive microwave sea ice concentration climate data record (CDR) is available for climate studies, monitoring, and model validation with an initial operation capability (IOC). The daily and monthly sea ice concentration data are on the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) polar stereographic grid with nominal 25 km × 25 km grid cells in both the Southern and Northern Hemisphere polar regions from 9 July 1987 to 31 December 2007. The data files are available in the NetCDF data format at http://nsidc.org/data/g02202.html and archived by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the satellite climate data record program (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdr/operationalcdrs.html). The description and basic characteristics of the NOAA/NSIDC passive microwave sea ice concentration CDR are presented here. The CDR provides similar spatial and temporal variability as the heritage products to the user communities with the additional documentation, traceability, and reproducibility that meet current standards and guidelines for climate data records. The data set, along with detailed data processing steps and error source information, can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.7265/N5B56GN3.

  16. On the role of ice-nucleating aerosol in the formation of ice particles in tropical mesoscale convective systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ladino, Luis A.; Korolev, Alexei; Heckman, Ivan; Wolde, Mengistu; Fridlind, Ann M.; Ackerman, Andrew S.

    2017-02-01

    Over the decades, the cloud physics community has debated the nature and role of aerosol particles in ice initiation. The present study shows that the measured concentration of ice crystals in tropical mesoscale convective systems exceeds the concentration of ice nucleating particles (INPs) by several orders of magnitude. The concentration of INPs was assessed from the measured aerosol particle concentration in the size range of 0.5 to 1 µm. The observations from this study suggest that primary ice crystals formed on INPs make only a minor contribution to the total concentration of ice crystals in tropical mesoscale convective systems. This is found by comparing the predicted INP number concentrations with in situ ice particle number concentrations. The obtained measurements suggest that ice multiplication is the likely explanation for the observed high concentrations of ice crystals in this type of convective system.

  17. On the role of ice-nucleating aerosol in the formation of ice particles in tropical mesoscale convective systems

    PubMed Central

    Ladino, Luis A.; Korolev, Alexei; Heckman, Ivan; Wolde, Mengistu; Fridlind, Ann M.; Ackerman, Andrew S.

    2018-01-01

    Over decades, the cloud physics community has debated the nature and role of aerosol particles in ice initiation. The present study shows that the measured concentration of ice crystals in tropical mesoscale convective systems exceeds the concentration of ice nucleating particles (INPs) by several orders of magnitude. The concentration of INPs was assessed from the measured aerosol particles concentration in the size range of 0.5 to 1 µm. The observations from this study suggest that primary ice crystals formed on INPs make only a minor contribution to the total concentration of ice crystals in tropical mesoscale convective systems. This is found by comparing the predicted INP number concentrations with in-situ ice particle number concentrations. The obtained measurements suggest that ice multiplication is the likely explanation for the observed high concentrations of ice crystals in this type of convective system. PMID:29551842

  18. Managing IceBridge Airborne Mission Data at the National Snow and Ice Data Center

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brodzik, M.; Kaminski, M. L.; Deems, J. S.; Scambos, T. A.

    2010-12-01

    Operation IceBridge (OIB) is a NASA airborne geophysical survey mission conducting laser altimetry, ice-penetrating radar profiling, gravimetry and other geophysical measurements to monitor and characterize the Earth's cryosphere. The IceBridge mission will operate from 2009 until after the launch of ICESat-II (currently planned for 2015), and provides continuity of measurements between that mission and its predecessor. Data collection sites include the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets and the sea ice pack regions of both poles. These regions include some of the most rapidly changing areas of the cryosphere. IceBridge is also collecting data in East Antarctica via the University of Texas ICECAP program and in Alaska via the University of Alaska, Fairbanks glacier mapping program. The NSIDC Distributed Active Archive Center at the University of Colorado at Boulder provides data archive and distribution support for the IceBridge mission. Our IceBridge work is based on two guiding principles: ensuring preservation of the data, and maximizing usage of the data. This broadens our work beyond the typical scope of a data archive. In addition to the necessary data management, discovery, distribution, and outreach functions, we are also developing tools that will enable broader use of the data, and integrating diverse data types to enable new science research. Researchers require expeditious access to data collected from the IceBridge missions; our archive approach balances that need with our long-term preservation goal. We have adopted a "fast-track" approach to publish data quickly after collection and make it available via FTP download. Subsequently, data sets are archived in the NASA EOSDIS ECS system, which enables data discovery and distribution with the appropriate backup, documentation, and metadata to assure its availability for future research purposes. NSIDC is designing an IceBridge data portal to allow interactive data search, exploration, and subsetting via

  19. Spatial and temporal multiyear sea ice distributions in the Arctic: A neural network analysis of SSM/I data, 1988-2001

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Belchansky, G.I.; Douglas, David C.; Alpatsky, I.V.; Platonov, Nikita G.

    2004-01-01

    Arctic multiyear sea ice concentration maps for January 1988-2001 were generated from SSM/I brightness temperatures (19H, 19V, and 37V) using modified multiple layer perceptron neural networks. Learning data for the neural networks were extracted from ice maps derived from Okean and ERS satellite imagery to capitalize on the stability of active radar multiyear ice signatures. Evaluations of three learning algorithms and several topologies indicated that networks constructed with error back propagation learning and 3-20-1 topology produced the most consistent and physically plausible results. Operational neural networks were developed specifically with January learning data, and then used to estimate daily multiyear ice concentrations from daily-averaged SSM/I brightness temperatures during January. Monthly mean maps were produced for analysis by averaging the respective daily estimates. The 14-year series of January multiyear ice distributions revealed dense and persistent cover in the central Arctic surrounded by expansive regions of highly fluctuating interannual cover. Estimates of total multiyear ice area by the neural network were intermediate to those of other passive microwave algorithms, but annual fluctuations and trends were similar among all algorithms. When compared to Radarsat estimates of multiyear ice concentration in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas (1997-1999), average discrepancies were small (0.9-2.5%) and spatial coherency was reasonable, indicating the neural network's Okean and ERS learning data facilitated passive microwave inversion that emulated backscatter signatures. During 1988-2001, total January multiyear ice area declined at a significant linear rate of -54.3 x 103 km2/yr-1 (-1.4%/yr-1). The most persistent and extensive decline in multiyear ice concentration (-3.3%/yr-1) occurred in the southern Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. In autumn 1996, a large multiyear ice recruitment of over 106 km2 (mostly in the Siberian Arctic) fully replenished

  20. Ice Roughness in Short Duration SLD Icing Events

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    McClain, Stephen T.; Reed, Dana; Vargas, Mario; Kreeger, Richard E.; Tsao, Jen-Ching

    2014-01-01

    Ice accretion codes depend on models of roughness parameters to account for the enhanced heat transfer during the ice accretion process. While mitigating supercooled large droplet (SLD or Appendix O) icing is a significant concern for manufacturers seeking future vehicle certification due to the pending regulation, historical ice roughness studies have been performed using Appendix C icing clouds which exhibit mean volumetric diameters (MVD) much smaller than SLD clouds. Further, the historical studies of roughness focused on extracting parametric representations of ice roughness using multiple images of roughness elements. In this study, the ice roughness developed on a 21-in. NACA 0012 at 0deg angle of attack exposed to short duration SLD icing events was measured in the Icing Research Tunnel at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The MVD's used in the study ranged from 100 micrometer to 200 micrometers, in a 67 m/s flow, with liquid water contents of either 0.6 gm/cubic meters or 0.75 gm/cubic meters. The ice surfaces were measured using a Romer Absolute Arm laser scanning system. The roughness associated with each surface point cloud was measured using the two-dimensional self-organizing map approach developed by McClain and Kreeger (2013) resulting in statistical descriptions of the ice roughness.

  1. Ice Velocity Mapping in Antarctica - Towards a Virtual Satellite Constellation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Scheuchl, B.; Mouginot, J.; Rignot, E. J.; Crevier, Y.

    2013-12-01

    Ice sheets are acknowledged by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) needed to make significant progress in the generation of global climate products and derived information. Ice velocity is a crucial geophysical parameter that can be measured using spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Here, we report on an update to available Earth System Data Records (ESDR) of ice velocity in Antarctica based on data from a suite of spaceborne (SAR) sensors and provide an overview on international coordination in an effort to best utilize the available SAR satellites. Building on the first complete mapping of the flow of ice surface over the Antarctic continent using data predominantly acquired during IPY, we are working on a series of regional studies analyzing data from several different epochs. The analysis of velocity changes between discrete measurements requires even more careful data processing in order to be able to accurately measure subtle changes. Examples for Larsen-C and the Amundsen Sea Embayment will be presented. Data continuity is a crucial aspect to this work, particularly in light of the fact that 4 SAR missions have ceased operations since IPY and all available missions have a primary mandate that is not scientific data collection. Following the successful internationally coordinated SAR data acquisitions over ice sheets during the International Polar Year 2007/2008, efforts are undertaken to continue data acquisitions in the spirit of collaboration. The Polar Space Task Group (PSTG) is succeeding the IPY coordinating body of international space agencies, Space Task Group (STG). The PSTG SAR Coordination Working Group was created to address the issue of SAR data acquisitions in the cryosphere. A review of ice sheet requirements was undertaken by the science community, presented to PSTG, and followed up with a set of sensor specific

  2. Laboratory measurements of ice tensile strength dependence on density and concentration of silicate and polymer impurities at low temperatures

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Litwin, K. L.; Beyeler, J. D.; Polito, P. J.; Zygielbaum, B. R.; Sklar, L. S.; Collins, G. C.

    2009-12-01

    The tensile strength of ice bedrock on Titan should strongly influence the effectiveness of the erosional processes responsible for carving the extensive fluvial drainage networks and other surface features visible in images returned by the Cassini and Huygens probes. Recent measurements of the effect of temperature on the tensile strength of low-porosity, polycrystalline ice, without impurities, suggest that ice bedrock at the Titan surface temperature of 93 K may be as much as five times stronger than ice at terrestrial surface temperatures. However, ice bedrock on Titan and other outer solar system bodies may have significant porosity, and impurities such silicates or polymers are possible in such ices. In this laboratory investigation we are exploring the dependence of tensile strength on the density and concentration of impurities, for polycrystalline ice across a wide range of temperatures. We use the Brazilian tensile splitting test to measure strength, and control temperature with dry ice and liquid nitrogen. The 50 mm diameter ice cores are made from a log-normally distributed seed crystal mixture with a median size of 1.4 mm. To control ice density and porosity we vary the packing density of the seed grains in core molds and vary the degree of saturation of the matrix with added near-freezing distilled water. We also vary ice density by blending in a similarly-sized mixture of angular fragments of two types of impurities, a fine-grained volcanic rock and a polyethylene polymer. Because both types of impurities have greater tensile strength than ice at Earth surface temperatures, we expect higher concentrations of impurities to correlate with increased strength for ice-rock and ice-polymer mixtures. However, at the ultra-cold temperatures of the outer planets, we expect significant divergence in the temperature dependence of ice tensile strength for the various mixtures and resulting densities. These measurements will help constrain the range of possible

  3. Snow Cover Mapping and Ice Avalanche Monitoring from the Satellite Data of the Sentinels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, S.; Yang, B.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, F.; Zhang, R.; Zhao, Q.

    2018-04-01

    In order to monitor ice avalanches efficiently under disaster emergency conditions, a snow cover mapping method based on the satellite data of the Sentinels is proposed, in which the coherence and backscattering coefficient image of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data (Sentinel-1) is combined with the atmospheric correction result of multispectral data (Sentinel-2). The coherence image of the Sentinel-1 data could be segmented by a certain threshold to map snow cover, with the water bodies extracted from the backscattering coefficient image and removed from the coherence segment result. A snow confidence map from Sentinel-2 was used to map the snow cover, in which the confidence values of the snow cover were relatively high. The method can make full use of the acquired SAR image and multispectral image under emergency conditions, and the application potential of Sentinel data in the field of snow cover mapping is exploited. The monitoring frequency can be ensured because the areas obscured by thick clouds are remedied in the monitoring results. The Kappa coefficient of the monitoring results is 0.946, and the data processing time is less than 2 h, which meet the requirements of disaster emergency monitoring.

  4. Impact of ocean acidification on Arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hussherr, Rachel; Levasseur, Maurice; Lizotte, Martine; Tremblay, Jean-Éric; Mol, Jacoba; Thomas, Helmuth; Gosselin, Michel; Starr, Michel; Miller, Lisa A.; Jarniková, Tereza; Schuback, Nina; Mucci, Alfonso

    2017-05-01

    In an experimental assessment of the potential impact of Arctic Ocean acidification on seasonal phytoplankton blooms and associated dimethyl sulfide (DMS) dynamics, we incubated water from Baffin Bay under conditions representing an acidified Arctic Ocean. Using two light regimes simulating under-ice or subsurface chlorophyll maxima (low light; low PAR and no UVB) and ice-free (high light; high PAR + UVA + UVB) conditions, water collected at 38 m was exposed over 9 days to 6 levels of decreasing pH from 8.1 to 7.2. A phytoplankton bloom dominated by the centric diatoms Chaetoceros spp. reaching up to 7.5 µg chlorophyll a L-1 took place in all experimental bags. Total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPT) and DMS concentrations reached 155 and 19 nmol L-1, respectively. The sharp increase in DMSPT and DMS concentrations coincided with the exhaustion of NO3- in most microcosms, suggesting that nutrient stress stimulated DMS(P) synthesis by the diatom community. Under both light regimes, chlorophyll a and DMS concentrations decreased linearly with increasing proton concentration at all pH levels tested. Concentrations of DMSPT also decreased but only under high light and over a smaller pH range (from 8.1 to 7.6). In contrast to nano-phytoplankton (2-20 µm), pico-phytoplankton ( ≤ 2 µm) was stimulated by the decreasing pH. We furthermore observed no significant difference between the two light regimes tested in term of chlorophyll a, phytoplankton abundance and taxonomy, and DMSP and DMS net concentrations. These results show that ocean acidification could significantly decrease the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production during the seasonal phytoplankton bloom in the Arctic, with possible consequences for the regional climate.

  5. Ice Flow in the North East Greenland Ice Stream

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Joughin, Ian; Kwok, Ron; Fahnestock, M.; MacAyeal, Doug

    1999-01-01

    Early observations with ERS-1 SAR image data revealed a large ice stream in North East Greenland (Fahnestock 1993). The ice stream has a number of the characteristics of the more closely studied ice streams in Antarctica, including its large size and gross geometry. The onset of rapid flow close to the ice divide and the evolution of its flow pattern, however, make this ice stream unique. These features can be seen in the balance velocities for the ice stream (Joughin 1997) and its outlets. The ice stream is identifiable for more than 700 km, making it much longer than any other flow feature in Greenland. Our research goals are to gain a greater understanding of the ice flow in the northeast Greenland ice stream and its outlet glaciers in order to assess their impact on the past, present, and future mass balance of the ice sheet. We will accomplish these goals using a combination of remotely sensed data and ice sheet models. We are using satellite radar interferometry data to produce a complete maps of velocity and topography over the entire ice stream. We are in the process of developing methods to use these data in conjunction with existing ice sheet models similar to those that have been used to improve understanding of the mechanics of flow in Antarctic ice streams.

  6. Advanced concentration analysis of atom probe tomography data: Local proximity histograms and pseudo-2D concentration maps.

    PubMed

    Felfer, Peter; Cairney, Julie

    2018-06-01

    Analysing the distribution of selected chemical elements with respect to interfaces is one of the most common tasks in data mining in atom probe tomography. This can be represented by 1D concentration profiles, 2D concentration maps or proximity histograms, which represent concentration, density etc. of selected species as a function of the distance from a reference surface/interface. These are some of the most useful tools for the analysis of solute distributions in atom probe data. In this paper, we present extensions to the proximity histogram in the form of 'local' proximity histograms, calculated for selected parts of a surface, and pseudo-2D concentration maps, which are 2D concentration maps calculated on non-flat surfaces. This way, local concentration changes at interfaces or and other structures can be assessed more effectively. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. The effect of acidified sample storage time on the determination of trace element concentration in ice cores by ICP-SFMS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Uglietti, C.; Gabrielli, P.; Lutton, A.; Olesik, J.; Thompson, L. G.

    2012-12-01

    Trace elements in micro-particles entrapped in ice cores are a valuable proxy of past climate and environmental variations. Inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) is generally recognized as a sensitive and accurate technique for the quantification of ultra-trace element concentrations in ice cores. Usually, ICP-SFMS analyses of ice core samples are performed by melting and acidifying aliquots. Acidification is important to transfer trace elements from particles into solution by partial and/or complete dissolution. Only elements in solution and in sufficiently small particles will be vaporized and converted to elemental ions in the plasma for detection by ICP-SFMS. However, experimental results indicate that differences in acidified sample storage time at room temperature may lead to the recovery of different trace element fractions. Moreover, different lithologies of the relatively abundant crustal material entrapped in the ice matrix could also influence the fraction of trace elements that are converted into elemental ions in the plasma. These factors might affect the determination of trace elements concentrations in ice core samples and hamper the comparison of results obtained from ice cores from different locations and/or epochs. In order to monitor the transfer of elements from particles into solution in acidified melted ice core samples during storage, a test was performed on sections from nine ice cores retrieved from low latitude drilling sites around the world. When compared to ice cores from polar regions, these samples are characterized by a relative high content of micro-particles that may leach trace elements into solution differently. Of the nine ice cores, five are from the Tibetan Plateau (Dasuopu, Guliya, Naimonanyi, Puruogangri and Dunde), two from the Andes (Quelccaya and Huascaran), one from Africa (Kilimanjaro) and one from the Eastern Alps (Ortles). These samples were decontaminated by triple rinsing, melted and

  8. Data report on variations in the composition of sea ice during MIZEX/East'83 with the Nimbus-7 SMMR

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gloersen, P.

    1984-01-01

    Data acquired with the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 satellite for a six-week period including the 1983 MIZEX in Fram Strait were analyzed with the use of a previously developed procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. These calculations can compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft in order to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known earlier to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, was of particular interest during this period. The indication of multiyear ice was found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period. Both grid-print maps and grey-scale images of total sea ice concentration and multiyear sea ice fraction for the entire period are included.

  9. Comparing the Accuracy of AMSRE, AMSR2, SSMI and SSMIS Satellite Radiometer Ice Concentration Products with One-Meter Resolution Visible Imagery in the Arctic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peterson, E. R.; Stanton, T. P.

    2016-12-01

    Determining ice concentration in the Arctic is necessary to track significant changes in sea ice edge extent. Sea ice concentrations are also needed to interpret data collected by in-situ instruments like buoys, as the amount of ice versus water in a given area determines local solar heating. Ice concentration products are now routinely derived from satellite radiometers including the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI), and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS). While these radiometers are viewed as reliable to monitor long-term changes in sea ice extent, their accuracy should be analyzed, and compared to determine which radiometer performs best over smaller features such as melt ponds, and how seasonal conditions affect accuracy. Knowledge of the accuracy of radiometers at high resolution can help future researchers determine which radiometer to use, and be aware of radiometer shortcomings in different ice conditions. This will be especially useful when interpreting data from in-situ instruments which deal with small scale measurements. In order to compare these passive microwave radiometers, selected high spatial resolution one-meter resolution Medea images, archived at the Unites States Geological Survey, are used for ground truth comparison. Sea ice concentrations are derived from these images in an interactive process, although estimates are not perfect ground truth due to exposure of images, shadowing and cloud cover. 68 images are retrieved from the USGS website and compared with 9 useable, collocated SSMI, 33 SSMIS, 36 AMSRE, and 14 AMSR2 ice concentrations in the Arctic Ocean. We analyze and compare the accuracy of radiometer instrumentation in differing ice conditions.

  10. Water Ice Clouds in the Martian Atmosphere: A View from MGS TES

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hale, A. S.; Tamppari, L. K.; Christensen, P. R.; Smith, M. D.; Bass, Deborah; Qu, Zheng; Pearl, J. C.

    2005-01-01

    We use the method of Tamppari et al. to map water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere. This technique was originally developed to analyze the broadband Viking IRTM channels and we have now applied it to the TES data. To do this, the TES spectra are convolved to the IRTM bandshapes and spatial resolutions, enabling use of the same processing techniques as were used in Tamppari et al.. This retrieval technique relies on using the temperature difference recorded in the 20 micron and 11 micron IRTM bands (or IRTM convolved TES bands) to map cold water ice clouds above the warmer Martian surface. Careful removal of surface contributions to the observed radiance is therefore necessary, and we have used both older Viking-derived basemaps of the surface emissivity and albedo, and new MGS derived basemaps in order the explore any possible differences on cloud retrieval due to differences in surface contribution removal. These results will be presented in our poster. Our previous work has concentrated primarily on comparing MGS TES to Viking data; that work saw that large-scale cloud features, such as the aphelion cloud belt, are quite repeatable from year to year, though small scale behavior shows some variation. Comparison of Viking and MGS era cloud maps will be presented in our poster. In the current stage of our study, we have concentrated our efforts on close analysis of water ice cloud behavior in the northern summer of the three MGS mapping years on relatively small spatial scales, and present our results below. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract.

  11. Ice cream structure modification by ice-binding proteins.

    PubMed

    Kaleda, Aleksei; Tsanev, Robert; Klesment, Tiina; Vilu, Raivo; Laos, Katrin

    2018-04-25

    Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), also known as antifreeze proteins, were added to ice cream to investigate their effect on structure and texture. Ice recrystallization inhibition was assessed in the ice cream mixes using a novel accelerated microscope assay and the ice cream microstructure was studied using an ice crystal dispersion method. It was found that adding recombinantly produced fish type III IBPs at a concentration 3 mg·L -1 made ice cream hard and crystalline with improved shape preservation during melting. Ice creams made with IBPs (both from winter rye, and type III IBP) had aggregates of ice crystals that entrapped pockets of the ice cream mixture in a rigid network. Larger individual ice crystals and no entrapment in control ice creams was observed. Based on these results a model of ice crystals aggregates formation in the presence of IBPs was proposed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. Ice Types in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2003-01-01

    Determining the amount and type of sea ice in the polar oceans is crucial to improving our knowledge and understanding of polar weather and long term climate fluctuations. These views from two satellite remote sensing instruments; the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on board the RADARSAT satellite and the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), illustrate different methods that may be used to assess sea ice type. Sea ice in the Beaufort Sea off the north coast of Alaska was classified and mapped in these concurrent images acquired March 19, 2001 and mapped to the same geographic area.

    To identify sea ice types, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ice Center constructs ice charts using several data sources including RADARSAT SAR images such as the one shown at left. SAR classifies sea ice types primarily by how the surface and subsurface roughness influence radar backscatter. In the SAR image, white lines delineate different sea ice zones as identified by the National Ice Center. Regions of mostly multi-year ice (A) are separated from regions with large amounts of first year and younger ice (B-D), and the dashed white line at bottom marks the coastline. In general, sea ice types that exhibit increased radar backscatter appear bright in SAR and are identified as rougher, older ice types. Younger, smoother ice types appear dark to SAR. Near the top of the SAR image, however, red arrows point to bright areas in which large, crystalline 'frost flowers' have formed on young, thin ice, causing this young ice type to exhibit an increased radar backscatter. Frost flowers are strongly backscattering at radar wavelengths (cm) due to both surface roughness and the high salinity of frost flowers, which causes them to be highly reflective to radar energy.

    Surface roughness is also registered by MISR, although the roughness observed is at a different spatial scale. Older, rougher ice areas are predominantly backward scattering to

  13. Where's the Water in (Salty) Ice?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kahan, T.; Malley, P.

    2017-12-01

    Solutes can have large effects on reactivity in ice and at ice surfaces. Freeze concentration ("the salting out effect") forms liquid regions containing high solute concentrations surrounded by relatively solute-free ice. Thermodynamics can predict the fraction of ice that is liquid for a given temperature and (pre-frozen) solute concentration, as well as the solute concentration within these liquid regions, but they do not inform on the spatial distribution of the solutes and the liquid regions within the ice. This leads to significant uncertainty in predictions of reaction kinetics in ice and at ice surfaces. We have used Raman microscopy to determine the location of liquid regions within ice and at ice surface in the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl). Under most conditions, liquid channels are observed at the ice surface and throughout the ice bulk. The fraction of the ice that is liquid, as well as the widths of these channels, increases with increasing temperature. Below the eutectic temperature (-21.1 oC), no liquid is observed. Patches of NaCl.2H2O ("hydrohalite") are observed at the ice surface under these conditions. These results will improve predictions of reaction kinetics in ice and at ice surfaces.

  14. Polar ice magnetization: Comparison of results from NorthGRIP (Greenland) and Vostok (Antarctica) ice cores

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lanci, L.; Kent, D. V.

    2007-12-01

    Low temperature measurements of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) in Greenland ice spanning the last glacial and Holocene have shown that ice samples contain a measurable concentration of magnetic minerals which are part of the atmospheric aerosol. Assuming that the source materials do not change much with time, the concentration of magnetic minerals should be proportional to the measured concentration of dust in ice. We have indeed found a consistent linear relationship with the contents of dust. However, the linear relationship between low temperature ice magnetization vs. dust concentration has an offset, which when extrapolated to zero dust concentration would seemingly indicate that a significantly large magnetization corresponds to a null amount of dust in ice. Thermal relaxation experiments have shown that magnetic grains of nanometric size carry virtually all the uncorrelated magnetization. Magnetic measurements in Antarctic ice cores confirm the existence of a similar nanometric-size magnetic fraction, which also appear uncorrelated with measured aerosol concentration. The magnitude of the uncorrelated magnetization from Vostok is similar to that measured in NorthGRIP ice. Measurements of IRM at 250K suggest that the SP magnetic particles are in the size range of about 7-17 nm, which is compatible with the expected size of particles produced by ablation and subsequent condensation of meteorites in the atmosphere. The concentration of extraterrestrial material in NorthGRIP ice was estimated from the magnetic relaxation data based on a crude estimate of chondritic Ms. The resulting concentration of 0.78±0.22 ppb for Greenland is in good agreement with the outcome based on published iridium concentrations; a virtually identical concentration of 0.53±0.18 ppb has been measured in Vostok ice core.

  15. Blue Beaufort Sea Ice from Operation IceBridge

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-12-08

    Mosaic image of sea ice in the Beaufort Sea created by the Digital Mapping System (DMS) instrument aboard the IceBridge P-3B. The dark area in the middle of the image is open water seen through a lead, or opening, in the ice. Light blue areas are thick sea ice and dark blue areas are thinner ice formed as water in the lead refreezes. Leads are formed when cracks develop in sea ice as it moves in response to wind and ocean currents. DMS uses a modified digital SLR camera that points down through a window in the underside of the plane, capturing roughly one frame per second. These images are then combined into an image mosaic using specialized computer software. Credit: NASA/DMS NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

  16. Persistent after-effects of heavy rain on concentrations of ice nuclei and rainfall suggest a biological cause

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bigg, E. K.; Soubeyrand, S.; Morris, C. E.

    2015-03-01

    Rainfall is one of the most important aspects of climate, but the extent to which atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) influence its formation, quantity, frequency, and location is not clear. Microorganisms and other biological particles are released following rainfall and have been shown to serve as efficient IN, in turn impacting cloud and precipitation formation. Here we investigated potential long-term effects of IN on rainfall frequency and quantity. Differences in IN concentrations and rainfall after and before days of large rainfall accumulation (i.e., key days) were calculated for measurements made over the past century in southeastern and southwestern Australia. Cumulative differences in IN concentrations and daily rainfall quantity and frequency as a function of days from a key day demonstrated statistically significant increasing logarithmic trends (R2 > 0.97). Based on observations that cumulative effects of rainfall persisted for about 20 days, we calculated cumulative differences for the entire sequence of key days at each site to create a historical record of how the differences changed with time. Comparison of pre-1960 and post-1960 sequences most commonly showed smaller rainfall totals in the post-1960 sequences, particularly in regions downwind from coal-fired power stations. This led us to explore the hypothesis that the increased leaf surface populations of IN-active bacteria due to rain led to a sustained but slowly diminishing increase in atmospheric concentrations of IN that could potentially initiate or augment rainfall. This hypothesis is supported by previous research showing that leaf surface populations of the ice-nucleating bacterium Pseudomonas syringae increased by orders of magnitude after heavy rain and that microorganisms become airborne during and after rain in a forest ecosystem. At the sites studied in this work, aerosols that could have initiated rain from sources unrelated to previous rainfall events (such as power stations) would

  17. A coupled ice-ocean model of upwelling in the marginal ice zone

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Roed, L. P.; Obrien, J. J.

    1983-01-01

    A dynamical coupled ice-ocean numerical model for the marginal ice zone (MIZ) is suggested and used to study upwelling dynamics in the MIZ. The nonlinear sea ice model has a variable ice concentration and includes internal ice stress. The model is forced by stresses on the air/ocean and air/ice surfaces. The main coupling between the ice and the ocean is in the form of an interfacial stress on the ice/ocean interface. The ocean model is a linear reduced gravity model. The wind stress exerted by the atmosphere on the ocean is proportional to the fraction of open water, while the interfacial stress ice/ocean is proportional to the concentration of ice. A new mechanism for ice edge upwelling is suggested based on a geostrophic equilibrium solution for the sea ice medium. The upwelling reported in previous models invoking a stationary ice cover is shown to be replaced by a weak downwelling due to the ice motion. Most of the upwelling dynamics can be understood by analysis of the divergence of the across ice edge upper ocean transport. On the basis of numerical model, an analytical model is suggested that reproduces most of the upwelling dynamics of the more complex numerical model.

  18. Sea ice concentration temporal variability over the Weddell Sea and its relationship with tropical sea surface temperature

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Barreira, S.; Compagnucci, R.

    2007-01-01

    Principal Components Analysis (PCA) in S-Mode (correlation between temporal series) was performed on sea ice monthly anomalies, in order to investigate which are the main temporal patterns, where are the homogenous areas located and how are they related to the sea surface temperature (SST). This analysis provides 9 patterns (4 in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas and 5 in the Weddell Sea) that represent the most important temporal features that dominated sea ice concentration anomalies (SICA) variability in the Weddell, Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas over the 1979-2000 period. Monthly Polar Gridded Sea Ice Concentrations data set derived from satellite information generated by NASA Team algorithm and acquired from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) were used. Monthly means SST are provided by the National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis. The first temporal pattern series obtained by PCA has its homogeneous area located at the external region of the Weddell and Bellingshausen Seas and Drake Passage, mostly north of 60°S. The second region is centered in 30°W and located at the southeast of the Weddell. The third area is localized east of 30°W and north of 60°S. South of the first area, the fourth PC series has its homogenous region, between 30° and 60°W. The last area is centered at 0° W and south of 60°S. Correlation charts between the five Principal Components series and SST were performed. Positive correlations over the Tropical Pacific Ocean were found for the five PCs when SST series preceded SICA PC series. The sign of the correlation could relate the occurrence of an El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm (cold) event with posterior positive (negative) anomalies of sea ice concentration over the Weddell Sea.

  19. Detection and Analysis of High Ice Concentration Events and Supercooled Drizzle from IAGOS Commercial Aircraft

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gallagher, Martin; Baumgardner, Darrel; Lloyd, Gary; Beswick, Karl; Freer, Matt; Durant, Adam

    2016-04-01

    Hazardous encounters with high ice concentrations that lead to temperature and airspeed sensor measurement errors, as well as engine rollback and flameout, continue to pose serious problems for flight operations of commercial air carriers. Supercooled liquid droplets (SLD) are an additional hazard, especially for smaller commuter aircraft that do not have sufficient power to fly out of heavy icing conditions or heat to remove the ice. New regulations issued by the United States and European regulatory agencies are being implemented that will require aircraft below a certain weight class to carry sensors that will detect and warn of these types of icing conditions. Commercial aircraft do not currently carry standard sensors to detect the presence of ice crystals in high concentrations because they are typical found in sizes that are below the detection range of aircraft weather radar. Likewise, the sensors that are currently used to detect supercooled water do not respond well to drizzle-sized drops. Hence, there is a need for a sensor that can fill this measurement void. In addition, the forecast models that are used to predict regions of icing rely on pilot observations as the only means to validate the model products and currently there are no forecasts for the prevalence of high altitude ice crystals. Backscatter Cloud Probes (BCP) have been flying since 2011 under the IAGOS project on six Airbus commercial airliners operated by Lufthansa, Air France, China Air, Iberia and Cathay Pacific, and measure cloud droplets, ice crystals and aerosol particles larger than 5 μm. The BCP can detect these particles and measures an optical equivalent diameter (OED) but is not able to distinguish the type of particle, i.e. whether they are droplets, ice crystals, dust or ash. However, some qualification can be done based on measured temperature to discriminate between liquid water and ice. The next generation BCP (BCPD, Backscatter Cloud Probe with polarization detection) is

  20. Getting around Antarctica: New High-Resolution Mappings of the Grounded and Freely-Floating Boundaries of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Created for the International Polar Year

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bindschadler, R.; Choi, H.; Wichlacz, A.; Bingham, R.; Bohlander, J.; Brunt, K.; Corr, H.; Drews, R.; Fricker, H.; Hall, M.; hide

    2011-01-01

    Two ice-dynamic transitions of the Antarctic ice sheet - the boundary of grounded ice features and the freely-floating boundary - are mapped at 15-m resolution by participants of the International Polar Year project ASAID using customized software combining Landsat-7 imagery and ICESat/GLAS laser altimetry. The grounded ice boundary is 53 610 km long; 74% abuts to floating ice shelves or outlet glaciers, 19% is adjacent to open or sea-ice covered ocean, and 7% of the boundary ice terminates on land. The freely-floating boundary, called here the hydrostatic line, is the most landward position on ice shelves that expresses the full amplitude of oscillating ocean tides. It extends 27 521 km and is discontinuous. Positional (one-sigma) accuracies of the grounded ice boundary vary an order of magnitude ranging from +/- 52m for the land and open-ocean terminating segments to +/- 502m for the outlet glaciers. The hydrostatic line is less well positioned with errors over 2 km. Elevations along each line are selected from 6 candidate digital elevation models based on their agreement with ICESat elevation values and surface shape inferred from the Landsat imagery. Elevations along the hydrostatic line are converted to ice thicknesses by applying a firn-correction factor and a flotation criterion. BEDMAP-compiled data and other airborne data are compared to the ASAID elevations and ice thicknesses to arrive at quantitative (one-sigma) uncertainties of surface elevations of +/-3.6, +/-9.6, +/-11.4, +/-30 and +/-100m for five ASAID-assigned confidence levels. Over one-half of the surface elevations along the grounded ice boundary and over one-third of the hydrostatic line elevations are ranked in the highest two confidence categories. A comparison between ASAID-calculated ice shelf thicknesses and BEDMAP-compiled data indicate a thin-ice bias of 41.2+/-71.3m for the ASAID ice thicknesses. The relationship between the seaward offset of the hydrostatic line from the grounded ice

  1. Ground ice conditions in Salluit, Northern Quebec

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allard, M.; Fortier, R.; Calmels, F.; Gagnon, O.; L'Hérault, E.

    2011-12-01

    Salluit in Northern Québec (ca. 1300 inhabitants) faces difficult ground ice conditions for its development. The village is located in a U-shaped valley, along a fjord that was deglaciated around 8000 cal BP. The post-glacial marine limit is at the current elevation of 150 m ASL. Among the mapped surficial geology units, three contain particularly ice-rich permafrost: marine clays, till and silty colluviums. A diamond drill was used to extract 10 permafrost cores down to 23 m deep. In addition, 18 shallow cores (to 5 m deep) were extracted with a portable drill. All the frozen cores were shipped to Québec city where ground ice contents were measured and cryostructures were imaged by CT-Scanning. Water contents, grain-size and pore water salinity were measured. Refraction seismic profiles were run to measure the depth to bedrock. GPR and electrical resistivity surveys helped to map ice-rich areas. Three cone penetration tests (CPT) were run in the frozen clays to depths ranging from 8 to 21 m. Maximum clay thickness is ca. 50 m deep near the shoreline. The cone penetration tests and all the cores in clays revealed large amounts of both segregated and aggradational ice (volumetric contents up to 93% over thicknesses of one meter) to depths varying between 2.5 and 4 m, below which the ice content decreases and the salinity increases (values measured up to 42 gr/L between 4.5 and 6 m deep). Chunks of organic matter buried below the actual active layer base indicate past cryoturbations under a somewhat warmer climate, most probably associated with intense frost boil action, as widely observed today. The stony till has developed large quantities of segregation ice which can be seen in larger concentrations and as thicker lenses under boulders and in matrix rich (≥ 50% sand and silt) parts of the glacial sediment. As digging for a sewage pond was undertaken in winter 2008 by blasting, the clast-influenced cryostructure of the till could be observed in cuts and in

  2. Impact of ice-shelf sediment content on the dynamics of plumes under melting ice shelves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wells, A.

    2015-12-01

    When a floating ice shelf melts into an underlying warm salty ocean, the resulting fresh meltwater can rise in a buoyant Ice-Shelf-Water plume under the ice. In certain settings, ice flowing across the grounding line carries a basal layer of debris rich ice, entrained via basal freezing around till in the upstream ice sheet. Melting of this debris-laden ice from floating ice shelves provides a flux of dense sediment to the ocean, in addition to the release of fresh buoyant meltwater. This presentation considers the impact of the resulting suspended sediment on the dynamics of ice shelf water plumes, and identifies two key flow regimes depending on the sediment concentration frozen into the basal ice layer. For large sediment concentration, melting of the debris-laden ice shelf generates dense convectively unstable waters that drive convective overturning into the underlying ocean. For lower sediment concentration, the sediment initially remains suspended in a buoyant meltwater plume rising along the underside of the ice shelf, before slowly depositing into the underlying ocean. A theoretical plume model is used to evaluate the significance of the negatively buoyant sediment on circulation strength and the feedbacks on melting rate, along with the expected depositional patterns under the ice shelf.

  3. Detection of Organic Matter in Greenland Ice Cores by Deep-UV Fluorescence

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Willis, M.; Malaska, M.; Wanger, G.; Bhartia, R.; Eshelman, E.; Abbey, W.; Priscu, J. C.

    2017-12-01

    The Greenland Ice Sheet is an Earthly analog for icy ocean worlds in the outer Solar System. Future missions to such worlds including Europa, Enceladus, and Titan may potentially include spectroscopic instrumentation to examine the surface/subsurface. The primary goal of our research is to test deep UV/Raman systems for in the situ detection and localization of organics in ice. As part of this effort we used a deep-UV fluorescence instrument able to detect naturally fluorescent biological materials such as aromatic molecules found in proteins and whole cells. We correlated these data with more traditional downstream analyses of organic material in natural ices. Supraglacial ice cores (2-4 m) were collected from several sites on the southwest outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet using a 14-cm fluid-free mechanical coring system. Repeat spectral mapping data were initially collected longitudinally on uncut core sections. Cores were then cut into 2 cm thick sections along the longitudinal axis, slowly melted and analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and bacterial density. These data reveal a spatial correlation between organic matter concentration, cell density, and the deep UV fluorescence maps. Our results provide a profile of the organics embedded within the ice from the top surface into the glacial subsurface, and the TOC:TDN data from the clean interior of the cores are indicative of a biological origin. This work provides a background dataset for future work to characterize organic carbon in the Greenland Ice Sheet and validation of novel instrumentation for in situ data collection on icy bodies.

  4. Physical modeling of the influence of bedrock topography and ablation on ice flow and meteorite concentration in Antarctica

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Corti, Giacomo; Zeoli, Antonio; Belmaggio, Pietro; Folco, Luigi

    2008-03-01

    Three-dimensional laboratory physical experiments have been used to investigate the influence of bedrock topography and ablation on ice flow. Different models were tested in a Plexiglas box, where a transparent silicone simulating ice in nature was allowed to flow. Experimental results show how the flow field (in terms of both flow lines and velocity) and variations in the topography of the free surface and internal layers of the ice are strongly influenced by the presence and height of bedrock obstacles. In particular, the buttressing effect forces the ice to slow down, rise up, and avoid the obstacle; the higher the bedrock barrier, the more pronounced the process. Only limited uplift of internal layers is observed in these experiments. In order to exhume deep material embedded in the ice, ablation (simulated by physically removing portions of silicone from the model surface to maintain a constant topographic depression) must be included in the physical models. In this case, the analogue ice replenishes the area of material removal, thereby allowing deep layers to move vertically to the surface and severely altering the local ice flow pattern. This process is analogous to the ice flow model proposed in the literature for the origin of meteorite concentrations in blue ice areas of the Antarctic plateau.

  5. Recent Increase in Black Carbon Concentrations from a Mt. Everest Ice Core Spanning 1860-2000 AD

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaspari, S.; Schwikowski, M.; Gysel, M.; Mayewski, P. A.; Kang, S.; Hou, S.

    2009-12-01

    Black carbon produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass, coal and diesel fuels can significantly contribute to climate change by altering the Earth’s radiative balance. Black carbon in the atmosphere absorbs light and causes atmospheric heating, whereas black carbon deposited on snow and ice can significantly reduce the surface albedo, resulting in rapid melting of snow and ice. Historical records of black carbon concentration and distribution in the atmosphere are needed to determine the role of black carbon in climate change, however most studies have relied on estimated inventories based on wood and/or fossil fuel consumption data. Reconstructing black carbon concentrations in Asia is particularly important because this region has some of the largest black carbon sources globally, which negatively impact climate, water resources, agriculture and human health. We analyzed a Mt. Everest ice core for black carbon using a single particle soot photometer (SP2). The high-resolution black carbon data demonstrates strong seasonality, with peak concentrations during the winter-spring, and low concentrations during the summer monsoon season. Black carbon concentrations from 1975-2000 relative to 1860-1975 have increased approximately threefold, and the timing of this increase is consistent with black carbon emission inventory data from South Asia. It is notable that there is no increasing trend in iron (used as a proxy for dust) since 1860. This is significant because it suggests that if the recent retreat of glaciers in the region is due, at least in part, to the effect of impurities on snow albedo, the reduced albedo is due to changes in black carbon emissions, not dust.

  6. Short communication: low-fat ice cream flavor not modified by high hydrostatic pressure treatment of whey protein concentrate.

    PubMed

    Chauhan, J M; Lim, S-Y; Powers, J R; Ross, C F; Clark, S

    2010-04-01

    The purpose of this study was to examine flavor binding of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)-treated whey protein concentrate (WPC) in a real food system. Fresh Washington State University (WSU, Pullman) WPC, produced by ultrafiltration of separated Cheddar cheese whey, was treated at 300 MPa for 15 min. Commercial WPC 35 powder was reconstituted to equivalent total solids as WSU WPC (8.23%). Six batches of low-fat ice cream were produced: A) HHP-treated WSU WPC without diacetyl; B) and E) WSU WPC with 2 mg/L of diacetyl added before HHP; C) WSU WPC with 2 mg/L of diacetyl added after HHP; D) untreated WSU WPC with 2 mg/L of diacetyl; and F) untreated commercial WPC 35 with 2 mg/L of diacetyl. The solution of WSU WPC or commercial WPC 35 contributed 10% to the mix formulation. Ice creams were produced by using standard ice cream ingredients and processes. Low-fat ice creams containing HHP-treated WSU WPC and untreated WSU WPC were analyzed using headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography. Sensory evaluation by balanced reference duo-trio test was carried out using 50 untrained panelists in 2 sessions on 2 different days. The headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography analysis revealed that ice cream containing HHP-treated WSU WPC had almost 3 times the concentration of diacetyl compared with ice cream containing untreated WSU WPC at d 1 of storage. However, diacetyl was not detected in ice creams after 14 d of storage. Eighty percent of panelists were able to distinguish between low-fat ice creams containing untreated WSU WPC with and without diacetyl, confirming panelists' ability to detect diacetyl. However, panelists were not able to distinguish between low-fat ice creams containing untreated and HHP-treated WSU WPC with diacetyl. These results show that WPC diacetyl-binding properties were not enhanced by 300-MPa HHP treatment for 15 min, indicating that HHP may not be suitable for such applications. Copyright (c) 2010 American Dairy

  7. Parameterization and scaling of arctic ice conditions in the context of ice-atmospheric processes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barry, R. G.; Steffen, K.; Heinrichs, J. F.; Key, J. R.; Maslanik, J. A.; Serreze, M. C.; Weaver, R. L.

    1995-01-01

    The goals of this project are to observe how the open water/thin ice fraction in a high-concentration ice pack responds to different short-period atmospheric forcings, and how this response is represented in different scales of observation. The objectives can be summarized as follows: determine the feasibility and accuracy of ice concentration and ice typing by ERS-1 SAR backscatter data, and whether SAR data might be used to calibrate concentration estimates from optical and massive-microwave sensors; investigate methods to integrate SAR data with other satellite data for turbulent heat flux parameterization at the ocean/atmosphere interface; determine how the development and evolution of open water/thin ice areas within the interior ice pack vary under different atmospheric synoptic regimes; compare how open-water/thin ice fractions estimated from large-area divergence measurements differ from fractions determined by summing localized openings in the pack; relate these questions of scale and process to methods of observation, modeling, and averaging over time and space.

  8. High-resolution mapping of Martian water ice clouds using Mars Express OMEGA observations - Derivation of the diurnal cloud life cycle

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Szantai, Andre; Audouard, Joachim; Madeleine, Jean-Baptiste; Forget, Francois; Pottier, Alizée; Millour, Ehouarn; Gondet, Brigitte; Langevin, Yves; Bibring, Jean-Pierre

    2016-10-01

    The mapping in space and time of water ice clouds can help to explain the Martian water cycle and atmospheric circulation. For this purpose, an ice cloud index (ICI) corresponding to the depth of a water ice absorption band at 3.4 microns is derived from a series of OMEGA images (spectels) covering 5 Martian years. The ICI values for the corresponding pixels are then binned on a high-resolution regular grid (1° longitude x 1° latitude x 5° Ls x 1 h local time) and averaged. Inside each bin, the cloud cover is calculated by dividing the number of pixels considered as cloudy (after comparison to a threshold) to the number of all (valid) pixelsWe compare the maps of clouds obtained around local time 14:00 with collocated TES cloud observations (which were only obtained around this time of the day). A good agreement is found.Averaged ICI compared to the water ice column variable from the Martian Climate Database (MCD) show a correct correlation (~0.5) , which increases when values limited to the tropics only are compared.The number of gridpoints containing ICI values is small ( ~1%), but by taking several neighbor gridpoints and over longer periods, we can observe a cloud life cycle during daytime. An example in the the tropics, around the northern summer solstice, shows a decrease of cloudiness in the morning followed by an increase in the afternoon.

  9. Deciphering sub-micron ice particles on Enceladus surface

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Scipioni, F.; Schenk, P.; Tosi, F.; D'Aversa, E.; Clark, R.; Combe, J.-Ph.; Ore, C. M. Dalle

    2017-07-01

    The surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus is composed primarily by pure water ice. The Cassini spacecraft has observed present-day geologic activity at the moon's South Polar Region, related with the formation and feeding of Saturn's E-ring. Plumes of micron-sized particles, composed of water ice and other non-ice contaminants (e.g., CO2, NH3, CH4), erupt from four terrain's fractures named Tiger Stripes. Some of this material falls back on Enceladus' surface to form deposits that extend to the North at ∼40°W and ∼220°W, with the highest concentration found at the South Pole. In this work we analyzed VIMS-IR data to identify plumes deposits across Enceladus' surface through the variation in band depth of the main water ice spectral features. To characterize the global variation of water ice band depths across Enceladus, the entire surface was sampled with an angular resolution of 1° in both latitude and longitude, and for each angular bin we averaged the value of all spectral indices as retrieved by VIMS. The position of the plumes' deposits predicted by theoretical models display a good match with water ice band depths' maps on the trailing hemisphere, whereas they diverge significantly on the leading side. Space weathering processes acting on Enceladus' surface ionize and break up water ice molecules, resulting in the formation of particles smaller than one micron. We also mapped the spectral indices for sub-micron particles and we compared the results with the plumes deposits models. Again, a satisfactory match is observed on the trailing hemisphere only. Finally, we investigated the variation of the depth of the water ice absorption bands as a function of the phase angle. In the visible range, some terrains surrounding the Tiger Stripes show a decrease in albedo when the phase angle is smaller than 10°. This unusual effect cannot be confirmed by near infrared data, since observations with a phase angle lower than 10° are not available. For phase angle

  10. Ice streams of the Late Wisconsin Cordilleran Ice Sheet in western North America

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eyles, Nick; Arbelaez Moreno, Lina; Sookhan, Shane

    2018-01-01

    The Late Wisconsin Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) of western North America is thought to have reached its maximum extent (∼2.5 × 106 km2) as late at c. 14.5 ka. Most (80%) of the ice sheet's bed consists of high mountains but its 'core zone' sited on plateaux of the Intermontane Belt of British Columbia and coterminous parts of the USA, shows broad swaths of subglacially-streamlined rock and sediment. Broad scale mapping from new digital imagery data identifies three subglacial bed types: 1) 'hard beds' of variably streamlined bedrock; 2) drumlinized 'soft beds' of deformation till reworked from antecedent sediment, and 3) 'mixed beds' of variably-streamlined bedrock protruding through drumlinized sediment. Drumlins on soft beds appear to be erosional features cut into till and antecedent sediments, and identify the catchment areas of paleo ice streams expressed downglacier as flow sets of megascale glacial lineations (MSGLs). 'Grooved' and 'cloned' drumlins appear to record the transition from drumlins to MSGLs. The location of paleo ice streams reflects topographic funneling of ice from plateau surfaces through outlet valleys and a soft bed that sustained fast flow; rock-cut MSGLs are also present locally on the floors of outlet valleys. CIS disintegrated in <1000 years shortly after c. 13.0 ka releasing very large volumes of meltwater and sediment to the Pacific coast. Abrupt deglaciation may reflect unsustainable calving of marine-based ice streams along the glacio-isostatically depressed coast; large deep 'fiord lakes' in the ice sheet's interior may have played an analogous role. Mapping of the broad scale distribution of bed types across the Cordilleran Ice Sheet provides key information for paleoglaciological modelling and also for understanding the beds of modern ice masses such as the Greenland Ice Sheet which is of a comparable topographic setting.

  11. Mapping Mars' northern plains: origins, evolution and response to climate change - a new overview of recent ice-related landforms in Acidalia Planitia.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hauber, Ernst; Orgel, Csilla; van Gasselt, Stephan; Reiss, Dennis; Johnsson, Andreas; Ramsdale, Jason; Balme, Matthew; Conway, Susan; Costard, Francois; Gallagher, Colman; Kereszturi, Akos; Platz, Thomas; Séjourné, Antoine; Skinner, James; Swirad, Zuzanna; Łosiak, Anna

    2015-04-01

    An International Space Science Institute (ISSI) team project has been convened to study the northern plains of Mars. It uses a geomorphological grid-mapping approach to compare ice-related landforms across N-S traverses in the three main basins of the northern plains: Acidalia, Arcadia, and Utopia Planitiae. The main science questions are (i) the distribution of ice-related landforms in the northern plains and their relation to distinct latitude bands or different geological units, (ii) the relationship between the latitude dependent mantle (LDM) and landforms indicative of ground ice, and (iii) the distributions and associations of recent landforms indicative of thaw of ice or snow. We mapped individual landforms across the Acidalia Planitia that may have been formed in association with ice or water in an attempt to determine their extent and identify possible spatial relationships and genetic links between them. Our list includes mantling deposits, small-scale polygons, gullies, viscous flow features, thumbprint terrain (TPT), giant polygons and large pitted mounds (LPM). Our resulting maps show the distribution of specific landforms (no data - absence - presence - dominance) in grid cells with a size of ~20 × 20 km, but allows also for some ambiguity (possible). Preliminary results show that the mantling deposits are ubiquitous and occur basically everywhere between ~43°N and almost the margin of the north polar cap. As their surface may appear smooth if intact, their texture can be difficult to detect at CTX scale. Gullies were observed within a limited latitude range between ~32°N and ~54°N. They predominantly occur in Acidalia and Acidalia Colles, although gullies were found in several impact craters. Small-scale polygons occur between ~60°N to ~70°N in agreement with previous studies. They are predominantly oriented in orthogonal networks in crater interiors, depressions and on plains. Viscous flow features are present only in higher-relief areas of

  12. Landsat TM image maps of the Shirase and Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ferrigno, Jane G.; Mullins, Jerry L.; Stapleton, Jo Anne; Bindschadler, Robert; Scambos, Ted A.; Bellisime, Lynda B.; Bowell, Jo-Ann; Acosta, Alex V.

    1994-01-01

    Fifteen 1: 250000 and one 1: 1000 000 scale Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image mosaic maps are currently being produced of the West Antarctic ice streams on the Shirase and Siple Coasts. Landsat TM images were acquired between 1984 and 1990 in an area bounded approximately by 78°-82.5°S and 120°- 160° W. Landsat TM bands 2, 3 and 4 were combined to produce a single band, thereby maximizing data content and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The summed single band was processed with a combination of high- and low-pass filters to remove longitudinal striping and normalize solar elevation-angle effects. The images were mosaicked and transformed to a Lambert conformal conic projection using a cubic-convolution algorithm. The projection transformation was controled with ten weighted geodetic ground-control points and internal image-to-image pass points with annotation of major glaciological features. The image maps are being published in two formats: conventional printed map sheets and on a CD-ROM.

  13. Greenhouse Gas Concentration Records Extended Back to 800,000 Years From the EPICA Dome C Ice Core

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chappellaz, J.; Luethi, D.; Loulergue, L.; Barnola, J.; Bereiter, B.; Blunier, T.; Jouzel, J.; Lefloch, M.; Lemieux, B.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Raynaud, D.; Schilt, A.; Siegenthaler, U.; Spahni, R.; Stocker, T.

