Fire Safety Aspects of Polymeric Materials. Volume 6. Aircraft. Civil and Military

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-01-01

resistance of the existing Polyurethane foam- based seating sys- tems be improved through design, construction, and selection of covering materials. 12. A...aircraft interiors under real fire conditions. To provide the data base for developing improved fire safety standards for aircraft, four types of...the determination of immobilizing effect was based on performance in the swimming test, a simple exercise method also favored by Kimmerle to provide

Development of aircraft lavatory compartments with improved fire resistance characteristics. Phase 4: Sandwich panel decorative ink development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jayarajan, A.; Johnson, G. A.; Korver, G. L.; Anderson, R. A.

1983-01-01

Five chemically different resin systems with improved fire resistance properties were studied for a possible screenprinting ink application. Fire resistance is hereby defined as the cured ink possessing improvements in flammability, smoke emission, and thermal stability. The developed ink is for application to polyvinyl fluoride film. Only clear inks without pigments were considered. Five formulations were evaluated compared with KC4900 clear acrylic ink, which was used as a baseline. The tests used in the screening evaluation included viscosity, smoke and toxic gas emission, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and polyvinyl fluoride film (PVF) printability. A chlorofluorocarbon resin (FPC461) was selected for optimization studies. The parameters for optimization included screenprinting process performance, quality of coating, and flammability of screenprinted 0.051-mm (0.002-in.) white Tedlar. The quality of the screenprinted coating on Tedlar is dependent on viscosity, curing time, adhesion to polyvinyl fluoride film, drying time (both inscreen and as an applied film), and silk screen mesh material and porosity.

Fire Safety in the Low-Gravity Spacecraft Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert

1999-01-01

Research in microgravity (low-gravity) combustion promises innovations and improvements in fire prevention and response for human-crew spacecraft. Findings indicate that material flammability and fire spread in microgravity are significantly affected by atmospheric flow rate, oxygen concentration, and diluent composition. This information can lead to modifications and correlations to standard material-assessment tests for prediction of fire resistance in space. Research on smoke-particle changes in microgravity promises future improvements and increased sensitivity of smoke detectors in spacecraft. Research on fire suppression by extinguishing agents and venting can yield new information on effective control of the rare, but serious fire events in spacecraft.

NASA technical advances in aircraft occupant safety. [clear air turbulence detectors, fire resistant materials, and crashworthiness

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Enders, J. H.

1978-01-01

NASA's aviation safety technology program examines specific safety problems associated with atmospheric hazards, crash-fire survival, control of aircraft on runways, human factors, terminal area operations hazards, and accident factors simulation. While aircraft occupants are ultimately affected by any of these hazards, their well-being is immediately impacted by three specific events: unexpected turbulence encounters, fire and its effects, and crash impact. NASA research in the application of laser technology to the problem of clear air turbulence detection, the development of fire resistant materials for aircraft construction, and to the improvement of seats and restraint systems to reduce crash injuries are reviewed.

Fire resistant resilient foams. [for seat cushions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gagliani, J.

1976-01-01

Primary program objectives were the formulation, screening, optimization and characterization of open-cell, fire resistant, low-smoke emitting, thermally stable, resilient polyimide foams suitable for seat cushions in commercial aircraft and spacecraft. Secondary program objectives were to obtain maximum improvement of the tension, elongation and tear characteristics of the foams, while maintaining the resiliency, thermal stability, low smoke emission and other desirable attributes of these materials.

Advanced fire-resistant forms of activated carbon and methods of adsorbing and separating gases using same

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xiong, Yongliang; Wang, Yifeng

Advanced, fire-resistant activated carbon compositions useful in adsorbing gases; and having vastly improved fire resistance are provided, and methods for synthesizing the compositions are also provided. The advanced compositions have high gas adsorption capacities and rapid adsorption kinetics (comparable to commercially-available activated carbon), without having any intrinsic fire hazard. They also have superior performance to Mordenites in both adsorption capacities and kinetics. In addition, the advanced compositions do not pose the fibrous inhalation hazard that exists with use of Mordenites. The fire-resistant compositions combine activated carbon mixed with one or more hydrated and/or carbonate-containing minerals that release H.sub.2O and/or CO.sub.2more » when heated. This effect raises the spontaneous ignition temperature to over 500.degree. C. in most examples, and over 800.degree. C. in some examples. Also provided are methods for removing and/or separating target gases, such as Krypton or Argon, from a gas stream by using such advanced activated carbons.« less

A full-scale fire program to evaluate new furnishings and textile materials developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hillenbrand, L. J.; Wray, J. A.

1974-01-01

A program of experimental fires was carried out to establish the advantages offered by new materials for improved fire safety. Four full-scale bedrooms, differing only in the materials used to furnish them, were built and burned to provide comparative data on the fire hazards produced. Cost and availability differences were not considered. The visual evidence provided by TV and photographic coverage of the four experimental room fires showed clearly that the rooms responded very differently to a common ignition condition. Resistance to the ignition and spread of fire was substantially improved in the rooms furnished completely or partially with the new materials.

Fabrics for fire resistant passenger seats in aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tesoro, G. C.

1978-01-01

The essential elements of the problem and of approaches to improved fire resistance in aircraft seats are reviewed. The performance requirements and availability of materials, delay in the ignition of upholstery fabric by a small source are considered a realistic objective. Results of experimental studies on the thermal response of fabrics and fabric/foam combinations suggest significant conclusions regarding: (1) the ignition behavior of a commercial 90/10 wool/nylon upholstery fabric relative to fabrics made from thermally stable polymers; (2) the role of the foam backing; (3) the behavior of seams. These results, coupled with data from other sources, also confirm the importance of materials' interactions in multicomponent assemblies, and the need for system testing prior to materials' selection. The use of an interlinear or thermal barrier between upholstery fabric and foam is a promising and viable approach to improved fire resistance of the seat assembly, but experimental evaluation of specific combinations of materials or systems is an essential part of the selection process.

A Full-Scale Fire Program to Evaluate New Furnishings and Textile Materials Developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hillenbrand, L. J.; Wray, J. A.

1973-01-01

The plans for the present series of full-scale experimental fires were initiated at the suggestion of NASA following the presentation of a film and discussion illustrating Battelle-Columbus' recent work in fire research. That film showed bedroom-type fires carried out as a part of a program to determine the influence of the cyclic characteristics of real fires under limited ventilation on the burning and pyrolysis properties of the room furnishings. A new series of fires was suggested by NASA designed to show the performance of new fire resistant and fire retardant materials by providing comparative fire and smoldering environmental conditions. More recently, the goal for the new series of fires was written in a meeting with NASA personnel and others at Battelle on May 3 and 4, 1972. The goal was as follows: To establish the need for special materials of improved fire safety in domiciliary settings of public concern, and to assess, in a professionally acceptable manner, the potential of materials arising from the new space-age technology for this purpose. It was anticipated that some new materials arising from the space-age technology and not yet available through conventional commercial channels might provide significant improvements in fire safety if the best of the commercially available materials showed important shortcomings in this area. It was the intent of this program to assess the benefits that could accrue from the use of these new materials. Fire safety is a matter requiring the evaluation of a number of factors. For example, fire resistance and fire spread, visibility during the fire, toxicity of evolved gases, and the fire-fighting problem that is created must be evaluated before the relative hazard can be assessed. The plan of the program provided for sampling and instrumentation to evaluate these factors, consistent with the goal of technological utilization that has been specified. Arrangements were made with the Columbus Fire Department to use an existing six-story concrete building', designed and used as a fire training tower, as the site for the experimental fires. The visual evidence provided by TV and photographic coverage of the four experimental room fires showed clearly that the rooms responded very differently to a common ignition condition. In particular: (1) The Typical room, furnished from conventional retail sources, ignited easily and burned rapidly so that after 8 minutes the contents of the room were nearly destroyed. (2) The Improved room, furnished with materials selected as being among the best commercially available, showed substantial improvement over the Typical room in that there was slower fire spread. However, the relatively complete destruction of the room contents that resulted, and the large amounts of smoke, made it clear that substantial further improvements were needed. This fire was stopped after 29 minutes. (3) The Space-age room, furnished completely with new materials that were not yet commercially available, did not ignite under the common ignition condition and soon demonstrated the substantial improvement in fire resistance available for those components close to the ignition source. A second and larger ignition arrangement showed that this room can burn, but the difficulty with which this was brought about confirmed the improved fire resistance available with use of these materials. (4) The Mixed room ensemble, furnished with 'materials identical to the Typical room except for the substitution of the bed from the Space-age room, illustrated the improvement in control of fire spread available by careful placement of fire materials in the important paths of fire development of an otherwise ordinary room. The most significant hazards at early times in each fire were due to the rapid rise in heat flux and the abrupt obscuration of vision by smoke. The most consistent toxicity hazard was due to CO and its importance would depend on the ability of the occupant to survive the initial heat and smoke menace which characterized each fire room. Other gases and vapors were shown to reach hazardous levels in certain fire rooms and, again, their significance to an occupant, would relate to the times in which such hazards occurred, and probably to the synergistic nature of the hazard arising from mixtures of such gases. Fire retardant items in the room are caused to pyrolyze by the heat of burning from other items in the room and so contribute to combustible and toxic vapor accumulations, even though they may not have entered into the burning process. This effect of a mixture of combustible materials to produce burning and pyrolysis not characteristic of any one item individually we have chosen to call the "ensemble effect". Further full-scale fire trials may be expected to show the significant changes that control the burning and pyrolytic processes and in that event a programmed fire chamber should be developed to yield realistic laboratory results.

Fire Alarm Wallpaper Based on Fire-Resistant Hydroxyapatite Nanowire Inorganic Paper and Graphene Oxide Thermosensitive Sensor.

PubMed

Chen, Fei-Fei; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Chen, Feng; Dong, Li-Ying; Yang, Ri-Long; Xiong, Zhi-Chao

2018-04-24

Wallpaper with multiple functions, such as fire resistance and an automatic alarm in fire disasters, will be attractive for the interior decoration of houses. Herein, we report a smart fire alarm wallpaper prepared using fire-resistant inorganic paper based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (HNs) and graphene oxide (GO) thermosensitive sensors. At room temperature, the GO thermosensitive sensor is in a state of electrical insulation; however, it becomes electrically conductive at high temperatures. In a fire disaster, high temperature will rapidly remove the oxygen-containing groups of GO, leading to the transformation process of GO from an electrically insulated state into an electrically conductive one. In this way, the alarm lamp and alarm buzzer connected with the GO thermosensitive sensor will send out the alerts to people immediately for taking emergency actions. After the surface modification with polydopamine of GO (PGO), the sensitivity and flame retardancy of the GO thermosensitive sensor are further improved, resulting in a low responsive temperature (126.9 °C), fast response (2 s), and sustained working time in the flame (at least 5 min). Compared with combustible commercial wallpaper, the smart fire alarm wallpaper based on HNs and GO (or PGO) is superior owing to excellent nonflammability and high-temperature resistance of HNs, which can protect the GO (or PGO) thermosensitive sensor from the flames. The smart fire alarm wallpaper can be processed into various shapes, dyed with different colors, and printed with the commercial printer and thus has promising applications in high-safety interior decoration of houses.

Lightweight, Fire-Resistant Graphite Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Parker, J. A.; MING-TA-HSU

1986-01-01

Aircraft safety improved with interior paneling made of new laminate with good thermophysical properties. Featuring lightweight graphite composite, laminate more heat-and flame-resistant and produces much less smoke in fire than commonly used epoxy-resin-containing laminates. New laminate prepared without epoxy resin. Graphite unidirectional cloth preimpregnated with blend of vinyl polystyrylpyridine and bismaleimide (VPSP-BMI). Either of two types of VPSP-BMI blend used, depending on method of preparation of chemicals and technique used to fabricate panel.

Fire-resistant materials for aircraft passenger seat construction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fewell, L. L.; Tesoro, G. C.; Moussa, A.; Kourtides, D. A.

1979-01-01

The thermal response characteristics of fabric and fabric-foam assemblies are described. The various aspects of the ignition behavior of contemporary aircraft passenger seat upholstery fabric materials relative to fabric materials made from thermally stable polymers are evaluated. The role of the polymeric foam backing on the thermal response of the fabric-foam assembly is also ascertained. The optimum utilization of improved fire-resistant fabric and foam materials in the construction of aircraft passenger seats is suggested.

Development of lightweight fire retardant, low-smoke, high-strength, thermally stable aircraft floor paneling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arnold, D. B.; Burnside, J. V.; Hajari, J. V.

1976-01-01

Fire resistance mechanical property tests were conducted on sandwich configurations composed of resin-fiberglass laminates bonded with adhesives to Nomex honeycomb core. The test results were compared to proposed and current requirements for aircraft floor panel applications to demonstrate that the fire safety of the airplane could be improved without sacrificing mechanical performance of the aircraft floor panels.

The optimization of aircraft seat cushion fire-blocking layers. Full Scale: Test description and results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schutter, K. J.; Duskin, F. E.

1982-01-01

Full-scale burn tests were conducted on thirteen different seat cushion configurations in a cabin fire simulator. The fire source used was a quartz lamp radiant energy panel with a propane pilot flame. During each test, data were recorded for cushion temperatures, radiant heat flux, rate of weight loss of test specimens, and cabin temperatures. When compared to existing passenger aircraft seat cushions, the test specimens incorporating a fire barrier and those fabricated from advance materials, using improved construction methods, exhibited significantly greater fire resistance.

Fireproofing and heat insulating performance improvement of EG/ATH modified intumescent flame retardant coating treated under Co-60 radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yuehong; Luan, Weiling; Jiang, Tao

2017-12-01

New intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coatings with different fire retardants were prepared in this paper. Expandable graphite (EG) and Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) were respectively added into the conventional IFR coating system, which included ammonium polyphosphate (APP) / pentaerythritol (PER) / melamine (MEL). The fireproofing time and heat insulating properties of the additives acted as fire retardants were investigated via thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and fire resistance test of homemade big panel test. The morphology of the char layer structure was achieved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The highlight of the paper was that the coating samples were pretreated under Co-60 radiation. The influence of radiation on the fire resistance time and char layer height was investigated. The results showed that the prepared IFR coatings can be used in Co-60 radiation for more than 90 min when encountering fire. It would be a reference for radiation shielding in nuclear environment.

Fibre reinforced concrete exposed to elevated temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Novák, J.; Kohoutková, A.

2017-09-01

Although concrete when subject to fire performs very well, its behaviour and properties change dramatically under high temperature due to damaged microstructure and mesostructure. As fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) represents a complex material composed of various components with different response to high temperature, to determine its behaviour and mechanical properties in fire is a demanding task. The presented paper provides a summary of findings on the fire response of fibre FRC. Namely, the information on steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC), synthetic fibre reinforced concrete and hybrid (steel + synthetic) fibre reinforced concrete have been gathered from various contributions published up to date. The mechanical properties including the melting point and ignition point of fibres affect significantly the properties of concrete composites with addition of fibres. The combination of steel and synthetic fibres represents a promising alternative how to ensure good toughness of a concrete composite before heating and improve its residual mechanical behaviour and spalling resistance as well as the ductility after heating. While synthetic fibres increase concrete spalling resistance, steel fibres in a concrete mix leads to an improvement in both mechanical properties and resistance to heating effects.

An assessment of three different fire resistance tests for hydraulic fluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loftus, J. J.

1981-10-01

The Center for Fire Research at the National Bureau of Standards at the request of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and the Bureau of Mines made an evaluation or assessment of the three different flammability tests used by MSHA for measuring the fire resistance of hydraulic fluids intended for use in underground coal mining operations. The methods described in the Code of Federal Regulations Schedule 30, Part 35, consist of the following: an Autogenous Ignition Temperature Test, a Temperature-Pressure Spray Ignition Test, and a Test to Determine the Effect of Evaporation on the Flammability of Hydraulic Fluids. Recommendations for improvement of the three test procedures are provided.

Development of Fire Resistant/Heat Resistant Sewing Thread

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

Final 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) October 2014 – June 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE DEVELOPMENT OF FIRE RESISTANT /HEAT RESISTANT SEWING THREAD 5a...core to sheath ratio of 70:30 will offer a high performance, low cost sewing thread with required fire resistant /heat resistant properties. 15...Properties ............................................................................... 18        1      DEVELOPMENT OF  FIRE   RESISTANT /HEAT

Fire Resistance of Large-Scale Cross-Laminated Timber Panels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henek, Vladan; Venkrbec, Václav; Novotný, Miloslav

2017-12-01

Wooden structures are increasingly being used in the construction of residential buildings. A common and often published reason to avoid wooden structures is their insufficient fire resistance, which reduces bearing capacity. For this reason, composite sandwich structures began to be designed to eliminate this drawback, as well as others. Recently, however, the trend is for a return to the original, wood-only variant and a search is underway for new technical means of improving the properties of such structures. Many timber structure technologies are known, but structures made from cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels have been used very often in recent years. CLT panels, also known as X-LAM, are currently gaining popularity in Europe. In the case of CLT panels composed of several layers of boards, they can be said to offer a certain advantage in that after the surface layer of a board has burnt and the subsurface layer has dried, oxygen is not drawn to the unburned wood for further combustion and thus the burning process ceases. CLT panels do not need to be specially modified or coated with fire resistant materials, although they are usually lined with gypsum-fibre fire resistant boards due to guidelines set out in the relevant standards. This paper presents a new method for the assessment of load-bearing perimeter walls fabricated from CLT panels without the use of an inner fire-retardant lining to ensure fire resistance at the level required by European standards (i.e. those harmonized for the Czech construction industry). The calculations were verified through laboratory tests which show that better parameters can be achieved during the classification of structures from the fire resistance point of view. The aim of the article is to utilize the results of assessment and testing by an accredited laboratory in order to demonstrate the possibilities of using CLT panels for the construction of multistorey as well as multi-purpose buildings in the Czech Republic.

Development of lightweight, fire-retardant, low-smoke, high-strength, thermally stable aircraft floor paneling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, R. A.; Ougland, R. M.; Karch, R. J.

1978-01-01

Extensive fire resistance and mechanical property tests were conducted on sandwich configurations composed of resin-fiberglass laminates bonded with adhesive to Nomex honeycomb and foam core. The test results were used to select a combination of materials that would improve the fire safety of the airplane without sacrificing mechanical performance of the aircraft floor panels. A test panel is being service evaluated in a commercial aircraft.

Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Columns of Various Cross-Sections Subjected to Fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balaji, Aneesha; Muhamed Luquman, K.; Nagarajan, Praveen; Madhavan Pillai, T. M.

2016-09-01

Fire resistance is one of the crucial design regulations which are now mandatory in most of the design codes. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of behaviour of structures exposed to fire is required in this aspect. Columns are the most vulnerable structural member to fire as it can be exposed to fire from all sides. However, the data available for fire resistant design for columns are limited. Hence the present work is focused on the effect of cross-sectional shape of column in fire resistance design. The various cross-sections considered are Square, Ell (L), Tee (T), and Plus (`+') shape. Also the effect of size and shape and distribution of steel reinforcement on fire resistance of columns is studied. As the procedure for determining fire resistance is not mentioned in Indian Standard code IS 456 (2000), the simplified method (500 °C isotherm method) recommended in EN 1992-1-2:2004 (E) (Eurocode 2) is adopted. The temperature profiles for various cross-sections are developed using finite element method and these profiles are used to predict fire resistance capability of compression members. The fire resistance based on both numerical and code based methods are evaluated and compared for various types of cross-section.

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

29 CFR 1926.155 - Definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... part, fire resistance shall be determined by the Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building... knowledgeable, trained, and skilled in the safe evacuation of employees during emergency situations and in assisting in fire fighting operations. (f) Fire resistance means so resistant to fire that, for specified...

76 FR 71831 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Fire-Resistant Fiber for Production of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-18

..., suppliers, or distributors of fire-resistant fibers, yarns, fabrics, or military uniforms) submitted.... The law does not restrict DoD's selection and use of fabrics containing fire-resistant rayon fiber... from selecting fabrics that include fire- resistant rayon fibers. Response: These responses have...

Forest-fire model with natural fire resistance.

PubMed

Yoder, Mark R; Turcotte, Donald L; Rundle, John B

2011-04-01

Observations suggest that contemporary wildfire suppression practices in the United States have contributed to conditions that facilitate large, destructive fires. We introduce a forest-fire model with natural fire resistance that supports this theory. Fire resistance is defined with respect to the size and shape of clusters; the model yields power-law frequency-size distributions of model fires that are consistent with field observations in the United States, Canada, and Australia.

Equipment and strategies to enhance the post-wildfire establishment and persistence of Great Basin native plants

Treesearch

Nancy Shaw; Beth Newingham; Amy C. Ganguli; Ann L. Hild; Robert D. Cox; Jim Truax; Mike Pellant; David Pyke; Dan Ogle

2011-01-01

Annual grass invasion in the Great Basin has increased fire size, frequency and severity. Post-fire restoration to provide functional native plant communities is critical to improve resistance to weed invasion. Our ability to successfully re-establish mixtures of native grasses, forbs and shrubs, however, is limited. We examined the effects of the standard rangeland...

Development of a Midscale Test for Flame Resistant Protection

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-01

Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin, which provides both radiant and convective heat...TEST METHODS FIRE RESISTANT MATERIALS TORCHES SIMULATION TEST EQUIPMENT FLAME RESISTANT CLOTHING PERFORMANCE(ENGINEERING... fabric during a fire , and even after the fire has been extinguished. The best known full scale transmitted heat flux test is the "ASTM F1930

Development of fire-resistant, low smoke generating, thermally stable end items for aircraft and spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gagliani, J.; Sorathia, U. A. K.; Wilcoxson, A. L.

1977-01-01

Materials were developed to improve aircraft interior materials by modifying existing polymer structures, refining the process parameters, and by the use of mechanical configurations designed to overcome specific deficiencies. The optimization, selection, and fabrication of five fire resistant, low smoke emitting open cell foams are described for five different types of aircraft cabin structures. These include: resilient foams, laminate floor and wall paneling, thermal/acoustical insulation, molded shapes, and coated fabrics. All five have been produced from essentially the same polyimide precursor and have resulted in significant benefits from transfer of technology between the various tasks.

Study of skin model and geometry effects on thermal performance of thermal protective fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Fanglong; Ma, Suqin; Zhang, Weiyuan

2008-05-01

Thermal protective clothing has steadily improved over the years as new materials and improved designs have reached the market. A significant method that has brought these improvements to the fire service is the NFPA 1971 standard on structural fire fighters’ protective clothing. However, this testing often neglects the effects of cylindrical geometry on heat transmission in flame resistant fabrics. This paper deals with methods to develop cylindrical geometry testing apparatus incorporating novel skin bioheat transfer model to test flame resistant fabrics used in firefighting. Results show that fabrics which shrink during the test can have reduced thermal protective performance compared with the qualities measured with a planar geometry tester. Results of temperature differences between skin simulant sensors of planar and cylindrical tester are also compared. This test method provides a new technique to accurately and precisely characterize the thermal performance of thermal protective fabrics.

Techno-economic requirements for composite aircraft components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Palmer, Ray

1993-01-01

The primary reason for use of composites is to save structural weight. A well designed composite aircraft structure will usually save 25-30 percent of a well designed metal structure. The weight savings then translates into improved performance of the aircraft in measures of greater payload, increased flying range or improved efficiency - less use of fuel. Composite materials offer technical advantages. Key technical advantages that composites offer are high stiffness, tailored strength capability, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance. Low thermal expansion properties produce dimensionally stable structures over a wide range of temperature. Specialty resin 'char' forming characteristics in a fire environment offer potential fire barrier application and safer aircraft. The materials and processes of composite fabrication offer the potential for lower cost structures in the near future. The application of composite materials to aircraft are discussed.

Hybridized polymer matrix composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Henshaw, J.

1983-01-01

Methods of improving the fire resistance of graphite epoxy composite laminates were investigated with the objective of reducing the volume of loose graphite fibers disseminated into the airstream as the result of a high intensity aircraft fuel fire. Improvements were sought by modifying the standard graphite epoxy systems without significantly negating their structural effectiveness. The modifications consisted primarily of an addition of a third constituent material such as glass fibers, glass flakes, carbon black in a glassy resin. These additions were designed to encourage coalescense of the graphite fibers and thereby reduce their aerodynamic float characteristics. A total of 38 fire tests were conducted on thin (1.0 mm) and thick (6.0 mm) hybrid panels.

Fire and grazing influence site resistance to Bromus tectorum through their effects on shrub, bunchgrass and biocrust communities in the Great Basin (USA)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Condon, Lea A.; Pyke, David A.

2018-01-01

Shrubs, bunchgrasses and biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are believed to contribute to site resistance to plant invasions in the presence of cattle grazing. Although fire is a concomitant disturbance with grazing, little is known regarding their combined impacts on invasion resistance. We are the first to date to test the idea that biotic communities mediate the effects of disturbance on site resistance. We assessed cover of Bromus tectorum, shrubs, native bunchgrasses, lichens and mosses in 99 burned and unburned plots located on similar soils where fires occurred between 12 and 23 years before sampling. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized relationships between environmental and disturbance characteristics, the biotic community and resistance to B. tectorum cover. Characteristics of fire and grazing did not directly relate to cover of B. tectorum. Relationships were mediated through shrub, bunchgrass and biocrust communities. Increased site resistance following fire was associated with higher bunchgrass cover and recovery of bunchgrasses and mosses with time since fire. Evidence of grazing was more pronounced on burned sites and was positively correlated with the cover of B. tectorum, indicating an interaction between fire and grazing that decreases site resistance. Lichen cover showed a weak, negative relationship with cover of B. tectorum. Fire reduced near-term site resistance to B. tectorum on actively grazed rangelands. Independent of fire, grazing impacts resulted in reduced site resistance to B. tectorum, suggesting that grazing management that enhances plant and biocrust communities will also enhance site resistance.

Fire resistance of structural composite lumber products

Treesearch

Robert H. White

2006-01-01

Use of structural composite lumber products is increasing. In applications requiring a fire resistance rating, calculation procedures are used to obtain the fire resistance rating of exposed structural wood products. A critical factor in the calculation procedures is char rate for ASTM E 119 fire exposure. In this study, we tested 14 structural composite lumber...

Fire resistance of wood members with directly applied protection

Treesearch

Robert H. White

2009-01-01

Fire-resistive wood construction is achieved either by having the structural elements be part of fire-rated assemblies or by using elements of sufficient size that the elements themselves have the required fire-resistance ratings. For exposed structural wood elements, the ratings in the United States are calculated using either the T.T. Lie method or the National...

Keeping Cool in Extreme Heat

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

Through a partnership with Unitika Ltd., NASA's Langley Research Center created a foam based on high temperature resistant polyimide chemistry. Licensed non-exclusively to SORDAL, Inc., the low-density foam, named TEEK, can be processed into forms or used to fill structures such as honeycomb. TEEK offers superior insulation and support qualities, with heat and flame resistance abilities.TEEK is a practical selection for hull insulation in the shipbuilding industry, with numerous potential applications in aerospace applications, fire-resistant construction materials, and a wide range of consumer products that will improve safety and energy efficiency. Other opportunities are available in the areas of automotive coatings and sealants, electrical components, and recreational equipment. SORDAL has introduced its new product in several different forms, under the name "SOLREX". The company is developing a new product called SORDAL Paper(TM) that will be used in conjunction with the polyimide foam to offer thermal protection in various products, such as fire resistant garments and prosthetics.

Development of fire-resistant, low smoke generating, thermally stable end items for commercial aircraft and spacecraft using a basic polyimide resin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gagliani, J.; Lee, R.; Sorathia, U. A.; Wilcoxson, A. L.

1980-01-01

A terpolyimide precursor was developed which can be foamed by microwave methods and yields foams possessing the best seating properties. A continuous process, based on spray drying techniques, permits production of polyimide powder precursors in large quantities. The constrained rise foaming process permits fabrication of rigid foam panels with improved mechanical properties and almost unlimited density characteristics. Polyimide foam core rigid panels were produced by this technique with woven fiberglass fabric bonded to each side of the panel in a one step microwave process. The fire resistance of polyimide foams was significantly improved by the addition of ceramic fibers to the powder precursors. Foams produced from these compositions are flexible, possess good acoustical attenuation and meet the minimum burnthrough requirements when impinged by high flux flame sources.

Conference on Fire Resistant Materials: A compilation of presentations and papers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A. (Editor); Johnson, G. A. (Editor)

1979-01-01

The proceedings of the NASA IRE Resistant Materials Engineering (FIREMEN) Program held at Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Seattle, Washington, on March 1-2, 1979 are reported. The conference was to discuss the results of research by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the field of aircraft fire safety and fire-resistant materials. The program topics include the following: (1) large-scale testing; (2) fire toxicology; (3) polymeric materials; and (4) fire modeling.

Conference on Fire Resistant Materials (FIREMEN): A compilation of presentations and papers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A. (Editor)

1978-01-01

The proceedings of the NASA Fire Resistant Materials Engineering (FIREMEN) Program held at Ames Research Center on April, 13, 14, 1978 are reported. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the results of NASA in the field of aircraft fire safety and fire resistant materials. The program components include the following: (1) large-scale testing; (2) fire toxicology; (3) polymeric materials; and (4) bibliography related and/or generated from the program.

Fire Resistant, Moisture Barrier Membrane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

St.Clair, Terry L. (Inventor)

2000-01-01

A waterproof and breathable, fire-resistant laminate is provided for use in tents, garments, shoes, and covers, especially in industrial, military and emergency situations. The laminate permits water vapor evaporation while simultaneously preventing liquid water penetration. Further, the laminate is fire-resistant and significantly reduces the danger of toxic compound production when exposed to flame or other high heat source. The laminate may be applied to a variety of substrates and is comprised of a silicone rubber and plurality of fire-resistant, inherently thermally-stable polyimide particles.

Fire Resistant, Moisture Barrier Membrane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

St.Clair, Terry L. (Inventor)

1998-01-01

A waterproof and breathable, fire-resistant laminate is provided for use in tents, garments, shoes, and covers, especially in industrial, military and emergency situations. The laminate permits water vapor evaporation while simultaneously preventing liquid water penetration. Further, the laminate is fire-resistant and significantly reduces the danger of toxic compound production when exposed to flame or other high heat source. The laminate may be applied to a variety of substrates and is comprised of a silicone rubber and plurality of fire-resistant, inherently thermally-stable polyimide particles.

Putative resistance gene markers associated with quantitative trait loci for fire blight resistance in Malus 'Robusta 5' accessions

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Breeding of fire blight resistant scions and rootstocks is a goal of several international apple breeding programs, as options are limited for management of this destructive disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora. A broad, large effect QTL for fire blight resistance has been pre...

77 FR 9621 - Nez Perce-Clearwater National Forests; Idaho; Clear Creek Integrated Restoration Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-17

..., vegetative species distributions, habitat complexity (diversity) and landscape patterns across the forested... resistance and resilience at the landscape level; reduce fuels; improve watershed conditions; improve elk... practices and fire suppression have created a landscape that is more highly fragmented than would be...

30 CFR 77.1913 - Fire-resistant wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Fire-resistant wood. 77.1913 Section 77.1913 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... Shaft Sinking § 77.1913 Fire-resistant wood. Except for crossties, timbers, and other wood products...

30 CFR 77.1913 - Fire-resistant wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fire-resistant wood. 77.1913 Section 77.1913 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... Shaft Sinking § 77.1913 Fire-resistant wood. Except for crossties, timbers, and other wood products...

30 CFR 77.1913 - Fire-resistant wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fire-resistant wood. 77.1913 Section 77.1913 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... Shaft Sinking § 77.1913 Fire-resistant wood. Except for crossties, timbers, and other wood products...

46 CFR 72.05-55 - Furniture and furnishings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... shall be of approved fire resistant fabrics. (4) All rugs and carpets shall be of wool or other material... subpart, rooms containing “fire resistant furnishings” will be considered to be those in which: (1) All... fire resistant furnishings. In addition, all upholstery and padding of chairs, sofas, etc., in these...

30 CFR 77.1913 - Fire-resistant wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Fire-resistant wood. 77.1913 Section 77.1913 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... Shaft Sinking § 77.1913 Fire-resistant wood. Except for crossties, timbers, and other wood products...

30 CFR 77.1913 - Fire-resistant wood.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fire-resistant wood. 77.1913 Section 77.1913 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... Shaft Sinking § 77.1913 Fire-resistant wood. Except for crossties, timbers, and other wood products...

Study of aircraft crashworthiness for fire protection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cominsky, A.

1981-01-01

Impact-survivable postcrash fire accidents were surveyed. The data base developed includes foreign and domestic accidents involving airlines and jet aircraft. The emphasis was placed on domestic accidents, airlines, and jet aircraft due principally to availability of information. Only transport category aircraft in commercial service designed under FAR Part 25 were considered. A matrix was prepared to show the relationships between the accident characteristics and the fire fatalities. Typical postcrash fire scenaries were identified. Safety concepts were developed for three engineering categories: cabin interiors - cabin subsystems; power plant - engines and fuel systems; and structural mechanics - primary and secondary structures. The parameters identified for concept evaluation are cost, effectiveness, and societal concerns. Three concepts were selected for design definition and cost and effectiveness analysis: improved fire-resistant seat materials; anti-misting kerosene; and additional cabin emergency exits.

Assuring quality by continuously improving quality: new directions for health record professionals.

PubMed

Howell, W T; Nickle, B W

1991-03-01

Quality improvement is catching fire in the health care community, but there is much work to be done, much to learn, and much to teach. All health care professionals must remember that there are no short cuts to improving quality. American managers are so steeped in a quick-fix mentality that they resist the systematic infrastructure rebuilding described above. They scurry about fighting the same fires over and over, thinking they are doing their jobs. The truth remains that if results are to be improved, not just manipulated, then the processes that produce those results must be improved. For this to occur managers must be given the process improvement technology that separates the world class companies from those who are still wondering what hit them during the 1970s.

Resistance to invasion and resilience to fire in desert shrublands of North America

USGS Publications Warehouse

Brooks, Matthew L.; Chambers, Jeanne C.

2011-01-01

Settlement by Anglo-Americans in the desert shrublands of North America resulted in the introduction and subsequent invasion of multiple nonnative grass species. These invasions have altered presettlement fire regimes, resulted in conversion of native perennial shrublands to nonnative annual grasslands, and placed many native desert species at risk. Effective management of these ecosystems requires an understanding of their ecological resistance to invasion and resilience to fire. Resistance and resilience differ among the cold and hot desert shrublands of the Great Basin, Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts in North America. These differences are largely determined by spatial and temporal patterns of productivity but also are affected by ecological memory, severity and frequency of disturbance, and feedbacks among invasive species and disturbance regimes. Strategies for preventing or managing invasive plant/fire regimes cycles in desert shrublands include: 1) conducting periodic resource assessments to evaluate the probability of establishment of an altered fire regime; 2) developing an understanding of ecological thresholds associate within invasion resistance and fire resilience that characterize transitions from desirable to undesirable fire regimes; and 3) prioritizing management activities based on resistance of areas to invasion and resilience to fire.

49 CFR 178.358 - Specification 21PF fire and shock resistant, phenolic-foam insulated, metal overpack.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Specification 21PF fire and shock resistant, phenolic-foam insulated, metal overpack. 178.358 Section 178.358 Transportation Other Regulations Relating...) Materials § 178.358 Specification 21PF fire and shock resistant, phenolic-foam insulated, metal overpack. ...

49 CFR 178.358 - Specification 21PF fire and shock resistant, phenolic-foam insulated, metal overpack.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Specification 21PF fire and shock resistant, phenolic-foam insulated, metal overpack. 178.358 Section 178.358 Transportation Other Regulations Relating... Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials § 178.358 Specification 21PF fire and shock resistant, phenolic-foam...

Validation and Verification (V and V) Testing on Midscale Flame Resistant (FR) Test Method

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-16

Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin. Validation and...complement (not replace) the capabilities of the ASTM F1930 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire ...Engineering Center (NSRDEC) to complement the ASTM F1930 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire

Effect of Spacecraft Environmental Variables on the Flammability of Fire Resistant Fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osorio, A. F.; Fernandez-Pello, C.; Takahashi, S.; Rodriguez, J.; Urban, D. L.; Ruff, G.

2012-01-01

Fire resistant fabrics are used for firefighter, racecar drivers as well as astronaut suits. However, their fire resistant characteristics depend on the environment conditions and require study. Particularly important is the response of these fabrics to elevated oxygen concentration environments and radiant heat from a source such as an adjacent fire. In this work, experiments using two fire resistant fabrics were conducted to study the effect of oxygen concentration, external radiant flux and oxidizer flow velocity in concurrent flame spread. Results show that for a given fabric the minimum oxygen concentration for flame spread depends strongly on the magnitude of the external radiant flux. At increased oxygen concentrations the external radiant flux required for flame spread decreases. Oxidizer flow velocity influences the external radiant flux only when the convective heat flux from the flame has similar values to the external radiant flux. The results of this work provide further understanding of the flammability characteristics of fire resistant fabrics in environments similar to those of future spacecrafts.

Fire-Resistant Materials: Research Overview

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-12-01

This report provides an overview of the research being conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to develop fire safe cabin materials for commercial aircraft. The objective of the Fire-Resistant Materials program is to eliminate burning ...

Fire resistant polyamide based on 1-(diorganooxyphosphonyl)methyl-2,4- and -2,6diamino benzene

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mikroyannidis, J. A. (Inventor); Kourtides, D. A. (Inventor)

1986-01-01

1-(Diorganooxyphosphonyl)methyl2,4- and-2,6diamino benzenes are reacted with polyacylhalides and optionally comonomers to produce polyamides which have desirable heat and fire resistance properties. These polymers are used to form fibers and fabrics where fire resistance properties are important, e.g., aircraft equipment and structures.

Fire resistance of exposed wood members

Treesearch

Robert H. White

2004-01-01

Fire resistance data on exposed wood beams and columns are plentiful, but few studies have been done on exposed wood members in tension and in decks. To provide data to verify the application of a new calculation procedure, a limited series of fire resistance tests were conducted on wood members loaded in tension and on exposed wood decks.

Analytical modeling of fire growth on fire-resistive wood-based materials with changing conditions

Treesearch

Mark A. Dietenberger

2006-01-01

Our analytical model of fire growth for the ASTM E 84 tunnel, which simultaneously predicts heat release rate, flame-over area, and pyrolysis area as functions of time for constant conditions, was documented in the 2001 BCC Symposium for different treated wood materials. The model was extended to predict ignition and fire growth on exterior fire-resistive structures...

Development of the First Cisgenic Apple with Increased Resistance to Fire Blight

PubMed Central

Kost, Thomas D.; Gessler, Cesare; Jänsch, Melanie; Flachowsky, Henryk; Patocchi, Andrea; Broggini, Giovanni A. L.

2015-01-01

The generation and selection of novel fire blight resistant apple genotypes would greatly improve the management of this devastating disease, caused by Erwinia amylovora. Such resistant genotypes are currently developed by conventional breeding, but novel breeding technologies including cisgenesis could be an alternative approach. A cisgenic apple line C44.4.146 was regenerated using the cisgene FB_MR5 from wild apple Malus ×robusta 5 (Mr5), and the previously established method involving A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the fire blight susceptible cultivar ‘Gala Galaxy’ using the binary vector p9-Dao-FLPi. The line C44.4.146 was shown to carry only the cisgene FB_MR5, controlled by its native regulatory sequences and no transgenes were detected by PCR or Southern blot following heat induced recombinase-mediated elimination of the selectable markers. Although this line contains up to 452 bp of vector sequences, it still matches the original definition of cisgenesis. A single insertion of T-DNA into the genome of 'Gala Galaxy' in chromosome 16 was identified. Transcription of FB_MR5 in line C44.4.146 was similar to the transcription in classically bred descendants of Mr5. Three independent shoot inoculation experiments with a Mr5 avirulent strain of Erwinia amylovora were performed using scissors or syringe. Significantly lower disease symptoms were detected on shoots of the cisgenic line compared to those of untransformed 'Gala Galaxy'. Despite the fact that the pathogen can overcome this resistance by a single nucleotide mutation, this is, to our knowledge, the first prototype of a cisgenic apple with increased resistance to fire blight. PMID:26624292

Taxonomically-linked growth phenotypes during arsenic stress among arsenic resistant bacteria isolated from soils overlying the Centralia coal seam fire.

PubMed

Dunivin, Taylor K; Miller, Justine; Shade, Ashley

2018-01-01

Arsenic (As), a toxic element, has impacted life since early Earth. Thus, microorganisms have evolved many As resistance and tolerance mechanisms to improve their survival outcomes given As exposure. We isolated As resistant bacteria from Centralia, PA, the site of an underground coal seam fire that has been burning since 1962. From a 57.4°C soil collected from a vent above the fire, we isolated 25 unique aerobic As resistant bacterial strains spanning seven genera. We examined their diversity, resistance gene content, transformation abilities, inhibitory concentrations, and growth phenotypes. Although As concentrations were low at the time of soil collection (2.58 ppm), isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of arsenate and arsenite (>300 mM and 20 mM respectively), and most isolates were capable of arsenate reduction. We screened isolates (PCR and sequencing) using 12 published primer sets for six As resistance genes (AsRGs). Genes encoding arsenate reductase (arsC) and arsenite efflux pumps (arsB, ACR3(2)) were present, and phylogenetic incongruence between 16S rRNA genes and AsRGs provided evidence for horizontal gene transfer. A detailed investigation of differences in isolate growth phenotypes across As concentrations (lag time to exponential growth, maximum growth rate, and maximum OD590) showed a relationship with taxonomy, providing information that could help to predict an isolate's performance given As exposure in situ. Our results suggest that microbiological management and remediation of environmental As could be informed by taxonomically-linked As tolerance, potential for resistance gene transferability, and the rare biosphere.

The Development of a Thermally Enhanced Emergency Fire Shelter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fody, Joshua M.; Calomino, Anthony M.; Daryabeigi, Kamran; Bruce III, Walter E.; Wells, John M.; Wusk, Mary E.; Miller, Stephen D.

2017-01-01

Since its founding in 1905, the U.S. Forest Service has been responsible for maintaining public lands. The Forest Service and other public lands agencies respond to an average of 73,000 wildfires per year, and responding firefighters are required to carry a number of safety gear items, including the M2002 emergency fire shelter. The emergency fire shelter is intended to serve as a last resort means of protection in case a firefighter's escape route has been compromised in the face of an approaching flame front. No fire shelter deployment tragedy has been more costly than the 2013 Yarnell Hill fire in Arizona, where 19 members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots perished. After the tragedy at Yarnell Hill, the Forest Service decided to expedite the next redesign cycle of the fire shelter in order to improve its ability to withstand direct contact with flames. Engineers at NASA Langley Research Center have spent the better part of a decade developing flexible thermal materials for use in inflatable aerodynamic decelerators and have demonstrated their performance in the IRVE-2 and IRVE-3 flight programs (Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment). NASA engineers recognized an opportunity to leverage their experience and knowledge with flexible thermal protection systems to potentially improve the fire shelter's resistance to direct flame contact, and have been working directly with the U.S. Forest Service to achieve this goal. They launched the CHIEFS project (Convective Heating Improvement for Emergency Fire Shelters) in 2014. Over the past three years, CHIEFS has screened over 270 unique material layups, and tested over 30 unique full scale shelter concepts in an effort to achieve a game changing improvement to the thermal protection of the fire shelter, while maintaining minimal mass and volume. This paper will discuss CHIEFS' 1st and 2nd generation fire shelter development efforts and test results.

Information Compendium on Nonflammable Hydraulic Fluid and Design Requirements for Its Adoption

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-02-01

Titration. D 892 - Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils. D 1744 - Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent. A-2 MI L- H-UrnX... Method Standard 791C, Method 5308. MIL-H-6083 and MIL-H-46170 are tested at 121°C; NFH is tested at 1350C. * MIL-H-6083 and MIL-H-46170 are tested with...demonstrated such improved fire resistance that they were termed nonflammable hydraulic fluids. A new test method for measuring flame/fire propagation

46 CFR 199.175 - Survival craft and rescue boat equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... breakage-resistant material. (9) Fire extinguisher. The fire extinguisher must be approved under approval series 162.028. The fire extinguisher must be type B-C, size II, or larger. Two type B-C, size I fire... portions of the hull. (4) Bucket. The bucket must be made of corrosion-resistant material and should either...

Lock Wall Expedient Repair Demonstration Monitoring, John T. Myers Locks and Dam, Ohio River

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-10-01

original condition. Complete confinement of the concrete within the armor appears to provide good resistance to impact and abrasion (Figure 29). ERDC... resistance to impact and abrasion . Synopsis General classifications of observed damage were described and, where repairs are considered necessary or...against abrasion , fire , and environmental attacks and to improve the adhesion to other construc- tion materials. For high-weatherproof performance

Toward a Better Union: Improving the Effectiveness of Foreign Policies

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

resistance of states to do even this much stems from traditional diplomatic practice. Until 1919, it would have been considered of bad faith for a...obscure party-affiliated blogs, rapid- fire and high-stress television (TV) interviews by moderators with a political agenda, tell-all autobiographies...of ways: through votes in democratic elections, political demonstrations in the streets, non-violent resistance , letter-writing, et cetera. Government

The effect of fire retardants on the fire response characteristics of cellulosic materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hilado, C. J.; Brauer, D. P.

1978-01-01

The resistance to ignition of fire retardant-treated wood, cotton, and cellulose insulation was studied. The proprietary composition used to treat wood was found to increase resistance to ignition and to reduce smoke toxicity. Cotton treated with boric acid (added by padding on or by vapor phase process) was found to have increased resistance to ignition and decreased smoke toxicity. Boric acid increased the resistance of cellulose insulation to ignition but also slightly increased the smoke toxicity.

Electrical Resistivity Tomography for coal fire mapping over Jharia coal field, India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pal, S. K.; Kumar, S.; Bharti, A. K.; Pathak, V. K.; Kumar, R.

2016-12-01

Over the decades, coal fires are serious global concern posing grievous hazards to the valuable energy resources, local environments and human life. The coal seam and coal mine fires may be initiated due to improper mining activities, exothermic reactions, lighting, forest fire and other anthropic activities, which burn the coal and may continue underground for decades. The burning of concealed coal seams is a complex process involving numerous ill-defined parameters. Generally, the coal exhibits resistivity of 100 to 500Ωm at normal temperature conditions. During the pyrolysis process, at temperatures greater than 6500C coal became a good conductor with a resistivity of approximately 1 Ωm. The present study deals with the mapping of coal fire over Jharia coal field, India using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). A state-of-the-art 61-channel 64 electrode FlashRES-Universal ERT data acquisition system has been used for data acquisition in the field. The ERT data have been collected using Gradient array and processed in FlashRES Universal survey data checking program for removing noisy data. Then, filtered output data have been inverted using a 2.5D resistivity inversion program. Low resistivity anomalies over 80m-125m and 320m-390m along the profile are inferred to be active coal fire in seam- XVI at a depth of 25m -35m(Figure 1). High resistivity anomaly over 445m - 510m at a depth of 25m -35m has been delineated, due to void associated with complete combustion of seam- XVI coal, followed by char and ash formation resulting from the coal seam fire. Results prove the efficacy of the ERT study comprising Gradient array for coal fire mapping over, Jharia coal field, India.

Resistance is not futile: The response of hardwoods to fire-caused wounding

Treesearch

Elaine Kennedy Sutherland; Kevin Smith

2000-01-01

Fires wound trees; but not all of them, and not always. Specific fire behavior and differences among tree species and individual trees produce variable patterns of wounding and wound response. Our work focuses on the relationships between fire behavior and tree biology to better understand how hardwood trees resist injury to the lower stem and either survive or succumb...

Fire performance and decay resistance of solid wood and plywood treated with quaternary ammonia compounds and common fire retardants

Treesearch

Evren Terzi; S. Nami Kartal; Robert White; Katsumi Shinoda; Yuji Imamura

2010-01-01

In this study, the fire performance and decay resistance of solid wood and plywood treated with quaternary ammonia compounds (didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF)) were compared with the performance of untreated control specimens and specimens treated with common fire retardants ((monoammonium phosphate (MAP),...

Efficient Flame Detection and Early Warning Sensors on Combustible Materials Using Hierarchical Graphene Oxide/Silicone Coatings.

PubMed

Wu, Qian; Gong, Li-Xiu; Li, Yang; Cao, Cheng-Fei; Tang, Long-Cheng; Wu, Lianbin; Zhao, Li; Zhang, Guo-Dong; Li, Shi-Neng; Gao, Jiefeng; Li, Yongjin; Mai, Yiu-Wing

2018-01-23

Design and development of smart sensors for rapid flame detection in postcombustion and early fire warning in precombustion situations are critically needed to improve the fire safety of combustible materials in many applications. Herein, we describe the fabrication of hierarchical coatings created by assembling a multilayered graphene oxide (GO)/silicone structure onto different combustible substrate materials. The resulting coatings exhibit distinct temperature-responsive electrical resistance change as efficient early warning sensors for detecting abnormal high environmental temperature, thus enabling fire prevention below the ignition temperature of combustible materials. After encountering a flame attack, we demonstrate extremely rapid flame detection response in 2-3 s and excellent flame self-extinguishing retardancy for the multilayered GO/silicone structure that can be synergistically transformed to a multiscale graphene/nanosilica protection layer. The hierarchical coatings developed are promising for fire prevention and protection applications in various critical fire risk and related perilous circumstances.

Numerical Analysis on Tensile Properties of Grout-filled Splice Sleeve Rebars under ISO 834 Standard Fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yong Jun; Li, Chao; Zhou, When Jun

2018-06-01

This paper presents some numerical simulation results of tensile properties of reinforcing bars spliced by grout-filled coupling sleeves under fire conditions to identify the effect of load ratio on fire resistance time of spliced reinforcing bars, which provide a useful base for predicting structural behaviors of pre-cast reinforced concrete buildings in fires. A spliced rebar system investigated in this paper consists of two equal-diameter steel reinforcing bars with 25mm diameter and a straight coupling sleeve with 50mm outer and 45mm inner diameters. As a result, the thickness of grout between steel bars and sleeves are 20mm. Firstly, the temperature distributions in steel bars connected by grout- filled coupling sleeves exposed to ISO 834 standard fire were calculated utilizing finite element analysis software ANSYS. Secondly, the stress changes in heated steel bars connected by grout-filled coupling sleeves under different constant tensile loads were calculated step by step until the rebar system failed due to fire. Thus, the fire resistant time of rebar spliced by grout-filled coupling sleeves under different axial tensile loads can be determined, further, the relationship between fire resistance time and axial tensile loads ratio can could be obtained. Finally, the fire resistant times versus axial tensile load ratios curve of grout-filled splice sleeve rebars exposed to ISO 834 standard fire is presented.

Experimental investigation on temperature distribution of foamed concrete filled steel tube column under standard fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kado, B.; Mohammad, S.; Lee, Y. H.; Shek, P. N.; Kadir, M. A. A.

2018-04-01

Standard fire test was carried out on 3 hollow steel tube and 6 foamed concrete filled steel tube columns. Temperature distribution on the columns was investigated. 1500 kg/m3 and 1800 kg/m3 foamed concrete density at 15%, 20% and 25% load level are the parameters considered. The columns investigated were 2400 mm long, 139.7 mm outer diameter and 6 mm steel tube thickness. The result shows that foamed concrete filled steel tube columns has the highest fire resistance of 43 minutes at 15% load level and low critical temperature of 671 ºC at 25% load level using 1500 kg/m3 foamed concrete density. Fire resistance of foamed concrete filled column increases with lower foamed concrete strength. Foamed concrete can be used to provide more fire resistance to hollow steel column or to replace normal weight concrete in concrete filled columns. Since filling hollow steel with foamed concrete produce column with high fire resistance than unfilled hollow steel column. Therefore normal weight concrete can be substituted with foamed concrete in concrete filled column, it will reduces the self-weight of the structure because of its light weight at the same time providing the desired fire resistance.

Taxonomically-linked growth phenotypes during arsenic stress among arsenic resistant bacteria isolated from soils overlying the Centralia coal seam fire

PubMed Central

Dunivin, Taylor K.; Miller, Justine

2018-01-01

Arsenic (As), a toxic element, has impacted life since early Earth. Thus, microorganisms have evolved many As resistance and tolerance mechanisms to improve their survival outcomes given As exposure. We isolated As resistant bacteria from Centralia, PA, the site of an underground coal seam fire that has been burning since 1962. From a 57.4°C soil collected from a vent above the fire, we isolated 25 unique aerobic As resistant bacterial strains spanning seven genera. We examined their diversity, resistance gene content, transformation abilities, inhibitory concentrations, and growth phenotypes. Although As concentrations were low at the time of soil collection (2.58 ppm), isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of arsenate and arsenite (>300 mM and 20 mM respectively), and most isolates were capable of arsenate reduction. We screened isolates (PCR and sequencing) using 12 published primer sets for six As resistance genes (AsRGs). Genes encoding arsenate reductase (arsC) and arsenite efflux pumps (arsB, ACR3(2)) were present, and phylogenetic incongruence between 16S rRNA genes and AsRGs provided evidence for horizontal gene transfer. A detailed investigation of differences in isolate growth phenotypes across As concentrations (lag time to exponential growth, maximum growth rate, and maximum OD590) showed a relationship with taxonomy, providing information that could help to predict an isolate’s performance given As exposure in situ. Our results suggest that microbiological management and remediation of environmental As could be informed by taxonomically-linked As tolerance, potential for resistance gene transferability, and the rare biosphere. PMID:29370270

Effects of Imazapic on Target and Nontarget Vegetation During Revegetation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Medusahead is an introduced, winter-annual grass covering millions of acres of western rangelands. It forms large monocultures and has a dense thatch cover that resists the establishment of desirable vegetation. Prescribed fire can remove medusahead litter and improve plant establishment. Medusah...

Occupational burns from oxygen resuscitator fires: the hazard of aluminum regulators.

PubMed

Hodous, Thomas K; Washenitz, Frank; Newton, Barry

2002-07-01

There have been over 30 incidents of oxygen resuscitator fires over the last 6 years, causing severe burns to a number of fire fighters, emergency medical service personnel, health care workers, and patients. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was requested to investigate three such incidents. NIOSH conducted site investigations of the incidents, and the requesters also sent the involved oxygen resuscitators to a forensic engineering company for a causal analysis. The investigated fires were associated with aluminum regulators, all from one manufacturer, on compressed pure oxygen cylinders. The investigations indicated that the cause of the fires was an initial small ignition in the high-pressure area of the aluminum regulator, which then consumed itself in a massive burnout. Aluminum regulators used with high-pressure oxygen systems are subject to rare, but potentially catastrophic combustion in normal use. Replacement of such regulators with those made of more fire-resistant materials or designs, as well as education and improved safety practices are needed to reduce this hazard.

Role of Firing Temperature, Sheet Resistance, and Contact Area in Contact Formation on Screen-Printed Metal Contact of Silicon Solar Cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Samir Mahmmod; Leong, Cheow Siu; Sopian, K.; Zaidi, Saleem H.

2018-03-01

Formation of an Ohmic contact requires a suitable firing temperature, appropriate doping profile, and contact dimensions within resolution limits of the screen-printing process. In this study, the role of the peak firing temperature in standard rapid thermal annealing (RTA) six-zone conveyor belt furnace (CBF) and two inexpensive alternate RTA systems [a custom-designed, three-zone, 5″-diameter quartz tube furnace (QTF) and a tabletop, 3″-diameter rapid thermal processing (RTP)] has been investigated. In addition, the role of sheet resistance and contact area in achieving low-resistance ohmic contacts has been examined. Electrical measurements of ohmic contacts between silver paste/ n +-emitter layer with varying sheet resistances and aluminum paste/ p-doped wafer were carried out in transmission line method configuration. Experimental measurements of the contact resistivity ( ρ c) exhibited the lowest values for CBF at 0.14 mΩ cm2 for Ag and 100 mΩ cm2 for Al at a peak firing temperature of 870°C. For the QTF configuration, lowest measured contact resistivities were 3.1 mΩ cm2 for Ag and 74.1 mΩ cm2 for Al at a peak firing temperature of 925°C. Finally, for the RTP configuration, lowest measured contact resistivities were 1.2 mΩ cm2 for Ag and 68.5 mΩ cm2 for Al at a peak firing temperature of 780°C. The measured contact resistivity exhibits strong linear dependence on sheet resistance. The contact resistivity for Ag decreases with contact area, while for Al the opposite behavior is observed.

Thermal Response of UHMWPE Materials in a Flash Flame Test Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-13

Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection Against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin. Several UHMWPE fabrics were tested underneath...PROTECTIVE CLOTHING COTTON FLASH FLAMES UNDERGARMENTS TEST AND EVALUATION FABRICS FLAME TESTING FIRE ...PROTECTION FIRE RESISTANT TEXTILES UHMWPE(ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE

Fire intensity impacts on post-fire temperate coniferous forest net primary productivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sparks, Aaron M.; Kolden, Crystal A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Boschetti, Luigi; Johnson, Daniel M.; Cochrane, Mark A.

2018-02-01

Fire is a dynamic ecological process in forests and impacts the carbon (C) cycle through direct combustion emissions, tree mortality, and by impairing the ability of surviving trees to sequester carbon. While studies on young trees have demonstrated that fire intensity is a determinant of post-fire net primary productivity, wildland fires on landscape to regional scales have largely been assumed to either cause tree mortality, or conversely, cause no physiological impact, ignoring the impacted but surviving trees. Our objective was to understand how fire intensity affects post-fire net primary productivity in conifer-dominated forested ecosystems on the spatial scale of large wildland fires. We examined the relationships between fire radiative power (FRP), its temporal integral (fire radiative energy - FRE), and net primary productivity (NPP) using 16 years of data from the MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) for 15 large fires in western United States coniferous forests. The greatest NPP post-fire loss occurred 1 year post-fire and ranged from -67 to -312 g C m-2 yr-1 (-13 to -54 %) across all fires. Forests dominated by fire-resistant species (species that typically survive low-intensity fires) experienced the lowest relative NPP reductions compared to forests with less resistant species. Post-fire NPP in forests that were dominated by fire-susceptible species were not as sensitive to FRP or FRE, indicating that NPP in these forests may be reduced to similar levels regardless of fire intensity. Conversely, post-fire NPP in forests dominated by fire-resistant and mixed species decreased with increasing FRP or FRE. In some cases, this dose-response relationship persisted for more than a decade post-fire, highlighting a legacy effect of fire intensity on post-fire C dynamics in these forests.

Flame Resistant Fibrous Materials Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Coskren, R. J.

1982-01-01

Since 1973, Albany International Research Co. has been engaged by NASA-JSC under Contract No. NAS9-13673 to conduct studies aimed at developing fibers and flexible structures made therefrom which would provide improved flame resistance over existing commercially available materials in oxygen enriched atmospheres. A portion of the crew bay area life support system and crew equipment for the space shuttle was initially designed to function at a 30% oxygen, 70% nitrogen atmosphere at 9 psia pressure. This oxygen concentration imposed certain fire safety and smoke generation requirements which could not be completely met by commonly accepted textiles. Potentially useful new polymers were investigated both for fire safety and mechanical properties. During the course of the work, three candidate fibers were studied and evaluated and the results of each of these efforts are summarized.

Numerical simulation on behaviour of timber-concrete composite beams in fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Du, Hao; Hu, Xiamin; Zhang, Bing; Minli, Yao

2017-08-01

This paper established sequentially coupled thermal-mechanical models of timber--concrete composite (TCC) beams by finite element software ANSYS to investigate the fire resistance of TCC beam. Existing experimental results were used to verify the coupled thermal-mechanical model. The influencing parameters consisted of the width of timber beam, the thickness of the concrete slab and the timber board. Based on the numerical results, the effects of these parameters on fire resistance of TCC beams were investigated in detail. The results showed that modeling results agreed well with test results, and verified the reliability of the finite element model. The width of the timber beam had a significant influence on the fire resistance of TCC beams. The fire resistance of TCC beams would be enhanced by increasing the width of timber beam, the thickness of concrete slab and the timber board.

Candidate materials for advanced fire-resistant photovoltaic modules

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sugimura, R. S.; Otth, D. H.; Ross, R. G., Jr.; Arnett, J. C.; Samuelson, G.

1985-01-01

A cooperative, cost-sharing research effort to develop a technology base required to construct fire-ratable photovoltaic modules has resulted in the identification of several high-temperature, back-surface candidate materials capable of raising the fire-resistance of modules using hydrocarbon encapsulants to Class A and B levels. Advanced experimental module configurations have been developed using back surfaces consisting of Kapton, Tedlar laminates, metal-foils, and fiberglass materials with high-temperature coatings. Test results (October 1984; March 1985; May 1985; and October 1985) indicate that several of these advanced module configurations are capable of achieving Class B fire-resistance levels, while a few configurations can achieve Class A levels. The paper summarizes activities to date, discussing flammability failure mechanisms, time-temperature profiles, and results of Block V environmental exposure tests of a candidate material suitable for both Class B and Class A fire-resistance levels.

Thinning, tree-growth, and resistance to multi-year drought in a mixed-conifer forest of northern California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Vernon, Michael J.; Sherriff, Rosemary L.; van Mantgem, Phillip; Kane, Jeffrey M.

2018-01-01

Drought is an important stressor in forest ecosystems that can influence tree vigor and survival. In the U.S., forest managers use two primary management techniques to promote resistance and resilience to drought: prescribed fire and mechanical thinning. Generally applied to reduce fuels and fire hazard, treatments may also reduce competition for resources that may improve tree-growth and reduce mortality during drought. A recent severe and prolonged drought in California provided a natural experiment to investigate tree-growth responses to fuel treatments and climatic stress. We assessed tree-growth from 299 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in treated and untreated stands during severe drought from 2012 to 2015 in the mixed-conifer forests of Whiskeytown National Recreation Area (WNRA) in northern California. The treatment implemented at WNRA removed 34% of live basal area through mechanical thinning with a subsequent pile burning of residual fuels. Tree-growth was positively associated with crown ratio and negatively associated with competition and a 1-year lag of climate water deficit, an index of drought. Douglas-fir generally had higher annual growth than ponderosa pine, although factors affecting growth were the same for both species. Drought resistance, expressed as the ratio between mean growth during drought and mean growth pre-drought, was higher in treated stands compared to untreated stands during both years of severe drought (2014 and 2015) for ponderosa pine but only one year (2014) for Douglas-fir. Thinning improved drought resistance, but tree size, competition and species influenced this response. On-going thinning treatments focused on fuels and fire hazard reduction are likely to be effective at promoting growth and greater drought resistance in dry mixed-conifer forests. Given the likelihood of future droughts, land managers may choose to implement similar treatments to reduce potential impacts.

Influence of surface treatment on the in-vitro fracture resistance of zirconia-based all-ceramic anterior crowns.

PubMed

Schmitter, M; Lotze, G; Bömicke, W; Rues, S

2015-12-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of surface treatment on the fracture resistance of zirconia-based all-ceramic anterior crowns. Sixty-four zirconia-based all-ceramic anterior crowns, veneered by use of a press-on technique, were produced. For 48 crowns intraoral adjustment was simulated (A-group), 16 crowns remained unadjusted (WA-group). The adjusted area was then treated in three ways: 1. no further surface treatment; 2. polishing, with irrigation, using polishers interspersed with diamond grit for ceramics; and 3. polishing and glaze firing. Half of the specimens were loaded until fracture in an universal testing device without artificial ageing; the other crowns underwent thermocycling and chewing simulation before ultimate-load testing. Explorative statistical analysis was performed by use of non-parametric and parametric tests. In addition, fracture-strength tests according to ISO 6872 were performed for veneer ceramic subjected to the different surface treatments. Finite element analysis was also conducted for the crowns, and surface roughness was measured. Crowns in the A-group were more sensitive to aging than crowns in the WA-group (p=0.038). Although both polishing and glaze firing slightly improved the fracture resistance of the specimens, the fracture resistance in the WA-group (initial fracture resistance (IFR): 652.0 ± 107.7N, remaining fracture resistance after aging (RFR): 560.6 ± 233.3N) was higher than the fracture resistance in the A-group (polished: IFR: 477.9 ± 108.8N, RFR: 386.0 ± 218.5N; glaze firing: IFR: 535.5 ± 128.0N, RFR: 388.6 ± 202.2N). Surface roughness without adjustment was Ra=0.1 μm; for adjustment but without further treatment it was Ra=1.4 μm; for adjustment and polishing it was Ra=0.3 μm; and for adjustment, polishing, and glazing it was Ra=0.6 μm. Stress distributions obtained by finite element analysis in combination with fracture strength tests showed that fractures most probably originated from the occlusal surface. To improve fracture resistance and reduce the incidence of failure, extensive occlusal adjustment of veneered anterior zirconia restorations should be avoided. Neither polishing nor glazing could restore the fracture resistance to the level maintained with unadjusted crowns. Copyright © 2015 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Putative resistance gene markers associated with quantitative trait loci for fire blight resistance in Malus ‘Robusta 5’ accessions

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Breeding of fire blight resistant scions and rootstocks is a goal of several international apple breeding programs, as options are limited for management of this destructive disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora. A broad, large-effect quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fire blight resistance has been reported on linkage group 3 of Malus ‘Robusta 5’. In this study we identified markers derived from putative fire blight resistance genes associated with the QTL by integrating further genetic mapping studies with bioinformatics analysis of transcript profiling data and genome sequence databases. Results When several defined E.amylovora strains were used to inoculate three progenies from international breeding programs, all with ‘Robusta 5’ as a common parent, two distinct QTLs were detected on linkage group 3, where only one had previously been mapped. In the New Zealand ‘Malling 9’ X ‘Robusta 5’ population inoculated with E. amylovora ICMP11176, the proximal QTL co-located with SNP markers derived from a leucine-rich repeat, receptor-like protein ( MxdRLP1) and a closely linked class 3 peroxidase gene. While the QTL detected in the German ‘Idared’ X ‘Robusta 5’ population inoculated with E. amylovora strains Ea222_JKI or ICMP11176 was approximately 6 cM distal to this, directly below a SNP marker derived from a heat shock 90 family protein gene ( HSP90). In the US ‘Otawa3’ X ‘Robusta5’ population inoculated with E. amylovora strains Ea273 or E2002a, the position of the LOD score peak on linkage group 3 was dependent upon the pathogen strains used for inoculation. One of the five MxdRLP1 alleles identified in fire blight resistant and susceptible cultivars was genetically associated with resistance and used to develop a high resolution melting PCR marker. A resistance QTL detected on linkage group 7 of the US population co-located with another HSP90 gene-family member and a WRKY transcription factor previously associated with fire blight resistance. However, this QTL was not observed in the New Zealand or German populations. Conclusions The results suggest that the upper region of ‘Robusta 5’ linkage group 3 contains multiple genes contributing to fire blight resistance and that their contributions to resistance can vary depending upon pathogen virulence and other factors. Mapping markers derived from putative fire blight resistance genes has proved a useful aid in defining these QTLs and developing markers for marker-assisted breeding of fire blight resistance. PMID:22471693

Tree mortality patterns following prescribed fire for Pinus and Abies across the southwestern United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

van Mantgem, Philip J.; Nesmith, Jonathan C. B.; Keifer, MaryBeth; Brooks, Matthew

2012-01-01

The reintroduction of fire to historically fire-prone forests has been repeatedly shown to reduce understory fuels and promote resistance to high severity fire. However, there is concern that prescribed fire may also have unintended consequences, such as high rates of mortality for large trees and fire-tolerant Pinus species. To test this possibility we evaluated mortality patterns for two common genera in the western US, Pinus and Abies, using observations from a national-scale prescribed fire effects monitoring program. Our results show that mortality rates of trees >50 DBH were similar for Pinus (4.6% yr-1) and Abies (4.0% yr-1) 5 years following prescribed fires across seven sites in the southwestern US. In contrast, mortality rates of trees >50 cm DBH differed between Pinus (5.7% yr-1) and Abies (9.0% yr-1). Models of post-fire mortality probabilities suggested statistically significant differences between the genera (after including differences in bark thickness), but accounting for these differences resulted in only small improvements in model classification. Our results do not suggest unusually high post-fire mortality for large trees or for Pinus relative to the other common co-occurring genus, Abies, following prescribed fire in the southwestern US.