    2007-12-01

    The deep ice core recovered from Dome Concordia in the framework of EPICA, the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica, has extended the record of Antarctic climate history back to 800,000 years [Jouzel et al., 2007]. We present the current status of measurements of CO2, CH4 and N2O on air trapped in the bubbles of the Dome C ice core. CO2 is measured in two laboratories using different techniques (laser absorption spectroscopy or gas chromatography on samples of 8 and 40 g of ice which are mechanically crushed or milled, respectively). CH4 and N2O are extracted using a melt-refreeze technique and then measured by gas chromatography (in two laboratories for CH4). The greenhouse gas concentrations have now been measured on the lowest 200 m of the Dome C core, going back to Marine Isotope Stage 20 (MIS 20) as verified by a consistent gas age/ice age difference determined at termination IX [Jouzel et al., 2007]. The atmospheric CO2 concentration mostly lagged the Antarctic temperature with a rather strong correlation throughout the eight and a half glacial cycles, but with significantly lower CO2 values between 650 and 750 kyr BP. Its lowest level ever measured in ice cores (172 ppmv) is observed during MIS 16 (minimum centered at 667 kyr BP according to the EDC3 chronology) redetermining the natural span of CO2 to 172-300 ppmv. With 2245 individual measurements, the CH4 concentration is now reconstructed over 800,000 years from a single core, with an average time resolution of 380 years. Spectral analyses of the CH4 signal show an increasing contribution of precession during the last four climatic cycles compared with the four older ones, suggesting an increasing impact of low latitudes sources/sinks. Millennial scale features in this very detailed signal allows us to compare their occurrence with ice volume reconstructions and the isotopic composition of precipitation over the East Antarctic plateau. N2O is still affected by glaciological artefacts involving

  14. Recalculated Areas for Maximum Ice Extents of the Baltic Sea During Winters 1971-2008

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Niskanen, T.; Vainio, J.; Eriksson, P.; Heiler, I.

    2009-04-01

    Publication of operational ice charts in Finland was started from the Baltic Sea in a year 1915. Until year 1993 all ice charts were hand drawn paper copies but in the year 1993 ice charting software IceMap was introduced. Since then all ice charts were produced digitally. Since the year 1996 IceMap has had an option that user can calculate areas of single ice area polygons in the chart. Using this option the area of the maximum ice extent can be easily solved fully automatically. Before this option was introduced (and in full operation) all maximum extent areas were calculated manually by a planimeter. During recent years it has become clear that some areas calculated before 1996 don't give the same result as IceMap. Differences can come from for example inaccuracy of old coastlines, map projections, the calibration of the planimeter or interpretation of old ice area symbols. Old ice charts since winter 1970-71 have now been scanned, rectified and re-drawn. New maximum ice extent areas for Baltic Sea have now been re-calculated. By these new technological tools it can be concluded that in some cases clear differences can be found.

  15. Ice sheet topography by satellite altimetry

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Brooks, R.L.; Campbell, W.J.; Ramseier, R.O.; Stanley, H.R.; Zwally, H.J.

    1978-01-01

    The surface elevation of the southern Greenland ice sheet and surface features of the ice flow are obtained from the radar altimeter on the GEOS 3 satellite. The achieved accuracy in surface elevation is ???2 m. As changes in surface elevation are indicative of changes in ice volume, the mass balance of the present ice sheets could be determined by repetitive mapping of the surface elevation and the surface could be monitored to detect surging or significant changes in ice flow. ?? 1978 Nature Publishing Group.

  16. Satellite remote sensing over ice

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, R. H.

    1984-01-01

    Satellite remote sensing provides unique opportunities for observing ice-covered terrain. Passive-microwave data give information on snow extent on land, sea-ice extent and type, and zones of summer melting on the polar ice sheets, with the potential for estimating snow-accumulation rates on these ice sheets. All weather, high-resolution imagery of sea ice is obtained using synthetic aperture radars, and ice-movement vectors can be deduced by comparing sequential images of the same region. Radar-altimetry data provide highly detailed information on ice-sheet topography, with the potential for deducing thickening/thinning rates from repeat surveys. The coastline of Antarctica can be mapped accurately using altimetry data, and the size and spatial distribution of icebergs can be monitored. Altimetry data also distinguish open ocean from pack ice and they give an indication of sea-ice characteristics.

  17. Satellite remote sensing over ice

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, R. H.

    1986-01-01

    Satellite remote sensing provides unique opportunities for observing ice-covered terrain. Passive-microwave data give information on snow extent on land, sea-ice extent and type, and zones of summer melting on the polar ice sheets, with the potential for estimating snow-accumulation rates on these ice sheets. All weather, high-resolution imagery of sea ice is obtained using synthetic aperture radars, and ice-movement vectors can be deduced by comparing sequential images of the same region. Radar-altimetry data provide highly detailed information on ice-sheet topography, with the potential for deducing thickening/thinning rates from repeat surveys. The coastline of Antarctica can be mapped accurately using altimetry data, and the size and spatial distribution of icebergs can be monitored. Altimetry data also distinguish open ocean from pack ice and they give an indication of sea-ice characteristics.

  18. Automated detection of ice cliffs within supraglacial debris cover

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Herreid, Sam; Pellicciotti, Francesca

    2018-05-01

    Ice cliffs within a supraglacial debris cover have been identified as a source for high ablation relative to the surrounding debris-covered area. Due to their small relative size and steep orientation, ice cliffs are difficult to detect using nadir-looking space borne sensors. The method presented here uses surface slopes calculated from digital elevation model (DEM) data to map ice cliff geometry and produce an ice cliff probability map. Surface slope thresholds, which can be sensitive to geographic location and/or data quality, are selected automatically. The method also attempts to include area at the (often narrowing) ends of ice cliffs which could otherwise be neglected due to signal saturation in surface slope data. The method was calibrated in the eastern Alaska Range, Alaska, USA, against a control ice cliff dataset derived from high-resolution visible and thermal data. Using the same input parameter set that performed best in Alaska, the method was tested against ice cliffs manually mapped in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal. Our results suggest the method can accommodate different glaciological settings and different DEM data sources without a data intensive (high-resolution, multi-data source) recalibration.

  19. Arctic Sea Ice Thickness - Past, Present And Future

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wadhams, P.

    2007-12-01

    In November 2005 the International Workshop on Arctic Sea Ice Thickness: Past, Present and Future was held at Rungstedgaard Conference Center, near Copenhagen, Denmark. The proceedings of the Workshop were subsequently published as a book by the European Commission. In this review we summarise the conclusions of the Workshop on the techniques which show the greatest promise for thickness monitoring on different spatial and temporal scales, and for different purposes. Sonic methods, EM techniques, buoys and satellite methods will be considered. Some copies of the book will be available at the lecture, and others can be ordered from the European Commission. The paper goes on to consider early results from some of the latest measurements on Arctic sea ice thickness done in 2007. These comprise a trans-Arctic voyage by a UK submarine, HMS "Tireless", equipped with a Kongsberg 3002 multibeam sonar which generates a 3-D digital terrain map of the ice underside; and experiments at the APLIS ice station in the Beaufort Sea carried out by the Gavia AUV equipped with a GeoSwath interferometric sonar. In both cases 3-D mapping of sea ice constitutes a new step forward in sea ice data collection, but in the case of the submarine the purpose is to map change in ice thickness (comparing results with a 2004 "Tireless" cruise and with US and UK data prior to 2000), while for the small AUV the purpose is intensive local mapping of a few ridges to improve our knowledge of their structure, as part of a multisensor programme

  20. Moulin Migration and Development on the Greenland Ice Sheet

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chu, V. W.; Yang, L.

    2017-12-01

    Extensive river networks that terminate into moulins efficiently drain the surface of the Greenland ice sheet. These river moulins connect surface meltwater to englacial and subglacial drainage networks, where increased meltwater can enhance ice sliding dynamics. Previous moulin studies were limited to small geographic areas using field observations and/or high-resolution aerial/satellite imagery, or to medium-resolution satellite imagery for larger areas. In this study, high-resolution moulin maps created from WorldView-1/2/3 imagery near Russell Glacier in southwest Greenland show development of moulins and their migration between 2012 and 2015. Moulins are mapped and categorized as being located: in crevasse fields, along a single ice fracture, within drained lake basins, or having no visible formation mechanism. A majority of moulins mapped in 2015 (73%) are linked to moulins in 2012 and are analysed for their movement patterns and compared to ice velocity and strain rates. New moulins most commonly form in crevassed, thinner ice near the ice sheet edge, but significant quantities also develop at higher elevations (22% above 1300 m elevation).

  1. An Examination of the Sea Ice Rheology for Seasonal Ice Zones Based on Ice Drift and Thickness Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Toyota, Takenobu; Kimura, Noriaki

    2018-02-01

    The validity of the sea ice rheological model formulated by Hibler (1979), which is widely used in present numerical sea ice models, is examined for the Sea of Okhotsk as an example of the seasonal ice zone (SIZ), based on satellite-derived sea ice velocity, concentration and thickness. Our focus was the formulation of the yield curve, the shape of which can be estimated from ice drift pattern based on the energy equation of deformation, while the strength of the ice cover that determines its magnitude was evaluated using ice concentration and thickness data. Ice drift was obtained with a grid spacing of 37.5 km from the AMSR-E 89 GHz brightness temperature using a maximum cross-correlation method. The ice thickness was obtained with a spatial resolution of 100 m from a regression of the PALSAR backscatter coefficients with ice thickness. To assess scale dependence, the ice drift data derived from a coastal radar covering a 70 km range in the southernmost Sea of Okhotsk were similarly analyzed. The results obtained were mostly consistent with Hibler's formulation that was based on the Arctic Ocean on both scales with no dependence on a time scale, and justify the treatment of sea ice as a plastic material, with an elliptical shaped yield curve to some extent. However, it also highlights the difficulty in parameterizing sub-grid scale ridging in the model because grid scale ice velocities reduce the deformation magnitude by half due to the large variation of the deformation field in the SIZ.

  2. Coastal-Change and Glaciological Map of the Larsen Ice Shelf Area, Antarctica, 1940-2005

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ferrigno, Jane G.; Cook, Alison J.; Mathie, Amy M.; Williams, Richard S.; Swithinbank, Charles; Foley, Kevin M.; Fox, Adrian J.; Thomson, Janet W.; Sievers, Jorn

    2008-01-01

    comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica (Swithinbank, 1988; Williams and Ferrigno, 1988). The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) images [and in some areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images], RADARSAT images, aerial photography, and other data where available, to compare changes that occurred during a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula). The results of the analysis are being used to produce a digital database and a series of USGS Geologic Investigations Series Maps (I-2600) (Williams and others, 1995; Ferrigno and others, 2002; and Williams and Ferrigno, 2005) (available online at http://www.glaciers.er.usgs.gov).

  3. Predictability of Ice Concentration in the High-Latitude North Atlantic from Statistical Analysis of SST (Sea Surface Temperature) and Ice Concentration Data.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-09-01

    Nautical- Metorological Annuals (Yearbooks), Charlottenlund, Copenhagen. Jokill, 1953-67: Reports of sea ice off the Icelandic coasts (Annual reports...Proceeding of 7th annual climate diagnostic workshop (NOAA) pub. Washington, D.C., 189-195. * Weeks, W. F., 1978: Sea ice conditions in the Arctic. In

  4. An Overview of NASA Engine Ice-Crystal Icing Research

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Addy, Harold E., Jr.; Veres, Joseph P.

    2011-01-01

    Ice accretions that have formed inside gas turbine engines as a result of flight in clouds of high concentrations of ice crystals in the atmosphere have recently been identified as an aviation safety hazard. NASA s Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) has made plans to conduct research in this area to address the hazard. This paper gives an overview of NASA s engine ice-crystal icing research project plans. Included are the rationale, approach, and details of various aspects of NASA s research.

  5. Basal melt beneath whillans ice stream and ice streams A and C

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Joughin, I.; Teluezyk, S.; Engelhardt, H.

    2002-01-01

    We have used a recently derived map of the velocity of Whillans Ice Stream and Ice Streams A and C to help estimate basal melt. Temperature was modeled with a simple vertical advection-diffusion equation, 'tuned' to match temperature profiles. We find that most of the melt occurs beneath the tributaries where larger basal shear stresses and thicker ice favors greater melt (e.g., 10-20 mm/yr). The occurrence of basal freezing is predicted beneath much of the ice plains of Ice Stream C and Whillans Ice Stream. Modelled melt rates for when Ice Stream C was active suggest there was just enough melt water generated in its tributaries to balance basal freezing on its ice plain. Net basal melt for Whillans Ice Stream is positive due to smaller basal temperature gradients. Modelled temperatures on Whillans Ice Stream, however, were constrained by a single temperature profile at UpB. Basal temperature gradients for Whillans B1 and Ice Stream A may have conditions more similar to those beneath Ice Streams C and D, in which case, there may not be sufficient melt to sustain motion. This would be consistent with the steady deceleration of Whillans stream over the last few decades.

  6. Sea ice motion measurements from Seasat SAR images

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Leberl, F.; Raggam, J.; Elachi, C.; Campbell, W. J.

    1983-01-01

    Data from the Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) experiment are analyzed in order to determine the accuracy of this information for mapping the distribution of sea ice and its motion. Data from observations of sea ice in the Beaufort Sea from seven sequential orbits of the satellite were selected to study the capabilities and limitations of spaceborne radar application to sea-ice mapping. Results show that there is no difficulty in identifying homologue ice features on sequential radar images and the accuracy is entirely controlled by the accuracy of the orbit data and the geometric calibration of the sensor. Conventional radargrammetric methods are found to serve well for satellite radar ice mapping, while ground control points can be used to calibrate the ice location and motion measurements in the cases where orbit data and sensor calibration are lacking. The ice motion was determined to be approximately 6.4 + or - 0.5 km/day. In addition, the accuracy of pixel location was found over land areas. The use of one control point in 10,000 sq km produced an accuracy of about + or 150 m, while with a higher density of control points (7 in 1000 sq km) the location accuracy improves to the image resolution of + or - 25 m. This is found to be applicable for both optical and digital data.

  7. Routine Mapping of the Snow Depth Distribution on Sea Ice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Farrell, S. L.; Newman, T.; Richter-Menge, J.; Dattler, M.; Paden, J. D.; Yan, S.; Li, J.; Leuschen, C.

    2016-12-01

    The annual growth and retreat of the polar sea ice cover is influenced by the seasonal accumulation, redistribution and melt of snow on sea ice. Due to its high albedo and low thermal conductivity, snow is also a controlling parameter in the mass and energy budgets of the polar climate system. Under a changing climate scenario it is critical to obtain reliable and routine measurements of snow depth, across basin scales, and long time periods, so as to understand regional, seasonal and inter-annual variability, and the subsequent impacts on the sea ice cover itself. Moreover the snow depth distribution remains a significant source of uncertainty in the derivation of sea ice thickness from remote sensing measurements, as well as in numerical model predictions of future climate state. Radar altimeter systems flown onboard NASA's Operation IceBridge (OIB) mission now provide annual measurements of snow across both the Arctic and Southern Ocean ice packs. We describe recent advances in the processing techniques used to interpret airborne radar waveforms and produce accurate and robust snow depth results. As a consequence of instrument effects and data quality issues associated with the initial release of the OIB airborne radar data, the entire data set was reprocessed to remove coherent noise and sidelobes in the radar echograms. These reprocessed data were released to the community in early 2016, and are available for improved derivation of snow depth. Here, using the reprocessed data, we present the results of seven years of radar measurements collected over Arctic sea ice at the end of winter, just prior to melt. Our analysis provides the snow depth distribution on both seasonal and multi-year sea ice. We present the inter-annual variability in snow depth for both the Central Arctic and the Beaufort/Chukchi Seas. We validate our results via comparison with temporally and spatially coincident in situ measurements gathered during many of the OIB surveys. The results

  8. Eastern Ross Ice Sheet Deglacial History inferred from the Roosevelt Island Ice Core

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fudge, T. J.; Buizert, C.; Lee, J.; Waddington, E. D.; Bertler, N. A. N.; Conway, H.; Brook, E.; Severinghaus, J. P.

    2017-12-01

    The Ross Ice Sheet drains large portions of both West and East Antarctica. Understanding the retreat of the Ross Ice Sheet following the Last Glacial Maximum is particularly difficult in the eastern Ross area where there is no exposed rock and the Ross Ice Shelf prevents extensive bathymetric mapping. Coastal domes, by preserving old ice, can be used to infer the establishment of grounded ice and be used to infer past ice thickness. Here we focus on Roosevelt Island, in the eastern Ross Sea, where the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution project recently completed an ice core to bedrock. Using ice-flow modeling constrained by the depth-age relationship and an independent estimate of accumulation rate from firn-densification measurements and modeling, we infer ice thickness histories for the LGM (20ka) to present. Preliminary results indicate thinning of 300m between 15ka and 12ka is required. This is similar to the amount and timing of thinning inferred at Siple Dome, in the central Ross Sea (Waddington et al., 2005; Price et al., 2007) and supports the presence of active ice streams throughout the Ross Ice Sheet advance during the LGM.

  9. On the Ice Nucleation Spectrum

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barahona, D.

    2012-01-01

    This work presents a novel formulation of the ice nucleation spectrum, i.e. the function relating the ice crystal concentration to cloud formation conditions and aerosol properties. The new formulation is physically-based and explicitly accounts for the dependency of the ice crystal concentration on temperature, supersaturation, cooling rate, and particle size, surface area and composition. This is achieved by introducing the concepts of ice nucleation coefficient (the number of ice germs present in a particle) and nucleation probability dispersion function (the distribution of ice nucleation coefficients within the aerosol population). The new formulation is used to generate ice nucleation parameterizations for the homogeneous freezing of cloud droplets and the heterogeneous deposition ice nucleation on dust and soot ice nuclei. For homogeneous freezing, it was found that by increasing the dispersion in the droplet volume distribution the fraction of supercooled droplets in the population increases. For heterogeneous ice nucleation the new formulation consistently describes singular and stochastic behavior within a single framework. Using a fundamentally stochastic approach, both cooling rate independence and constancy of the ice nucleation fraction over time, features typically associated with singular behavior, were reproduced. Analysis of the temporal dependency of the ice nucleation spectrum suggested that experimental methods that measure the ice nucleation fraction over few seconds would tend to underestimate the ice nuclei concentration. It is shown that inferring the aerosol heterogeneous ice nucleation properties from measurements of the onset supersaturation and temperature may carry significant error as the variability in ice nucleation properties within the aerosol population is not accounted for. This work provides a simple and rigorous ice nucleation framework where theoretical predictions, laboratory measurements and field campaign data can be

  10. Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring ice sheet motion: application to an antarctic ice stream.

    PubMed

    Goldstein, R M; Engelhardt, H; Kamb, B; Frolich, R M

    1993-12-03

    Satellite radar interferometry (SRI) provides a sensitive means of monitoring the flow velocities and grounding-line positions of ice streams, which are indicators of response of the ice sheets to climatic change or internal instability. The detection limit is about 1.5 millimeters for vertical motions and about 4 millimeters for horizontal motions in the radar beam direction. The grounding line, detected by tidal motions where the ice goes afloat, can be mapped at a resolution of approximately 0.5 kilometer. The SRI velocities and grounding line of the Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica, agree fairly well with earlier ground-based data. The combined use of SRI and other satellite methods is expected to provide data that will enhance the understanding of ice stream mechanics and help make possible the prediction of ice sheet behavior.

  11. Characterization of Ice Roughness Variations in Scaled Glaze Icing Conditions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    McClain, Stephen T.; Vargas, Mario; Tsao, Jen-Ching

    2016-01-01

    Because of the significant influence of surface tension in governing the stability and breakdown of the liquid film in flooded stagnation regions of airfoils exposed to glaze icing conditions, the Weber number is expected to be a significant parameter governing the formation and evolution of ice roughness. To investigate the influence of the Weber number on roughness formation, 53.3-cm (21-in.) and 182.9-cm (72-in.) NACA 0012 airfoils were exposed to flow conditions with essentially the same Weber number and varying stagnation collection efficiency to illuminate similarities of the ice roughness created on the different airfoils. The airfoils were exposed to icing conditions in the Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Following exposure to the icing event, the airfoils were then scanned using a ROMER Absolute Arm scanning system. The resulting point clouds were then analyzed using the self-organizing map approach of McClain and Kreeger (2013) to determine the spatial roughness variations along the surfaces of the iced airfoils. The roughness characteristics on each airfoil were then compared using the relative geometries of the airfoil. The results indicate that features of the ice shape and roughness such as glaze-ice plateau limits and maximum airfoil roughness were captured well by Weber number and collection efficiency scaling of glaze icing conditions. However, secondary ice roughness features relating the instability and waviness of the liquid film on the glaze-ice plateau surface are scaled based on physics that were not captured by the local collection efficiency variations.

  12. All-weather ice information system for Alaskan arctic coastal shipping

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gedney, R. T.; Jirberg, R. J.; Schertler, R. J.; Mueller, R. A.; Chase, T. L.; Kramarchuk, I.; Nagy, L. A.; Hanlon, R. A.; Mark, H.

    1977-01-01

    A near real-time ice information system designed to aid arctic coast shipping along the Alaskan North Slope is described. The system utilizes a X-band Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) mounted aboard a U.S. Coast Guard HC-130B aircraft. Radar mapping procedures showing the type, areal distribution and concentration of ice cover were developed. In order to guide vessel operational movements, near real-time SLAR image data were transmitted directly from the SLAR aircraft to Barrow, Alaska and the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Glacier. In addition, SLAR image data were transmitted in real time to Cleveland, Ohio via the NOAA-GOES Satellite. Radar images developed in Cleveland were subsequently facsimile transmitted to the U.S. Navy's Fleet Weather Facility in Suitland, Maryland for use in ice forecasting and also as a demonstration back to Barrow via the Communications Technology Satellite.

  13. Balance Velocities of the Greenland Ice Sheet

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Joughin, Ian; Fahnestock, Mark; Ekholm, Simon; Kwok, Ron

    1997-01-01

    We present a map of balance velocities for the Greenland ice sheet. The resolution of the underlying DEM, which was derived primarily from radar altimetry data, yields far greater detail than earlier balance velocity estimates for Greenland. The velocity contours reveal in striking detail the location of an ice stream in northeastern Greenland, which was only recently discovered using satellite imagery. Enhanced flow associated with all of the major outlets is clearly visible, although small errors in the source data result in less accurate estimates of the absolute flow speeds. Nevertheless, the balance map is useful for ice-sheet modelling, mass balance studies, and field planning.

  14. Assimilation of sea ice concentration data in the Arctic via DART/CICE5 in the CESM1

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Y.; Bitz, C. M.; Anderson, J. L.; Collins, N.; Hendricks, J.; Hoar, T. J.; Raeder, K.

    2016-12-01

    Arctic sea ice cover has been experiencing significant reduction in the past few decades. Climate models predict that the Arctic Ocean may be ice-free in late summer within a few decades. Better sea ice prediction is crucial for regional and global climate prediction that are vital to human activities such as maritime shipping and subsistence hunting, as well as wildlife protection as animals face habitat loss. The physical processes involved with the persistence and re-emergence of sea ice cover are found to extend the predictability of sea ice concentration (SIC) and thickness at the regional scale up to several years. This motivates us to investigate sea ice predictability stemming from initial values of the sea ice cover. Data assimilation is a useful technique to combine observations and model forecasts to reconstruct the states of sea ice in the past and provide more accurate initial conditions for sea ice prediction. This work links the most recent version of the Los Alamos sea ice model (CICE5) within the Community Earth System Model version 1.5 (CESM1.5) and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). The linked DART/CICE5 is ideal to assimilate multi-scale and multivariate sea ice observations using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The study is focused on the assimilation of SIC data that impact SIC, sea ice thickness, and snow thickness. The ensemble sea ice model states are constructed by introducing uncertainties in atmospheric forcing and key model parameters. The ensemble atmospheric forcing is a reanalysis product generated with DART and the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). We also perturb two model parameters that are found to contribute significantly to the model uncertainty in previous studies. This study applies perfect model observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) to investigate data assimilation algorithms and post-processing methods. One of the ensemble members of a CICE5 free run is chosen as the truth. Daily synthetic

  15. Observing Arctic Sea Ice from Bow to Screen: Introducing Ice Watch, the Data Network of Near Real-Time and Historic Observations from the Arctic Shipborne Sea Ice Standardization Tool (ASSIST)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Orlich, A.; Hutchings, J. K.; Green, T. M.

    2013-12-01

    The Ice Watch Program is an open source forum to access in situ Arctic sea ice conditions. It provides the research community and additional stakeholders a convenient resource to monitor sea ice and its role in understanding the Arctic as a system by implementing a standardized observation protocol and hosting a multi-service data portal. International vessels use the Arctic Shipborne Sea Ice Standardization Tool (ASSIST) software to report near-real time sea ice conditions while underway. Essential observations of total ice concentration, distribution of multi-year ice and other ice types, as well as their respective stage of melt are reported. These current and historic sea ice conditions are visualized on interactive maps and in a variety of statistical analyses, and with all data sets available to download for further investigation. The summer of 2012 was the debut of the ASSIST software and the Ice Watch campaign, with research vessels from six nations reporting from a wide spatio-temporal scale spanning from the Beaufort Sea, across the North Pole and Arctic Basin, the coast of Greenland and into the Kara and Barents Seas during mid-season melt and into the first stages of freeze-up. The 2013 summer field season sustained the observation and data archiving record, with participation from some of the same cruises as well as other geographic and seasonal realms covered by new users. These results are presented to illustrate the evolution of the program, increased participation and critical statistics of ice regime change and record of melt and freeze processes revealed by the data. As an ongoing effort, Ice Watch/ASSIST aims to standardize observations of Arctic-specific sea ice features and conditions while utilizing nomenclature and coding based on the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards and the Antarctic Sea Ice and Processes & Climate (ASPeCt) protocol. Instigated by members of the CliC Sea Ice Working Group, the program has evolved with

  16. Photochemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cosmic Water Ice: The Role of PAH Ionization and Concentration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cook, Amanda M.; Ricca, Alessandra; Mattioda, Andrew L.; Bouwman, Jordy; Roser, Joseph; Linnartz, Harold; Bregman, Jonathan; Allamandola, Louis J.

    2015-01-01

    Infrared spectroscopic studies of ultraviolet (UV) irradiated, water-rich, cosmic ice analogs containing small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are described. The irradiation studies of anthracene:H2O, pyrene:H2O, and benzo[ghi]perylene:H2O ices (14 K) at various concentrations reported by Bouwman et al. are extended. While aromatic alcohols and ketones have been reported in residues after irradiated PAH:H2O ices were warmed to 270 K, it was not known if they formed during ice irradiation or during warm-up when reactants interact as H2O sublimes. Recent work has shown that they form in low temperature ice. Using DFT computed IR spectra to identify photoproducts and PAH cations, we tentatively identify the production of specific alcohols [PAH(OH) n ] and quinones [PAH(O) n ] for all PAH:H2O ices considered here. Little evidence is found for hydrogenation at 14 K, consistent with the findings of Gudipati & Yang. Addition of O and OH to the parent PAH is the dominant photochemical reaction, but PAH erosion to smaller PAHs (producing CO2 and H2CO) is also important. DFT spectra are used to assess the contribution of PAH-related species to interstellar absorption features from 5 to 9 μm. The case is made that PAH cations are important contributors to the C2 component and PAH(OH) n and PAH(O) n to the C5 component described by Boogert et al. Thus, interstellar ices should contain neutral and ionized PAHs, alcohols, ketones and quinones at the ~2%-4% level relative to H2O. PAHs, their photoproducts, and ion-mediated processes should therefore be considered when modeling interstellar ice processes.

  17. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN COSMIC WATER ICE: THE ROLE OF PAH IONIZATION AND CONCENTRATION

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Cook, Amanda M.; Mattioda, Andrew L.; Roser, Joseph

    2015-01-20

    Infrared spectroscopic studies of ultraviolet (UV) irradiated, water-rich, cosmic ice analogs containing small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are described. The irradiation studies of anthracene:H{sub 2}O, pyrene:H{sub 2}O, and benzo[ghi]perylene:H{sub 2}O ices (14 K) at various concentrations reported by Bouwman et al. are extended. While aromatic alcohols and ketones have been reported in residues after irradiated PAH:H{sub 2}O ices were warmed to 270 K, it was not known if they formed during ice irradiation or during warm-up when reactants interact as H{sub 2}O sublimes. Recent work has shown that they form in low temperature ice. Using DFT computed IR spectra to identify photoproducts andmore » PAH cations, we tentatively identify the production of specific alcohols [PAH(OH) {sub n} ] and quinones [PAH(O) {sub n} ] for all PAH:H{sub 2}O ices considered here. Little evidence is found for hydrogenation at 14 K, consistent with the findings of Gudipati and Yang. Addition of O and OH to the parent PAH is the dominant photochemical reaction, but PAH erosion to smaller PAHs (producing CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}CO) is also important. DFT spectra are used to assess the contribution of PAH-related species to interstellar absorption features from 5 to 9 μm. The case is made that PAH cations are important contributors to the C2 component and PAH(OH) {sub n} and PAH(O) {sub n} to the C5 component described by Boogert et al. Thus, interstellar ices should contain neutral and ionized PAHs, alcohols, ketones and quinones at the ∼2%-4% level relative to H{sub 2}O. PAHs, their photoproducts, and ion-mediated processes should therefore be considered when modeling interstellar ice processes.« less

  18. Digital topographic map showing the extents of glacial ice and perennial snowfields at Mount Rainier, Washington, based on the LiDAR survey of September 2007 to October 2008

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Robinson, Joel E.; Sisson, Thomas W.; Swinney, Darin D.

    2010-01-01

    In response to severe flooding in November 2006, the National Park Service contracted for a high-resolution aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) topographic survey of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Due to inclement weather, this survey was performed in two stages: early September 2007 and September-October 2008. The total surveyed area of 241,585 acres includes an approximately 100-m-wide buffer zone around the Park to ensure complete coverage and adequate point densities at survey edges. Final results averaged 5.73 laser first return points/m2 over forested and high-elevation terrain, with a vertical accuracy of 3.7 cm on bare road surfaces and mean relative accuracy of 11 cm, based on comparisons between flightlines. Bare-earth topography, as developed by the contractor, is included in this release. A map of the 2007-2008 limits of glaciers and perennial snowfields was developed by digitizing 1:2,000 to 1:5,000 slope and shaded-relief images derived from the LiDAR topography. Edges of snow and exposed ice are readily seen in such images as sharp changes in surface roughness and slope. Ice mantled by moraine can be distinguished by the moraine's distinctly high roughness due to ice motion and melting, local exposures of smooth ice, and commonly by the presence of crevasses and shear boundaries. A map of the 1970 limits of ice and perennial snow was also developed by digitizing the snow and ice perimeters as depicted on the hydrologic separates used to produce the 1:24,000 topographic maps of the Mount Rainier region. These maps, produced in 1971, were derived from September 1970 aerial photographs. Boundaries between adjacent glacier systems were estimated and mapped from drainage divides, including partly emergent rock ridges, lines of diverging slope, and medial moraines. This data release contains the bare-earth LiDAR data as an ESRI grid file (DS549-Rainier_LiDAR.zip), the glacial limits derived from the USGS 1970 aerial photographs of the

  19. Initiation of secondary ice production in clouds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sullivan, Sylvia C.; Hoose, Corinna; Kiselev, Alexei; Leisner, Thomas; Nenes, Athanasios

    2018-02-01

    Disparities between the measured concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and in-cloud ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs) have led to the hypothesis that mechanisms other than primary nucleation form ice in the atmosphere. Here, we model three of these secondary production mechanisms - rime splintering, frozen droplet shattering, and ice-ice collisional breakup - with a six-hydrometeor-class parcel model. We perform three sets of simulations to understand temporal evolution of ice hydrometeor number (Nice), thermodynamic limitations, and the impact of parametric uncertainty when secondary production is active. Output is assessed in terms of the number of primarily nucleated ice crystals that must exist before secondary production initiates (NINP(lim)) as well as the ICNC enhancement from secondary production and the timing of a 100-fold enhancement. Nice evolution can be understood in terms of collision-based nonlinearity and the phasedness of the process, i.e., whether it involves ice hydrometeors, liquid ones, or both. Ice-ice collisional breakup is the only process for which a meaningful NINP(lim) exists (0.002 up to 0.15 L-1). For droplet shattering and rime splintering, a warm enough cloud base temperature and modest updraft are the more important criteria for initiation. The low values of NINP(lim) here suggest that, under appropriate thermodynamic conditions for secondary ice production, perturbations in cloud concentration nuclei concentrations are more influential in mixed-phase partitioning than those in INP concentrations.

  20. Configuration of Pluto's Volatile Ices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Grundy, William M.; Binzel, R. P.; Cook, J. C.; Cruikshank, D. P.; Dalle Ore, C. M.; Earle, A. M.; Ennico, K.; Jennings, D. E.; Howett, C. J. A.; Linscott, I. R.; Lunsford, A. W.; Olkin, C. B.; Parker, A. H.; Parker, J. Wm; Protopapa, S.; Reuter, D. C.; Singer, K. N.; Spencer, J. R.; Stern, S. A.; Tsang, C. C. C.; Verbiscer, A. J.; Weaver, H. A.; Young, L. A.; Berry, K.; Buie, M. W.; Stansberry, J. A.

    2015-11-01

    We report on near-infrared remote sensing by New Horizons' Ralph instrument (Reuter et al. 2008, Space Sci. Rev. 140, 129-154) of Pluto's N2, CO, and CH4 ices. These especially volatile ices are mobile even at Pluto's cryogenic surface temperatures. Sunlight reflected from these ices becomes imprinted with their characteristic spectral absorption bands. The detailed appearance of these absorption features depends on many aspects of local composition, thermodynamic state, and texture. Multiple-scattering radiative transfer models are used to retrieve quantitative information about these properties and to map how they vary across Pluto's surface. Using parameter maps derived from New Horizons observations, we investigate the striking regional differences in the abundances and scattering properties of Pluto's volatile ices. Comparing these spatial patterns with the underlying geology provides valuable constraints on processes actively modifying the planet's surface, over a variety of spatial scales ranging from global latitudinal patterns to more regional and local processes within and around the feature informally known as Sputnik Planum. This work was supported by the NASA New Horizons Project.

  1. Constraining Quaternary ice covers and erosion rates using cosmogenic 26Al/10Be nuclide concentrations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Knudsen, Mads Faurschou; Egholm, David Lundbek

    2018-02-01

    Paired cosmogenic nuclides are often used to constrain the exposure/burial history of landforms repeatedly covered by ice during the Quaternary, including tors, high-elevation surfaces, and steep alpine summits in the circum-Arctic regions. The approach generally exploits the different production rates and half-lives of 10Be and 26Al to infer past exposure/burial histories. However, the two-stage minimum-limiting exposure and burial model regularly used to interpret the nuclides ignores the effect of variable erosion rates, which potentially may bias the interpretation. In this study, we use a Monte Carlo model approach to investigate systematically how the exposure/burial and erosion history, including variable erosion and the timing of erosion events, influence concentrations of 10Be and 26Al. The results show that low 26Al/10Be ratios are not uniquely associated with prolonged burial under ice, but may as well reflect ice covers that were limited to the coldest part of the late Pleistocene combined with recent exhumation of the sample, e.g. due to glacial plucking during the last glacial period. As an example, we simulate published 26Al/10Be data from Svalbard and show that it is possible that the steep alpine summits experienced ice-free conditions during large parts of the late Pleistocene and varying amounts of glacial erosion. This scenario, which contrasts with the original interpretation of more-or-less continuous burial under non-erosive ice over the last ∼1 Myr, thus challenge the conventional interpretation of such data. On the other hand, high 26Al/10Be ratios do not necessarily reflect limited burial under ice, which is the common interpretation of high ratios. In fact, high 26Al/10Be ratios may also reflect extensive burial under ice, combined with a change from burial under erosive ice, which brought the sample close to the surface, to burial under non-erosive ice at some point during the mid-Pleistocene. Importantly, by allowing for variable

  2. Validation and Interpretation of a New Sea Ice Globice Dataset Using Buoys and the Cice Sea Ice Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Flocco, D.; Laxon, S. W.; Feltham, D. L.; Haas, C.

    2011-12-01

    The GlobIce project has provided high resolution sea ice product datasets over the Arctic derived from SAR data in the ESA archive. The products are validated sea ice motion, deformation and fluxes through straits. GlobIce sea ice velocities, deformation data and sea ice concentration have been validated using buoy data provided by the International Arctic Buoy Program (IABP). Over 95% of the GlobIce and buoy data analysed fell within 5 km of each other. The GlobIce Eulerian image pair product showed a high correlation with buoy data. The sea ice concentration product was compared to SSM/I data. An evaluation of the validity of the GlobICE data will be presented in this work. GlobICE sea ice velocity and deformation were compared with runs of the CICE sea ice model: in particular the mass fluxes through the straits were used to investigate the correlation between the winter behaviour of sea ice and the sea ice state in the following summer.

  3. Geomorphology and till architecture of terrestrial palaeo-ice streams of the southwest Laurentide Ice Sheet: A borehole stratigraphic approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Norris, Sophie L.; Evans, David J. A.; Cofaigh, Colm Ó.

    2018-04-01

    A multidimensional study, utilising geomorphological mapping and the analysis of regional borehole stratigraphy, is employed to elucidate the regional till architecture of terrestrial palaeo-ice streams relating to the Late Wisconsinan southwest Laurentide Ice Sheet. Detailed mapping over a 57,400 km2 area of southwestern Saskatchewan confirms previous reconstructions of a former southerly flowing ice stream, demarcated by a 800 km long corridor of megaflutes and mega-scale glacial lineations (Ice Stream 1) and cross cut by three, formerly southeast flowing ice streams (Ice Streams 2A, B and C). Analysis of the lithologic and geophysical characteristics of 197 borehole samples within these corridors reveals 17 stratigraphic units comprising multiple tills and associated stratified sediments overlying preglacial deposits, the till thicknesses varying with both topography and distance down corridor. Reconciling this regional till architecture with the surficial geomorphology reveals that surficial units are spatially consistent with a dynamic switch in flow direction, recorded by the cross cutting corridors of Ice Streams 1, 2A, B and C. The general thickening of tills towards lobate ice stream margins is consistent with subglacial deformation theory and variations in this pattern on a more localised scale are attributed to influences of subglacial topography including thickening at buried valley margins, thinning over uplands and thickening in overridden ice-marginal landforms.

  4. Operationally Monitoring Sea Ice at the Canadian Ice Service

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de Abreu, R.; Flett, D.; Carrieres, T.; Falkingham, J.

    2004-05-01

    The Canadian Ice Service (CIS) of the Meteorological Service of Canada promotes safe and efficient maritime operations and protects Canada's environment by providing reliable and timely information about ice and iceberg conditions in Canadian waters. Daily and seasonal charts describing the extent, type and concentration of sea ice and icebergs are provided to support navigation and other activities (e.g. oil and gas) in coastal waters. The CIS relies on a suite of spaceborne visible, infrared and microwave sensors to operationally monitor ice conditions in Canadian coastal and inland waterways. These efforts are complemented by operational sea ice models that are customized and run at the CIS. The archive of these data represent a 35 year archive of ice conditions and have proven to be a valuable dataset for historical sea ice analysis. This presentation will describe the daily integration of remote sensing observations and modelled ice conditions used to produce ice and iceberg products. A review of the decadal evolution of this process will be presented, as well as a glimpse into the future of ice and iceberg monitoring. Examples of the utility of the CIS digital sea ice archive for climate studies will also be presented.

  5. Physicochemical, bioactive, and sensory properties of persimmon-based ice cream: technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution to determine optimum concentration.

    PubMed

    Karaman, Safa; Toker, Ömer Said; Yüksel, Ferhat; Çam, Mustafa; Kayacier, Ahmed; Dogan, Mahmut

    2014-01-01

    In the present study, persimmon puree was incorporated into the ice cream mix at different concentrations (8, 16, 24, 32, and 40%) and some physicochemical (dry matter, ash, protein, pH, sugar, fat, mineral, color, and viscosity), textural (hardness, stickiness, and work of penetration), bioactive (antiradical activity and total phenolic content), and sensory properties of samples were investigated. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution approach was used for the determination of optimum persimmon puree concentration based on the sensory and bioactive characteristics of final products. Increase in persimmon puree resulted in a decrease in the dry matter, ash, fat, protein contents, and viscosity of ice cream mix. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose were determined to be major sugars in the ice cream samples including persimmon and increase in persimmon puree concentration increased the fructose and glucose content. Better melting properties and textural characteristics were observed for the samples with the addition of persimmon. Magnesium, K, and Ca were determined to be major minerals in the samples and only K concentration increased with the increase in persimmon content. Bioactive properties of ice cream samples improved and, in general, acetone-water extracts showed higher bioactivity compared with ones obtained using methanol-water extracts. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution approach showed that the most preferred sample was the ice cream containing 24% persimmon puree. Copyright © 2014 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. Studies of the Antarctic Sea Ice Edges and Ice Extents from Satellite and Ship Observations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Worby, Anthony P.; Comiso, Josefino C.

    2003-01-01

    Passive-microwave derived ice edge locations in Antarctica are assessed against other satellite data as well as in situ observations of ice edge location made between 1989 and 2000. The passive microwave data generally agree with satellite and ship data but the ice concentration at the observed ice edge varies greatly with averages of 14% for the TEAM algorithm and 19% for the Bootstrap algorithm. The comparisons of passive microwave with the field data show that in the ice growth season (March - October) the agreement is extremely good, with r(sup 2) values of 0.9967 and 0.9797 for the Bootstrap and TEAM algorithms respectively. In the melt season however (November - February) the passive microwave ice edge is typically 1-2 degrees south of the observations due to the low concentration and saturated nature of the ice. Sensitivity studies show that these results can have significant impact on trend and mass balance studies of the sea ice cover in the Southern Ocean.

  7. Coastal-Change and Glaciological Map of the Northern Ross Ice Shelf Area, Antarctica: 1962-2004

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ferrigno, Jane G.; Foley, Kevin M.; Swithinbank, Charles; Williams, Richard S.

    2007-01-01

    Programs. On the basis of these recommendations, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) decided that the archive of early 1970s Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Antarctica and the subsequent repeat coverage made possible with Landsat and other satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica (Ferrigno and Gould, 1987). The availability of this information provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica (Swithinbank, 1988; Williams and Ferrigno, 1988). The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) images (and in some areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus [ETM+] images), RADARSAT images, and other data where available, in order to compare changes that occurred during a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula). The results of the analysis are being used to produce a digital database and a series of USGS Geologic Investigations Series Maps (I?2600) (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; Ferrigno and others, 2002) (available online at http://www.glaciers.er.usgs.gov).

  8. Exposed Ice in the Northern Mid-Latitudes of Mars

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Allen, Carlton C.

    2007-01-01

    Ice-Rich Layer: Polygonal features with dimensions of approximately 100 meters, bounded by cracks, are commonly observed on the martian northern plains. These features are generally attributed to thermal cracking of ice-rich sediments, in direct analogy to polygons in terrestrial polar regions. We mapped polygons in the northern mid-latitudes (30 to 65 N) using MOC and HiRISE images. Polygons are scattered across the northern plains, with a particular concentration in western Utopia Planitia. This region largely overlaps the Late Amazonian Astapus Colles unit, characterized by polygonal terrain and nested pits consistent with periglacial and thermokarst origins. Bright and Dark Polygonal Cracks: An examination of all MOC images (1997 through 2003) covering the study area demonstrated that, at latitudes of 55 to 65 N, most of the imaged polygons show bright bounding cracks. We interpret these bright cracks as exposed ice. Between 40 and 55 N, most of the imaged polygons show dark bounding cracks. These are interpreted as polygons from which the exposed ice has been removed by sublimation. The long-term stability limit for exposed ice, even in deep cracks, apparently lies near 55 N. Bright and Dark Spots: Many HiRISE and MOC frames showing polygons in the northern plains also show small numbers of bright and dark spots, particularly in western Utopia Planitia. Many of the spots are closely associated with collapse features suggestive of thermokarst. The spots range from tens to approximately 100 meters in diameter. The bright spots are interpreted as exposed ice, due to their prevalence on terrain mapped as ice rich. The dark spots are interpreted as former bright spots, which have darkened as the exposed ice is lost by sublimation. The bright spots may be the martian equivalents of pingos, ice-cored mounds found in periglacial regions on Earth. Terrestrial pingos from which the ice core has melted often collapse to form depressions similar to the martian dark spots

  9. Under the sea ice: Exploring the relationship between sea ice and the foraging behaviour of southern elephant seals in East Antarctica

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Labrousse, Sara; Sallée, Jean-Baptiste; Fraser, Alexander D.; Massom, Robert A.; Reid, Phillip; Sumner, Michael; Guinet, Christophe; Harcourt, Robert; McMahon, Clive; Bailleul, Frédéric; Hindell, Mark A.; Charrassin, Jean-Benoit

    2017-08-01

    Investigating ecological relationships between predators and their environment is essential to understand the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability and change. This is particularly true in polar regions, where sea ice (a sensitive climate variable) plays a crucial yet highly dynamic and variable role in how it influences the whole marine ecosystem, from phytoplankton to top predators. For mesopredators such as seals, sea ice both supports a rich (under-ice) food resource, access to which depends on local to regional coverage and conditions. Here, we investigate sex-specific relationships between the foraging strategies of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in winter and spatio-temporal variability in sea ice concentration (SIC) and coverage in East Antarctica. We satellite-tracked 46 individuals undertaking post-moult trips in winter from Kerguelen Islands to the peri-Antarctic shelf between 2004 and 2014. These data indicate distinct general patterns of sea ice usage: while females tended to follow the sea ice edge as it extended northward, the males remained on the continental shelf despite increasing sea ice. Seal hunting time, a proxy of foraging activity inferred from the diving behaviour, was longer for females in late autumn in the outer part of the pack ice, ∼150-370 km south of the ice edge. Within persistent regions of compact sea ice, females had a longer foraging activity (i) in the highest sea ice concentration at their position, but (ii) their foraging activity was longer when there were more patches of low concentration sea ice around their position (either in time or in space; 30 days & 50 km). The high spatio-temporal variability of sea ice around female positions is probably a key factor allowing them to exploit these concentrated patches. Despite lack of information on prey availability, females may exploit mesopelagic finfishes and squids that concentrate near the ice-water interface or within the water column (from

  10. Small Molecule Ice Recrystallization Inhibitors Enable Freezing of Human Red Blood Cells with Reduced Glycerol Concentrations

    PubMed Central

    Capicciotti, Chantelle J.; Kurach, Jayme D. R.; Turner, Tracey R.; Mancini, Ross S.; Acker, Jason P.; Ben, Robert N.

    2015-01-01

    In North America, red blood cells (RBCs) are cryopreserved in a clinical setting using high glycerol concentrations (40% w/v) with slow cooling rates (~1°C/min) prior to storage at −80°C, while European protocols use reduced glycerol concentrations with rapid freezing rates. After thawing and prior to transfusion, glycerol must be removed to avoid intravascular hemolysis. This is a time consuming process requiring specialized equipment. Small molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) such as β-PMP-Glc and β-pBrPh-Glc have the ability to prevent ice recrystallization, a process that contributes to cellular injury and decreased cell viability after cryopreservation. Herein, we report that addition of 110 mM β-PMP-Glc or 30 mM β-pBrPh-Glc to a 15% glycerol solution increases post-thaw RBC integrity by 30-50% using slow cooling rates and emphasize the potential of small molecule IRIs for the preservation of cells. PMID:25851700

  11. Small molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors enable freezing of human red blood cells with reduced glycerol concentrations.

    PubMed

    Capicciotti, Chantelle J; Kurach, Jayme D R; Turner, Tracey R; Mancini, Ross S; Acker, Jason P; Ben, Robert N

    2015-04-08

    In North America, red blood cells (RBCs) are cryopreserved in a clinical setting using high glycerol concentrations (40% w/v) with slow cooling rates (~1°C/min) prior to storage at -80°C, while European protocols use reduced glycerol concentrations with rapid freezing rates. After thawing and prior to transfusion, glycerol must be removed to avoid intravascular hemolysis. This is a time consuming process requiring specialized equipment. Small molecule ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) such as β-PMP-Glc and β-pBrPh-Glc have the ability to prevent ice recrystallization, a process that contributes to cellular injury and decreased cell viability after cryopreservation. Herein, we report that addition of 110 mM β-PMP-Glc or 30 mM β-pBrPh-Glc to a 15% glycerol solution increases post-thaw RBC integrity by 30-50% using slow cooling rates and emphasize the potential of small molecule IRIs for the preservation of cells.

  12. Ice-surface adsorption enhanced colligative effect of antifreeze proteins in ice growth inhibition

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mao, Yougang; Ba, Yong

    2006-09-01

    This Communication describes a mechanism to explain antifreeze protein's function to inhibit the growth of ice crystals. We propose that the adsorption of antifreeze protein (AFP) molecules on an ice surface induces a dense AFP-water layer, which can significantly decrease the mole fraction of the interfacial water and, thus, lower the temperature for a seed ice crystal to grow in a super-cooled AFP solution. This mechanism can also explain the nearly unchanged melting point for the ice crystal due to the AFP's ice-surface adsorption. A mathematical model combining the Langmuir theory of adsorption and the colligative effect of thermodynamics has been proposed to find the equilibrium constants of the ice-surface adsorptions, and the interfacial concentrations of AFPs through fitting the theoretical curves to the experimental thermal hysteresis data. This model has been demonstrated by using the experimental data of serial size-mutated beetle Tenebrio molitor (Tm) AFPs. It was found that the AFP's ice-surface adsorptions could increase the interfacial AFP's concentrations by 3 to 4 orders compared with those in the bulk AFP solutions.

  13. Importance of Chemical Composition of Ice Nuclei on the Formation of Arctic Ice Clouds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Keita, Setigui Aboubacar; Girard, Eric

    2016-09-01

    Ice clouds play an important role in the Arctic weather and climate system but interactions between aerosols, clouds and radiation remain poorly understood. Consequently, it is essential to fully understand their properties and especially their formation process. Extensive measurements from ground-based sites and satellite remote sensing reveal the existence of two Types of Ice Clouds (TICs) in the Arctic during the polar night and early spring. TICs-1 are composed by non-precipitating small (radar-unseen) ice crystals of less than 30 μm in diameter. The second type, TICs-2, are detected by radar and are characterized by a low concentration of large precipitating ice crystals ice crystals (>30 μm). To explain these differences, we hypothesized that TIC-2 formation is linked to the acidification of aerosols, which inhibits the ice nucleating properties of ice nuclei (IN). As a result, the IN concentration is reduced in these regions, resulting to a lower concentration of larger ice crystals. Water vapor available for deposition being the same, these crystals reach a larger size. Current weather and climate models cannot simulate these different types of ice clouds. This problem is partly due to the parameterizations implemented for ice nucleation. Over the past 10 years, several parameterizations of homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation on IN of different chemical compositions have been developed. These parameterizations are based on two approaches: stochastic (that is nucleation is a probabilistic process, which is time dependent) and singular (that is nucleation occurs at fixed conditions of temperature and humidity and time-independent). The best approach remains unclear. This research aims to better understand the formation process of Arctic TICs using recently developed ice nucleation parameterizations. For this purpose, we have implemented these ice nucleation parameterizations into the Limited Area version of the Global Multiscale Environmental Model

  14. Space Shuttle ice nuclei

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Turco, R. P.; Toon, O. B.; Whitten, R. C.; Cicerone, R. J.

    1982-08-01

    Estimates are made showing that, as a consequence of rocket activity in the earth's upper atmosphere in the Shuttle era, average ice nuclei concentrations in the upper atmosphere could increase by a factor of two, and that an aluminum dust layer weighing up to 1000 tons might eventually form in the lower atmosphere. The concentrations of Space Shuttle ice nuclei (SSIN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere were estimated by taking into account the composition of the particles, the extent of surface poisoning, and the size of the particles. Calculated stratospheric size distributions at 20 km with Space Shuttle particulate injection, calculated SSIN concentrations at 10 and 20 km altitude corresponding to different water vapor/ice supersaturations, and predicted SSIN concentrations in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere are shown.

  15. Mapping absolute tissue endogenous fluorophore concentrations with chemometric wide-field fluorescence microscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Xu, Zhang; Reilley, Michael; Li, Run; Xu, Min

    2017-06-01

    We report chemometric wide-field fluorescence microscopy for imaging the spatial distribution and concentration of endogenous fluorophores in thin tissue sections. Nonnegative factorization aided by spatial diversity is used to learn both the spectral signature and the spatial distribution of endogenous fluorophores from microscopic fluorescence color images obtained under broadband excitation and detection. The absolute concentration map of individual fluorophores is derived by comparing the fluorescence from "pure" fluorophores under the identical imaging condition following the identification of the fluorescence species by its spectral signature. This method is then demonstrated by characterizing the concentration map of endogenous fluorophores (including tryptophan, elastin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide) for lung tissue specimens. The absolute concentrations of these fluorophores are all found to decrease significantly from normal, perilesional, to cancerous (squamous cell carcinoma) tissue. Discriminating tissue types using the absolute fluorophore concentration is found to be significantly more accurate than that achievable with the relative fluorescence strength. Quantification of fluorophores in terms of the absolute concentration map is also advantageous in eliminating the uncertainties due to system responses or measurement details, yielding more biologically relevant data, and simplifying the assessment of competing imaging approaches.

  16. Deep-sea coral evidence for lower Southern Ocean surface nitrate concentrations during the last ice age

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Xingchen Tony; Sigman, Daniel M.; Prokopenko, Maria G.; Adkins, Jess F.; Robinson, Laura F.; Hines, Sophia K.; Chai, Junyi; Studer, Anja S.; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Chen, Tianyu; Haug, Gerald H.

    2017-03-01

    The Southern Ocean regulates the ocean’s biological sequestration of CO2 and is widely suspected to underpin much of the ice age decline in atmospheric CO2 concentration, but the specific changes in the region are debated. Although more complete drawdown of surface nutrients by phytoplankton during the ice ages is supported by some sediment core-based measurements, the use of different proxies in different regions has precluded a unified view of Southern Ocean biogeochemical change. Here, we report measurements of the 15N/14N of fossil-bound organic matter in the stony deep-sea coral Desmophyllum dianthus, a tool for reconstructing surface ocean nutrient conditions. The central robust observation is of higher 15N/14N across the Southern Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 18-25 thousand years ago. These data suggest a reduced summer surface nitrate concentration in both the Antarctic and Subantarctic Zones during the LGM, with little surface nitrate transport between them. After the ice age, the increase in Antarctic surface nitrate occurred through the deglaciation and continued in the Holocene. The rise in Subantarctic surface nitrate appears to have had both early deglacial and late deglacial/Holocene components, preliminarily attributed to the end of Subantarctic iron fertilization and increasing nitrate input from the surface Antarctic Zone, respectively.