Investigation of Multi-Functional Ferroelectric Nanorod/Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites and Shape Memory Alloy Treatment for Vibration Control of Fire Control System to Improve Firing Accuracy

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-10

representative of the main barrel of a tank or structural health monitoring, for example. We have been working on determining the proper shape of the sensor...needed to be addressed, namely cantilever beam vibrations that were representative of the main barrel of a tank or structural health monitoring, for...MWCNT was made using a frit compression technique; the morphological characterization of the PANI/MWCNT film; its electrical resistance as a

Testing of aircraft passenger seat cushion material, full scale. Data, volume 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schutter, K. J.; Gaume, J. G.; Duskin, F. E.

1980-01-01

Burn characteristics of presently used and proposed seat cushion materials and types of constructions were determined. Eight different seat cushion configurations were subjected to full scale burn tests. Each cushion configuration was tested twice for a total of 16 tests. Two different fire sources were used: Jet A-fuel for eight tests, and a radiant energy source with propane flame for eight tests. Data were recorded for smoke density, cushion temperatures, radiant heat flux, animal response to combustion products, rate of weight loss of test specimens, cabin temperature, and type and content of gas within the cabin. When compared to existing seat cushions, the test specimens incorporating a fire barrier and those fabricated from advanced materials, using improved construction methods, exhibited significantly greater fire resistance. Flammability comparison tests were conducted upon one fire blocking configuration and one polyimide configuration.

Testing of aircraft passenger seat cushion materials. Full scale, test description and results, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schutter, K. J.; Gaume, J. G.; Duskin, F. E.

1981-01-01

Eight different seat cushion configurations were subjected to full-scale burn tests. Each cushion configuration was tested twice for a total of sixteen tests. Two different fire sources were used. They consisted of one liter of Jet A fuel for eight tests and a radiant energy source with propane flame for eight tests. Both fire sources were ignited by a propane flame. During each test, data were recorded for smoke density, cushion temperatures, radiant heat flux, animal response to combustion products, rate of weight loss of test specimens, cabin temperature, and for the type and content of gas within the cabin atmosphere. When compared to existing passenger aircraft seat cushions, the test specimens incorporating a fire barrier and those fabricated from advanced materials, using improved construction methods, exhibited significantly greater fire resistance.

[Study on discrimination of varieties of fire resistive coating for steel structure based on near-infrared spectroscopy].

PubMed

Xue, Gang; Song, Wen-qi; Li, Shu-chao

2015-01-01

In order to achieve the rapid identification of fire resistive coating for steel structure of different brands in circulating, a new method for the fast discrimination of varieties of fire resistive coating for steel structure by means of near infrared spectroscopy was proposed. The raster scanning near infrared spectroscopy instrument and near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were applied to collect the spectral curve of different brands of fire resistive coating for steel structure and the spectral data were preprocessed with standard normal variate transformation(standard normal variate transformation, SNV) and Norris second derivative. The principal component analysis (principal component analysis, PCA)was used to near infrared spectra for cluster analysis. The analysis results showed that the cumulate reliabilities of PC1 to PC5 were 99. 791%. The 3-dimentional plot was drawn with the scores of PC1, PC2 and PC3 X 10, which appeared to provide the best clustering of the varieties of fire resistive coating for steel structure. A total of 150 fire resistive coating samples were divided into calibration set and validation set randomly, the calibration set had 125 samples with 25 samples of each variety, and the validation set had 25 samples with 5 samples of each variety. According to the principal component scores of unknown samples, Mahalanobis distance values between each variety and unknown samples were calculated to realize the discrimination of different varieties. The qualitative analysis model for external verification of unknown samples is a 10% recognition ration. The results demonstrated that this identification method can be used as a rapid, accurate method to identify the classification of fire resistive coating for steel structure and provide technical reference for market regulation.

Identification of novel strain-specific and environment-dependent minor QTLs linked to fire blight resistance in apples

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Since its first report almost 200 years ago, fire blight, caused by the gram negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, has threatened apple and pear production globally. Identifying novel genes and their functional alleles is a prerequisite to developing apple cultivars with enhanced fire blight resist...

14 CFR 23.853 - Passenger and crew compartment interiors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... constructed of at least fire resistant materials and must contain fires likely to occur in it under normal use... Design and Construction Fire Protection § 23.853 Passenger and crew compartment interiors. For each compartment to be used by the crew or passengers: (a) The materials must be at least flame-resistant; (b...

Impact of Prescribed Fire and Thinning on Host Resistance to the Southern Pine Beetle: Preliminary Results of the National Fire and Fire Surrogate Study

Treesearch

M. Forbes Boyle; Roy L. Hedden; Thomas A. Waldrop

2004-01-01

The southern pine beetle ( Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) is considered one of the most aggressive insect pests in the Southern United States. Resistance to southern pine beetle infestations in southern pines depends largely on oleoresin flow rate and total flow. Treatments, such as prescribed fire and thinning, can be used to reduce stand infestation susceptibil-ity by...

Development and testing of advanced fire-resistant photovoltaic modules

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sugimura, R. S.; Otth, D. H.; Ross, R. G., Jr.

1985-01-01

The evaluation of back-surface materials flammability in order to identify fire resistant module designs is examined. The fire test apparatus, burning-brand test sequence, and spread-of-flame test sequence are described. Video recordings and time-temperature profiles of module back surfaces are utilized to study the flammability failure mechanism and identify high-temperature materials. A table of flammability test results for various module designs is provided. The data reveals that 2-mil kapton, fiberglass cloth coated or impregnated with a material to plug pores, and metal foil back-surface materials achieve class A and B fire-resistance levels, and are applicable for photovoltaic module designs.

Fire-Retardant and Thermally Insulating Phenolic-Silica Aerogels.

PubMed

Yu, Zhi-Long; Yang, Ning; Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura, Varvara; Qin, Bing; Ma, Zhi-Yuan; Xing, Wei-Yi; Qiao, Chan; Bergström, Lennart; Antonietti, Markus; Yu, Shu-Hong

2018-04-16

Energy efficient buildings require materials with a low thermal conductivity and a high fire resistance. Traditional organic insulation materials are limited by their poor fire resistance and inorganic insulation materials are either brittle or display a high thermal conductivity. Herein we report a mechanically resilient organic/inorganic composite aerogel with a thermal conductivity significantly lower than expanded polystyrene and excellent fire resistance. Co-polymerization and nanoscale phase separation of the phenol-formaldehyde-resin (PFR) and silica generate a binary network with domain sizes below 20 nm. The PFR/SiO 2 aerogel can resist a high-temperature flame without disintegration and prevents the temperature on the non-exposed side from increasing above the temperature critical for the collapse of reinforced concrete structures. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

77 FR 775 - Nez Perce-Clearwater National Forests; Idaho; Clear Creek Integrated Restoration Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-06

... species distributions habitat complexity (diversity) and landscape pattern across the forested portions of..., improve long term resistance and resilience at the landscape level; restore natural fire regimes and... landscape that is more highly fragmented than what would be expected through natural disturbance. Ladder...

Application of synthetic fire-resistant oils in oil systems of turbine equipment for NPPs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galimova, L. A.

2017-10-01

Results of the investigation of the synthetic fire-resistant turbine oil Fyrquel-L state in oil systems of turbosets under their operation in the equipment and oil supply facilities of nuclear power plants (NPPs) are presented. On the basis of the analysis of the operating experience, it is established that, for reliable and safe operation of the turbine equipment, at which oil systems synthetic fire-resistant oils on the phosphoric acid esters basis are used, special attention should be paid to two main factors, namely, both the guarantee of the normalized oil water content under the operation and storage and temperature regime of the operation. Methods of the acid number maintenance and reduction are shown. Results of the analysis and investigation of influence of temperature and of the variation of the qualitative state of the synthetic fair-resistant oil on its water content are reported. It is shown that the fire-resistant turbine oils are characterized by high hydrophilicity, and, in distinction to the mineral turbine oils, are capable to contain a significant amount of dissolved water, which is not extracted under the use of separation technologies. It is shown that the more degradation products are contained in oil and higher acid number, the more amount of dissolved water it is capable to retain. It is demonstrated that the organization of chemical control of the total water content of fireresistant oils with the use of the coulometric method is an important element to support the reliable operation of oil systems. It is recommended to use automatic controls of water content for organization of daily monitoring of oil state in the oil system. Recommendations and measures for improvement of oil operation on the NPP, the water content control, the use of oil cleaning plants, and the oil transfer for storage during repair works are developed.

Low resistivity contacts to YBa2Cu3O(7-x) superconductors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsi, Chi-Shiung; Haertling, Gene H.

1991-01-01

Silver, gold, platinum, and palladium metals were investigated as electroding materials for the YBa2Cu3O(7-x) superconductors. Painting, embedding, and melting techniques were used to apply the electrodes. Contact resistivities were determined by: (1) type of electrode; (2) firing conditions; and (3) application method. Electrodes fired for long times exhibited lower contact resistivities than those fired for short times. Low-resistivity contacts were found for silver and gold electrodes. Silver, which made good ohmic contact to the YBa2Cu3O(7-x) superconductor with low contact resistivities was found to be the best electroding material among the materials evaluated in this investigation.

Fire Resistant Fuel for Military Compression Ignition Engines

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-04

Turbo Diesel Maximum Power Output Figure 5. 6.5L Turbo Diesel Maximum Torque Output 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200...H2O & 250ppm) JP8-FRF AMA (5% H2O & 250ppm) UNCLASSIFIED 9 UNCLASSIFIED Figure 6. 6.5L Turbo Diesel Brake Specific Fuel Consumption From...mid-1980s, fire-resistant diesel fuel that self extinguished when ignited by an explosive projectile was developed. Chemically, this fire resistant

Increased heat resistance in mycelia from wood fungi prevalent in forests characterized by fire: a possible adaptation to forest fire.

PubMed

Carlsson, Fredrik; Edman, Mattias; Holm, Svante; Eriksson, Anna-Maria; Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar

2012-10-01

Forest fires have been the major stand-replacing/modifying disturbance in boreal forests. To adapt to fire disturbance, different strategies have evolved. This study focuses on wood fungi, and a specific adaptation to forest fire: increased heat resistance in their mycelia. Fifteen species of wood fungi were selected and a priori sorted in two groups according to their prevalence in fire-affected environments. The fungi were cultivated on fresh wood and exposed to 100, 140, 180, 220 °C for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min. under laboratory conditions. A clear difference was found among the two groups. Species prevalent in fire-affected habitats had a much higher survival rate over all combinations of time and temperature compared to species associated with other environments. Thus, the results indicate that fire adaptation in terms of increased heat resistance in mycelia occurs in some species of wood fungi. Such adaptation will influence the ecology and population dynamics of wood fungi, as well as having implications for best practices during restoration fires. Copyright © 2012 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

'Sunrise': A new early maturing fire blight resistant pear cultivar

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

'Sunrise' is a new pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivar released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. It combines a high degree of resistance to fire blight with excellent fruit quality. The sources of resistance in the pedigree are the old American cultivar, 'Seckel'...

41 CFR 102-74.360 - What are the specific accident and fire prevention responsibilities of occupant agencies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... other hanging materials that are made of non-combustible or flame-resistant fabric; (f) Use only... resistant; (g) Cooperate with GSA to develop and maintain fire prevention programs that provide the maximum... accident and fire prevention responsibilities of occupant agencies? 102-74.360 Section 102-74.360 Public...

46 CFR 72.05-10 - Type, location, and construction of fire control bulkheads and decks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... public spaces with incombustible veneers and trim and fire resistant furnishings Staterooms and public spaces of 500 square feet or less with combustible furnishings and isolated storerooms Public spaces over... and all public spaces with incombustible veneers and trim and fire resistant furnishings 5 A-15 A-15 A...

Fire and the Design of Educational Buildings. Building Bulletin 7. Sixth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Education and Science, London (England).

This bulletin offers guidance on English school premises regulations applying to safety protection against fires in the following general areas: means of escape in case of fire; precautionary measures to prevent fire; fire warning systems and fire fighting; fire spreading speed; structures and materials resistant to fires; and damage control. It…

Space and Missile Systems Center Standard: Space Flight Pressurized Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-02-28

24 5.7.2 Fire Resistant Fluids ......................................................................................... 24 5.7.3...connections. 5.1.7 Threaded Parts [5.1.7-1] All threaded parts in components shall be securely locked to resist uncoupling forces by acceptable safe... Resistant Fluids [5.7.2-1] Fire resistant or flame proof hydraulic fluid shall be used where the system design can expose hydraulic fluid to potential

Compliance with Electrical and Fire Protection Standards of U.S. Controlled and Occupied Facilities in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-07-18

are subject to damage and abrasion (figure 5). The use of an extension cord instead of fixed wiring creates the possibility of fire , electrical shock...Medical Clinic has an adjacent warehouse that is of a higher hazard and is not separated by 1-hour fire resistance rated construction. KMC 17-May...higher hazard and is not separated by 1-hour fire resistance rated construction. DynCorp NO Awaiting USG Decision DI has not received governmental

Fire-Resistant Hydrogel-Fabric Laminates: A Simple Concept That May Save Lives.

PubMed

Illeperuma, Widusha R K; Rothemund, Philipp; Suo, Zhigang; Vlassak, Joost J

2016-01-27

There is a large demand for fabrics that can survive high-temperature fires for an extended period of time, and protect the skin from burn injuries. Even though fire-resistant polymer fabrics are commercially available, many of these fabrics are expensive, decompose rapidly, and/or become very hot when exposed to high temperatures. We have developed a new class of fire-retarding materials by laminating a hydrogel and a fabric. The hydrogel contains around 90% water, which has a large heat capacity and enthalpy of vaporization. When the laminate is exposed to fire, a large amount of energy is absorbed as water heats up and evaporates. The temperature of the hydrogel cannot exceed 100 °C until it is fully dehydrated. The fabric has a low thermal conductivity and maintains the temperature gradient between the hydrogel and the skin. The laminates are fabricated using a recently developed tough hydrogel to ensure integrity of the laminate during processing and use. A thermal model predicts the performance of the laminates and shows that they have excellent heat resistance in good agreement with experiments, making them viable candidates in life saving applications such as fire-resistant blankets or apparel.

A Study of Transport Airplane Crash-Resistant Fuel Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Lisa (Technical Monitor); Robertson, S. H.; Johnson, N. B.; Hall, D. S.; Rimson, I. J.

2002-01-01

This report presents the results of a study, funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), of transport airplane crash-resistant fuel system (CRFS). The report covers the historical studies related to aircraft crash fires and fuel containment concepts undertaken by the FAA, NASA, and the U.S. Army, which ultimately led to the current state of the art in CRFS technology. It describes the basic research, testing, field investigations and production efforts which have led to the highly successful military CRFS, which has saved many lives and reduced costs of accidents. Current CRFS technology used in transport category airplanes is defined and compared to the available state-of-the-art technology. The report provides information to the FAA and other government organizations which can help them plan their efforts to improve the state of crash fire protection in the transport airplane fleet. The report provides guidance to designers looking for information about CRFS design problems, analysis tools to use for product improvement, and a summary of current and proposed regulations for transport category airplane fuel systems.

Modified Epoxy Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilwee, W. J.

1984-01-01

The properties of a rubber-modified experimental epoxy resin and a standard epoxy as composite matrices were studied. In addition, a brominated epoxy resin was used in varying quantities to improve the fire resistance of the composite. The experimental resin was tris-(hydroxyphenyl)methane triglycidyl ether, known as tris epoxy novolac (TEN). The standard epoxy resin used was tetraglycidyl 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM). The above resins were modified with carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber. It is concluded that: (1) modification of TEN resin with bromine gives better impact resistance than rubber modification alone; (2) 25% rubber addition is necessary to obtain significant improvement in impact resistance; (3) impact resistance increases with bromine content; (4) impact velocity does not significantly affect the energy absorbed by the test sample; (5) Tg did not decline with rubber modification; and (6) TEN resin had better hot/wet properties than TGDDM resin.

Parametric Study of Fire Performance of Concrete Filled Hollow Steel Section Columns with Circular and Square Cross-Section

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nurfaidhi Rizalman, Ahmad; Tahir, Ng Seong Yap Mahmood Md; Mohammad, Shahrin

2018-03-01

Concrete filled hollow steel section column have been widely accepted by structural engineers and designers for high rise construction due to the benefits of combining steel and concrete. The advantages of concrete filled hollow steel section column include higher strength, ductility, energy absorption capacity, and good structural fire resistance. In this paper, comparison on the fire performance between circular and square concrete filled hollow steel section column is established. A three-dimensional finite element package, ABAQUS, was used to develop the numerical model to study the temperature development, critical temperature, and fire resistance time of the selected composite columns. Based on the analysis and comparison of typical parameters, the effect of equal cross-sectional size for both steel and concrete, concrete types, and thickness of external protection on temperature distribution and structural fire behaviour of the columns are discussed. The result showed that concrete filled hollow steel section column with circular cross-section generally has higher fire resistance than the square section.

FR/HR Sewing Thread

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

position unless so designated by other authorized documents. Citation of trade names in this report does not constitute an official endorsement or...project to design and develop a Fire Resistant (FR) and Heat Resistant (HR) sewing thread. The main goal of the project is to produce sewing threads made...addresses the design , development and testing of various Fire Resistant (FR)/Heat Resistant (HR) sewing threads for US Army applications. Such a sewing

Investigation of Fire-Vulnerability-Reduction Effectiveness of Fire-Resistant Diesel Fuel in Armored Vehicular Fuel Tanks

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-30

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, September 1976. 2. Weatherford, W.D., Jr., Fodor, G.E., Naegeli , D.W., Owens, E.C., Wright, B.R., and Schaekel, F.W...Weatherford, W.I)., Jr., Fodor, G.E., Naegeli , D.W., Owens, E.C., Wright, B.R., and Schaekel, F.W., "Development of Army Fire-Resistant Diesel Fuel," Interim

Experimental Study on the Fire Performance of Tubular Steel Columns with Membrane Protections for Prefabricated and Modular Steel Construction

PubMed Central

Zhang, Xin; Peng, Lei; Ni, Zhao-peng; Ni, Tian-xiao; Huang, Yi-liang; Zhou, Yang

2018-01-01

Experimental research was conducted to study the fire resistance of steel tubular columns used in prefabricated and modular construction. In order to achieve high-efficient prefabrication and fast on-site installation, membrane protections using board products and thermal insulation blankets are adopted as the favorable protection method. Three protected tubular columns were tested in a full-scale column furnace with axial load applied. The study variables were different membranes, including fiber reinforced calcium silicate (FRCS) boards, rock wool and aluminum silica (Fiberfrax) insulations. The results suggest that one layer of 12 mm FRCS board with rock wool insulation has insufficient fire protection. However, steel columns protected with two layers of 12 mm FRCS boards with insulation appeared to have good fire resistances and could achieve a fire resistance rating as high as 2.5~3.0 h. PMID:29547574

High-Temperature Behavior of a NiCr-Coated T91 Boiler Steel in the Platen Superheater of Coal-Fired Boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chatha, Sukhpal Singh; Sidhu, Hazoor S.; Sidhu, Buta S.

2013-06-01

Ni-20Cr coating was deposited on T91 boiler tube steel by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process to enhance high-temperature oxidation resistance. High-temperature performance of bare, as well as HVOF-coated steel specimens was evaluated for 1500 h under in the platen superheater zone of coal-fired boiler, where the temperature was around 900 °C. Experiments were carried out for 15 cycles, each of 100-h duration followed by 1-h cooling at ambient temperature. The extent of degradation of the specimens was assessed by the thickness loss and depth of internal corrosion attack. Ni-20Cr-coated steel performed better than the uncoated steel in actual boiler environment. The improved degradation resistance of Ni-20Cr coating can be attributed to the presence of Cr2O3 in the top oxide scale and dense microstructure.

Behavior of Insulated Carbon-FRP-Strengthened RC Beams Exposed to Fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sayin, B.

2014-09-01

There are two main approaches to improving the fire resistance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems. While the most common method is to protect or insulate the FRP system, an other way is to use fibers and resins with a better fire performance. This paper presents a numerical investigation into the five protection behavior of insulated carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer (CFRP)-strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The effects of external loading and thermal expansion of materials at elevated temperatures are taken into consideration in a finite-element model. The validity of the numerical model is demonstrated with results from an existing experimental study on insulated CFRP-strengthened RC beams. Conclusions of this investigation are employed to predict the structural behavior of CFRP-strengthened concrete structures.

Fire resistant nuclear fuel cask

DOEpatents

Heckman, Richard C.; Moss, Marvin

1979-01-01

The disclosure is directed to a fire resistant nuclear fuel cask employing reversibly thermally expansible bands between adjacent cooling fins such that normal outward flow of heat is not interfered with, but abnormal inward flow of heat is impeded or blocked.

Experiments of the selection of a method evaluating the fire resistance of some materials based on macromolecular compounds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoica, Steln; Sebe, Mircea Octavian

1987-01-01

A comparative experimental study on the application of various tests for the evaluation of the fire-resistant properties of plastic materials is presented. On the basis of the results obtained conclusions are drawn on the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used, and a preferred test method is picked, i.e., the introduction of fire retardant materials into the polymers.

Initial Burn Pan (JMTF) Testing Results

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard for fire - resistant boom. It had not been used for over 15 years and was almost completely destroyed when...Environment Canada had produced operational guides, provided standards for fire - resistant booms and igniting techniques needed to perform offshore burns...are currently in the smoke zone; and the heat from the fire could be felt from that area. While no one was injured, some miscommunication at the

Indications of vigor loss after fire in Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea) from electrical resistance measurements

Treesearch

T.E. Paysen; A.L. Koonce; E. Taylor; M.O. Rodriquez

2006-01-01

In May 1993, electrical resistance measurements were performed on trees in burned and unburned stands of Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Mor.) in north-eastern Nicaragua to determine whether tree vigor was affected by fire. An Osmose model OZ-67 Shigometer with digital readout was used to collect the sample electrical resistance data. Computer-...

Chemical modification of wood : a short review

Treesearch

Roger M. Rowell

2006-01-01

For most markets for wood, it is used without any treatments or modifications. When wood is used in adverse environments, it may be treated with chemicals to help prevent decay, improve water resistance, reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation or increase fire retardancy. Many of these treatments involve the use of toxic or corrosive chemicals that can harm the...

30 CFR 75.1107-13 - Approval of other fire suppression devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-13 Approval of... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Approval of other fire suppression devices. 75...

14 CFR 25.1731 - Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Powerplant and APU fire detector system... Systems (EWIS) § 25.1731 Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS. (a) EWIS that are part of each fire or overheat detector system in a fire zone must be fire-resistant. (b) No EWIS component of any...

14 CFR 25.1731 - Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Powerplant and APU fire detector system... Systems (EWIS) § 25.1731 Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS. (a) EWIS that are part of each fire or overheat detector system in a fire zone must be fire-resistant. (b) No EWIS component of any...

14 CFR 25.1731 - Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Powerplant and APU fire detector system... Systems (EWIS) § 25.1731 Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS. (a) EWIS that are part of each fire or overheat detector system in a fire zone must be fire-resistant. (b) No EWIS component of any...

14 CFR 25.1731 - Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Powerplant and APU fire detector system... Systems (EWIS) § 25.1731 Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS. (a) EWIS that are part of each fire or overheat detector system in a fire zone must be fire-resistant. (b) No EWIS component of any...

14 CFR 25.1731 - Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Powerplant and APU fire detector system... Systems (EWIS) § 25.1731 Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS. (a) EWIS that are part of each fire or overheat detector system in a fire zone must be fire-resistant. (b) No EWIS component of any...

Fire blight resistance in wild accessions of Malus sieversii

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is a devastating bacterial disease in apple that results in severe economic losses. Epidemics are becoming more common as susceptible cultivars and rootstocks are being planted, and control is becoming more difficult as antibiotic-resistant strains develop. Resistan...

Resistance to wildfire and early regeneration in natural broadleaved forest and pine plantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Proença, Vânia; Pereira, Henrique M.; Vicente, Luís

2010-11-01

The response of an ecosystem to disturbance reflects its stability, which is determined by two components: resistance and resilience. We addressed both components in a study of early post-fire response of natural broadleaved forest ( Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium) and pine plantation ( Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris) to a wildfire that burned over 6000 ha in NW Portugal. Fire resistance was assessed from fire severity, tree mortality and sapling persistence. Understory fire resistance was similar between forests: fire severity at the surface level was moderate to low, and sapling persistence was low. At the canopy level, fire severity was generally low in broadleaved forest but heterogeneous in pine forest, and mean tree mortality was significantly higher in pine forest. Forest resilience was assessed by the comparison of the understory composition, species diversity and seedling abundance in unburned and burned plots in each forest type. Unburned broadleaved communities were dominated by perennial herbs (e.g., Arrhenatherum elatius) and woody species (e.g., Hedera hibernica, Erica arborea), all able to regenerate vegetatively. Unburned pine communities presented a higher abundance of shrubs, and most dominant species relied on post-fire seeding, with some species also being able to regenerate vegetatively (e.g., Ulex minor, Daboecia cantabrica). There were no differences in diversity measures in broadleaved forest, but burned communities in pine forest shared less species and were less rich and diverse than unburned communities. Seedling abundance was similar in burned and unburned plots in both forests. The slower reestablishment of understory pine communities is probably explained by the slower recovery rate of dominant species. These findings are ecologically relevant: the higher resistance and resilience of native broadleaved forest implies a higher stability in the maintenance of forest processes and the delivery of ecosystem services.

Hybridized polymer matrix composite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stern, B. A.; Visser, T.

1981-01-01

Under certain conditions of combined fire and impact, graphite fibers are released to the atmosphere by graphite fiber composites. The retention of graphite fibers in these situations is investigated. Hybrid combinations of graphite tape and cloth, glass cloth, and resin additives are studied with resin systems. Polyimide resins form the most resistant composites and resins based on simple novolac epoxies the least resistant of those tested. Great improvement in the containment of the fibers is obtained in using graphite/glass hybrids, and nearly complete prevention of individual fiber release is made possible by the use of resin additives.

46 CFR 78.45-1 - When required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the following plans: (1) General arrangement plans showing for each deck the fire control stations, the various sections enclosed by fire-resisting bulkheads, together with particulars of the fire alarms, detecting systems, the sprinkler installation (if any), the fire extinguishing appliances, means...

46 CFR 78.45-1 - When required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the following plans: (1) General arrangement plans showing for each deck the fire control stations, the various sections enclosed by fire-resisting bulkheads, together with particulars of the fire alarms, detecting systems, the sprinkler installation (if any), the fire extinguishing appliances, means...

46 CFR 78.45-1 - When required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the following plans: (1) General arrangement plans showing for each deck the fire control stations, the various sections enclosed by fire-resisting bulkheads, together with particulars of the fire alarms, detecting systems, the sprinkler installation (if any), the fire extinguishing appliances, means...

46 CFR 78.45-1 - When required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the following plans: (1) General arrangement plans showing for each deck the fire control stations, the various sections enclosed by fire-resisting bulkheads, together with particulars of the fire alarms, detecting systems, the sprinkler installation (if any), the fire extinguishing appliances, means...

46 CFR 78.45-1 - When required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the following plans: (1) General arrangement plans showing for each deck the fire control stations, the various sections enclosed by fire-resisting bulkheads, together with particulars of the fire alarms, detecting systems, the sprinkler installation (if any), the fire extinguishing appliances, means...

Testing and Selection of Fire-Resistant Materials for Spacecraft Use

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert; Jackson, Brian; Olson, Sandra

2000-01-01

Spacecraft fire-safety strategy emphasizes prevention, mostly through the selection of onboard items classified accord- ing to their fire resistance. The principal NASA acceptance tests described in this paper assess the flammability of materials and components under "worst-case" normal-gravity conditions of upward flame spread in controlled-oxygen atmospheres. Tests conducted on the ground, however, cannot duplicate the unique fire characteristics in the nonbuoyant low-gravity environment of orbiting spacecraft. Research shows that flammability an fire-spread rates in low gravity are sensitive to forced convection (ventilation flows) and atmospheric-oxygen concentration. These research results are helping to define new material-screening test methods that will better evaluate material performance in spacecraft.

Fire Resistance of Geopolymer Concretes

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-21

1 Project report – Grant FA23860814096, "Fire resistance of geopolymer concretes" – J. Provis, University of Melbourne 1. Background and...experimental program This project provided funding for us to carry out fire testing of geopolymer concrete specimens and associated laboratory...testing. The focus of this report will be the outcomes of the series of pilot-scale (4’×4’×6”) tests on geopolymer concrete panels, which were conducted

Particle Morphology and Elemental Composition of Smoke Generated by Overheating Common Spacecraft Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meyer, Marit E.

2015-01-01

Fire safety in the indoor spacecraft environment is concerned with a unique set of fuels which are designed to not combust. Unlike terrestrial flaming fires, which often can consume an abundance of wood, paper and cloth, spacecraft fires are expected to be generated from overheating electronics consisting of flame resistant materials. Therefore, NASA prioritizes fire characterization research for these fuels undergoing oxidative pyrolysis in order to improve spacecraft fire detector design. A thermal precipitator designed and built for spacecraft fire safety test campaigns at the NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) successfully collected an abundance of smoke particles from oxidative pyrolysis. A thorough microscopic characterization has been performed for ten types of smoke from common spacecraft materials or mixed materials heated at multiple temperatures using the following techniques: SEM, TEM, high resolution TEM, high resolution STEM and EDS. Resulting smoke particle morphologies and elemental compositions have been observed which are consistent with known thermal decomposition mechanisms in the literature and chemical make-up of the spacecraft fuels. Some conclusions about particle formation mechanisms are explored based on images of the microstructure of Teflon smoke particles and tar ball-like particles from Nomex fabric smoke.

Rootstock-regulated gene expression patterns associated with fire blight resistance in apple

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Background: Desirable apple varieties are clonally propagated by grafting vegetative scions onto rootstocks. Rootstocks influence many phenotypic traits of the scion, including resistance to pathogens such as Erwinia amylovora, which causes fire blight, the most serious bacterial disease of apple....

Design and Test Requirements for Space Flight Pressurized Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-26

5.7.2 Fire Resistant Fluids ......................................................................................... 24 5.7.3 Accumulators...5.1.7 Threaded Parts [5.1.7-1] All threaded parts in components shall be securely locked to resist uncoupling forces by acceptable safe design...event of force balance on both inlet ports may occur, thus causing the shutoff valve to restrict flow from the outlet port. 5.7.2 Fire Resistant

46 CFR 97.36-1 - When required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the vessel the following plans: (a) General arrangement plans showing for each deck the fire control stations, the various sections enclosed by fire-resisting bulkheads, together with particulars of the fire alarms, detecting systems, the sprinkler installation (if any), the fire extinguishing appliances, means...

46 CFR 97.36-1 - When required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the vessel the following plans: (a) General arrangement plans showing for each deck the fire control stations, the various sections enclosed by fire-resisting bulkheads, together with particulars of the fire alarms, detecting systems, the sprinkler installation (if any), the fire extinguishing appliances, means...

46 CFR 97.36-1 - When required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the vessel the following plans: (a) General arrangement plans showing for each deck the fire control stations, the various sections enclosed by fire-resisting bulkheads, together with particulars of the fire alarms, detecting systems, the sprinkler installation (if any), the fire extinguishing appliances, means...

Competitive effects of fire-resistant saplings on their fire-sensitive neighbors are greater than the reverse

Treesearch

J. Stephen Brewer

2015-01-01

Although repeated fires are generally thought to reduce competition, direct tests of this hypothesis are rare. Furthermore, recent theory predicts that fires can increase competitive effects of fireresistant species on fire-sensitive species and thus create stable assemblages dominated by the former. In this study, I quantified competition between saplings of fire-...

Progression and Behavior of the Canoe Fire in Coast Redwood

Treesearch

Hugh Scanlon

2007-01-01

Lightning caused fires occur in coast redwood forests, but large fires have been rare since the 1930s. Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is considered fire resistant. In 2003, the Canoe Fire, a lightning fire started in an old-growth redwood stand in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, burned 5,554 hectares (13,774 acres) before it was contained. Fuel...

Fire regimes of remnant pitch pine communities in the Ridge and Valley Region of central Pennsylvania, USA. Forests

Treesearch

Joseph Marschall; Michael Stambaugh; Benjamin Jones; Richard Guyette; Patrick Brose; Daniel C. Dey

2016-01-01

Many fire-adapted ecosystems in the northeastern U.S. are converting to fire-intolerant vegetation communities due to fire suppression in the 20th century. Prescribed fire and other vegetation management activities that increase resilience and resistance to global changes are increasingly being implemented, particularly on public lands. For many fire-dependent...

46 CFR 132.130 - Fire stations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... discharge both solid stream and water spray. (h) Each pipe and fire hydrant must be placed so that the fire... or other suitable corrosion-resistant material and comply with NFPA 1963. (k) Each fire hydrant must... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire stations. 132.130 Section 132.130 Shipping COAST...

Pre-fire grazing by cattle increases postfire resistance to exotic annual grass (Bromus tectorum) invasion and dominance for decades

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

1. Fire, herbivory and their interaction influence plant community dynamics. However, little is known about the influence of pre-fire herbivory on post-fire plant community response, particularly long-term resilience to post-fire exotic plant invasion in areas that historically experienced limited ...

Formation of thin walled ceramic solid oxide fuel cells

DOEpatents

Claar, Terry D.; Busch, Donald E.; Picciolo, John J.

1989-01-01

To reduce thermal stress and improve bonding in a high temperature monolithic solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), intermediate layers are provided between the SOFC's electrodes and electrolyte which are of different compositions. The intermediate layers are comprised of a blend of some of the materials used in the electrode and electrolyte compositions. Particle size is controlled to reduce problems involving differential shrinkage rates of the various layers when the entire structure is fired at a single temperature, while pore formers are provided in the electrolyte layers to be removed during firing for the formation of desired pores in the electrode layers. Each layer includes a binder in the form of a thermosetting acrylic which during initial processing is cured to provide a self-supporting structure with the ceramic components in the green state. A self-supporting corrugated structure is thus formed prior to firing, which the organic components of the binder and plasticizer removed during firing to provide a high strength, high temperature resistant ceramic structure of low weight and density.

Understanding and development of manufacturable screen-printed contacts on high sheet-resistance emitters for low-cost silicon solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hilali, Mohamed M.

2005-11-01

A simple cost-effective approach was proposed and successfully employed to fabricate high-quality screen-printed (SP) contacts to high sheet-resistance emitters (100 O/sq) to improve the Si solar cell efficiency. Device modeling was used to quantify the performance enhancement possible from the high sheet-resistance emitter for various cell designs. It was found that for performance enhancement from the high sheet-resistance emitter, certain cell design criteria must be satisfied. Model calculations showed that in order to achieve any performance enhancement over the conventional ˜40 O/sq emitter, the high sheet resistance emitter solar cell must have a reasonably good (<120,000 cm/s) or low front-surface recombination velocity (FSRV). Model calculations were also performed to establish requirements for high fill factors (FFs). The results showed that the series resistance should be less than 0.8 O-cm2, the shunt resistance should be greater than 1000 O-cm2, and the junction leakage current should be less than 25 nA/cm2. Analytical microscopy and surface analysis techniques were used to study the Ag-Si contact interface of different SP Ag pastes. Physical and electrical properties of SP Ag thick-film contacts were studied and correlated to understand and achieve good-quality ohmic contacts to high sheet-resistance emitters for solar cells. This information was then used to define the criteria for high-quality screen-printed contacts. The role of paste constituents and firing scheme on contact quality were investigated to tailor the high-quality screen-printed contact interface structure that results in high performance solar cells. Results indicated that small particle size, high glass transition temperature, rapid firing and less aggressive glass frit help in producing high-quality contacts. Based on these results high-quality SP contacts with high FFs > 0.78 on high sheet-resistance emitters were achieved for the first time using a simple single-step firing process. This technology was applied to different substrates (monocrystalline and multicrystalline) and surfaces (textured and planar). Cell efficiencies of ˜16.2% on low-cost EFG ribbon substrates were achieved on high sheet-resistance emitters with SP contacts. A record high-efficiency SP solar cell of 19% with textured high sheet-resistance emitter was also fabricated and modeled.

Development of Creep-Resistant, Alumina-Forming Ferrous Alloys for High-Temperature Structural Use

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yamamoto, Yukinori; Brady, Michael P.; Muralidharan, Govindarajan

This paper overviews recent advances in developing novel alloy design concepts of creep-resistant, alumina-forming Fe-base alloys, including both ferritic and austenitic steels, for high-temperature structural applications in fossil-fired power generation systems. Protective, external alumina-scales offer improved oxidation resistance compared to chromia-scales in steam-containing environments at elevated temperatures. Alloy design utilizes computational thermodynamic tools with compositional guidelines based on experimental results accumulated in the last decade, along with design and control of the second-phase precipitates to maximize high-temperature strengths. The alloys developed to date, including ferritic (Fe-Cr-Al-Nb-W base) and austenitic (Fe-Cr-Ni-Al-Nb base) alloys, successfully incorporated the balanced properties of steam/water vapor-oxidationmore » and/or ash-corrosion resistance and improved creep strength. Development of cast alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steel alloys is also in progress with successful improvement of higher temperature capability targeting up to ~1100°C. Current alloy design approach and developmental efforts with guidance of computational tools were found to be beneficial for further development of the new heat resistant steel alloys for various extreme environments.« less

The Fire Resistance Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Columns with Different Concrete Compressive Strengths

PubMed Central

Dong, Hongying; Cao, Wanlin; Bian, Jianhui; Zhang, Jianwei

2014-01-01

In order to ascertain the fire resistance performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) components with different concrete compressive strengths, four full-scaled concrete columns were designed and tested under high temperature. Two of the four specimens were constructed by normal concrete with compressive strength ratings of C20 and C30, respectively, while the others were made from recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) concrete of C30 and C40, respectively. Identical constant axial forces were applied to specimens while being subjected to simulated building fire conditions in a laboratory furnace. Several parameters from the experimental results were comparatively analyzed, including the temperature change, vertical displacement, lateral deflection, fire endurance, and failure characteristics of specimens. The temperature field of specimens was simulated with ABAQUS Software (ABAQUS Inc., Provindence, RI, USA) and the results agreed quite well with those from the experiments. Results show that the rate of heat transfer from the surface to the interior of the column increases with the increase of the concrete’s compressive strength for both RAC columns and normal concrete columns. Under the same initial axial force ratio, for columns with the same cross section, those with lower concrete compressive strengths demonstrate better fire resistance performance. The fire resistance performance of RAC columns is better than that of normal concrete columns, with the same concrete compressive strength. PMID:28788279

The Fire Resistance Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Columns with Different Concrete Compressive Strengths.

PubMed

Dong, Hongying; Cao, Wanlin; Bian, Jianhui; Zhang, Jianwei

2014-12-08

In order to ascertain the fire resistance performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) components with different concrete compressive strengths, four full-scaled concrete columns were designed and tested under high temperature. Two of the four specimens were constructed by normal concrete with compressive strength ratings of C20 and C30, respectively, while the others were made from recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) concrete of C30 and C40, respectively. Identical constant axial forces were applied to specimens while being subjected to simulated building fire conditions in a laboratory furnace. Several parameters from the experimental results were comparatively analyzed, including the temperature change, vertical displacement, lateral deflection, fire endurance, and failure characteristics of specimens. The temperature field of specimens was simulated with ABAQUS Software (ABAQUS Inc., Provindence, RI, USA) and the results agreed quite well with those from the experiments. Results show that the rate of heat transfer from the surface to the interior of the column increases with the increase of the concrete's compressive strength for both RAC columns and normal concrete columns. Under the same initial axial force ratio, for columns with the same cross section, those with lower concrete compressive strengths demonstrate better fire resistance performance. The fire resistance performance of RAC columns is better than that of normal concrete columns, with the same concrete compressive strength.

Assessing post-fire Douglas-fir mortality and Douglas-fir beetle attacks in the northern Rocky Mountains

Treesearch

Sharon Hood; Barbara Bentz; Ken Gibson; Kevin Ryan; Gregg DeNitto

2007-01-01

Douglas-fir has life history traits that greatly enhance resistance to injury from fire, thereby increasing post-fire survival rates. Tools for predicting the probability of tree mortality following fire are important components of both pre-fire planning and post-fire management efforts. Using data from mixed-severity wildfire in Montana and Wyoming, Hood and Bentz (...

46 CFR 27.301 - What are the requirements for fire pumps, fire mains, and fire hoses on towing vessels?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the requirements for fire pumps, fire mains, and fire hoses on towing vessels? By April 29, 2005, you... from both branches of the fitting if the highest hydrant has a Siamese fitting, at a pitot-tube... of corrosion-resistant material capable of providing a solid stream and a spray pattern. (f) You must...

30 CFR 35.20 - Autogenous-ignition temperature test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS FIRE-RESISTANT HYDRAULIC FLUIDS Test Requirements § 35.20... (alundum or equivalent) cylinder 5 inches in internal diameter and 5 inches in height; a transite-ring top... is obtained. (d) Appraisal of test. A fluid shall be considered fire-resistant, according to the test...

30 CFR 35.20 - Autogenous-ignition temperature test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS FIRE-RESISTANT HYDRAULIC FLUIDS Test Requirements § 35.20... (alundum or equivalent) cylinder 5 inches in internal diameter and 5 inches in height; a transite-ring top... is obtained. (d) Appraisal of test. A fluid shall be considered fire-resistant, according to the test...

30 CFR 35.20 - Autogenous-ignition temperature test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS FIRE-RESISTANT HYDRAULIC FLUIDS Test Requirements § 35.20... (alundum or equivalent) cylinder 5 inches in internal diameter and 5 inches in height; a transite-ring top... is obtained. (d) Appraisal of test. A fluid shall be considered fire-resistant, according to the test...

30 CFR 35.20 - Autogenous-ignition temperature test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS FIRE-RESISTANT HYDRAULIC FLUIDS Test Requirements § 35.20... (alundum or equivalent) cylinder 5 inches in internal diameter and 5 inches in height; a transite-ring top... is obtained. (d) Appraisal of test. A fluid shall be considered fire-resistant, according to the test...

46 CFR 164.006-4 - Inspection and testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... attachments shall be incorporated in the samples. Each sample shall be heated in a furnace whose temperature... minutes—60 percent light transmission. 60 minutes—50 percent light transmission. (c) Fire resistance and integrity tests. (1) A sample of each thickness submitted shall be tested for fire resistance and integrity...

46 CFR 164.006-4 - Inspection and testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... attachments shall be incorporated in the samples. Each sample shall be heated in a furnace whose temperature... minutes—60 percent light transmission. 60 minutes—50 percent light transmission. (c) Fire resistance and integrity tests. (1) A sample of each thickness submitted shall be tested for fire resistance and integrity...

46 CFR 164.006-4 - Inspection and testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... attachments shall be incorporated in the samples. Each sample shall be heated in a furnace whose temperature... minutes—60 percent light transmission. 60 minutes—50 percent light transmission. (c) Fire resistance and integrity tests. (1) A sample of each thickness submitted shall be tested for fire resistance and integrity...

46 CFR 164.006-4 - Inspection and testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... attachments shall be incorporated in the samples. Each sample shall be heated in a furnace whose temperature... minutes—60 percent light transmission. 60 minutes—50 percent light transmission. (c) Fire resistance and integrity tests. (1) A sample of each thickness submitted shall be tested for fire resistance and integrity...

76 FR 32843 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Fire-Resistant Fiber for Production of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-06

... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Defense Acquisition Regulations System 48 CFR Part 225 RIN 0750-AH22 Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement; Fire-Resistant Fiber for Production of Military Uniforms (DFARS Case 2011-D021) AGENCY: Defense Acquisition Regulations System, Department of Defense (DoD). ACTION...

46 CFR 105.35-15 - Fire hose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... bronze or equivalent metal. (e) All fittings on fire hose shall be of brass, copper, or other suitable corrosion resistant metal. (f) A length of fire hose shall be attached to each fire hydrant at all times... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire hose. 105.35-15 Section 105.35-15 Shipping COAST...

Reintroducing fire in regenerated dry forests following stand-replacing wildfire.

Treesearch

David W. Peterson; Paul F. Hessburg; Brion Salter; Kevin M. James; Matthew C. Dahlgreen; John A. Barnes

2007-01-01

Prescribed fire use may be effective for increasing fire resilience in young coniferous forests by reducing surface fuels, modifying overstory stand structure, and promoting development of large trees of fire resistant species. Questions remain, however, about when and how to reintroduce fire in regenerated forests, and to what end. We studied the effects of spring...

Chapter 6: Fire damage of wood structures

Treesearch

B. Kukay; R.H. White; F. Woeste

2012-01-01

Depending on the severity, fire damage can compromise the structural integrity of wood structures such as buildings or residences. Fire damage of wood structures can incorporate several models that address (1) the type, cause, and spread of the fire, (2) the thermal gradients and fire-resistance ratings, and (3) the residual load capacity (Figure 6.1). If there is a...

A review of fire effects on vegetation and soils in the Great Basin region: response and ecological site characteristics

USGS Publications Warehouse

Miller, Richard F.; Chambers, Jeanne C.; Pyke, David A.; Pierson, Fred B.; Williams, C. Jason

2013-01-01

This review synthesizes the state of knowledge on fire effects on vegetation and soils in semi-arid ecosystems in the Great Basin Region, including the central and northern Great Basin and Range, Columbia River Basin, and the Snake River Plain. We summarize available literature related to: (1) the effects of environmental gradients, ecological site, and vegetation characteristics on resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasive species; (2) the effects of fire on individual plant species and communities, biological soil crusts, seed banks, soil nutrients, and hydrology; and (3) the role of fire severity, fire versus fire surrogate treatments, and post-fire grazing in determining ecosystem response. From this, we identify knowledge gaps and present a framework for predicting plant successional trajectories following wild and prescribed fires and fire surrogate treatments. Possibly the three most important ecological site characteristics that influence a site’s resilience (ability of the ecological site to recover from disturbance) and resistance to invasive species are soil temperature/moisture regimes and the composition and structure of vegetation on the ecological site just prior to the disturbance event.

Fire characteristics associated with firefighter injury on large federal wildland fires.

PubMed

Britton, Carla; Lynch, Charles F; Torner, James; Peek-Asa, Corinne

2013-02-01

Wildland fires present many injury hazards to firefighters. We estimate injury rates and identify fire-related factors associated with injury. Data from the National Interagency Fire Center from 2003 to 2007 provided the number of injuries in which the firefighter could not return to his or her job assignment, person-days worked, and fire characteristics (year, region, season, cause, fuel type, resistance to control, and structures destroyed). We assessed fire-level risk factors of having at least one reported injury using logistic regression. Negative binomial regression was used to examine incidence rate ratios associated with fire-level risk factors. Of 867 fires, 9.5% required the most complex management and 24.7% required the next-highest level of management. Fires most often occurred in the western United States (82.8%), during the summer (69.6%), caused by lightening (54.9%). Timber was the most frequent fuel source (40.2%). Peak incident management level, person-days of exposure, and the fire's resistance to control were significantly related to the odds of a fire having at least one reported injury. However, the most complex fires had a lower injury incidence rate than less complex fires. Although fire complexity and the number of firefighters were associated with the risk for at least one reported injury, the more experienced and specialized firefighting teams had lower injury incidence. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

30 CFR 75.1107-8 - Fire suppression devices; extinguishant supply systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-8... liquid chemical to protect attended equipment shall: (1) Be maintained at a pressure consistent with the...

30 CFR 75.1107-8 - Fire suppression devices; extinguishant supply systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-8... liquid chemical to protect attended equipment shall: (1) Be maintained at a pressure consistent with the...

46 CFR 132.100 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... equivalent fire-resistant material; and (2) Fitted with a commercial garden-hose nozzle of high-grade bronze..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS FIRE-PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Fire Main § 132... equipped with a fire main that complies with this subpart. (b) Each vessel of less than 100 gross tons and...

Design of structures against fire. Civil engineering/buildings, architecture

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anchor, R.D.; Malhotra, H.L.; Purkiss, J.A.

1986-01-01

The book covers structural design criteria, along with background theory on fire protection methods for structures from a variety of materials, including timber, steel, and concrete. Research on the behavior of structural materials in the presence of fire is highlighted, and the need for fire-resistant materials is addressed.

14 CFR 121.275 - Fire detectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fire detectors. 121.275 Section 121.275..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.275 Fire detectors. Fire detectors must be made and installed in a manner that assures their ability to resist, without failure, all...

14 CFR 121.275 - Fire detectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fire detectors. 121.275 Section 121.275..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.275 Fire detectors. Fire detectors must be made and installed in a manner that assures their ability to resist, without failure, all...

14 CFR 121.275 - Fire detectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fire detectors. 121.275 Section 121.275..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.275 Fire detectors. Fire detectors must be made and installed in a manner that assures their ability to resist, without failure, all...

14 CFR 121.275 - Fire detectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fire detectors. 121.275 Section 121.275..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.275 Fire detectors. Fire detectors must be made and installed in a manner that assures their ability to resist, without failure, all...

14 CFR 121.275 - Fire detectors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fire detectors. 121.275 Section 121.275..., FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATIONS Special Airworthiness Requirements § 121.275 Fire detectors. Fire detectors must be made and installed in a manner that assures their ability to resist, without failure, all...

Nano-fibrillated cellulose-hydroxyapatite based composite foams with excellent fire resistance.

PubMed

Guo, Wenwen; Wang, Xin; Zhang, Ping; Liu, Jiajia; Song, Lei; Hu, Yuan

2018-09-01

Thermally insulating materials made from renewable resources are desirable for energy efficient buildings. Traditional petroleum-derived insulating materials such as rigid polyurethane foam and expanded polystyrene display poor flame retardancy and inorganic insulating materials such as silica aerogel are fragile. Herein, we reported a facile approach to prepare cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite foam by a simple freeze-drying process. The resultant HAP-CNF composite foams showed a thermal conductivity in the range of 38.5-39.1 mW/(m K) and very low peak heat release rate (20.4 kW/m 2 ) and total heat release (1.21 MJ/m 2 ). Vertical burning tests also manifested excellent fire resistance and self-extinguishing behaviours. Considering the excellent fire resistance of this composite foam, it is of significance to fire safety solution for buildings insulating materials. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fuel moisture influences on fire-altered carbon in masticated fuels: An experimental study

Treesearch

Nolan W. Brewer; Alistair M.S. Smith; Jeffery A. Hatten; Philip E. Higuera; Andrew T. Hudak; Roger D. Ottmar; Wade T. Tinkham

2013-01-01

Biomass burning is a significant contributor to atmospheric carbon emissions but may also provide an avenue in which fire-affected ecosystems can accumulate carbon over time, through the generation of highly resistant fire-altered carbon. Identifying how fuel moisture, and subsequent changes in the fire behavior, relates to the production of fire-altered carbon is...

Effectiveness of fire-retardant treatments for shingles after 10 years of outdoor weathering

Treesearch

S. L. LeVan; C. A. Holmes

Some building codes require wood shingles to be fire-retardant treated. Because exterior fire-retardant treatments are subjected to weathering, treatment durability and leach resistance are critical for insuring adequate fire protection. We examined the effectiveness of various fire-retardant treatments on wood after 0, 2, 5, and 10 years of outdoor exposure. We used a...

Resistance of the boreal forest to high burn rates.

PubMed

Héon, Jessie; Arseneault, Dominique; Parisien, Marc-André

2014-09-23

Boreal ecosystems and their large carbon stocks are strongly shaped by extensive wildfires. Coupling climate projections with records of area burned during the last 3 decades across the North American boreal zone suggests that area burned will increase by 30-500% by the end of the 21st century, with a cascading effect on ecosystem dynamics and on the boreal carbon balance. Fire size and the frequency of large-fire years are both expected to increase. However, how fire size and time since previous fire will influence future burn rates is poorly understood, mostly because of incomplete records of past fire overlaps. Here, we reconstruct the length of overlapping fires along a 190-km-long transect during the last 200 y in one of the most fire-prone boreal regions of North America to document how fire size and time since previous fire will influence future fire recurrence. We provide direct field evidence that extreme burn rates can be sustained by a few occasional droughts triggering immense fires. However, we also show that the most fire-prone areas of the North American boreal forest are resistant to high burn rates because of overabundant young forest stands, thereby creating a fuel-mediated negative feedback on fire activity. These findings will help refine projections of fire effect on boreal ecosystems and their large carbon stocks.

Resistance of the boreal forest to high burn rates

PubMed Central

Héon, Jessie; Arseneault, Dominique; Parisien, Marc-André

2014-01-01

Boreal ecosystems and their large carbon stocks are strongly shaped by extensive wildfires. Coupling climate projections with records of area burned during the last 3 decades across the North American boreal zone suggests that area burned will increase by 30–500% by the end of the 21st century, with a cascading effect on ecosystem dynamics and on the boreal carbon balance. Fire size and the frequency of large-fire years are both expected to increase. However, how fire size and time since previous fire will influence future burn rates is poorly understood, mostly because of incomplete records of past fire overlaps. Here, we reconstruct the length of overlapping fires along a 190-km-long transect during the last 200 y in one of the most fire-prone boreal regions of North America to document how fire size and time since previous fire will influence future fire recurrence. We provide direct field evidence that extreme burn rates can be sustained by a few occasional droughts triggering immense fires. However, we also show that the most fire-prone areas of the North American boreal forest are resistant to high burn rates because of overabundant young forest stands, thereby creating a fuel-mediated negative feedback on fire activity. These findings will help refine projections of fire effect on boreal ecosystems and their large carbon stocks. PMID:25201981

Fire resistant aircraft seat program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fewell, L. A.

1979-01-01

Foams, textiles, and thermoformable plastics were tested to determine which materials were fire retardant, and safe for aircraft passenger seats. Seat components investigated were the decorative fabric cover, slip covers, fire blocking layer, cushion reinforcement, and the cushioning layer.

30 CFR 75.1107-3 - Fire suppression devices; approved components; installation requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-3... agency approved by the Secretary. (b) Where used, pressure vessels shall conform with the requirements of...

30 CFR 75.1107-3 - Fire suppression devices; approved components; installation requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-3... agency approved by the Secretary. (b) Where used, pressure vessels shall conform with the requirements of...

30 CFR 75.1107-3 - Fire suppression devices; approved components; installation requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-3... agency approved by the Secretary. (b) Where used, pressure vessels shall conform with the requirements of...

30 CFR 75.1107-3 - Fire suppression devices; approved components; installation requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-3... agency approved by the Secretary. (b) Where used, pressure vessels shall conform with the requirements of...

30 CFR 75.1107-3 - Fire suppression devices; approved components; installation requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Protection Fire Suppression Devices and Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids on Underground Equipment § 75.1107-3... agency approved by the Secretary. (b) Where used, pressure vessels shall conform with the requirements of...

Analytical methods for determining fire resistance of timber members

Treesearch

Robert H. White

2008-01-01

The fire resistance ratings of wood members and assemblies, as of other materials, have traditionally been obtained by testing the assembly in a furnace in accordance with ASTM International (ASTM) Standard E119, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 834, and similar standards. These ratings are published in listings, such as Underwriters...

Biological Efficacy of Permethrin Treatment on New U.S. Military Uniforms

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The United States Army and United States Marine Corps (USMC) are fielding uniforms that incorporate fire resistant fibers into the uniform material. For the U.S. Army, the change in uniform composition to produce the Fire-Resistant Army Combat Uniform (FRACU) results in a uniform that does not reta...

Development of a Fire-Resistant Anti-Sweat Submarine Hull Insulation Based on Fiber Glass Materials.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A6w " ;’’ ..J’ d’ ,.,, -,,,.. ,.- -,. . 11111, , .. b,, I - - -.. .,. , .. . ..°.. III. . . ,Lm’ Johns ... Manville Research & Development Center DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRE-RESISTANT ANTI-SWEAT SUBMARINE HULL INSULATION BASED ON FIBER *" GLASS MATERIALS Oct icrb iz Ic

Release-rate calorimetry of multilayered materials for aircraft seats

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fewell, L. L.; Duskin, F. E.; Spieth, H.; Trabold, E.; Parker, J. A.

1979-01-01

Multilayered samples of contemporary and improved fire resistant aircraft seat materials (foam cushion, decorative fabric, slip sheet, fire blocking layer, and cushion reinforcement layer) were evaluated for their rates of heat release and smoke generation. Top layers (decorative fabric, slip sheet, fire blocking, and cushion reinforcement) with glass fiber block cushion were evaluated to determine which materials based on their minimum contributions to the total heat release of the multilayered assembly may be added or deleted. Top layers exhibiting desirable burning profiles were combined with foam cushion materials. The smoke and heat release rates of multilayered seat materials were then measured at heat fluxes of 1.5 and 3.5 W/sq cm. Choices of contact and silicone adhesives for bonding multilayered assemblies were based on flammability, burn and smoke generation, animal toxicity tests, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Abrasion tests were conducted on the decorative fabric covering and slip sheet to ascertain service life and compatibility of layers.

Land uses, fire, and invasion: Exotic annual Bromus and human dimensions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Pyke, David A.; Chambers, Jeanne C.; Beck, Jeffrey L.; Brooks, Matthew L.; Mealor, Brian A.

2016-01-01

Human land uses are the primary cause of the introduction and spread of exotic annual Bromusspecies. Initial introductions were likely linked to contaminated seeds used by homesteading farmers in the late 1880s and early 1900s. Transportation routes aided their spread. Unrestricted livestock grazing from the 1800s through the mid-1900s reduced native plant competitors leaving large areas vulnerable to Bromus dominance. Ecosystems with cooler and moister soils tend to have greater potential to recover from disturbances (resilience) and to be more resistant to Bromusinvasion and dominance. Warmer and drier ecosystems are less resistant to Bromus and are threatened by altered fire regimes which can lead to Bromus dominance, impacts to wildlife, and alternative stable states. Native Americans used fire for manipulating plant communities and may have contributed to the early dominance of Bromus in portions of California. Fire as a tool is now limited to site preparation for revegetation in most ecosystems where Bromus is a significant problem. Once Bromus dominates, breaking annual grass/fire cycles requires restoring fire-tolerant perennial grasses and forbs, which can compete with Bromus and resist its dominance. Current weed management policies often lack regulations to prevent further expansion of Bromus. Research is needed on how and where livestock grazing might help increase perennial grass and forb cover and density to create ecosystems that are more resistant to Bromus. Also, studies are needed to ascertain the role, if any, of oil and gas development in contributing to the spread of Bromus.

Generation of advanced fire blight-resistant apple (Malus × domestica) selections of the fifth generation within 7 years of applying the early flowering approach.

PubMed

Schlathölter, Ina; Jänsch, Melanie; Flachowsky, Henryk; Broggini, Giovanni Antonio Lodovico; Hanke, Magda-Viola; Patocchi, Andrea

2018-06-01

The approach presented here can be applied to reduce the time needed to introduce traits from wild apples into null segregant advanced selections by one-fourth. Interesting traits like resistances to pathogens are often found within the wild apple gene pool. However, the long juvenile phase of apple seedlings hampers the rapid introduction of these traits into new cultivars. The rapid crop cycle breeding approach used in this paper is based on the overexpression of the birch (Betula pendula) MADS4 transcription factor in apple. Using the early flowering line T1190 and 'Evereste' as source of the fire blight resistance (Fb_E locus), we successfully established 18 advanced selections of the fifth generation in the greenhouse within 7 years. Fifteen individuals showed the habitus expected of a regular apple seedling, while three showed very short internodes. The null segregants possessing a regular habitus maintained the high level of fire blight resistance typical for 'Evereste'. Using SSR markers, we estimated the percentage of genetic drag from 'Evereste' still associated with Fb_E on linkage group 12 (LG12). Eight out of the 18 selections had only 4% of 'Evereste' genome left. Since genotypes carrying the apple scab resistance gene Rvi6 and the fire blight resistance QTL Fb_F7 were used as parents in the course of the experiments, these resistances were also identified in some of the null segregants. One seedling is particularly interesting as, beside Fb_E, it also carries Fb_F7 heterozygously and Rvi6 homozygously. If null segregants obtained using this method will be considered as not genetically modified in Europe, as is already the case in the USA, this genotype could be a very promising parent for breeding new fire blight and scab-resistant apple cultivars in European apple breeding programs.

Growth of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) related to forest floor consumption by prescribed fire in the Southern Appalachians

Treesearch

Katherine J. Elliott; James M. Vose; Barton D. Clinton

2002-01-01

Chainsaw felling, burning, and planting of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) have been prescribed on degraded pine/hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachians to improve overstory composition and productivity. The desired future condition of the overstory is a productive pine/hardwood mixture, with white pine, which is resistant to southern pine...

Effect of Experimentally Manipulated Fire Regimes on the Response of Forests to Drought

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Refsland, T. K.; Knapp, B.; Fraterrigo, J.

2017-12-01

Climate change is expected to increase drought stress in many forests and alter fire regimes. Fire can reduce tree density and thus competition for limited water, but the effects of changing fire regimes on forest productivity during drought remain poorly understood. We measured the annual ring-widths of adult oak (Quercus spp.) trees in Mark Twain National Forest, Missouri USA that experienced unburned, annual or periodic (every 4 years) surface fire treatments from 1951 - 2015. Severe drought events were identified using the BILJOU water balance model. We determined the effect of fire treatment on stand-level annual growth rates as well as stand-level resistance and resilience to drought, defined as the drought-induced reduction in growth and post-drought recovery in growth, respectively. During favorable wet years, annual and periodic fire treatments reduced annual growth rates by approximately 10-15% relative to unburned controls (P < 0.001). Stand-level growth rates declined 22-40% during drought events (P < 0.001), but fire-driven changes to stand basal area had no effect on the resistance or resilience of trees to drought. The decline in annual growth rates of burned stands during favorable wet years was likely caused by increased nitrogen (N) limitation in burned plots. After 60 years of treatment, burned plots experienced 30% declines in total soil N relative to unburned plots. Our finding that drought resistance and resilience were similar across all treatments suggest that fire-driven reductions in stand density may have negligible effects on soil moisture availability during drought. Our results highlight that climate-fire interactions can have important long-term effects on forest productivity.

46 CFR 28.380 - General structural fire protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... accommodation space must be separated from machinery and fuel tank spaces by a fire resistant boundary which... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false General structural fire protection. 28.380 Section 28..., 1991, and That Operate With More Than 16 Individuals on Board § 28.380 General structural fire...

Terminology and biology of fire scars in selected central hardwoods

Treesearch

Kevin T. Smith; Elaine Kennedy Sutherland

2001-01-01

Dendrochronological analysis of fire scars requires tree survival of fire exposure. Trees survive fire exposure by: (1) avoidance of injury through constitutive protection and (2) induced defense. Induced defenses include (a) compartmentalization processes that resist the spread of injury and infection and (b) closure processes that restore the continuity of the...

Madrean pine-oak forest in Arizona: past dynamics, present problems

Treesearch

Andrew M. Barton

2008-01-01

This paper synthesizes research on presettlement dynamics and modern disruption of Madrean pine-oak forests in Arizona. In response to surface fires characteristic of presettlement times, pines were fire resistant, exhibiting high top-survival, whereas oaks were fire resilient, exhibiting lower top-survival but pronounced resprouting. Thus, low-severity fire favors...

Improved multiple-shot gun for use as a combustion stability rating device

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sokolowski, D. E.

1973-01-01

A program was conducted to develop and experimentally evaluate an improved version of a modified machine gun for use as a device for rating the relative combustion stability of various rocket combustors. Following the results of a previous study involving a caliber .30 machine gun, a caliber .50 machine gun was modified in order to extend the charge-size range of the device. Nitrocellulose charge sizes ranging from 1.004 to 9.720 grams were fired at rates up to four shots per second. Shock pressures up to 25,512 kN/sq m were measured near the end of a shortened gun barrel. A minimal resistance type of check valve permitted the gun to fire into pressurized regions; back pressures up to 3448 kN/sq m abs were tested. The final modified assembly was evaluated during combustion stability tests on rocket combustors burning a FLOX-methane propellant combination.

Two distinct major QTL for resistance to fire blight co-localize on linkage group 12 in apple genotypes 'Evereste' and Malus floribunda clone 821.

PubMed

Durel, C-E; Denancé, C; Brisset, M-N

2009-02-01

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most destructive diseases of apple (Malus xdomestica) worldwide. No major, qualitative gene for resistance to this disease has been identified so far in apple. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed in two F1 progenies derived from two controled crosses: one between the susceptible rootstock cultivar 'MM106' and the resistant ornamental cultivar 'Evereste' and the other one between the moderately susceptible cultivar 'Golden Delicious' and the wild apple Malus floribunda clone 821, with unknown level of fire blight resistance. Both progenies were inoculated in the greenhouse with the same reference strain of E. amylovora. The length of stem necrosis was scored 7 and 14 days after inoculation. A strong QTL effect was identified in both 'Evereste' and M. floribunda 821 at a similar position on the distal region of linkage group 12 of the apple genome. From 50% to 70% of the phenotypic variation was explained by the QTL in 'Evereste' progeny according to the scored trait. More than 40% of the phenotypic variation was explained by the M. floribunda QTL in the second progeny. It was shown that 'Evereste' and M. floribunda 821 carried distinct QTL alleles at that genomic position. A small additional QTL was identified in 'Evereste' on linkage group 15, which explained about 6% of the phenotypic variation. Although it was not possible to confirm whether or not 'Evereste' and M. floribunda QTL belonged to the same locus or two distinct closely related loci, these QTL can be valuable targets in marker-assisted selection to obtain fire blight resistant apple cultivars and form a starting point for discovering the function of the genes controlling apple fire blight resistance.

Development of assembly techniques for fire resistant aircraft interior panels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, S. C. S.

1978-01-01

Ten NASA Type A fire resistant aircraft interior panels were fabricated and tested to develop assembly techniques. These techiques were used in the construction of a full scale lavatory test structure for flame propagation testing. The Type A panel is of sandwich construction consisting of Nomex honeycomb filled with quinone dioxime foam, and bismaleimide/glass face sheets bonded to the core with polyimide film adhesive. The materials selected and the assembly techniques developed for the lavatory test structure were designed for obtaining maximum fire containment with minimum smoke and toxic emission.

Heat-resistant anemometers for fire research

Treesearch

John R. Murray; Clive M. Countryman

1968-01-01

Heat-resistant anemometers have been developed for measuring horizontal and vertical air flow in fire behavior studies. The anemometers will continue to produce data as long as the anemometer body is less than 650°F. They can survive brief immersion in flame without major damage. These air-flow sensors have aluminum bodies and rotor hubs and stainless steel...

Fire resistance of engineered wood rim board products.

Treesearch

Robert H. White

2003-01-01

Engineered wood products, such as oriented strandboard, laminated veneer lumber, and other composite wood products, are being used more often in construction. This includes use as rim boards, which are the components around the perimeter of a floor assembly. This situation has increased the need for information about the fire resistance of these products. In this study...

WILDFIRE IGNITION RESISTANCE ESTIMATOR WIZARD SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT REPORT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Phillips, M.; Robinson, C.; Gupta, N.