  17. Deep-sea coral evidence for lower Southern Ocean surface nitrate concentrations during the last ice age

    PubMed Central

    Sigman, Daniel M.; Prokopenko, Maria G.; Adkins, Jess F.; Robinson, Laura F.; Hines, Sophia K.; Chai, Junyi; Studer, Anja S.; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Chen, Tianyu; Haug, Gerald H.

    2017-01-01

    The Southern Ocean regulates the ocean’s biological sequestration of CO2 and is widely suspected to underpin much of the ice age decline in atmospheric CO2 concentration, but the specific changes in the region are debated. Although more complete drawdown of surface nutrients by phytoplankton during the ice ages is supported by some sediment core-based measurements, the use of different proxies in different regions has precluded a unified view of Southern Ocean biogeochemical change. Here, we report measurements of the 15N/14N of fossil-bound organic matter in the stony deep-sea coral Desmophyllum dianthus, a tool for reconstructing surface ocean nutrient conditions. The central robust observation is of higher 15N/14N across the Southern Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 18–25 thousand years ago. These data suggest a reduced summer surface nitrate concentration in both the Antarctic and Subantarctic Zones during the LGM, with little surface nitrate transport between them. After the ice age, the increase in Antarctic surface nitrate occurred through the deglaciation and continued in the Holocene. The rise in Subantarctic surface nitrate appears to have had both early deglacial and late deglacial/Holocene components, preliminarily attributed to the end of Subantarctic iron fertilization and increasing nitrate input from the surface Antarctic Zone, respectively. PMID:28298529

  18. Sensitivity of Lunar Resource Economic Model to Lunar Ice Concentration

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Blair, Brad; Diaz, Javier

    2002-01-01

    Lunar Prospector mission data indicates sufficient concentration of hydrogen (presumed to be in the form of water ice) to form the basis for lunar in-situ mining activities to provide a source of propellant for near-Earth and solar system transport missions. A model being developed by JPL, Colorado School of Mines, and CSP, Inc. generates the necessary conditions under which a commercial enterprise could earn a sufficient rate of return to develop and operate a LEO propellant service for government and commercial customers. A combination of Lunar-derived propellants, L-1 staging, and orbital fuel depots could make commercial LEO/GEO development, inter-planetary missions and the human exploration and development of space more energy, cost, and mass efficient.

  19. Geomorphology and vegetation mapping the ice-free terrains of the Western Antarctic Peninsula region using very high resolution imagery from an UAV

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vieira, G.; Mora, C.; Pina, P.; Bandeira, L.; Hong, S. G.

    2014-12-01

    The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is one of the Earth's regions with a fastest warming signal since the 1950's with an increase of over +2.5 ºC in MAAT. Significant changes have been reported for glaciers, ice-shelves, sea-ice and also for the permafrost environment. Mapping and monitoring the ice-free areas of the WAP has been until recently limited by the available aerial photo surveys, but also by the scarce high resolution satellite imagery (e.g. QuickBird, WorldView, etc.) that are seriously constrained by the high cloudiness of the region. Recent developments in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's), which have seen significant technological advances and price reduction in the last few years, allow for its systematical use for mapping and monitoring in remote environments. In the framework of projects PERMANTAR-3 (PTDC/AAG-GLO/3908/2012 - FCT) and 3DAntártida (Ciência Viva), we complement traditional terrain surveying and mapping, satellite remote sensing (SAR and optical) and D-GPS deformation monitoring, with the application of an UAV. In this communication, we present the results from the application of a Sensefly ebee UAV in mapping the vegetation and geomorphological processes (e.g. sorted circles), as well as for digital elevation model generation in a test site in Barton Pen., King George Isl.. The UAV is a lightweight (ci. 700g) aircraft, with a 96 cm wingspan, which is portable and easy to transport. It allows for up to 40 min flight time, with application of RGB or NIR cameras. We have tested the ebee successfully with winds up to 10 m/s and obtained aerial photos with a ground resolution of 4 cm/pixel. The digital orthophotomaps, high resolution DEM's together with field observations have allowed for deriving geomorphological maps with unprecedented detail and accuracy, providing new insight into the controls on the spatial distribution of geomorphological processes. The talk will focus on the first results from the field surveys of February and

  20. High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huffman, J. A.; Prenni, A. J.; DeMott, P. J.; Pöhlker, C.; Mason, R. H.; Robinson, N. H.; Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J.; Tobo, Y.; Després, V. R.; Garcia, E.; Gochis, D. J.; Harris, E.; Müller-Germann, I.; Ruzene, C.; Schmer, B.; Sinha, B.; Day, D. A.; Andreae, M. O.; Jimenez, J. L.; Gallagher, M.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Bertram, A. K.; Pöschl, U.

    2013-07-01

    Bioaerosols are relevant for public health and may play an important role in the climate system, but their atmospheric abundance, properties, and sources are not well understood. Here we show that the concentration of airborne biological particles in a North American forest ecosystem increases significantly during rain and that bioparticles are closely correlated with atmospheric ice nuclei (IN). The greatest increase of bioparticles and IN occurred in the size range of 2-6 μm, which is characteristic for bacterial aggregates and fungal spores. By DNA analysis we found high diversities of airborne bacteria and fungi, including groups containing human and plant pathogens (mildew, smut and rust fungi, molds, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae). In addition to detecting known bacterial and fungal IN (Pseudomonas sp., Fusarium sporotrichioides), we discovered two species of IN-active fungi that were not previously known as biological ice nucleators (Isaria farinosa and Acremonium implicatum). Our findings suggest that atmospheric bioaerosols, IN, and rainfall are more tightly coupled than previously assumed.

  1. A Study on Generation Ice Containing Ozone

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yoshimura, Kenji; Koyama, Shigeru; Yamamoto, Hiromi

    Ozone has the capability of sterilization and deodorization due to high oxidation power. It is also effective for the conservation of perishable foods and purification of water. However, ozone has a disadvantage, that is, conservation of ozone is difficult because it changes back into oxygen. Recently, ice containing ozone is taken attention for the purpose of its conservation. The use of ice containing ozone seems to keep food fresher when we conserve and transport perishable foods due to effects of cooling and sterilization of ice containing ozone. In the present study, we investigated the influence of temperatures of water dissolving ozone on the timewise attenuations of ozone concentration in water. We also investigated the influence of cooling temperature, ice diameter, initial temperatures of water dissolving ozone and container internal pressure of the water dissolving ozone on ozone concentration in the ice. In addition, we investigated the influence of the ice diameter on the timewise attenuations of ozone concentration in the ice. It was confirmed that the solidification experimental data can be adjusted by a correlation between ozone concentration in the ice and solidification time.

  2. Southern Laurentide ice lobes were created by ice streams: Des Moines Lobe in Minnesota, USA

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Patterson, C.J.

    1997-01-01

    Regional mapping in southern Minnesota has illuminated a suite of landforms developed by the Des Moines Lobe that delimit the position of the lobe at its maximum and at lesser readvances. The ice lobe repeatedly advanced, discharged its subglacial water, and subsequently stagnated. Recent glaciological research on Antarctic ice streams has led some glacial geologists to postulate that ice streams drained parts of the marine-based areas of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. I postulate that such ice streams may develop in land-based areas of an ice sheet as well, and that the Des Moines Lobe, 200 km wide and 900 km long, was an outlet glacier of an ice stream. It appears to have been able to advance beyond the Laurentide Ice Sheet as long as adequate water pressure was maintained. However, the outer part of the lobe stagnated because subglacial water that facilitated the flow was able to drain away through tunnel valleys. Stagnation of the lobe is not equivalent to stoppage of the ice stream, because ice repeatedly advanced into and onto the stagnant margins, stacking ice and debris. Similar landforms are also seen in other lobes of the upper midwestern United States.

  3. In situ microbial metabolism as a cause of gas anomalies in ice.

    PubMed

    Rohde, Robert A; Price, P Buford; Bay, Ryan C; Bramall, Nathan E

    2008-06-24

    Isolated spikes of anomalously high concentrations of N(2)O have been reported at depths in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores corresponding to narrow time intervals over the past approximately 10(5) years. Now, using a calibrated spectrofluorimeter to map protein-bound Trp, a proxy for microbes, versus depth in the 3,053-m GISP2 ice core, we find six depths at which localized spikes of high cell concentrations coincide with N(2)O spikes. We show that the excess gases are consistent with accumulation of in situ metabolic wastes during residence times of the excess microbes in the ice. Because of sparseness of N(2)O measurements and our spectrofluorimetry versus depth, the total number of microbially produced N(2)O spikes in GISP2 is probably much larger than six. Spikes of excess methanogens coincident with CH(4) spikes are found at three depths in the bottom 3% of GISP2, most likely because of methanogenic metabolism in the underlying silty ice, followed by turbulent flow of the lowest approximately 90 m of ice. The apparent rates of in situ production of N(2)O and CH(4) spikes by metabolism are observed to be consistent with a single activation energy, U, and maintain proportionality to exp(-U/RT) over the entire temperature range down to -40 degrees C. Fluorescence of nonmicrobial aerosols in GISP2 ice is distinguishable from microbial fluorescence by its different emission spectra. Our spectrofluorimetric scans throughout the GISP2 ice core lead us to conclude that both microbes and nonmicrobial aerosols are deposited in discontinuous bursts, which may provide a tool for studying wind storms in the distant past.

  4. A Supramolecular Ice Growth Inhibitor.

    PubMed

    Drori, Ran; Li, Chao; Hu, Chunhua; Raiteri, Paolo; Rohl, Andrew L; Ward, Michael D; Kahr, Bart

    2016-10-12

    Safranine O, a synthetic dye, was found to inhibit growth of ice at millimolar concentrations with an activity comparable to that of highly evolved antifreeze glycoproteins. Safranine inhibits growth of ice crystals along the crystallographic a-axis, resulting in bipyramidal needles extended along the <0001> directions as well as and plane-specific thermal hysteresis (TH) activity. The interaction of safranine with ice is reversible, distinct from the previously reported behavior of antifreeze proteins. Spectroscopy and molecular dynamics indicate that safranine forms aggregates in aqueous solution at micromolar concentrations. Metadynamics simulations and aggregation theory suggested that as many as 30 safranine molecules were preorganized in stacks at the concentrations where ice growth inhibition was observed. The simulations and single-crystal X-ray structure of safranine revealed regularly spaced amino and methyl substituents in the aggregates, akin to the ice-binding site of antifreeze proteins. Collectively, these observations suggest an unusual link between supramolecular assemblies of small molecules and functional proteins.

  5. Mapping the Ice Depth of Europa with Ultrahigh Energy Particles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Romero-Wolf, A.; Naudet, C. J.

    2012-12-01

    There has been recent interest in applying radio emission of ultra-high energy neutrinos interacting in the ice of Europa. The idea was first described by Gorham (2004)[1] in the context of ultra-high energy particle detection. Shoji, Kurita, and Tanaka (2011)[2] proposed a technique for measuring ice depth using the radio intensity distribution of radio impulses emitted by interactions deep in the Europan ice. Miller, Schaefer, and Sequeira (2012)[3] follow up this study with a simulation of a radio detector mission to constrain the ice depth of Europa. The radio signal results from an effect proposed by Askar'yan (1962)[4] where the particle shower induced by the neutrino interaction accumulates a charge excess traveling faster than the speed of light in the medium and produces a coherent Cherenkov pulse at radio frequencies. We evaluate the feasibility of such a mission given the current state of knowledge of ultra-high energy particle detection and radio pulse production. References [1] Gorham (2004), Planet-sized Detectors for Ultra-high Energy Neutrinos & Cosmic Rays, NASA Advanced Planning Office's Capability Roadmap Public Workshop, Nov. 30, 2004, astro-ph/0411510 [2] Shoji, Kurita, and Tanaka (2011), Constraint of Europan ice thickness by measuring electromagnetic emissions induced by neutrino interaction, Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L08202 [3] Miller, Shaefer, Sequeira, PRIDE (Passive Radio [frequency] Ice Depth Experiment): An instrument to passively measure ice depth from a Europan orbiter using neutrinos, Icarus 220 877-888 [4] Askar'yan (1962), Excess negative charge of an electron photon shower and its coherent radiation originating from it. Radio recording of showers under the ground and on the Moon, Sov. Phys. JETP, 14, 441-443.

  6. Rapid measurement of perchlorate in polar ice cores down to sub-ng L(-1) levels without pre-concentration.

    PubMed

    Peterson, Kari; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Brandis, Derek; Cox, Thomas; Splett, Scott

    2015-10-01

    An ion chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed for rapid and accurate measurement of perchlorate in polar snow and ice core samples in which perchlorate concentrations are expected to be as low as 0.1 ng L(-1). Separation of perchlorate from major inorganic species in snow is achieved with an ion chromatography system interfaced to an AB SCIEX triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection and lower limit of quantification without pre-concentration have been determined to be 0.1 and 0.3 ng L(-1), respectively, with a linear dynamic range of 0.3-10.0 ng L(-1) in routine measurement. These represent improvements over previously reported methods using similar analytical techniques. The improved method allows fast, accurate, and reproducible perchlorate quantification down to the sub-ng L(-1) level and will facilitate perchlorate measurement in the study of natural perchlorate production with polar ice cores in which perchlorate concentrations are anticipated to vary in the low and sub-ng L(-1) range. Initial measurements of perchlorate in ice core samples from central Greenland show that typical perchlorate concentrations in snow dated prior to the Industrial Revolution are about 0.8 ng L(-1), while perchlorate concentrations are significantly higher in recent (post-1980) snow, suggesting that anthropogenic sources are a significant contributor to perchlorate in the current environment.

  7. Characteristics of basal ice and subglacial water at Dome Fuji, Antarctica ice sheet

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Motoyama, H.; Uemura, R.; Hirabayashi, M.; Miyake, T.; Kuramoto, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Dome Fuji Ice Core Project, M.

    2008-12-01

    than the cutting chips has been collected. When the drilling passed 3033.46m, the amount of ice chip was decreased. But the amount of ice chip collected increase again from 3034.59m and many large ices have taken the upper part of ice core. The temperature of ice sheet near the bedrock is the pressure melting point. So the liquid water can exist easy there. The water like groundwater infiltrated into the borehole and froze in drilling liquid from 3031.44m to 3033.46m. Under 3034.59m, the subglacial water infiltrated into the borehole and froze in drilling liquid. The existence of water channel in the ice core was found. We think that the liquid water has been flowing through the boundary of ice crystal. (Characteristics of chemical constituents): The melted ice was analyzed every 10cm per 50cm from 2400m to 3028m and continuously every 10cm from 3028m to 3034m. The analytical items were water isotopes (d18O and dD), micro particles (dust) and major ion components. The variations of water isotope and dust in ice near the bedrock have no conspicuous change. But, the concentrations of Cl- and Na+ ions had interesting behavior. The concentration of Cl- ion increased and Na+ ion was decreased deeper than 3020m. Further the concentrations of all ions were decreased suddenly deeper than 3034m. The concentration of ions will be decrease in turn according to the solubility of the ion. home/

  8. Sensitivity of Cirrus Properties to Ice Nuclei Abundance

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jensen, Eric

    2014-01-01

    The relative importance of heterogeneous and homogeneous ice nucleation for cirrus formation remains an active area of debate in the cloud physics community. From a theoretical perspective, a number of modeling studies have investigated the sensitivity of ice number concentration to the nucleation mechanism and the abundance of ice nuclei. However, these studies typically only addressed ice concentration immediately after ice nucleation. Recent modeling work has shown that the high ice concentrations produced by homogeneous freezing may not persist very long, which is consistent with the low frequency of occurrence of high ice concentrations indicated by cirrus measurements. Here, I use idealized simulations to investigate the impact of ice nucleation mechanism and ice nuclei abundance on the full lifecycle of cirrus clouds. The primary modeling framework used includes different modes of ice nucleation, deposition growth/sublimation, aggregation, sedimentation, and radiation. A limited number of cloud-resolving simulations that treat radiation/dynamics interactions will also been presented. I will show that for typical synoptic situations with mesoscale waves present, the time-averaged cirrus ice crystal size distributions and bulk cloud properties are less sensitive to ice nucleation processes than might be expected from the earlier simple ice nucleation calculations. I will evaluate the magnitude of the ice nuclei impact on cirrus for a range of temperatures and mesoscale wave specifications, and I will discuss the implications for cirrus aerosol indirect effects in general.

  9. Ice nucleation active bacteria in precipitation are genetically diverse and nucleate ice by employing different mechanisms.

    PubMed

    Failor, K C; Schmale, D G; Vinatzer, B A; Monteil, C L

    2017-12-01

    A growing body of circumstantial evidence suggests that ice nucleation active (Ice + ) bacteria contribute to the initiation of precipitation by heterologous freezing of super-cooled water in clouds. However, little is known about the concentration of Ice + bacteria in precipitation, their genetic and phenotypic diversity, and their relationship to air mass trajectories and precipitation chemistry. In this study, 23 precipitation events were collected over 15 months in Virginia, USA. Air mass trajectories and water chemistry were determined and 33 134 isolates were screened for ice nucleation activity (INA) at -8 °C. Of 1144 isolates that tested positive during initial screening, 593 had confirmed INA at -8 °C in repeated tests. Concentrations of Ice + strains in precipitation were found to range from 0 to 13 219 colony forming units per liter, with a mean of 384±147. Most Ice + bacteria were identified as members of known and unknown Ice + species in the Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Xanthomonadaceae families, which nucleate ice employing the well-characterized membrane-bound INA protein. Two Ice + strains, however, were identified as Lysinibacillus, a Gram-positive genus not previously known to include Ice + bacteria. INA of the Lysinibacillus strains is due to a nanometer-sized molecule that is heat resistant, lysozyme and proteinase resistant, and secreted. Ice + bacteria and the INA mechanisms they employ are thus more diverse than expected. We discuss to what extent the concentration of culturable Ice + bacteria in precipitation and the identification of a new heat-resistant biological INA mechanism support a role for Ice + bacteria in the initiation of precipitation.

  10. Sea Ice in the Bellingshausen Sea

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-12-08

    Antarctica—the continent at the southernmost reach of the planet—is fringed by cold, often frozen waters of the Southern Ocean. The extent of sea ice around the continent typically reaches a peak in September and a minimum in February. The photograph above shows Antarctic sea ice on November 5, 2014, during the annual cycle of melt. The image was acquired by the Digital Mapping System (DMS), a digital camera installed in the belly of research aircraft to capture images of terrain below. In this case, the system flew on the DC-8 during a flight as part of NASA’s Operation IceBridge. Most of the view shows first-year sea ice in the Bellingshausen Sea, as it appeared from an altitude of 328 meters (1,076 feet). The block of ice on the right side of the image is older, thicker, and was once attached to the Antarctic Ice Sheet. By the time this image was acquired, however, the ice had broken away to form an iceberg. Given its close proximity to the ice sheet, this could have been a relatively new berg. Read more: earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86721 Credit: NASA/Goddard/IceBridge DMS L0 Raw Imagery courtesy of the Digital Mapping System (DMS) team and the NASA DAAC at the National Snow and Ice Data Center Credit: NASA Earth Observatory NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

  11. Ice sheets and nitrogen.

    PubMed

    Wolff, Eric W

    2013-07-05

    Snow and ice play their most important role in the nitrogen cycle as a barrier to land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere exchanges that would otherwise occur. The inventory of nitrogen compounds in the polar ice sheets is approximately 260 Tg N, dominated by nitrate in the much larger Antarctic ice sheet. Ice cores help to inform us about the natural variability of the nitrogen cycle at global and regional scale, and about the extent of disturbance in recent decades. Nitrous oxide concentrations have risen about 20 per cent in the last 200 years and are now almost certainly higher than at any time in the last 800 000 years. Nitrate concentrations recorded in Greenland ice rose by a factor of 2-3, particularly between the 1950s and 1980s, reflecting a major change in NOx emissions reaching the background atmosphere. Increases in ice cores drilled at lower latitudes can be used to validate or constrain regional emission inventories. Background ammonium concentrations in Greenland ice show no significant recent trend, although the record is very noisy, being dominated by spikes of input from biomass burning events. Neither nitrate nor ammonium shows significant recent trends in Antarctica, although their natural variations are of biogeochemical and atmospheric chemical interest. Finally, it has been found that photolysis of nitrate in the snowpack leads to significant re-emissions of NOx that can strongly impact the regional atmosphere in snow-covered areas.

  12. Ice sheets and nitrogen

    PubMed Central

    Wolff, Eric W.

    2013-01-01

    Snow and ice play their most important role in the nitrogen cycle as a barrier to land–atmosphere and ocean–atmosphere exchanges that would otherwise occur. The inventory of nitrogen compounds in the polar ice sheets is approximately 260 Tg N, dominated by nitrate in the much larger Antarctic ice sheet. Ice cores help to inform us about the natural variability of the nitrogen cycle at global and regional scale, and about the extent of disturbance in recent decades. Nitrous oxide concentrations have risen about 20 per cent in the last 200 years and are now almost certainly higher than at any time in the last 800 000 years. Nitrate concentrations recorded in Greenland ice rose by a factor of 2–3, particularly between the 1950s and 1980s, reflecting a major change in NOx emissions reaching the background atmosphere. Increases in ice cores drilled at lower latitudes can be used to validate or constrain regional emission inventories. Background ammonium concentrations in Greenland ice show no significant recent trend, although the record is very noisy, being dominated by spikes of input from biomass burning events. Neither nitrate nor ammonium shows significant recent trends in Antarctica, although their natural variations are of biogeochemical and atmospheric chemical interest. Finally, it has been found that photolysis of nitrate in the snowpack leads to significant re-emissions of NOx that can strongly impact the regional atmosphere in snow-covered areas. PMID:23713125

  13. Reconstructing the last Irish Ice Sheet 2: a geomorphologically-driven model of ice sheet growth, retreat and dynamics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Greenwood, Sarah L.; Clark, Chris D.

    2009-12-01

    The ice sheet that once covered Ireland has a long history of investigation. Much prior work focussed on localised evidence-based reconstructions and ice-marginal dynamics and chronologies, with less attention paid to an ice sheet wide view of the first order properties of the ice sheet: centres of mass, ice divide structure, ice flow geometry and behaviour and changes thereof. In this paper we focus on the latter aspect and use our new, countrywide glacial geomorphological mapping of the Irish landscape (>39 000 landforms), and our analysis of the palaeo-glaciological significance of observed landform assemblages (article Part 1), to build an ice sheet reconstruction yielding these fundamental ice sheet properties. We present a seven stage model of ice sheet evolution, from initiation to demise, in the form of palaeo-geographic maps. An early incursion of ice from Scotland likely coalesced with local ice caps and spread in a south-westerly direction 200 km across Ireland. A semi-independent Irish Ice Sheet was then established during ice sheet growth, with a branching ice divide structure whose main axis migrated up to 140 km from the west coast towards the east. Ice stream systems converging on Donegal Bay in the west and funnelling through the North Channel and Irish Sea Basin in the east emerge as major flow components of the maximum stages of glaciation. Ice cover is reconstructed as extending to the continental shelf break. The Irish Ice Sheet became autonomous (i.e. separate from the British Ice Sheet) during deglaciation and fragmented into multiple ice masses, each decaying towards the west. Final sites of demise were likely over the mountains of Donegal, Leitrim and Connemara. Patterns of growth and decay of the ice sheet are shown to be radically different: asynchronous and asymmetric in both spatial and temporal domains. We implicate collapse of the ice stream system in the North Channel - Irish Sea Basin in driving such asymmetry, since rapid

  14. Wave effects on ocean-ice interaction in the marginal ice zone

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Liu, Antony K.; Hakkinen, Sirpa; Peng, Chih Y.

    1993-01-01

    The effects of wave train on ice-ocean interaction in the marginal ice zone are studied through numerical modeling. A coupled two-dimensional ice-ocean model has been developed to include wave effects and wind stress for the predictions of ice edge dynamics. The sea ice model is coupled to the reduced-gravity ocean model through interfacial stresses. The main dynamic balance in the ice momentum is between water-ice stress, wind stress, and wave radiation stresses. By considering the exchange of momentum between waves and ice pack through radiation stress for decaying waves, a parametric study of the effects of wave stress and wind stress on ice edge dynamics has been performed. The numerical results show significant effects from wave action. The ice edge is sharper, and ice edge meanders form in the marginal ice zone owing to forcing by wave action and refraction of swell system after a couple of days. Upwelling at the ice edge and eddy formation can be enhanced by the nonlinear effects of wave action; wave action sharpens the ice edge and can produce ice meandering, which enhances local Ekman pumping and pycnocline anomalies. The resulting ice concentration, pycnocline changes, and flow velocity field are shown to be consistent with previous observations.

  15. Ice shelf structure and stability: Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hubbard, B. P.; Ashmore, D.; Bevan, S. L.; Booth, A. D.; Holland, P.; Jansen, D.; Kuipers Munneke, P.; Kulessa, B.; Luckman, A. J.; Sevestre, H.; O'Leary, M.

    2017-12-01

    We report on recent empirical investigations of the internal structure and stability (or otherwise) of Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS), Antarctica, focusing on research carried out for the MIDAS research project between 2014 and 2017. Borehole- and surface geophysics-based fieldwork carried out in austral springs 2014 and 2015 revealed that ephemeral surface ponds, preferentially located within the major inlets within the northern sector of the ice shelf, result in the formation of several tens of metres of (relatively dense) subsurface ice within what would otherwise have been a progressively densifying snow and firn column. Five boreholes were drilled throughout the sector and logged by optical televiewer, showing this refrozen ice to be extensive and of variable composition depending on its process of formation. Mapping the depth-distribution of the resulting ice types and associating each with a simple flow-line model of ice motion and accumulation indicates that this area of LCIS has experienced substantial melting for some centuries but that surface ponding has only occurred in recent decades, possibly restricted to the past 20 years. We also present near-surface temperature data that reveal surprising temporal patterns in foehn wind activity and intensity. Finally, we report on the geometrical extension and widening of a rift that was responsible for calving a 5,800 km^2 iceberg from the LCIS in July 2017. The nature of rift propagation through `suture' ice bands, widely considered to be composed of marine ice, is contrasted with that of its propagation through meteoric ice.

  16. Remote sensing of the marginal ice zone during Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) 83

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Shuchman, R. A.; Campbell, W. J.; Burns, B. A.; Ellingsen, E.; Farrelly, B. A.; Gloersen, P.; Grenfell, T. C.; Hollinger, J.; Horn, D.; Johannessen, J. A.

    1984-01-01

    The remote sensing techniques utilized in the Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) to study the physical characteristics and geophysical processes of the Fram Strait Region of the Greenland Sea are described. The studies, which utilized satellites, aircraft, helicopters, and ship and ground-based remote sensors, focused on the use of microwave remote sensors. Results indicate that remote sensors can provide marginal ice zone characteristics which include ice edge and ice boundary locations, ice types and concentration, ice deformation, ice kinematics, gravity waves and swell (in the water and the ice), location of internal wave fields, location of eddies and current boundaries, surface currents and sea surface winds.

  17. Channelized melting drives thinning under Dotson ice shelf, Western Antarctic Ice Sheet

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gourmelen, N.; Goldberg, D.; Snow, K.; Henley, S. F.; Bingham, R. G.; Kimura, S.; Hogg, A.; Shepherd, A.; Mouginot, J.; Lenaerts, J.; Ligtenberg, S.; Van De Berg, W. J.

    2017-12-01

    The majority of meteoric ice that forms in West Antarctica leaves the ice sheet through floating ice shelves, many of which have been thinning substantially over the last 25 years. A significant proportion of ice-shelf thinning has been driven by submarine melting facilitated by increased access of relatively warm (>0.6oC) modified Circumpolar Deep Water to sub-shelf cavities. Ice shelves play a significant role in stabilising the ice sheet from runaway retreat and regulating its contribution to sea level change. Ice-shelf melting has also been implicated in sustaining high primary productivity in Antarctica's coastal seas. However, these processes vary regionally and are not fully understood. Under some ice shelves, concentrated melting leads to the formation of inverted channels. These channels guide buoyant melt-laden outflow, which can lead to localised melting of the sea ice cover. The channels may also potentially lead to heightened crevassing, which in turn affects ice-shelf stability. Meanwhile, numerical studies suggest that buttressing loss is sensitive to the location of ice removal within an ice-shelf. Thus it is important that we observe spatial patterns, as well as magnitudes, of ice-shelf thinning, in order to improve understanding of the ocean drivers of thinning and of their impacts on ice-shelf stability. Here we show from high-resolution altimetry measurements acquired between 2010 to 2016 that Dotson Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, thins in response to basal melting focussed along a single 5 km-wide and 60 km-long channel extending from the ice shelf's grounding zone to its calving front. The coupled effect of geostrophic circulation and ice-shelf topography leads to the observed concentration of basal melting. Analysis of previous datasets suggests that this process has been ongoing for at least the last 25 years. If focused thinning continues at present rates, the channel would melt through within 40-50 years, almost two centuries before it is

  18. Glacial Ice Deposits in Mid-Latitudes of Mars

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2010-03-02

    NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has detected widespread deposits of glacial ice in the mid-latitudes of Mars. This map of a region known as Deuteronilus Mensae, in the northern hemisphere, shows locations of the detected ice deposits in blue.

  19. Assessment of a demonstration project to supply near real-time sea ice information to end users

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Blackford, C.; Howes, Sally; Whitelaw, Alan S.; Laxon, S.; Mantripp, D.

    1994-12-01

    Sea ice maps are required by a diverse range of users for scientific research and operational activities. Satellite remote sensing provides opportunities for monitoring and producing sea ice maps at a range of scales, in near real time. During March 1994 ESYS Limited and the University College London Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) operated a sea ice demonstration project to supply near real time sea ice maps in the southern ocean. The sea ice information was derived from a number of data sources: DMSP SSM/I data; ERS-1 SAR and Radar Altimeter fast delivery data; NOAA AVHRR data; and PoSAT-1 imagery. The maps were supplied to three users, two involved in yacht races in the southern ocean and a ship on an oceanographic research cruise in the waters of the Princess Elizabeth Trough region of Antarctica. The demonstration was successful, supplying the users with sea ice information which they had previously not received and combining data from various sources to produce sea ice maps. The demonstration also developed operational skills within ESYS and enabled the transfer of knowledge from MSSL to ESYS.

  20. Satellite Snow-Cover Mapping: A Brief Review

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hall, Dorothy K.

    1995-01-01

    Satellite snow mapping has been accomplished since 1966, initially using data from the reflective part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and now also employing data from the microwave part of the spectrum. Visible and near-infrared sensors can provide excellent spatial resolution from space enabling detailed snow mapping. When digital elevation models are also used, snow mapping can provide realistic measurements of snow extent even in mountainous areas. Passive-microwave satellite data permit global snow cover to be mapped on a near-daily basis and estimates of snow depth to be made, but with relatively poor spatial resolution (approximately 25 km). Dense forest cover limits both techniques and optical remote sensing is limited further by cloudcover conditions. Satellite remote sensing of snow cover with imaging radars is still in the early stages of research, but shows promise at least for mapping wet or melting snow using C-band (5.3 GHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Observing System (EOS) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data beginning with the launch of the first EOS platform in 1998. Digital maps will be produced that will provide daily, and maximum weekly global snow, sea ice and lake ice cover at 1-km spatial resolution. Statistics will be generated on the extent and persistence of snow or ice cover in each pixel for each weekly map, cloudcover permitting. It will also be possible to generate snow- and ice-cover maps using MODIS data at 250- and 500-m resolution, and to study and map snow and ice characteristics such as albedo. been under development. Passive-microwave data offer the potential for determining not only snow cover, but snow water equivalent, depth and wetness under all sky conditions. A number of algorithms have been developed to utilize passive-microwave brightness temperatures to provide information on snow cover and water equivalent. The variability of vegetative Algorithms are being developed to map global snow

  1. Whey protein phospholipid concentrate and delactosed permeate: Applications in caramel, ice cream, and cake.

    PubMed

    Levin, M A; Burrington, K J; Hartel, R W

    2016-09-01

    Whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC) and delactosed permeate (DLP) are 2 coproducts of cheese whey processing that are currently underutilized. Past research has shown that WPPC and DLP can be used together as a functional dairy ingredient in foods such as ice cream, soup, and caramel. However, the scope of the research has been limited to a single WPPC supplier. The variability of the composition and functionality of WPPC was previously studied. The objective of this research was to expand on the previous study and examine the potential applications of WPPC and DLP blends in foods. In ice cream, WPPC was added as a natural emulsifier to replace synthetic emulsifiers. The WPPC decreased the amount of partially coalesced fat and increased the drip-through rate. In caramel, DLP and WPPC replaced sweetened condensed skim milk and lecithin. Cold flow increased significantly, and hardness and stickiness decreased. In cake, DLP and WPPC were added as a total replacement of eggs, with no change in yield, color, or texture. Overall, WPPC and DLP can be utilized as functional dairy ingredients at a lower cost in ice cream and cake but not in chewy caramel. Copyright © 2016 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  2. Springtime extreme moisture transport into the Arctic and its impact on sea ice concentration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Wenchang; Magnusdottir, Gudrun

    2017-05-01

    Recent studies suggest that springtime moisture transport into the Arctic can initiate sea ice melt that extends to a large area in the following summer and fall, which can help explain Arctic sea ice interannual variability. Yet the impact from an individual moisture transport event, especially the extreme ones, is unclear on synoptic to intraseasonal time scales and this is the focus of the current study. Springtime extreme moisture transport into the Arctic from a daily data set is found to be dominant over Atlantic longitudes. Lag composite analysis shows that these extreme events are accompanied by a substantial sea ice concentration reduction over the Greenland-Barents-Kara Seas that lasts around a week. Surface air temperature also becomes anomalously high over these seas and cold to the west of Greenland as well as over the interior Eurasian continent. The blocking weather regime over the North Atlantic is mainly responsible for the extreme moisture transport, occupying more than 60% of the total extreme days, while the negative North Atlantic Oscillation regime is hardly observed at all during the extreme transport days. These extreme moisture transport events appear to be preceded by eastward propagating large-scale tropical convective forcing by as long as 2 weeks but with great uncertainty due to lack of statistical significance.

  3. High-Resolution Mapping of Sea Ice, Icebergs and Growlers in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, using Ground Based Radar, Satellite, and UAV

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lauknes, T. R.; Rouyet, L.; Solbø, S. A.; Sivertsen, A.; Storvold, R.; Akbari, V.; Negrel, J.; Gerland, S.

    2016-12-01

    The dynamics of sea ­ice has a well­ recognized role in the climate system and its extent and evolution is impacted by the global warming. In addition, calving of icebergs and growlers at the tidewater glacier fronts is a component of the mass loss in polar regions. Understanding of calving and ice ­ocean interaction, in particular at tidewater glacier front remains elusive, and a problematic uncertainty in climate change projections. Studying the distribution, volumetry and motion of sea ­ice, icebergs and growlers is thus essential to understand their interactions with the environment in order to be able to predict at short­term their drifts, e.g. to mitigate the risk for shipping, and at longer term the multiple relations with climate changes. Here, we present the results from an arctic fieldwork campaign conducted in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in April 2016, where we used different remote sensing instruments to observe dynamics of sea ice, icebergs, and growlers. We used a terrestrial radar system, imaging the study area every second minute during the observation period. At the front of the Kronebreen glacier, calving events can be detected and the drift of the generated icebergs and growlers tracked with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. During the field campaign, we collected four Radarsat-2 quad-pol images, that will be used to classify the different types of sea ice. In addition, we used small unmanned aircraft (UAS) instrumented with high resolution cameras capturing HD video and still pictures. This allows to map and measure the size of icebergs and ice floes. Such information is essential to validate sensitivity and detection limits from the ground and satellite based measurements.

  4. Spatial Patterns of Long-Term Erosion Rates Beneath the Marine West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Insights into the Physics of Continental Scale Glacial Erosion from a Comparison with the Ice-Velocity Field

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Howat, I. M.; Tulaczyk, S.; Mac Gregor, K.; Joughin, I.

    2001-12-01

    As part of the effort to build quantitative models of glacial erosion and sedimentation, it is particularly important to construct scaled relations between erosion, transport, and sedimentation rates and appropriate glaciological variables (e.g., ice velocity). Recent acquisition of bed topography and ice velocity data for the marine West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS)[Joughin et al., 1999; Lythe et al., in press] provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate continental-scale patterns of glacial erosion and their relationship to the ice velocity field. Utilizing this data, we construct a map of estimated long-term erosion rates beneath the WAIS. In order to calculate long-term erosion rates from the available data, we assume that: (1) the ice sheet has been present for ~5 mill. years, (2) the initial topography beneath the WAIS was that of a typical ( ~200 m.b.s.l.) continental shelf, and (3) the present topography is near local isostatic equilibrium (Airy type). The map of long-term erosion rates constructed in this fashion shows an intriguing pattern of relatively high rates (of the order of 0.1 mm/yr) concentrated beneath modern ice stream tributaries (ice velocity ~100 m/yr), but much lower erosion rates (of the order of 0.01 mm/yr) beneath both the modern fast-moving ice streams ( ~400 m/yr.) and the slow-moving parts of the ice sheet ( ~10 m/yr). This lack of clear correlation between the estimated erosion rates and ice velocity is somewhat unexpected given that both observational and theoretical studies have shown that bedrock erosion rates beneath mountain glaciers can often be calculated by multiplying the basal sliding velocity by a constant (typically of the order of ~10^-4)(Humphrey and Raymond, 1993 and Mac Gregor et al., 2000). We obtain an improved match between estimated erosion rates and bed topography by calculating erosion rates using horizontal gradients within the ice velocity field rather than the magnitude of ice velocity, as consistent

  5. Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gardner, Alex S.; Moholdt, Geir; Scambos, Ted; Fahnstock, Mark; Ligtenberg, Stefan; van den Broeke, Michiel; Nilsson, Johan

    2018-02-01

    Ice discharge from large ice sheets plays a direct role in determining rates of sea-level rise. We map present-day Antarctic-wide surface velocities using Landsat 7 and 8 imagery spanning 2013-2015 and compare to earlier estimates derived from synthetic aperture radar, revealing heterogeneous changes in ice flow since ˜ 2008. The new mapping provides complete coastal and inland coverage of ice velocity north of 82.4° S with a mean error of < 10 m yr-1, resulting from multiple overlapping image pairs acquired during the daylight period. Using an optimized flux gate, ice discharge from Antarctica is 1929 ± 40 Gigatons per year (Gt yr-1) in 2015, an increase of 36 ± 15 Gt yr-1 from the time of the radar mapping. Flow accelerations across the grounding lines of West Antarctica's Amundsen Sea Embayment, Getz Ice Shelf and Marguerite Bay on the western Antarctic Peninsula, account for 88 % of this increase. In contrast, glaciers draining the East Antarctic Ice Sheet have been remarkably constant over the period of observation. Including modeled rates of snow accumulation and basal melt, the Antarctic ice sheet lost ice at an average rate of 183 ± 94 Gt yr-1 between 2008 and 2015. The modest increase in ice discharge over the past 7 years is contrasted by high rates of ice sheet mass loss and distinct spatial patters of elevation lowering. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is experiencing high rates of mass loss and displays distinct patterns of elevation lowering that point to a dynamic imbalance. We find modest increase in ice discharge over the past 7 years, which suggests that the recent pattern of mass loss in Antarctica is part of a longer-term phase of enhanced glacier flow initiated in the decades leading up to the first continent-wide radar mapping of ice flow.

  6. Endmembers of Ice Shelf Melt

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boghosian, A.; Child, S. F.; Kingslake, J.; Tedesco, M.; Bell, R. E.; Alexandrov, O.; McMichael, S.

    2017-12-01

    Studies of surface melt on ice shelves have defined a spectrum of meltwater behavior. On one end the storage of meltwater in persistent surface ponds can trigger ice shelf collapse as in the 2002 event leading to the disintegration of the Larsen B Ice Shelf. On the other, meltwater export by rivers can stabilize an ice shelf as was recently shown on the Nansen Ice Shelf. We explore this dichotomy by quantifying the partitioning between stored and transported water on two glaciers adjacent to floating ice shelves, Nimrod (Antarctica) and Peterman (Greenland). We analyze optical satellite imagery (LANDSAT, WorldView), airborne imagery (Operation IceBridge, Trimetrogon Aerial Phototography), satellite radar (Sentinel-1), and digital elevation models (DEMs) to categorize surface meltwater fate and map the evolution of ice shelf hydrology and topographic features through time. On the floating Peterman Glacier tongue a sizable river exports water to the ocean. The surface hydrology of Nimrod Glacier, geometrically similar to Peterman but with ten times shallower surface slope, is dominated by storage in surface lakes. In contrast, the Nansen has the same surface slope as Nimrod but transports water through surface rivers. Slope alone is not the sole control on ice shelf hydrology. It is essential to track the storage and transport volumes for each of these systems. To estimate water storage and transport we analyze high resolution (40 cm - 2 m) modern and historical DEMs. We produce historical (1957 onwards) DEMs with structure-from-motion photogrammetry. The DEMs are used to constrain water storage potential estimates of observed basins and water routing/transport potential. We quantify the total volume of water stored seasonally and interannually. We use the normalize difference water index to map meltwater extent, and estimate lake water depth from optical data. We also consider the role of stored water in subsurface aquifers in recharging surface water after

  7. Ice Velocity Mapping of Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica by Matching Surface Undulations Measured by Icesat Laser Altimetry

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lee, Choon-Ki; Han, Shin-Chan; Yu, Jaehyung; Scambos, Ted A.; Seo, Ki-Weon

    2012-01-01

    We present a novel method for estimating the surface horizontal velocity on ice shelves using laser altimetrydata from the Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat; 20032009). The method matches undulations measured at crossover points between successive campaigns.

  8. Submesoscale Sea Ice-Ocean Interactions in Marginal Ice Zones

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Manucharyan, Georgy E.; Thompson, Andrew F.

    2017-12-01

    Signatures of ocean eddies, fronts, and filaments are commonly observed within marginal ice zones (MIZs) from satellite images of sea ice concentration, and in situ observations via ice-tethered profilers or underice gliders. However, localized and intermittent sea ice heating and advection by ocean eddies are currently not accounted for in climate models and may contribute to their biases and errors in sea ice forecasts. Here, we explore mechanical sea ice interactions with underlying submesoscale ocean turbulence. We demonstrate that the release of potential energy stored in meltwater fronts can lead to energetic submesoscale motions along MIZs with spatial scales O(10 km) and Rossby numbers O(1). In low-wind conditions, cyclonic eddies and filaments efficiently trap the sea ice and advect it over warmer surface ocean waters where it can effectively melt. The horizontal eddy diffusivity of sea ice mass and heat across the MIZ can reach O(200 m2 s-1). Submesoscale ocean variability also induces large vertical velocities (order 10 m d-1) that can bring relatively warm subsurface waters into the mixed layer. The ocean-sea ice heat fluxes are localized over cyclonic eddies and filaments reaching about 100 W m-2. We speculate that these submesoscale-driven intermittent fluxes of heat and sea ice can contribute to the seasonal evolution of MIZs. With the continuing global warming and sea ice thickness reduction in the Arctic Ocean, submesoscale sea ice-ocean processes are expected to become increasingly prominent.

  9. Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition ice dynamics in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Knight, Lauren; Boston, Clare; Lovell, Harold; Pepin, Nick

    2017-04-01

    Understanding of the extent and dynamics of former ice masses in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland, during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (LGIT; 15-10 ka BP) is currently unresolved. Whilst it is acknowledged that the region hosted a local ice cap within the larger British-Irish Ice Sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 27 ka BP), there has been little consideration of ice cap disintegration to a topographically constrained ice mass during the LGIT. This research has produced the first regional glacial geomorphological map, through remote sensing (aerial photograph and digital terrain model interrogation) and field mapping. This has allowed both the style and extent of mountain glaciation and ice recession dynamics during the LGIT to be established. This geomorphological mapping has highlighted that evidence for local glaciation in the Wicklow Mountains is more extensive than previously recognised, and that small icefields and associated outlet valley glaciers existed during the LGIT following disintegration of the Wicklow Ice Cap. A relative chronology based on morphostratigraphic principles is developed, which indicates complex patterns of ice mass oscillation characterised by periods of both sustained retreat and minor readvance. Variations in the pattern of recession across the Wicklow Mountains are evident and appear to be influenced, in part, by topographic controls (e.g. slope, aspect, glacier hypsometry). In summary, this research establishes a relative chronology of glacial events in the region during the LGIT and presents constraints on ice mass extent, dynamics and retreat patterns, offering an insight into small ice mass behaviour in a warming climate.

  10. Responses of Mixed-Phase Cloud Condensates and Cloud Radiative Effects to Ice Nucleating Particle Concentrations in NCAR CAM5 and DOE ACME Climate Models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, X.; Shi, Y.; Wu, M.; Zhang, K.

    2017-12-01

    Mixed-phase clouds frequently observed in the Arctic and mid-latitude storm tracks have the substantial impacts on the surface energy budget, precipitation and climate. In this study, we first implement the two empirical parameterizations (Niemand et al. 2012 and DeMott et al. 2015) of heterogeneous ice nucleation for mixed-phase clouds in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 (CAM5) and DOE Accelerated Climate Model for Energy Version 1 (ACME1). Model simulated ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations based on Niemand et al. and DeMott et al. are compared with those from the default ice nucleation parameterization based on the classical nucleation theory (CNT) in CAM5 and ACME, and with in situ observations. Significantly higher INP concentrations (by up to a factor of 5) are simulated from Niemand et al. than DeMott et al. and CNT especially over the dust source regions in both CAM5 and ACME. Interestingly the ACME model simulates higher INP concentrations than CAM5, especially in the Polar regions. This is also the case when we nudge the two models' winds and temperature towards the same reanalysis, indicating more efficient transport of aerosols (dust) to the Polar regions in ACME. Next, we examine the responses of model simulated cloud liquid water and ice water contents to different INP concentrations from three ice nucleation parameterizations (Niemand et al., DeMott et al., and CNT) in CAM5 and ACME. Changes in liquid water path (LWP) reach as much as 20% in the Arctic regions in ACME between the three parameterizations while the LWP changes are smaller and limited in the Northern Hemispheric mid-latitudes in CAM5. Finally, the impacts on cloud radiative forcing and dust indirect effects on mixed-phase clouds are quantified with the three ice nucleation parameterizations in CAM5 and ACME.

  11. Interactions Between Ice Thickness, Bottom Ice Algae, and Transmitted Spectral Irradiance in the Chukchi Sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arntsen, A. E.; Perovich, D. K.; Polashenski, C.; Stwertka, C.

    2015-12-01

    The amount of light that penetrates the Arctic sea ice cover impacts sea-ice mass balance as well as ecological processes in the upper ocean. The seasonally evolving macro and micro spatial variability of transmitted spectral irradiance observed in the Chukchi Sea from May 18 to June 17, 2014 can be primarily attributed to variations in snow depth, ice thickness, and bottom ice algae concentrations. This study characterizes the interactions among these dominant variables using observed optical properties at each sampling site. We employ a normalized difference index to compute estimates of Chlorophyll a concentrations and analyze the increased attenuation of incident irradiance due to absorption by biomass. On a kilometer spatial scale, the presence of bottom ice algae reduced the maximum transmitted irradiance by about 1.5 orders of magnitude when comparing floes of similar snow and ice thicknesses. On a meter spatial scale, the combined effects of disparities in the depth and distribution of the overlying snow cover along with algae concentrations caused maximum transmittances to vary between 0.0577 and 0.282 at a single site. Temporal variability was also observed as the average integrated transmitted photosynthetically active radiation increased by one order of magnitude to 3.4% for the last eight measurement days compared to the first nine. Results provide insight on how interrelated physical and ecological parameters of sea ice in varying time and space may impact new trends in Arctic sea ice extent and the progression of melt.

  12. Effect of double homogenization and whey protein concentrate on the texture of ice cream.

    PubMed

    Ruger, P R; Baer, R J; Kasperson, K M

    2002-07-01

    Ice cream samples were made with a mix composition of 11% milk fat, 11% milk solids-not-fat, 13% sucrose, 3% corn syrup solids (36 dextrose equivalent), 0.28% stabilizer blend, or 0.10% emulsifier and vanilla extract. Mixes were high temperature short time pasteurized at 80 degrees C for 25 s, homogenized at 141 kg/cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second, and cooled to 3 degrees C. The study included six treatments from four batches of mix. Mix from batch one contained 0.10% emulsifier. Half of this batch (treatment 1), was subsequently frozen and the other half (upon exiting the pasteurizer) was reheated to 60 degrees C, rehomogenized at 141 kg/cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second (treatment 2), and cooled to 3 degrees C. Mix from batch two contained 0.28% stabilizer blend. Half of this batch was used as the control (treatment 3), the other half upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60 degrees C, rehomogenized at 141 kg/cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second (treatment 4), and cooled to 3 degrees C. Batch three, containing 0.10% emulsifier and 1% whey protein concentrate substituted for 1% nonfat dry milk, upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60 degrees C, rehomogenized at 141 kg/cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second (treatment 5), and cooled to 3 degrees C. Batch four, containing 0.28% stabilizer blend and 1% whey protein concentrate substituted for 1% nonfat dry milk, upon exiting the pasteurizer was reheated to 60 degrees C, rehomogenized at 141 kg/ cm2 pressure on the first stage and 35 kg/cm2 pressure on the second (treatment 6), and cooled to 3 degrees C. Consistency was measured by flow time through a pipette. Flow time of treatment 3 was greater than all treatments, and the flow times of treatments 4 and 6 were greater than treatments 1, 2, and 5. Flow time was increased in ice cream mix by the addition of stabilizer

  13. Greenland ice sheet surface temperature, melt and mass loss: 2000-06

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hall, D.K.; Williams, R.S.; Luthcke, S.B.; DiGirolamo, N.E.

    2008-01-01

    A daily time series of 'clear-sky' surface temperature has been compiled of the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) using 1 km resolution moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land-surface temperature (LST) maps from 2000 to 2006. We also used mass-concentration data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to study mass change in relationship to surface melt from 2003 to 2006. The mean LST of the GIS increased during the study period by ???0.27??Ca-1. The increase was especially notable in the northern half of the ice sheet during the winter months. Melt-season length and timing were also studied in each of the six major drainage basins. Rapid (<15 days) and sustained mass loss below 2000 m elevation was triggered in 2004 and 2005 as recorded by GRACE when surface melt begins. Initiation of large-scale surface melt was followed rapidly by mass loss. This indicates that surface meltwater is flowing rapidly to the base of the ice sheet, causing acceleration of outlet glaciers, thus highlighting the metastability of parts of the GIS and the vulnerability of the ice sheet to air-temperature increases. If air temperatures continue to rise over Greenland, increased surface melt will play a large role in ice-sheet mass loss.

  14. Airborne laser swath mapping of the Denton Hills, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: Applications for structural and glacial geomorphic mapping

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Wilson, Terry; Csathó, Beata

    2007-01-01

    High-resolution digital elevation data acquired by airborne laser scanning (ALS) for the Denton Hills, along the coastal foothills of the Royal Society Range, Transantarctic Mountains, are examined for applications to bedrock and glacial geomorphic mapping. Digital elevation models (DEMs), displayed as shaded-relief images and slope maps, portray geomorphic landscape features in unprecedented detail across the region. Structures of both ductile and brittle origin, ranging in age from the Paleozoic to the Quaternary, can be mapped from the DEMs. Glacial features, providing a record of the limits of grounded ice, of lake paleoshorelines, and of proglacial lake-ice conveyor deposits, are also prominent on the DEMs. The ALS-derived topographic data have great potential for a range of mapping applications in regions of ice-free terrain in Antarctica

  15. Amorphous and Crystalline H20 Ice at Rhea's Inktomi Crater

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lewis, Emma M.; Dalle Ore, Cristina M.; Cruikshank, Dale P.; White, Oliver L.

    2014-01-01

    We present the analysis of Cassini spectral data from spectral mapping of Saturnian icy moons Dione and Rhea, to investigate possible effects of impact crater formation on the relative abundances of crystalline and amorphous water ice in the moons' ice crusts. Both moons display morphologically young ray craters as well as older craters. Possible changes in ice properties due to crater formation are conjectured to be more visible in younger craters, and as such Rhea's well imaged ray crater Inktomi is analysed, as are older craters for comparison. We used data from Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS). For each pixel in the VIMS maps, spectral data were extracted in the near-infrared range (1.75 micrometers less than lambda less than 2.45 micrometers). Analysis was begun by fitting a single Gaussian to the peak in absorption at 2.0 micrometers, which was then subtracted from the data, leaving residuals with a minimum on either side of the original 2.0-micrometers band. The spectra of the individual spatial pixels were then clustered by the differences between these minima, which are sensitive to changes in both ice grain size and crystallinity. This yielded preliminary maps which approximated the physical characteristics of the landscape and were used to identify candidates for further analysis. Spectra were then clustered by the properties of the 1.5-micrometers band, to divide the map into regions based on inferred grain size. For each region, the predicted differences in minima from the Gaussian residuals, over a range of crystallinities, were calculated based on the found grain sizes. This model was used to find the crystallinity of each pixel via grain size and characteristics of the residual function. Preliminary results show a greater degree of crystallization of young crater interiors, particularly in Rhea's ray crater Inktomi, where ice showed crystalline ice abundances between 33 percent and 61 percent. These patterns in ice

  16. Eulerian Mapping Closure Approach for Probability Density Function of Concentration in Shear Flows

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    He, Guowei; Bushnell, Dennis M. (Technical Monitor)

    2002-01-01

    The Eulerian mapping closure approach is developed for uncertainty propagation in computational fluid mechanics. The approach is used to study the Probability Density Function (PDF) for the concentration of species advected by a random shear flow. An analytical argument shows that fluctuation of the concentration field at one point in space is non-Gaussian and exhibits stretched exponential form. An Eulerian mapping approach provides an appropriate approximation to both convection and diffusion terms and leads to a closed mapping equation. The results obtained describe the evolution of the initial Gaussian field, which is in agreement with direct numerical simulations.