2012-10-10

This report describes the development of a software tool, entitled “WildFire Ignition Resistance Estimator Wizard” (WildFIRE Wizard, Version 2.10). This software was developed within the Wildfire Ignition Resistant Home Design (WIRHD) program, sponsored by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate, Infrastructure Protection & Disaster Management Division. WildFIRE Wizard is a tool that enables homeowners to take preventive actions that will reduce their home’s vulnerability to wildfire ignition sources (i.e., embers, radiant heat, and direct flame impingement) well in advance of a wildfire event. This report describes the development of the software, its operation, its technicalmore » basis and calculations, and steps taken to verify its performance.« less

14 CFR 29.853 - Compartment interiors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... towels, paper, or waste must be at least fire-resistant and must have means for containing possible fires... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Design and Construction Fire Protection § 29.853... and nondecorative coated fabrics, leather, trays and galley furnishings, electrical conduit, thermal...

Edge attachment study for fire-resistant canopies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wintermute, G. E.

1982-01-01

Twenty-two resin systems were evaluated in laminate form for possible use as edge attachment material for fire-resistant canopies. The evaluation uncovered an unexpected development when the laminates were subjected to an intense flame: (1) the high-heat-resistant materials could withstand the flame test quite well, but experienced rapid heat transfer through the test specimen; (2) the laminates which exhibited a low rate of heat transfer were materials which lost strength rapidly in the presence of the flame by decomposition, delamination, and blistering.

Fire Resistant Composite Closed Cell Foam and Nonwoven Textiles for Tents and Shelters

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

when heated. The heat causes the plasticizer to dissolve in the PVC to form a flexible, plasticized PVC film . The foam and/or fabric surfaces were...PVC/NBR AF-U9D foam formed a char and only the edge of the material was damaged. These data suggested that burn-through resistance , in addition to...AFRL-ML-TY-TR-2006-4571 FIRE RESISTANT COMPOSITE CLOSED CELL FOAM AND NONWOVEN TEXTILES FOR TENTS AND SHELTERS Stephen C. Davis

Resistance of eastern hardwood stems to fire injury and damage

Treesearch

Kevin T. Smith; Elaine Kennedy Sutherland

2006-01-01

This paper reviews the protective features and defensive responses of eastern hardwood species exposed to fire. Trees survive fire through protective features such as thick bark and the induced defenses of compartmentalization. Dissection of trees exposed to prescribed fire in an oak forest in southern Ohio highlights the need to distinguish between bark scorch, stem...

Fighting fire with fire: mass antimalarial drug administrations in an era of antimalarial resistance.

PubMed

von Seidlein, Lorenz; Dondorp, Arjen

2015-06-01

The emergence and spread of antimalarial resistance has been a major liability for malaria control. The spread of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains had catastrophic consequences for people in malaria-endemic regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The recent emergence of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum strains is of highest concern. Current efforts to contain artemisinin resistance have yet to show success. In the absence of more promising plans, it has been suggested to eliminate falciparum malaria from foci of artemisinin resistance using a multipronged approach, including mass drug administrations. The use of mass drug administrations is controversial as it increases drug pressure. Based on current knowledge it is difficult to conceptualize how targeted malaria elimination could contribute to artemisinin resistance, provided a full treatment course is ensured.

Identification of QTLs for resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in Malus sieversii

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Malus sieversii (Ms) is the progenitor of the domestic apple. Ms PI613981 is elite scion material collected at a xerophytic site in Kazakhstan from a tree free of disease and insect damage. The F1 family GMAL4593 (‘Royal Gala’ X PI631981) is segregating for resistance to both apple scab and fire bl...

Physical and mechanical properties and fire, decay, and termite resistance of treated oriented strandboard

Treesearch

Nadir Ayrilmis; S Nami Kartal; Theodore L. Laufenberg; Jerrold E. Winandy; Robert H. White

2005-01-01

This study evaluated the effects of a number of chemicals on the physical and mechanical properties and fire, decay, and termite resistance of oriented strandboard (OSB) panels. Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), boric acid (BA), melamine phosphate (MP), and a BA/DOT mixture were sprayed onto the furnish at varying concentrations. The panels were tested for...

Light weight fire resistant graphite composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Parker, J. A.; Hsu, M. T. S.

1986-01-01

Composite structures with a honeycomb core and characterized by lightweight and excellent fire resistance are provided. These sandwich structures employ facesheets made up of bismaleimide-vinyl styrylpyridine copolymers with fiber reinforcement such as carbon fiber reinforcement. In preferred embodiments the facesheets are over layered with a decorative film. The properties of these composites make them attractive materials of construction aircraft and spacecraft.

Ecofriendly Fire Retardant and Rot Resistance Finishing of Jute Fabric Using Tin and Boron Based Compound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samanta, Ashis Kumar; Bagchi, Arindam

2017-06-01

Treatment with sodium stannate followed by treatment with boric acid imparts jute fabric wash fast fire resistance property as indicated by its Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value and 45° inclined flammability test results. The treatment was carried out by impregnation of sodium stannate followed by impregnation with an aqueous solution of boric acid and drying. Application of sodium stannate (20%) and boric acid (20%) treatment on jute fabric showed balanced flame retardancy property (LOI value 34) with some loss in fabric tenacity (loss of tenacity is 14.5%). Treated fabric retained good fire retardant property after three consecutive washing. Treated fabric also possessed good rot resistance property as indicated by soil burial test and strength retention after 21 days soil burial was found to be 65%. It is found that of sodium stannate and boric acid combination by double bath process form a synergistic durable fire-retardant as well as rot resistant when impregnated on jute material, which is considerably greater than the use of either sodium stannate or boric acid alone. TGA, FTIR and SEM analysis are also reported to support the results and reaction mechanism.

Postfire responses of the woody flora of Central Chile: Insights from a germination experiment

PubMed Central

Paula, Susana; Cavieres, Lohengrin A.; Pausas, Juli G.

2017-01-01

Fire is a selective agent shaping plant traits and community assembly in fire-prone ecosystems. However, in ecosystems with no fire history, it can be a cause of land degradation when it is suddenly introduced by humans, as plant species may not be able to respond to such novel disturbance. Unlike other Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTE) of the world, natural fires have not been frequent during the Quaternary in the matorral of Central Chile, and thus, plant adaptive responses are expected to be uncommon. We evaluated the effect of heat shock on seed survival and germination of 21 native woody plants of the Chilean matorral and compiled information on smoke-stimulation and resprouting, to evaluate the importance of fire-adaptive responses in the context of the other MTE. We found that in the Chilean woody flora negative seed responses to fire cues were more frequent than positive responses. Although resprouting is a relatively widespread trait, fire-stimulated germination is not as common in the Chilean matorral as in other MTE. The seeds of seven endemic species were strongly damaged by fire cues and this should be considered in post-fire restoration planning. However, our results also showed that many species were resistant to elevated doses of heat shock and in some, germination was even stimulated. Thus, future research should focus on the evolutionary causes of these responses. These findings could help to develop strategies for fire management in the Chilean matorral. In addition, they will improve our understanding of the evolutionary forces that shaped this plant community and to better frame this region among the other MTE worldwide. PMID:28704449

Postfire responses of the woody flora of Central Chile: Insights from a germination experiment.

PubMed

Gómez-González, Susana; Paula, Susana; Cavieres, Lohengrin A; Pausas, Juli G

2017-01-01

Fire is a selective agent shaping plant traits and community assembly in fire-prone ecosystems. However, in ecosystems with no fire history, it can be a cause of land degradation when it is suddenly introduced by humans, as plant species may not be able to respond to such novel disturbance. Unlike other Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTE) of the world, natural fires have not been frequent during the Quaternary in the matorral of Central Chile, and thus, plant adaptive responses are expected to be uncommon. We evaluated the effect of heat shock on seed survival and germination of 21 native woody plants of the Chilean matorral and compiled information on smoke-stimulation and resprouting, to evaluate the importance of fire-adaptive responses in the context of the other MTE. We found that in the Chilean woody flora negative seed responses to fire cues were more frequent than positive responses. Although resprouting is a relatively widespread trait, fire-stimulated germination is not as common in the Chilean matorral as in other MTE. The seeds of seven endemic species were strongly damaged by fire cues and this should be considered in post-fire restoration planning. However, our results also showed that many species were resistant to elevated doses of heat shock and in some, germination was even stimulated. Thus, future research should focus on the evolutionary causes of these responses. These findings could help to develop strategies for fire management in the Chilean matorral. In addition, they will improve our understanding of the evolutionary forces that shaped this plant community and to better frame this region among the other MTE worldwide.

A Multi-Objective Advanced Design Methodology of Composite Beam-to-Column Joints Subjected to Seismic and Fire Loads

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pucinotti, Raffaele; Ferrario, Fabio; Bursi, Oreste S.

2008-07-01

A multi-objective advanced design methodology dealing with seismic actions followed by fire on steel-concrete composite full strength joints with concrete filled tubes is proposed in this paper. The specimens were designed in detail in order to exhibit a suitable fire behaviour after a severe earthquake. The major aspects of the cyclic behaviour of composite joints are presented and commented upon. The data obtained from monotonic and cyclic experimental tests have been used to calibrate a model of the joint in order to perform seismic simulations on several moment resisting frames. A hysteretic law was used to take into account the seismic degradation of the joints. Finally, fire tests were conducted with the objective to evaluate fire resistance of the connection already damaged by an earthquake. The experimental activity together with FE simulation demonstrated the adequacy of the advanced design methodology.

30 CFR 7.64 - Technical requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... produce the required firing current is attained. (d) Firing switch. The switch used to initiate the... current is available to the blasting circuit. (e) Firing line terminals. The terminals used to connect the blasting circuit to the blasting unit shall— (1) Provide a secure, low-resistance connection to the...

30 CFR 7.64 - Technical requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... produce the required firing current is attained. (d) Firing switch. The switch used to initiate the... current is available to the blasting circuit. (e) Firing line terminals. The terminals used to connect the blasting circuit to the blasting unit shall— (1) Provide a secure, low-resistance connection to the...

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF CREEP-RESISTANT FERRITIC STEEL WELDMENTS THROUGH THERMO-MECHANICAL TREATMENT AND ALLOY DESIGN

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yamamoto, Yukinori; Babu, Prof. Sudarsanam Suresh; Shassere, Benjamin

Two different approaches have been proposed for improvement of cross-weld creep properties of the high temperature ferrous structural materials for fossil-fired energy applications. The traditional creep strength-enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steel weldments suffer from Type IV failures which occur at the fine-grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ). In order to minimize the premature failure at FGHAZ in the existing CSEF steels, such as modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic-martensitic steels (Grade 91), a thermo-mechanical treatment consisting of aus-forging/rolling and subsequent aus-aging is proposed which promotes the formation of stable MX carbonitrides prior to martensitic transformation. Such MX remains undissolved during welding process, even in FGHAZ,more » which successfully improves the cross-weld creep properties. Another approach is to develop a new fully ferrtic, creep-resistant FeCrAl alloy which is essentially free from Type IV failure issues. Fe-30Cr-3Al base alloys with minor alloying additions were developed which achieved a combination of good oxidation/corrosion resistance and improved tensile and creep performance comparable or superior to Grade 92 steel.« less

Bark heat resistance of small trees in Californian mixed conifer forests: Testing some model assumptions

USGS Publications Warehouse

van Mantgem, Phillip J.; Schwartz, Mark

2003-01-01

An essential component to models of fire-caused tree mortality is an assessment of cambial damage. Cambial heat resistance has been traditionally measured in large overstory trees with thick bark, although small trees have thinner bark and thus are more sensitive to fire. We undertook this study to determine if current models of bark heat transfer are applicable to small trees (<20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)). We performed this work in situ on four common species in the mixed conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, California.The allometric relationship between bole diameter and bark thickness for each species was linear, even for very small trees (5 cm dbh). Heating experiments demonstrated that bark thickness was the primary determinant of cambial heat resistance. We found only slight, but statistically significant, among species differences in bark thermal properties. Our most significant finding was that small trees were more resistant to heating than expected from commonly used models of bark heat transfer. Our results may differ from those of existing models because we found smaller trees to have a greater proportion of inner bark, which appears to have superior insulating properties compared to outer bark. From a management perspective, growth projections suggest that a 50-year fire-free interval may allow some fire intolerant species to achieve at least some degree of cambial heat resistance in the Sierra Nevada.

Cambial injury in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta): mountain pine beetle vs fire.

PubMed

Arbellay, Estelle; Daniels, Lori D; Mansfield, Shawn D; Chang, Alice S

2017-12-01

Both mountain pine beetle (MPB) Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins and fire leave scars with similar appearance on lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. that have never been compared microscopically, despite the pressing need to determine the respective effects of MPB and fire injury on tree physiology. We analysed changes in wood formation in naturally caused scars on lodgepole pine, and tested the hypotheses that (i) MPB and fire injury elicit distinct anomalies in lodgepole pine wood and (ii) anomalies differ in magnitude and/or duration between MPB and fire. Mountain pine beetle and fire injury reduced radial growth in the first year post-injury. Otherwise, radial growth and wood density increased over more than 10 years in both MPB and fire scars. We found that the general increase in radial growth was of greater magnitude (up to 27%) and of longer duration (up to 5 years) in fire scars compared with MPB scars, as shown in earlywood width. We also observed that the increase in latewood density was of greater magnitude (by 12%) in MPB scars, but of longer duration (by 4 years) in fire scars. Crystallinity decreased following MPB and fire injury, while microfibril angle increased. These changes in fibre traits were of longer duration (up to 4 years) in MPB scars compared with fire scars, as shown in microfibril angle. We found no significant changes in carbon and nitrogen concentrations. In conclusion, we stress that reduced competition and resistance to cavitation play an important role alongside cambial injury in influencing the type and severity of changes. In addition, more research is needed to validate the thresholds introduced in this study. Our findings serve as a foundation for new protocols to distinguish between bark beetle and fire disturbance, which is essential for improving our knowledge of historical bark beetle and fire regimes, and their interactions. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Fortifying the forest: thinning and burning increase resistance to a bark beetle outbreak and promote forest resilience.

PubMed

Hood, Sharon M; Baker, Stephen; Sala, Anna

2016-10-01

Fire frequency in low-elevation coniferous forests in western North America has greatly declined since the late 1800s. In many areas, this has increased tree density and the proportion of shade-tolerant species, reduced resource availability, and increased forest susceptibility to forest insect pests and high-severity wildfire. In response, treatments are often implemented with the goal of increasing ecosystem resilience by increasing resistance to disturbance. We capitalized on an existing replicated study of fire and stand density treatments in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest in western Montana, USA, that experienced a naturally occurring mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak 5 yr after implementation of fuels treatments. We explored whether treatment effects on tree-level defense and stand structure affected resistance to MPB. Mortality from MPB was highest in the denser, untreated control and burn-only treatments, with approximately 50% and 39%, respectively, of ponderosa pine killed during the outbreak, compared to almost no mortality in the thin-only and thin-burn treatments. Thinning treatments, with or without fire, dramatically increased tree growth and resin ducts relative to control and burn-only treatments. Prescribed burning did not increase resin ducts but did cause changes in resin chemistry that may have affected MPB communication and lowered attack success. While ponderosa pine remained dominant in the thin and thin-burn treatments after the outbreak, the high pine mortality in the control and burn-only treatment caused a shift in species dominance to Douglas-fir. The high Douglas-fir component in the control and burn-only treatments due to 20th century fire exclusion, coupled with high pine mortality from MPB, has likely reduced resilience of this forest beyond the ability to return to a ponderosa pine-dominated system in the absence of further fire or mechanical treatment. Our results show treatments designed to increase resistance to high-severity fire in ponderosa pine-dominated forests in the Northern Rockies can also increase resistance to MPB, even during an outbreak. This study suggests that fuel and restoration treatments in fire-dependent ponderosa pine forests that reduce tree density increase ecosystem resilience in the short term, while the reintroduction of fire is important for long-term resilience. © 2016 by the Ecological Society of America.

Influence of the silicon carbide deposit on the thermal resistance of fire protection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, K. A.; Lemeshev, D. O.

2018-04-01

The ceramics samples with structure of SiC-Al2O3-Fireclay having good thermal resistance were received. As materials were used: black α-SiC F-120, corundum α-Al2O3 F-1000 and Kudinovsky fire-clay. As a temporary technological bundle used polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Thermal stability was determined by method of heat changes.

Flame Resistant Foam

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1984-01-01

Solimide manufactured by Imi-Tech Corporation, is a lightweight fire resistant material produced under a manufacturing process that allows it to be uniformly foamed. Can be produced in a variety of densities and structural configurations and remains resilient under exposure to temperatures ranging from minus 300 to plus 500 degrees Fahrenheit. Is resistant to open flame and generates virtually no smoke or toxic by-products. Used in aircraft for its superior damping characteristics, lighter weight and fire barrier properties, it's also applicable to ships and surface transportation systems such as transit cars, trains, buses and automobiles.

46 CFR 116.423 - Furniture and furnishings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ARRANGEMENT Fire Protection § 116.423 Furniture and furnishings. (a) For the purpose of this subpart, rooms containing “fire resistant furnishings” are considered to be those in which: (1) Furniture such as chairs, sofas, and similar items are tested and meet the requirements in UL 1056 “Fire Test of Upholstered...

46 CFR 116.423 - Furniture and furnishings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ARRANGEMENT Fire Protection § 116.423 Furniture and furnishings. (a) For the purpose of this subpart, rooms containing “fire resistant furnishings” are considered to be those in which: (1) Furniture such as chairs, sofas, and similar items are tested and meet the requirements in UL 1056 “Fire Test of Upholstered...

Engineering and Development Program Plan, Aircraft Cabin Fire Safety.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

relative to a postcrash fuel fire, or whether advanced materials provide a significant safety benefit in comparison to inservice materials. if either...have always been controlled by early detection and prompt extinguishment action by effectively trained crew members. In addition, the fire resistant...occupants. g. Develop a computer fire test data bank with broad user availability for inservice and candidate cabin interior materials. h. Identify

Influence of forest management alternatives and land type on susceptibility to fire in northern Wisconsin, USA

Treesearch

Eric J. Gustafson; Patrick A. Zollner; Brian R. Sturtevant; S. He Hong; David J. Mladenoff

2004-01-01

We used the LANDIS disturbance and succession model to study the effects of six alternative vegetation management scenarios on forest succession and the subsequent risk of canopy fire on a 2791 km2 landscape in northern Wisconsin, USA. The study area is a mix of fire-prone and fire-resistant land types. The alternatives vary the spatial...

New fire-fighting water bucket releases its water for a demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter releases 324 gallons of water onto a building in a simulated fire control demonstration. The high-impact- resistant flexible plastic bucket will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Development of an all-metal thick film cost effective metallization system for solar cells. Final report, May 1980-January 1983

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ross, B.; Parker, J.

1983-12-01

Properties of copper pastes did not reproduce earlier results in rheology and metallurgy. Electrodes made with pastes produced under the previous contract were analyzed and raw material characteristics were compared. A needle-like structure was observed on the earlier electroded solar cells, and was identified as eutectic copper-silicon. Experiments were conducted with variations in paste parameters, firing conditions, including gas ambients, furnace furniture, silicon surface and others to improve performance characteristics. Improved adhesion with copper pastes containing silver fluoride, as well as those containing fluorocarbon powder was obtained. Front contact experiments were done with silver fluoride activated pastes on bare silicon,more » silicon oxide and silicon nitride coated silicon wafers. Adhesion of pastes with AgF on silicon nitride coated wafers was good, but indications were that all cells were shunted and the conclusion was that these systems were unsuitable for front contacts. Experiments with aluminum back surfaces and screened contacts to that surface were begun. Low temperature firing tended to result in S shaped IV curves. This was attributed to a barrier formed at the silicon-copper interface. A cooperative experiment was initiated on the effect of heat-treatments in various atmospheres on the hydrogen profile of silicon surfaces. Contact theory was explored to determine the role of various parameters on tunneling and contact resistance. Data confirm that the presence of eutectic Al-Si additions are beneficial for low contact resistance and fill factors in back contacts. Copper pastes with different silver fluoride additions were utilized as front contacts at two temperatures. Data shows various degrees of shunting. Finally, an experiment was run with carbon monoxide gas used as the reducing ambient during firing.« less

Control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) on apple trees with trunk-injected plant resistance inducers and antibiotics and assessment of induction of pathogenesis-related protein genes

PubMed Central

Aćimović, Srđan G.; Zeng, Quan; McGhee, Gayle C.; Sundin, George W.; Wise, John C.

2015-01-01

Management of fire blight is complicated by limitations on use of antibiotics in agriculture, antibiotic resistance development, and limited efficacy of alternative control agents. Even though successful in control, preventive antibiotic sprays also affect non-target bacteria, aiding the selection for resistance which could ultimately be transferred to the pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Trunk injection is a target-precise pesticide delivery method that utilizes tree xylem to distribute injected compounds. Trunk injection could decrease antibiotic usage in the open environment and increase the effectiveness of compounds in fire blight control. In field experiments, after 1–2 apple tree injections of either streptomycin, potassium phosphites (PH), or acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), significant reduction of blossom and shoot blight symptoms was observed compared to water injected control trees. Overall disease suppression with streptomycin was lower than typically observed following spray applications to flowers. Trunk injection of oxytetracycline resulted in excellent control of shoot blight severity, suggesting that injection is a superior delivery method for this antibiotic. Injection of both ASM and PH resulted in the significant induction of PR-1, PR-2, and PR-8 protein genes in apple leaves indicating induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) under field conditions. The time separating SAR induction and fire blight symptom suppression indicated that various defensive compounds within the SAR response were synthesized and accumulated in the canopy. ASM and PH suppressed fire blight even after cessation of induced gene expression. With the development of injectable formulations and optimization of doses and injection schedules, the injection of protective compounds could serve as an effective option for fire blight control. PMID:25717330

Engineering fire blight resistance into the apple cultivar 'Gala' using the FB_MR5 CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene of Malus × robusta 5.

PubMed

Broggini, Giovanni A L; Wöhner, Thomas; Fahrentrapp, Johannes; Kost, Thomas D; Flachowsky, Henryk; Peil, Andreas; Hanke, Maria-Viola; Richter, Klaus; Patocchi, Andrea; Gessler, Cesare

2014-08-01

The fire blight susceptible apple cultivar Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. 'Gala' was transformed with the candidate fire blight resistance gene FB_MR5 originating from the crab apple accession Malus × robusta 5 (Mr5). A total of five different transgenic lines were obtained. All transgenic lines were shown to be stably transformed and originate from different transgenic events. The transgenic lines express the FB_MR5 either driven by the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter and the ocs terminator or by its native promoter and terminator sequences. Phenotyping experiments were performed with Mr5-virulent and Mr5-avirulent strains of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight. Significantly less disease symptoms were detected on transgenic lines after inoculation with two different Mr5-avirulent E. amylovora strains, while significantly more shoot necrosis was observed after inoculation with the Mr5-virulent mutant strain ZYRKD3_1. The results of these experiments demonstrated the ability of a single gene isolated from the native gene pool of apple to protect a susceptible cultivar from fire blight. Furthermore, this gene is confirmed to be the resistance determinant of Mr5 as the transformed lines undergo the same gene-for-gene interaction in the host-pathogen relationship Mr5-E. amylovora. © 2014 Society for Experimental Biology, Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

24 CFR 3280.206 - Fireblocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... DEVELOPMENT MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS Fire Safety § 3280.206 Fireblocking. (a... materials: (1) Minimum one inch nominal lumber, 5/16 inch thick gypsum board, or equivalent fire resistive...

24 CFR 3280.206 - Fireblocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... DEVELOPMENT MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS Fire Safety § 3280.206 Fireblocking. (a... materials: (1) Minimum one inch nominal lumber, 5/16 inch thick gypsum board, or equivalent fire resistive...

24 CFR 3280.206 - Fireblocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... DEVELOPMENT MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS Fire Safety § 3280.206 Fireblocking. (a... materials: (1) Minimum one inch nominal lumber, 5/16 inch thick gypsum board, or equivalent fire resistive...

24 CFR 3280.206 - Fireblocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... DEVELOPMENT MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS Fire Safety § 3280.206 Fireblocking. (a... materials: (1) Minimum one inch nominal lumber, 5/16 inch thick gypsum board, or equivalent fire resistive...

24 CFR 3280.206 - Fireblocking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... DEVELOPMENT MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS Fire Safety § 3280.206 Fireblocking. (a... materials: (1) Minimum one inch nominal lumber, 5/16 inch thick gypsum board, or equivalent fire resistive...

Plasticized phenolphthalein polycarbonate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harrison, E. S.

1976-01-01

Phenolphthalein polycarbonate was successfully plasticized with polychlorinated biphenyls (e.g., Aroclor 1231) or tricresyl phosphate and cast from tetrahydrofuran to give clear films without loss of fire resistance. At loadings of 20 to 30 percent plasticizer the Tg was lowered to approximately 100 C which would render phenolphthalein polycarbonate easily moldable. Although these materials had some mechanical integrity as shown by their film forming ability, the room temperature toughness of the plasticized polymer was not significantly improved over unmodified polymer.

Influences of metal ions crosslinked alginate based coatings on thermal stability and fire resistance of cotton fabrics.

PubMed

Pan, Ying; Wang, Wei; Liu, Longxiang; Ge, Hua; Song, Lei; Hu, Yuan

2017-08-15

Bio-based and phosphorus-free coating was fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly method to obtain the flame retardant cotton fabric. For the first time, the modified cotton fabrics were prepared by utilizing positively charged polyethylenimine and negatively charged alginate together with subsequent crosslinking of barium, nickel and cobalt ions. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray demonstrated that the metal ions crosslinked coating was successfully constructed on the substrate. The thermal stability and flame retardancy were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and horizontal flame tests. TGA results showed that the degradation of the coated cotton fabrics were retarded at high temperature and the char residue of the cotton fabrics were improved after covered with the barium, nickel and cobalt ions crosslinked coatings. Furthermore, the fire resistance of cotton-Ba sample was enhanced significantly compared with the untreated sample, as evidenced by the obvious reduction (28%) of flame spread rate and complete char residue. Finally, the washing durability of coating on the fabric was enhanced after metal ions crosslinked with alginate based coating. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems: implications for state and transition models and management treatments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chambers, Jeanne C.; Miller, Richard F.; Board, David I.; Pyke, David A.; Roundy, Bruce A.; Grace, James B.; Schupp, Eugene W.; Tausch, Robin J.

2014-01-01

In sagebrush ecosystems invasion of annual exotics and expansion of piñon (Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frem.) and juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook., J. osteosperma [Torr.] Little) are altering fire regimes and resulting in large-scale ecosystem transformations. Management treatments aim to increase resilience to disturbance and enhance resistance to invasive species by reducing woody fuels and increasing native perennial herbaceous species. We used Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project data to test predictions on effects of fire vs. mechanical treatments on resilience and resistance for three site types exhibiting cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) invasion and/or piñon and juniper expansion: 1) warm and dry Wyoming big sagebrush (WY shrub); 2) warm and moist Wyoming big sagebrush (WY PJ); and 3) cool and moist mountain big sagebrush (Mtn PJ). Warm and dry (mesic/aridic) WY shrub sites had lower resilience to fire (less shrub recruitment and native perennial herbaceous response) than cooler and moister (frigid/xeric) WY PJ and Mtn PJ sites. Warm (mesic) WY Shrub and WY PJ sites had lower resistance to annual exotics than cool (frigid to cool frigid) Mtn PJ sites. In WY shrub, fire and sagebrush mowing had similar effects on shrub cover and, thus, on perennial native herbaceous and exotic cover. In WY PJ and Mtn PJ, effects were greater for fire than cut-and-leave treatments and with high tree cover in general because most woody vegetation was removed increasing resources for other functional groups. In WY shrub, about 20% pretreatment perennial native herb cover was necessary to prevent increases in exotics after treatment. Cooler and moister WY PJ and especially Mtn PJ were more resistant to annual exotics, but perennial native herb cover was still required for site recovery. We use our results to develop state and transition models that illustrate how resilience and resistance influence vegetation dynamics and management options.

Effect Of Resistance Modification On EML Capacitor Bank Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

EFFECT OF RESISTANCE MODIFICATION ON EML CAPACITOR BANK PERFORMANCE* B. M. Huhman, J. M. Neri, T. L. Lockner1 Plasma Physics Division, Naval...development of an electromagnetic launcher ( EML ) for surface-fire support and other missions [1]. The Naval Research Laboratory has initiated a...develop and test materials for the study of barrel lifetime in electromagnetic launchers ( EML ) for surface-fire support and other missions [3]. The

Smoldering and Flame Resistant Textiles via Conformal Barrier Formation.

PubMed

Zammarano, Mauro; Cazzetta, Valeria; Nazaré, Shonali; Shields, J Randy; Kim, Yeon Seok; Hoffman, Kathleen M; Maffezzoli, Alfonso; Davis, Rick

2016-12-07

A durable and flexible silicone-based backcoating (halogen free) is applied to the backside of an otherwise smoldering-prone and flammable fabric. When exposed to fire, cyclic siloxanes (produced by thermal decomposition of the backcoating) diffuse through the fabric in the gas phase. The following oxidation of the cyclic siloxanes forms a highly conformal and thermally stable coating that fully embeds all individual fibers and shields them from heat and oxidation. As a result, the combustion of the fabric is prevented. This is a novel fire retardant mechanism that discloses a powerful approach towards textiles and multifunctional flexible materials with combined smoldering/flaming ignition resistance and fire-barrier properties.

Solution of Fire Protection in Historic Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iringová, Agnes; Idunk, Róbert

2016-12-01

The paper introduces optimization of the functional use of renovated spaces in historic buildings in terms of fire risk. It brings assessment of fire protection in the folk house Habánsky Dvor, situated in the village of Veľké Leváre, whose function was changed into the museum. It goes into static analysis of existing load-bearing structures and assessment of their fire resistance according to Eurocodes.

Aircraft Hangar Fire Suppression System Evaluation-Intermediate- Scale Studies

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-12-23

aqueous film forming foam ( AFFF ) extinguishing systems [1]. The overhead AFFF system typically consists of standard closed head sprinklers that...of Water Spray on Fire-Fighting Foam ," Fire Journal, 63 (6), November 1969. 5. MIL-F-24385F, "Fire Extinguishing Agent, Aqueous Film Forming Foam ...extinguishing capability of the foam and the ability of the blanket to resist burnback. When AFFF is applied over a flammable liquid spill

Production rates for crews using hand tools on firelines

Treesearch

Lisa Haven; T. Parkin Hunter; Theodore G. Storey

1982-01-01

Reported rates at which hand crews construct firelines can vary widely because of differences in fuels, fire and measurement conditions, and fuel resistance-to-control classification schemes. Real-time fire dispatching and fire simulation planning models, however, require accurate estimates of hand crew productivity. Errors in estimating rate of fireline production...

30 CFR 57.4531 - Surface flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Installation/construction/maintenance § 57.4531 Surface... fire resistance rating of at least one hour; or (2) Equipped with an automatic fire supression system...

New fire-fighting water bucket is lifted by helicopter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket that will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, the 324-gallon container will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

49 CFR 178.358-2 - Materials of construction and other requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Materials of construction and other requirements. (a) Phenolic foam insulation must be fire resistant and... equivalent. (d) Fire-retardant (intumescent) paint must be applied to any wood blocking which is located at... provide pressure relief during the insulation foaming and in the event of a fire. These holes, which must...

Forest Management and the Evolution of Project Design in Dynamic Wildland Urban Interface Fire Environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conway, S.

2014-12-01

The Truckee Ranger District on the Tahoe National Forest, in the heart of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, has a rich history of human activities. Native American influences, comstock-era logging, fire suppression, development, and recreation have all shaped the natural environment into what it is today. Like much of our national forests in California, forest conditions that have developed are generally much more homogenous and less resistant to disturbance from fire, insect, and disease than they might have been without the myriad of human influences. However, in order to improve the resiliency of our forests to stand replacing disturbances like high severity fire, while managing for integrated anthropomorphic values, it is imperative that management evolve to meet those dynamic needs. Recent advances in remote sensing and GIS allow land managers more access to forest information and can inform site specific prescriptions to change site specific undesirable conditions. It is ecologically and politically complex, yet our forests deserve that microscope. This particular presentation will focus on how the Truckee Ranger District began this process of incorporating several values, generated from stakeholder collaboration, into one project's goals and how those lessons learned informed their most recent project.

Properties of concrete containing different type of waste materials as aggregate replacement exposed to elevated temperature – A review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghadzali, N. S.; Ibrahim, M. H. W.; Sani, M. S. H. Mohd; Jamaludin, N.; Desa, M. S. M.; Misri, Z.

2018-04-01

Concrete is the chief material of construction and it is non-combustible in nature. However, the exposure to the high temperature such as fire can lead to change in the concrete properties. Due to the higher temperature, several changes in terms of mechanical properties were observed in concrete such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and durability of concrete will decrease significantly at high temperature. The exceptional fire-proof achievement of concrete is might be due to the constituent materials of concrete such as its aggregates. The extensive use of aggregate in concrete will leads to depletion of natural resources. Hence, the use of waste and other recycled and by-product material as aggregates replacements becomes a leading research. This review has been made on the utilization of waste materials in concrete and critically evaluates its effects on the concrete performances during the fire exposure. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review the previous search work regarding the concrete containing waste material as aggregates replacement when exposed to elevated temperature and come up with different design recommendations to improve the fire resistance of structures.

Continuous resistivity profiling data from Great South Bay, Long Island, New York

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cross, V.A.; Bratton, J.F.; Kroeger, K.D.; Crusius, John; Worley, C.R.