  17. Duality of Ross Ice Shelf systems: crustal boundary, ice sheet processes and ocean circulation from ROSETTA-Ice surveys

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tinto, K. J.; Siddoway, C. S.; Padman, L.; Fricker, H. A.; Das, I.; Porter, D. F.; Springer, S. R.; Siegfried, M. R.; Caratori Tontini, F.; Bell, R. E.

    2017-12-01

    Bathymetry beneath Antarctic ice shelves controls sub-ice-shelf ocean circulation and has a major influence on the stability and dynamics of the ice sheets. Beneath the Ross Ice Shelf, the sea-floor bathymetry is a product of both tectonics and glacial processes, and is influenced by the processes it controls. New aerogeophysical surveys have revealed a fundamental crustal boundary bisecting the Ross Ice Shelf and imparting a duality to the Ross Ice Shelf systems, encompassing bathymetry, ocean circulation and ice flow history. The ROSETTA-Ice surveys were designed to increase the resolution of Ross Ice Shelf mapping from the 55 km RIGGS survey of the 1970s to a 10 km survey grid, flown over three years from New York Air National Guard LC130s. Radar, LiDAR, gravity and magnetic instruments provide a top to bottom profile of the ice shelf and the underlying seafloor, with 20 km resolution achieved in the first two survey seasons (2015 and 2016). ALAMO ocean-profiling floats deployed in the 2016 season are measuring the temperature and salinity of water entering and exiting the sub-ice water cavity. A significant east-west contrast in the character of the magnetic and gravity fields reveals that the lithospheric boundary between East and West Antarctica exists not at the base of the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM), as previously thought, but 300 km further east. The newly-identified boundary spatially coincides with the southward extension of the Central High, a rib of shallow basement identified in the Ross Sea. The East Antarctic side is characterized by lower amplitude magnetic anomalies and denser TAM-type lithosphere compared to the West Antarctic side. The crustal structure imparts a fundamental duality on the overlying ice and ocean, with deeper bathymetry and thinner ice on the East Antarctic side creating a larger sub-ice cavity for ocean circulation. The West Antarctic side has a shallower seabed, more restricted ocean access and a more complex history of

  18. Submesoscale sea ice-ocean interactions in marginal ice zones

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Thompson, A. F.; Manucharyan, G.

    2017-12-01

    Signatures of ocean eddies, fronts and filaments are commonly observed within the marginal ice zones (MIZ) from satellite images of sea ice concentration, in situ observations via ice-tethered profilers or under-ice gliders. Localized and intermittent sea ice heating and advection by ocean eddies are currently not accounted for in climate models and may contribute to their biases and errors in sea ice forecasts. Here, we explore mechanical sea ice interactions with underlying submesoscale ocean turbulence via a suite of numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the release of potential energy stored in meltwater fronts can lead to energetic submesoscale motions along MIZs with sizes O(10 km) and Rossby numbers O(1). In low-wind conditions, cyclonic eddies and filaments efficiently trap the sea ice and advect it over warmer surface ocean waters where it can effectively melt. The horizontal eddy diffusivity of sea ice mass and heat across the MIZ can reach O(200 m2 s-1). Submesoscale ocean variability also induces large vertical velocities (order of 10 m day-1) that can bring relatively warm subsurface waters into the mixed layer. The ocean-sea ice heat fluxes are localized over cyclonic eddies and filaments reaching about 100 W m-2. We speculate that these submesoscale-driven intermittent fluxes of heat and sea ice can potentially contribute to the seasonal evolution of MIZs. With continuing global warming and sea ice thickness reduction in the Arctic Ocean, as well as the large expanse of thin sea ice in the Southern Ocean, submesoscale sea ice-ocean processes are expected to play a significant role in the climate system.

  19. Retrieval and Mapping of Heavy Metal Concentration in Soil Using Time Series Landsat 8 Imagery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fang, Y.; Xu, L.; Peng, J.; Wang, H.; Wong, A.; Clausi, D. A.

    2018-04-01

    Heavy metal pollution is a critical global environmental problem which has always been a concern. Traditional approach to obtain heavy metal concentration relying on field sampling and lab testing is expensive and time consuming. Although many related studies use spectrometers data to build relational model between heavy metal concentration and spectra information, and then use the model to perform prediction using the hyperspectral imagery, this manner can hardly quickly and accurately map soil metal concentration of an area due to the discrepancies between spectrometers data and remote sensing imagery. Taking the advantage of easy accessibility of Landsat 8 data, this study utilizes Landsat 8 imagery to retrieve soil Cu concentration and mapping its distribution in the study area. To enlarge the spectral information for more accurate retrieval and mapping, 11 single date Landsat 8 imagery from 2013-2017 are selected to form a time series imagery. Three regression methods, partial least square regression (PLSR), artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR) are used to model construction. By comparing these models unbiasedly, the best model are selected to mapping Cu concentration distribution. The produced distribution map shows a good spatial autocorrelation and consistency with the mining area locations.

  20. Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rysgaard, S.; Wang, F.; Galley, R. J.; Grimm, R.; Notz, D.; Lemes, M.; Geilfus, N.-X.; Chaulk, A.; Hare, A. A.; Crabeck, O.; Else, B. G. T.; Campbell, K.; Sørensen, L. L.; Sievers, J.; Papakyriakou, T.

    2014-08-01

    Ikaite (CaCO3 · 6H2O) is a metastable phase of calcium carbonate that normally forms in a cold environment and/or under high pressure. Recently, ikaite crystals have been found in sea ice, and it has been suggested that their precipitation may play an important role in air-sea CO2 exchange in ice-covered seas. Little is known, however, of the spatial and temporal dynamics of ikaite in sea ice. Here we present evidence for highly dynamic ikaite precipitation and dissolution in sea ice grown at an outdoor pool of the Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF) in Manitoba, Canada. During the experiment, ikaite precipitated in sea ice when temperatures were below -4 °C, creating three distinct zones of ikaite concentrations: (1) a millimeter-to-centimeter-thin surface layer containing frost flowers and brine skim with bulk ikaite concentrations of >2000 μmol kg-1, (2) an internal layer with ikaite concentrations of 200-400 μmol kg-1, and (3) a bottom layer with ikaite concentrations of <100 μmol kg-1. Snowfall events caused the sea ice to warm and ikaite crystals to dissolve. Manual removal of the snow cover allowed the sea ice to cool and brine salinities to increase, resulting in rapid ikaite precipitation. The observed ikaite concentrations were on the same order of magnitude as modeled by FREZCHEM, which further supports the notion that ikaite concentration in sea ice increases with decreasing temperature. Thus, varying snow conditions may play a key role in ikaite precipitation and dissolution in sea ice. This could have a major implication for CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and ocean that has not been accounted for previously.

  1. Implications for carbon processing beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet from dissolved CO2 and CH4 concentrations of subglacial discharge

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pain, A.; Martin, J.; Martin, E. E.

    2017-12-01

    Subglacial carbon processes are of increasing interest as warming induces ice melting and increases fluxes of glacial meltwater into proglacial rivers and the coastal ocean. Meltwater may serve as an atmospheric source or sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) or methane (CH4), depending on the magnitudes of subglacial organic carbon (OC) remineralization, which produces CO2 and CH4, and mineral weathering reactions, which consume CO2 but not CH4. We report wide variability in dissolved CO2 and CH4 concentrations at the beginning of the melt season (May-June 2017) between three sites draining land-terminating glaciers of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Two sites, located along the Watson River in western Greenland, drain the Isunnguata and Russell Glaciers and contained 1060 and 400 ppm CO2, respectively. In-situ CO2 flux measurements indicated that the Isunnguata was a source of atmospheric CO2, while the Russell was a sink. Both sites had elevated CH4 concentrations, at 325 and 25 ppm CH4, respectively, suggesting active anaerobic OC remineralization beneath the ice sheet. Dissolved CO2 and CH4 reached atmospheric equilibrium within 2.6 and 8.6 km downstream of Isunnguata and Russell discharge sites, respectively. These changes reflect rapid gas exchange with the atmosphere and/or CO2 consumption via instream mineral weathering. The third site, draining the Kiagtut Sermiat in southern Greenland, had about half atmospheric CO2 concentrations (250 ppm), but approximately atmospheric CH4 concentrations (2.1 ppm). Downstream CO2 flux measurements indicated ingassing of CO2 over the entire 10-km length of the proglacial river. CO2 undersaturation may be due to more readily weathered lithologies underlying the Kiagtut Sermiat compared to Watson River sites, but low CH4 concentrations also suggest limited contributions of CO2 and CH4 from OC remineralization. These results suggest that carbon processing beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet may be more variable than previously recognized

  2. Recent highlights from IceCube

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kappes, A.; Collaboration: IceCube Collaboration

    2014-11-18

    The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, completed in December 2010, is located at the geographic South Pole and incorporates a one cubic kilometer neutrino detector buried in the deep ice and a one square kilometer air shower array, IceTop, sitting atop the glacial ice. This unique combination of neutrino and cosmic-ray detectors allows to investigate a wide variety of physics topics both in astrophysics and particle physics. Here, we discuss latest results from IceCube concentrating on astrophysical aspects.

  3. Aircraft measurements of microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Wilheit, T.; Nordberg, W.; Blinn, J.; Campbell, W.; Edgerton, A.

    1971-01-01

    Measurements of the microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice were made with aircraft at 8 wavelengths ranging from 0.510 to 2.81 cm. The expected contrast in emissivities between ice and water was observed at all wavelengths. Distributions of sea ice and open water were mapped from altitudes up to 11 km in the presence of dense cloud cover. Different forms of ice also exhibited strong contrasts in emissivity. Emissivity differences of up to 0.2 were observed between two types of ice at the 0.811-cm wavelength. The higher emissivity ice type is tentatively identified as having been formed more recently than the lower emissivity ice. ?? 1971.

  4. Aircraft measurements of microwave emission from Arctic Sea Ice

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wilheit, T. T.; Blinn, J.; Campbell, W. J.; Edgerton, A. T.; Nordberg, W.

    1971-01-01

    Measurements of the microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice were made with aircraft at 8 wavelengths ranging from 0.510 cm to 2.81 cm. The expected contrast in emissivities between ice and water was observed at all wavelengths. Distributions of sea ice and open water were mapped from altitudes up to 11 km in the presence of dense cloud cover. Different forms of ice also exhibited strong contrasts in emissivity. Emissivity differences of up to 0.2 were observed between two types of ice at 0.811 cm wavelength. The higher emissivity ice type is tentatively identified as having been formed more recently than the lower emissivity ice.

  5. Effects of pre-existing ice crystals on cirrus clouds and comparison between different ice nucleation parameterizations with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shi, Xiangjun; Liu, Xiaohong; Zhang, Kai

    In order to improve the treatment of ice nucleation in a more realistic manner in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3), the effects of pre-existing ice crystals on ice nucleation in cirrus clouds are considered. In addition, by considering the in-cloud variability in ice saturation ratio, homogeneous nucleation takes place spatially only in a portion of the cirrus cloud rather than in the whole area of the cirrus cloud. Compared to observations, the ice number concentrations and the probability distributions of ice number concentration are both improved with the updated treatment. The pre-existing ice crystals significantly reduce ice numbermore » concentrations in cirrus clouds, especially at mid- to high latitudes in the upper troposphere (by a factor of ~10). Furthermore, the contribution of heterogeneous ice nucleation to cirrus ice crystal number increases considerably. Besides the default ice nucleation parameterization of Liu and Penner (2005, hereafter LP) in CAM5.3, two other ice nucleation parameterizations of Barahona and Nenes (2009, hereafter BN) and Kärcher et al. (2006, hereafter KL) are implemented in CAM5.3 for the comparison. In-cloud ice crystal number concentration, percentage contribution from heterogeneous ice nucleation to total ice crystal number, and pre-existing ice effects simulated by the three ice nucleation parameterizations have similar patterns in the simulations with present-day aerosol emissions. However, the change (present-day minus pre-industrial times) in global annual mean column ice number concentration from the KL parameterization (3.24 × 10 6 m -2) is less than that from the LP (8.46 × 10 6 m -2) and BN (5.62 × 10 6 m -2) parameterizations. As a result, the experiment using the KL parameterization predicts a much smaller anthropogenic aerosol long-wave indirect forcing (0.24 W m -2) than that using the LP (0.46 W m −2) and BN (0.39 W m -2) parameterizations.« less

  6. Effects of pre-existing ice crystals on cirrus clouds and comparison between different ice nucleation parameterizations with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)

    DOE PAGES

    Shi, Xiangjun; Liu, Xiaohong; Zhang, Kai

    2015-02-11

    In order to improve the treatment of ice nucleation in a more realistic manner in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3), the effects of pre-existing ice crystals on ice nucleation in cirrus clouds are considered. In addition, by considering the in-cloud variability in ice saturation ratio, homogeneous nucleation takes place spatially only in a portion of the cirrus cloud rather than in the whole area of the cirrus cloud. Compared to observations, the ice number concentrations and the probability distributions of ice number concentration are both improved with the updated treatment. The pre-existing ice crystals significantly reduce ice numbermore » concentrations in cirrus clouds, especially at mid- to high latitudes in the upper troposphere (by a factor of ~10). Furthermore, the contribution of heterogeneous ice nucleation to cirrus ice crystal number increases considerably. Besides the default ice nucleation parameterization of Liu and Penner (2005, hereafter LP) in CAM5.3, two other ice nucleation parameterizations of Barahona and Nenes (2009, hereafter BN) and Kärcher et al. (2006, hereafter KL) are implemented in CAM5.3 for the comparison. In-cloud ice crystal number concentration, percentage contribution from heterogeneous ice nucleation to total ice crystal number, and pre-existing ice effects simulated by the three ice nucleation parameterizations have similar patterns in the simulations with present-day aerosol emissions. However, the change (present-day minus pre-industrial times) in global annual mean column ice number concentration from the KL parameterization (3.24 × 10 6 m -2) is less than that from the LP (8.46 × 10 6 m -2) and BN (5.62 × 10 6 m -2) parameterizations. As a result, the experiment using the KL parameterization predicts a much smaller anthropogenic aerosol long-wave indirect forcing (0.24 W m -2) than that using the LP (0.46 W m −2) and BN (0.39 W m -2) parameterizations.« less

  7. Comparing springtime ice-algal chlorophyll a and physical properties of multi-year and first-year sea ice from the Lincoln Sea.

    PubMed

    Lange, Benjamin A; Michel, Christine; Beckers, Justin F; Casey, J Alec; Flores, Hauke; Hatam, Ido; Meisterhans, Guillaume; Niemi, Andrea; Haas, Christian

    2015-01-01

    With near-complete replacement of Arctic multi-year ice (MYI) by first-year ice (FYI) predicted to occur within this century, it remains uncertain how the loss of MYI will impact the abundance and distribution of sea ice associated algae. In this study we compare the chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations and physical properties of MYI and FYI from the Lincoln Sea during 3 spring seasons (2010-2012). Cores were analysed for texture, salinity, and chl a. We identified annual growth layers for 7 of 11 MYI cores and found no significant differences in chl a concentration between the bottom first-year-ice portions of MYI, upper old-ice portions of MYI, and FYI cores. Overall, the maximum chl a concentrations were observed at the bottom of young FYI. However, there were no significant differences in chl a concentrations between MYI and FYI. This suggests little or no change in algal biomass with a shift from MYI to FYI and that the spatial extent and regional variability of refrozen leads and younger FYI will likely be key factors governing future changes in Arctic sea ice algal biomass. Bottom-integrated chl a concentrations showed negative logistic relationships with snow depth and bulk (snow plus ice) integrated extinction coefficients; indicating a strong influence of snow cover in controlling bottom ice algal biomass. The maximum bottom MYI chl a concentration was observed in a hummock, representing the thickest ice with lowest snow depth of this study. Hence, in this and other studies MYI chl a biomass may be under-estimated due to an under-representation of thick MYI (e.g., hummocks), which typically have a relatively thin snowpack allowing for increased light transmission. Therefore, we suggest the on-going loss of MYI in the Arctic Ocean may have a larger impact on ice-associated production than generally assumed.

  8. Arctic Sea Ice Predictability and the Sea Ice Prediction Network

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wiggins, H. V.; Stroeve, J. C.

    2014-12-01

    Drastic reductions in Arctic sea ice cover have increased the demand for Arctic sea ice predictions by a range of stakeholders, including local communities, resource managers, industry and the public. The science of sea-ice prediction has been challenged to keep up with these developments. Efforts such as the SEARCH Sea Ice Outlook (SIO; http://www.arcus.org/sipn/sea-ice-outlook) and the Sea Ice for Walrus Outlook have provided a forum for the international sea-ice prediction and observing community to explore and compare different approaches. The SIO, originally organized by the Study of Environmental Change (SEARCH), is now managed by the new Sea Ice Prediction Network (SIPN), which is building a collaborative network of scientists and stakeholders to improve arctic sea ice prediction. The SIO synthesizes predictions from a variety of methods, including heuristic and from a statistical and/or dynamical model. In a recent study, SIO data from 2008 to 2013 were analyzed. The analysis revealed that in some years the predictions were very successful, in other years they were not. Years that were anomalous compared to the long-term trend have proven more difficult to predict, regardless of which method was employed. This year, in response to feedback from users and contributors to the SIO, several enhancements have been made to the SIO reports. One is to encourage contributors to provide spatial probability maps of sea ice cover in September and the first day each location becomes ice-free; these are an example of subseasonal to seasonal, local-scale predictions. Another enhancement is a separate analysis of the modeling contributions. In the June 2014 SIO report, 10 of 28 outlooks were produced from models that explicitly simulate sea ice from dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice models. Half of the models included fully-coupled (atmosphere, ice, and ocean) models that additionally employ data assimilation. Both of these subsets (models and coupled models with data

  9. Variability and Trends in the Arctic Sea Ice Cover: Results from Different Techniques

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Comiso, Josefino C.; Meier, Walter N.; Gersten, Robert

    2017-01-01

    Variability and trend studies of sea ice in the Arctic have been conducted using products derived from the same raw passive microwave data but by different groups using different algorithms. This study provides consistency assessment of four of the leading products, namely, Goddard Bootstrap (SB2), Goddard NASA Team (NT1), EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI-SAF 1.2), and Hadley HadISST 2.2 data in evaluating variability and trends in the Arctic sea ice cover. All four provide generally similar ice patterns but significant disagreements in ice concentration distributions especially in the marginal ice zone and adjacent regions in winter and meltponded areas in summer. The discrepancies are primarily due to different ways the four techniques account for occurrences of new ice and meltponding. However, results show that the different products generally provide consistent and similar representation of the state of the Arctic sea ice cover. Hadley and NT1 data usually provide the highest and lowest monthly ice extents, respectively. The Hadley data also show the lowest trends in ice extent and ice area at negative 3.88 percent decade and negative 4.37 percent decade, respectively, compared to an average of negative 4.36 percent decade and negative 4.57 percent decade for all four. Trend maps also show similar spatial distribution for all four with the largest negative trends occurring at the Kara/Barents Sea and Beaufort Sea regions, where sea ice has been retreating the fastest. The good agreement of the trends especially with updated data provides strong confidence in the quantification of the rate of decline in the Arctic sea ice cover.

  10. Observations of grain boundary structures and inclusions in the NEEM ice core by combination of light and scanning electron microscopy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shigeyama, Wataru; Nagatsuka, Naoko; Homma, Tomoyuki; Takata, Morimasa; Goto-Azuma, Kumiko; Weikusat, Ilka; Drury, Martyn R.; Kuiper, Ernst-Jan N.; Pennock, Gill M.; Mateiu, Ramona V.; Azuma, Nobuhiko; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe

    2017-04-01

    Dynamics of ice sheets is governed by the flow of the ice and this flow results from the internal deformation of the ice aggregate. The deformation properties of the ice are known to be dependent on several factors, such as microstructure (e.g. crystal grain size and orientation) and impurities. It is well known that ice from glacial periods in ice sheets has a high impurity concentration, and the deformation is reported to be faster than that of non-glacial ice (Faria et al., 2014). However, the mechanisms of the deformation are still not well understood. For a better understanding of ice sheet dynamics, it is a prerequisite to elucidate deformation mechanisms of such impurity-rich ice. The microstructure of a material is a factor that influences mechanical properties and is also an indicator of the dominant deformation mechanisms. The effects of impurities on the deformation and the microstructure depend on chemical compositions, states (viz. insoluble inclusions or soluble ions) and locations of the impurities in the crystal lattice. Therefore, in order to better understand the deformation mechanisms in ice, investigation of relationship between the microstructure and characteristics of the impurities is important. We examined the relationship between grain boundaries and inclusions. Light microscopy (LM) is commonly used to map grain boundary structures on a large area of the ice samples (up to 10 × 10 cm); however, observation of small inclusions < 1 µm is limited due to the spatial resolution of LM. For observations of small impurities in ice cores, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is useful although limited area (1 × 1 cm) can be examined, and sublimation/surface diffusion on ice in the SEM could move the impurities from their original locations. In order to examine the relationship between the grain boundary and the inclusions, we have combined LM and SEM. We first mapped large areas of the ice samples with LM, and then chose several smaller areas

  11. A Synthesis of the Basal Thermal State of the Greenland Ice Sheet

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Macgregor, J. A.; Fahnestock, M. A.; Catania, G. A.; Aschwanden, A.; Clow, G. D.; Colgan, W. T.; Gogineni, S. P.; Morlighem, M.; Nowicki, S. M. J.; Paden, J. D.; hide

    2016-01-01

    Greenland's thick ice sheet insulates the bedrock below from the cold temperatures at the surface, so the bottom of the ice is often tens of degrees warmer than at the top, because the ice bottom is slowly warmed by heat coming from the Earth's depths. Knowing whether Greenland's ice lies on wet, slippery ground or is anchored to dry, frozen bedrock is essential for predicting how this ice will flow in the future. But scientists have very few direct observations of the thermal conditions beneath the ice sheet, obtained through fewer than two dozen boreholes that have reached the bottom. Our study synthesizes several independent methods to infer the Greenland Ice Sheet's basal thermal state -whether the bottom of the ice is melted or not-leading to the first map that identifies frozen and thawed areas across the whole ice sheet. This map will guide targets for future investigations of the Greenland Ice Sheet toward the most vulnerable and poorly understood regions, ultimately improving our understanding of its dynamics and contribution to future sea-level rise. It is of particular relevance to ongoing Operation IceBridge activities and future large-scale airborne missions over Greenland.

  12. Arctic sea ice decline contributes to thinning lake ice trend in northern Alaska

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Alexeev, Vladimir; Arp, Christopher D.; Jones, Benjamin M.; Cai, Lei

    2016-01-01

    Field measurements, satellite observations, and models document a thinning trend in seasonal Arctic lake ice growth, causing a shift from bedfast to floating ice conditions. September sea ice concentrations in the Arctic Ocean since 1991 correlate well (r = +0.69,p < 0.001) to this lake regime shift. To understand how and to what extent sea ice affects lakes, we conducted model experiments to simulate winters with years of high (1991/92) and low (2007/08) sea ice extent for which we also had field measurements and satellite imagery characterizing lake ice conditions. A lake ice growth model forced with Weather Research and Forecasting model output produced a 7% decrease in lake ice growth when 2007/08 sea ice was imposed on 1991/92 climatology and a 9% increase in lake ice growth for the opposing experiment. Here, we clearly link early winter 'ocean-effect' snowfall and warming to reduced lake ice growth. Future reductions in sea ice extent will alter hydrological, biogeochemical, and habitat functioning of Arctic lakes and cause sub-lake permafrost thaw.

  13. Measurements of Ice Nuclei properties at the Jungfraujoch using the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber (PINC)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chou, Cédric

    2010-05-01

    Ice clouds and mixed-phase clouds have different microphysical properties. Both affect the climate in various ways. Ice phase present in these clouds have the ability to scatter the incoming solar radiation and absorb terrestrial radiation differently from water droplets. Ice is also responsible for most of the precipitation in the mid-latitudes. Ice crystals can be formed via two main processes: homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation. Investigation of thermodynamic conditions at which ice nuclei (IN) trigger nucleation and their number concentrations is necessary in order to understand the formation of the ice phase in the atmosphere. In order to investigate the presence of IN in the free troposphere, the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences of the ETH Zurich has recently designed a new chamber: the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber (PINC), which is the field version of the Zurich Ice Nucleation Chamber (Stetzer et al., 2008). Both chambers follow the principle of a "continuous flow diffusion chamber" (Rogers, 1988) and can measure the number concentration of IN at different temperatures and relative humidities. Aerosols are collected through an inlet where an impactor removes larger particles that could be counted as ice crystals. The aerosol load is layered between two dry sheath air flows as it enters the main chamber. Both walls of the chamber are covered with a thin layer of ice and maintained at two different temperatures in order to create supersaturation with respect to ice (and with respect to water in case of a larger temperature difference between the walls). At the exit of the main chamber, the sample goes throught the evaporation part that is kept saturated with respect to ice. There, water droplets evaporate and only ice crystals and smaller aerosol particles are counted by the Optical Particle Counter (OPC) at the bottom of the chamber. The high alpine research station Jungfraujoch is located at 3580 m a.s.l. It is mainly in

  14. Skillful Spring Forecasts of September Arctic Sea Ice Extent Using Passive Microwave Data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Petty, A. A.; Schroder, D.; Stroeve, J. C.; Markus, Thorsten; Miller, Jeffrey A.; Kurtz, Nathan Timothy; Feltham, D. L.; Flocco, D.

    2017-01-01

    In this study, we demonstrate skillful spring forecasts of detrended September Arctic sea ice extent using passive microwave observations of sea ice concentration (SIC) and melt onset (MO). We compare these to forecasts produced using data from a sophisticated melt pond model, and find similar to higher skill values, where the forecast skill is calculated relative to linear trend persistence. The MO forecasts shows the highest skill in March-May, while the SIC forecasts produce the highest skill in June-August, especially when the forecasts are evaluated over recent years (since 2008). The high MO forecast skill in early spring appears to be driven primarily by the presence and timing of open water anomalies, while the high SIC forecast skill appears to be driven by both open water and surface melt processes. Spatial maps of detrended anomalies highlight the drivers of the different forecasts, and enable us to understand regions of predictive importance. Correctly capturing sea ice state anomalies, along with changes in open water coverage appear to be key processes in skillfully forecasting summer Arctic sea ice.

  15. Wide area coverage radar imaging satellite for earth applications. [surveillance and mapping of ice on Great Lakes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Stevens, G. H.; Ramler, J. R.

    1974-01-01

    A preliminary study was made of a radar imaging satellite for earth applications. A side-looking synthetic-aperture radar was considered and the feasibility of obtaining a wide area coverage to reduce the time required to image a given area was investigated. Two basic approaches were examined; low altitude sun-synchronous orbits using a multibeam/multifrequency radar system and equatorial orbits up to near-synchronous altitude using a single beam system. Surveillance and mapping of ice on the Great Lakes was used as a typical application to focus the study effort.

  16. Experimental Investigation of the Resistance Performance and Heave and Pitch Motions of Ice-Going Container Ship Under Pack Ice Conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Guo, Chun-yu; Xie, Chang; Zhang, Jin-zhao; Wang, Shuai; Zhao, Da-gang

    2018-04-01

    In order to analyze the ice-going ship's performance under the pack ice conditions, synthetic ice was introduced into a towing tank. A barrier using floating cylinder in the towing tank was designed to carry out the resistance experiment. The test results indicated that the encountering frequency between the ship model and the pack ice shifts towards a high-velocity point as the concentration of the pack ice increases, and this encountering frequency creates an unstable region of the resistance, and the unstable region shifts to the higher speed with the increasing concentration. The results also showed that for the same speed points, the ratio of the pack ice resistance to the open water resistance increases with the increasing concentration, and for the same concentrations, this ratio decreases as the speed increases. Motion characteristics showed that the mean value of the heave motion increases as the speed increases, and the pitch motion tends to increase with the increasing speed. In addition, the total resistance of the fullscale was predicted.

  17. SAR ice thickness mapping in the Beaufort Sea during autumn 2015 using wave dispersion in pancake ice

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wadhams, Peter; Aulicino, Giuseppe; Parmiggiani, Flavio

    2017-04-01

    Pancake and frazil ice represent an important component of the Arctic and Antarctic cryosphere, especially in the Marginal Ice Zones. In particular, pancake ice is the result of a freezing process that takes place in turbulent surface conditions, typically associated with wind and wave fields. The retrieval of its thickness by remote sensing is, in general, a very difficult task. This study presents our ongoing work in the EU SPICES project, in which we aim to use the results of theory and observations developed so far in order to refine a processing system for routinely deriving ice thicknesses in frazil-pancake regions of the Arctic and Antarctic. The change in dispersion of ocean waves as they penetrate into pancake icefield is analyzed in order to derive ice thickness estimation. The spectral changes in wave spectra from imagery provided by space-borne SAR systems (mainly Cosmo-SkyMed and Sentinel-1 satellites) is used to retrieve pancake ice thickness run trough by the R/V Sikuliaq research cruise in the Beaufort Sea (October-November 2015). During several experiments, a line of wave buoys was deployed along a pre-declared line, which could thus be covered by simultaneous overhead Cosmo-SkyMed images. The inversion procedures was then applied to SAR images, the final goal being the comparison between the ice thicknesses measured in situ and those inferred from SAR wave number analysis with the application of a viscous theory. Results show a broad agreement between observed thicknesses and those retrieved from the SAR, the latter slightly overestimating the former in several case studies. In the case of November 1, for example, the agreement is excellent (SAR retrievals 4.9, 5.0, 6.5 cm; observed mean 6.7 cm); on October 11 the agreement is also very good between the SAR retriveal (21 cm) and the output from an along-track EM-sounder; on October 23-24 the SAR retrieval of 18.1 cm is double the observed pancake thickness of 8.7 cm, but this difference can be

  18. Overview of Sea-Ice Properties, Distribution and Temporal Variations, for Application to Ice-Atmosphere Chemical Processes.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moritz, R. E.

    2005-12-01

    The properties, distribution and temporal variation of sea-ice are reviewed for application to problems of ice-atmosphere chemical processes. Typical vertical structure of sea-ice is presented for different ice types, including young ice, first-year ice and multi-year ice, emphasizing factors relevant to surface chemistry and gas exchange. Time average annual cycles of large scale variables are presented, including ice concentration, ice extent, ice thickness and ice age. Spatial and temporal variability of these large scale quantities is considered on time scales of 1-50 years, emphasizing recent and projected changes in the Arctic pack ice. The amount and time evolution of open water and thin ice are important factors that influence ocean-ice-atmosphere chemical processes. Observations and modeling of the sea-ice thickness distribution function are presented to characterize the range of variability in open water and thin ice.

  19. NASA Science Flights Target Melting Arctic Sea Ice

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2017-12-08

    This summer, with sea ice across the Arctic Ocean shrinking to below-average levels, a NASA airborne survey of polar ice just completed its first flights. Its target: aquamarine pools of melt water on the ice surface that may be accelerating the overall sea ice retreat. NASA’s Operation IceBridge completed the first research flight of its new 2016 Arctic summer campaign on July 13. The science flights, which continue through July 25, are collecting data on sea ice in a year following a record-warm winter in the Arctic. Read more: go.nasa.gov/29T6mxc Caption: A large pool of melt water over sea ice, as seen from an Operation IceBridge flight over the Beaufort Sea on July 14, 2016. During this summer campaign, IceBridge will map the extent, frequency and depth of melt ponds like these to help scientists forecast the Arctic sea ice yearly minimum extent in September. Credit: NASA/Operation IceBridge

  20. Help, I don’t know which sea ice algorithm to use?!: Developing an authoritative sea ice climate data record

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Meier, W.; Stroeve, J.; Duerr, R. E.; Fetterer, F. M.

    2009-12-01

    The declining Arctic sea ice is one of the most dramatic indicators of climate change and is being recognized as a key factor in future climate impacts on biology, human activities, and global climate change. As such, the audience for sea ice data is expanding well beyond the sea ice community. The most comprehensive sea ice data are from a series of satellite-borne passive microwave sensors. They provide a near-complete daily timeseries of sea ice concentration and extent since late-1978. However, there are many complicating issues in using such data, particularly for novice users. First, there is not one single, definitive algorithm, but several. And even for a given algorithm, different processing and quality-control methods may be used, depending on the source. Second, for all algorithms, there are uncertainties in any retrieved value. In general, these limitations are well-known: low spatial-resolution results in an imprecise ice edge determination and lack of small-scale detail (e.g., lead detection) within the ice pack; surface melt depresses concentration values during summer; thin ice is underestimated in some algorithms; some algorithms are sensitive to physical surface temperature; other surface features (e.g., snow) can influence retrieved data. While general error estimates are available for concentration values, currently the products do not carry grid-cell level or even granule level data quality information. Finally, metadata and data provenance information are limited, both of which are essential for future reprocessing. Here we describe the progress to date toward development of sea ice concentration products and outline the future steps needed to complete a sea ice climate data record.

  1. IceAge: Chemical Evolution of Ices during Star Formation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McClure, Melissa; Bailey, J.; Beck, T.; Boogert, A.; Brown, W.; Caselli, P.; Chiar, J.; Egami, E.; Fraser, H.; Garrod, R.; Gordon, K.; Ioppolo, S.; Jimenez-Serra, I.; Jorgensen, J.; Kristensen, L.; Linnartz, H.; McCoustra, M.; Murillo, N.; Noble, J.; Oberg, K.; Palumbo, M.; Pendleton, Y.; Pontoppidan, K.; Van Dishoeck, E.; Viti, S.

    2017-11-01

    Icy grain mantles are the main reservoir for volatile elements in star-forming regions across the Universe, as well as the formation site of pre-biotic complex organic molecules (COMs) seen in our Solar System. We propose to trace the evolution of pristine and complex ice chemistry in a representative low-mass star-forming region through observations of a: pre-stellar core, Class 0 protostar, Class I protostar, and protoplanetary disk. Comparing high spectral resolution (R 1500-3000) and sensitivity (S/N 100-300) observations from 3 to 15 um to template spectra, we will map the spatial distribution of ices down to 20-50 AU in these targets to identify when, and at what visual extinction, the formation of each ice species begins. Such high-resolution spectra will allow us to search for new COMs, as well as distinguish between different ice morphologies,thermal histories, and mixing environments. The analysis of these data will result in science products beneficial to Cycle 2 proposers. A newly updated public laboratory ice database will provide feature identifications for all of the expected ices, while a chemical model fit to the observed ice abundances will be released publically as a grid, with varied metallicity and UV fields to simulate other environments. We will create improved algorithms to extract NIRCAM WFSS spectra in crowded fields with extended sources as well as optimize the defringing of MIRI LRS spectra in order to recover broad spectral features. We anticipate that these resources will be particularly useful for astrochemistry and spectroscopy of fainter, extended targets like star forming regions of the SMC/LMC or more distant galaxies.

  2. Antarctic krill under sea ice: elevated abundance in a narrow band just south of ice edge.

    PubMed

    Brierley, Andrew S; Fernandes, Paul G; Brandon, Mark A; Armstrong, Frederick; Millard, Nicholas W; McPhail, Steven D; Stevenson, Peter; Pebody, Miles; Perrett, James; Squires, Mark; Bone, Douglas G; Griffiths, Gwyn

    2002-03-08

    We surveyed Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) under sea ice using the autonomous underwater vehicle Autosub-2. Krill were concentrated within a band under ice between 1 and 13 kilometers south of the ice edge. Within this band, krill densities were fivefold greater than that of open water. The under-ice environment has long been considered an important habitat for krill, but sampling difficulties have previously prevented direct observations under ice over the scale necessary for robust krill density estimation. Autosub-2 enabled us to make continuous high-resolution measurements of krill density under ice reaching 27 kilometers beyond the ice edge.

  3. Radiostratigraphy and age structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet

    PubMed Central

    MacGregor, Joseph A; Fahnestock, Mark A; Catania, Ginny A; Paden, John D; Prasad Gogineni, S; Young, S Keith; Rybarski, Susan C; Mabrey, Alexandria N; Wagman, Benjamin M; Morlighem, Mathieu

    2015-01-01

    Several decades of ice-penetrating radar surveys of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have observed numerous widespread internal reflections. Analysis of this radiostratigraphy has produced valuable insights into ice sheet dynamics and motivates additional mapping of these reflections. Here we present a comprehensive deep radiostratigraphy of the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne deep ice-penetrating radar data collected over Greenland by The University of Kansas between 1993 and 2013. To map this radiostratigraphy efficiently, we developed new techniques for predicting reflection slope from the phase recorded by coherent radars. When integrated along track, these slope fields predict the radiostratigraphy and simplify semiautomatic reflection tracing. Core-intersecting reflections were dated using synchronized depth-age relationships for six deep ice cores. Additional reflections were dated by matching reflections between transects and by extending reflection-inferred depth-age relationships using the local effective vertical strain rate. The oldest reflections, dating to the Eemian period, are found mostly in the northern part of the ice sheet. Within the onset regions of several fast-flowing outlet glaciers and ice streams, reflections typically do not conform to the bed topography. Disrupted radiostratigraphy is also observed in a region north of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream that is not presently flowing rapidly. Dated reflections are used to generate a gridded age volume for most of the ice sheet and also to determine the depths of key climate transitions that were not observed directly. This radiostratigraphy provides a new constraint on the dynamics and history of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Key Points Phase information predicts reflection slope and simplifies reflection tracing Reflections can be dated away from ice cores using a simple ice flow model Radiostratigraphy is often disrupted near the onset of fast ice flow PMID:26213664

  4. Boron removal and its concentration in aqueous solution through progressive freeze concentration.

    PubMed

    Wang, Li Pang

    2017-09-01

    This study explored the feasibility of progressive freeze concentration in boron removal and its concentration in aqueous solution. The influence of three key parameters in progressive freeze concentration on boron removal and concentration, namely, the advance speed of the ice front, the circumferential velocity of the stirrer, and the initial boron concentration, are investigated by conducting batch experiments. The results show that the effectiveness of boron removal increases with a lower advance speed of the ice front, a higher circumferential velocity of the stirrer, and a lower initial boron concentration. For a model boron solution with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L, the boron concentration in the ice phase after progressive freeze concentration is below 1 mg/L when the advance speed of the ice front is lower than 1 cm/h and the circumferential velocity of the stirrer is higher than 0.12 m/s. In addition, the concentration of boron in the liquid phase occurs simultaneously with progressive freeze concentration. Furthermore, the results also suggest that this method can be applied to the purification and concentration of not only organic molecules but also inorganic ions.

  5. Recent and past dust concentrations and fluxes from a developing array of Antarctic ice cores

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McConnell, J. R.; Anschütz, H.; Baggenstos, D.; Das, S. B.; Isaksson, E. D.; Lawrence, R.; Layman, L.; Maselli, O.; Severinghaus, J. P.; Sigl, M.; Petit, J. R.; Grente, B.

    2012-12-01

    Continental dust is an important component of climate forcing, both because of its interaction with incoming solar and outgoing long wave radiation and because of its impact on albedo when deposited on bright surfaces such as fresh snow. Continental dust may also play an important role in ocean fertilization and carbon sequestration. Because the lifetime of dust aerosol in the atmosphere is only on the order of days to weeks, spatial and temporal variability in concentrations and fluxes is high and understanding of recent and long term changes is limited. Here we present and discuss detailed continuous, high depth resolution measurements of a range of dust proxies in a developing array of Antarctic ice cores. Included are traditional proxies such as non-sea-salt (nss) calcium and insoluble particle number and size distribution as well as less traditional proxies such as aluminum, vanadium, manganese, rare earth elements, and nss uranium which together provide important insights into how dust sources and transport may have changed in the past. The array includes a number of new shallow ice core records from East and West Antarctica spanning recent centuries to millennia, as well as Last Glacial Maximum to early Holocene records from the deep WAIS Divide and Taylor Glacier Horizontal ice cores.

  6. Algae Drive Enhanced Darkening of Bare Ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stibal, Marek; Box, Jason E.; Cameron, Karen A.; Langen, Peter L.; Yallop, Marian L.; Mottram, Ruth H.; Khan, Alia L.; Molotch, Noah P.; Chrismas, Nathan A. M.; Calı Quaglia, Filippo; Remias, Daniel; Smeets, C. J. P. Paul; van den Broeke, Michiel R.; Ryan, Jonathan C.; Hubbard, Alun; Tranter, Martyn; van As, Dirk; Ahlstrøm, Andreas P.

    2017-11-01

    Surface ablation of the Greenland ice sheet is amplified by surface darkening caused by light-absorbing impurities such as mineral dust, black carbon, and pigmented microbial cells. We present the first quantitative assessment of the microbial contribution to the ice sheet surface darkening, based on field measurements of surface reflectance and concentrations of light-absorbing impurities, including pigmented algae, during the 2014 melt season in the southwestern part of the ice sheet. The impact of algae on bare ice darkening in the study area was greater than that of nonalgal impurities and yielded a net albedo reduction of 0.038 ± 0.0035 for each algal population doubling. We argue that algal growth is a crucial control of bare ice darkening, and incorporating the algal darkening effect will improve mass balance and sea level projections of the Greenland ice sheet and ice masses elsewhere.

  7. A multisensor approach to sea ice classification for the validation of DMSP-SSM/I passive microwave derived sea ice products

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Steffen, K.; Schweiger, A. J.

    1990-01-01

    The validation of sea ice products derived from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on board a DMSP platform is examined using data from the Landsat MSS and NOAA-AVHRR sensors. Image processing techniques for retrieving ice concentrations from each type of imagery are developed and results are intercompared to determine the ice parameter retrieval accuracy of the SSM/I NASA-Team algorithm. For case studies in the Beaufort Sea and East Greenland Sea, average retrieval errors of the SSM/I algorithm are between 1.7 percent for spring conditions and 4.3 percent during freeze up in comparison with Landsat derived ice concentrations. For a case study in the East Greenland Sea, SSM/I derived ice concentration in comparison with AVHRR imagery display a mean error of 9.6 percent.

  8. Dynamics of coupled ice-ocean system in the marginal ice zone: Study of the mesoscale processes and of constitutive equations for sea ice

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hakkinen, S.

    1984-01-01

    This study is aimed at the modelling of mesoscale processed such as up/downwelling and ice edge eddies in the marginal ice zones. A 2-dimensional coupled ice-ocean model is used for the study. The ice model is coupled to the reduced gravity ocean model (f-plane) through interfacial stresses. The constitutive equations of the sea ice are formulated on the basis of the Reiner-Rivlin theory. The internal ice stresses are important only at high ice concentrations (90-100%), otherwise the ice motion is essentially free drift, where the air-ice stress is balanced by the ice-water stress. The model was tested by studying the upwelling dynamics. Winds parallel to the ice edge with the ice on the right produce upwilling because the air-ice momentum flux is much greater that air-ocean momentum flux, and thus the Ekman transport is bigger under the ice than in the open water. The upwelling simulation was extended to include temporally varying forcing, which was chosen to vary sinusoidally with a 4 day period. This forcing resembles successive cyclone passings. In the model with a thin oceanic upper layer, ice bands were formed.

  9. Waterway Ice Thickness Measurements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1978-01-01

    -pulse radar measurements of ice thickness. The radar data was relayed by a NOAA satellite to a ground station where NOAA analyzed it and created picture maps, such as the one shown at lower left, showing where icebreakers can cut paths easily or where shipping can move through thin ice without the aid of icebreakers. The ice charts were then relayed directly to the wheelhouses of ships operating on the Lakes. Following up the success of the Great Lakes program, the icewarn team applied its system in another demonstration, this one a similarly successful application designed to aid Arctic coast shipping along the Alaskan North Slope. Further improvement of the ice-monitoring system is planned. Although aircraft-mounted radar is effective, satellites could provide more frequent data. After the launch this year of Seasat, an ocean-monitoring satellite, NASA will conduct tests to determine the ice-mapping capability and accuracy of satellite radar images.

  10. Locations of Ice-Exposing Fresh Craters on Mars

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2013-12-10

    This map of Mars indicates locations of new craters that have excavated ice blue and those that have not red. Albedo information comes from NASA Mars Odyssey orbiter, and the map comes from NASA Mars Global Surveyor orbiter.

  11. Ice crystal number concentration measured at mountain-top research stations - What do we measure?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Beck, A.; Henneberger, J.; Fugal, J. P.; David, R.; Larcher, L.; Lohmann, U.

    2017-12-01

    To assess the impact of surface processes (e.g. blowing snow and hoar frost) on the ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs) measured at mountain-top research stations, vertical profiles of ICNCs were observed up to a height of 10 m at the Sonnblick Observatory (SBO) in the Hohen Tauern Region, Austria. Independent of the presence of a cloud, the observed ICNCs decrease with height. This suggests a strong impact of surface processes on ICNCs measured at mountain-top research stations. Consequently, the measured ICNCs are not representative of the cloud, which limits the relevance of ground-based measurements for atmospheric studies. When the SBO was cloud free, the observed ICNCs reached several hundreds per liter near the surface and gradually decreased by more than two orders of magnitudes within the observed height interval of 10 m. The observed ice crystals had predominantly irregular habits, which is expected from surface processes. During in-cloud conditions, the ICNCs decreased between a factor of five and ten, if the ICNC at the surface was larger than 100 l-1. For one case study, the ICNC for regular and irregular ice crystals showed a similar relative decrease with height, which is not expected from surface processes. Therefore, we propose two near-surface processes that potentially enrich ICNCs near the surface and explain these findings: Either sedimenting ice crystals are captured in a turbulent layer above the surface or the ICNC is enhanced in a convergence zone, as the cloud is forced over a mountain. These two processes would also have an impact on ICNCs measured at mountain-top stations if the surrounding surface is not snow covered. Thus, ground-based measured ICNCs are uncharacteristic of the cloud properties aloft.

  12. Climate Impacts of Ice Nucleation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gettelman, Andrew; Liu, Xiaohong; Barahona, Donifan; Lohmann, Ulrike; Chen, Celia

    2012-01-01

    Several different ice nucleation parameterizations in two different General Circulation Models (GCMs) are used to understand the effects of ice nucleation on the mean climate state, and the Aerosol Indirect Effects (AIE) of cirrus clouds on climate. Simulations have a range of ice microphysical states that are consistent with the spread of observations, but many simulations have higher present-day ice crystal number concentrations than in-situ observations. These different states result from different parameterizations of ice cloud nucleation processes, and feature different balances of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. Black carbon aerosols have a small (0.06 Wm(exp-2) and not statistically significant AIE when included as ice nuclei, for nucleation efficiencies within the range of laboratory measurements. Indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosols on cirrus clouds occur as a consequence of increasing anthropogenic sulfur emissions with different mechanisms important in different models. In one model this is due to increases in homogeneous nucleation fraction, and in the other due to increases in heterogeneous nucleation with coated dust. The magnitude of the effect is the same however. The resulting ice AIE does not seem strongly dependent on the balance between homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation. Regional effects can reach several Wm2. Indirect effects are slightly larger for those states with less homogeneous nucleation and lower ice number concentration in the base state. The total ice AIE is estimated at 0.27 +/- 0.10 Wm(exp-2) (1 sigma uncertainty). This represents a 20% offset of the simulated total shortwave AIE for ice and liquid clouds of 1.6 Wm(sup-2).

  13. Snow and Ice Products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hall, Dorothy K.; Salomonson, Vincent V.; Riggs, George A.; Klein, Andrew G.

    2003-01-01

    Snow and sea ice products, derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, flown on the Terra and Aqua satellites, are or will be available through the National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The algorithms that produce the products are automated, thus providing a consistent global data set that is suitable for climate studies. The suite of MODIS snow products begins with a 500-m resolution, 2330-km swath snow-cover map that is then projected onto a sinusoidal grid to produce daily and 8-day composite tile products. The sequence proceeds to daily and 8-day composite climate-modeling grid (CMG) products at 0.05 resolution. A daily snow albedo product will be available in early 2003 as a beta test product. The sequence of sea ice products begins with a swath product at 1-km resolution that provides sea ice extent and ice-surface temperature (IST). The sea ice swath products are then mapped onto the Lambert azimuthal equal area or EASE-Grid projection to create a daily and 8-day composite sea ice tile product, also at 1 -km resolution. Climate-Modeling Grid (CMG) sea ice products in the EASE-Grid projection at 4-km resolution are planned for early 2003.

  14. Seafloor Control on Sea Ice

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nghiem, S. V.; Clemente-Colon, P.; Rigor, I. G.; Hall, D. K.; Neumann, G.

    2011-01-01

    The seafloor has a profound role in Arctic sea ice formation and seasonal evolution. Ocean bathymetry controls the distribution and mixing of warm and cold waters, which may originate from different sources, thereby dictating the pattern of sea ice on the ocean surface. Sea ice dynamics, forced by surface winds, are also guided by seafloor features in preferential directions. Here, satellite mapping of sea ice together with buoy measurements are used to reveal the bathymetric control on sea ice growth and dynamics. Bathymetric effects on sea ice formation are clearly observed in the conformation between sea ice patterns and bathymetric characteristics in the peripheral seas. Beyond local features, bathymetric control appears over extensive ice-prone regions across the Arctic Ocean. The large-scale conformation between bathymetry and patterns of different synoptic sea ice classes, including seasonal and perennial sea ice, is identified. An implication of the bathymetric influence is that the maximum extent of the total sea ice cover is relatively stable, as observed by scatterometer data in the decade of the 2000s, while the minimum ice extent has decreased drastically. Because of the geologic control, the sea ice cover can expand only as far as it reaches the seashore, the continental shelf break, or other pronounced bathymetric features in the peripheral seas. Since the seafloor does not change significantly for decades or centuries, sea ice patterns can be recurrent around certain bathymetric features, which, once identified, may help improve short-term forecast and seasonal outlook of the sea ice cover. Moreover, the seafloor can indirectly influence cloud cover by its control on sea ice distribution, which differentially modulates the latent heat flux through ice covered and open water areas.

  15. Comparing Springtime Ice-Algal Chlorophyll a and Physical Properties of Multi-Year and First-Year Sea Ice from the Lincoln Sea

    PubMed Central

    Lange, Benjamin A.; Michel, Christine; Beckers, Justin F.; Casey, J. Alec; Flores, Hauke; Hatam, Ido; Meisterhans, Guillaume; Niemi, Andrea; Haas, Christian

    2015-01-01

    With near-complete replacement of Arctic multi-year ice (MYI) by first-year ice (FYI) predicted to occur within this century, it remains uncertain how the loss of MYI will impact the abundance and distribution of sea ice associated algae. In this study we compare the chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations and physical properties of MYI and FYI from the Lincoln Sea during 3 spring seasons (2010-2012). Cores were analysed for texture, salinity, and chl a. We identified annual growth layers for 7 of 11 MYI cores and found no significant differences in chl a concentration between the bottom first-year-ice portions of MYI, upper old-ice portions of MYI, and FYI cores. Overall, the maximum chl a concentrations were observed at the bottom of young FYI. However, there were no significant differences in chl a concentrations between MYI and FYI. This suggests little or no change in algal biomass with a shift from MYI to FYI and that the spatial extent and regional variability of refrozen leads and younger FYI will likely be key factors governing future changes in Arctic sea ice algal biomass. Bottom-integrated chl a concentrations showed negative logistic relationships with snow depth and bulk (snow plus ice) integrated extinction coefficients; indicating a strong influence of snow cover in controlling bottom ice algal biomass. The maximum bottom MYI chl a concentration was observed in a hummock, representing the thickest ice with lowest snow depth of this study. Hence, in this and other studies MYI chl a biomass may be under-estimated due to an under-representation of thick MYI (e.g., hummocks), which typically have a relatively thin snowpack allowing for increased light transmission. Therefore, we suggest the on-going loss of MYI in the Arctic Ocean may have a larger impact on ice–associated production than generally assumed. PMID:25901605

  16. Alaska shorefast ice: Interfacing geophysics with local sea ice knowledge and use

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Druckenmiller, Matthew L.

    This thesis interfaces geophysical techniques with local and traditional knowledge (LTK) of indigenous ice experts to track and evaluate coastal sea ice conditions over annual and inter-annual timescales. A novel approach is presented for consulting LTK alongside a systematic study of where, when, and how the community of Barrow, Alaska uses the ice cover. The goal of this research is to improve our understanding of and abilities to monitor the processes that govern the state and dynamics of shorefast sea ice in the Chukchi Sea and use of ice by the community. Shorefast ice stability and community strategies for safe hunting provide a framework for data collection and knowledge sharing that reveals how nuanced observations by Inupiat ice experts relate to identifying hazards. In particular, shorefast ice break-out events represent a significant threat to the lives of hunters. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is used to combine local and time-specific observations of ice conditions by both geophysical instruments and local experts, and to evaluate how ice features, atmospheric and oceanic forces, and local to regional processes interact to cause break-out events. Each year, the Barrow community builds trails across shorefast ice for use during the spring whaling season. In collaboration with hunters, a systematic multi-year survey (2007--2011) was performed to map these trails and measure ice thickness along them. Relationships between ice conditions and hunter strategies that guide trail placement and risk assessment are explored. In addition, trail surveys provide a meaningful and consistent approach to monitoring the thickness distribution of shorefast ice, while establishing a baseline for assessing future environmental change and potential impacts to the community. Coastal communities in the region have proven highly adaptive in their ability to safely and successfully hunt from sea ice over the last 30 years as significant changes have been observed in the ice zone

  17. ARISE (Antarctic Remote Ice Sensing Experiment) in the East 2003: Validation of Satellite-derived Sea-ice Data Product

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Massom, Robert A.; Worby, Anthony; Lytle, Victoria; Markus, Thorsten; Allison, Ian; Scambos, Theodore; Enomoto, Hiroyuki; Tateyama, Kazutaka; Haran, Terence; Comiso, Josefino C.; hide

    2006-01-01

    Preliminary results are presented from the first validation of geophysical data products (ice concentration, snow thickness on sea ice (h(sub s) and ice temperature (T(sub i))fr om the NASA EOS Aqua AMSR-E sensor, in East Antarctica (in September-October 2003). The challenge of collecting sufficient measurements with which to validate the coarse-resolution AMSR-E data products adequately was addressed by means of a hierarchical approach, using detailed in situ measurements, digital aerial photography and other satellite data. Initial results from a circumnavigation of the experimental site indicate that, at least under cold conditions with a dry snow cover, there is a reasonably close agreement between satellite- and aerial-photo-derived ice concentrations, i.e. 97.2+/-.6% for NT2 and 96.5+/-2.5% for BBA algorithms vs 94.3% for the aerial photos. In general, the AMSR-E concentration represents a slight overestimate of the actual concentration, with the largest discrepancies occurring in regions containing a relatively high proportion of thin ice. The AMSR-E concentrations from the NT2 and BBA algorithms are similar on average, although differences of up to 5% occur in places, again related to thin-ice distribution. The AMSR-E ice temperature (T(sub i)) product agrees with coincident surface measurements to approximately 0.5 C in the limited dataset analyzed. Regarding snow thickness, the AMSR h(sub s) retrieval is a significant underestimate compared to in situ measurements weighted by the percentage of thin ice (and open water) present. For the case study analyzed, the underestimate was 46% for the overall average, but 23% compared to smooth-ice measurements. The spatial distribution of the AMSR-E h(sub s) product follows an expected and consistent spatial pattern, suggesting that the observed difference may be an offset (at least under freezing conditions). Areas of discrepancy are identified, and the need for future work using the more extensive dataset is

  18. [Reflectance of sea ice in Liaodong Bay].

    PubMed

    Xu, Zhan-tang; Yang, Yue-zhong; Wang, Gui-fen; Cao, Wen-xi; Kong, Xiang-peng

    2010-07-01

    In the present study, the relationships between sea ice albedo and the bidirectional reflectance distribution in Liaodong Bay were investigated. The results indicate that: (1) sea ice albedo alpha(lambda) is closely related to the components of sea ice, the higher the particulate concentration in sea ice surface is, the lower the sea ice albedo alpha(lambda) is. On the contrary, the higher the bubble concentration in sea ice is, the higher sea ice albedo alpha(lambda) is. (2) Sea ice albedo alpha(lambda) is similar to the bidirectional reflectance factor R(f) when the probe locates at nadir. The R(f) would increase with the increase in detector zenith theta, and the correlation between R(f) and the detector azimuth would gradually increase. When the theta is located at solar zenith 63 degrees, the R(f) would reach the maximum, and the strongest correlation is also shown between the R(f) and the detector azimuth. (3) Different types of sea ice would have the different anisotropic reflectance factors.

  19. Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: Results from different techniques

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Comiso, Josefino C.; Meier, Walter N.; Gersten, Robert

    2017-08-01

    Variability and trend studies of sea ice in the Arctic have been conducted using products derived from the same raw passive microwave data but by different groups using different algorithms. This study provides consistency assessment of four of the leading products, namely, Goddard Bootstrap (SB2), Goddard NASA Team (NT1), EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI-SAF 1.2), and Hadley HadISST 2.2 data in evaluating variability and trends in the Arctic sea ice cover. All four provide generally similar ice patterns but significant disagreements in ice concentration distributions especially in the marginal ice zone and adjacent regions in winter and meltponded areas in summer. The discrepancies are primarily due to different ways the four techniques account for occurrences of new ice and meltponding. However, results show that the different products generally provide consistent and similar representation of the state of the Arctic sea ice cover. Hadley and NT1 data usually provide the highest and lowest monthly ice extents, respectively. The Hadley data also show the lowest trends in ice extent and ice area at -3.88%/decade and -4.37%/decade, respectively, compared to an average of -4.36%/decade and -4.57%/decade for all four. Trend maps also show similar spatial distribution for all four with the largest negative trends occurring at the Kara/Barents Sea and Beaufort Sea regions, where sea ice has been retreating the fastest. The good agreement of the trends especially with updated data provides strong confidence in the quantification of the rate of decline in the Arctic sea ice cover.Plain Language SummaryThe declining Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover, especially in the summer, has been the center of attention in recent years. Reports on the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover have been provided by different institutions using basically the same set of satellite data but different techniques for estimating key parameters such as <span class="hlt">ice</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24820354','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24820354"><span><span class="hlt">Ice</span> crystallization in ultrafine water-salt aerosols: nucleation, <span class="hlt">ice</span>-solution equilibrium, and internal structure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hudait, Arpa; Molinero, Valeria</p> <p>2014-06-04</p> <p>Atmospheric aerosols have a strong influence on Earth's climate. Elucidating the physical state and internal structure of atmospheric aqueous aerosols is essential to predict their gas and water uptake, and the locus and rate of atmospherically important heterogeneous reactions. Ultrafine aerosols with sizes between 3 and 15 nm have been detected in large numbers in the troposphere and tropopause. Nanoscopic aerosols arising from bubble bursting of natural and artificial seawater have been identified in laboratory and field experiments. The internal structure and phase state of these aerosols, however, cannot yet be determined in experiments. Here we use molecular simulations to investigate the phase behavior and internal structure of liquid, vitrified, and crystallized water-salt ultrafine aerosols with radii from 2.5 to 9.5 nm and with up to 10% moles of ions. We find that both <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystallization and vitrification of the nanodroplets lead to demixing of pure water from the solutions. Vitrification of aqueous nanodroplets yields nanodomains of pure low-density amorphous <span class="hlt">ice</span> in coexistence with vitrified solute rich aqueous glass. The melting temperature of <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the aerosols decreases monotonically with an increase of solute fraction and decrease of radius. The simulations reveal that nucleation of <span class="hlt">ice</span> occurs homogeneously at the subsurface of the water-salt nanoparticles. Subsequent <span class="hlt">ice</span> growth yields phase-segregated, internally mixed, aerosols with two phases in equilibrium: a <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> water-salt amorphous mixture and a spherical cap-like <span class="hlt">ice</span> nanophase. The surface of the crystallized aerosols is heterogeneous, with <span class="hlt">ice</span> and solution exposed to the vapor. Free energy calculations indicate that as the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of salt in the particles, the advance of the crystallization, or the size of the particles increase, the stability of the spherical cap structure increases with respect to the alternative structure in which a core of <span class="hlt">ice</span> is fully surrounded by</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.C41A..02R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.C41A..02R"><span>Leakage of the Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet through accelerated <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rignot, E.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">map</span> of coastal velocities of the Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet was produced from Radarsat-1 acquired during the background mission of 2000 and combined with radio echo sounding data to estimate the <span class="hlt">ice</span> discharge from the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet. On individual glaciers, <span class="hlt">ice</span> discharge was compared with snow input from the interior and melt above the flux gate to determine the glacier mass balance. Time series of velocities on several glaciers at different latitudes reveal seasonal fluctuations of only 7-8 percent so that winter velocities are only 2 percent less than the yearly mean. The results show the northern Greenland glaciers to be close to balance yet losing mass. No change in <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow is detected on Petermann, 79north and Zachariae Isstrom in 2000-2004. East Greenland glaciers are in balance and flowing steadily north of Kangerdlussuaq, but Kangerdlussuaq, Helheim and all the southeastern glaciers are thinning dramatically. All these glaciers accelerated, Kangerdlussuaq in 2000, Helheim prior to 2004, and southeast Greenland glaciers accelerated 10 to 50 percent in 2000-2004. Glacier acceleration is generally brutal, probably once the glacier reached a threshold, and sustained. In the northwest, most glaciers are largely out of balance. Jakobshavn accelerated significantly in 2002, and glaciers in its immediate vicinity accelerated more than 50 percent in 2000-2004. Less is known about southwest Greenland glaciers due to a lack of <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness data but the glaciers have accelerated there as well and are likely to be strongly out of balance despite thickening of the interior. Overall, I estimate the mass balance of the Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet to be about -80 +/-10 cubic km of <span class="hlt">ice</span> per year in 2000 and -110 +/-15 cubic km of <span class="hlt">ice</span> per year in 2004, i.e. more negative than based on partial altimetry surveys of the outlet glaciers. As climate continues to warm, more glaciers will accelerate, and the mass balance will become increasingly negative, regardless of the evolution of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C53D..08N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C53D..08N"><span><span class="hlt">Ice</span>Trendr: a linear time-series approach to monitoring glacier environments using Landsat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nelson, P.; Kennedy, R. E.; Nolin, A. W.; Hughes, J. M.; Braaten, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Arctic glaciers in Alaska and Canada have experienced some of the greatest <span class="hlt">ice</span> mass loss of any region in recent decades. A challenge to understanding these changing ecosystems, however, is developing globally-consistent, multi-decadal monitoring of glacier <span class="hlt">ice</span>. We present a toolset and approach that captures, labels, and <span class="hlt">maps</span> glacier change for use in climate science, hydrology, and Earth science education using Landsat Time Series (LTS). The core step is "temporal segmentation," wherein a yearly LTS is cleaned using pre-processing steps, converted to a snow/<span class="hlt">ice</span> index, and then simplified into the salient shape of the change trajectory ("temporal signature") using linear segmentation. Such signatures can be characterized as simple `stable' or `transition of glacier <span class="hlt">ice</span> to rock' to more complex multi-year changes like `transition of glacier <span class="hlt">ice</span> to debris-covered glacier <span class="hlt">ice</span> to open water to bare rock to vegetation'. This pilot study demonstrates the potential for interactively <span class="hlt">mapping</span>, visualizing, and labeling glacier changes. What is truly innovative is that <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Trendr not only <span class="hlt">maps</span> the changes but also uses expert knowledge to label the changes and such labels can be applied to other glaciers exhibiting statistically similar temporal signatures. Our key findings are that the <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Trendr concept and software can provide important functionality for glaciologists and educators interested in studying glacier changes during the Landsat TM timeframe (1984-present). Issues of concern with using dense Landsat time-series approaches for glacier monitoring include many missing images during the period 1984-1995 and that automated cloud mask are challenged and require the user to manually identify cloud-free images. <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Trendr is much more than just a simple "then and now" approach to glacier <span class="hlt">mapping</span>. This process is a means of integrating the power of computing, remote sensing, and expert knowledge to "tell the story" of glacier changes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016TCry...10.2027S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016TCry...10.2027S"><span>Sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> indicators of polar bear habitat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stern, Harry L.; Laidre, Kristin L.</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Nineteen subpopulations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are found throughout the circumpolar Arctic, and in all regions they depend on sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> as a platform for traveling, hunting, and breeding. Therefore polar bear phenology - the cycle of biological events - is linked to the timing of sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> retreat in spring and advance in fall. We analyzed the dates of sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> retreat and advance in all 19 polar bear subpopulation regions from 1979 to 2014, using daily sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data from satellite passive microwave instruments. We define the dates of sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> retreat and advance in a region as the dates when the area of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> drops below a certain threshold (retreat) on its way to the summer minimum or rises above the threshold (advance) on its way to the winter maximum. The threshold is chosen to be halfway between the historical (1979-2014) mean September and mean March sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> areas. In all 19 regions there is a trend toward earlier sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> retreat and later sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> advance. Trends generally range from -3 to -9 days decade-1 in spring and from +3 to +9 days decade-1 in fall, with larger trends in the Barents Sea and central Arctic Basin. The trends are not sensitive to the threshold. We also calculated the number of days per year that the sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> area exceeded the threshold (termed <span class="hlt">ice</span>-covered days) and the average sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> from 1 June through 31 October. The number of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-covered days is declining in all regions at the rate of -7 to -19 days decade-1, with larger trends in the Barents Sea and central Arctic Basin. The June-October sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is declining in all regions at rates ranging from -1 to -9 percent decade-1. These sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> metrics (or indicators of habitat change) were designed to be useful for management agencies and for comparative purposes among subpopulations. We recommend that the National Climate Assessment include the timing of sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> retreat and advance in future reports.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140005672','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140005672"><span><span class="hlt">Ice</span> Nucleation and Dehydration in the Tropical Tropopause Layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jensen, Eric J.; Diskin, Glenn S.; Lawson, R Paul; Lance, Sara; Bui, Thaopaul Van; Hlavka, Dennis L.; Mcgill, Matthew J.; Pfister, Leonhard; Toon, Owen B.; Gao, Rushan</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Optically thin cirrus near the tropical tropopause regulate the humidity of air entering the stratosphere, which in turn has a strong influence on the Earth's radiation budget and climate. Recent highaltitude, unmanned aircraft measurements provide evidence for two distinct classes of cirrus formed in the tropical tropopause region: (i) vertically extensive cirrus with low <span class="hlt">ice</span> number <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, low extinctions, and large supersaturations (up to approx. 70%) with respect to <span class="hlt">ice</span>; and (ii) vertically thin cirrus layers with much higher <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> that effectively deplete the vapor in excess of saturation. The persistent supersaturation in the former class of cirrus is consistent with the long time-scales (several hours or longer) for quenching of vapor in excess of saturation given the low <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and cold tropical tropopause temperatures. The low-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> clouds are likely formed on a background population of insoluble particles with <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> less than 100 L-1 (often less than 20 L-1), whereas the high <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> layers (with <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> up to 10,000 L-1) can only be produced by homogeneous freezing of an abundant population of aqueous aerosols. These measurements, along with past high-altitude aircraft measurements, indicate that the low-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> cirrus occur frequently in the tropical tropopause region, whereas the high-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> cirrus occur infrequently. The predominance of the low-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> clouds means cirrus near the tropical tropopause may typically allow entry of air into the stratosphere with as much as approx. 1.7 times the <span class="hlt">ice</span> saturation mixing ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.C31D0341K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.C31D0341K"><span>Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Characteristics and the Open-Linked Data World</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khalsa, S. J. S.; McGuinness, D. L.; Duerr, R.; Pulsifer, P. L.; Fox, P. A.; Thompson, C.; Yan, R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The audience for sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> data sets has broadened dramatically over the past several decades. Initially the National Snow and <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Data Center (NSIDC) sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> products were used primarily by sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> specialists. However, now they are in demand by researchers in many different domains and some are used by the public. This growth in the number and type of users has presented challenges to content providers aimed particularly at supporting interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary data use. In our experience, it is generally insufficient to simply make the data available as originally formatted. New audiences typically need data in different forms; forms that meet their needs, that work with their specific tools. Moreover, simple data reformatting is rarely enough. The data needs to be aggregated, transformed or otherwise converted into forms that better serve the needs of the new audience. The Semantic Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Interoperability Initiative (SSIII) is an NSF-funded research project aimed at making sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> data more useful to more people using semantic technologies. The team includes domain and science data experts as well as knowledge representation and linked data experts. Beginning with a series of workshops involving members of the operations, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> research and modeling communities, as well as members of local communities in Alaska, a suite of ontologies describing the physical characteristics of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> have been developed and used to provide one of NSIDC's data sets, the operational Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> charts obtained from the Canadian <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Center, as open-linked data. These data extend nearly a decade into the past and can now be queried either directly through a publicly available SPARQL end point (for those who are familiar with open-linked data) or through a simple Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards <span class="hlt">map</span>-based query tool. Questions like "What were the characteristics (i.e., sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, form and stage of development) of the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the region</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4921418S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4921418S"><span>Water <span class="hlt">ice</span> and sub-micron <span class="hlt">ice</span> particles on Tethys and Mimas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scipioni, Francesca; Nordheim, Tom; Clark, Roger Nelson; D'Aversa, Emiliano; Cruikshank, Dale P.; Tosi, Federico; Schenk, Paul M.; Combe, Jean-Philippe; Dalle Ore, Cristina M.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>IntroductionWe present our ongoing work, <span class="hlt">mapping</span> the variation of the main water <span class="hlt">ice</span> absorption bands, and the distribution of the sub-micron particles, across Mimas and Tethys’ surfaces using Cassini-VIMS cubes acquired in the IR range (0.8-5.1 μm). We present our results in the form of <span class="hlt">maps</span> of variation of selected spectral indicators (depth of absorption bands, reflectance peak height, spectral slopes).Data analysisVIMS acquires hyperspectral data in the 0.3-5.1 μm spectral range. We selected VIMS cubes of Tethys and Mimas in the IR range (0.8-5.1 μm). For all pixels in the selected cubes, we measured the band depths for water-<span class="hlt">ice</span> absorptions at 1.25, 1.5 and 2.02 μm and the height of the 3.6 μm reflection peak. Moreover, we considered the spectral indictors for particles smaller than 1 µm [1]: (i) the 2 µm absorption band is asymmetric and (ii) it has the minimum shifted to longer λ (iii) the band depth ratio 1.5/2.0 µm decreases; (iv) the reflection peak at 2.6 µm decreases; (v) the Fresnel reflection peak is suppressed; (vi) the 5 µm reflectance is decreased relative to the 3.6 µm peak. To characterize the global variation of water-<span class="hlt">ice</span> band depths, and of sub-micron particles spectral indicators, across Mimas and Tethys, we sampled the two satellites’ surfacees with a 1°x1° fixed-resolution grid and then averaged the band depths and peak values inside each square cell.3. ResultsFor both moons we find that large geologic features, such as the Odysseus and Herschel impact basins, do not correlate with water ice’s abundance variation. For Tethys, we found a quite uniform surface on both hemispheres. The only deviation from this pattern shows up on the trailing hemisphere, where we notice two north-oriented, dark areas around 225° and 315°. For Mimas, the leading and trailing hemispheres appear to be quite similar in water <span class="hlt">ice</span> abundance, the trailing portion having water <span class="hlt">ice</span> absorption bands lightly more suppressed than the leading side</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C43D..01R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C43D..01R"><span>NASA <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge: Scientific Insights from Airborne Surveys of the Polar Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Covers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Richter-Menge, J.; Farrell, S. L.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The NASA Operation <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge (OIB) airborne sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> surveys are designed to continue a valuable series of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness measurements by bridging the gap between NASA's <span class="hlt">Ice</span>, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which operated from 2003 to 2009, and ICESat-2, which is scheduled for launch in 2017. Initiated in 2009, OIB has conducted campaigns over the western Arctic Ocean (March/April) and Southern Oceans (October/November) on an annual basis when the thickness of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover is nearing its maximum. More recently, a series of Arctic surveys have also collected observations in the late summer, at the end of the melt season. The Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) laser altimeter is one of OIB's primary sensors, in combination with the Digital <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> System digital camera, a Ku-band radar altimeter, a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) snow radar, and a KT-19 infrared radiation pyrometer. Data from the campaigns are available to the research community at: http://nsidc.org/data/icebridge/. This presentation will summarize the spatial and temporal extent of the OIB campaigns and their complementary role in linking in situ and satellite measurements, advancing observations of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> processes across all length scales. Key scientific insights gained on the state of the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover will be highlighted, including snow depth, <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness, surface roughness and morphology, and melt pond evolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020030360','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020030360"><span>Geostatistical Methods For Determination of Roughness, Topography, And Changes of Antarctic <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Streams From SAR And Radar Altimeter Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Herzfeld, Ute C.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The central objective of this project has been the development of geostatistical methods fro <span class="hlt">mapping</span> elevation and <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface characteristics from satellite radar altimeter (RA) and Syntheitc Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The main results are an Atlas of elevation <span class="hlt">maps</span> of Antarctica, from GEOSAT RA data and an Atlas from ERS-1 RA data, including a total of about 200 <span class="hlt">maps</span> with 3 km grid resolution. <span class="hlt">Maps</span> and digital terrain models are applied to monitor and study changes in Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams and glaciers, including Lambert Glacier/Amery <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf, Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers, Jutulstraumen Glacier, Fimbul <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf, Slessor Glacier, Williamson Glacier and others.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C41B0701R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C41B0701R"><span>The Relationship Between Arctic Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Albedo and the Geophysical Parameters of the <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cover</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Riihelä, A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover is thinning and retreating. Remote sensing observations have also shown that the mean albedo of the remaining <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover is decreasing on decadal time scales, albeit with significant annual variability (Riihelä et al., 2013, Pistone et al., 2014). Attribution of the albedo decrease between its different drivers, such as decreasing <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and enhanced surface melt of the <span class="hlt">ice</span>, remains an important research question for the forecasting of future conditions of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover. A necessary step towards this goal is understanding the relationships between Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> albedo and the geophysical parameters of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover. Particularly the question of the relationship between sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> albedo and <span class="hlt">ice</span> age is both interesting and not widely studied. The recent changes in the Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone have led to a substantial decrease of its multi-year sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, as old <span class="hlt">ice</span> melts and is replaced by first-year <span class="hlt">ice</span> during the next freezing season. It is generally known that younger sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> tends to have a lower albedo than older <span class="hlt">ice</span> because of several reasons, such as wetter snow cover and enhanced melt ponding. However, the quantitative correlation between sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> age and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> albedo has not been extensively studied to date, excepting in-situ measurement based studies which are, by necessity, focused on a limited area of the Arctic Ocean (Perovich and Polashenski, 2012).In this study, I analyze the dependencies of Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> albedo relative to the geophysical parameters of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> field. I use remote sensing datasets such as the CM SAF CLARA-A1 (Karlsson et al., 2013) and the NASA MeaSUREs (Anderson et al., 2014) as data sources for the analysis. The studied period is 1982-2009. The datasets are spatiotemporally collocated and analysed. The changes in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> albedo as a function of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> age are presented for the whole Arctic Ocean and for potentially interesting marginal sea cases. This allows us to see if the the albedo of the older sea</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120009093','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120009093"><span>The Antarctic <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet, Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span>, and the Ozone Hole: Satellite Observations of how they are Changing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Parkinson, Claire L.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Antarctica is the Earth's coldest and highest continent and has major impacts on the climate and life of the south polar vicinity. It is covered almost entirely by the Earth's largest <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet by far, with a volume of <span class="hlt">ice</span> so great that if all the Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> were to go into the ocean (as <span class="hlt">ice</span> or liquid water), this would produce a global sea level rise of about 60 meters (197 feet). The continent is surrounded by sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> that in the wintertime is even more expansive than the continent itself and in the summertime reduces to only about a sixth of its wintertime extent. Like the continent, the expansive sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover has major impacts, reflecting the sun's radiation back to space, blocking exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere, and providing a platform for some animal species while impeding other species. Far above the continent, the Antarctic ozone hole is a major atmospheric phenomenon recognized as human-caused and potentially quite serious to many different life forms. Satellites are providing us with remarkable information about the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet, the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, and the ozone hole. Satellite visible and radar imagery are providing views of the large scale structure of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet never seen before; satellite laser altimetry has produced detailed <span class="hlt">maps</span> of the topography of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet; and an innovative gravity-measuring two-part satellite has allowed <span class="hlt">mapping</span> of regions of mass loss and mass gain on the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet. The surrounding sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover has a satellite record that goes back to the 1970s, allowing trend studies that show a decreasing sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> presence in the region of the Bellingshausen and Amundsen seas, to the west of the prominent Antarctic Peninsula, but increasing sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> presence around much of the rest of the continent. Overall, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent around Antarctica has increased at an average rate of about 17,000 square kilometers per year since the late 1970s, as determined from satellite microwave data that can be collected under both light and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMMR31A..05O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMMR31A..05O"><span>A Krill's Eye View: Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Microstructure and Microchemistry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Obbard, R. W.; Lieb-Lappen, R.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> plays important roles in the marine ecosystem and our environment, and a detailed understanding of all aspects of its microstructure is especially important in this time of changing climate. For many months of the year, the <span class="hlt">ice</span> forms a permeable barrier between Polar oceans and the atmosphere, and as it freezes and melts, its microstructure evolves and changes in ways that affect other parts of that system. Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> also provides a microhabitat that is an important part of the marine ecosystem, but much remains to be learned about it on this scale. In material terms, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is multiphase and very close to its melting point, and these properties make its microstructure particularly complex and dynamic, as well as challenging and interesting to study. We use a combination of analytical methods to achieve a very detailed understanding of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> microstructure - specifically the morphology and distribution of <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals and brine channels. Overall porosity affects freeboard, emissivity, and optical and mechanical properties, but pore connectivity is critical to gas and fluid transport, salt flux to polar oceans, the transfer of halogens to the boundary layer troposphere, and the transport of nutrients and pollutants to microorganisms. When sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> forms, salts are expelled from newly formed <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals and <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> on grain boundaries and in brine pockets and channels. We use synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SXRF) and scanning electron microscope-based energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to <span class="hlt">map</span> the location in two dimensions of several important salt components in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>: SXRF for bromine, chlorine, potassium, calcium and iron, EDS for these as well as some lighter elements such as sodium, magnesium, and silicon. We use X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) to produce three-dimensional models of brine channels and to study changes in brine network topology due to warming and cooling. Both microCT and optical thin sections provide</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118.2119R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118.2119R"><span>Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet mass loss estimates using Modified Antarctic <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> Mission surface flow observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ren, Diandong; Leslie, Lance M.; Lynch, Mervyn J.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>The long residence time of <span class="hlt">ice</span> and the relatively gentle slopes of the Antarctica <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet make basal sliding a unique positive feedback mechanism in enhancing <span class="hlt">ice</span> discharge along preferred routes. The highly organized <span class="hlt">ice</span> stream channels extending to the interior from the lower reach of the outlets are a manifestation of the role of basal granular material in enhancing the <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow. In this study, constraining the model-simulated year 2000 <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow fields with surface velocities obtained from InSAR measurements permits retrieval of the basal sliding parameters. Forward integrations of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> model driven by atmospheric and oceanic parameters from coupled general circulation models under different emission scenarios provide a range of estimates of total <span class="hlt">ice</span> mass loss during the 21st century. The total mass loss rate has a small intermodel and interscenario spread, rising from approximately -160 km3/yr at present to approximately -220 km3/yr by 2100. The accelerated mass loss rate of the Antarctica <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet in a warming climate is due primarily to a dynamic response in the form of an increase in <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow speed. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> shelves contribute to this feedback through a reduced buttressing effect due to more frequent systematic, tabular calving events. For example, by 2100 the Ross <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf is projected to shed 40 km3 during each systematic tabular calving. After the frontal section's attrition, the remaining shelf will rebound. Consequently, the submerged cross-sectional area will reduce, as will the buttressing stress. Longitudinal differential warming of ocean temperature contributes to tabular calving. Because of the prevalence of fringe <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelves, oceanic effects likely will play a very important role in the future mass balance of the Antarctica <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet, under a possible future warming climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870060018&hterms=marginal&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dmarginal','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870060018&hterms=marginal&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dmarginal"><span>Variations of mesoscale and large-scale sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> morphology in the 1984 Marginal <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Zone Experiment as observed by microwave remote sensing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Campbell, W. J.; Josberger, E. G.; Gloersen, P.; Johannessen, O. M.; Guest, P. S.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The data acquired during the summer 1984 Marginal <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait-Greenland Sea marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone, using airborne active and passive microwave sensors and the Nimbus 7 SMMR, were analyzed to compile a sequential description of the mesoscale and large-scale <span class="hlt">ice</span> morphology variations during the period of June 6 - July 16, 1984. Throughout the experiment, the long <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge between northwest Svalbard and central Greenland meandered; eddies were repeatedly formed, moved, and disappeared but the <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge remained within a 100-km-wide zone. The <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack behind this alternately diffuse and compact edge underwent rapid and pronounced variations in <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> over a 200-km-wide zone. The high-resolution <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> distributions obtained in the aircraft images agree well with the low-resolution distributions of SMMR images.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPAr42.3.2625L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPAr42.3.2625L"><span>Compiling Techniques for East Antarctic <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Velocity <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> Based on Historical Optical Imagery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, X.; Li, R.; Qiao, G.; Cheng, Y.; Ye, W.; Gao, T.; Huang, Y.; Tian, Y.; Tong, X.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ice</span> flow velocity over long time series in East Antarctica plays a vital role in estimating and predicting the mass balance of Antarctic <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet and its contribution to global sea level rise. However, there is no Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> velocity product with large space scale available showing the East Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow velocity pattern before the 1990s. We proposed three methods including parallax decomposition, grid-based NCC image matching, feature and gird-based image matching with constraints for estimation of surface velocity in East Antarctica based on ARGON KH-5 and LANDSAT imagery, showing the feasibility of using historical optical imagery to obtain Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> motion. Based on these previous studies, we presented a set of systematic method for developing <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface velocity product for the entire East Antarctica from the 1960s to the 1980s in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900013534','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900013534"><span>Surface topography of the Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet from satellite radar altimetry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bindschadler, Robert A.; Zwally, H. Jay; Major, Judith A.; Brenner, Anita C.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Surface elevation <span class="hlt">maps</span> of the southern half of the Greenland subcontinent are produced from radar altimeter data acquired by the Seasat satellite. A summary of the processing procedure and examples of return waveform data are given. The elevation data are used to generate a regular grid which is then computer contoured to provide an elevation contour <span class="hlt">map</span>. Ancillary <span class="hlt">maps</span> show the statistical quality of the elevation data and various characteristics of the surface. The elevation <span class="hlt">map</span> is used to define <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow directions and delineate the major drainage basins. Regular <span class="hlt">maps</span> of the Jakobshavns Glacier drainage basin and the <span class="hlt">ice</span> divide in the vicinity of Crete Station are presented. Altimeter derived elevations are compared with elevations measured both by satellite geoceivers and optical surveying.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QSRv...79..168A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QSRv...79..168A"><span>A review of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> proxy information from polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abram, Nerilie J.; Wolff, Eric W.; Curran, Mark A. J.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> plays an important role in Earth's climate system. The lack of direct indications of past sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> coverage, however, means that there is limited knowledge of the sensitivity and rate at which sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> dynamics are involved in amplifying climate changes. As such, there is a need to develop new proxy records for reconstructing past sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> conditions. Here we review the advances that have been made in using chemical tracers preserved in <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores to determine past changes in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover around Antarctica. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> core records of sea salt <span class="hlt">concentration</span> show promise for revealing patterns of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent particularly over glacial-interglacial time scales. In the coldest climates, however, the sea salt signal appears to lose sensitivity and further work is required to determine how this proxy can be developed into a quantitative sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> indicator. Methane sulphonic acid (MSA) in near-coastal <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores has been used to reconstruct quantified changes and interannual variability in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent over shorter time scales spanning the last ˜160 years, and has potential to be extended to produce records of Antarctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> changes throughout the Holocene. However the MSA <span class="hlt">ice</span> core proxy also requires careful site assessment and interpretation alongside other palaeoclimate indicators to ensure reconstructions are not biased by non-sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> factors, and we summarise some recommended strategies for the further development of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> histories from <span class="hlt">ice</span> core MSA. For both proxies the limited information about the production and transfer of chemical markers from the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone to the Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets remains an issue that requires further multidisciplinary study. Despite some exploratory and statistical work, the application of either proxy as an indicator of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> change in the Arctic also remains largely unknown. As information about these new <span class="hlt">ice</span> core proxies builds, so too does the potential to develop a more comprehensive understanding of past changes in sea</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214629','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214629"><span>Boundary condition of grounding lines prior to collapse, Larsen-B <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf, Antarctica.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rebesco, M; Domack, E; Zgur, F; Lavoie, C; Leventer, A; Brachfeld, S; Willmott, V; Halverson, G; Truffer, M; Scambos, T; Smith, J; Pettit, E</p> <p>2014-09-12</p> <p>Grounding zones, where <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets transition between resting on bedrock to full floatation, help regulate <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow. Exposure of the sea floor by the 2002 Larsen-B <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf collapse allowed detailed morphologic <span class="hlt">mapping</span> and sampling of the embayment sea floor. Marine geophysical data collected in 2006 reveal a large, arcuate, complex grounding zone sediment system at the front of Crane Fjord. Radiocarbon-constrained chronologies from marine sediment cores indicate loss of <span class="hlt">ice</span> contact with the bed at this site about 12,000 years ago. Previous studies and morphologic <span class="hlt">mapping</span> of the fjord suggest that the Crane Glacier grounding zone was well within the fjord before 2002 and did not retreat further until after the <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelf collapse. This implies that the 2002 Larsen-B <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf collapse likely was a response to surface warming rather than to grounding zone instability, strengthening the idea that surface processes controlled the disintegration of the Larsen <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031611','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031611"><span>Modeling englacial radar attenuation at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, using <span class="hlt">ice</span> chemistry and temperature data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>MacGregor, J.A.; Winebrenner, D.P.; Conway, H.; Matsuoka, K.; Mayewski, P.A.; Clow, G.D.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The radar reflectivity of an <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet bed is a primary measurement for discriminating between thawed and frozen beds. Uncertainty in englacial radar attenuation and its spatial variation introduces corresponding uncertainty in estimates of basal reflectivity. Radar attenuation is proportional to <span class="hlt">ice</span> conductivity, which depends on the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of acid and sea-salt chloride and the temperature of the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. We synthesize published conductivity measurements to specify an <span class="hlt">ice</span>-conductivity model and find that some of the dielectric properties of <span class="hlt">ice</span> at radar frequencies are not yet well constrained. Using depth profiles of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-core chemistry and borehole temperature and an average of the experimental values for the dielectric properties, we calculate an attenuation rate profile for Siple Dome, West Antarctica. The depth-averaged modeled attenuation rate at Siple Dome (20.0 ?? 5.7 dB km-1) is somewhat lower than the value derived from radar profiles (25.3 ?? 1.1 dB km-1). Pending more experimental data on the dielectric properties of <span class="hlt">ice</span>, we can match the modeled and radar-derived attenuation rates by an adjustment to the value for the pure <span class="hlt">ice</span> conductivity that is within the range of reported values. Alternatively, using the pure <span class="hlt">ice</span> dielectric properties derived from the most extensive single data set, the modeled depth-averaged attenuation rate is 24.0 ?? 2.2 dB km-1. This work shows how to calculate englacial radar attenuation using <span class="hlt">ice</span> chemistry and temperature data and establishes a basis for <span class="hlt">mapping</span> spatial variations in radar attenuation across an <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CliPa..13...39M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CliPa..13...39M"><span>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and pollution-modulated changes in Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> core methanesulfonate and bromine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maselli, Olivia J.; Chellman, Nathan J.; Grieman, Mackenzie; Layman, Lawrence; McConnell, Joseph R.; Pasteris, Daniel; Rhodes, Rachael H.; Saltzman, Eric; Sigl, Michael</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Reconstruction of past changes in Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent may be critical for understanding its future evolution. Methanesulfonate (MSA) and bromine <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> preserved in <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores have both been proposed as indicators of past sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> conditions. In this study, two <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores from central and north-eastern Greenland were analysed at sub-annual resolution for MSA (CH3SO3H) and bromine, covering the time period 1750-2010. We examine correlations between <span class="hlt">ice</span> core MSA and the HadISST1 <span class="hlt">ICE</span> sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> dataset and consult back trajectories to infer the likely source regions. A strong correlation between the low-frequency MSA and bromine records during pre-industrial times indicates that both chemical species are likely linked to processes occurring on or near sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the same source regions. The positive correlation between <span class="hlt">ice</span> core MSA and bromine persists until the mid-20th century, when the acidity of Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> begins to increase markedly due to increased fossil fuel emissions. After that time, MSA levels decrease as a result of declining sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent but bromine levels increase. We consider several possible explanations and ultimately suggest that increased acidity, specifically nitric acid, of snow on sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> stimulates the release of reactive Br from sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, resulting in increased transport and deposition on the Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.3927M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGeo...14.3927M"><span>Reviews and syntheses: <span class="hlt">Ice</span> acidification, the effects of ocean acidification on sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> microbial communities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McMinn, Andrew</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> algae, like some coastal and estuarine phytoplankton, are naturally exposed to a wider range of pH and CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> than those in open marine seas. While climate change and ocean acidification (OA) will impact pelagic communities, their effects on sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> microbial communities remain unclear. Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> contains several distinct microbial communities, which are exposed to differing environmental conditions depending on their depth within the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Bottom communities mostly experience relatively benign bulk ocean properties, while interior brine and surface (infiltration) communities experience much greater extremes. Most OA studies have examined the impacts on single sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> algae species in culture. Although some studies examined the effects of OA alone, most examined the effects of OA and either light, nutrients or temperature. With few exceptions, increased CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> caused either no change or an increase in growth and/or photosynthesis. In situ studies on brine and surface algae also demonstrated a wide tolerance to increased and decreased pH and showed increased growth at higher CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The short time period of most experiments (< 10 days), together with limited genetic diversity (i.e. use of only a single strain), however, has been identified as a limitation to a broader interpretation of the results. While there have been few studies on the effects of OA on the growth of marine bacterial communities in general, impacts appear to be minimal. In sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> also, the few reports available suggest no negative impacts on bacterial growth or community richness. Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> ecosystems are ephemeral, melting and re-forming each year. Thus, for some part of each year organisms inhabiting the <span class="hlt">ice</span> must also survive outside of the <span class="hlt">ice</span>, either as part of the phytoplankton or as resting spores on the bottom. During these times, they will be exposed to the full range of co-stressors that pelagic organisms experience. Their ability to continue to make</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830068474&hterms=nucleation+humidity&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dnucleation%2Bhumidity','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830068474&hterms=nucleation+humidity&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dnucleation%2Bhumidity"><span>Contact <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation by submicron atmospheric aerosols</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Deshler, T.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>An apparatus designed to measure the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of submicron contact <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei is described. Here, natural forces transfer nuclei to supercooled sample drops suspended in an aerosol stream. Experimental measurements of the scavenging rate of the sample drops for several humidities and aerosol sizes are found to be in agreement with theory to within a factor of two. This fact, together with the statistical tests showing a difference between the data and control samples, is seen as indicating that a reliable measurement of the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of submicron contact <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei has been effected. A figure is included showing the <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleus <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as a function of temperature and assumed aerosol radius. For a 0.01 micron radius, the average is 1/liter at -15 C and 3/liter at -18 C. It is noted that the measurements are in fair agreement with <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in stable winter clouds measured over Elk Mountain, WY (Vali et al., 1982).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..627B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..627B"><span>Perennial water <span class="hlt">ice</span> identified in the south polar cap of Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Langevin, Yves; Poulet, François; Gendrin, Aline; Gondet, Brigitte; Berthé, Michel; Soufflot, Alain; Drossart, Pierre; Combes, Michel; Bellucci, Giancarlo; Moroz, Vassili; Mangold, Nicolas; Schmitt, Bernard; OMEGA Team; Erard, S.; Forni, O.; Manaud, N.; Poulleau, G.; Encrenaz, T.; Fouchet, T.; Melchiorri, R.; Altieri, F.; Formisano, V.; Bonello, G.; Fonti, S.; Capaccioni, F.; Cerroni, P.; Coradini, A.; Kottsov, V.; Ignatiev, N.; Titov, D.; Zasova, L.; Pinet, P.; Sotin, C.; Hauber, E.; Hoffman, H.; Jaumann, R.; Keller, U.; Arvidson, R.; Mustard, J.; Duxbury, T.; Forget, F.</p> <p>2004-04-01</p> <p>The inventory of water and carbon dioxide reservoirs on Mars are important clues for understanding the geological, climatic and potentially exobiological evolution of the planet. From the early <span class="hlt">mapping</span> observation of the permanent <span class="hlt">ice</span> caps on the martian poles, the northern cap was believed to be mainly composed of water <span class="hlt">ice</span>, whereas the southern cap was thought to be constituted of carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">ice</span>. However, recent missions (NASA missions Mars Global Surveyor and Odyssey) have revealed surface structures, altimetry profiles, underlying buried hydrogen, and temperatures of the south polar regions that are thermodynamically consistent with a mixture of surface water <span class="hlt">ice</span> and carbon dioxide. Here we present the first direct identification and <span class="hlt">mapping</span> of both carbon dioxide and water <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the martian high southern latitudes, at a resolution of 2km, during the local summer, when the extent of the polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> is at its minimum. We observe that this south polar cap contains perennial water <span class="hlt">ice</span> in extended areas: as a small admixture to carbon dioxide in the bright regions; associated with dust, without carbon dioxide, at the edges of this bright cap; and, unexpectedly, in large areas tens of kilometres away from the bright cap.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9552K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9552K"><span>Palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> stream pathways in the easternmost Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klages, Johann P.; Kuhn, Gerhard; Graham, Alastair G. C.; Smith, James A.; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter; Nitsche, Frank O.; Larter, Rob D.; Gohl, Karsten</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Multibeam swath bathymetry datasets collected over the past two decades have been compiled to identify palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> stream pathways in the easternmost Amundsen Sea Embayment. We <span class="hlt">mapped</span> 3010 glacial landforms to reconstruct palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> flow in the ~250 km-long Abbot Glacial Trough that was occupied by a large palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> stream, fed by two tributaries (Cosgrove and Abbot) that reached the continental shelf edge during the last maximum <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet advance. The <span class="hlt">mapping</span> has enabled a clear differentiation between glacial landforms interpreted as indicative of wet- (e.g. mega-scale glacial lineations) and cold-based <span class="hlt">ice</span> (e.g. hill-hole pairs) during the last glaciation of the continental shelf. Both the regions of fast palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> flow within the palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> stream troughs, and the regions of slow palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> flow on adjacent seafloor highs (referred to as inter-<span class="hlt">ice</span> stream ridges) additionally record glacial landforms such as grounding-zone wedges and recessional moraines that indicate grounding line stillstands of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet during the last deglaciation from the shelf. As the palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> stream flowed along a trough with variable geometry and variable subglacial substrate, it appears that trough sections characterized by constrictions and outcropping hard substrate that changes the bed gradient, led the pace of grounding-line retreat to slow and subsequently pause, resulting in the deposition of grounding-zone wedges. The stepped retreat recorded within the Abbot Glacial Trough corresponds well to post-glacial stepped retreat interpreted for the neighbouring Pine Island-Thwaites Palaeo-<span class="hlt">Ice</span> Stream trough, thus suggesting a uniform pattern of episodic retreat across the eastern Amundsen Sea Embayment. The correlation of episodic retreat features with geological boundaries further emphasises the significance of subglacial geology in steering <span class="hlt">ice</span> stream flow. Our new geomorphological <span class="hlt">map</span> of the easternmost Amundsen Sea Embayment resolves the pathways of palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> streams that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23341619','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23341619"><span><span class="hlt">Ice</span> nucleation and dehydration in the Tropical Tropopause Layer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jensen, Eric J; Diskin, Glenn; Lawson, R Paul; Lance, Sara; Bui, T Paul; Hlavka, Dennis; McGill, Matthew; Pfister, Leonhard; Toon, Owen B; Gao, Rushan</p> <p>2013-02-05</p> <p>Optically thin cirrus near the tropical tropopause regulate the humidity of air entering the stratosphere, which in turn has a strong influence on the Earth's radiation budget and climate. Recent high-altitude, unmanned aircraft measurements provide evidence for two distinct classes of cirrus formed in the tropical tropopause region: (i) vertically extensive cirrus with low <span class="hlt">ice</span> number <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, low extinctions, and large supersaturations (up to ∼70%) with respect to <span class="hlt">ice</span>; and (ii) vertically thin cirrus layers with much higher <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> that effectively deplete the vapor in excess of saturation. The persistent supersaturation in the former class of cirrus is consistent with the long time-scales (several hours or longer) for quenching of vapor in excess of saturation given the low <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and cold tropical tropopause temperatures. The low-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> clouds are likely formed on a background population of insoluble particles with <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> less than 100 L(-1) (often less than 20 L(-1)), whereas the high <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> layers (with <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> up to 10,000 L(-1)) can only be produced by homogeneous freezing of an abundant population of aqueous aerosols. These measurements, along with past high-altitude aircraft measurements, indicate that the low-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> cirrus occur frequently in the tropical tropopause region, whereas the high-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> cirrus occur infrequently. The predominance of the low-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> clouds means cirrus near the tropical tropopause may typically allow entry of air into the stratosphere with as much as ∼1.7 times the <span class="hlt">ice</span> saturation mixing ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940031637','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940031637"><span>The structural changes of water <span class="hlt">ice</span> I during warmup</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jenniskens, Peter; Blake, David F.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>The polymorph transitions of vapor deposited water <span class="hlt">ice</span> I during warmup from 15 K to 210 K was <span class="hlt">mapped</span> by means of selected area electron diffraction. The polymorph transitions account for many phenomena observed in laboratory analog studies of cometary outgassing and radial diffusion in UV photolyzed interstellar <span class="hlt">ices</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MsT..........4D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MsT..........4D"><span>Development of an Algorithm for Satellite Remote Sensing of Sea and Lake <span class="hlt">Ice</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dorofy, Peter T.</p> <p></p> <p>Satellite remote sensing of snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> has a long history. The traditional method for many snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> detection algorithms has been the use of the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI). This manuscript is composed of two parts. Chapter 1, Development of a Mid-Infrared Sea and Lake <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Index (MISI) using the GOES Imager, discusses the desirability, development, and implementation of alternative index for an <span class="hlt">ice</span> detection algorithm, application of the algorithm to the detection of lake <span class="hlt">ice</span>, and qualitative validation against other <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">mapping</span> products; such as, the <span class="hlt">Ice</span> <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> System (IMS). Chapter 2, Application of Dynamic Threshold in a Lake <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Detection Algorithm, continues with a discussion of the development of a method that considers the variable viewing and illumination geometry of observations throughout the day. The method is an alternative to Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) models. Evaluation of the performance of the algorithm is introduced by aggregating classified pixels within geometrical boundaries designated by IMS and obtaining sensitivity and specificity statistical measures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......149W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......149W"><span>Experimental Studies in <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Nucleation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wright, Timothy Peter</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Ice</span> nuclei play a critical role in the formation of precipitation in mixed phase clouds. Modification of IN <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> can lead to changes in cloud lifetimes and precipitation size. Presented in this study are experimental investigations into <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei in an ongoing effort to reduce the uncertainties that <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei have on cloud processes and climate. This research presents a new version of the cold stage drop freezing assay to investigate the time-dependence of heterogeneous nucleation. The temperature range for the instrument spans from the melting point of water to the homogeneous freezing limit of ˜-38 deg C. Temperature stability for the instrument allowed for experimental operation for up to four days while interrogating the same sample. Up to a one hundred fold increase in the number of analyzed drops was accomplished through an in-house written automated drop freezing detection software package. Combined instrument design improvements allow for the analysis of IN <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> down to ˜10-8 <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei per picoliter of sample water. A new variant of the multiple-component stochastic model for heterogeneous <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation was used to investigate the time dependence of heterogeneous freezing processes. This was accomplished by analyzing how the changes in the cooling rate can impact the observed nucleation rate. The model employed four material-dependent parameters to accurately capture the observed freezing of water drops containing Arizona Test Dust. The parameters were then used to accurately predict the freezing behavior of the drops in time dependent experiments. The time dependence freezing of a wide range of materials was then investigated. These materials included the minerals montmorillonite and kaolinite, the biological proxy <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei contained within the product Icemax, and flame soot generated from the incomplete combustion of ethylene gas. The time dependence for <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei collected from rainwater samples was also investigated. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12154613','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12154613"><span>Ecology of southern ocean pack <span class="hlt">ice</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brierley, Andrew S; Thomas, David N</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Around Antarctica the annual five-fold growth and decay of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is the most prominent physical process and has a profound impact on marine life there. In winter the pack <span class="hlt">ice</span> canopy extends to cover almost 20 million square kilometres--some 8% of the southern hemisphere and an area larger than the Antarctic continent itself (13.2 million square kilometres)--and is one of the largest, most dynamic ecosystems on earth. Biological activity is associated with all physical components of the sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> system: the sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> surface; the internal sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> matrix and brine channel system; the underside of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and the waters in the vicinity of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> that are modified by the presence of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Microbial and microalgal communities proliferate on and within sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and are grazed by a wide range of proto- and macrozooplankton that inhabit the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> in large <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Grazing organisms also exploit biogenic material released from the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> at <span class="hlt">ice</span> break-up or melt. Although rates of primary production in the underlying water column are often low because of shading by sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> cover, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> itself forms a substratum that provides standing stocks of bacteria, algae and grazers significantly higher than those in <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free areas. Decay of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> in summer releases particulate and dissolved organic matter to the water column, playing a major role in biogeochemical cycling as well as seeding water column phytoplankton blooms. Numerous zooplankton species graze sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> algae, benefiting additionally because the overlying sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> ceiling provides a refuge from surface predators. Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is an important nursery habitat for Antarctic krill, the pivotal species in the Southern Ocean marine ecosystem. Some deep-water fish migrate to shallow depths beneath sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> to exploit the elevated <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of some zooplankton there. The increased secondary production associated with pack <span class="hlt">ice</span> and the sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> edge is exploited by many higher predators, with seals, seabirds and whales</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900047002&hterms=water&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwater','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900047002&hterms=water&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwater"><span>Airborne discrimination between <span class="hlt">ice</span> and water - Application to the laser measurement of chlorophyll-in-water in a marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hoge, Frank E.; Wright, C. Wayne; Swift, Robert N.; Yungel, James K.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The concurrent active-passive measurement capabilities of the NASA Airborne Oceanographic Lidar have been used to (1) discriminate between <span class="hlt">ice</span> and water in a large <span class="hlt">ice</span> field within the Greenland Sea and (2) achieve the detection and measurement of chlorophyll-in-water by laser-induced and water-Raman-normalized pigment fluorescence. Passive upwelled radiances from sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> are significantly stronger than those from the neighboring water, even when the optical receiver field-of-view is only partially filled with <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Thus, weaker passive upwelled radiances, together with concurrently acquired laser-induced spectra, can rather confidently be assigned to the intervening water column. The laser-induced spectrum can then be processed using previously established methods to measure the chlorophyll-in-water <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Significant phytoplankton patchiness and elevated chlorophyll <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were found within the waters of the melting <span class="hlt">ice</span> compared to <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free regions just outside the <span class="hlt">ice</span> field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.C41A0440W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.C41A0440W"><span>Cosmogenic 10Be Depth Profile in top 560 m of West Antarctic <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet Divide <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Core</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Welten, K. C.; Woodruff, T. E.; Caffee, M. W.; Edwards, R.; McConnell, J. R.; Bisiaux, M. M.; Nishiizumi, K.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of cosmogenic 10Be in polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> samples are a function of variations in solar activity, geomagnetic field strength, atmospheric mixing and annual snow accumulation rates. The 10Be depth profile in <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores also provides independent chronological markers to tie Antarctic to Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores and to tie Holocene <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores to the 14C dendrochronology record. We measured 10Be <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in 187 samples from depths of 0-560 m of the main WAIS Divide core, WDC06A. The <span class="hlt">ice</span> samples are typically 1-2 kg and represent 2-4 m of <span class="hlt">ice</span>, equivalent to an average temporal resolution of ~12 years, based on the preliminary age-depth scale proposed for the WDC core, (McConnell et al., in prep). Be, Al and Cl were separated using ion exchange chromatography techniques and the 10Be <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at PRIME lab. The 10Be <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> range from 8.1 to 19.1 x 10^3 at/g, yielding an average of (13.1±2.1) x 10^3 at/g. Adopting an average snow accumulation rate of 20.9 cm weq/yr, as derived from the age-depth scale, this value corresponds to an average 10Be flux of (2.7±0.5) x 10^5 atoms/yr/cm2. This flux is similar to that of the Holocene part of the Siple Dome (Nishiizumi and Finkel, 2007) and Dome Fuji (Horiuchi et al. 2008) <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores, but ~30% lower than the value of 4.0 x 10^5 atoms/yr/cm2 for GISP2 (Finkel and Nishiizumi, 1997). The periods of low solar activity, known as Oort, Wolf, Spörer, Maunder and Dalton minima, show ~20% higher 10Be <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>/fluxes than the periods of average solar activity in the last millennium. The maximum 10Be fluxes during some of these periods of low solar activity are up to ~50% higher than average 10Be fluxes, as seen in other polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores, which makes these peaks suitable as chronologic markers. We will compare the 10Be record in the WAIS Divide <span class="hlt">ice</span> core with that in other Antarctic as well as Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores and with the 14C treering record. Acknowledgment. This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3785782','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3785782"><span>Broad-scale predictability of carbohydrates and exopolymers in Antarctic and Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Underwood, Graham J. C.; Aslam, Shazia N.; Michel, Christine; Niemi, Andrea; Norman, Louiza; Meiners, Klaus M.; Laybourn-Parry, Johanna; Paterson, Harriet; Thomas, David N.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> can contain high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), much of which is carbohydrate-rich extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by microalgae and bacteria inhabiting the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Here we report the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of dissolved carbohydrates (dCHO) and dissolved EPS (dEPS) in relation to algal standing stock [estimated by chlorophyll (Chl) a <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>] in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> from six locations in the Southern and Arctic Oceans. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> varied substantially within and between sampling sites, reflecting local <span class="hlt">ice</span> conditions and biological content. However, combining all data revealed robust statistical relationships between dCHO <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of different dEPS fractions, Chl a, and DOC. These relationships were true for whole <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores, bottom <span class="hlt">ice</span> (biomass rich) sections, and colder surface <span class="hlt">ice</span>. The distribution of dEPS was strongly correlated to algal biomass, with the highest <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of both dEPS and non-EPS carbohydrates in the bottom horizons of the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Complex EPS was more prevalent in colder surface sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> horizons. Predictive models (validated against independent data) were derived to enable the estimation of dCHO <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from data on <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness, salinity, and vertical position in core. When Chl a data were included a higher level of prediction was obtained. The consistent patterns reflected in these relationships provide a strong basis for including estimates of regional and seasonal carbohydrate and dEPS carbon budgets in coupled physical-biogeochemical models, across different types of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> from both polar regions. PMID:24019487</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019487','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019487"><span>Broad-scale predictability of carbohydrates and exopolymers in Antarctic and Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Underwood, Graham J C; Aslam, Shazia N; Michel, Christine; Niemi, Andrea; Norman, Louiza; Meiners, Klaus M; Laybourn-Parry, Johanna; Paterson, Harriet; Thomas, David N</p> <p>2013-09-24</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> can contain high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), much of which is carbohydrate-rich extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by microalgae and bacteria inhabiting the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Here we report the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of dissolved carbohydrates (dCHO) and dissolved EPS (dEPS) in relation to algal standing stock [estimated by chlorophyll (Chl) a <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>] in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> from six locations in the Southern and Arctic Oceans. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> varied substantially within and between sampling sites, reflecting local <span class="hlt">ice</span> conditions and biological content. However, combining all data revealed robust statistical relationships between dCHO <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of different dEPS fractions, Chl a, and DOC. These relationships were true for whole <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores, bottom <span class="hlt">ice</span> (biomass rich) sections, and colder surface <span class="hlt">ice</span>. The distribution of dEPS was strongly correlated to algal biomass, with the highest <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of both dEPS and non-EPS carbohydrates in the bottom horizons of the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Complex EPS was more prevalent in colder surface sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> horizons. Predictive models (validated against independent data) were derived to enable the estimation of dCHO <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from data on <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness, salinity, and vertical position in core. When Chl a data were included a higher level of prediction was obtained. The consistent patterns reflected in these relationships provide a strong basis for including estimates of regional and seasonal carbohydrate and dEPS carbon budgets in coupled physical-biogeochemical models, across different types of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> from both polar regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18720967','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18720967"><span>Workman-Reynolds freezing potential measurements between <span class="hlt">ice</span> and dilute salt solutions for single <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal faces.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wilson, P W; Haymet, A D J</p> <p>2008-09-18</p> <p>Workman-Reynolds freezing potentials have been measured for the first time across the interface between single crystals of <span class="hlt">ice</span> 1h and dilute electrolyte solutions. The measured electric potential is a strictly nonequilibrium phenomenon and a function of the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of salt, freezing rate, orientation of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal, and time. When all these factors are controlled, the voltage is reproducible to the extent expected with <span class="hlt">ice</span> growth experiments. Zero voltage is obtained with no growth or melting. For rapidly grown <span class="hlt">ice</span> 1h basal plane in contact with a solution of 10 (-4) M NaCl the maximum voltage exceeds 30 V and decreases to zero at both high and low salt <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. These single-crystal experiments explain much of the data captured on this remarkable phenomenon since 1948.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014RvGeo..52..435M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014RvGeo..52..435M"><span>Deformation of debris-<span class="hlt">ice</span> mixtures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moore, Peter L.</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>Mixtures of rock debris and <span class="hlt">ice</span> are common in high-latitude and high-altitude environments and are thought to be widespread elsewhere in our solar system. In the form of permafrost soils, glaciers, and rock glaciers, these debris-<span class="hlt">ice</span> mixtures are often not static but slide and creep, generating many of the landforms and landscapes associated with the cryosphere. In this review, a broad range of field observations, theory, and experimental work relevant to the mechanical interactions between <span class="hlt">ice</span> and rock debris are evaluated, with emphasis on the temperature and stress regimes common in terrestrial surface and near-surface environments. The first-order variables governing the deformation of debris-<span class="hlt">ice</span> mixtures in these environments are debris <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, particle size, temperature, solute <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (salinity), and stress. A key observation from prior studies, consistent with expectations, is that debris-<span class="hlt">ice</span> mixtures are usually more resistant to deformation at low temperatures than their pure end-member components. However, at temperatures closer to melting, the growth of unfrozen water films at <span class="hlt">ice</span>-particle interfaces begins to reduce the strengthening effect and can even lead to profound weakening. Using existing quantitative relationships from theoretical and experimental work in permafrost engineering, <span class="hlt">ice</span> mechanics, and glaciology combined with theory adapted from metallurgy and materials science, a simple constitutive framework is assembled that is capable of capturing most of the observed dynamics. This framework highlights the competition between the role of debris in impeding <span class="hlt">ice</span> creep and the mitigating effects of unfrozen water at debris-<span class="hlt">ice</span> interfaces.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.470.4564J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.470.4564J"><span>The catalytic role of water in the photochemistry of ammonia <span class="hlt">ice</span>: from diluted to <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> phase</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jonusas, Mindaugas; Krim, Lahouari</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Using infrared spectroscopy as an in situ probe for reactions occurring in the solid phase, we investigated the influence of water molecules on the photochemistry of ammonia <span class="hlt">ices</span>. Experiments were carried out in diluted and <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> phases and between 3 and 130 K. We showed that the photolysis of NH3-H2O (2 per cent of H2O) <span class="hlt">ices</span> using continuous radiation from 115 to 400 nm produces NH2OH as the main photoproduct, but also that such a photoinduced reaction strongly depends on both the initial <span class="hlt">ice</span> temperature and the environment where the primary reactants NH3 and H2O are trapped. Our experimental results highlight the catalytic role played by H2O molecules in enhancing the formation yield of NH2 during the photolysis process through the NH3 + OH → NH2 + H2O hydrogen abstraction reaction, which is only favored at low temperatures in the range of 3-60 K. During heating of such irradiated ammonia-water <span class="hlt">ices</span>, the amount of NH2OH keeps rising while that of NH2, is greatly reduced only from 70 K onwards. These behaviours are attributed to the competition that occurs between NH2 formation from the NH3 + OH reaction and its consumption from the NH2 + OH radical recombination. These results might explain the variable abundances of NH2 and NH3 provided by previous astronomical observations, where the NH2/NH3 ratio ranges from 0.02 to 0.5 depending on the regions of the interstellar medium that were analysed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2058L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2058L"><span>Pilot study completed: Paving the way for stereoscopic DEMs, orthophotos and vector <span class="hlt">maps</span> over the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free parts of Greenland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Levinsen, Joanna F.; Borgstrøm, Rasmus E.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>We present the work towards developing new Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), orthophotos, and vector <span class="hlt">maps</span> over the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free parts of Greenland. The products will be based on high-resolution stereoscopic images co-registered to Ground Control Points (GCPs) to reduce horizontal and vertical errors. Here, we provide a status overview of our achievements wrt. DEMs and orthophotos. We have conducted a pilot study in which four areas have been <span class="hlt">mapped</span> using SPOT-6 and -7 images: The Disko Bay, Narsaq, Tasiilaq, and Zackenberg. The images have been acquired in 2016, with a few additions from 2014, and the areas cover approximately 82.000 km2, i.e. ˜20% of the total <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free area. The technical requirements for the products have been defined in close collaboration with end-users from governmental institutions, emergency management offices, the tourist industry, etc., to ensure a direct applicability following product completion. This has resulted in 8 m DEMs and 1.5 m orthophotos. Validation against GCPs shows horizontal and vertical offsets of approximately 0.5 ± 2 m, i.e. values that meet our expectations and satisfy end-user needs. The GCPs make out an extensive network of huts, helipads, ports, large boulders, etc., measured using GPS by collaborators during field campaigns. The experiences gained in the product development as well as the broad range of collaborations provides confidence that the set-up for a production of the total <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free area has been established, which can deliver products with a high accuracy in time and space. That will make them useful for a wide range of purposes. The next step therefore is to secure the given upgrade. More on that to come!</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.402...63K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.402...63K"><span>Frozen-bed Fennoscandian and Laurentide <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kleman, Johan; Hättestrand, Clas</p> <p>1999-11-01</p> <p>The areal extents of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum (about 20,000 years ago) are well known, but thickness estimates range widely, from high-domed to thin, with large implications for our reconstruction of the climate system regarding, for example, Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation and global sea levels. This uncertainty stems from difficulties in determining the basal temperatures of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets and the shear strength of subglacial materials, a knowledge of which would better constrain reconstructions of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet thickness. Here we show that, in the absence of direct data, the occurrence of ribbed moraines in modern landscapes can be used to determine the former spatial distribution of frozen- and thawed-bed conditions. We argue that ribbed moraines were formed by brittle fracture of subglacial sediments, induced by the excessive stress at the boundary between frozen- and thawed-bed conditions resulting from the across-boundary difference in basal <span class="hlt">ice</span> velocity. <span class="hlt">Maps</span> of glacial landforms from aerial photographs of Canada and Scandinavia reveal a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of ribbed moraines around the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet retreat centres of Quebec, Keewatin, Newfoundland and west-central Fennoscandia. Together with the evidence from relict landscapes that mark glacial areas with frozen-bed conditions, the distribution of ribbed moraines on both continents suggest that a large area of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets was frozen-based-and therefore high-domed and stable-during the Last Glacial Maximum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03800.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA03800.html"><span>Global <span class="hlt">Map</span> of Epithermal Neutrons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-05-28</p> <p>Observations by NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft show a global view of Mars in intermediate-energy, or epithermal, neutrons. Soil enriched by hydrogen is indicated by the deep blue colors on the <span class="hlt">map</span>, which show a low intensity of epithermal neutrons. Progressively smaller amounts of hydrogen are shown in the colors light blue, green, yellow and red. The deep blue areas in the polar regions are believed to contain up to 50 percent water <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the upper one meter (three feet) of the soil. Hydrogen in the far north is hidden at this time beneath a layer of carbon dioxide frost (dry <span class="hlt">ice</span>). Light blue regions near the equator contain slightly enhanced near-surface hydrogen, which is most likely chemically or physically bound because water <span class="hlt">ice</span> is not stable near the equator. The view shown here is a <span class="hlt">map</span> of measurements made during the first three months of <span class="hlt">mapping</span> using the neutron spectrometer instrument, part of the gamma ray spectrometer instrument suite. The central meridian in this projection is zero degrees longitude. Topographic features are superimposed on the <span class="hlt">map</span> for geographic reference. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03800</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.3020R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.3020R"><span>Determining the <span class="hlt">ice</span> seasons severity during 1982-2015 using the <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents sum as a new characteristic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rjazin, Jevgeni; Pärn, Ove</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is a key climate factor and it restricts considerably the winter navigation in sever seasons on the Baltic Sea. So determining <span class="hlt">ice</span> conditions severity and describing <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover behaviour at severe seasons interests scientists, engineers and navigation managers. The present study is carried out to determine the <span class="hlt">ice</span> seasons severity degree basing on the <span class="hlt">ice</span> seasons 1982 to 2015. A new integrative characteristic is introduced to describe the <span class="hlt">ice</span> season severity. It is the sum of <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> season id est the daily <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents of the season are summed. The commonly used procedure to determine the <span class="hlt">ice</span> season severity degree by the maximal <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent is in this research compared to the new characteristic values. The remote sensing data on the <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> on the Baltic Sea published in the European Copernicus Programme are used to obtain the severity characteristic values. The <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents are calculated on these <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data. Both the maximal <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent of the season and a newly introduced characteristic - the <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents sum are used to classify the winters with respect of severity. The most severe winter of the reviewed period is 1986/87. Also the <span class="hlt">ice</span> seasons 1981/82, 1984/85, 1985/86, 1995/96 and 2002/03 are classified as severe. Only three seasons of this list are severe by both the criteria. They are 1984/85, 1985/86 and 1986/87. We interpret this coincidence as the evidence of enough-during extensive <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover in these three seasons. In several winters, for example 2010/11 <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover extended enough for some time, but did not endure. At few other <span class="hlt">ice</span> seasons as 2002/03 the Baltic Sea was <span class="hlt">ice</span>-covered in moderate extent, but the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover stayed long time. At 11 winters the <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents sum differed considerably (> 10%) from the maximal <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent. These winters yield one third of the studied <span class="hlt">ice</span> seasons. The maximal <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent of the season is simple to use and enables to reconstruct the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover history and to predict maximal <span class="hlt">ice</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMGC21A0947K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMGC21A0947K"><span><span class="hlt">Mapping</span> the Distribution of Traditional Iñupiat <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cellars in Barrow, Alaska</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klene, A. E.; Nyland, K.; Brown, J.; Shiklomanov, N. I.; Nelson, F. E.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Historically, <span class="hlt">ice</span> cellars excavated in permafrost have been essential to the Iñupiat residents of Barrow, Alaska, and remain so today. These traditional facilities, ranging in age from more than a century to newly excavated, allow secure, year-round frozen storage of subsistence harvests over long periods. Temperatures within the cellars are critical because bacteria can damage meat even at temperatures below the freezing point, and have traditionally been close to those of surrounding permafrost. Climatic change has been suspected of compromising and causing some <span class="hlt">ice</span> cellars in Barrow to fill with water. Temperatures were monitored in five <span class="hlt">ice</span> cellars, with little change observed over five years of observation, although sloughing was observed in one cellar. The lack of knowledge about the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cellars as part of the local infrastructure led to a collaboration begun in 2012 with the North Slope Borough's Department of Planning and Community Services. Several meetings were held in August 2012 with local residents and stakeholders to assemble a GIS data layer of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-cellar locations and conditions for use by researchers and by Borough representatives. Applications range from developing plans for snow plowing and construction to the protection of foodstuff quality and important cultural resources. Results from this collaboration will lead to improved understanding of the practical aspects of <span class="hlt">ice</span> cellars use and maintenance in this urban Arctic environment.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3772G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.3772G"><span>Wave-<span class="hlt">ice</span> interaction, observed and modelled</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gemmrich, Johannes</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The need for wide-spread, up-to-date sea state predictions and observations in the emerging <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free Arctic will further increase as the region will open up to marine operations. Wave models for arctic regions have to capture the additional wave physics associated with wave-<span class="hlt">ice</span> interactions, and different prediction schemes have to be tested against observations. Here we present examples of spatial wave field parameters obtained from TerraSAR-X Strip<span class="hlt">Map</span> swaths in the southern Beaufort Sea taken as part of the "Arctic Sea State and Boundary Layer DRI". Fetch evolution of the significant wave height and length in open waters, and dominant wave lengths and the high frequency cut-off of the wave spectrum in <span class="hlt">ice</span> are readily extracted from the SAR (synthetic aperture radar) data. A surprising result is that wave evolution in off-<span class="hlt">ice</span> wind conditions is more rapidly than the fetch evolution in off-land cases, suggesting seeding of the wave field within the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-covered region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P54B..08S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P54B..08S"><span>Constraints on the Geophysical Detection of Brine within the Europa <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shell From a Synthesis of Dielectric Spectroscopy Measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stillman, D. E.; Grimm, R. E.; MacGregor, J. A.; Sander-Olhoeft, M.; Brown, J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p> likely be able to <span class="hlt">map</span> the top of the unfrozen zone, assuming typical marine <span class="hlt">ice</span> salt <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, but not penetrate through it. MT measurements could complement IPR effectively, because they could measure a conductivity depth profile within the unfrozen part of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> shell, where the electrical conductivity exceeds 0.1 mS/m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998LPICo.953...40T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998LPICo.953...40T"><span>Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheets: Studies of Climate History, Internal Structure, Surface, and Bedrock</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thorsteinsson, Th.; Kipfstuhl, J.; Nixdorf, U.; Oerter, H.; Miller, H.; Fritsche, D.; Jung-Rothenhaeusler, F.; Mayer, C.; Schwager, M.; Wilhelms, F.; Steinhage, D.; Goektas, F.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Recently drilled deep <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores from Central Greenland (GRIP and GISP2) provide the most detailed results available on climatic variation in the northern hemisphere during the last 100,000 years, a period that includes the Holocene (0-11.5 ka) and most of the Wisconsin glacial period. Summer-winter variation in various physical and chemical properties of polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> allows dating of <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores by annual layer counting. Several such methods are currently being employed on an <span class="hlt">ice</span> core drilled by the new North Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Core Project (NGRIP), which is aimed at extending the Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> palaeoclimatic record through the last interglacial, the Eemian. Two examples will be presented: (1) visual and photographic studies of seasonal variation in stratigraphic layering, crystal size, air bubble and clathrate <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and (2) studies of electric stratigraphy, using the method of dielectric profiling (DEP). This method records the AC conductivity of <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores, which is negatively correlated with the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of airborne dust in the <span class="hlt">ice</span> but positively correlated with volcanic and marine aerosols. Comprehensive surface traverse programs, which include shallow coring and <span class="hlt">ice</span> velocity measurements, have recently been carried out by the Alfred Wegener Institute in previously little-investigated regions of Greenland and Antarctica. Serving partly as reconnaissance prior to deep drilling projects, such studies also help to reduce considerable uncertainties in the mass balance of the two large polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets and thus in their estimated response to climate change. Main results of a recent traverse in North Greenland include the following: (1) A new <span class="hlt">map</span> of the accumulation distribution on the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet indicates a large low-accumulation region in Northeast-Greenland; (2) North Greenland records show significantly greater climatic variability during the last 500 yr than corresponding records from the southern part of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet; and (3) data on variation in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015QSRv..115...50B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015QSRv..115...50B"><span>The role of sediment supply in esker formation and <span class="hlt">ice</span> tunnel evolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burke, Matthew J.; Brennand, Tracy A.; Sjogren, Darren B.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Meltwater is an important part of the glacier system as it can directly influence <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet dynamics. Although it is important that <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet models incorporate accurate information about subglacial meltwater processes, the relative inaccessibility of contemporary <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet beds makes direct investigation challenging. Former <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet beds contain a wealth of meltwater landforms such as eskers that, if accurately interpreted, can provide detailed insight into the hydrology of former <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets. Eskers are the casts of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-walled channels and are a common landform within the footprint of the last Laurentide and Cordilleran <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheets. In south-western Alberta, esker distribution suggests that both water and sediment supply may have been important controls; the longest esker ridge segments are located within meltwater valleys partially filled by glaciofluvial sediments, whereas the shortest esker ridge segments are located in areas dominated by clast-poor till. Through detailed esker ridge planform and crest-type <span class="hlt">mapping</span>, and near surface geophysics we reveal morpho-sedimentary relationships that suggest esker sedimentation was dynamic, but that esker distribution and architecture were primarily governed by sediment supply. Through comparison of these data with data from eskers elsewhere, we suggest three formative scenarios: 1) where sediment supply and flow powers were high, coarse sediment loads result in rapid deposition, and rates of thermo-mechanical <span class="hlt">ice</span> tunnel growth is exceeded by the rate of <span class="hlt">ice</span> tunnel closure due to sediment infilling. High sedimentation rates reduce <span class="hlt">ice</span> tunnel cross-sectional area, cause an increase in meltwater flow velocity and force <span class="hlt">ice</span> tunnel growth. Thus, <span class="hlt">ice</span> tunnel growth is fastest where sedimentation rate is highest; this positive feedback results in a non-uniform <span class="hlt">ice</span> tunnel geometry, and favours macroform development and non-uniform ridge geometry. 2) Where sediment supply is limited, but flow power high, the rate of sedimentation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917155B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917155B"><span>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> type dynamics in the Arctic based on Sentinel-1 Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Babiker, Mohamed; Korosov, Anton; Park, Jeong-Won</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> observation from satellites has been carried out for more than four decades and is one of the most important applications of EO data in operational monitoring as well as in climate change studies. Several sensors and retrieval methods have been developed and successfully utilized to measure sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> area, <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, drift, type, thickness, etc [e.g. Breivik et al., 2009]. Today operational sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> monitoring and analysis is fully dependent on use of satellite data. However, new and improved satellite systems, such as multi-polarisation Synthetic Apperture Radar (SAR), require further studies to develop more advanced and automated sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> monitoring methods. In addition, the unprecedented volume of data available from recently launched Sentinel missions provides both challenges and opportunities for studying sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> dynamics. In this study we investigate sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> type dynamics in the Fram strait based on Sentinel-1 A, B SAR data. Series of images for the winter season are classified into 4 <span class="hlt">ice</span> types (young <span class="hlt">ice</span>, first year <span class="hlt">ice</span>, multiyear <span class="hlt">ice</span> and leads) using the new algorithm developed by us for sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> classification, which is based on segmentation, GLCM calculation, Haralick texture feature extraction, unsupervised and supervised classifications and Support Vector Machine (SVM) [Zakhvatkina et al., 2016; Korosov et al., 2016]. This algorithm is further improved by applying thermal and scalloping noise removal [Park et al. 2016]. Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> drift is retrieved from the same series of Sentinel-1 images using the newly developed algorithm based on combination of feature tracking and pattern matching [Mukenhuber et al., 2016]. Time series of these two products (sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> type and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> drift) are combined in order to study sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> deformation processes at small scales. Zones of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> convergence and divergence identified from sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> drift are compared with ridges and leads identified from texture features. That allows more specific interpretation of SAR</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-001602&hterms=BALANCE+SHEET&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DBALANCE%2BSHEET','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=GL-2002-001602&hterms=BALANCE+SHEET&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DBALANCE%2BSHEET"><span>Balance of the West Antarctic <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>For several decades, measurements of the West Antarctic <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet showed it to be retreating rapidly. But new data derived from satellite-borne radar sensors show the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet to be growing. Changing Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets remains an area of high scientific interest, particularly in light of recent global warming concerns. These new findings are significant because scientists estimate that sea level would rise 5-6 meters (16-20 feet) if the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet collapsed into the sea. Do these new measurements signal the end of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet's 10,000-year retreat? Or, are these new satellite data simply much more accurate than the sparse <span class="hlt">ice</span> core and surface measurements that produced the previous estimates? Another possibility is that the <span class="hlt">ice</span> accumulation may simply indicate that the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet naturally expands and retreats in regular cycles. Cryologists will grapple with these questions, and many others, as they examine the new data. The image above depicts the region of West Antarctica where scientists measured <span class="hlt">ice</span> speed. The fast-moving central <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams are shown in red. Slower tributaries feeding the <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams are shown in blue. Green areas depict slow-moving, stable areas. Thick black lines depict the areas that collect snowfall to feed their respective <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams. Reference: Ian Joughin and Slawek Tulaczyk Science Jan 18 2002: 476-480. Image courtesy RADARSAT Antarctic <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> Project</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A13A2053S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A13A2053S"><span>The Contribution of Black Carbon to <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Nucleating Particle <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> from Prescribed Burns and Wildfires</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schill, G. P.; DeMott, P. J.; Suski, K. J.; Emerson, E. W.; Rauker, A. M.; Kodros, J.; Levin, E. J.; Hill, T. C. J.; Farmer, D.; Pierce, J. R.; Kreidenweis, S. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Black carbon (BC) has been implicated as a potential immersion-mode <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleating particle (INP) because of its relative abundance in the upper troposphere. Furthermore, several field and aircraft measurements have observed positive correlations between BC and INP <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Despite this, the efficiency of BC to act as an immersion-mode INP is poorly constrained. Indeed, previous results from laboratory studies are in conflict, with estimates of BC's impact on INP ranging from no impact to being efficient enough to rival the well-known INP mineral dust. It is, however, becoming clear that the <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation activity of BC may depend on both its fuel type and combustion conditions. For example, previous work has shown that diesel exhaust BC is an extremely poor immersion-mode INP, but laboratory burns of biomass fuels indicate that BC can contribute up to 70% of all INP for some fuel types. Given these dependencies, we propose that sampling from real-world biomass burning sources would provide the most useful new information on the contribution of BC to atmospheric INP. In this work, we will present recent results looking at the sources of INP from prescribed burns and wildfires. To determine the specific contribution of refractory black carbon (rBC) to INP <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, we utilized a new technique that couples the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) to the Colorado State University Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC). The SP2 utilizes laser-induced incandescence to quantify rBC mass on a particle-by-particle basis; in doing so, it also selectively destroys rBC particles by heating them to their vaporization temperature. Thus, the SP2 can be used as a selective pre-filter for rBC into the CFDC. Furthermore, we have also used a filter-based technique for measuring INP, the <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Spectrometer, which can employ pretreatments such as heating and digestion by H2O2 to determine the contribution of heat-labile and organic particles, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvB..89s5123M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhRvB..89s5123M"><span>Coulombic charge <span class="hlt">ice</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McClarty, P. A.; O'Brien, A.; Pollmann, F.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>We consider a classical model of charges ±q on a pyrochlore lattice in the presence of long-range Coulomb interactions. This model first appeared in the early literature on charge order in magnetite [P. W. Anderson, Phys. Rev. 102, 1008 (1956), 10.1103/PhysRev.102.1008]. In the limit where the interactions become short ranged, the model has a ground state with an extensive entropy and dipolar charge-charge correlations. When long-range interactions are introduced, the exact degeneracy is broken. We study the thermodynamics of the model and show the presence of a correlated charge liquid within a temperature window in which the physics is well described as a liquid of screened charged defects. The structure factor in this phase, which has smeared pinch points at the reciprocal lattice points, may be used to detect charge <span class="hlt">ice</span> experimentally. In addition, the model exhibits fractionally charged excitations ±q/2 which are shown to interact via a 1/r potential. At lower temperatures, the model exhibits a transition to a long-range ordered phase. We are able to treat the Coulombic charge <span class="hlt">ice</span> model and the dipolar spin <span class="hlt">ice</span> model on an equal footing by <span class="hlt">mapping</span> both to a constrained charge model on the diamond lattice. We find that states of the two <span class="hlt">ice</span> models are related by a staggering field which is reflected in the energetics of these two models. From this perspective, we can understand the origin of the spin <span class="hlt">ice</span> and charge <span class="hlt">ice</span> ground states as coming from a dipolar model on a diamond lattice. We study the properties of charge <span class="hlt">ice</span> in an external electric field, finding that the correlated liquid is robust to the presence of a field in contrast to the case of spin <span class="hlt">ice</span> in a magnetic field. Finally, we comment on the transport properties of Coulombic charge <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the correlated liquid phase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70189029','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70189029"><span>Observed <span class="hlt">ices</span> in the Solar System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Clark, Roger N.; Grundy, Will; Carlson, Robert R.; Noll, Keith; Gudipati, Murthy; Castillo-Rogez, Julie C.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ices</span> have been detected and <span class="hlt">mapped</span> on the Earth and all planets and/or their satellites further from the sun. Water <span class="hlt">ice</span> is the most common frozen volatile observed and is also unambiguously detected or inferred in every planet and/or their moon(s) except Venus. Carbon dioxide is also extensively found in all systems beyond the Earth except Pluto although it sometimes appears to be trapped rather than as an <span class="hlt">ice</span> on some objects. The largest deposits of carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">ice</span> is on Mars. Sulfur dioxide <span class="hlt">ice</span> is found in the Jupiter system. Nitrogen and methane <span class="hlt">ices</span> are common beyond the Uranian system. Saturn’s moon Titan probably has the most complex active chemistry involving <span class="hlt">ices</span>, with benzene (C6H6) and many tentative or inferred compounds including <span class="hlt">ices</span> of Cyanoacetylene (HC3N), Toluene (C7H8), Cyanogen (C2N2), Acetonitrile (CH3CN), H2O, CO2, and NH3. Confirming compounds on Titan is hampered by its thick smoggy atmosphere. Ammonia was predicted on many icy moons but is notably absent among the definitively detected <span class="hlt">ices</span> with the possible exception of Enceladus. Comets, storehouses of many compounds that could exist as <span class="hlt">ices</span> in their nuclei, have only had small amounts of water <span class="hlt">ice</span> definitively detected on their surfaces. Only one asteroid has had a direct detection of surface water <span class="hlt">ice</span>, although its presence can be inferred in others. This chapter reviews some of the properties of <span class="hlt">ices</span> that lead to their detection, and surveys the <span class="hlt">ices</span> that have been observed on solid surfaces throughout the Solar System.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29158501','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29158501"><span>Diverse landscapes beneath Pine Island Glacier influence <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bingham, Robert G; Vaughan, David G; King, Edward C; Davies, Damon; Cornford, Stephen L; Smith, Andrew M; Arthern, Robert J; Brisbourne, Alex M; De Rydt, Jan; Graham, Alastair G C; Spagnolo, Matteo; Marsh, Oliver J; Shean, David E</p> <p>2017-11-20</p> <p>The retreating Pine Island Glacier (PIG), West Antarctica, presently contributes ~5-10% of global sea-level rise. PIG's retreat rate has increased in recent decades with associated thinning migrating upstream into tributaries feeding the main glacier trunk. To project future change requires modelling that includes robust parameterisation of basal traction, the resistance to <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow at the bed. However, most <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet models estimate basal traction from satellite-derived surface velocity, without a priori knowledge of the key processes from which it is derived, namely friction at the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-bed interface and form drag, and the resistance to <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow that arises as <span class="hlt">ice</span> deforms to negotiate bed topography. Here, we present high-resolution <span class="hlt">maps</span>, acquired using <span class="hlt">ice</span>-penetrating radar, of the bed topography across parts of PIG. Contrary to lower-resolution data currently used for <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet models, these data show a contrasting topography across the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-bed interface. We show that these diverse subglacial landscapes have an impact on <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow, and present a challenge for modelling <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet evolution and projecting global sea-level rise from <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet loss.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA02971&hterms=sea+world&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsea%2Bworld','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA02971&hterms=sea+world&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsea%2Bworld"><span>Comparative Views of Arctic Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Growth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>NASA researchers have new insights into the mysteries of Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, thanks to the unique abilities of Canada's Radarsat satellite. The Arctic is the smallest of the world's four oceans, but it may play a large role in helping scientists monitor Earth's climate shifts.<p/>Using Radarsat's special sensors to take images at night and to peer through clouds, NASA researchers can now see the complete <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover of the Arctic. This allows tracking of any shifts and changes, in unprecedented detail, over the course of an entire winter. The radar-generated, high-resolution images are up to 100 times better than those taken by previous satellites.<p/>The two images above are separated by nine days (earlier image on the left). Both images represent an area (approximately 96 by 128 kilometers; 60 by 80 miles)located in the Baufort Sea, north of the Alaskan coast. The brighter features are older thicker <span class="hlt">ice</span> and the darker areas show young, recently formed <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Within the nine-day span, large and extensive cracks in the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover have formed due to <span class="hlt">ice</span> movement. These cracks expose the open ocean to the cold, frigid atmosphere where sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> grows rapidly and thickens.<p/>Using this new information, scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif., can generate comprehensive <span class="hlt">maps</span> of Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness for the first time. 'Before we knew only the extent of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover,' said Dr. Ronald Kwok, JPL principal investigator of a project called Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Thickness Derived From High Resolution Radar Imagery. 'We also knew that the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent had decreased over the last 20 years, but we knew very little about <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness.'<p/>'Since sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is very thin, about 3 meters (10 feet) or less,'Kwok explained, 'it is very sensitive to climate change.'<p/>Until now, observations of polar sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness have been available for specific areas, but not for the entire polar region.<p/>The new radar <span class="hlt">mapping</span> technique has also given scientists a close look at</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......168M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.......168M"><span>Development and applications of a radar-attenuation model for polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>MacGregor, Joseph A.</p> <p></p> <p>Modern <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets are currently responding to significant climatic forcings and undergoing <span class="hlt">ice</span>-dynamics changes that are not yet well understood. <span class="hlt">Ice</span>-penetrating radar surveys are often used to infer their basal condition (e.g., is the bed wet or dry?) and internal properties. However, such inferences typically require a model of the electromagnetic attenuation through the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet. Here I first develop and test a radar-attenuation model that is based on a synthesis of existing laboratory measurements of the dielectric properties of <span class="hlt">ice</span>. This synthesis shows that radar attenuation in polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> has a strong non-linear temperature dependence and a weaker linear dependence on the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of acid and sea-salt chloride. This model was tested at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, using <span class="hlt">ice</span>-core-chemistry and borehole-temperature data, and the model agreed well with an existing radar-attenuation measurement. I then use this model to investigate the nature of radar detection of accreted <span class="hlt">ice</span> over Lake Vostok, East Antarctica. My analysis of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-core and radar data found that the observed reflection is likely due to a fabric contrast near the boundary between the dirty and clean accreted <span class="hlt">ices</span>. This reflection mechanism is also consistent with the spatial pattern of detection of the reflection. In anticipation of the requirements of a thermomechanical <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet model to predict the spatial variation of attenuation over Lake Vostok, I develop an accumulation-rate <span class="hlt">map</span> for the Lake Vostok region using radar data, a steady-state flow-band model, and inverse methods. I found that accumulation rates there are not inversely correlated with surface elevation, that there is a broad maximum above the lake's northwestern corner, and a minimum above most of its eastern shoreline. Finally, I investigate the spatial variability of attenuation in an <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet, using the flowline that crosses through the Vostok <span class="hlt">ice</span> core as an example. I use radar layers and <span class="hlt">ice</span>-velocity and temperature</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C21G1186T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C21G1186T"><span>There goes the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>: following Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> parcels and their properties.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tschudi, M. A.; Tooth, M.; Meier, W.; Stewart, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> distribution has changed considerably over the last couple of decades. Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent record minimums have been observed in recent years, the distribution of <span class="hlt">ice</span> age now heavily favors younger <span class="hlt">ice</span>, and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is likely thinning. This new state of the Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover has several impacts, including effects on marine life, feedback on the warming of the ocean and atmosphere, and on the future evolution of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack. The shift in the state of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover, from a pack dominated by older <span class="hlt">ice</span>, to the current state of a pack with mostly young <span class="hlt">ice</span>, impacts specific properties of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack, and consequently the pack's response to the changing Arctic climate. For example, younger <span class="hlt">ice</span> typically contains more numerous melt ponds during the melt season, resulting in a lower albedo. First-year <span class="hlt">ice</span> is typically thinner and more fragile than multi-year <span class="hlt">ice</span>, making it more susceptible to dynamic and thermodynamic forcing. To investigate the response of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack to climate forcing during summertime melt, we have developed a database that tracks individual Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> parcels along with associated properties as these parcels advect during the summer. Our database tracks parcels in the Beaufort Sea, from 1985 - present, along with variables such as <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface temperature, albedo, <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and convergence. We are using this database to deduce how these thousands of tracked parcels fare during summer melt, i.e. what fraction of the parcels advect through the Beaufort, and what fraction melts out? The tracked variables describe the thermodynamic and dynamic forcing on these parcels during their journey. This database will also be made available to all interested investigators, after it is published in the near future. The attached image shows the <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface temperature of all parcels (right) that advected through the Beaufort Sea region (left) in 2014.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150021896&hterms=sea&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dsea','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150021896&hterms=sea&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dsea"><span>Is <span class="hlt">Ice</span>-Rafted Sediment in a North Pole Marine Record Evidence for Perennial Sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> Cover?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tremblay, L.B.; Schmidt, G.A.; Pfirman, S.; Newton, R.; DeRepentigny, P.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ice</span>-rafted sediments of Eurasian and North American origin are found consistently in the upper part (13 Ma BP to present) of the Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX) ocean core from the Lomonosov Ridge, near the North Pole (approximately 88 degrees N). Based on modern sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> drift trajectories and speeds, this has been taken as evidence of the presence of a perennial sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> cover in the Arctic Ocean from the middle Miocene onwards. However, other high latitude land and marine records indicate a long-term trend towards cooling broken by periods of extensive warming suggestive of a seasonally <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free Arctic between the Miocene and the present. We use a coupled sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> slab-ocean model including sediment transport tracers to <span class="hlt">map</span> the spatial distribution of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-rafted deposits in the Arctic Ocean. We use 6 hourly wind forcing and surface heat fluxes for two different climates: one with a perennial sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> cover similar to that of the present day and one with seasonally <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free conditions, similar to that simulated in future projections. Model results confirm that in the present-day climate, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> takes more than 1 year to transport sediment from all its peripheral seas to the North Pole. However, in a warmer climate, sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> speeds are significantly faster (for the same wind forcing) and can deposit sediments of Laptev, East Siberian and perhaps also Beaufort Sea origin at the North Pole. This is primarily because of the fact that sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> interactions are much weaker with a thinner <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover and there is less resistance to drift. We conclude that the presence of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-rafted sediment of Eurasian and North American origin at the North Pole does not imply a perennial sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> cover in the Arctic Ocean, reconciling the ACEX ocean core data with other land and marine records.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940020482','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940020482"><span>Antarctic Meteorite Location and <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> Project (AMLAMP): Antarctic meteorite location <span class="hlt">map</span> series explanatory text and user's guide to AMLAMP data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schutt, J.; Fessler, B.; Cassidy, W. A.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>This technical report is an update to LPI Technical Report 89-02, which contained data and information that was current to May 1987. Since that time approximately 4000 new meteorites have been collected, <span class="hlt">mapped</span>, and characterized, mainly from the numerous <span class="hlt">ice</span> fields in the Allan Hills-David Glacier region, from the Pecora Escarpment and Moulton Escarpment in the Thiel Mountains-Patuxent region, the Wisconsin Range region, and from the Beardmore region. Meteorite location <span class="hlt">maps</span> for <span class="hlt">ice</span> fields from these regions have been produced and are available. This report includes explanatory texts for the <span class="hlt">maps</span> of new areas and provides information on updates of <span class="hlt">maps</span> of the areas covered in LPI Technical Report 89-02. Sketch <span class="hlt">maps</span> and description of locales that have been searched and have yielded single or few meteorites are also included. The meteorite listings for all the <span class="hlt">ice</span> fields have been updated to include any classification changes and new meteorites recovered from <span class="hlt">ice</span> fields in the Allan Hills-David Glacier region since 1987. The text has been reorganized and minor errors in the original report have been corrected. Computing capabilities have improved immensely since the early days of this project. Current software and hardware allow easy access to data over computer networks. With various commercial software packages, the data can be used many different ways, including database creation, statistics, and <span class="hlt">mapping</span>. The databases, explanatory texts, and the plotter files used to produce the meteorite location <span class="hlt">maps</span> are available through a computer network. Information on how to access AMLAMP data, its formats, and ways it can be used are given in the User's Guide to AMLAMP Data section. Meteorite location <span class="hlt">maps</span> and thematic <span class="hlt">maps</span> may be ordered from the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Ordering information is given in Appendix A.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005167','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005167"><span>On the Importance of High Frequency Gravity Waves for <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Nucleation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jensen, Eric J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Recent investigations of the influence of atmospheric waves on <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation in cirrus have identified a number of key processes and sensitivities: (1) <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> produced by homogeneous freezing are strongly dependent on cooling rates, with gravity waves dominating upper tropospheric cooling rates; (2) rapid cooling driven by high-frequency waves are likely responsible for the rare occurrences of very high <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in cirrus; (3) sedimentation and entrainment tend to decrease <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as cirrus age; and (4) in some situations, changes in temperature tendency driven by high-frequency waves can quench <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation events and limit <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Here we use parcel-model simulations of <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation driven by long-duration, constant-pressure balloon temperature time series, along with an extensive dataset of cold cirrus microphysical properties from the recent ATTREX high-altitude aircraft campaign, to statistically examine the importance of high-frequency waves as well as the consistency between our theoretical understanding of <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation and observed <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The parcel-model simulations indicate common occurrence of peak <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> exceeding several hundred per liter. Sedimentation and entrainment would reduce <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as clouds age, but 1-D simulations using a wave parameterization (which underestimates rapid cooling events) still produce <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> higher than indicated by observations. We find that quenching of nucleation events by high-frequency waves occurs infrequently and does not prevent occurrences of large <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in parcel simulations of homogeneous freezing. In fact, the high-frequency variability in the balloon temperature data is entirely responsible for production of these high <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC23D1173L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC23D1173L"><span>Sparse <span class="hlt">ice</span>: Geophysical, biological and Indigenous knowledge perspectives on a habitat for <span class="hlt">ice</span>-associated fauna</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, O. A.; Eicken, H.; Weyapuk, W., Jr.; Adams, B.; Mohoney, A. R.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The significance of highly dispersed, remnant Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> as a platform for marine mammals and indigenous hunters in spring and summer may have increased disproportionately with changes in the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover. As dispersed remnant <span class="hlt">ice</span> becomes more common in the future it will be increasingly important to understand its ecological role for upper trophic levels such as marine mammals and its role for supporting primary productivity of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-associated algae. Potential sparse <span class="hlt">ice</span> habitat at sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> below 15% is difficult to detect using remote sensing data alone. A combination of high resolution satellite imagery (including Synthetic Aperture Radar), data from the Barrow sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> radar, and local observations from indigenous sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> experts was used to detect sparse sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the Alaska Arctic. Traditional knowledge on sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> use by marine mammals was used to delimit the scales where sparse <span class="hlt">ice</span> could still be used as habitat for seals and walrus. Potential sparse <span class="hlt">ice</span> habitat was quantified with respect to overall spatial extent, size of <span class="hlt">ice</span> floes, and density of floes. Sparse <span class="hlt">ice</span> persistence offshore did not prevent the occurrence of large coastal walrus haul outs, but the lack of sparse <span class="hlt">ice</span> and early sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> retreat coincided with local observations of ringed seal pup mortality. Observations from indigenous hunters will continue to be an important source of information for validating remote sensing detections of sparse <span class="hlt">ice</span>, and improving understanding of marine mammal adaptations to sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839818','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839818"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">ice</span> growth rate on the measured Workman-Reynolds freezing potential between <span class="hlt">ice</span> and dilute NaCl solutions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wilson, P W; Haymet, A D J</p> <p>2010-10-07</p> <p>Workman-Reynolds freezing potentials have been measured across the interface between <span class="hlt">ice</span> and dilute NaCl solutions as a function of <span class="hlt">ice</span> growth rate for three salt <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Growth rates of up to 40 μm·s(-1) are used, and it is found that the measured voltage peaks at rates of ∼25 μm·s(-1). Our initial results indicate that the freezing potential can be used as a probe into various aspects of the DC electrical resistance of <span class="hlt">ice</span> as a function of variables such as salt <span class="hlt">concentration</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013TCry....7..707R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013TCry....7..707R"><span>Ikaite crystal distribution in winter sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and implications for CO2 system dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rysgaard, S.; Søgaard, D. H.; Cooper, M.; Pućko, M.; Lennert, K.; Papakyriakou, T. N.; Wang, F.; Geilfus, N. X.; Glud, R. N.; Ehn, J.; McGinnis, D. F.; Attard, K.; Sievers, J.; Deming, J. W.; Barber, D.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The precipitation of ikaite (CaCO3 ⋅ 6H2O) in polar sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is critical to the efficiency of the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>-driven carbon pump and potentially important to the global carbon cycle, yet the spatial and temporal occurrence of ikaite within the <span class="hlt">ice</span> is poorly known. We report unique observations of ikaite in unmelted <span class="hlt">ice</span> and vertical profiles of ikaite abundance and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> for the crucial season of winter. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> was examined from two locations: a 1 m thick land-fast <span class="hlt">ice</span> site and a 0.3 m thick polynya site, both in the Young Sound area (74° N, 20° W) of NE Greenland. Ikaite crystals, ranging in size from a few μm to 700 μm, were observed to <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> in the interstices between the <span class="hlt">ice</span> platelets in both granular and columnar sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>. In vertical sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> profiles from both locations, ikaite <span class="hlt">concentration</span> determined from image analysis, decreased with depth from surface-<span class="hlt">ice</span> values of 700-900 μmol kg-1 <span class="hlt">ice</span> (~25 × 106 crystals kg-1) to values of 100-200 μmol kg-1 <span class="hlt">ice</span> (1-7 × 106 crystals kg-1) near the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>-water interface, all of which are much higher (4-10 times) than those reported in the few previous studies. Direct measurements of total alkalinity (TA) in surface layers fell within the same range as ikaite <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, whereas TA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the lower half of the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> were twice as high. This depth-related discrepancy suggests interior <span class="hlt">ice</span> processes where ikaite crystals form in surface sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> layers and partly dissolve in layers below. Melting of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and dissolution of observed <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of ikaite would result in meltwater with a pCO2 of <15 μatm. This value is far below atmospheric values of 390 μatm and surface water <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of 315 μatm. Hence, the meltwater increases the potential for seawater uptake of CO2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28518108','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28518108"><span>Identification of Plant <span class="hlt">Ice</span>-binding Proteins Through Assessment of <span class="hlt">Ice</span>-recrystallization Inhibition and Isolation Using <span class="hlt">Ice</span>-affinity Purification.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bredow, Melissa; Tomalty, Heather E; Walker, Virginia K</p> <p>2017-05-05</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ice</span>-binding proteins (IBPs) belong to a family of stress-induced proteins that are synthesized by certain organisms exposed to subzero temperatures. In plants, freeze damage occurs when extracellular <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals grow, resulting in the rupture of plasma membranes and possible cell death. Adsorption of IBPs to <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals restricts further growth by a process known as <span class="hlt">ice</span>-recrystallization inhibition (IRI), thereby reducing cellular damage. IBPs also demonstrate the ability to depress the freezing point of a solution below the equilibrium melting point, a property known as thermal hysteresis (TH) activity. These protective properties have raised interest in the identification of novel IBPs due to their potential use in industrial, medical and agricultural applications. This paper describes the identification of plant IBPs through 1) the induction and extraction of IBPs in plant tissue, 2) the screening of extracts for IRI activity, and 3) the isolation and purification of IBPs. Following the induction of IBPs by low temperature exposure, extracts are tested for IRI activity using a 'splat assay', which allows the observation of <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal growth using a standard light microscope. This assay requires a low protein <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and generates results that are quickly obtained and easily interpreted, providing an initial screen for <span class="hlt">ice</span> binding activity. IBPs can then be isolated from contaminating proteins by utilizing the property of IBPs to adsorb to <span class="hlt">ice</span>, through a technique called '<span class="hlt">ice</span>-affinity purification'. Using cell lysates collected from plant extracts, an <span class="hlt">ice</span> hemisphere can be slowly grown on a brass probe. This incorporates IBPs into the crystalline structure of the polycrystalline <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Requiring no a priori biochemical or structural knowledge of the IBP, this method allows for recovery of active protein. <span class="hlt">Ice</span>-purified protein fractions can be used for downstream applications including the identification of peptide sequences by mass spectrometry and the</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367290','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367290"><span>PU-<span class="hlt">ICE</span> Summary Information.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Moore, Michael</p> <p></p> <p>The Generator Knowledge Report for the Plutonium Isentropic Compression Experiment Containment Systems (GK Report) provides information for the Plutonium Isentropic Compression Experiment (Pu- <span class="hlt">ICE</span>) program to support waste management and characterization efforts. Attachment 3-18 presents generator knowledge (GK) information specific to the eighteenth Pu-<span class="hlt">ICE</span> conducted in August 2015, also known as ‘Shot 18 (Aug 2015) and Pu-<span class="hlt">ICE</span> Z-2841 (1).’ Shot 18 (Aug 2015) was generated on August 28, 2015 (1). Calculations based on the isotopic content of Shot 18 (Aug 2015) and the measured mass of the containment system demonstrate the post-shot containment system is low-level waste (LLW). Therefore, thismore » containment system will be managed at Sandia National Laboratory/New Mexico (SNL/NM) as LLW. Attachment 3-18 provides documentation of the TRU <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and documents the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of any hazardous constituents.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Mawson&id=ED339661','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Mawson&id=ED339661"><span>Castles of <span class="hlt">Ice</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lied, Nils</p> <p></p> <p>Intended for students aged 11 to 13 years, this is the true story of an Antarctic exploration as told by one of the participants. In 1956, he and two companions, along with a team of huskies started from the Australian base at Mawson, Antarctica and journeyed across the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> to locate the Douglas Islands and fix them on the <span class="hlt">map</span>. The story tells…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8a5018L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8a5018L"><span>Prediction the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of graphite direct exfoliation by liquid solution with solubility parameters <span class="hlt">map</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liang, Ko-Yuan; Yang, Wein-Duo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>This study is to discuss solvent selection with graphene dispersion <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of directly exfoliation graphite. That limiting boundaries of fractional cohesion parameters will be draw on the triangular diagram to prediction and estimate. It is based on the literature of data and check with experimental or other literature results, include organic solution, aqueous solution and ionic liquid. In this work, we found that estimated the graphene dispersion <span class="hlt">concentration</span> by distance (Ra) of Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) between graphene and solvent, the lower Ra; the higher <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, some case the lower Ra; the lower dispersion <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (such as acetone). It is compatible with the graphene dispersion <span class="hlt">concentration</span> on the Hansen space or Triangular fractional cohesion parameters dispersion diagram. From Triangular fractional cohesion parameters dispersion diagram, 2D <span class="hlt">maps</span> are more convenient for researchers than 3D <span class="hlt">maps</span> of Hansen space and quickly to find the appropriate combination of solvents for different application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000023203','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000023203"><span>Laboratory Investigation of Direct Measurement of <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Water Content, <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Surface Area, and Effective Radius of <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Crystals Using a Laser-Diffraction Instrument</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gerber, H.; DeMott, P. J.; Rogers, D. C.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The aircraft microphysics probe, PVM-100A, was tested in the Colorado State University dynamic cloud chamber to establish its ability to measure <span class="hlt">ice</span> water content (IWC), PSA, and Re in <span class="hlt">ice</span> clouds. Its response was compared to other means of measuring those <span class="hlt">ice</span>-cloud parameters that included using FSSP-100 and 230-X 1-D optical probes for <span class="hlt">ice</span>-crystal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, a film-loop microscope for <span class="hlt">ice</span>-crystal habits and dimensions, and an in-situ microscope for determining <span class="hlt">ice</span>-crystal orientation. Intercomparisons were made in <span class="hlt">ice</span> clouds containing <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals ranging in size from about 10 microns to 150 microns diameter, and <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals with plate, columnar, dendritic, and spherical shapes. It was not possible to determine conclusively that the PVM accurately measures IWC, PSA, and Re of <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals, because heat from the PVM evaporated in part the crystals in its vicinity in the chamber thus affecting its measurements. Similarities in the operating principle of the FSSP and PVM, and a comparison between Re measured by both instruments, suggest, however, that the PVM can make those measurements. The resolution limit of the PVM for IWC measurements was found to be on the order of 0.001 g/cubic m. Algorithms for correcting IWC measured by FSSP and PVM were developed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....13.4223M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....13.4223M"><span>Urediospores of rust fungi are <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation active at > -10 °C and harbor <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation active bacteria</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Morris, C. E.; Sands, D. C.; Glaux, C.; Samsatly, J.; Asaad, S.; Moukahel, A. R.; Gonçalves, F. L. T.; Bigg, E. K.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Various features of the biology of the rust fungi and of the epidemiology of the plant diseases they cause illustrate the important role of rainfall in their life history. Based on this insight we have characterized the <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation activity (INA) of the aerially disseminated spores (urediospores) of this group of fungi. Urediospores of this obligate plant parasite were collected from natural infections of 7 species of weeds in France, from coffee in Brazil and from field and greenhouse-grown wheat in France, the USA, Turkey and Syria. Immersion freezing was used to determine freezing onset temperatures and the abundance of <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei in suspensions of washed spores. Microbiological analyses of spores from France, the USA and Brazil, and subsequent tests of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation activity of the bacteria associated with spores were deployed to quantify the contribution of bacteria to the <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation activity of the spores. All samples of spores were <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation active, having freezing onset temperatures as high as -4 °C. Spores in most of the samples carried cells of <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation-active strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae (at rates of less than 1 bacterial cell per 100 urediospores), but bacterial INA accounted for only a small fraction of the INA observed in spore suspensions. Changes in the INA of spore suspensions after treatment with lysozyme suggest that the INA of urediospores involves a polysaccharide. Based on data from the literature, we have estimated the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of urediospores in air at cloud height and in rainfall. These quantities are very similar to those reported for other biological <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleators in these same substrates. However, at cloud level convective activity leads to widely varying <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of particles of surface origin, so that mean <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> can underestimate their possible effects on clouds. We propose that spatial and temporal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of biological <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleators active at temperatures > -10 </p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QSRv..189....1M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QSRv..189....1M"><span>Reconciling records of <span class="hlt">ice</span> streaming and <span class="hlt">ice</span> margin retreat to produce a palaeogeographic reconstruction of the deglaciation of the Laurentide <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Margold, Martin; Stokes, Chris R.; Clark, Chris D.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>This paper reconstructs the deglaciation of the Laurentide <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet (LIS; including the Innuitian <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet) from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), with a particular focus on the spatial and temporal variations in <span class="hlt">ice</span> streaming and the associated changes in flow patterns and <span class="hlt">ice</span> divides. We build on a recent inventory of Laurentide <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams and use an existing <span class="hlt">ice</span> margin chronology to produce the first detailed transient reconstruction of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> stream drainage network in the LIS, which we depict in a series of palaeogeographic <span class="hlt">maps</span>. Results show that the drainage network at the LGM was similar to modern-day Antarctica. The majority of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams were marine terminating and topographically-controlled and many of these continued to function late into the deglaciation, until the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet lost its marine margin. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> streams with a terrestrial <span class="hlt">ice</span> margin in the west and south were more transient and <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow directions changed with the build-up, peak-phase and collapse of the Cordilleran-Laurentide <span class="hlt">ice</span> saddle. The south-eastern marine margin in Atlantic Canada started to retreat relatively early and some of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams in this region switched off at or shortly after the LGM. In contrast, the <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams draining towards the north-western and north-eastern marine margins in the Beaufort Sea and in Baffin Bay appear to have remained stable throughout most of the Late Glacial, and some of them continued to function until after the Younger Dryas (YD). The YD influenced the dynamics of the deglaciation, but there remains uncertainty about the response of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet in several sectors. We tentatively ascribe the switching-on of some major <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams during this period (e.g. M'Clintock Channel <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Stream at the north-west margin), but for other large <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams whose timing partially overlaps with the YD, the drivers are less clear and <span class="hlt">ice</span>-dynamical processes, rather than effects of climate and surface mass balance are viewed as more likely drivers. Retreat</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740002260','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740002260"><span>Microwave <span class="hlt">maps</span> of the polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> of the earth. [from Nimbus-5 satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gloersen, P.; Wilheit, T. T.; Chang, T. C.; Nordberg, W.; Campbell, W. J.