2013-01-01

An investigation of submarine aquifers adjacent to the Fire Island National Seashore and Long Island, New York was conducted to assess the importance of submarine groundwater discharge as a potential nonpoint source of nitrogen delivery to Great South Bay. Over 200 kilometers of continuous resistivity profiling data were collected to image the fresh-saline groundwater interface in sediments beneath the bay. In addition, groundwater sampling was performed at sites (1) along the north shore of Great South Bay, particularly in Patchogue Bay, that were representative of the developed Long Island shoreline, and (2) at sites on and adjacent to Fire Island, a 50-kilometer-long barrier island on the south side of Great South Bay. Other field activities included sediment coring, stationary electrical resistivity profiling, and surveys of in situ pore water conductivity. Results of continuous resistivity profiling surveys are described in this report. The onshore and offshore shallow hydrostratigraphy of the Great South Bay shorelines, particularly the presence and nature of submarine confining units, appears to exert primary control on the dimensions and chemistry of the submarine groundwater flow and discharge zones. Sediment coring has shown that the confining units commonly consist of drowned and buried peat layers likely deposited in salt marshes. Low-salinity groundwater extends from 10 to 100 meters offshore along much of the north and south shores of Great South Bay based on continuous resistivity profiling data, especially off the mouths of tidal creeks and beneath shallow flats to the north of Fire Island adjacent to modern salt marshes. Human modifications of much of the shoreline and nearshore areas along the north shore of the bay, including filling of salt marshes, construction of bulkheads and piers, and dredging of navigation channels, has substantially altered the natural hydrogeology of the bay's shorelines by truncating confining units and increasing recharge near the shore in filled areas. Better understanding of the nature of submarine groundwater discharge along developed and undeveloped shorelines of embayments such as this could lead to improved models and mitigation strategies for nutrient overenrichment of estuaries.

Development of fire resistant, nontoxic aircraft interior materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haley, G.; Silverman, B.; Tajima, Y.

1976-01-01

All available newly developed nonmetallic polymers were examined for possible usage in developing fire resistant, nontoxic nonmetallic parts or assemblies for aircraft interiors. Specifically, feasibility for the development of clear films for new decorative laminates, compression moldings, injection molded parts, thermoformed plastic parts, and flexible foams were given primary considerations. Preliminary data on the flame resistant characteristics of the materials were obtained. Preliminary toxicity data were generated from samples of materials submitted from the contractor. Preliminary data on the physical characteristics of various thermoplastic materials to be considered for either compression molded, injection molded, or thermoformed parts were obtained.

Recycled blocks with improved sound and fire insulation containing construction and demolition waste.

PubMed

Leiva, Carlos; Solís-Guzmán, Jaime; Marrero, Madelyn; García Arenas, Celia

2013-03-01

The environmental problem posed by construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) is derived not only from the high volume produced, but also from its treatment and disposal. Treatment plants receive C&D waste which is then transformed into a recycled mixed aggregate. The byproduct is mainly used for low-value-added applications such as land escape restoration, despite the high quality of the aggregate. In the present work, the chemical composition properties and grading curve properties of these aggregates are defined. Furthermore, the resulting recycled concrete with a high proportion of recycled composition, from 20% to 100% replacement of fine and coarse aggregate, is characterized physically and mechanically. An environmental study of the new construction material when all aggregates are substituted by C&D waste shows a low toxicity level, similar to that of other construction materials. The new material also has improved properties with respect to standard concrete such as high fire resistance, good heat insulation, and acoustic insulation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fire resistant PV shingle assembly

DOEpatents

Lenox, Carl J.

2012-10-02

A fire resistant PV shingle assembly includes a PV assembly, including PV body, a fire shield and a connection member connecting the fire shield below the PV body, and a support and inter-engagement assembly. The support and inter-engagement assembly is mounted to the PV assembly and comprises a vertical support element, supporting the PV assembly above a support surface, an upper interlock element, positioned towards the upper PV edge, and a lower interlock element, positioned towards the lower PV edge. The upper interlock element of one PV shingle assembly is inter-engageable with the lower interlock element of an adjacent PV shingle assembly. In some embodiments the PV shingle assembly may comprise a ventilation path below the PV body. The PV body may be slidably mounted to the connection member to facilitate removal of the PV body.

Numerical prediction of fire resistance of RC beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serega, Szymon; Wosatko, Adam

2018-01-01

Fire resistance of different structural members is an important issue of their strength and durability. A simple but effective tool to investigate multi-span reinforced concrete beams exposed to fire is discussed in the paper. Assumptions and simplifications of the theory as well as numerical aspects are briefly reviewed. Two steps of nonlinear finite element analysis and two levels of observation are distinguished. The first step is the solution of transient heat transfer problem in representative two-dimensional reinforced concrete cross-section of a beam. The second part is a nonlinear mechanical analysis of the whole beam. All spans are uniformly loaded, but an additional time-dependent thermal load due to fire acts on selected ones. Global changes of curvature and bending moment functions induce deterioration of the stiffness. Benchmarks are shown to confirm the correctness of the model.

Impact of wildfire return interval on the ectomycorrhizal resistant propagules communities of a Mediterranean open forest.

PubMed

Buscardo, Erika; Rodríguez-Echeverría, Susana; Martín, María P; De Angelis, Paolo; Pereira, João Santos; Freitas, Helena

2010-08-01

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, in particular their spores and other resistant propagules, play an important role in secondary succession processes that facilitate regeneration after disturbance events. In this study, the effects of high and low wildfire frequencies (respectively short and long fire return intervals) on the resistant propagules communities (RPCs) of a Mediterranean open pine forest were compared. Soil samples were collected in four mountain sites with different fire return intervals and used to test ectomycorrhiza development in two hosts, Pinus pinaster and Quercus suber. RPCs were characterized by direct sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions from individual ECM root tips. Eighteen ECM species were detected in the bioassay. The most frequently found fungi were Cenococcum geophilum, Inocybe jacobi, Thelephora terrestris, Tomentella ellisii on both hosts and Rhizopogon luteolus and R. roseolus on maritime pine. A short fire return interval reduced the species richness of the ECM community found on Q. suber, promoted species like R. roseolus and reduced the abundance of other species (e.g. R. luteolus). The abundance of I. jacobi was positively affected by long fire return interval, but decreased significantly with recurrent fires. These results indicate that changes in fire frequency can alter the structure, composition and diversity of ECM communities, which could compromise the resilience of the ecosystem in highly disturbed areas. Copyright © 2010 The British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Effect of porcelain firing cycle on microstructure and corrosion resistance of 4 metal ceramic alloys].

PubMed

Chen, Lei; Cai, Hui; Xu, Guo-fu; Fang, Chang-yun

2006-06-01

To determine the effect of porcelain firing cycle on microstructure of 4 metal ceramic alloys, and to analyze the changes of their corrosion resistance in the artificial saliva. We simulated the process of firing and repolishing when fabricating porcelain-fused-to-metal restoration in clinic,and then observed the microstructures of Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr-Ti, Co-Cr alloys and high gold alloy by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The electrochemical corrosion behavior of alloys in artificial saliva was analyzed by polarization curves and corrview 2 corrosion analysis software. The data of self-corrosion potential and transpassive potential were obtained and analyzed. After the porcelain firing cycle, the surface composition changed slightly, and the morphological in the 3 predominate base metal alloys also changed. The self-corrosion potential turned to more negative, and the transpassive potential declined. The procedure of porcelain firing cycle can affect the surface microstructure and increase the corrosion of 4 metal-ceramic alloys.

Geophysical survey for groundwater potential investigation in peat land area, Riau, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Islami, N.; Irianti, M.; Azhar; Nor, M.; Fakhrudin

2018-04-01

Tropical forests, especially peat lands, are particularly vulnerable to forest fires. Fires are the most common disasters in peat lands in the dry season, especially in Riau Province, Indonesia. In the process of extinguishing the peat fire, several substantial problems arise to stop peat fires during this period. This study aims to determine the possibility of using ground water as a source of water to anticipate the early mitigation of peat land fires disaster. The geoelectrical resistivity surveys were used to predict the subsurface geological data including peat thickness and depth of aquifers. The geometry of peat lands was determined using geostatistics based on geoelectrical resistivity interpretation data. Peat Land thickness varies up to 4 m in the north and is thinner to the south. A shallower and deeper aquifer is available at a depth of 13 m to 18 m and 70 m to 90 m respectively. In general, the potential of groundwater in the shallow aquifer is predicted to be sufficient for peat land watering anytime.

Using resistance and resilience concepts to reduce impacts of invasive annual grasses and altered fire regimes on the sagebrush ecosystem and greater sage-grouse: A strategic multi-scale approach

Treesearch

Jeanne C. Chambers; David A. Pyke; Jeremy D. Maestas; Mike Pellant; Chad S. Boyd; Steven B. Campbell; Shawn Espinosa; Douglas W. Havlina; Kenneth E. Mayer; Amarina Wuenschel

2014-01-01

This Report provides a strategic approach for conservation of sagebrush ecosystems and Greater Sage- Grouse (sage-grouse) that focuses specifically on habitat threats caused by invasive annual grasses and altered fire regimes. It uses information on factors that influence (1) sagebrush ecosystem resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasive annual grasses and (2...

Polymer of phosphonylmethyl-2,4- and -2,6-diamino benzene and polyfunctional monomer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mikroyannidis, J. A. (Inventor); Kourtides, D. A. (Inventor)

1986-01-01

A phosphonyl methyl benzene is prepared by nitration to produce a 2,4-dinitro phosphonyl methyl benzene, which is then reduced to a diamino compound. The diamino compound is then used to cure a polymerizable monomer. The diamino compound may be polymerized with polyfunctional epoxides to produce heat and fire resistant polymer structures for making flame and fire resistant polymer structures such as for aircraft secondary structures.

Performance of solvent-borne intumescent fire protective coating with Palm oil clinker as novel bio-filler on steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mustapa, S. A. S.; Ramli Sulong, N. H.

2017-06-01

This research deals with contribution of hybrid fillers with palm oil clinker (POC) as a novel bio-filler in solvent-borne intumescent fire protective coating for steel. The hybrid fillers with POC were mixed in appropriate amount of additives and acrylic binder to produce the intumescent coatings. The intumescent coatings were characterized by using Bunsen burner test, surface spread of flame, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, static immersion and Instron micro tester equipment. Specimen with POC as a single filler has significantly enhanced the fire protection performances of the intumescent coating due to the high thermal stability of POC, where less than 10% of temperature different when compared to specimens with hybrid fillers. From the flame spread classification, class 1 is the best classification while Class 4 is the worst and considered high risk. All specimens was classified as class 1 since the final spread of flame was less than 165 mm. For hybrid fillers composition, specimen consist of POC/Al(OH)3/TiO2 has significantly improved the water resistance of the coating due to the low solubility of Al(OH)3 in water, while specimen contain of Mg(OH)2 had higher mechanical strength due to the strong bonding between the metal surface and acrylic binder/Mg(OH)2 filler. It was found that coating with the incorporation of all hybrid fillers gives excellent fire protection performance with good thermal stability, water resistance and mechanical properties. It can be concluded that, the selection of appropriate composition of fillers and binder in intumescent coating was highly influence the intumescent coating performance.

Investigation on Low Firing Copper for Front Electrode of Si-Based Solar Cell Applications.

PubMed

Chiang, Chen-Su; Wu, Yia-Ming; Lee, Wen-Hsi

2018-04-01

Solar cell is one of the most popular alternative energies. The aim of this study is to construct an ohmic contact between front electrode and Si-based solar cell by a Newly-invented low-cost paste and low temperature sintering process. The core-shell of CucoreAgshell powders were prepared for making high solid content paste, then screen printing the fine line on laser-opening H-pattern silicon substrate and applying firing process. Because the silver coverage is more than 95% and silver nanoparticles start to melt at 200 °C. The shell of nanoparticles of silver not only is used to prevent copper from oxidized, but also connected core Cu particles for enhancing the conductivity of CucoreAgshell. TEM, EDS, SEM were used to examine the microstructure of CucoreAgshell. Fourpoint probe and transmission line model were employed to analyze the sheet resistance and the specific contact resistance. The lowest specific contact resistivity is 0.005 Ωcm2, sheet resistance is 0.0138 Ω/ and the lowest resistivity of front electrode measured is 2.65 × 10-5 Ωcm when CucoreAgshell paste with 94 wt% solid content was fired at 550 °C.

New Trends in Reaction and Resistance to Fire of Fire-retardant Epoxies

PubMed Central

Gérard, Caroline; Fontaine, Gaëlle; Bourbigot, Serge

2010-01-01

This paper focuses on current trends in the flame retardancy of epoxy-based thermosets. This review examines the incorporation of additives in these polymers, including synergism effects. Reactive flame-retardants—which are incorporated in the polymer backbone—are reported and the use of fire-retardant epoxy coatings for materials protection is also considered. PMID:28883337

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., etc.) shall be designed against acting as passageways for fire and smoke and representative... structural flooring assembly to perform as a barrier against under-vehicle fires. The fire resistance period... Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of Materials Used in Passenger Cars and Locomotive Cabs B...

29 CFR 1910.36 - Design and construction requirements for exit routes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that remains closed or automatically closes in an emergency upon the sounding of a fire alarm or employee alarm system. Each fire door, including its frame and hardware, must be listed or approved by a... route must be a permanent part of the workplace. (2) An exit must be separated by fire resistant...

29 CFR 1910.36 - Design and construction requirements for exit routes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that remains closed or automatically closes in an emergency upon the sounding of a fire alarm or employee alarm system. Each fire door, including its frame and hardware, must be listed or approved by a... route must be a permanent part of the workplace. (2) An exit must be separated by fire resistant...

New fire-fighting water bucket is readied for a demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Workers attach a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket to a NASA helicopter. Holding 324 gallons of water, it will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

New fire-fighting water bucket is filled for demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

- A NASA helicopter hovers over the water while a high-impact- resistant flexible plastic bucket fills. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

New fire-fighting water bucket is lifted from water for a demonstration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket filled with water. The container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center.. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Extinguishment and Burnback Testing of Fire Fighting Agents

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-26

resisting burnback for hydrocarbon fuel fires. Potential Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ) replacements are required to exhibit an...simple, reliable test to evaluate the effectiveness of new foams being introduced into the market as potential Aqueous Film Forming Foam ( AFFF ...normal concentrations. Reference: Military Specification MIL-F-24385F, Fire Extinguishing Agent, Aqueous Film - Forming Foam

Mechanical properties of gypsum board at elevated temperatures

Treesearch

S.M. Cramer; O.M. Friday; R.H. White; G. Sriprutkiat

2003-01-01

Gypsum board is a common fire barrier used in house and general building construction. Recently, evaluation of the collapses of the World Trade Center Towers highlighted the potential role and failure of gypsum board in containing the fires and resisting damage. The use of gypsum board as primary fire protection of light-flame wood or steel construction is ubiquitous....

Novel PEPA-functionalized graphene oxide for fire safety enhancement of polypropylene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

You Xu, Jia; Liu, Jie; Li, Kai Dan; Miao, Lei; Tanemura, Sakae

2015-04-01

Polypropylene (PP) is a general-purpose plastic, but some applications are constrained by its high flammability. Thus, flame retardant PP is urgently demanded. In this article, intumescent flame retardant PP (IFRPP) composites with enhanced fire safety were prepared using 1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (PEPA) functionalized graphene oxide (PGO) as synergist. The PGO was prepared through a mild chemical reaction by the covalent attachment of a caged-structure organic compound, PEPA, onto GO nanosheets using toluene diisocynate (TDI) as the intermediary agent. The novel PEPA-functionalized graphene oxide not only improves the heat resistance of GO but also converts GO and PEPA from hydrophobic to hydrophilic materials, which leads to even distribution in PP. In our case, 7 wt% addition of PGO as one of the fillers for IFRPP composites significantly reduces its inflammability and fire hazards when compared with PEPA, by the improvement of first release rate peak (PHRR), total heat release, first smoke release rate peak (PSRR) and total smoke release, suggesting its great potential as the IFR synergist in industry. The reason is mainly attributed to the barrier effect of the unburned graphene sheets, which protects by the decomposition products of PEPA and TDI, promotes the formation of graphitized carbon and inhibits the heat and gas release.

A ballistic evaluation of the impact resistance of spectacle lens materials.

PubMed

Oliver, A L; Chou, B R

1993-10-01

The impact resistance of chemically and thermally hardened glass lenses of 2.2- and 3.0-mm thicknesses was evaluated using a ballistic test. Each lens was edged and mounted into a spectacle frame, which was placed on a standard headform. A 6.5-mm steel ball was fired from an air gun at the center of the lens at increasing speeds until the lens broke. The multiple impact data were used to plot cumulative breakage curves. We found that heat-treated photochromic glass and heat-treated crown glass fail at similar missile speeds and that chemical treating considerably improves the impact resistance of crown glass but not of photochromic glass. The poorer performance of photochromic lenses indicates that they should not be prescribed when optimal impact protection is required. Plastic lenses show superior performance.

Improved Mechanical Properties of Various Fabric-Reinforced Geocomposite at Elevated Temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samal, Sneha; Phan Thanh, Nhan; Petríková, Iva; Marvalová, Bohadana

2015-07-01

This article signifies the improved performance of the various types of fabric reinforcement of geopolymer as a function of physical, thermal, mechanical, and heat-resistant properties at elevated temperatures. Geopolymer mixed with designed Si:Al ratios of 15.6 were synthesized using three different types of fabric reinforcement such as carbon, E-glass, and basalt fibers. Heat testing was conducted on 3-mm-thick panels with 15 × 90 mm surface exposure region. The strength of carbon-based geocomposite increased toward a higher temperature. The basalt-reinforced geocomposite strength decreased due to the catastrophic failure in matrix region. The poor bridging effect and dissolution of fabric was observed in the E-glass-reinforced geocomposite. At an elevated temperature, fiber bridging was observed in carbon fabric-reinforced geopolymer matrix. Among all the fabrics, carbon proved to be suitable candidate for the high-temperature applications in thermal barrier coatings and fire-resistant panels.

Heat resistant protective hand covering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tschirch, R. P.; Sidman, K. R.; Arons, I. J. (Inventor)

1984-01-01

A heat-resistant aromatic polyamide fiber is described. The outer surface of the shell is coated with a fire-resistant elastomer and liner. Generally conforming and secured to the shell and disposed inwardly of the shell, the liner is made of a felt fabric of temperature-resistant aromatic polymide fiber.

Tropic Test of Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-23

CM-R AMSTE-SG-H AMSTE-PT-MT AMSTE-RM Aberden Proving Ground , MD 21005-5055 Commander U.S. Army Armament Research and Development Command ATTN: AMSMC...Requirements Appendix E -Vision Devices Appendix F - Grounding Circuit Resistance Appendix G - Human Factors Appendix H - Distribution List -" -"" 3...miles of operation o Time-on-Target Baseline Tests o Selected electrical and grounding circuit resistances o Armament Firing (25mm, 7.62mm and TOW) o Fire

Resistance after firing protected electric match

DOEpatents

Montoya, Arsenio P.

1981-11-10

An electric match having electrical leads embedded in flame-producing compound is protected against an accidental resistance across the leads after firing by a length of heat-shrinkable tubing encircling the match body and having a skirt portion extending beyond the leads. The heat of the burning match and an adjacent thermal battery causes the tubing to fold over the end of the match body, covering the ends of the leads and protecting them from molten pieces of the battery.

Materials for fire resistant passenger seats in aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tesoro, G.; Moussa, A.

1980-01-01

The paper considers the selection of cushioning foam and upholstery fabric materials for aircraft passenger seats. Polyurethane, polychloroprene, polyimide, and polyphosphazene are the foam materials considered; and a variety of commercial and developmental fabrics (including wool, cotton, synthetics, and blends) are examined. Viable approaches to the design of fire-resistant seat assemblies are indicated. Results of an experimental laboratory study of fabrics and fabric/foam assemblies exposed to external point-source radiative heat flux are discussed.

Department of Defense Advisory Group on Electron Devices. Special Technology Area Review on Microwave Packaging Technology. Appendix

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-02-01

sintered in hydrogen furnace at very high temperatures . Multiple furnace firing occurs until the binders are removed and part density is achieved "* Process...and base Low temperature co-fired ceramic - Metallized for shielding and grounding - Low resistance thick-film metallization - High thermal resistance...ESPECIALLY LOW TEMPERATURE COFIRED CERAMIC CERAMICS HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY,MATCHED GaAS AND SILICON SUBSTRATE MATERIALS I I,1Z#A,17Mr1 J, TI

Predictions of fire behavior and resistance to control: for use with photo series for the ponderosa pine type, ponderosa pine and associated species type, and lodgepole pine type.

Treesearch

Franklin R. Ward; David V. Sandberg

1981-01-01

This publication presents tables on the behavior of fire and the resistance of fuels to control. The information is to be used with the publication, "Photo Series for Quantifying Forest Residues in the Ponderosa Pine Type, Ponderosa Pine and Associated Species Type, Lodgepole Pine Type" (Maxwell, Wayne G.; Ward, Franklin R. 1976. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-052....

Defense Infrastructure: DOD’s 2013 Facilities Corrosion Study Addressed Reporting Elements

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-27

the coating system to metal structures helped prevent corrosion and provided resistance to fire . For the second element, to review a sampling of...noted, was to apply an epoxy coating system to metal structures to prevent corrosion and provide fire resistance. In 2006, DOD applied an epoxy... heat exchange  Fuel distribution  Plumbing  Bridge  Fuel storage  Roof  Building exterior—paint  Generator  Signage  Compressor  Hot water

Predictions of fire behavior and resistance to control: for use with photo series for the sierra mixed conifer type and the sierra true fir type.

Treesearch

Franklin R. Ward; David V. Sandberg

1981-01-01

This publication presents tables on the behavior of fire and the resistance: of fuels to control. The information is to be used with the photos in the publication, "Photo Series for Quantifying Forest Residues in the Sierra Mixed Conifer Type, Sierra True Fir Type" (Maxwell, Wayne G.; Ward, Franklin R. 1979. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-095. Portland, OR: U.S....

Preparation for foam composites. [using polybenzimidazole for fireproofing panels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maximovich, M. G.

1974-01-01

Methods were developed for the fabrication of fire resistant panels utilizing polybenzimidazole (PBI) and Kerimid 601 resins along with glass, quartz, and Kevlar reinforcements. Stitched truss structure, both unfilled and filled with PBI foam, were successfully fabricated and tested. Second generation structures were then selected, fabricated, and tested, with a PBI/glass skin/PBI foam sandwich structure emerging as the optimum panel concept. Mechanical properties, smoke generation, and fire resistance were determined for the candidate panels.

Flexible, High-Wettability and Fire-Resistant Separators Based on Hydroxyapatite Nanowires for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Li, Heng; Wu, Dabei; Wu, Jin; Dong, Li-Ying; Zhu, Ying-Jie; Hu, Xianluo

2017-11-01

Separators play a pivotal role in the electrochemical performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The commercial microporous polyolefin-based separators often suffer from inferior electrolyte wettability, low thermal stability, and severe safety concerns. Herein, a novel kind of highly flexible and porous separator based on hydroxyapatite nanowires (HAP NWs) with excellent thermal stability, fire resistance, and superior electrolyte wettability is reported. A hierarchical cross-linked network structure forms between HAP NWs and cellulose fibers (CFs) via hybridization, which endows the separator with high flexibility and robust mechanical strength. The high thermal stability of HAP NW networks enables the separator to preserve its structural integrity at temperatures as high as 700 °C, and the fire-resistant property of HAP NWs ensures high safety of the battery. In particular, benefiting from its unique composition and highly porous structure, the as-prepared HAP/CF separator exhibits near zero contact angle with the liquid electrolyte and high electrolyte uptake of 253%, indicating superior electrolyte wettability compared with the commercial polyolefin separator. The as-prepared HAP/CF separator has unique advantages of superior electrolyte wettability, mechanical robustness, high thermal stability, and fire resistance, thus, is promising as a new kind of separator for advanced LIBs with enhanced performance and high safety. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Engineering an Undergarment for Flash/Flame Protection

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

the event of a flash fire situation because the fabric could melt and stick to the Soldier’s skin causing more severe burn injury. Additionally, an...harm’s way which include fire fighters and police in their daily work. 1.1 Problem Statement The threat of burn injuries to Soldiers in combat due...to blasts, flash fires and secondary fires has resulted in the development of the Flame Resistant Army Combat Uniform, FR ACU. The FR ACUs provide

Strength and Stiffness Analysis by the Finite-Difference Method of a Concrete Floor Slab Reinforced with Composite Rods During a Fire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shirko, A. V.; Kamlyuk, A. N.; Drobysh, A. S.; Spiglazov, A. V.

2017-05-01

A strength and stiffness comparative analysis has been made of a concrete slab reinforced with composite-reinforcement rods and a slab reinforced with steel rods. The stress-strain state has been assessed for both versions of reinforcement of the slab. The stress-strain state was determined under the action of only static load and with subsequent application of temperature fields, i.e., under standard-fire conditions. It has been shown that the fire resistance of the slab with a composite reinforcement turns out to be 1.6 higher as far as the bearing capacity is concerned, than the fire resistance of the slab with a steel reinforcement, although the initial deflection due to the action of only static load for the slab reinforced with composite rods exceeds six to seven times the deflection of the slab reinforced with steel rods.

Fire extinguishing tests -80 with methyl alcohol gasoline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holmstedt, G.; Ryderman, A.; Carlsson, B.; Lennmalm, B.

1980-10-01

Large scale tests and laboratory experiments were carried out for estimating the extinguishing effectiveness of three alcohol resistant aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), two alcohol resistant fluoroprotein foams and two detergent foams in various poolfires: gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl-ethyl ketone, methyl alcohol and M15 (a gasoline, methyl alcohol, isobutene mixture). The scaling down of large scale tests for developing a reliable laboratory method was especially examined. The tests were performed with semidirect foam application, in pools of 50, 11, 4, 0.6, and 0.25 sq m. Burning time, temperature distribution in the liquid, and thermal radiation were determined. An M15 fire can be extinguished with a detergent foam, but it is impossible to extinguish fires in polar solvents, such as methyl alcohol, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol with detergent foams, AFFF give the best results; and performances with small pools can hardly be correlated with results from large scale fires.

Validation of a Polyimide Foam Model for Use in Transmission Loss Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hong, Kwanwoo; Bolton, J. Stuart; Cano, Roberto J.; Weiser, Erik S.; Jensen, Brian J.; Silcox, Rich; Howerton, Brian M.; Maxon, John; Wang, Tongan; Lorenzi, Tyler

2010-01-01

The work described in this paper was focused on the use of a new polyimide foam in a double wall sound transmission loss application. Recall that polyimide foams are functionally attractive, compared to polyurethane foams, for example, owing to their fire resistance. The foam considered here was found to have a flow resistivity that was too high for conventional acoustical applications, and as a result, it was processed by partial crushing to lower the flow resistivity into an acceptable range. Procedures for measuring the flow resistivity and Young s modulus of the material have been described, as was an inverse characterization procedure for estimating the remaining Biot parameters based on standing wave tube measurements of transmission loss and absorption coefficient. The inverse characterization was performed using a finite element model implementation of the Biot poro-elastic material theory. Those parameters were then used to predict the sound transmission loss of a double panel system lined with polyimide foam, and the predictions were compared with full-scale transmission loss measurements. The agreement between the two was reasonable, especially in the high and low frequency limits; however, it was found that the SEA model resulted in an under-prediction of the transmission loss in the mid-frequency range. Nonetheless, it was concluded that the performance of polyimide foam could be predicted using conventional poro-elastic material models and that polyimide foam may offer an attractive alternative to other double wall linings in certain situations: e.g., when fire resistance is a key issue. Future work will concentrate on reducing the density of the foam to values similar to those used in current aircraft sidewall treatments, and developing procedures to improve the performance of the foam in transmission loss applications.

Small-diameter timber alchemy: can utilization pay the way toward fire-resistant forests

Treesearch

Jeremy S. Fried; R. Jamie Barbour; Roger D. Fight; Glenn Christensen; Guy Pinjuv

2008-01-01

There is growing interest in using biomass removed from hazardous fuels reduction treatments in wood-fired electrical generation facilities. An application of FIA BioSum to southwest Oregon’s Klamath ecoregion assessed the financial feasibility of fuel treatment and biomass generation under a range of product prices and fire hazard-motivated silvicultural prescriptions...

The concept: Restoring ecological structure and process in ponderosa pine forests

Treesearch

Stephen F. Arno

1996-01-01

Elimination of the historic pattern of frequent low-intensity fires in ponderosa pine and pine-mixed conifer forests has resulted in major ecological disruptions. Prior to 1900, open stands of large, long-lived, fire-resistant ponderosa pine were typical. These were accompanied in some areas by other fire-dependent species such as western larch. Today, as a result of...

KSC-00pp0516

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter releases 324 gallons of water onto a building in a simulated fire control demonstration. The high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

New fire-fighting water bucket releases its load for a demonstration.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A NASA helicopter releases the contents of the high-impact- resistant flexible plastic bucket it holds. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the 'Bambi' bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC00pp0516

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter releases 324 gallons of water onto a building in a simulated fire control demonstration. The high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Identification of genes differentially expressed during interaction of resistant and susceptible apple cultivars (Malus × domestica) with Erwinia amylovora

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background The necrogenic enterobacterium, Erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of the fire blight (FB) disease in many Rosaceaespecies, including apple and pear. During the infection process, the bacteria induce an oxidative stress response with kinetics similar to those induced in an incompatible bacteria-plant interaction. No resistance mechanism to E. amylovora in host plants has yet been characterized, recent work has identified some molecular events which occur in resistant and/or susceptible host interaction with E. amylovora: In order to understand the mechanisms that characterize responses to FB, differentially expressed genes were identified by cDNA-AFLP analysis in resistant and susceptible apple genotypes after inoculation with E. amylovora. Results cDNA were isolated from M.26 (susceptible) and G.41 (resistant) apple tissues collected 2 h and 48 h after challenge with a virulent E. amylovora strain or mock (buffer) inoculated. To identify differentially expressed transcripts, electrophoretic banding patterns were obtained from cDNAs. In the AFLP experiments, M.26 and G.41 showed different patterns of expression, including genes specifically induced, not induced, or repressed by E. amylovora. In total, 190 ESTs differentially expressed between M.26 and G.41 were identified using 42 pairs of AFLP primers. cDNA-AFLP analysis of global EST expression in a resistant and a susceptible apple genotype identified different major classes of genes. EST sequencing data showed that genes linked to resistance, encoding proteins involved in recognition, signaling, defense and apoptosis, were modulated by E. amylovora in its host plant. The expression time course of some of these ESTs selected via a bioinformatic analysis has been characterized. Conclusion These data are being used to develop hypotheses of resistance or susceptibility mechanisms in Malus to E. amylovora and provide an initial categorization of genes possibly involved in recognition events, early signaling responses the subsequent development of resistance or susceptibility. These data also provided potential candidates for improving apple resistance to fire blight either by marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering. PMID:20047654

Influences of prior wildfires on vegetation response to subsequent fire in a reburned Southwestern landscape.

PubMed

Coop, Jonathan D; Parks, Sean A; McClernan, Sarah R; Holsinger, Lisa M

2016-03-01

Large and severe wildfires have raised concerns about the future of forested landscapes in the southwestern United States, especially under repeated burning. In 2011, under extreme weather and drought conditions, the Las Conchas fire burned over several previous burns as well as forests not recently exposed to fire. Our purpose was to examine the influences of prior wildfires on plant community composition and structure, subsequent burn severity, and vegetation response. To assess these relationships, we used satellite-derived measures of burn severity and a nonmetric multidimensional scaling of pre- and post- Las Conchas field samples. Earlier burns were associated with shifts from forested sites to open savannas and meadows, oak scrub, and ruderal communities. These non-forested vegetation types exhibited both resistance to subsequent fire, measured by reduced burn severity, and resilience to reburning, measured by vegetation recovery relative to forests not exposed to recent prior fire. Previous shifts toward non-forested states were strongly reinforced by reburning. Ongoing losses of forests and their ecological values confirm the need for restoration interventions. However, given future wildfire and climate projections, there may also be opportunities presented by transformations toward fire-resistant and resilient vegetation types within portions of the landscape.

Thermoelectric Generator Used in Fire-Alarm Temperature Sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Wenchang; Du, Zhengliang; Cui, Jiaolin; Shi, Zhongtao; Deng, Yuan

2015-06-01

Here we present a thermoelectric (TE) generator used in fire-alarm temperature sensing. The TE module, a core component of this generator, has a sandwich-like structure consisting of a Cu/Sn95Ag5/coated Ni/sprayed Ni/TE/sprayed Ni/coated Ni/Sn95Ag5/Cu multilayer that exhibits a low internal resistance of 5.5 Ω to 5.9 Ω and a contact resistance of 0.51 Ω to 0.91 Ω at room temperature (RT), enabling the TE generator to attain an open-circuit voltage ( V op) of 1.50 V at RT and 2.97 V at ~90°C. Moreover, its maximum output power ( p max) was estimated to be 11.6 mW and 428.7 mW, respectively, for a temperature difference (Δ T) of 9.3°C and 52.9°C. These values are comparable to those for the bulk TE generator developed by Thermonamic. According to these figures, we obtain corresponding power densities of ~7.25 × 103 nW/mm2 and 2.68 × 105 nW/mm2, respectively. Although there is still much room to improve the performance of the generator when the source temperature rises above 90°C, the output voltages and maximum output powers attained in the current testing conditions are large enough to drive small electronic devices such as fire-alarm systems etc. Therefore, it is believed that the fabrication technology and designed structure of the generator are appropriate for such applications.

Proceedings of the International Conference for the Promotion of Advanced Fire Resistant Aircraft Interior Materials, Held in Atlantic City, New Jersey on February 9 - 11, 1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-02-11

aged for 14 days at 120OF and 95% relative humidity (hot and humid ). After... aging tests indicate, Uralane 5774-A/B is not adversely affected by hot and humid environments . In fact, in many cases, mechanical strengths improved...Presently included in these industrially important thermoplastics are the poly (arylene ether ketone )s (PEKs) and poly (arylene ether sulfone)s (PESs). Poly

Preparation and Characterization of Ceramizable Kaolin/VMQ and Kaolin/ZB/VMQ Composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, X.; Qin, Y.; Pei, Y.; Huang, Z. X.