</p> <p>1973-01-01</p> <p>Synoptic views of the entire polar regions of earth were obtained free of the usual persistent cloud cover using a scanning microwave radiometer operating at a wavelength of 1.55 cm on board the Nimbus-5 satellite. Three different views at each pole are presented utilizing data obtained at approximately one-month intervals during the winter of 1972-1973. The major discoveries resulting from an analysis of these data are as follows: (1) Large discrepancies exist between the climatic norm <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover depicted in various atlases and the actual extent of the canopies. (2) The distribution of multiyear <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the north polar region is markedly different from that predicted by existing <span class="hlt">ice</span> dynamics models. (3) Irregularities in the edge of the Antarctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack occur that have neither been observed previously nor anticipated. (4) The brightness temperatures of the Greenland and Antarctica glaciers show interesting contours probably related to the <span class="hlt">ice</span> and snow morphologic structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.3332F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.3332F"><span>Bedmap2; <span class="hlt">Mapping</span>, visualizing and communicating the Antarctic sub-glacial environment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fretwell, Peter; Pritchard, Hamish</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Bedmap2; <span class="hlt">Mapping</span>, visualizing and communicating the Antarctic sub-glacial environment. The Bedmap2 project has been a large cooperative effort to compile, model, <span class="hlt">map</span> and visualize the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-rock interface beneath the Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet. Here we present the final output of that project; the Bedmap2 printed <span class="hlt">map</span>. The <span class="hlt">map</span> is an A1, double sided print, showing 2d and 3d visualizations of the dataset. It includes scientific interpretations, cross sections and comparisons with other areas. Paper copies of the colour double sided <span class="hlt">map</span> will be freely distributed at this session.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C32B..04G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C32B..04G"><span>Ultra-Wideband Radars for Measurements over Land and Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gogineni, S.; Hale, R.; Miller, H. G.; Yan, S.; Rodriguez-Morales, F.; Leuschen, C.; Wang, Z.; Gomez-Garcia, D.; Binder, T.; Steinhage, D.; Gehrmann, M.; Braaten, D. A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>We developed two ultra-wideband (UWB) radars for measurements over the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets in Greenland and Antarctica and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>. One of the UWB radars operates over a 150-600 MHz frequency range with a large, cross-track 24-element array. It is designed to sound <span class="hlt">ice</span>, image the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-bed interface, and <span class="hlt">map</span> internal layers with fine resolution. The 24-element array consists of three 8-element sub-arrays. One of these sub-arrays is mounted under the fuselage of a BT-67 aircraft; the other two are mounted under the wings. The polarization of each antenna element can be individually reconfigured depending on the target of interest. The measured inflight VSWR is less than 2 over the operating range. The fuselage sub-array is used both for transmission and reception, and the wing-mounted sub-arrays are used for reception. The transmitter consists of an 8-channel digital waveform generator to synthesize chirped pulses of selectable pulse width, duration, and bandwidth. It also consists of drivers and power amplifiers to increase the power level of each individual channel to about 1 kW and a fast high-power transmit/receive switch. Each receiver consists of a limiter, switches, low-noise and driver amplifiers, and filters to shape and amplify received signals to the level required for digitization. The digital sub-section consists of timing and control sub-systems and 24 14-bit A/D converters to digitize received signals at a rate of 1.6 GSPS. The radar performance is evaluated using an optical delay line to simulate returns from about 2 km thick <span class="hlt">ice</span>, and the measured radar loop sensitivity is about 215 dB. The other UWB microwave radar operates over a 2-18 GHz frequency range in Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FM-CW) mode. It is designed to sound more than 1 m of snow over sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and <span class="hlt">map</span> internal layers to a depth about 25-40 m in polar firn and <span class="hlt">ice</span>. We operated the microwave radar over snow-covered sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and <span class="hlt">mapped</span> snow as thin as 5 cm and as thick as 60 cm. We <span class="hlt">mapped</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ExFl...58..102C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ExFl...58..102C"><span>An experimental study of <span class="hlt">icing</span> control using DBD plasma actuator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cai, Jinsheng; Tian, Yongqiang; Meng, Xuanshi; Han, Xuzhao; Zhang, Duo; Hu, Haiyang</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ice</span> accretion on aircraft or wind turbine has been widely recognized as a big safety threat in the past decades. This study aims to develop a new approach for <span class="hlt">icing</span> control using an AC-DBD plasma actuator. The experiments of <span class="hlt">icing</span> control (i.e., anti-/de-<span class="hlt">icing</span>) on a cylinder model were conducted in an <span class="hlt">icing</span> wind tunnel with controlled wind speed (i.e., 15 m/s) and temperature (i.e., -10°C). A digital camera was used to record the dynamic processes of plasma anti-<span class="hlt">icing</span> and de-<span class="hlt">icing</span> whilst an infrared imaging system was utilized to <span class="hlt">map</span> the surface temperature variations during the anti-/de-<span class="hlt">icing</span> processes. It was found that the AC-DBD plasma actuator is very effective in both anti-<span class="hlt">icing</span> and de-<span class="hlt">icing</span> operations. While no <span class="hlt">ice</span> formation was observed when the plasma actuator served as an anti-<span class="hlt">icing</span> device, a complete removal of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> layer with a thickness of 5 mm was achieved by activating the plasma actuator for ˜150 s. Such information demonstrated the feasibility of plasma anti-/de-<span class="hlt">icing</span>, which could potentially provide more effective and safer <span class="hlt">icing</span> mitigation strategies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=64923&keyword=LAKE+AND+ICE&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=64923&keyword=LAKE+AND+ICE&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>CARBON TRACE GASES IN LAKE AND BEAVER POND <span class="hlt">ICE</span> NEAR THOMPSON, MANITOBA, CANADA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of CO2, CO, and CH4 were measured in beaver pond and lake <span class="hlt">ice</span> in April 1996 near Thompson, Manitoba to derive information on possible impacts of <span class="hlt">ice</span> melting on corresponding atmospheric trace gas <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. CH4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in beaver pond and lake <span class="hlt">ice</span> ranged...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A33C0234Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A33C0234Y"><span>Minimalist model of <span class="hlt">ice</span> microphysics in mixed-phase stratiform clouds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, F.; Ovchinnikov, M.; Shaw, R. A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The question of whether persistent <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal precipitation from supercooled layer clouds can be explained by time-dependent, stochastic <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation is explored using an approximate, analytical model and a large-eddy simulation (LES) cloud model. The updraft velocity in the cloud defines an accumulation zone, where small <span class="hlt">ice</span> particles cannot fall out until they are large enough, which will increase the residence time of <span class="hlt">ice</span> particles in the cloud. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> particles reach a quasi-steady state between growth by vapor deposition and fall speed at cloud base. The analytical model predicts that <span class="hlt">ice</span> water content (wi) has a 2.5 power-law relationship with <span class="hlt">ice</span> number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (ni). wi and ni from a LES cloud model with stochastic <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation confirm the 2.5 power-law relationship, and initial indications of the scaling law are observed in data from the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign. The prefactor of the power law is proportional to the <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation rate and therefore provides a quantitative link to observations of <span class="hlt">ice</span> microphysical properties. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> water content (wi) and <span class="hlt">ice</span> number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (ni) relationship from LES. a and c: Accumulation zone region; b and d: Selective accumulation zone region. Black lines in c and d are best fitted 2.5 slope lines. Colors in Figures a and b represent updraft velocity, while colors in c and d represent altitude. The cloud base and top are at about 600 m and 800 m, respectively. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> water content (wi) and <span class="hlt">ice</span> number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (ni) relationship for two <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation rates. Blue points are from LES with low <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation rate and red points with high <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation rate. Solid and dashed lines are best fitted 2.5 slope lines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1987S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BGeo...15.1987S"><span>Do pelagic grazers benefit from sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>? Insights from the Antarctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> proxy IPSO25</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmidt, Katrin; Brown, Thomas A.; Belt, Simon T.; Ireland, Louise C.; Taylor, Kyle W. R.; Thorpe, Sally E.; Ward, Peter; Atkinson, Angus</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> affects primary production in polar regions in multiple ways. It can dampen water column productivity by reducing light or nutrient supply, provide a habitat for <span class="hlt">ice</span> algae and condition the marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone (MIZ) for phytoplankton blooms on its seasonal retreat. The relative importance of three different carbon sources (sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> derived, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> conditioned, non-sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> associated) for the polar food web is not well understood, partly due to the lack of methods that enable their unambiguous distinction. Here we analysed two highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) biomarkers to trace sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span>-derived and sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span>-conditioned carbon in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and relate their <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> to the grazers' body reserves, growth and recruitment. During our sampling in January-February 2003, the proxy for sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> diatoms (a di-unsaturated HBI termed IPSO25, δ13C = -12.5 ± 3.3 ‰) occurred in open waters of the western Scotia Sea, where seasonal <span class="hlt">ice</span> retreat was slow. In suspended matter from surface waters, IPSO25 was present at a few stations close to the <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge, but in krill the marker was widespread. Even at stations that had been <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free for several weeks, IPSO25 was found in krill stomachs, suggesting that they gathered the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-derived algae from below the upper mixed layer. Peak abundances of the proxy for MIZ diatoms (a tri-unsaturated HBI termed HBI III, δ13C = -42.2 ± 2.4 ‰) occurred in regions of fast sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> retreat and persistent salinity-driven stratification in the eastern Scotia Sea. Krill sampled in the area defined by the <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge bloom likewise contained high amounts of HBI III. As indicators for the grazer's performance we used the mass-length ratio, size of digestive gland and growth rate for krill, and recruitment for the biomass-dominant calanoid copepods Calanoides acutus and Calanus propinquus. These indices consistently point to blooms in the MIZ as an important feeding ground for pelagic grazers. Even though <span class="hlt">ice</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.C23A0985S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.C23A0985S"><span>Automated Laser-Light Scattering measurements of Impurities, Bubbles, and Imperfections in <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cores</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stolz, M. R.; Ram, M.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>Laser- light scattering (LLS) on polar <span class="hlt">ice</span>, or on polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> meltwater, is an accepted method for measuring the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of water insoluble aerosol deposits (dust) in the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. LLS on polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> can also be used to measure water soluble aerosols, as well as imperfections (air bubbles and cavities) in the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. LLS was originally proposed by Hammer (1977a, b) as a method for measuring the dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> meltwater. Ram et al. (1995) later advanced the method and applied it to solid <span class="hlt">ice</span>, measuring the dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> profile along the deep, bubble-free sections of the Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet Projetct 2 (GISP2) <span class="hlt">ice</span> core (Ram et al., 1995, 2000) from central Greenland. In this paper, we will put previous empirical findings (Ram et al., 1995, 2000) on a theoretical footing, and extend the usability of LLS on <span class="hlt">ice</span> into the realm of the non-transparent, bubbly polar <span class="hlt">ice</span>. For LLS on clear, bubble-free polar <span class="hlt">ice</span>, we studied numerically the scattering of light by soluble and insoluble (dust) aerosol particles embedded in the <span class="hlt">ice</span> to complement previous experimental studies (Ram et al., 2000). For air bubbles in polar <span class="hlt">ice</span>, we calculated the effects of multiple light scattering using Mie theory and Monte Carlo simulations, and found a method for determining the bubble number size and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> using LLS on bubbly <span class="hlt">ice</span>. We also demonstrated that LLS can be used on bubbly <span class="hlt">ice</span> to measure annual layers rapidly in an objective manner. Hammer, C. U. (1977a), Dating of Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores by microparticle <span class="hlt">concentration</span> analyses., in International Symposium on Isotopes and Impurities in Snow and <span class="hlt">Ice</span>, pp. 297-301, IAHS publ. no. 118. Hammer, C. U. (1977b), Dust studies on Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores, in International Symposium on Isotopes and Impurities in Snow and <span class="hlt">Ice</span>, pp. 365-370, IAHS publ. no. 118. Ram, M., M. Illing, P. Weber, G. Koenig, and M. Kaplan (1995), Polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> stratigraphy from laser-light scattering: Scattering from <span class="hlt">ice</span>, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(24), 3525</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2600-i/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2600-i/"><span>Coastal-change and glaciological <span class="hlt">map</span> of the Ross Island area, Antarctica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Ferrigno, Jane G.; Foley, Kevin M.; Swithinbank, Charles; Williams, Richard S.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Reduction in the area and volume of Earth?s two polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets is intricately linked to changes in global climate and to the resulting rise in sea level. Measurement of changes in area and mass balance of the Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council. On the basis of these recommendations, the U.S. Geological Survey used its archive of satellite images to document changes in the cryospheric coastline of Antarctica and analyze the glaciological features of the coastal regions. The Ross Island area <span class="hlt">map</span> is bounded by long 141? E. and 175? E. and by lat 76? S. and 81? S. The <span class="hlt">map</span> covers the part of southern Victoria Land that includes the northwestern Ross <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf, the McMurdo <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf, part of the polar plateau and Transantarctic Mountains, the McMurdo Dry Valleys, northernmost Shackleton Coast, Hillary Coast, the southern part of Scott Coast, and Ross Island. Little noticeable change has occurred in the <span class="hlt">ice</span> fronts on the <span class="hlt">map</span>, so the focus is on glaciological features. In the western part of the <span class="hlt">map</span> area, the polar plateau of East Antarctica, once thought to be a featureless region, has subtle wavelike surface forms (megadunes) and flow traces of glaciers that originate far inland and extend to the coast or into the Ross <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf. There are numerous outlet glaciers. Glaciers drain into the McMurdo Dry Valleys, through the Transantarctic Mountains into the Ross Sea, or into the Ross <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf. Byrd Glacier is the largest. West of the Transantarctic Mountains are areas of blue <span class="hlt">ice</span>, readily identifiable on Landsat images, that have been determined to be prime areas for finding meteorites. Three subglacial lakes have been identified in the <span class="hlt">map</span> area. Because McMurdo Station, the main U.S. scientific research station in Antarctica, is located on Ross Island in the <span class="hlt">map</span> area, many of these and other features in the area have been studied extensively. The paper version of this <span class="hlt">map</span> is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPP31B2272K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMPP31B2272K"><span>Allan Hills Pleistocene <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Project (PIP)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kurbatov, A.; Brook, E.; Campbell, S. W.; Conway, H.; Dunbar, N. W.; Higgins, J. A.; Iverson, N. A.; Kehrl, L. M.; McIntosh, W. C.; Spaulding, N. E.; Yan, Y.; Mayewski, P. A.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>A major international effort to identify at least 1.5 Ma old <span class="hlt">ice</span> for paleoclimate reconstructions has successfully resulted in the selection of several potential drill sites in East Antarctica. At this point it is indisputable that the Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet captures a continuous envinronmental record of the Earth that spans the Mid Pleistocene Transition (MPT). In addition to traditional <span class="hlt">ice</span> coring approaches, the oldest <span class="hlt">ice</span> can also be recovered in Antarctic Blue <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Areas (BIA). We have already successfully demonstrated that the Allan Hills (AH) BIA captures a regional climate signal and robust record of 1Ma atmosphere that can be studied with a relatively uncomplicated logistical imprint and essentially unlimited sampling volume. The attractiveness of unlimited sampling of known age <span class="hlt">ice</span> is the basis for the "<span class="hlt">ice</span> park" concept proposed earlier by our research team. The idea is that, once the age of <span class="hlt">ice</span> exposed along the flow line at the surface of BIA is <span class="hlt">mapped</span>, it could be sampled for numerous research projects as needed. Here we propose an intermediate ( 1,150 m deep) <span class="hlt">ice</span> core drill site, located only 240 km away from McMurdo base that will help to develop a, continuous, high quality regional paleoclimate record that is at least 1Ma old. We will introduce and discuss the glaciological settings, paleoclimate signals and possible limitations and advantages of the 1 Ma AH BIA regional paleoclimate record. The research was funded by NSF Division of Polar Programs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890018778','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890018778"><span>Analysis of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zwally, J.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The ongoing work has established the basis for using multiyear sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from SMMR passive microwave for studies of largescale advection and convergence/divergence of the Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack. Comparisons were made with numerical model simulations and buoy data showing qualitative agreement on daily to interannual time scales. Analysis of the 7-year SMMR data set shows significant interannual variations in the total area of multiyear <span class="hlt">ice</span>. The scientific objective is to investigate the dynamics, mass balance, and interannual variability of the Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack. The research emphasizes the direct application of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> parameters derived from passive microwave data (SMMR and SSMI) and collaborative studies using a sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> dynamics model. The possible causes of observed interannual variations in the multiyear <span class="hlt">ice</span> area are being examined. The relative effects of variations in the large scale advection and convergence/divergence within the <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack on a regional and seasonal basis are investigated. The effects of anomolous atmospheric forcings are being examined, including the long-lived effects of synoptic events and monthly variations in the mean geostrophic winds. Estimates to be made will include the amount of new <span class="hlt">ice</span> production within the <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack during winter and the amount of <span class="hlt">ice</span> exported from the pack.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMIN43B0087W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMIN43B0087W"><span>Alaska Testbed for the Fusion of Citizen Science and Remote Sensing of Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> and Snow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walsh, J. E.; Sparrow, E.; Lee, O. A.; Brook, M.; Brubaker, M.; Casas, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Citizen science, remote sensing and related environmental information sources for the Alaskan Arctic are synthesized with the objectives of (a) placing local observations into a broader geospatial framework and (b) enabling the use of local observations to evaluate sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, snow and land surface products obtained from remote sensing. In its initial phase, the project instituted a coordinated set of community-based observations of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and snow in three coastal communities in western and northern Alaska: Nome, Point Hope and Barrow. Satellite <span class="hlt">maps</span> of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> have been consolidated with the in situ reports, leading to a three-part depiction of surface conditions at each site: narrative reports, surface-based photos, and satellite products. The project has developed a prototype visualization package, enabling users to select a location and date for which the three information sources can be viewed. Visual comparisons of the satellite products and the local reports show generally consistent depictions of the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the vicinity of the coastlines, although the satellite products are generally biased low, especially in coastal regions where shorefast <span class="hlt">ice</span> persists after the appearance of open water farther offshore. A preliminary comparison of the local snow reports and the MODIS daily North American snow cover images indicates that areas of snow persisted in the satellite images beyond the date of snow disappearance reported by the observers. The "in-town" location of most of the snow reports is a factor that must be addressed in further reporting and remote sensing comparisons.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.A13C0929S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.A13C0929S"><span>Modeling Studying the Role of Bacteria on <span class="hlt">ice</span> Nucleation Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, J.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Certain air-borne bacteria have been recognized as active <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei at the temperatures warm than - 10°C. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> nucleating bacteria commonly found in plants and ocean surface. These <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleating bacteria are readily disseminated into the atmosphere and have been observed in clouds and hailstones, and their importance in cloud formation process and precipitation, as well as causing diseases in plants and animal kingdom, have been considered for over two decades, but their significance in atmospheric processes are yet to be understood. A 1.5-D non-hydrostatic cumulus cloud model with bin-resolved microphysics is developed and is to used to examine the relative importance of sulphate aerosol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> on the evolution of cumulus cloud droplet spectra and <span class="hlt">ice</span> multiplication process, as well as <span class="hlt">ice</span> initiation process by <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleating bacteria in the growing stage of cumulus clouds and the key role of this process on the <span class="hlt">ice</span> multiplication in the subsequent dissipating stage of cumulus clouds. In this paper, we will present some sensitivity test results of the evolution of cumulus cloud spectra, <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at various <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of sulfate aerosols, and at different ideal sounding profiles. We will discuss the implication of our results in understanding of <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C41A1185F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C41A1185F"><span>Erosion patterns produced by the paleo Haizishan <span class="hlt">ice</span> cap, SE Tibetan Plateau</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fu, P.; Stroeven, A. P.; Harbor, J.; Hättestrand, C.; Heyman, J.; Caffee, M. W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Erosion is a primary driver of landscape evolution, topographic relief production, geochemical cycles, and climate change. Combining in situ 10Be and 26Al exposure age dating, geomorphological <span class="hlt">mapping</span>, and field investigations, we examine glacial erosion patterns of the almost 4,000 km2 paleo Haizishan <span class="hlt">ice</span> cap on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that <span class="hlt">ice</span> caps on the low relief Haizishan Plateau produced a zonal pattern of landscape modification. In locations where apparent exposure ages on bedrock are consistent with the last deglaciation, complete resetting of the cosmogenic exposure age clock indicates glacial erosion of at least a few meters. However, older apparent exposure ages on bedrock in areas known to have been covered by the paleo <span class="hlt">ice</span> cap during the Last Glacial Maximum indicate inheritance and thus limited glacial erosion. Inferred surface exposure ages from cosmogenic depth profiles through two saprolites vary from resetting and thus saprolite profile truncation to nuclide inheritance indicating limited erosion. Finally, significant nuclide inheritance in river sand samples from basins on the scoured plateau surface also indicate limited glacial erosion during the last glaciation. Hence, for the first time, our study shows clear evidence of preservation under non-erosive <span class="hlt">ice</span> on the Tibetan Plateau. As patterns of glacial erosion intensity are largely driven by the basal thermal regime, our results confirm earlier inferences from geomorphology for a <span class="hlt">concentric</span> basal thermal pattern for the paleo Haizishan <span class="hlt">ice</span> cap during the LGM.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1013711','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1013711"><span>Operationally Merged Satellite Visible/IR and Passive Microwave Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Information for Improved Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Forecasts and Ship Routing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-09-30</p> <p>microwave sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> information for improved sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> forecasts and ship routing W. Meier NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory...updating the initial <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> analysis fields along the <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge. In the past year, NASA Goddard and NRL have generated a merged 4 km AMSR-E...collaborations of three groups: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( NASA /GSFC) in Greenbelt, MD, NRL/Oceanography Division located at Stennis Space Center (SSC</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRD..11911593B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRD..11911593B"><span>Frost flowers on young Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>: The climatic, chemical, and microbial significance of an emerging <span class="hlt">ice</span> type</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barber, D. G.; Ehn, J. K.; Pućko, M.; Rysgaard, S.; Deming, J. W.; Bowman, J. S.; Papakyriakou, T.; Galley, R. J.; Søgaard, D. H.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Ongoing changes in Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> are increasing the spatial and temporal range of young sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> types over which frost flowers can occur, yet the significance of frost flowers to ocean-sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>-atmosphere exchange processes remains poorly understood. Frost flowers form when moisture from seawater becomes available to a cold atmosphere and surface winds are low, allowing for supersaturation of the near-surface boundary layer. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> grown in a pond cut in young <span class="hlt">ice</span> at the mouth of Young Sound, NE Greenland, in March 2012, showed that expanding frost flower clusters began forming as soon as the <span class="hlt">ice</span> formed. The new <span class="hlt">ice</span> and frost flowers dramatically changed the radiative and thermal environment. The frost flowers were about 5°C colder than the brine surface, with an approximately linear temperature gradient from their base to their upper tips. Salinity and δ18O values indicated that frost flowers primarily originated from the surface brine skim. Ikaite crystals were observed to form within an hour in both frost flowers and the thin pond <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Average ikaite <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were 1013 µmol kg-1 in frost flowers and 1061 µmol kg-1 in the surface slush layer. Chamber flux measurements confirmed an efflux of CO2 at the brine-wetted sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface, in line with expectations from the brine chemistry. Bacteria <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> generally increased with salinity in frost flowers and the surface slush layer. Bacterial densities and taxa indicated that a selective process occurred at the <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface and confirmed the general pattern of primary oceanic origin versus negligible atmospheric deposition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913596W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1913596W"><span>Towards a Copernicus Service for Monitoring Polar <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet Velocity and Discharge using Sentinel-1A and 1B SAR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wuite, Jan; Nagler, Thomas; Hetzenecker, Markus; Blumthaler, Ursula; Ossowska, Joanna; Rott, Helmut</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The enhanced imaging capabilities of Sentinel-1A and 1B and the systematic acquisition planning of polar regions by ESA form the basis for the development and implementation of an operational system for monitoring <span class="hlt">ice</span> dynamics and discharge of Antarctica, Greenland and other polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> caps. Within the framework of the ESA CCI and the Austrian ASAP/FFG programs we implemented an automatic system for generation of <span class="hlt">ice</span> velocity <span class="hlt">maps</span> from repeat pass Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans (TOPS) mode data applying iterative offset tracking using both coherent and incoherent image cross-correlation. Greenland's margins are monitored by 6 tracks continuously since mid of 2015 with 12 days repeat observations using Sentinel-1A. With the twin satellite Sentinel-1B, launched in April 2016, the repeat acquisition period is reduced to only 6 days allowing frequent velocity retrievals - even in regions with high accumulation rates and very fast flow - and providing insight for studying short-term variations of <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow and discharge. The Sentinel-1 <span class="hlt">ice</span> velocity products continue the sparse coverage in time and space of previous velocity <span class="hlt">mapping</span> efforts. The annual Greenland wide winter acquisition campaigns of 4 to 6 repeat track observations, acquired within a few weeks, provide nearly gapless and seamless <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet wide flow velocity <span class="hlt">maps</span> on a yearly basis which are important for <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet modelling purposes and accurate mass balance assessments. An Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet wide <span class="hlt">ice</span> velocity <span class="hlt">map</span> (with polar gap) was generated from Sentinel-1A data, acquired within 8 months, providing an important benchmark for gauging future changes in <span class="hlt">ice</span> dynamics. For regions with significant warming continuous monitoring of <span class="hlt">ice</span> streams with 6 to 12-day repeat intervals, exploiting both satellites, is ongoing to detect changes of <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow as indicators of climate change. We present annual <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet wide velocity <span class="hlt">maps</span> of Greenland from 2014/15 to 2016/17 and Antarctica from 2015</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC21G..03W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMGC21G..03W"><span>Dust Records in <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cores from the Tibetan Plateau</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, N.; Yao, T.; Thompson, L. G.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Dust plays an important role in the Earth system, and it usually displays largely spatial and temporal variations. It is necessary for us to reconstruct the past variations of dust in different regions to better understand the interactions between dust and environments. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> core records can reveal the history of dust variations. In this paper, we used the Guliya, Dunde, Malan and Dasuopu <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores from the Tibetan Plateau to study the spatial distribution, the seasonal variations and the secular trends of dust. It was found that the mean dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was higher by one or two order of magnitudes in the Guliya and Dunde <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores from the northern Tibetan Plateau than in the Dasuopu <span class="hlt">ice</span> core from the southern Tibetan Plateau. During the year, the highest dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> occurs in the springtime in the northern Tibetan Plateau while in the non-monsoon season in the southern Tibetan Plateau. Over the last millennium, the Dasuopu <span class="hlt">ice</span> core record shows that the 1270s~1380s and 1870s~1990s were the two epochs with high dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. However, the Malan <span class="hlt">ice</span> core from the northern Tibetan Plateau indicates that high dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> occurred in the 1130s~1550s and 1770s~1940s. Interestingly, climatic and environmental records of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores from the Tibetan Plateau reflected that the correlation between dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and air temperature was strongly positive in the southern Plateau while negative in the northern Plateau over the last millennium. This implies that climatic and environmental changes existed considerable differences in the different parts of the Plateau. Moreover, four Asian megadroughts occurred in 1638~1641, 1756~1758, 1790~1796 and 1876~1878, which caused more than tens millions people died, were revealed clearly by dust record in the Dasuopu <span class="hlt">ice</span> core.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000832.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000832.html"><span>Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet in 3D Cutaway</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-12-08</p> <p>Peering into the thousands of frozen layers inside Greenland’s <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet is like looking back in time. Each layer provides a record of what Earth’s climate was like at the dawn of civilization, or during the last <span class="hlt">ice</span> age, or during an ancient period of warmth similar to the one we experience today. Scientists using <span class="hlt">ice</span>-penetrating radar data collected by NASA’s Operation <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge and earlier airborne campaigns have built the first-ever comprehensive <span class="hlt">map</span> of layers deep inside the Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet. View the full video: youtu.be/u0VbPE0TOtQ Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRG..122.1486K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRG..122.1486K"><span>Windows in Arctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>: Light transmission and <span class="hlt">ice</span> algae in a refrozen lead</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kauko, Hanna M.; Taskjelle, Torbjørn; Assmy, Philipp; Pavlov, Alexey K.; Mundy, C. J.; Duarte, Pedro; Fernández-Méndez, Mar; Olsen, Lasse M.; Hudson, Stephen R.; Johnsen, Geir; Elliott, Ashley; Wang, Feiyue; Granskog, Mats A.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The Arctic Ocean is rapidly changing from thicker multiyear to thinner first-year <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover, with significant consequences for radiative transfer through the <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack and light availability for algal growth. A thinner, more dynamic <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover will possibly result in more frequent leads, covered by newly formed <span class="hlt">ice</span> with little snow cover. We studied a refrozen lead (≤0.27 m <span class="hlt">ice</span>) in drifting pack <span class="hlt">ice</span> north of Svalbard (80.5-81.8°N) in May-June 2015 during the Norwegian young sea <span class="hlt">ICE</span> expedition (N-<span class="hlt">ICE</span>2015). We measured downwelling incident and <span class="hlt">ice</span>-transmitted spectral irradiance, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), particle absorption, ultraviolet (UV)-protecting mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), and chlorophyll a (Chl a) in melted sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> samples. We found occasionally very high MAA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (up to 39 mg m-3, mean 4.5 ± 7.8 mg m-3) and MAA to Chl a ratios (up to 6.3, mean 1.2 ± 1.3). Disagreement in modeled and observed transmittance in the UV range let us conclude that MAA signatures in CDOM absorption spectra may be artifacts due to osmotic shock during <span class="hlt">ice</span> melting. Although observed PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) transmittance through the thin <span class="hlt">ice</span> was significantly higher than that of the adjacent thicker <span class="hlt">ice</span> with deep snow cover, <span class="hlt">ice</span> algal standing stocks were low (≤2.31 mg Chl a m-2) and similar to the adjacent <span class="hlt">ice</span>. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> algal accumulation in the lead was possibly delayed by the low inoculum and the time needed for photoacclimation to the high-light environment. However, leads are important for phytoplankton growth by acting like windows into the water column.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28378830','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28378830"><span>Possible connections of the opposite trends in Arctic and Antarctic sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> cover.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yu, Lejiang; Zhong, Shiyuan; Winkler, Julie A; Zhou, Mingyu; Lenschow, Donald H; Li, Bingrui; Wang, Xianqiao; Yang, Qinghua</p> <p>2017-04-05</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is an important component of the global climate system and a key indicator of climate change. A decreasing trend in Arctic sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is evident in recent years, whereas Antarctic sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> exhibits a generally increasing trend. Various studies have investigated the underlying causes of the observed trends for each region, but possible linkages between the regional trends have not been studied. Here, we hypothesize that the opposite trends in Arctic and Antarctic sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> may be linked, at least partially, through interdecadal variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Although evaluation of this hypothesis is constrained by the limitations of the sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> cover record, preliminary statistical analyses of one short-term and two long-term time series of observed and reanalysis sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> data suggest the possibility of the hypothesized linkages. For all three data sets, the leading mode of variability of global sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is positively correlated with the AMO and negatively correlated with the PDO. Two wave trains related to the PDO and the AMO appear to produce anomalous surface-air temperature and low-level wind fields in the two polar regions that contribute to the opposite changes in sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5381096','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5381096"><span>Possible connections of the opposite trends in Arctic and Antarctic sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> cover</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yu, Lejiang; Zhong, Shiyuan; Winkler, Julie A.; Zhou, Mingyu; Lenschow, Donald H.; Li, Bingrui; Wang, Xianqiao; Yang, Qinghua</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> is an important component of the global climate system and a key indicator of climate change. A decreasing trend in Arctic sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is evident in recent years, whereas Antarctic sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> exhibits a generally increasing trend. Various studies have investigated the underlying causes of the observed trends for each region, but possible linkages between the regional trends have not been studied. Here, we hypothesize that the opposite trends in Arctic and Antarctic sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> may be linked, at least partially, through interdecadal variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Although evaluation of this hypothesis is constrained by the limitations of the sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> cover record, preliminary statistical analyses of one short-term and two long-term time series of observed and reanalysis sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> data suggest the possibility of the hypothesized linkages. For all three data sets, the leading mode of variability of global sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is positively correlated with the AMO and negatively correlated with the PDO. Two wave trains related to the PDO and the AMO appear to produce anomalous surface-air temperature and low-level wind fields in the two polar regions that contribute to the opposite changes in sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. PMID:28378830</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1052469','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1052469"><span>Analysis and Prediction of Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Evolution using Koopman Mode Decomposition Techniques</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Koopman Mode Analysis was newly applied to southern hemisphere sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data. The resulting Koopman modes from analysis of both the...southern and northern hemisphere sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data shows geographical regions where sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> coverage has decreased over multiyear time scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1714433C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1714433C"><span>Further evidence for CCN aerosol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> determining the height of warm rain and <span class="hlt">ice</span> initiation in convective clouds over the Amazon basin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Campos Braga, Ramon; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Weigel, Ralf; Jurkat, Tina; Andreae, Meinrat O.; Wendisch, Manfred; Pöschl, Ulrich; Voigt, Christiane; Mahnke, Christoph; Borrmann, Stephan; Albrecht, Rachel I.; Molleker, Sergej; Vila, Daniel A.; Machado, Luiz A. T.; Grulich, Lucas</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We have investigated how aerosols affect the height above cloud base of rain and <span class="hlt">ice</span> hydrometeor initiation and the subsequent vertical evolution of cloud droplet size and number <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in growing convective cumulus. For this purpose we used in situ data of hydrometeor size distributions measured with instruments mounted on HALO aircraft during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign over the Amazon during September 2014. The results show that the height of rain initiation by collision and coalescence processes (Dr, in units of meters above cloud base) is linearly correlated with the number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of droplets (Nd in cm-3) nucleated at cloud base (Dr ≈ 5 ṡ Nd). Additional cloud processes associated with Dr, such as GCCN, cloud, and mixing with ambient air and other processes, produce deviations of ˜ 21 % in the linear relationship, but it does not mask the clear relationship between Dr and Nd, which was also found at different regions around the globe (e.g., Israel and India). When Nd exceeded values of about 1000 cm-3, Dr became greater than 5000 m, and the first observed precipitation particles were <span class="hlt">ice</span> hydrometeors. Therefore, no liquid water raindrops were observed within growing convective cumulus during polluted conditions. Furthermore, the formation of <span class="hlt">ice</span> particles also took place at higher altitudes in the clouds in polluted conditions because the resulting smaller cloud droplets froze at colder temperatures compared to the larger drops in the unpolluted cases. The measured vertical profiles of droplet effective radius (re) were close to those estimated by assuming adiabatic conditions (rea), supporting the hypothesis that the entrainment and mixing of air into convective clouds is nearly inhomogeneous. Additional CCN activation on aerosol particles from biomass burning and air pollution reduced re below rea, which further inhibited the formation of raindrops and <span class="hlt">ice</span> particles and resulted in even higher altitudes for rain and <span class="hlt">ice</span> initiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.6195B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.6195B"><span>The glacial geomorphology of the Lago Buenos Aires and Lago Puerreydón <span class="hlt">ice</span> lobes, Central Patagonia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bendle, Jacob; Thorndycraft, Varyl; Palmer, Adrian</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Patagonia is ideally located for reconstructions of late Quaternary <span class="hlt">ice</span>-climate interaction(s) in the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, yet many questions remain concerning post-LGM <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet retreat dynamics across the region. While modern-day glaciation is restricted to three small icefields (the North and South Patagonian and Cordillera Darwin icefields), during the Quaternary, and at the LGM, episodes of significant <span class="hlt">ice</span> advance culminated in an expansive Patagonian <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet (PIS) centered over the southern Andes, for which a long and well-preserved landform record exists. Previous <span class="hlt">mapping</span> in the region has either aimed to achieve regional coverage, necessarily omitting more subtle/complex features suggestive of certain <span class="hlt">ice</span>-marginal processes, or has focused on the identification of palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> limits (e.g. moraine ridges) for geochronological applications, with little attention given to other (e.g. glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine) features that are significant for understanding post-LGM <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet retreat dynamics. This poster presents a comprehensive and highly detailed (<30m spatial resolution) <span class="hlt">map</span> of the glacial geomorphology of the Lago Buenos Aires (46.4°S) and Lago Puerreydón (47.2°S) <span class="hlt">ice</span> lobes, major outlet glaciers of the central sector of the former PIS. The <span class="hlt">map</span> allows refined reconstructions of glacial and, in particular, deglacial <span class="hlt">ice</span>-marginal processes, and will underpin further analysis on the retreat history of the palaeo-<span class="hlt">ice</span> lobes using high-resolution lithostratigraphic (varve) analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950005293','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950005293"><span>Parameterization and scaling of Arctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> conditions in the context of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-atmosphere processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Barry, R. G.; Heinrichs, J.; Steffen, K.; Maslanik, J. A.; Key, J.; Serreze, M. C.; Weaver, R. W.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This report summarizes achievements during year three of our project to investigate the use of ERS-1 SAR data to study Arctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> and <span class="hlt">ice</span>/atmosphere processes. The project was granted a one year extension, and goals for the final year are outlined. The specific objects of the project are to determine how the development and evolution of open water/thin <span class="hlt">ice</span> areas within the interior <span class="hlt">ice</span> pack vary under different atmospheric synoptic regimes; compare how open water/thin <span class="hlt">ice</span> fractions estimated from large-area divergence measurements differ from fractions determined by summing localized openings in the pack; relate these questions of scale and process to methods of observation, modeling, and averaging over time and space; determine whether SAR data might be used to calibrate <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> estimates from medium and low-rate bit sensors (AVHRR and DMSP-OLS) and the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I); and investigate methods to integrate SAR data for turbulent heat flux parametrization at the atmosphere interface with other satellite data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040084637','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040084637"><span>Antarctic Ultraviolet Radiation Climatology from Total Ozone <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> Spectrometer Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lubin, Dan</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>This project has successfully produced a climatology of local noon spectral surface irradiance covering the Antarctic continent and the Southern Ocean, the spectral interval 290-700 nm (UV-A, UV-B, and photosynthetically active radiation, PAR), and the entire sunlit part of the year for November 1979-December 1999. Total Ozone <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> Spectrometer (TOMS) data were used to specify column ozone abundance and UV-A (360- or 380-nm) reflectivity, and passive microwave (MW) sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were used to specify the surface albedo over the Southern Ocean. For this latter task, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> retrievals from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and its successor, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) were identified with ultraviolet/visible-wavelength albedos based on an empirical TOMS/MW parameterization developed for this purpose (Lubin and Morrow, 2001). The satellite retrievals of surface albedo and UV-A reflectivity were used in a delta-Eddington radiative transfer model to estimate cloud effective optical depth. These optical depth estimates were then used along with the total ozone and surface albedo to calculate the downwelling spectral UV and PAR irradiance at the surface. These spectral irradiance <span class="hlt">maps</span> were produced for every usable day of TOMS data between 1979-1999 (every other day early in the TOMS program, daily later on).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910044114&hterms=marginal&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dmarginal','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910044114&hterms=marginal&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dmarginal"><span>Ku band airborne radar altimeter observations of marginal sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> during the 1984 Marginal <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Zone Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Drinkwater, Mark R.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Pulse-limited, airborne radar data taken in June and July 1984 with a 13.8-GHz altimeter over the Fram Strait marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone are analyzed with the aid of large-format aerial photography, airborne synthetic aperture radar data, and surface observations. Variations in the radar return pulse waveforms are quantified and correlated with <span class="hlt">ice</span> properties recorded during the Marginal <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Zone Experiment. Results indicate that the wide-beam altimeter is a flexible instrument, capable of identifying the <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge with a high degree of accuracy, calculating the <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and discriminating a number of different <span class="hlt">ice</span> classes. This suggests that microwave radar altimeters have a sensitivity to sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> which has not yet been fully exploited. When fused with SSM/I, AVHRR and ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar imagery, future ERS-1 altimeter data are expected to provide some missing pieces to the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> geophysics puzzle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090032030','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090032030"><span>Diagnosing the <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Crystal Enhancement Factor in the Tropics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zeng, Xiping; Tao, Wei-Kuo; Matsui, Toshihisa; Xie, Shaocheng; Lang, Stephen; Zhang, Minghua; Starr, David O'C; Li, Xiaowen; Simpson, Joanne</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Recent modeling studies have revealed that <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is one of the dominant factors in the effect of clouds on radiation. Since the <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal enhancement factor and <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei <span class="hlt">concentration</span> determine the <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, they are both important in quantifying the contribution of increased <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei to global warming. In this study, long-term cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations are compared with field observations to estimate the <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal enhancement factor in tropical and midlatitudinal clouds, respectively. It is found that the factor in tropical clouds is 10 3-104 times larger than that of mid-latitudinal ones, which makes physical sense because entrainment and detrainment in the Tropics are much stronger than in middle latitudes. The effect of entrainment/detrainment on the enhancement factor, especially in tropical clouds, suggests that cloud microphysical parameterizations should be coupled with subgrid turbulence parameterizations within CRMs to obtain a more accurate depiction of cloud-radiative forcing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170003145','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170003145"><span>Antarctic Sea-<span class="hlt">Ice</span> Freeboard and Estimated Thickness from NASA's ICESat and <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Yi, Donghui; Kurtz, Nathan; Harbeck, Jeremy; Manizade, Serdar; Hofton, Michelle; Cornejo, Helen G.; Zwally, H. Jay; Robbins, John</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>ICESat completed 18 observational campaigns during its lifetime from 2003 to 2009. Data from all of the 18 campaign periods are used in this study. Most of the operational periods were between 34 and 38 days long. Because of laser failure and orbit transition from 8-day to 91-day orbit, there were four periods lasting 57, 16, 23, and 12 days. <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge data from 2009, 2010, and 2011 are used in this study. Since 2009, there are 19 Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) campaigns, and eight Land, Vegetation, and <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sensor (LVIS) campaigns over the Antarctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Freeboard heights are derived from ICESat, ATM and LVIS elevation and waveform data. With nominal densities of snow, water, and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, combined with snow depth data from AMSR-E/AMSR2 passive microwave observation over the southern ocean, sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness is derived from the freeboard. Combined with AMSR-E/AMSR2 <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> area and volume are also calculated. During the 2003-2009 period, sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> freeboard and thickness distributions show clear seasonal variations that reflect the yearly cycle of the growth and decay of the Antarctic pack <span class="hlt">ice</span>. We found no significant trend of thickness or area for the Antarctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> during the ICESat period. <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> freeboard and thickness data from 2009 to 2011 over the Weddell Sea and Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas are compared with the ICESat results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESASP.722E.144H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESASP.722E.144H"><span><span class="hlt">Mapping</span> Of Lake <span class="hlt">Ice</span> In Northern Europe Using Dual-Polarization RadarSAT-2 Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hindberg, Heidi; Malnes, Erik</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>In this paper, we investigate the potential of including cross-polarization data in an unsupervised classification method based on SAR data to determine <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent over lakes in Northern Europe. By introducing cross-pol data we can increase the separability between open water and <span class="hlt">ice</span>, and we can decrease misclassifications where open water with waves is classified as <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Cross-pol data also helps with labelling of the classes. However, cross-pol data can decrease the separability between the classes if the <span class="hlt">ice</span> on the lake is very thin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23114403L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23114403L"><span>Topographic and Other Influences on Pluto's Volatile <span class="hlt">Ices</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lewis, Briley Lynn; Stansberry, John; Grundy, William M.; Schmitt, Bernard; Protopapa, Silvia; Trafton, Laurence M.; Holler, Bryan J.; McKinnon, William B.; Schenk, Paul M.; Stern, S. Alan; Young, Leslie; Weaver, Harold A.; Olkin, Catherine; Ennico, Kimberly; New Horizons Science Team, The New Horizons Composition Team</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Pluto’s surface is known to consist of various volatile <span class="hlt">ices</span>, mostly N2, CH4, and CO, which sublimate and condense on varying timescales, generally moving from points of high insolation to those of low insolation. The New Horizons Pluto encounter data provide multiple lenses through which to view Pluto’s detailed surface topography and composition and to investigate the distribution of volatiles on its surface, including albedo and elevation <span class="hlt">maps</span> from the imaging instruments and composition <span class="hlt">maps</span> from the LEISA spectral imager. The volatile surface <span class="hlt">ice</span> is expected to be generally isothermal, due to the fact that their vapor pressures are in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Although secular topographic transport mechanisms suggest that points at low elevation should slowly fill with volatile <span class="hlt">ices</span> (Trafton 2015 DPS abstract, Bertrand and Forget 2017), there are counter-examples of this across the surface, implying that energy discrepancies caused by insolation differences, albedo variations, local slopes, and other effects may take precedence at shorter timescales. Using data from the 2015 New Horizons flyby, we present our results of this investigation into the effects of variations in insolation, albedo, and topography on the presence of the different volatile <span class="hlt">ices</span> across the surface of Pluto.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4921502L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4921502L"><span>Topographic and Other Influences on Pluto's Volatile <span class="hlt">Ices</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lewis, Briley Lynn; Stansberry, John; Grundy, William M.; Schmitt, Bernard; Protopapa, Silvia; Trafton, Laurence M.; Holler, Bryan J.; McKinnon, William B.; Schenk, Paul M.; Stern, S. Alan; Young, Leslie; Weaver, Harold A.; Olkin, Catherine; Ennico, Kimberly; New Horizons Science Team</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Pluto’s surface is known to consist of various volatile <span class="hlt">ices</span>, mostly N2, CH4, and CO, which sublimate and condense on varying timescales, generally moving from points of high insolation to those of low insolation. The New Horizons Pluto encounter data provide multiple lenses through which to view Pluto’s detailed surface topography and composition and to investigate the distribution of volatiles on its surface, including albedo and elevation <span class="hlt">maps</span> from the imaging instruments and composition <span class="hlt">maps</span> from the LEISA spectral imager. The volatile surface <span class="hlt">ice</span> is expected to be generally isothermal, due to the fact that their vapor pressures are in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Although secular topographic transport mechanisms suggest that points at low elevation should slowly fill with volatile <span class="hlt">ices</span> (Trafton 2015 DPS abstract, Bertrand and Forget 2017), there are counter-examples of this across the surface, implying that energy discrepancies caused by insolation differences, albedo variations, local slopes, and other effects may take precedence at shorter timescales. Using data from the 2015 New Horizons flyby, we present our results of this investigation into the effects of variations in insolation, albedo, and topography on the presence of the different volatile <span class="hlt">ices</span> across the surface of Pluto.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1907W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1907W"><span>Estimation of Antarctic Land-Fast Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Algal Biomass and Snow Thickness From Under-<span class="hlt">Ice</span> Radiance Spectra in Two Contrasting Areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wongpan, P.; Meiners, K. M.; Langhorne, P. J.; Heil, P.; Smith, I. J.; Leonard, G. H.; Massom, R. A.; Clementson, L. A.; Haskell, T. G.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Fast <span class="hlt">ice</span> is an important component of Antarctic coastal marine ecosystems, providing a prolific habitat for <span class="hlt">ice</span> algal communities. This work examines the relationships between normalized difference indices (NDI) calculated from under-<span class="hlt">ice</span> radiance measurements and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> algal biomass and snow thickness for Antarctic fast <span class="hlt">ice</span>. While this technique has been calibrated to assess biomass in Arctic fast <span class="hlt">ice</span> and pack <span class="hlt">ice</span>, as well as Antarctic pack <span class="hlt">ice</span>, relationships are currently lacking for Antarctic fast <span class="hlt">ice</span> characterized by bottom <span class="hlt">ice</span> algae communities with high algal biomass. We analyze measurements along transects at two contrasting Antarctic fast <span class="hlt">ice</span> sites in terms of platelet <span class="hlt">ice</span> presence: near and distant from an <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelf, i.e., in McMurdo Sound and off Davis Station, respectively. Snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness, and <span class="hlt">ice</span> salinity and temperature measurements support our paired in situ optical and biological measurements. Analyses show that NDI wavelength pairs near the first chlorophyll a (chl a) absorption peak (≈440 nm) explain up to 70% of the total variability in algal biomass. Eighty-eight percent of snow thickness variability is explained using an NDI with a wavelength pair of 648 and 567 nm. Accounting for pigment packaging effects by including the ratio of chl a-specific absorption coefficients improved the NDI-based algal biomass estimation only slightly. Our new observation-based algorithms can be used to estimate Antarctic fast <span class="hlt">ice</span> algal biomass and snow thickness noninvasively, for example, by using moored sensors (time series) or <span class="hlt">mapping</span> their spatial distributions using underwater vehicles.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C31A0622S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C31A0622S"><span>Probabilistic Forecasting of Arctic Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Extent</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Slater, A. G.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> in the Arctic is changing rapidly. Most noticeable has been the series of record, or near-record, annual minimums in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent in the past six years. The changing regime of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> has prompted much interest in seasonal prediction of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent, particularly as opportunities for Arctic shipping and resource exploration or extraction increase. This study presents a daily sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent probabilistic forecast method with a 50-day lead time. A base projection is made from historical data and near-real-time sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is assimilated on the issue date of the forecast. When considering the September mean <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent for the period 1995-2012, the performance of the 50-day lead time forecast is very good: correlation=0.94, Bias = 0.14 ×106 km^2 and RMSE = 0.36 ×106 km^2. Forecasts for the daily minimum contains equal skill levels. The system is highly competitive with any of the SEARCH Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Outlook estimates. The primary finding of this study is that large amounts of forecast skill can be gained from knowledge of the initial conditions of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (perhaps more than previously thought). Given the simplicity of the forecast model, improved skill should be available from system refinement and with suitable proxies for large scale atmosphere and ocean circulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9972E..13B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9972E..13B"><span>Integrated approach using multi-platform sensors for enhanced high-resolution daily <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover product</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonev, George; Gladkova, Irina; Grossberg, Michael; Romanov, Peter; Helfrich, Sean</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The ultimate objective of this work is to improve characterization of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover distribution in the polar areas, to improve sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">mapping</span> and to develop a new automated real-time high spatial resolution multi-sensor <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent and <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge product for use in operational applications. Despite a large number of currently available automated satellite-based sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent datasets, analysts at the National <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Center tend to rely on original satellite imagery (provided by satellite optical, passive microwave and active microwave sensors) mainly because the automated products derived from satellite optical data have gaps in the area coverage due to clouds and darkness, passive microwave products have poor spatial resolution, automated <span class="hlt">ice</span> identifications based on radar data are not quite reliable due to a considerable difficulty in discriminating between the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover and rough <span class="hlt">ice</span>-free ocean surface due to winds. We have developed a multisensor algorithm that first extracts maximum information on the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover from imaging instruments VIIRS and MODIS, including regions covered by thin, semitransparent clouds, then supplements the output by the microwave measurements and finally aggregates the results into a cloud gap free daily product. This ability to identify <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover underneath thin clouds, which is usually masked out by traditional cloud detection algorithms, allows for expansion of the effective coverage of the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">maps</span> and thus more accurate and detailed delineation of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge. We have also developed a web-based monitoring system that allows comparison of our daily <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent product with the several other independent operational daily products.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA00501.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA00501.html"><span>NIMS Spectral <span class="hlt">Maps</span> of Jupiter Great Red Spot</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1998-03-26</p> <p>The Near-Infrared <span class="hlt">Mapping</span> Spectrometer (NIMS) instrument looks at Jupiter's Great Red Spot, in these views from June 26, 1996. NIMS studies infrared wavelengths of light that our eye cannot see. These <span class="hlt">maps</span> are at four different infrared wavelengths, each one picked to reveal something different about the atmosphere. The top image is a false color <span class="hlt">map</span> of a wavelength that is at the red edge of our ability to see. It shows the shapes of features that we would see with our eyes. The second <span class="hlt">map</span> is of ammonia <span class="hlt">ice</span>, red showing where the most <span class="hlt">ice</span> is, blue where none exists. The differences between this and the first image are due to the amount and size of ammonia <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals. The third <span class="hlt">map</span> down is from a wavelength that shows cloud heights, with the highest clouds in red, and the lowest in blue. The bottom <span class="hlt">map</span> uses a wavelength that shows the hot Jupiter shining through the clouds. Red represents the thinnest clouds, and blue is thickest where it is more difficult to see below. Comparing the bottom two images, note that the highest clouds are in the center of the Great Red Spot, while there are relatively few clouds around the edges. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00501</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C23B0783H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C23B0783H"><span>A glimpse beneath Antarctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>: observation of platelet-layer thickness and <span class="hlt">ice</span>-volume fraction with multi-frequency EM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hendricks, S.; Hoppmann, M.; Hunkeler, P. A.; Kalscheuer, T.; Gerdes, R.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In Antarctica, <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals (platelets) form and grow in supercooled waters below <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelves. These platelets rise and accumulate beneath nearby sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> to form a several meter thick sub-<span class="hlt">ice</span> platelet layer. This special <span class="hlt">ice</span> type is a unique habitat, influences sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> mass and energy balance, and its volume can be interpreted as an indicator for <span class="hlt">ice</span> - ocean interactions. Although progress has been made in determining and understanding its spatio-temporal variability based on point measurements, an investigation of this phenomenon on a larger scale remains a challenge due to logistical constraints and a lack of suitable methodology. In the present study, we applied a lateral constrained Marquardt-Levenberg inversion to a unique multi-frequency electromagnetic (EM) induction sounding dataset obtained on the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-shelf influenced fast-<span class="hlt">ice</span> regime of Atka Bay, eastern Weddell Sea. We adapted the inversion algorithm to incorporate a sensor specific signal bias, and confirmed the reliability of the algorithm by performing a sensitivity study using synthetic data. We inverted the field data for sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> and sub-<span class="hlt">ice</span> platelet-layer thickness and electrical conductivity, and calculated <span class="hlt">ice</span>-volume fractions from platelet-layer conductivities using Archie's Law. The thickness results agreed well with drill-hole validation datasets within the uncertainty range, and the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-volume fraction also yielded plausible results. Our findings imply that multi-frequency EM induction sounding is a suitable approach to efficiently <span class="hlt">map</span> sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> and platelet-layer properties. However, we emphasize that the successful application of this technique requires a break with traditional EM sensor calibration strategies due to the need of absolute calibration with respect to a physical forward model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C33A0662C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C33A0662C"><span>Holocene history of North <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cap, northwestern Greenland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Corbett, L. B.; Kelly, M. A.; Osterberg, E. C.; Axford, Y.; Bigl, M.; Roy, E. P.; Thompson, J. T.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Although much research has focused on the past extents of the Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet, less is known about the smaller <span class="hlt">ice</span> caps on Greenland and how they have evolved over time. These small <span class="hlt">ice</span> caps respond sensitively to summer temperatures and, to a lesser extent, winter precipitation, and provide valuable information about climatic conditions along the Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet margins. Here, we investigate the Holocene history of North <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cap (76°55'N 68°00'W), located in the Nunatarssuaq region near Thule, northwest Greenland. Our results are based on glacial geomorphic <span class="hlt">mapping</span>, 10Be dating, and analyses of sediment cores from a glacially fed lake. Fresh, unweathered and unvegetated boulders comprise moraines and drift that mark an extent of North <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cap ~25 m outboard of the present <span class="hlt">ice</span> margin. It is likely that these deposits were formed during late Holocene time and we are currently employing 10Be surface exposure dating to examine this hypothesis. Just outboard of the fresh moraines and drift, boulders and bedrock show significant weathering and are covered with lichen. Based on glacial geomorphic <span class="hlt">mapping</span> and detailed site investigations, including stone counts, we suggest that the weathered boulders and bedrock were once covered by erosive Greenland <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Sheet flow from southeast to northwest over the Nunatarssuaq region. Five 10Be ages from the more weathered landscape only 100-200 m outboard of the modern North <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cap margin are 52 and 53 ka (bedrock) and 16, 23, and 31 ka (boulders). These ages indicate that recent <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover has likely been cold-based and non-erosive, failing to remove inherited cosmogenic nuclides from previous periods of exposure, although the youngest boulder may provide a maximum limiting deglaciation age. Sediment cores collected from Delta Sø, a glacially-fed lake ~1.5 km outside of the modern North <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cap margin, contain 130 cm of finely laminated sediments overlying coarse sands and glacial till. Radiocarbon ages from just above</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A43A0176A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A43A0176A"><span>TOWARDS <span class="hlt">ICE</span> FORMATION CLOSURE IN MIXED-PHASE BOUNDARY LAYER CLOUDS DURING ISDAC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Avramov, A.; Ackerman, A. S.; Fridlind, A. M.; van Diedenhoven, B.; Korolev, A. V.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Mixed-phase stratus clouds are ubiquitous in the Arctic during the winter and transition seasons. Despite their important role in various climate feedback mechanisms they are not well understood and are difficult to represent faithfully in cloud models. In particular, models of all types experience difficulties reproducing observed <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and liquid/<span class="hlt">ice</span> water partitioning in these clouds. Previous studies have demonstrated that simulated <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and <span class="hlt">ice</span> water content are critically dependent on <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation modes and <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal habit assumed in simulations. In this study we use large-eddy simulations with size-resolved microphysics to determine whether uncertainties in <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleus <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, <span class="hlt">ice</span> nucleation mechanisms, <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal habits and large-scale forcing are sufficient to account for the difference between simulated and observed quantities. We present results of simulations of two case studies based on observations taken during the recent Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) on April 8 and 26, 2008. The model simulations are evaluated through extensive comparison with in-situ observations and ground-based remote sensing measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C41D0750F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.C41D0750F"><span>MODIS Collection 6 Data at the National Snow and <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Data Center (NSIDC)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fowler, D. K.; Steiker, A. E.; Johnston, T.; Haran, T. M.; Fowler, C.; Wyatt, P.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>For over 15 years, the NASA National Snow and <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center (NSIDC DAAC) has archived and distributed snow and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua and Terra satellites. Collection 6 represents the next revision to NSIDC's MODIS archive, mainly affecting the snow-cover products. Collection 6 specifically addresses the needs of the MODIS science community by targeting the scenarios that have historically confounded snow detection and introduced errors into the snow-cover and fractional snow-cover <span class="hlt">maps</span> even though MODIS snow-cover <span class="hlt">maps</span> are typically 90 percent accurate or better under good observing conditions, Collection 6 uses revised algorithms to discriminate between snow and clouds, resolve uncertainties along the edges of snow-covered regions, and detect summer snow cover in mountains. Furthermore, Collection 6 applies modified and additional snow detection screens and new Quality Assessment protocols that enhance the overall accuracy of the snow <span class="hlt">maps</span> compared with Collection 5. Collection 6 also introduces several new MODIS snow products, including a daily Climate Modelling Grid (CMG) cloud gap-filled (CGF) snow-cover <span class="hlt">map</span> which generates cloud-free <span class="hlt">maps</span> by using the most recent clear observations.. The MODIS Collection 6 sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent and <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface temperature algorithms and products are much the same as Collection 5; however, Collection 6 updates to algorithm inputs—in particular, the L1B calibrated radiances, land and water mask, and cloud mask products—have improved the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> outputs. The MODIS sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> products are currently available at NSIDC, and the snow cover products are soon to follow in 2016 NSIDC offers a variety of methods for obtaining these data. Users can download data directly from an online archive or use the NASA Reverb Search & Order Tool to perform spatial, temporal, and parameter</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.4084H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.4084H"><span>A glimpse beneath Antarctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>: observation of platelet-layer thickness and <span class="hlt">ice</span>-volume fraction with multifrequency EM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hoppmann, Mario; Hunkeler, Priska A.; Hendricks, Stefan; Kalscheuer, Thomas; Gerdes, Rüdiger</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In Antarctica, <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals (platelets) form and grow in supercooled waters below <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelves. These platelets rise, accumulate beneath nearby sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, and subsequently form a several meter thick, porous sub-<span class="hlt">ice</span> platelet layer. This special <span class="hlt">ice</span> type is a unique habitat, influences sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> mass and energy balance, and its volume can be interpreted as an indicator of the health of an <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelf. Although progress has been made in determining and understanding its spatio-temporal variability based on point measurements, an investigation of this phenomenon on a larger scale remains a challenge due to logistical constraints and a lack of suitable methodology. In the present study, we applied a lateral constrained Marquardt-Levenberg inversion to a unique multi-frequency electromagnetic (EM) induction sounding dataset obtained on the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-shelf influenced fast-<span class="hlt">ice</span> regime of Atka Bay, eastern Weddell Sea. We adapted the inversion algorithm to incorporate a sensor specific signal bias, and confirmed the reliability of the algorithm by performing a sensitivity study using synthetic data. We inverted the field data for sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> and platelet-layer thickness and electrical conductivity, and calculated <span class="hlt">ice</span>-volume fractions within the platelet layer using Archie's Law. The thickness results agreed well with drillhole validation datasets within the uncertainty range, and the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-volume fraction yielded results comparable to other studies. Both parameters together enable an estimation of the total <span class="hlt">ice</span> volume within the platelet layer, which was found to be comparable to the volume of landfast sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> in this region, and corresponded to more than a quarter of the annual basal melt volume of the nearby Ekström <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf. Our findings show that multi-frequency EM induction sounding is a suitable approach to efficiently <span class="hlt">map</span> sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> and platelet-layer properties, with important implications for research into ocean/<span class="hlt">ice-shelf/sea-ice</span> interactions. However, a successful application of this</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.A52B..07J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.A52B..07J"><span>Optically thin <span class="hlt">ice</span> clouds in Arctic : Formation processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jouan, C.; Girard, E.; Pelon, J.; Blanchet, J.; Wobrock, W.; Gultepe, I.; Gayet, J.; Delanoë, J.; Mioche, G.; Adam de Villiers, R.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>Arctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> cloud formation during winter is poorly understood mainly due to lack of observations and the remoteness of this region. Their influence on Northern Hemisphere weather and climate is of paramount importance, and the modification of their properties, linked to aerosol-cloud interaction processes, needs to be better understood. Large <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of aerosols in the Arctic during winter is associated to long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols from the mid-latitudes to the Arctic. Observations show that sulphuric acid coats most of these aerosols. Laboratory and in-situ measurements show that at cold temperature (<-30°C), acidic coating lowers the freezing point and deactivates <span class="hlt">ice</span> nuclei (IN). Therefore, the IN <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is reduced in these regions and there is less competition for the same available moisture. As a result, large <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals form in relatively small <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. It is hypothesized that the observed low <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of large <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals in thin <span class="hlt">ice</span> clouds is linked to the acidification of aerosols. Extensive measurements from ground-based sites and satellite remote sensing (CloudSat and CALIPSO) reveal the existence of two types of extended optically thin <span class="hlt">ice</span> clouds (TICs) in the Arctic during the polar night and early spring. The first type (TIC-1) is seen only by the lidar, but not the radar, and is found in pristine environment whereas the second type (TIC-2) is detected by both sensors, and is associated with high <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of aerosols, possibly anthropogenic. TIC-2 is characterized by a low <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals that are large enough to precipitate. To further investigate the interactions between TICs clouds and aerosols, in-situ, airborne and satellite measurements of specific cases observed during the POLARCAT and ISDAC field experiments are analyzed. These two field campaigns took place respectively over the North Slope of Alaska and Northern part of Sweden in April 2008. Analysis of cloud type can be</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70043697','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70043697"><span>Annual accumulation over the Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet interpolated from historical and newly compiled observation data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Shen, Dayong; Liu, Yuling; Huang, Shengli</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The estimation of <span class="hlt">ice</span>/snow accumulation is of great significance in quantifying the mass balance of <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets and variation in water resources. Improving the accuracy and reducing uncertainty has been a challenge for the estimation of annual accumulation over the Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet. In this study, we kriged and analyzed the spatial pattern of accumulation based on an observation data series including 315 points used in a recent research, plus 101 <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores and snow pits and newly compiled 23 coastal weather station data. The estimated annual accumulation over the Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet is 31.2 g cm−2 yr−1, with a standard error of 0.9 g cm−2 yr−1. The main differences between the improved <span class="hlt">map</span> developed in this study and the recently published accumulation <span class="hlt">maps</span> are in the coastal areas, especially southeast and southwest regions. The analysis of accumulations versus elevation reveals the distribution patterns of accumulation over the Greenland <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JMagR.247...88T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JMagR.247...88T"><span>Sodium 3D <span class="hlt">COncentration</span> <span class="hlt">MApping</span> (COMA 3D) using 23Na and proton MRI</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Truong, Milton L.; Harrington, Michael G.; Schepkin, Victor D.; Chekmenev, Eduard Y.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Functional changes of sodium 3D MRI signals were converted into millimolar <span class="hlt">concentration</span> changes using an open-source fully automated MATLAB toolbox. These <span class="hlt">concentration</span> changes are visualized via 3D sodium <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">maps</span>, and they are overlaid over conventional 3D proton images to provide high-resolution co-registration for easy correlation of functional changes to anatomical regions. Nearly 5000/h <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">maps</span> were generated on a personal computer (ca. 2012) using 21.1 T 3D sodium MRI brain images of live rats with spatial resolution of 0.8 × 0.8 × 0.8 mm3 and imaging matrices of 60 × 60 × 60. The produced <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">maps</span> allowed for non-invasive quantitative measurement of in vivo sodium <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the normal rat brain as a functional response to migraine-like conditions. The presented work can also be applied to sodium-associated changes in migraine, cancer, and other metabolic abnormalities that can be sensed by molecular imaging. The MATLAB toolbox allows for automated image analysis of the 3D images acquired on the Bruker platform and can be extended to other imaging platforms. The resulting images are presented in a form of series of 2D slices in all three dimensions in native MATLAB and PDF formats. The following is provided: (a) MATLAB source code for image processing, (b) the detailed processing procedures, (c) description of the code and all sub-routines, (d) example data sets of initial and processed data. The toolbox can be downloaded at: http://www.vuiis.vanderbilt.edu/ truongm/COMA3D/.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C12A..02G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C12A..02G"><span>Analysis of Light Absorbing Aerosols in Northern Pakistan: <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> on Snow/<span class="hlt">Ice</span>, their Source Regions and Impacts on Snow Albedo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gul, C.; Praveen, P. S.; Shichang, K.; Adhikary, B.; Zhang, Y.; Ali, S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Elemental carbon (EC) and light absorbing organic carbon (OC) are important particulate impurities in snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> which significantly reduce the albedo of glaciers and accelerate their melting. Snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> samples were collected from Karakorum-Himalayan region of North Pakistan during the summer campaign (May-Jun) 2015 and only snow samples were collected during winter (Dec 2015- Jan 2016). Total 41 surface snow/<span class="hlt">ice</span> samples were collected during summer campaign along different elevation ranges (2569 to 3895 a.m.s.l) from six glaciers: Sachin, Henarche, Barpu, Mear, Gulkin and Passu. Similarly 18 snow samples were collected from Sust, Hoper, Tawas, Astore, Shangla, and Kalam regions during the winter campaign. Quartz filters were used for filtering of melted snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> samples which were then analyzed by thermal optical reflectance (TOR) method to determine the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of EC and OC. The average <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of EC (ng/g), OC (ng/g) and dust (ppm) were found as follows: Passu (249.5, 536.8, 475), Barpu (1190, 397.6, 1288), Gulkin (412, 793, 761), Sachin (911, 2130, 358), Mear (678, 2067, 83) and Henarche (755, 1868, 241) respectively during summer campaign. Similarly, average <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of EC (ng/g), OC (ng/g) and dust (ppm) was found in the samples of Sust (2506, 1039, 131), Hoper (646, 1153, 76), Tawas (650, 1320, 16), Astore (1305, 2161, 97), Shangla (739, 2079, 31) and Kalam (107, 347, 5) respectively during winter campaign. Two methods were adopted to identify the source regions: one coupled emissions inventory with back trajectories, second with a simple region tagged chemical transport modeling analysis. In addition, CALIPSO subtype aerosol composition indicated that frequency of smoke in the atmosphere over the region was highest followed by dust and then polluted dust. SNICAR model was used to estimate the snow albedo reduction from our in-situ measurements. Snow albedo reduction was observed to be 0.3% to 27.6%. The derived results were used</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA10146&hterms=spiders&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dspiders','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=PIA10146&hterms=spiders&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dspiders"><span>Dry <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Etches Terrain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p><p/> [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Figure 1 <p/> Every year seasonal carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">ice</span>, known to us as 'dry <span class="hlt">ice</span>,' covers the poles of Mars. In the south polar region this <span class="hlt">ice</span> is translucent, allowing sunlight to pass through and warm the surface below. The <span class="hlt">ice</span> then sublimes (evaporates) from the bottom of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> layer, and carves channels in the surface. <p/> The channels take on many forms. In the subimage shown here (figure 1) the gas from the dry <span class="hlt">ice</span> has etched wide shallow channels. This region is relatively flat, which may be the reason these channels have a different morphology than the 'spiders' seen in more hummocky terrain. <p/> Observation Geometry Image PSP_003364_0945 was taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft on 15-Apr-2007. The complete image is centered at -85.4 degrees latitude, 104.0 degrees East longitude. The range to the target site was 251.5 km (157.2 miles). At this distance the image scale is 25.2 cm/pixel (with 1 x 1 binning) so objects 75 cm across are resolved. The image shown here has been <span class="hlt">map</span>-projected to 25 cm/pixel . The image was taken at a local Mars time of 06:57 PM and the scene is illuminated from the west with a solar incidence angle of 75 degrees, thus the sun was about 15 degrees above the horizon. At a solar longitude of 219.6 degrees, the season on Mars is Northern Autumn.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMED43C0882W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMED43C0882W"><span><span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge: Bringing a Field Campaign Home</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Woods, J.; Beck, J.; Bartholow, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge, a six-year NASA mission, is the largest airborne survey of Earth's polar <span class="hlt">ice</span> ever flown. It will yield an unprecedented three-dimensional view of Arctic and Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets, <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelves and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>. These flights will provide a yearly, multi-instrument look at the behavior of the rapidly changing features of the Greenland and Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Data collected during <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge will help scientists bridge the gap in polar observations between NASA's <span class="hlt">Ice</span>, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) -- in orbit since 2003 -- and ICESat-2, planned for 2017. ICESat stopped collecting science data in 2009, making <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge critical for ensuring a continuous series of observations. <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge will use airborne instruments to <span class="hlt">map</span> Arctic and Antarctic areas once a year at a minimum, with new campaigns being developed during the Arctic melt season. <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge flights are conducted in the spring and summer for the Arctic and in the fall over Antarctica. Other smaller airborne surveys around the world are also part of the <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge campaign. <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge actively engages the public and educators through a variety of outlets ranging from communications strategies through social media outlets, to larger organized efforts such as PolarTREC. In field activities include blog posts, photo updates, in flight chat sessions, and more intensive live events to include google hangouts, where field team members can interact with the public during a scheduled broadcast. The <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge team provides scientists and other team members with the training and support to become communicators in their own right. There is an exciting new initiative where <span class="hlt">Ice</span>Bridge will be collaborating with Undergraduate and Graduate students to integrate the next generation of scientists and communicators into the Science Teams. This will be explored through partnerships with institutions that are interested in mentoring through project based initiatives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20060002674','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20060002674"><span>Impacts of the Variability of <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Types on the Decline of the Arctic Perennial Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Cover</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Comiso, Josefino C.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The observed rapid decline in the Arctic perennial <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover is one of the most remarkable signal of change in the Arctic region. Updated data now show an even higher rate of decline of 9.8% per decade than the previous report of 8.9% per decade mainly because of abnormally low values in the last 4 years. To gain insights into this decline, the variability of the second year <span class="hlt">ice</span>, which is the relatively thin component of the perennial <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover, and other <span class="hlt">ice</span> types is studied. The perennial <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover in the 1990s was observed to be highly variable which might have led to higher production of second year <span class="hlt">ice</span> and may in part explain the observed <span class="hlt">ice</span> thinning during the period and triggered further decline. The passive microwave signature of second year <span class="hlt">ice</span> is also studied and results show that while the signature is different from that of the older multiyear <span class="hlt">ice</span>, it is surprisingly more similar to that of first year <span class="hlt">ice</span>. This in part explains why previous estimates of the area of multiyear <span class="hlt">ice</span> during the winter period are considerably lower than the area of the perennial <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover during the preceding summer. Four distinct clusters representing radiometrically different types have been identified using multi-channel cluster analysis of passive microwave data. Data from two of these clusters, postulated to come from second year and older multiyear <span class="hlt">ice</span> regions are also shown to have average thicknesses of 2.4 and 4.1 m, respectively, indicating that the passive microwave data may contain some <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness information that can be utilized for mass balance studies. The yearly anomaly <span class="hlt">maps</span> indicate high gains of first year <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover in the Arctic during the last decade which means higher production of second year <span class="hlt">ice</span> and fraction of this type in the declining perennial <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover. While not the only cause, the rapid decline in the perennial <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover is in part caused by the increasing fractional component of the thinner second year <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover that is very vulnerable to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21081.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA21081.html"><span>Water <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Abundance on Ceres</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-12-15</p> <p>This frame from an animation shows dwarf planet Ceres overlaid with the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of hydrogen determined from data acquired by the gamma ray and neutron detector GRaND instrument aboard NASA Dawn spacecraft. The hydrogen is in the upper yard (or meter) of regolith, the loose surface material on Ceres. The color scale gives hydrogen content in water-equivalent units, which assumes all of the hydrogen is in the form of H2O. Blue indicates where hydrogen content is higher, near the poles, while red indicates lower content at lower latitudes. In reality, some of the hydrogen is in the form of water <span class="hlt">ice</span>, while a portion of the hydrogen is in the form of hydrated minerals (such as OH, in serpentine group minerals). The color information is superimposed on shaded relief <span class="hlt">map</span> for context. A second animation (Figure 2) compares the hydrogen content of Ceres' regolith with that of the giant asteroid Vesta, which Dawn orbited from 2011 to 2012. These data show Vesta is a much drier world, with a much lower percent of hydrogen in its regolith. Both <span class="hlt">maps</span> were produced from data acquired by GRaND. Videos are available at http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21081</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.G53A..01M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.G53A..01M"><span>Single-pass Airborne InSAR for Wide-swath, High-Resolution Cryospheric Surface Topography <span class="hlt">Mapping</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moller, D.; Hensley, S.; Wu, X.; Muellerschoen, R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In May 2009 a mm-wave single-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) for the first time demonstrated <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface topography swath-<span class="hlt">mapping</span> in Greenland. This was achieved with the airborne Glacier and <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN-A). Ka-band (35.6GHz) was chosen for high-precision topographic <span class="hlt">mapping</span> from a compact sensor with minimal surface penetration. In recent years, the system was comprehensively upgraded for improved performance, stability and calibration. In April 2013, after completing the upgrades, GLISTIN-A flew a brief campaign to Alaska. The primary purpose was to demonstrate the InSAR's ability to generate high-precision, high resolution <span class="hlt">maps</span> of <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface topography with swaths in excess of 10km. Comparison of GLISTIN-A's elevations over glacial <span class="hlt">ice</span> with lidar verified the precision requirements and established elevation accuracies to within 2 m without tie points. Feature tracking of crevasses on Columbia Glacier using data acquired with a 3-day separation exhibit an impressive velocity <span class="hlt">mapping</span> capability. Furthermore, GLISTIN-A flew over the Beaufort sea to determine if we could not only <span class="hlt">map</span> sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, but also measure freeboard. Initial analysis has established we can measure sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> freeboard using height differences from the top of the sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> and the sea surface in open leads. In the future, a campaign with lidar is desired for a quantitative validation. Another proof-of-concept collection <span class="hlt">mapped</span> snow-basins for hydrology. Snow depth measurements using summer and winter collections in the Sierras were compared with lidar measurements. Unsurprisingly when present, trees complicate the interpretation, but additional filtering and processing is in work. For each application, knowledge of the interferometric penetration is important for scientific interpretation. We present analytical predictions and experimental data to upper bound the elevation bias of the InSAR measurements over snow and snow-covered <span class="hlt">ice</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5545F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.5545F"><span>The effect of Ocean resolution, and external forcing in the correlation between SLP and Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> in the Pre-PRIMAVERA GCMs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fuentes-Franco, Ramon; Koenigk, Torben</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Recently, an observational study has shown that sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> variations in Barents Sea seem to be important for the sign of the following winter NAO (Koenigk et al. 2016). It has also been found that amplitude and extension of the Sea Level Pressure (SLP) patterns are modulated by Greenland and Labrador Seas <span class="hlt">ice</span> areas. Therefore, Earth System Models participating in the PRIMAVERA Project are used to study the impact of resolution in ocean models in reproducing the previously mentioned observed correlation patterns between Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> (SIC) and the SLP. When using ensembles of high ocean resolution (0.25 degrees) and low ocean resolution (1 degree) simulations, we found that the correlation sign between sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> over the Central Arctic, the Barents/Kara Seas and the Northern Hemisphere is similar to observations in the higher ocean resolution ensemble, although the amplitude is underestimated. In contrast, the low resolution ensemble shows opposite correlation patterns compared to observations. In general, high ocean resolution simulations show more similar results to observations than the low resolution simulations. Similarly, in order to study the mentioned observed SIC-SLP relationship reported by Koenigk et al (2016), we analyzed the impact of the use of pre-industrial and historical external forcing in the simulations. When using same forcing ensembles, we found that the correlation sign between SIC and SLP does not show a systematic behavior dependent on the use of different external forcing (pre-industrial or present day) as it does when using different ocean resolutions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070019850&hterms=topography&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dtopography','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070019850&hterms=topography&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dtopography"><span>The Glacier and Land <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN): A Novel Ka-band Digitally Beamformed Interferometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moller, Delwyn K.; Heavey, Brandon; Hodges, Richard; Rengarajan, Sembiam; Rignot, Eric; Rogez, Francois; Sadowy, Gregory; Simard, Marc; Zawadzki, Mark</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The estimation of the mass balance of <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheets and glaciers on Earth is a problem of considerable scientific and societal importance. A key measurement to understanding, monitoring and forecasting these changes is <span class="hlt">ice</span>-surface topography, both for <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheet and glacial regions. As such NASA identified '<span class="hlt">ice</span> topographic <span class="hlt">mapping</span> instruments capable of providing precise elevation and detailed imagery data for measurements on glacial scales for detailed monitoring of <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet, and glacier changes' as a science priority for the most recent Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) opportunities. Funded under this opportunity is the technological development for a Ka-Band (35GHz) single-pass digitally beamformed interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Unique to this concept is the ability to <span class="hlt">map</span> a significant swath impervious of cloud cover with measurement accuracies comparable to laser altimeters but with variable resolution as appropriate to the differing scales-of-interest over <span class="hlt">ice</span>-sheets and glaciers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/237955-structure-internal-stresses-uncompacted-ice-cover','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/237955-structure-internal-stresses-uncompacted-ice-cover"><span>The structure of internal stresses in the uncompacted <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Sukhorukov, K.K.</p> <p>1995-12-31</p> <p>Interactions between engineering structures and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover are associated with an inhomogeneous space/time field of internal stresses. Field measurements (e.g., Coon, 1989; Tucker, 1992) have revealed considerable local stresses depending on the regional stress field and <span class="hlt">ice</span> structure. These stresses appear in different time and space scales and depend on rheologic properties of the <span class="hlt">ice</span>. To estimate properly the stressed state a knowledge of a connection between internal stress components in various regions of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover is necessary. To develop reliable algorithms for estimates of <span class="hlt">ice</span> action on engineering structures new experimental data are required to take intomore » account both microscale (comparable with local <span class="hlt">ice</span> inhomogeneities) and small-scale (kilometers) inhomogeneities of the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover. Studies of compacted <span class="hlt">ice</span> (<span class="hlt">concentration</span> N is nearly 1) are mostly important. This paper deals with the small-scale spatial distribution of internal stresses in the interaction zone between the <span class="hlt">ice</span> covers of various <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and icebergs. The experimental conditions model a situation of the interaction between a wide structure and the <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover. Field data on a drifting <span class="hlt">ice</span> were collected during the Russian-US experiment in Antarctica WEDDELL-I in 1992.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRC..119.7007H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRC..119.7007H"><span>Laboratory study on coprecipitation of phosphate with ikaite in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Yu-Bin; Dieckmann, Gerhard S.; Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter A.; Nehrke, Gernot</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) has recently been discovered in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, providing first direct evidence of CaCO3 precipitation in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>. However, the impact of ikaite precipitation on phosphate (PO4) <span class="hlt">concentration</span> has not been considered so far. Experiments were set up at pH from 8.5 to 10.0, salinities from 0 to 105, temperatures from -4°C to 0°C, and PO4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from 5 to 50 µmol kg-1 in artificial sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> brine so as to understand how ikaite precipitation affects the PO4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> under different conditions. Our results show that PO4 is coprecipitated with ikaite under all experimental conditions. The amount of PO4 removed by ikaite precipitation increases with increasing pH. Changes in salinity (S ≥ 35) as well as temperature have little impact on PO4 removal by ikaite precipitation. The initial PO4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> affects the PO4 coprecipitation. These findings may shed some light on the observed variability of PO4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120009528','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120009528"><span>Antarctic Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Variability and Trends, 1979-2010</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Parkinson, C. L.; Cavalieri, D. J.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In sharp contrast to the decreasing sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> coverage of the Arctic, in the Antarctic the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover has, on average, expanded since the late 1970s. More specifically, satellite passive-microwave data for the period November 1978 - December 2010 reveal an overall positive trend in <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents of 17,100 +/- 2,300 square km/yr. Much of the increase, at 13,700 +/- 1,500 square km/yr, has occurred in the region of the Ross Sea, with lesser contributions from the Weddell Sea and Indian Ocean. One region, that of the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas, has, like the Arctic, instead experienced significant sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> decreases, with an overall <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent trend of -8,200 +/- 1,200 square km/yr. When examined through the annual cycle over the 32-year period 1979-2010, the Southern Hemisphere sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover as a whole experienced positive <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent trends in every month, ranging in magnitude from a low of 9,100 +/- 6,300 square km/yr in February to a high of 24,700 +/- 10,000 square km/yr in May. The Ross Sea and Indian Ocean also had positive trends in each month, while the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas had negative trends in each month, and the Weddell Sea and Western Pacific Ocean had a mixture of positive and negative trends. Comparing <span class="hlt">ice</span>-area results to <span class="hlt">ice</span>-extent results, in each case the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-area trend has the same sign as the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-extent trend, but differences in the magnitudes of the two trends identify regions with overall increasing <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and others with overall decreasing <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The strong pattern of decreasing <span class="hlt">ice</span> coverage in the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas region and increasing <span class="hlt">ice</span> coverage in the Ross Sea region is suggestive of changes in atmospheric circulation. This is a key topic for future research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.P53A1844S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.P53A1844S"><span>Design of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle to Calibrate the Europa Clipper <span class="hlt">Ice</span>-Penetrating Radar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stone, W.; Siegel, V.; Kimball, P.; Richmond, K.; Flesher, C.; Hogan, B.; Lelievre, S.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Jupiter's moon Europa has been prioritized as the target for the Europa Clipper flyby mission. A key science objective for the mission is to remotely characterize the <span class="hlt">ice</span> shell and any subsurface water, including their heterogeneity, and the nature of surface-<span class="hlt">ice</span>-ocean exchange. This objective is a critical component of the mission's overarching goal of assessing the habitability of Europa. The instrument targeted for addressing key aspects of this goal is an <span class="hlt">ice</span>-penetrating radar (IPR). As a primary goal of our work, we will tightly couple airborne IPR studies of the Ross <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf by the Europa Clipper radar team with ground-truth data to be obtained from sub-glacial sonar and bio-geochemical <span class="hlt">mapping</span> of the corresponding <span class="hlt">ice</span>-water and water-rock interfaces using an advanced autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The ARTEMIS vehicle - a heavily morphed long-range, low drag variant of the highly successful 4-degree-of-freedom hovering sub-<span class="hlt">ice</span> ENDURANCE bot -- will be deployed from a sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> drill hole adjacent the McMurdo <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf (MIS) and will perform three classes of missions. The first includes original exploration and high definition <span class="hlt">mapping</span> of both the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-water interface and the benthic interface on a length scale (approximately 10 kilometers under-<span class="hlt">ice</span> penetration radius) that will definitively tie it to the synchronous airborne IPR over-flights. These exploration and <span class="hlt">mapping</span> missions will be conducted at up to 10 different locations along the MIS in order to capture varying <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness and seawater intrusion into the <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelf. Following initial <span class="hlt">mapping</span> characterization, the vehicle will conduct astrobiology-relevant proximity operations using bio-assay sensors (custom-designed UV fluorescence and machine-vision-processed optical imagery) followed by point-targeted studies at regions of interest. Sample returns from the <span class="hlt">ice</span>-water interface will be triggered autonomously using real-time-processed instrument data and onboard decision-to-collect algorithms</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17834534','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17834534"><span>The little <span class="hlt">ice</span> age as recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical quelccaya <span class="hlt">ice</span> cap.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thompson, L G; Mosley-Thompson, E; Dansgaard, W; Grootes, P M</p> <p>1986-10-17</p> <p>The analyses of two <span class="hlt">ice</span> cores from a southern tropical <span class="hlt">ice</span> cap provide a record of climatic conditions over 1000 years for a region where other proxy records are nearly absent. Annual variations in visible dust layers, oxygen isotopes, microparticle <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, conductivity, and identification of the historical (A.D. 1600) Huaynaputina ash permit accurate dating and time-scale verification. The fact that the Little <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Age (about A.D. 1500 to 1900) stands out as a significant climatic event in the oxygen isotope and electrical conductivity records confirms the worldwide character of this event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018TCry...12.1157M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018TCry...12.1157M"><span>Canadian snow and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>: historical trends and projections</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mudryk, Lawrence R.; Derksen, Chris; Howell, Stephen; Laliberté, Fred; Thackeray, Chad; Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel; Vionnet, Vincent; Kushner, Paul J.; Brown, Ross</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The Canadian Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> and Snow Evolution (CanSISE) Network is a climate research network focused on developing and applying state of the art observational data to advance dynamical prediction, projections, and understanding of seasonal snow cover and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> in Canada and the circumpolar Arctic. Here, we present an assessment from the CanSISE Network on trends in the historical record of snow cover (fraction, water equivalent) and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> (area, <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, type, and thickness) across Canada. We also assess projected changes in snow cover and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> likely to occur by mid-century, as simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) suite of Earth system models. The historical datasets show that the fraction of Canadian land and marine areas covered by snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> is decreasing over time, with seasonal and regional variability in the trends consistent with regional differences in surface temperature trends. In particular, summer sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover has decreased significantly across nearly all Canadian marine regions, and the rate of multi-year <span class="hlt">ice</span> loss in the Beaufort Sea and Canadian Arctic Archipelago has nearly doubled over the last 8 years. The multi-model consensus over the 2020-2050 period shows reductions in fall and spring snow cover fraction and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 5-10 % per decade (or 15-30 % in total), with similar reductions in winter sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in both Hudson Bay and eastern Canadian waters. Peak pre-melt terrestrial snow water equivalent reductions of up to 10 % per decade (30 % in total) are projected across southern Canada.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870027099&hterms=microwaves+water+structure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dmicrowaves%2Bwater%2Bstructure','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870027099&hterms=microwaves+water+structure&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dmicrowaves%2Bwater%2Bstructure"><span>Satellite microwave and in situ observations of the Weddell Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover and its marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Comiso, J. C.; Sullivan, C. W.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The radiative and physical characteristics of the Weddell Sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover and its marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone are analyzed using multichannel satellite passive microwave data and ship and helicopter observations obtained during the 1983 Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Research. Winter and spring brightness temperatures are examined; spatial variability in the brightness temperatures of consolidated <span class="hlt">ice</span> in winter and spring cyclic increases and decrease in brightness temperatures of consolidated <span class="hlt">ice</span> with an amplitude of 50 K at 37 GHz and 20 K at 18 GHz are observed. The roles of variations in air temperature and surface characteristics in the variability of spring brightness temperatures are investigated. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are derived using the frequency and polarization techniques, and the data are compared with the helicopter and ship observations. Temporal changes in the <span class="hlt">ice</span> margin structure and the mass balance of fresh water and of biological features of the marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone are studied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..120.9916W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..120.9916W"><span>The role of seasonality of mineral dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and size on glacial/interglacial dust changes in the EPICA Dronning Maud Land <span class="hlt">ice</span> core</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wegner, Anna; Fischer, Hubertus; Delmonte, Barbara; Petit, Jean-Robert; Erhardt, Tobias; Ruth, Urs; Svensson, Anders; Vinther, Bo; Miller, Heinrich</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>We present a record of particulate dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and size distribution in subannual resolution measured on the European Project for <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dronning Maud Land (EDML) <span class="hlt">ice</span> core drilled in the Atlantic sector of the East Antarctic plateau. The record reaches from present day back to the penultimate glacial until 145,000 years B.P. with subannual resolution from 60,000 years B.P. to the present. Mean dust <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are a factor of 46 higher during the glacial (~850-4600 ng/mL) compared to the Holocene (~16-112 ng/mL) with slightly smaller dust particles during the glacial compared to the Holocene and with an absolute minimum in the dust size at 16,000 years B.P. The changes in dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> are mainly attributed to changes in source conditions in southern South America. An increase in the modal value of the dust size suggests that at 16,000 years B.P. a major change in atmospheric circulation apparently allowed more direct transport of dust particles to the EDML drill site. We find a clear in-phase relation of the seasonal variation in dust mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and dust size during the glacial (r(conc,size) = 0.8) but no clear phase relationship during the Holocene (0 < r(conc,size) < 0.4). With a simple conceptual 1-D model describing the transport of the dust to the <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet using the size as an indicator for transport intensity, we find that the effect of the changes in the seasonality of the source emission strength and the transport intensity on the dust decrease over Transition 1 can significantly contribute to the large decrease of dust <span class="hlt">concentration</span> from the glacial to the Holocene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000038122&hterms=modis+snow+cover&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dmodis%2Bsnow%2Bcover','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20000038122&hterms=modis+snow+cover&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dmodis%2Bsnow%2Bcover"><span>MODIS Snow and <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Products from the NSIDC DAAC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Scharfen, Greg R.; Hall, Dorothy K.; Riggs, George A.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>The National Snow and <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Data Center (NSIDC) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) provides data and information on snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> processes, especially pertaining to interactions among snow, <span class="hlt">ice</span>, atmosphere and ocean, in support of research on global change detection and model validation, and provides general data and information services to cryospheric and polar processes research community. The NSIDC DAAC is an integral part of the multi-agency-funded support for snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> data management services at NSIDC. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) will be flown on the first Earth Observation System (EOS) platform (AM-1) in 1998. The MODIS Instrument Science Team is developing geophysical products from data collected by the MODIS instrument, including snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> products which will be archived and distributed by NSIDC DAAC. The MODIS snow and <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">mapping</span> algorithms will generate global snow, lake <span class="hlt">ice</span>, and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> cover products on a daily basis. These products will augment the existing record of satellite-derived snow cover and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> products that began about 30 years ago. The characteristics of these products, their utility, and comparisons to other data set are discussed. Current developments and issues are summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27780352','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27780352"><span>Seasonal Study of Mercury Species in the Antarctic Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Environment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nerentorp Mastromonaco, Michelle G; Gårdfeldt, Katarina; Langer, Sarka; Dommergue, Aurélien</p> <p>2016-12-06</p> <p>Limited studies have been conducted on mercury <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the polar cryosphere and the factors affecting the distribution of mercury within sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> and snow are poorly understood. Here we present the first comprehensive seasonal study of elemental and total mercury <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the Antarctic sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> environment covering data from measurements in air, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, seawater, snow, frost flowers, and brine. The average <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of total mercury in sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> decreased from winter (9.7 ng L -1 ) to spring (4.7 ng L -1 ) while the average elemental mercury <span class="hlt">concentration</span> increased from winter (0.07 ng L -1 ) to summer (0.105 ng L -1 ). The opposite trends suggest potential photo- or dark oxidation/reduction processes within the <span class="hlt">ice</span> and an eventual loss of mercury via brine drainage or gas evasion of elemental mercury. Our results indicate a seasonal variation of mercury species in the polar sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> environment probably due to varying factors such as solar radiation, temperature, brine volume, and atmospheric deposition. This study shows that the sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> environment is a significant interphase between the polar ocean and the atmosphere and should be accounted for when studying how climate change may affect the mercury cycle in polar regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GSL.....3...13O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GSL.....3...13O"><span>Global view of sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> production in polynyas and its linkage to dense/bottom water formation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ohshima, Kay I.; Nihashi, Sohey; Iwamoto, Katsushi</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Global overturning circulation is driven by density differences. Saline water rejected during sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> formation in polynyas is the main source of dense water, and thus sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> production is a key factor in the overturning circulation. Due to difficulties associated with in situ observation, sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> production and its interannual variability have not been well understood until recently. Methods to estimate sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> production on large scales have been developed using heat flux calculations based on satellite microwave radiometer data. Using these methods, we present the <span class="hlt">mapping</span> of sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> production with the same definition and scale globally, and review the polynya <span class="hlt">ice</span> production and its relationship with dense/bottom water. The <span class="hlt">mapping</span> demonstrates that <span class="hlt">ice</span> production rate is high in Antarctic coastal polynyas, in contrast to Arctic coastal polynyas. This is consistent with the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), the densest water mass which occupies the abyssal layer of the global ocean. The Ross <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Shelf polynya has by far the highest <span class="hlt">ice</span> production in the Southern Hemisphere. The Cape Darnley polynya (65°E-69°E) is found to be the second highest production area and recent observations revealed that this is the missing (fourth) source of AABW. In the region off the Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT), the third source of AABW, sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> production decreased by as much as 40 %, due to the MGT calving in early 2010, resulting in a significant decrease in AABW production. The Okhotsk Northwestern polynya exhibits the highest <span class="hlt">ice</span> production in the Northern Hemisphere, and the resultant dense water formation leads to overturning in the North Pacific, extending to the intermediate layer. Estimates of its <span class="hlt">ice</span> production show a significant decrease over the past 30-50 years, likely causing the weakening of the North Pacific overturning. These regions demonstrate the strong linkage between variabilities of sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> production and bottom/intermediate water formation. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AAS...23040303O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AAS...23040303O"><span>Exploring the <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Giants with JWST</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Orton, Glenn S.; Fletcher, Leigh; Hammel, Heidi B.; Melin, Henrik; Guerlet, Sandrine; Greathouse, Thomas K.; Irwin, Patrick GJ</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Giants Uranus and Neptune are among the least-explored environments in our Solar System, having been visited only once, by Voyager 2 in 1986 and 1989, respectively. Their bulk properties and composition, intermediate between the hydrogen-rich gas giants and the smaller terrestrial worlds, make them representative of a planetary class that may be commonplace in other planetary systems. Furthermore, their small angular diameter, low atmospheric temperatures, and dynamic and ever-changing atmospheres make them tantalising infrared targets for JWST. This presentation will reveal the scientific rationale and requirements for a long-term program of JWST spectroscopic <span class="hlt">mapping</span> of these two worlds. Specifically, the MIRI instrument can be used to determine the 3-dimensional temperature structure to understand (i) seasonal atmospheric circulation from the equator to the poles, (ii) the relation between temperatures, visible atmospheric banding and storm phenomena; and (iii) to discover the unknown circulations and wave phenomena shaping their middle atmospheres. JWST spectra will also allow us to search for and <span class="hlt">map</span> chemical species produced from photochemistry (e.g., hydrocarbons derived from methane photolysis), from vertical mixing (e.g., disequilibrium species), and from external sources (e.g., HCN and oxygen compounds delivered by comets, ring rain and interplanetary dust). Furthermore, near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy with NIRCAM and NIRSpec will provide detailed characterisations of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-giant cloud and haze formation and their evolution with time, as well as revealing how auroral processes (observed via H3+ emission) influence the middle atmosphere. JWST will not only enable intercomparison of these atmospheric processes on two very different worlds (Uranus with its extreme tilt and sluggish mixing; Neptune with its powerful internal heat source), but also mature our understanding of how <span class="hlt">ice</span> giant phenomena compare to both gas giant and terrestrial</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04254.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-PIA04254.html"><span><span class="hlt">Map</span> of Martian Polar Hydrogen</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>2003-03-13</p> <p>This gamma ray spectrometer <span class="hlt">map</span> centered on the north pole of Mars is based on gamma-rays from the element hydrogen. In this region, hydrogen is mainly in the form of water <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Regions of high <span class="hlt">ice</span> content are shown in red and those low in <span class="hlt">ice</span> content are shown in blue. The very <span class="hlt">ice</span>-rich region at the north pole is due to a permanent polar cap of water <span class="hlt">ice</span> on the surface. Elsewhere in this region, the <span class="hlt">ice</span> is buried under several to a few tens of centimeters of dry soil. The sub-surface <span class="hlt">ice</span> is not uniformly distributed in the north, but varies with both latitude and longitude. In the north, the soil is well over 50 percent <span class="hlt">ice</span>, which is more than can be accommodated by just filling the pore space in pre-existing soil. This high <span class="hlt">ice</span> content implies that the <span class="hlt">ice</span> may have been slowly co-deposited with dust in the past when conditions were wetter. Deposition of <span class="hlt">ice</span> by this process means it is more likely that the <span class="hlt">ice</span> deposits are very thick and may even be deep enough to have liquid water at their base. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04254</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53E0936K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53E0936K"><span>Toward Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Arctic Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Forecasting Using the Regional Arctic System Model (RASM)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kamal, S.; Maslowski, W.; Roberts, A.; Osinski, R.; Cassano, J. J.; Seefeldt, M. W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The Regional Arctic system model has been developed and used to advance the current state of Arctic modeling and increase the skill of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> forecast. RASM is a fully coupled, limited-area model that includes the atmosphere, ocean, sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>, land hydrology and runoff routing components and the flux coupler to exchange information among them. Boundary conditions are derived from NCEP Climate Forecasting System Reanalyses (CFSR) or Era Iterim (ERA-I) for hindcast simulations or from NCEP Coupled Forecast System Model version 2 (CFSv2) for seasonal forecasts. We have used RASM to produce sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> forecasts for September 2016 and 2017, in contribution to the Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Outlook (SIO) of the Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Prediction Network (SIPN). Each year, we produced three SIOs for the September minimum, initialized on June 1, July 1 and August 1. In 2016, predictions used a simple linear regression model to correct for systematic biases and included the mean September sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent, the daily minimum and the week of the minimum. In 2017, we produced a 12-member ensemble on June 1 and July 1, and 28-member ensemble August 1. The predictions of September 2017 included the pan-Arctic and regional Alaskan sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent, daily and monthly mean pan-Arctic <span class="hlt">maps</span> of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> probability, <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and thickness. No bias correction was applied to the 2017 forecasts. Finally, we will also discuss future plans for RASM forecasts, which include increased resolution for model components, ecosystem predictions with marine biogeochemistry extensions (mBGC) to the ocean and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> components, and feasibility of optional boundary conditions using the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932288','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932288"><span>New horizons <span class="hlt">mapping</span> of Europa and Ganymede.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grundy, W M; Buratti, B J; Cheng, A F; Emery, J P; Lunsford, A; McKinnon, W B; Moore, J M; Newman, S F; Olkin, C B; Reuter, D C; Schenk, P M; Spencer, J R; Stern, S A; Throop, H B; Weaver, H A</p> <p>2007-10-12</p> <p>The New Horizons spacecraft observed Jupiter's icy satellites Europa and Ganymede during its flyby in February and March 2007 at visible and infrared wavelengths. Infrared spectral images <span class="hlt">map</span> H2O <span class="hlt">ice</span> absorption and hydrated contaminants, bolstering the case for an exogenous source of Europa's "non-<span class="hlt">ice</span>" surface material and filling large gaps in compositional <span class="hlt">maps</span> of Ganymede's Jupiter-facing hemisphere. Visual wavelength images of Europa extend knowledge of its global pattern of arcuate troughs and show that its surface scatters light more isotropically than other icy satellites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53E0944A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMGC53E0944A"><span>Record low lake <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness and bedfast <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent on Alaska's Arctic Coastal Plain in 2017 exemplify the value of monitoring freshwater <span class="hlt">ice</span> to understand sea-<span class="hlt">ice</span> forcing and predict permafrost dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arp, C. D.; Alexeev, V. A.; Bondurant, A. C.; Creighton, A.; Engram, M. J.; Jones, B. M.; Parsekian, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The winter of 2016/2017 was exceptionally warm and snowy along the coast of Arctic Alaska partly due to low fall sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent. Based on several decades of field measurements, we documented a new record low maximum <span class="hlt">ice</span> thickness (MIT) for lakes on the Barrow Peninsula, averaging 1.2 m. This is in comparison to a long-term average MIT of 1.7 m stretching back to 1962 with a maximum of 2.1 m in 1970 and previous minimum of 1.3 m in 2014. The relevance of thinner lake <span class="hlt">ice</span> in arctic coastal lowlands, where thermokarst lakes cover greater than 20% of the land area, is that permafrost below lakes with bedfast <span class="hlt">ice</span> is typically preserved. Lakes deeper than the MIT warm and thaw sub-lake permafrost forming taliks. Remote sensing analysis using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a valuable tool for scaling the field observations of MIT to the entire freshwater landscape to <span class="hlt">map</span> bedfast <span class="hlt">ice</span>. A new, long-term time-series of late winter multi-platform SAR from 1992 to 2016 shows a large dynamic range of bedfast <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent, 29% of lake area or 6% of the total land area over this period, and adding 2017 to this record is expected to extend this range further. Empirical models of lake mean annual bed temperature suggest that permafrost begins to thaw at depths less than 60% of MIT. Based on this information and knowledge of average lake <span class="hlt">ice</span> growth trajectories, we suggest that future SAR analysis of lake <span class="hlt">ice</span> should focus on mid-winter (January) to evaluate the extent of bedfast <span class="hlt">ice</span> and corresponding zones of sub-lake permafrost thaw. Tracking changes in these areas from year to year in mid-winter may provide the best landscape-scale evaluation of changing permafrost conditions in lake-rich arctic lowlands. Because observed changes in MIT coupled with mid-winter bedfast <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent provide much information on permafrost stability, we suggest that these measurements can serve as Essential Climate Variables (EVCs) to indicate past and future changes in lake-rich arctic regions. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758589','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758589"><span>Exploring the Effects of Subfreezing Temperature and Salt <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> on <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Growth Inhibition of Antarctic Gram-Negative Bacterium Marinomonas Primoryensis Using Coarse-Grained Simulation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Hung; Dac Van, Thanh; Tran, Nhut; Le, Ly</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The aim of this work is to study the freezing process of water molecules surrounding Antarctic Gram-negative bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis antifreeze protein (MpAFP) and the MpAFP interactions to the surface of <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystals under various marine environments (at different NaCl <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.8 mol/l). Our result indicates that activating temperature region of MpAFPs reduced as NaCl <span class="hlt">concentration</span> increased. Specifically, MpAFP was activated and functioned at 0.6 mol/l with temperatures equal or larger 278 K, and at 0.8 mol/l with temperatures equal or larger 270 K. Additionally, MpAFP was inhibited by <span class="hlt">ice</span> crystal network from 268 to 274 K and solid-liquid hybrid from 276 to 282 K at 0.3 mol/l <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Our results shed lights on structural dynamics of MpAFP among different marine environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1818308T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1818308T"><span>RTopo-2: A global high-resolution dataset of <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet topography, <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelf cavity geometry and ocean bathymetry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Timmermann, Ralph; Schaffer, Janin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The RTopo-1 data set of Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet/shelf geometry and global ocean bathymetry has proven useful not only for modelling studies of <span class="hlt">ice</span>-ocean interaction in the southern hemisphere. Following the spirit of this data set, we introduce a new product (RTopo-2) that contains consistent <span class="hlt">maps</span> of global ocean bathymetry, upper and lower <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface topographies for Greenland and Antarctica, and global surface height on a spherical grid with now 30 arc seconds resolution. We used the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO_2014) as the backbone and added the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean version 3 (IBCAOv3) and the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) version 1. To achieve a good representation of the fjord and shelf bathymetry around the Greenland continent, we corrected data from earlier gridded products in the areas of Petermann Glacier, Hagen Bræ and Helheim Glacier assuming that sub-<span class="hlt">ice</span> and fjord bathymetries roughly follow plausible Last Glacial Maximum <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow patterns. For the continental shelf off northeast Greenland and the floating <span class="hlt">ice</span> tongue of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier at about 79°N, we incorporated a high-resolution digital bathymetry model including all available multibeam survey data for the region. Radar data for <span class="hlt">ice</span> surface and <span class="hlt">ice</span> base topographies of the floating <span class="hlt">ice</span> tongues of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier and Zachariæ Isstrøm have been obtained from the data centers of Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Operation Icebridge (NASA/NSF) and Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). For the Antarctic <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet/<span class="hlt">ice</span> shelves, RTopo-2 largely relies on the Bedmap-2 product but applies corrections for the geometry of Getz, Abbot and Fimbul <span class="hlt">ice</span> shelf cavities. The data set is available in full and in regional subsets in NetCDF format from the PANGAEA database.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070035024','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070035024"><span>Arctic Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> Parameters from AMSR-E Data using Two Techniques, and Comparisons with Sea <span class="hlt">Ice</span> from SSM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Comiso, Josefino C.; Parkinson, Claire L.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>We use two algorithms to process AMSR-E data in order to determine algorithm dependence, if any, on the estimates of sea <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent and area, and trends and to evaluate how AMSR-E data compare with historical SSM/I data. The monthly <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> derived from the two algorithms from AMSR-E data (the AMSR-E Bootstrap Algorithm, or ABA, and the enhanced NASA Team algorithm, or NT2) differ on average by about 1 to 3%, with data from the consolidated <span class="hlt">ice</span> region being generally comparable for ABA and NT2 retrievals while data in the marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zones and thin <span class="hlt">ice</span> regions show higher values when the NT2 algorithm is used. The <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents and areas derived separately from AMSR-E using these two algorithms are, however, in good agreement, with the differences (ABA-NT2) being about 6.6 x 10(exp 4) square kilometers on average for <span class="hlt">ice</span> extents and -6.6 x 10(exp 4) square kilometers for <span class="hlt">ice</span> area which are small compared to mean seasonal values of 10.5 x 10(exp 6) and 9.8 x 10(exp 6) for <span class="hlt">ice</span> extent and area: respectively. Likewise, extents and areas derived from the same algorithm but from AMSR-E and SSM/I data are consistent but differ by about -24.4 x 10(exp 4) square kilometers and -13.9 x 10(exp 4) square kilometers, respectively. The discrepancies are larger with the estimates of extents than area mainly because of differences in channel selection and sensor resolutions. Trends in extent during the AMSR-E era were also estimated and results from all three data sets are shown to be in good agreement (within errors).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1170/OFR12_1170_map.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1170/OFR12_1170_map.pdf"><span>Quaternary geologic <span class="hlt">map</span> of the Shelby 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Fullerton, David S.; Colton, Roger B.; Bush, Charles A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The Shelby quadrangle encompasses approximately 16,084 km2 (6,210 mi2). The northern boundary is the Montana/Saskatchewan (U.S./Canada) boundary. The quadrangle is in the Northern Plains physiographic province and it includes the Sweet Grass Hills. The primary river is the Marias River. The ancestral Missouri River was diverted south of the Bearpaw Mountains by a Laurentide <span class="hlt">ice</span> sheet. The fill in the buried ancestral valleys of the Missouri River and Marias River in the southeast quarter of the quadrangle contains a complex stratigraphy of fluvial, glaciofluvial, <span class="hlt">ice</span>-contact, glacial, lacustrine, and eolian deposits. The <span class="hlt">map</span> units are surficial deposits and materials, not landforms. Deposits that comprise some constructional landforms (for example, ground-moraine deposits, end-moraine deposits, stagnation-moraine deposits, all composed of till) are distinguished for purposes of reconstruction of glacial history. Surficial deposits and materials are assigned to 21 <span class="hlt">map</span> units on the basis of genesis, age, lithology or composition, texture or particle size, and other physical, chemical, and engineering characteristics. It is not a <span class="hlt">map</span> of soils that are recognized in pedology or agronomy. Rather, it is a generalized <span class="hlt">map</span> of soils recognized in engineering geology, or of substrata or parent materials in which pedologic or agronomic soils are formed. Glaciotectonic (<span class="hlt">ice</span>-thrust) structures and deposits are <span class="hlt">mapped</span> separately, represented by a symbol. On the glaciated plains, the surficial deposits are glacial, <span class="hlt">ice</span>-contact, glaciofluvial, alluvial, lacustrine, eolian, colluvial, and mass-movement deposits. In the Sweet Grass Hills, beyond the limit of Quaternary glaciation they are fluvial, colluvial, and mass-movement deposits. Till of late Wisconsin age is represented by three <span class="hlt">map</span> units. Tills of Illinoian and pre-Illinoian glaciations are not <span class="hlt">mapped</span>, but are widespread in the subsurface. Linear <span class="hlt">ice</span>-molded landforms (primarily drumlins) indicate directions of <span class="hlt">ice</span> flow</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70014695','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70014695"><span>Remote sensing of the Fram Strait marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Shuchman, R.A.; Burns, B.A.; Johannessen, O.M.; Josberger, E.G.; Campbell, W.J.; Manley, T.O.; Lannelongue, N.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Sequential remote sensing images of the Fram Strait marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone played a key role in elucidating the complex interactions of the atmosphere, ocean, and sea <span class="hlt">ice</span>. Analysis of a subset of these images covering a 1-week period provided quantitative data on the mesoscale <span class="hlt">ice</span> morphology, including <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge positions, <span class="hlt">ice</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, floe size distribution, and <span class="hlt">ice</span> kinematics. The analysis showed that, under light to moderate wind conditions, the morphology of the marginal <span class="hlt">ice</span> zone reflects the underlying ocean circulation. High-resolution radar observations showed the location and size of ocean eddies near the <span class="hlt">ice</span> edge. <span class="hlt">Ice</span> kinematics from sequential radar images revealed an ocean eddy beneath the interior pack <span class="hlt">ice</span> that was verified by in situ oceanographic measurements.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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