Ceramizable silicone-based composite was prepared by using methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) as matrix, calcined Kaolin and zinc borate (ZB) as additives. This composition can form interpenetrating network structures after crosslinking, and then improve heat-resistant properties by firing in air. The results of different formulations were investigated by FTIR. TG-DTG SEM and XRD. It showed that when the temperature above 600°C. the fillers and silicon rubber started to transform from organic to inorganic and internal microstructure became denser.

30 CFR 75.1107-1 - Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and fire suppression devices on underground equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... requirements of §§ 75.1107-3 through 75.1107-16. (3) Unattended enclosed motors, controls, transformers... surface, platform, or equivalent. The electrical cables at such equipment shall conform with the...

Termites Are Resistant to the Effects of Fire at Multiple Spatial Scales.

PubMed

Avitabile, Sarah C; Nimmo, Dale G; Bennett, Andrew F; Clarke, Michael F

2015-01-01

Termites play an important ecological role in many ecosystems, particularly in nutrient-poor arid and semi-arid environments. We examined the distribution and occurrence of termites in the fire-prone, semi-arid mallee region of south-eastern Australia. In addition to periodic large wildfires, land managers use fire as a tool to achieve both asset protection and ecological outcomes in this region. Twelve taxa of termites were detected by using systematic searches and grids of cellulose baits at 560 sites, clustered in 28 landscapes selected to represent different fire mosaic patterns. There was no evidence of a significant relationship between the occurrence of termite species and time-since-fire at the site scale. Rather, the occurrence of species was related to habitat features such as the density of mallee trees and large logs (>10 cm diameter). Species richness was greater in chenopod mallee vegetation on heavier soils in swales, rather than Triodia mallee vegetation of the sandy dune slopes. At the landscape scale, there was little evidence that the frequency of occurrence of termite species was related to fire, and no evidence that habitat heterogeneity generated by fire influenced termite species richness. The most influential factor at the landscape scale was the environmental gradient represented by average annual rainfall. Although termites may be associated with flammable habitat components (e.g. dead wood), they appear to be buffered from the effects of fire by behavioural traits, including nesting underground, and the continued availability of dead wood after fire. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that a fine-scale, diverse mosaic of post-fire age-classes will enhance the diversity of termites. Rather, termites appear to be resistant to the effects of fire at multiple spatial scales.

Termites Are Resistant to the Effects of Fire at Multiple Spatial Scales

PubMed Central

Avitabile, Sarah C.; Nimmo, Dale G.; Bennett, Andrew F.; Clarke, Michael F.

2015-01-01

Termites play an important ecological role in many ecosystems, particularly in nutrient-poor arid and semi-arid environments. We examined the distribution and occurrence of termites in the fire-prone, semi-arid mallee region of south-eastern Australia. In addition to periodic large wildfires, land managers use fire as a tool to achieve both asset protection and ecological outcomes in this region. Twelve taxa of termites were detected by using systematic searches and grids of cellulose baits at 560 sites, clustered in 28 landscapes selected to represent different fire mosaic patterns. There was no evidence of a significant relationship between the occurrence of termite species and time-since-fire at the site scale. Rather, the occurrence of species was related to habitat features such as the density of mallee trees and large logs (>10 cm diameter). Species richness was greater in chenopod mallee vegetation on heavier soils in swales, rather than Triodia mallee vegetation of the sandy dune slopes. At the landscape scale, there was little evidence that the frequency of occurrence of termite species was related to fire, and no evidence that habitat heterogeneity generated by fire influenced termite species richness. The most influential factor at the landscape scale was the environmental gradient represented by average annual rainfall. Although termites may be associated with flammable habitat components (e.g. dead wood), they appear to be buffered from the effects of fire by behavioural traits, including nesting underground, and the continued availability of dead wood after fire. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that a fine-scale, diverse mosaic of post-fire age-classes will enhance the diversity of termites. Rather, termites appear to be resistant to the effects of fire at multiple spatial scales. PMID:26571383

The Effect of Diet and Opponent Size on Aggressive Interactions Involving Caribbean Crazy Ants (Nylanderia fulva)

PubMed Central

Horn, Katherine C.; Eubanks, Micky D.; Siemann, Evan

2013-01-01

Biotic interactions are often important in the establishment and spread of invasive species. In particular, competition between introduced and native species can strongly influence the distribution and spread of exotic species and in some cases competition among introduced species can be important. The Caribbean crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, was recently introduced to the Gulf Coast of Texas, and appears to be spreading inland. It has been hypothesized that competition with the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, may be an important factor in the spread of crazy ants. We investigated the potential of interspecific competition among these two introduced ants by measuring interspecific aggression between Caribbean crazy ant workers and workers of Solenopsis invicta. Specifically, we examined the effect of body size and diet on individual-level aggressive interactions among crazy ant workers and fire ants. We found that differences in diet did not alter interactions between crazy ant workers from different nests, but carbohydrate level did play an important role in antagonistic interactions with fire ants: crazy ants on low sugar diets were more aggressive and less likely to be killed in aggressive encounters with fire ants. We found that large fire ants engaged in fewer fights with crazy ants than small fire ants, but fire ant size affected neither fire ant nor crazy ant mortality. Overall, crazy ants experienced higher mortality than fire ants after aggressive encounters. Our findings suggest that fire ant workers might outcompete crazy ant workers on an individual level, providing some biotic resistance to crazy ant range expansion. However, this resistance may be overcome by crazy ants that have a restricted sugar intake, which may occur when crazy ants are excluded from resources by fire ants. PMID:23776702

Repetitive Series Interrupter II.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-01

nated by other authorized documents. The citation of trade names and names of manufacturers is this report is not to be construed as official... intergrating inductor Magnet circuit load resistance Pulse-forming network load resistance Fault network load resistance Time delay between TUT fire and

Overview of safety research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Enders, J. H.

1978-01-01

Aircraft safety is reviewed by first establishing a perspective of air transportation accidents as a function of calendar year, geographic area, and phase of flight, and then by describing the threats to safety and NASA research underway in the three representative areas of engine operational problems, meteorological phenomena, and fire. Engine rotor burst protection, aircraft nacelle fire extinguishment, the aircraft-weather interface, severe weather wind shears and turbulence, clear air turbulence, and lightning are among the topics covered. Fire impact management through fire resistant materials technology development is emphasized.

Resistance after firing protected electric match. [Patent application

DOEpatents

Montoya, A.P.

1980-03-20

An electric match having electrical leads embedded in flame-producing compound is protected against an accidental resistance across the leads after firing by a length of heat-shrinkable tubing encircling the match body and having a skirt portion extending beyond the leads. The heat of the burning match and an adjacent thermal battery causes the tubing to fold over the end of the match body, covering the ends of the leads and protecting them from molten pieces of the battery.

Maleimido substituted cyclotriphosphazene resins for fire and heat resistant composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kumar, D.; Fohlen, G. M.; Parker, J. A.

1983-01-01

A new class of fire- and heat-resistant matrix resins have been synthesized by the thermal polymerization of maleimido substituted phenoxycyclotriphosphazenes. The resins have exhibited a char yield of 82 percent at 800 C in nitrogen and 81 percent at 700 C in air. Graphite-fabric laminates based on a resin of this class have shown a limiting oxygen index of 100 percent even at 300 C. Details of the fabrication of the resins and the composites and testing procedures are discussed.

Predictions of fire behavior and resistance to control: for use with photo series for the Douglas fir-hemlock type and the coastal Douglas-fir-hardwood type.

Treesearch

David V. SANDBERG; Franklin R. Ward

1981-01-01

This publication presents tables on the behavior of fire and the resistance of fuels to control. The information is to be used with the photos in the publication, "Photo Series for Quantifying Forest Residues in the Coastal Douglas-fir—Hemlock Type, Coastal Douglas-fir—Hardwood Type" (Maxwell, Wayne G.; Ward, Franklin R. 1976. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-051....

New Approaches to Maximizing Thermo-oxidation Resistance of Polycyanurate Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-13

Resveratrol -based CE Delivers Exceptional Thermal Stability and Fire Resistance Acknowledgements: Strategic Environmental Research and Development...CH2-CH2- (dihydro resveratrol ) OH OH HO R OCN OCN NCO R Char (65%) Cure at 250C N N N N N N O O O R N N N Resveratrol cyanate ester* Resveratrol ...triazine thermoset resin > 450C Fire ( resveratrol ) • Polyphenolic antioxidant used as a dietary supplement • Extracted from seaweed, red grapes, red wine

Bismaleimides and related maleimido polymers as matrix resins

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parker, J. A.; Kourtides, D. A.; Fohlen, G. M.

1985-01-01

Significant processing and property improvements can be achieved by copolymerization of state-of-the-art bisimides with various vinyl stilbazole derivatives to give both fire resistance and high-temperature properties from hot-melt compositions. Significant improvement in mechanical properties is achieved through these modifications, which may make these new matrix resins ideal candidates for fireworthy secondary graphite composite structures. Phosphorous modifications of maleimido polymers through phosphonate structure and tricyclophosphazene derivatives provide families of new matrix resins for short-time applications in severe thermo-oxidative environments. With further research these may provide matrix resins for long-term thermo-oxidative stability of advanced composites at temperatures up to 400 to 500 C.

Fire related hazards of cables: The Canadian position development of fire resistant inside wiring cable

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hartley, M. D.; Jaques, R. E.

1986-11-01

The Canadian Electrical Code and the National Building Code in Canada recognize only two designations in regards to fire resistance of cables; cables for use in combustible (residential) buildings and cables for use in non-combustible buildings. The Test standard for cables for non-combustible buildings resembles IEEE-383. However, it is more severe; particularly for small nonarmoured cables such as Inside Wiring Cable. This forthcoming requirement has necessitated material and product development. Although an Inside Wiring cable modification of both insulation and jacket was undertaken, the large volume fraction of combustible material in the jacket vis a vis the insulation made it the area of greatest impact. The paper outlines the development and its effect on cable performance.

Rubberized, Brominated Epoxies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilwee, W.; Kourtides, D.; Parker, J.; Nir, Z.

1985-01-01

Graphite/epoxy composite materials made with resins containing bromine and rubber additives. New composites tougher and more resistant to fire. Flame resistance increased by introducing bromine via commercial brominated flame-retartant polymeric additives.

Conference on the Development of Fire-Resistant Aircraft Passenger Seats

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fewell, L. L.; Kourtides, D. A.; Rosser, R. W.; Parker, J. A.

1976-01-01

Papers are presented dealing with the development of aircraft seats with the minimum fire risk. Criteria examined include: flame spread, heat release, and smoke and/or toxic fumes. Materials and performance specifications of all seat material options are provided.

Charring rate of wood exposed to a constant heat flux

Treesearch

R. H. White; H. C. Tran

1996-01-01

A critical factor in the fire endurance of a wood member is its rate of charring. Most available charring rate data have been obtained using the time-temperature curves of the standard fire resistance tests (ASTM E 119 and ISO 834) to define the fire exposure. The increased use of heat release calorimeters using exposures of constant heat flux levels has broadened the...

Differences in spike train variability in rat vasopressin and oxytocin neurons and their relationship to synaptic activity

PubMed Central

Li, Chunyan; Tripathi, Pradeep K; Armstrong, William E

2007-01-01

The firing pattern of magnocellular neurosecretory neurons is intimately related to hormone release, but the relative contribution of synaptic versus intrinsic factors to the temporal dispersion of spikes is unknown. In the present study, we examined the firing patterns of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) supraoptic neurons in coronal slices from virgin female rats, with and without blockade of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic currents. Inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were twice as prevalent as their excitatory counterparts (EPSCs), and both were more prevalent in OT compared with VP neurons. Oxytocin neurons fired more slowly and irregularly than VP neurons near threshold. Blockade of Cl− currents (including tonic and synaptic currents) with picrotoxin reduced interspike interval (ISI) variability of continuously firing OT and VP neurons without altering input resistance or firing rate. Blockade of EPSCs did not affect firing pattern. Phasic bursting neurons (putative VP neurons) were inconsistently affected by broad synaptic blockade, suggesting that intrinsic factors may dominate the ISI distribution during this mode in the slice. Specific blockade of synaptic IPSCs with gabazine also reduced ISI variability, but only in OT neurons. In all cases, the effect of inhibitory blockade on firing pattern was independent of any consistent change in input resistance or firing rate. Since the great majority of IPSCs are randomly distributed, miniature events (mIPSCs) in the coronal slice, these findings imply that even mIPSCs can impart irregularity to the firing pattern of OT neurons in particular, and could be important in regulating spike patterning in vivo. For example, the increased firing variability that precedes bursting in OT neurons during lactation could be related to significant changes in synaptic activity. PMID:17332000

14 CFR 25.1713 - Fire protection: EWIS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS) § 25.1713... used during emergency procedures must be fire resistant. (c) Insulation on electrical wire and electrical cable, and materials used to provide additional protection for the wire and cable, installed in...

Burn-Resistant, Strong Metal-Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoltzfus, Joel M.; Tayal, Moti J.

2003-01-01

Ceramic particulate fillers increase the specific strengths and burn resistances of metals: This is the conclusion drawn by researchers at Johnson Space Center's White Sands Test Facility. The researchers had theorized that the inclusion of ceramic particles in metal tools and other metal objects used in oxygen-rich atmospheres (e.g., in hyperbaric chambers and spacecraft) could reduce the risk of fire and the consequent injury or death of personnel. In such atmospheres, metal objects act as ignition sources, creating fire hazards. However, not all metals are equally hazardous: some are more burn-resistant than others are. It was the researchers purpose to identify a burn-resistant, high-specific-strength ceramic-particle/metal-matrix composite that could be used in oxygen-rich atmospheres. The researchers studied several metals. Nickel and cobalt alloys exhibit high burn resistances and are dense. The researchers next turned to ceramics, which they knew do not act as ignition sources. Unlike metals, ceramics are naturally burn-resistant. Unfortunately, they also exhibit low fracture toughnesses.

Test and evaluation of constant-flow devices for use in SSN AFFF proportioning systems. Interim report, January-May 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, F.W.; Back, G.G.; Burns, R.E.

1986-11-04

Constant flow devices, which deliver a constant flow of liquid over a range of upstream and downstream pressures, have been suggested as an alternative to orifice plates for proportioning AFFF in SSN 21 fire-suppression systems. Operational and performance characteristics of two lightweight, inexpensive, commercially available constant-flow devices have significant advantages over orifice plates. Both models tested, however, showed performance degradation when subjected to simulated service conditions. A constant flow device with improved resistance to wear and to AFFF exposure is desirable. Since the constant-flow control devices tested improves proportioning efficiency but do not have optimum characteristics, investigation of improved devicesmore » or methods is recommended.« less

Defense Standardization Program Journal. April/September 2012

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

were magnified. In 1905, a committee of the National Fire Protection Association established a national standard for the diameter and threads per inch...for fire hydrants and hose couplings. The standard specifies that fire hydrants have 2.5-inch hose connections with 7.5 threads per inch and that...dsp.dla.mil I Field of view, lens material haze, luminous transmittance, and lens abrasion resistance (APR) I Communications (APR) I Fogging (APR

Fire resistance properties of ceramic wool fiber reinforced intumescent coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amir, N.; Othman, W. M. S. W.; Ahmad, F.

2015-07-01

This research studied the effects of varied weight percentage and length of ceramic wool fiber (CWF) reinforcement to fire retardant performance of epoxy-based intumescent coating. Ten formulations were developed using ammonium polyphosphate (APP), expandable graphite (EG), melamine (MEL) and boric acid (BA). The mixing was conducted in two stages; powdered materials were grinded in Rocklabs mortar grinder and epoxy-mixed using Caframo mixer at low speed mixing. The samples were applied on mild steel substrate and exposed to 500°C heat inside Carbolite electric furnace. The char expansion and its physical properties were observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted to inspect the fiber dispersion, fiber condition and the cell structure of both coatings and chars produced. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were conducted to study the thermal properties of the coating such as degradation temperature and residual weight. Fire retardant performance was determined by measuring backside temperature of substrate in 1-hour, 1000°C Bunsen burner test according to UL 1709 fire regime. The results showed that intumescent coating reinforced with CWF produced better fire resistance performance. When compared to unreinforced coating, formulation S6-15 significantly reduced steel temperature at approximately 34.7% to around 175°C. However, higher fiber weight percentage had slightly decreased fire retardant performance of the coating.

Novel PEPA-functionalized graphene oxide for fire safety enhancement of polypropylene

PubMed Central

Xu, Jia You; Liu, Jie; Li, Kai Dan; Tanemura, Sakae

2015-01-01

Polypropylene (PP) is a general-purpose plastic, but some applications are constrained by its high flammability. Thus, flame retardant PP is urgently demanded. In this article, intumescent flame retardant PP (IFRPP) composites with enhanced fire safety were prepared using 1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (PEPA) functionalized graphene oxide (PGO) as synergist. The PGO was prepared through a mild chemical reaction by the covalent attachment of a caged-structure organic compound, PEPA, onto GO nanosheets using toluene diisocynate (TDI) as the intermediary agent. The novel PEPA-functionalized graphene oxide not only improves the heat resistance of GO but also converts GO and PEPA from hydrophobic to hydrophilic materials, which leads to even distribution in PP. In our case, 7 wt% addition of PGO as one of the fillers for IFRPP composites significantly reduces its inflammability and fire hazards when compared with PEPA, by the improvement of first release rate peak (PHRR), total heat release, first smoke release rate peak (PSRR) and total smoke release, suggesting its great potential as the IFR synergist in industry. The reason is mainly attributed to the barrier effect of the unburned graphene sheets, which protects by the decomposition products of PEPA and TDI, promotes the formation of graphitized carbon and inhibits the heat and gas release. PMID:27877775

Inhibited flammability and surface inactivation of wood irradiated by low energy hydrogen ion showers (LEHIS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blantocas, Gene Q.; Mateum, Philip Edward R.; Orille, Ross William M.; Ramos, Rafael Julius U.; Monasterial, Jonathan Lee C.; Ramos, Henry J.; Bo-ot, Luis Ma. T.

2007-06-01

Changes on the properties of wood irradiated by low energy hydrogen ion showers (LEHIS) were examined. The experimental facility employed was an in-house constructed, compact gas discharge ion source with beam energies maintained approximately in the 1 keV range fixed at 1 mA discharge current, 3 mTorr gas filling pressure. Wood specimens used were of species endemic in the Philippines namely Shorea sp., Shorea polysperma and Cocos nucifera. Results showed the processed samples manifested characteristics of inhibited flammability, and became relatively hydrophobic after the treatment. In the fire resistance test, it was also observed during initial flaming that the processed surfaces accumulated less soot attesting to a much lower smoldering rate, i.e. lesser combustibility. To assess the increase in fire endurance time for the processed wood against the control substrates, a non-directional, two-tailed t-test was utilized. Significant at the 0.05 level, the t-statistic measured 9.164 as opposed to only 4.303 in its corresponding critical value at two degrees of freedom. Hence, the treatment appeared to show strong statistical evidence of being effective in enhancing fire resistance. The processed specimens also exhibited moisture absorptive inhibition time of more than 10 min versus an average absorption period of just 8 s for the unprocessed samples. Spectroscopy using a cast steel mass analyzer indicated a predominance of H+ with faint signals of H2+in the ion showers. It is hypothesized that the monatomic ion plays an essential participatory role in the surface modification process. Data from an earlier work using Narra wood (Pterocarpus indicus) [G.Q. Blantocas, H.J. Ramos, M. Wada, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45 (2006) 8498] was extended in the current study to substantiate this hypothesis. The data is now presented as current density ratio H+ /H2+versus the change rate constant K of the wetting model equation. It is shown that wood affinity to water decreased as the proportion of H+ increased, i.e. higher flux density ratios favored surface inactivation. It is further demonstrated using hardwood samples that a dominance of H+ also improved fire resistance. H+ ions seemed to be the initiator in the formation of hydrophobic and flame resistant wood surfaces. In contrast, high energy showers (⩾900 eV) resulted in lower H+ /H2+ratios. Samples exposed to showers in these energy ranges showed decreased flame resistance. They degraded more rapidly during flaming. Finally, a comparison of SEM images showed surface smoothening of the processed samples. The LEHIS method proved benign showing no unfavorable effects on paint adherence and original texture and color. This plasma-based procedure could probably be developed as an alternative mode of wood preservation.

Integrated Control of Fire Blight with Bacterial Antagonists and Oxytetracycline

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the antibiotic streptomycin provided excellent control of fire blight until resistant isolates of Erwinia amylovora were prevalent. Oxytetracycline (Mycoshield) is now sprayed as an alternative antibiotic. We found that the duration of inhibitory acti...

Integrated Control of Fire Blight with Antagonists and Oxytetracycline

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the antibiotic streptomycin provided excellent control of fire blight until resistant isolates of Erwinia amylovora arose. Oxytetracycline (Mycoshield) is now sprayed as an alternative antibiotic. We found that the duration of inhibitory activity of o...

Fire extinguishing tests -80 with methyl alcohol gasoline (in MIXED)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holmstedt, G.; Ryderman, A.; Carlsson, B.

1980-01-01

Large scale tests and laboratory experiments were carried out for estimating the extinguishing effectiveness of three alcohol resistant aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), two alcohol resistant fluoroprotein foams and two detergent foams in various poolfires: gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl-ethyl ketone, methyl alcohol and M15 (a gasoline, methyl alcohol, isobutene mixture). The scaling down of large scale tests for developing a reliable laboratory method was especially examined. The tests were performed with semidirect foam application, in pools of 50, 11, 4, 0.6, and 0.25 sq m. Burning time, temperature distribution in the liquid, and thermal radiation were determined. An M15more » fire can be extinguished with a detergent foam, but it is impossible to extinguish fires in polar solvents, such as methyl alcohol, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol with detergent foams, AFFF give the best results, and performances with small pools can hardly be correlated with results from large scale fires.« less

History of Fire Events in the U.S. Commercial Nuclear Industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bijan Najafi; Joglar-Biloch, Francisco; Kassawara, Robert P.

2002-07-01

Over the past decade, interest in performance-based fire protection has increased within the nuclear industry. In support of this growing interest, in 1997 the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) developed a long-range plan to develop/improve data and tools needed to support Risk-Informed/Performance-Based fire protection. This plan calls for continued improvement in collection and use of information obtained from fire events at nuclear plants. The data collection process has the objectives of improving the insights gained from such data and reducing the uncertainty in fire risk and fire modeling methods in order to make them a more reliable basis for performancemore » based fire protection programs. In keeping with these objectives, EPRI continues to collect, review and analyze fire events in support of the nuclear industry. EPRI collects these records in cooperation with the Nuclear Electric Insurance Limited (NEIL), by compiling public fire event reports and by direct solicitation of U.S. nuclear facilities. EPRI fire data collection project is based on the principle that the understanding of history is one of the cornerstones of improving fire protection technology and practice. Therefore, the goal has been to develop and maintain a comprehensive database of fire events with flexibility to support various aspects of fire protection engineering. With more than 1850 fire records over a period of three decades and 2400 reactor years, this is the most comprehensive database of nuclear power industry fire events in existence today. In general, the frequency of fires in the U.S. commercial nuclear industry remains constant. In few cases, e.g., transient fires and fires in BWR offgas/recombiner systems, where either increasing or decreasing trends are observed, these trends tend to slow after 1980. The key issues in improving quality of the data remain to be consistency of the recording and reporting of fire events and difficulties in collection of records. EPRI has made significant progress towards improving the quality of the fire events data through use of multiple collection methods as well as its review and verification. To date EPRI has used this data to develop a generic fire ignition frequency model for U.S. nuclear power industry (Ref. 1, 4 and 5) as well as to support other models in support of EPRI Fire Risk Methods such as a cable fire manual suppression model. EPRI will continue its effort to collect and analyze operating data to support risk informed/performance based fire safety engineering, including collection and analysis of impairment data for fire protection systems and features. This paper provides details on the collection and application of fire events to risk informed/performance based fire protection. The paper also provides valuable insights into improving both collection and use of fire events data. (authors)« less

Fire and heat resistant laminating resins based on maleimido substituted aromatic cyclotriphosphazene polymer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kumar, Devendra (Inventor); Fohlen, George M. (Inventor); Parker, John A. (Inventor)

1987-01-01

4-Aminophenoxy cyclotriphosphazenes are reacted with maleic anhydride to produce maleamic acids which are converted to the maleimides. The maleimides are polymerized. By selection of starting materials (e.g., hexakis amino or trisaminophenoxy trisphenoxy cyclotriphosphazenes), selection of molar proportions of reactants, use of mixtures of anhydrides and use of dianhydrides as bridging groups a variety of maleimides and polymers are produced. The polymers have high limiting oxygen indices, high char yields and other useful heat and fire resistant properties making them useful as, for example, impregnants of fabrics.

Water Resistant Container Technical Basis Document for the TA-55 Criticality Safety Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, Paul Herrick; Teague, Jonathan Gayle

Criticality safety at TA-55 relies on nuclear material containers that are water resistant to prevent significant amounts of water from coming into contact with fissile material in the event of a fire that causes a breach of glovevbox confinement and subsequent fire water ingress. A “water tight container” is a container that will not allow more than 50ml of water ingress when fully submerged, except when under sufficient pressure to produce structural discontinuity. There are many types of containers, welded containers, hermetically sealed containers, filtered containers, etc.

Aerospace materials for nonaerospace applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnston, R. L.; Dawn, F. S.

1974-01-01

Many of the flame-resistant nonmetallic materials that were developed for the Apollo and Skylab programs are discussed for commercial and military applications. Interchanges of information are taking place with the government agencies, industries, and educational institutions, which are interested in applications of fire-safe nonmetallic materials. These materials are particularly applicable to the design of aircraft, mass transit interiors, residential and public building constructions, nursing homes and hospitals, and to other fields of fire safety applications. Figures 22, 23 and 24 show the potential nonaerospace applications of flame-resistant aerospace materials are shown.

Is Managed Wildfire Protecting Yosemite National Park from Drought?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boisrame, G. F. S.; Thompson, S. E.; Stephens, S.; Collins, B.; Kelly, M.; Tague, N.

2016-12-01

Fire suppression in many dry forest types has left a legacy of dense, homogeneous forests. Such landscapes have high water demands and fuel loads, and when burned can result in catastrophically large fires. These characteristics are undesirable in the face of projected warming and drying in the Western US. This project explores the potential of managed wildfire - a forest management strategy in which fires caused by lightning are allowed to burn naturally as long as certain safety parameters are met - to reverse the effects of fire suppression. The Illilouette Creek Basin in Yosemite National Park has experienced 40 years of managed wildfire, reducing forest cover and increasing meadow and shrubland areas. We have collected evidence from field measurements and remote sensing which suggest that managed wildfire increases landscape and hydrologic heterogeneity, and likely improves resilience to disturbances such as fire and drought. Vegetation maps created from aerial photos show an increase in landscape heterogeneity following the introduction of managed wildfire. Soil moisture observations during the drought years of 2013-2016 suggest that transitions from dense forest to shrublands or meadows can increase summer soil moisture. In the winter of 2015-2016, snow depth measurements showed deeper spring snowpacks in burned areas compared to dense forests. Our study provides a unique view of relatively long-term effects of managed wildfire on vegetation change, ecohydrology, and drought resistance. Understanding these effects is increasingly important as the use of managed wildfire becomes more widely accepted, and as the likelihood of both drought and wildfire increases.

New Screening Test Developed for the Blanching Resistance of Copper Alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas-Ogbuji, Linus U.

2004-01-01

NASA's extensive efforts towards more efficient, safer, and more affordable space transportation include the development of new thrust-cell liner materials with improved capabilities and longer lives. For rocket engines fueled with liquid hydrogen, an important metric of liner performance is resistance to blanching, a phenomenon of localized wastage by cycles of oxidation-reduction due to local imbalance in the oxygen-fuel ratio. The current liner of the Space Shuttle Main Engine combustion chamber, a Cu-3Ag-0.5Zr alloy (NARloy-Z) is degraded in service by blanching. Heretofore, evaluating a liner material for blanching resistance involved elaborate and expensive hot-fire tests performed on rocket test stands. To simplify that evaluation, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center developed a screening test that uses simple, in situ oxidation-reduction cycling in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The principle behind this test is that resistance to oxidation or to the reduction of oxide, or both, implies resistance to blanching. Using this test as a preliminary tool to screen alloys for blanching resistance can improve reliability and save time and money. In this test a small polished coupon is hung in a TGA furnace at the desired (service) temperature. Oxidizing and reducing gases are introduced cyclically, in programmed amounts. Cycle durations are chosen by calibration, such that all copper oxides formed by oxidation are fully reduced in the next reduction interval. The sample weight is continuously acquired by the TGA as usual.

Anthropogenic fire drives the evolution of seed traits

PubMed Central

Gómez-González, Susana; Torres-Díaz, Cristian; Bustos-Schindler, Carlos; Gianoli, Ernesto

2011-01-01

Fire is a major disturbance affecting ecosystems worldwide. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the evolution of seed persistence (fire resistance) is associated with fire frequency or severity. However, the existence of specific seed traits resulting from natural selection mediated by fire remains a key question in plant evolution. We evaluated the role of fire in the evolution of seed traits from a microevolutionary perspective, using as a study system a native forb from the Chilean matorral, where fire is a novel, anthropogenic disturbance. We show that anthropogenic fires are shaping the evolution of seed traits such as pubescence and shape. Among-population variation in seed pubescence, shape, and pericarp thickness was strongly associated with fire frequency, and within a population, fire selected those plants with more pubescent seeds, thicker pericarps, and less rounded seeds. Seed pubescence and shape were shown to be heritable traits. Our findings provide insights into the understanding of the evolution of seed traits in fire-prone environments and demonstrate that human-made fires can be driving evolutionary changes in plant species from ecosystems where fires do not occur naturally. PMID:22065739

Anthropogenic fire drives the evolution of seed traits.

PubMed

Gómez-González, Susana; Torres-Díaz, Cristian; Bustos-Schindler, Carlos; Gianoli, Ernesto

2011-11-15

Fire is a major disturbance affecting ecosystems worldwide. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the evolution of seed persistence (fire resistance) is associated with fire frequency or severity. However, the existence of specific seed traits resulting from natural selection mediated by fire remains a key question in plant evolution. We evaluated the role of fire in the evolution of seed traits from a microevolutionary perspective, using as a study system a native forb from the Chilean matorral, where fire is a novel, anthropogenic disturbance. We show that anthropogenic fires are shaping the evolution of seed traits such as pubescence and shape. Among-population variation in seed pubescence, shape, and pericarp thickness was strongly associated with fire frequency, and within a population, fire selected those plants with more pubescent seeds, thicker pericarps, and less rounded seeds. Seed pubescence and shape were shown to be heritable traits. Our findings provide insights into the understanding of the evolution of seed traits in fire-prone environments and demonstrate that human-made fires can be driving evolutionary changes in plant species from ecosystems where fires do not occur naturally.

Biotechnology and apple breeding in Japan

PubMed Central

Igarashi, Megumi; Hatsuyama, Yoshimichi; Harada, Takeo; Fukasawa-Akada, Tomoko

2016-01-01

Apple is a fruit crop of significant economic importance, and breeders world wide continue to develop novel cultivars with improved characteristics. The lengthy juvenile period and the large field space required to grow apple populations have imposed major limitations on breeding. Various molecular biological techniques have been employed to make apple breeding easier. Transgenic technology has facilitated the development of apples with resistance to fungal or bacterial diseases, improved fruit quality, or root stocks with better rooting or dwarfing ability. DNA markers for disease resistance (scab, powdery mildew, fire-blight, Alternaria blotch) and fruit skin color have also been developed, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been employed in breeding programs. In the last decade, genomic sequences and chromosome maps of various cultivars have become available, allowing the development of large SNP arrays, enabling efficient QTL mapping and genomic selection (GS). In recent years, new technologies for genetic improvement, such as trans-grafting, virus vectors, and genome-editing, have emerged. Using these techniques, no foreign genes are present in the final product, and some of them show considerable promise for application to apple breeding. PMID:27069388

Biotechnology and apple breeding in Japan.

PubMed

Igarashi, Megumi; Hatsuyama, Yoshimichi; Harada, Takeo; Fukasawa-Akada, Tomoko

2016-01-01

Apple is a fruit crop of significant economic importance, and breeders world wide continue to develop novel cultivars with improved characteristics. The lengthy juvenile period and the large field space required to grow apple populations have imposed major limitations on breeding. Various molecular biological techniques have been employed to make apple breeding easier. Transgenic technology has facilitated the development of apples with resistance to fungal or bacterial diseases, improved fruit quality, or root stocks with better rooting or dwarfing ability. DNA markers for disease resistance (scab, powdery mildew, fire-blight, Alternaria blotch) and fruit skin color have also been developed, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been employed in breeding programs. In the last decade, genomic sequences and chromosome maps of various cultivars have become available, allowing the development of large SNP arrays, enabling efficient QTL mapping and genomic selection (GS). In recent years, new technologies for genetic improvement, such as trans-grafting, virus vectors, and genome-editing, have emerged. Using these techniques, no foreign genes are present in the final product, and some of them show considerable promise for application to apple breeding.

Stable expression and phenotypic impact of attacin E transgene in orchard grown apple trees over a 12 year period.

PubMed

Borejsza-Wysocka, Ewa; Norelli, John L; Aldwinckle, Herb S; Malnoy, Mickael

2010-06-03

Transgenic trees currently are being produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and biolistics. The future use of transformed trees on a commercial basis depends upon thorough evaluation of the potential environmental and public health risk of the modified plants, transgene stability over a prolonged period of time and the effect of the gene on tree and fruit characteristics. We studied the stability of expression and the effect on resistance to the fire blight disease of the lytic protein gene, attacin E, in the apple cultivar 'Galaxy' grown in the field for 12 years. Using Southern and western blot analysis, we compared transgene copy number and observed stability of expression of this gene in the leaves and fruit in several transformed lines during a 12 year period. No silenced transgenic plant was detected. Also the expression of this gene resulted in an increase in resistance to fire blight throughout 12 years of orchard trial and did not affect fruit shape, size, acidity, firmness, weight or sugar level, tree morphology, leaf shape or flower morphology or color compared to the control. Overall, these results suggest that transgene expression in perennial species, such as fruit trees, remains stable in time and space, over extended periods and in different organs. This report shows that it is possible to improve a desirable trait in apple, such as the resistance to a pathogen, through genetic engineering, without adverse alteration of fruit characteristics and tree shape.

U.S. Air Force Aircrew Flight Protective Eyewear Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-02-01

MIL-DTL-32000), fire - resistant hydraulic fluid (MIL-PRF-46170), petroleum-based hydraulic fluid (MIL-PRF-6083), gasoline (87% octane), motor oil...UPLC installed. ABRASION FPE spectacles and goggles shall maximize resistance to scratching/ abrasion to minimize interference with vision...Visual Area ................................................................................. 2 3.0 BALLISTIC AND IMPACT RESISTANCE : BALLISTIC

30 CFR 57.4533 - Mine opening vicinity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and... materials; or (b) Constructed to meet a fire resistance rating of no less than one hour; or (c) Provided...

Plant community diversity and composition provide little resistance to Juniperus encroachment

Treesearch

Amy C. Ganguli; David M. Engle; Paul M. Mayer; Eric C. Heligren

2008-01-01

Widespread encroachment of the fire-intolerant species Juniperus virginiana L. into North American grasslands and savannahs where fire has largely been removed has prompted the need to identify mechanisms driving J. virginiana encroachment. We tested whether encroachment success of J. virginiana is related to...

Wildfires and Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, 2009

2009-01-01

This publication discusses conditions that feed wildfires, how a building catches fire, determining the school's risk, creating a survivable space for the school, the importance of maintenance, the fire-resistant school, meeting code requirements, and related flood and mudslide risks. Much of this publication has been adapted for schools from the…

Post-processing flame-retardant for polyurethane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Monaghan, P.; Sidman, K. R.

1980-01-01

Treatment of polyurethane form with elastomer formulation after processing makes foam fire resistant without compromising physical properties. In testing, once ignition source is removed, combustion stops. Treatment also prevents molten particle formation, generates no smoke or toxic gases in fire, and does not deteriorate under prolonged exposure to Sun.

The effects of prescribed burning on fire hazard in the chaparral: toward a new conceptual synthesis

Treesearch

Anthony T. Dunn

1989-01-01

Prescribed burning for fire hazard reduction in the chaparral is predicated on the belief that young fuels (20 years old and less) are highly resistant to burning. To test this belief, a data base search of large fires in San Diego County between 1940 and 1985 was conducted to locate reburns of young chaparral fuels greater than 1000 acres (400 ha) in extent. Of the...

New Technology for the Fire Attire

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Although little can be done to reduce the risks of firefighting, something can be done to curb the injuries and fatalities. This is the goal of Project FIRES, a program jointly sponsored by NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency's U.S. Fire Administration with technical management provided by Marshall Space Flight Center. Project FIRES (Firefighter's Integrated Response Equipment System) involves applications of advanced materials and design concepts, derived from Apollo to update existing gear which does not adequately protect against many of the hazards encountered in fire suppression activities. A major focus of the effort involves application to the FIRES ensemble of lightweight, fire-resistant, heat-protective materials originally developed for use in astronauts' space suits or in spacecraft components which require thermal protection. Data from the fourteen municipal fire departments participating in the field evaluation will form a basis for development of new nationwide protective ensemble students.

Development of moldable carbonaceous materials for ablative rocket nozzles.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lockhart, R. J.; Bortz, S. A.; Schwartz, M. A.

1972-01-01

Description of a materials system developed for use as low-cost ablative nozzles for NASA's 260-in. solid rocket motor. Petroleum coke and carbon black fillers were employed; high density was achieved by controlling particle size distribution. An alumina catalyzed furfuryl ester resin which produced high carbon residues after pyrolysis was employed as the binder. Staple carbon fibers improved the strength and crack resistance of molded bodies. In static firing tests of two subscale nozzles, this material compared favorably in erosion rate with several other ablative systems.

Modeling regional-scale wildland fire emissions with the wildland fire emissions information system

Treesearch

Nancy H.F. French; Donald McKenzie; Tyler Erickson; Benjamin Koziol; Michael Billmire; K. Endsley; Naomi K.Y. Scheinerman; Liza Jenkins; Mary E. Miller; Roger Ottmar; Susan Prichard

2014-01-01

As carbon modeling tools become more comprehensive, spatial data are needed to improve quantitative maps of carbon emissions from fire. The Wildland Fire Emissions Information System (WFEIS) provides mapped estimates of carbon emissions from historical forest fires in the United States through a web browser. WFEIS improves access to data and provides a consistent...

Factors in adoption of a fire department wellness program: champ-and-chief model.

PubMed

Kuehl, Hannah; Mabry, Linda; Elliot, Diane L; Kuehl, Kerry S; Favorite, Kim C

2013-04-01

To identify and evaluate determinants of fire departments' wellness program adoption. The Promoting Healthy Lifestyles: Alternative Models' Effects fire service wellness program was offered for free to all medium-sized fire departments in Oregon and Washington. An invitation to participate was mailed to key fire department decision makers (chief, union president, and wellness officer). These key decision makers from 12 sites that adopted the program and 24 matched nonadopting sites were interviewed and results were analyzed to define adoption determinants. Three adoption requirements were identified: (1) mailer connection, (2) local firefighter wellness champion, and (3) willing fire chief, whereas a fourth set of organizational factors had little or no impact on adoption including previous and ongoing wellness activities, financial pressures, and resistance to change. Findings identified determinants of medium-sized fire service wellness program adoption.

Resource-dependent growth models for Sierran mixed-conifer saplings

Treesearch

S.W. Bigelow; M.P. North; W.R. Horwath

2009-01-01

Thinning to reduce wildfire hazard is a common management practice in frequent-fire forests of the American west, but it is uncertain whether projects will help regenerate fire-resistant, shade-intolerant pines. We studied naturally established saplings of six conifer species in mixed-conifer forest in northern California, USA to...

Increasing Fire Safety of Epoxies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Mikroyannidis, J. A.

1985-01-01

Epoxy with increased resistance to fire made by reacting any of three commercial epoxide monomers with curing agent consisting of mixture of isomers called "DCEPD". Curing agent incorporates phosphorus and chlorine directly into crosslinking part of polymer. DCEPD produced by nitrating precursor phosphonylmethyl benzene, then reducing resulting isomeric mixture of dinitro compounds.

14 CFR 25.903 - Engines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... chapter. (2) Each turbine engine must comply with one of the following: (i) Sections 33.76, 33.77 and 33... any engine individually in flight, except that, for turbine engine installations, the means for... might be exposed to fire must be at least fire-resistant. If hydraulic propeller feathering systems are...

Budagovsky 9 rootstock: uncovering a novel resistance to fire blight

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Budagovsky 9 (B.9) apple rootstock, displayed a high level of susceptibility (similar to M.9 rootstock) to fire blight bacteria (Erwinia amylovora) when leaves of non-grafted B.9 plants were inoculated. However, when older B.9 rootstock tissue was inoculated directly with E. amylovora, rootstock tis...

29 CFR 1910.110 - Storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... dehydrators or dryers. (13) Ventilation, adequate—when specified for the prevention of fire during normal..., buildings, or separate fire divisions of buildings used exclusively for housing internal combustion engines..., diaphragms, etc., shall be of such quality as to be resistant to the action of liquefied petroleum gas under...

29 CFR 1910.110 - Storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... dehydrators or dryers. (13) Ventilation, adequate—when specified for the prevention of fire during normal..., buildings, or separate fire divisions of buildings used exclusively for housing internal combustion engines..., diaphragms, etc., shall be of such quality as to be resistant to the action of liquefied petroleum gas under...

29 CFR 1910.110 - Storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... dehydrators or dryers. (13) Ventilation, adequate—when specified for the prevention of fire during normal..., buildings, or separate fire divisions of buildings used exclusively for housing internal combustion engines..., diaphragms, etc., shall be of such quality as to be resistant to the action of liquefied petroleum gas under...

46 CFR 164.007-9 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the Fire Research section of the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234, and shall advise.... (1) If the manufacturer desires to have the test conducted at some laboratory other than the National... sample or samples for the fire resistance test will be given at this time, together with the estimated...

46 CFR 164.007-9 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the Fire Research section of the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234, and shall advise.... (1) If the manufacturer desires to have the test conducted at some laboratory other than the National... sample or samples for the fire resistance test will be given at this time, together with the estimated...

Improving La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ infiltrated solid oxide fuel cell cathode performance through precursor solution desiccation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burye, Theodore E.; Nicholas, Jason D.

2015-02-01

Here, for the first time, the average size of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrode nano-particles was reduced through the chemical desiccation of infiltrated precursor nitrate solutions. Specifically, after firing at 700 °C, CaCl2-desiccated La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (LSCF) - Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) cathodes contained LSCF infiltrate particles with an average size of 22 nm. This is in contrast to comparable, undesiccated LSCF-GDC cathodes which contained LSCF infiltrate particles with an average size of 48 nm. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and controlled atmosphere electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that desiccation reduced the average infiltrate particle size without altering the infiltrate phase purity, the cathode concentration polarization resistance, or the cathode electronic resistance. Compared to undesiccated LSCF-GDC cathodes achieving polarization resistances of 0.10 Ωcm2 at 640 °C, comparable CaCl2-dessicated LSCF-GDC cathodes achieved 0.10 Ωcm2 at 575 °C. Mathematical modeling suggested that these performance improvements resulted solely from average infiltrate particle size reductions.

Uncapped silver nanoparticles synthesized by DC arc thermal plasma technique for conductor paste formulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shinde, Manish; Pawar, Amol; Karmakar, Soumen; Seth, Tanay; Raut, Varsha; Rane, Sunit; Bhoraskar, Sudha; Amalnerkar, Dinesh

2009-11-01

Uncapped silver nanoparticles were synthesized by DC arc thermal plasma technique. The synthesized nanoparticles were structurally cubic and showed wide particle size variation (between 20-150 nm). Thick film paste formulated from such uncapped silver nanoparticles was screen-printed on alumina substrates and the resultant `green' films were fired at different firing temperatures. The films fired at 600 °C revealed better microstructure properties and also yielded the lowest value of sheet resistance in comparison to those corresponding to conventional peak firing temperature of 850 °C. Our findings directly support the role of silver nanoparticles in substantially depressing the operative peak firing temperature involved in traditional conductor thick films technology.

Fire and smoke retardants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drews, M. J.

Despite a reduction in Federal regulatory activity, research concerned with flame retardancy and smoke suppression in the private sector appears to be increasing. This trend seem related to the increased utilization of plastics for end uses which traditionally have employed metal or wood products. As a result, new markets have appeared for thermally stable and fire resistance thermoplastic materials, and this in turn has spurred research and development activity. In addition, public awareness of the dangers associated with fire has increased as a result of several highly publicized hotel and restaurant fires within the past two years. The consumers recognition of flammability characteristics as important materials property considerations has increased. The current status of fire and smoke retardant chemistry and research are summarized.

Nano-silica as the go material on heat resistant tunnel lining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omar, Faizah; Osman, S. A.; Mutalib, A.

2018-04-01

This paper is concerned with passive fire protection method of protective concrete mix that is made up of fly ash, polypropylene fibre, and nano-silica. Nano-silica is focused on as the innovative material to be used in the composition of the protective concrete mix. The previous experimental studies which analyse the performance of passive fire protection on tunnels are discussed. This paper also discusses passive fire protection. The fire protection materials and behaviour analyses of tunnel structure are also presented. At the end of the paper, the recommendation of the optimum composition concrete material with fly ash, polypropylene fibre and nano-silica as tunnel lining fire protective materials is proposed.

Fire Resistance Testing of Bulkhead and Deck Penetrations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-10-01

consisted of a steel plate identical to that used in the Class A-0 assembly, but rockwool insulation was applied to the fire side of the steel plate and...penetration samples were then insulated with rockwool batts to form a Class A-60 assembly (Figure 2). Between nine and twenty-eight temperature readings...representative of Class A-O construction. The UL staff secured insulation ( rockwool batts) to the fire side of the steel plates and penetrating items to prepare

27 CFR 555.207 - Construction of type 1 magazines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Construction of type 1 magazines. A type 1 magazine is a permanent structure: a building, an igloo or “Army-type structure”, a tunnel, or a dugout. It is to be bullet-resistant, fire-resistant, weather-resistant...) Fabricated metal wall construction. Metal wall construction is to consist of sectional sheets of steel or...

27 CFR 555.207 - Construction of type 1 magazines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Construction of type 1 magazines. A type 1 magazine is a permanent structure: a building, an igloo or “Army-type structure”, a tunnel, or a dugout. It is to be bullet-resistant, fire-resistant, weather-resistant...) Fabricated metal wall construction. Metal wall construction is to consist of sectional sheets of steel or...

27 CFR 555.207 - Construction of type 1 magazines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Construction of type 1 magazines. A type 1 magazine is a permanent structure: a building, an igloo or “Army-type structure”, a tunnel, or a dugout. It is to be bullet-resistant, fire-resistant, weather-resistant...) Fabricated metal wall construction. Metal wall construction is to consist of sectional sheets of steel or...

Pressure Vessel with Impact and Fire Resistant Coating and Method of Making Same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeLay, Thomas K. (Inventor)

2005-01-01

An impact and fire resistant coating laminate is provided which serves as an outer protective coating for a pressure vessel such as a composite overwrapped vessel with a metal lining. The laminate comprises a plurality of fibers (e.g., jute twine or other, stronger fibers) which are wound around the pressure vessel and an epoxy matrix resin for the fibers. The epoxy matrix resin including a plurality of microspheres containing a temperature responsive phase change material which changes phase in response to exposure thereof to a predetermined temperature increase so as to afford increased insulation and hear absorption.

Pressure vessel with impact and fire resistant coating and method of making same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeLay, Thomas K. (Inventor)

2005-01-01

An impact and fire resistant coating laminate is provided which serves as an outer protective coating for a pressure vessel such as a composite overwrapped vessel with a metal lining. The laminate comprises a plurality of fibers (e.g., jute twine or other, stronger fibers) which are wound around the pressure vessel and an epoxy matrix resin for the fibers. The epoxy matrix resin including a plurality of microspheres containing a temperature responsive phase change material which changes phase in response to exposure thereof to a predetermined temperature increase so as to afford increased insulation and heat absorption.

Fire-resistant phosphorus containing polyimides and copolyimides

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mikroyannidis, J. A. (Inventor)

1985-01-01

Phosphorus-containing polyimides and copolyimides are synthesized in a two-step polycondensation reaction from 1- (diorganooxyphosphonl)methly 2,4- and 2,6-diaminobenzenes and tetracarboxylic anhydride. The diorgano position of the diorganooxyphosphonyl group includes alkyl, such as ethyl, substituted alkyl, such as 2-chloroethyl, and aryl such as phenyl. The tetracarboxylic anhydries include compounds such as pyrometallitic dianhydride and benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyimides is reduced by incorporation of the (dialkoxyphosphonyl)methyl groups. The phosphorus-containing copolyimides show a considerably higher degree of fire-resistance as compared to that of the corresponding common polyimides.

Research on Fire-Resistant Diesel Fuel.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-12-01

1[ >1 1? 1F RESEARCH ON FIRE-RESISTANT DIESEL FUEL INTERIM REPORT AFLRL No. 145 By W.D. Weatherford, Jr. G.E. Fodor M.D. Kanakia D.W. Naegeli B.R...GRANT NUMBER(S) W.D. Weatherford, Jr., G.E. Fodor, DAAK7O-80-C-OOO1 M.D. Kanakia, D.W. Naegeli , B.R. Wright (AFLRL) DAAK7O-82-C-OOO1 andF.W...Filters in Fuel Systems of U.S. Army Vehicles I:I , i , , , =- 111 REFERENCES 1. Weatherford, W.D., Jr. Fodor, G.E., Naegeli , D.W., Owens, E.C., Wright

Fire safety in the operating room.

PubMed

Rinder, Christine Stowe

2008-12-01

Elimination of flammable anesthetic gases has had little effect on operating-room fires except to change their etiology. Electrocautery and lasers, in an oxygen-enriched environment, can ignite even the most fire-resistant materials, including the patient, and the fire triad possibilities in the operating room are nearly limitless. This review will: identify operating room contents capable of acting as ignition/oxidizer/fuel sources, highlight operating room items that are uniquely potent fire triad contributors, and operating room identify settings where fire risk is enhanced by proximity of triad components in time or space. Anesthesiologists are cognizant of the risk of airway surgery fires due to laser ignition of the endotracheal tube and/or its contents. Recently, however, head/neck surgery under monitored anesthesia care has emerged as a high-risk setting for operating room fires; burn injuries represent 20% of monitored anesthesia care-related malpractice claims, 95% of which involved head/neck surgery. Operating room fires are infrequent but catastrophic. Operating room fire prevention depends on: (a)understanding how fire triad elements interact to create a fire, (b) recognizing how standard operating-room equipment, materials, and supplemental oxygen can become one of those elements, and (c) vigilance for circumstances that bring fire triad elements into close proximity.

46 CFR 154.467 - Submission of insulation information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... conductivity. (m) Resistance to vibrations. (n) Resistance to fire and flame spread. (o) The manufacturing and... (5) Quality control. [CGD 74-289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82-063b, 48 FR 4782...

46 CFR 154.467 - Submission of insulation information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... conductivity. (m) Resistance to vibrations. (n) Resistance to fire and flame spread. (o) The manufacturing and... (5) Quality control. [CGD 74-289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82-063b, 48 FR 4782...

46 CFR 154.467 - Submission of insulation information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... conductivity. (m) Resistance to vibrations. (n) Resistance to fire and flame spread. (o) The manufacturing and... (5) Quality control. [CGD 74-289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82-063b, 48 FR 4782...

46 CFR 154.467 - Submission of insulation information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... conductivity. (m) Resistance to vibrations. (n) Resistance to fire and flame spread. (o) The manufacturing and... (5) Quality control. [CGD 74-289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82-063b, 48 FR 4782...

Improving satellite-driven PM2.5 models with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer fire counts in the southeastern U.S.

PubMed

Hu, Xuefei; Waller, Lance A; Lyapustin, Alexei; Wang, Yujie; Liu, Yang

2014-10-16

Multiple studies have developed surface PM 2.5 (particle size less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) prediction models using satellite-derived aerosol optical depth as the primary predictor and meteorological and land use variables as secondary variables. To our knowledge, satellite-retrieved fire information has not been used for PM 2.5 concentration prediction in statistical models. Fire data could be a useful predictor since fires are significant contributors of PM 2.5 . In this paper, we examined whether remotely sensed fire count data could improve PM 2.5 prediction accuracy in the southeastern U.S. in a spatial statistical model setting. A sensitivity analysis showed that when the radius of the buffer zone centered at each PM 2.5 monitoring site reached 75 km, fire count data generally have the greatest predictive power of PM 2.5 across the models considered. Cross validation (CV) generated an R 2 of 0.69, a mean prediction error of 2.75 µg/m 3 , and root-mean-square prediction errors (RMSPEs) of 4.29 µg/m 3 , indicating a good fit between the dependent and predictor variables. A comparison showed that the prediction accuracy was improved more substantially from the nonfire model to the fire model at sites with higher fire counts. With increasing fire counts, CV RMSPE decreased by values up to 1.5 µg/m 3 , exhibiting a maximum improvement of 13.4% in prediction accuracy. Fire count data were shown to have better performance in southern Georgia and in the spring season due to higher fire occurrence. Our findings indicate that fire count data provide a measurable improvement in PM 2.5 concentration estimation, especially in areas and seasons prone to fire events.

Improving satellite-driven PM2.5 models with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer fire counts in the southeastern U.S

PubMed Central

Hu, Xuefei; Waller, Lance A.; Lyapustin, Alexei; Wang, Yujie; Liu, Yang

2017-01-01

Multiple studies have developed surface PM2.5 (particle size less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) prediction models using satellite-derived aerosol optical depth as the primary predictor and meteorological and land use variables as secondary variables. To our knowledge, satellite-retrieved fire information has not been used for PM2.5 concentration prediction in statistical models. Fire data could be a useful predictor since fires are significant contributors of PM2.5. In this paper, we examined whether remotely sensed fire count data could improve PM2.5 prediction accuracy in the southeastern U.S. in a spatial statistical model setting. A sensitivity analysis showed that when the radius of the buffer zone centered at each PM2.5 monitoring site reached 75 km, fire count data generally have the greatest predictive power of PM2.5 across the models considered. Cross validation (CV) generated an R2 of 0.69, a mean prediction error of 2.75 µg/m3, and root-mean-square prediction errors (RMSPEs) of 4.29 µg/m3, indicating a good fit between the dependent and predictor variables. A comparison showed that the prediction accuracy was improved more substantially from the nonfire model to the fire model at sites with higher fire counts. With increasing fire counts, CV RMSPE decreased by values up to 1.5 µg/m3, exhibiting a maximum improvement of 13.4% in prediction accuracy. Fire count data were shown to have better performance in southern Georgia and in the spring season due to higher fire occurrence. Our findings indicate that fire count data provide a measurable improvement in PM2.5 concentration estimation, especially in areas and seasons prone to fire events. PMID:28967648

NEW IMPROVEMENTS TO MFIRE TO ENHANCE FIRE MODELING CAPABILITIES.

PubMed

Zhou, L; Smith, A C; Yuan, L

2016-06-01

NIOSH's mine fire simulation program, MFIRE, is widely accepted as a standard for assessing and predicting the impact of a fire on the mine ventilation system and the spread of fire contaminants in coal and metal/nonmetal mines, which has been used by U.S. and international companies to simulate fires for planning and response purposes. MFIRE is a dynamic, transient-state, mine ventilation network simulation program that performs normal planning calculations. It can also be used to analyze ventilation networks under thermal and mechanical influence such as changes in ventilation parameters, external influences such as changes in temperature, and internal influences such as a fire. The program output can be used to analyze the effects of these influences on the ventilation system. Since its original development by Michigan Technological University for the Bureau of Mines in the 1970s, several updates have been released over the years. In 2012, NIOSH completed a major redesign and restructuring of the program with the release of MFIRE 3.0. MFIRE's outdated FORTRAN programming language was replaced with an object-oriented C++ language and packaged into a dynamic link library (DLL). However, the MFIRE 3.0 release made no attempt to change or improve the fire modeling algorithms inherited from its previous version, MFIRE 2.20. This paper reports on improvements that have been made to the fire modeling capabilities of MFIRE 3.0 since its release. These improvements include the addition of fire source models of the t-squared fire and heat release rate curve data file, the addition of a moving fire source for conveyor belt fire simulations, improvement of the fire location algorithm, and the identification and prediction of smoke rollback phenomena. All the improvements discussed in this paper will be termed as MFIRE 3.1 and released by NIOSH in the near future.

The Wildland/Urban Interface in 2025

Treesearch

Gary O. Tokle

1987-01-01

In the year 2025, wildland fire fighting practices have improved significantly over the method employed during the late1900's. Improved methods for predicting severe fire weather conditions, the establishment of the North American Fire Coordination Center, and the utilization of foam products for both wildfire and structural fire control have significantly changed...

Heat resistant soy adhesives for structural wood products

Treesearch

Christopher G. Hunt; Charles Frihart; Jane O' Dell

2009-01-01

Because load-bearing bonded wood assemblies must support the structure during a fire, the limited softening and depolymerization of biobased polymers at elevated temperatures should be an advantage of biobased adhesives compared to fossil fuel-based adhesives. Because load-bearing bonded wood assemblies must support the structure during a fire, the limited softening...

30 CFR 56.4531 - Flammable or combustible liquid storage buildings or rooms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Installation/construction/maintenance § 56.4531 Flammable or...) In addition, the buildings or rooms shall be— (1) Constructed to meet a fire resistance rating of at...

Ambient curing fire resistant foams

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamermesh, C. L.; Hogenson, P. A.; Tung, C. Y.; Sawko, P. M.; Riccitiello, S. R.

1979-01-01

The feasibility of development of an ambient curing foam is described. The thermal stability and flame spread index of the foams were found to be comparable to those of the high-temperature cured polyimide foams by Monsanto two-foot tunnel test and NASA T-3 Fire test. Adaptation of the material to spray in place applications is described

KSC00pp0515

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket filled with water. The container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center.. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC00pp0513

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket that will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, the 324-gallon container will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area

KSC-00pp0513

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket that will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, the 324-gallon container will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area

KSC-00pp0515

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter lifts a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket filled with water. The container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center.. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

Resistance to invasion and resilience to fire in desert shrublands of North America

Treesearch

Matthew L. Brooks; Jeanne C. Chambers

2011-01-01

Settlement by Anglo-Americans in the desert shrublands of North America resulted in the introduction and subsequent invasion of multiple nonnative grass species. These invasions have altered presettlement fire regimes, resulted in conversion of native perennial shrublands to nonnative annual grasslands, and placed many native desert species at risk. Effective...

46 CFR 164.008-7 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... conducted at some laboratory other than the National Bureau of Standards, this information shall be supplied... fire resistance and integrity test will be given at this time together with the estimated cost of the... manufacturer shall submit the samples required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section to the Fire Research Section...

46 CFR 164.008-7 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... conducted at some laboratory other than the National Bureau of Standards, this information shall be supplied... fire resistance and integrity test will be given at this time together with the estimated cost of the... manufacturer shall submit the samples required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section to the Fire Research Section...

46 CFR 164.008-7 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... conducted at some laboratory other than the National Bureau of Standards, this information shall be supplied... fire resistance and integrity test will be given at this time together with the estimated cost of the... manufacturer shall submit the samples required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section to the Fire Research Section...

46 CFR 164.008-7 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... conducted at some laboratory other than the National Bureau of Standards, this information shall be supplied... fire resistance and integrity test will be given at this time together with the estimated cost of the... manufacturer shall submit the samples required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section to the Fire Research Section...

46 CFR 164.008-7 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... conducted at some laboratory other than the National Bureau of Standards, this information shall be supplied... fire resistance and integrity test will be given at this time together with the estimated cost of the... manufacturer shall submit the samples required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section to the Fire Research Section...

Flexible fire retardant polyisocyanate modified neoprene foam. [for thermal protective devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parker, J. A.; Riccitiello, S. R. (Inventor)

1973-01-01

Lightweight, fire resistant foams have been developed through the modification of conventional neoprene-isocyanate foams by the addition of an alkyl halide polymer. Extensive tests have shown that the modified/neoprene-isocyanate foams are much superior in heat protection properties than the foams heretofore employed both for ballistic and ablative purposes.

49 CFR 178.358-2 - Materials of construction and other requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., Rev. 1. (c) Support and pressure pads for the inner liner must be of neoprene, sponge rubber, or equivalent. (d) Fire-retardant (intumescent) paint must be applied to any wood blocking which is located at... Materials of construction and other requirements. (a) Phenolic foam insulation must be fire resistant and...

49 CFR 178.358-2 - Materials of construction and other requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., Rev. 1. (c) Support and pressure pads for the inner liner must be of neoprene, sponge rubber, or equivalent. (d) Fire-retardant (intumescent) paint must be applied to any wood blocking which is located at... Materials of construction and other requirements. (a) Phenolic foam insulation must be fire resistant and...

Influence of carbon additives on operational properties of the intumescent coatings for the fire protection of building constructions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zybina, Olga; Gravit, Marina; Stein, Yelena

2017-10-01

In work ability of the intercalated graphite entered into the fireproof intumescent compositions to act as catalytically active additive raising operational characteristics of the classical distending coverings intended for fire protection of building constructions. It is established that thermal expanded graphite, as well as nano-additives, increase frequency rate, durability, elasticity, density and uniformity of a coke layer of a fireproof covering for increase of fire resistance of a building construction.

Comparison of different methods for the in situ measurement of forest litter moisture content

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schunk, C.; Ruth, B.; Leuchner, M.; Wastl, C.; Menzel, A.

2016-02-01

Dead fine fuel (e.g., litter) moisture content is an important parameter for both forest fire and ecological applications as it is related to ignitability, fire behavior and soil respiration. Real-time availability of this value would thus be a great benefit to fire risk management and prevention. However, the comprehensive literature review in this paper shows that there is no easy-to-use method for automated measurements available. This study investigates the applicability of four different sensor types (permittivity and electrical resistance measuring principles) for this measurement. Comparisons were made to manual gravimetric reference measurements carried out almost daily for one fire season and overall agreement was good (highly significant correlations with 0.792 < = r < = 0.947, p < 0.001). Standard deviations within sensor types were linearly correlated to daily sensor mean values; however, above a certain threshold they became irregular, which may be linked to exceedance of the working ranges. Thus, measurements with irregular standard deviations were considered unusable and relationships between gravimetric and automatic measurements of all individual sensors were compared only for useable periods. A large drift in these relationships became obvious from drought to drought period. This drift may be related to installation effects or settling and decomposition of the litter layer throughout the fire season. Because of the drift and the in situ calibration necessary, it cannot be recommended to use the methods presented here for monitoring purposes and thus operational hazard management. However, they may be interesting for scientific studies when some manual fuel moisture measurements are made anyway. Additionally, a number of potential methodological improvements are suggested.

Fire blight disease reactome: RNA-seq transcriptional profile of apple host plant defense responses to Erwinia amylovora pathogen infection.

PubMed

Kamber, Tim; Buchmann, Jan P; Pothier, Joël F; Smits, Theo H M; Wicker, Thomas; Duffy, Brion

2016-02-17

The molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility of host plants to fire blight, a major disease threat to pome fruit production globally, is largely unknown. RNA-sequencing data from challenged and mock-inoculated flowers were analyzed to assess the susceptible response of apple to the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. In presence of the pathogen 1,080 transcripts were differentially expressed at 48 h post inoculation. These included putative disease resistance, stress, pathogen related, general metabolic, and phytohormone related genes. Reads, mapped to regions on the apple genome where no genes were assigned, were used to identify potential novel genes and open reading frames. To identify transcripts specifically expressed in response to E. amylovora, RT-PCRs were conducted and compared to the expression patterns of the fire blight biocontrol agent Pantoea vagans strain C9-1, another apple pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans, and mock inoculated apple flowers. This led to the identification of a peroxidase superfamily gene that was lower expressed in response to E. amylovora suggesting a potential role in the susceptibility response. Overall, this study provides the first transcriptional profile by RNA-seq of the host plant during fire blight disease and insights into the response of susceptible apple plants to E. amylovora.

Fire blight disease reactome: RNA-seq transcriptional profile of apple host plant defense responses to Erwinia amylovora pathogen infection

PubMed Central

Kamber, Tim; Buchmann, Jan P.; Pothier, Joël F.; Smits, Theo H. M.; Wicker, Thomas; Duffy, Brion

2016-01-01

The molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility of host plants to fire blight, a major disease threat to pome fruit production globally, is largely unknown. RNA-sequencing data from challenged and mock-inoculated flowers were analyzed to assess the susceptible response of apple to the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. In presence of the pathogen 1,080 transcripts were differentially expressed at 48 h post inoculation. These included putative disease resistance, stress, pathogen related, general metabolic, and phytohormone related genes. Reads, mapped to regions on the apple genome where no genes were assigned, were used to identify potential novel genes and open reading frames. To identify transcripts specifically expressed in response to E. amylovora, RT-PCRs were conducted and compared to the expression patterns of the fire blight biocontrol agent Pantoea vagans strain C9-1, another apple pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans, and mock inoculated apple flowers. This led to the identification of a peroxidase superfamily gene that was lower expressed in response to E. amylovora suggesting a potential role in the susceptibility response. Overall, this study provides the first transcriptional profile by RNA-seq of the host plant during fire blight disease and insights into the response of susceptible apple plants to E. amylovora. PMID:26883568

Influence of reinforcement type on the mechanical behavior and fire response of hybrid composites and sandwich structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giancaspro, James William

Lightweight composites and structural sandwich panels are commonly used in marine and aerospace applications. Using carbon, glass, and a host of other high strength fiber types, a broad range of laminate composites and sandwich panels can be developed. Hybrid composites can be constructed by laminating multiple layers of varying fiber types while sandwich panels are manufactured by laminating rigid fiber facings onto a lightweight core. However, the lack of fire resistance of the polymers used for the fabrication remains a very important problem. The research presented in this dissertation deals with an inorganic matrix (Geopolymer) that can be used to manufacture laminate composites and sandwich panels that are resistant up to 1000°C. This dissertation deals with the influence of fiber type on the mechanical behavior and the fire response of hybrid composites and sandwich structures manufactured using this resin. The results are categorized into the following distinct studies. (i) High strength carbon fibers were combined with low cost E-glass fibers to obtain hybrid laminate composites that are both economical and strong. The E-glass fabrics were used as a core while the carbon fibers were placed on the tension face and on both tension and compression faces. (ii) Structural sandwich beams were developed by laminating various types of reinforcement onto the tension and compression faces of balsa wood cores. The flexural behavior of the beams was then analyzed and compared to beams reinforced with organic composite. The effect of core density was evaluated using oak beams reinforced with inorganic composite. (iii) To measure the fire response, balsa wood sandwich panels were manufactured using a thin layer of a fire-resistant paste to serve for fire protection. Seventeen sandwich panels were fabricated and tested to measure the heat release rates and smoke-generating characteristics. The results indicate that Geopolymer can be effectively used to fabricate both high strength composite plates and sandwich panels. A 2 mm thick coating of fireproofing on balsa wood is sufficient to satisfy FAA fire requirements.

Heat Transfer Principles in Thermal Calculation of Structures in Fire

PubMed Central

Zhang, Chao; Usmani, Asif

2016-01-01

Structural fire engineering (SFE) is a relatively new interdisciplinary subject, which requires a comprehensive knowledge of heat transfer, fire dynamics and structural analysis. It is predominantly the community of structural engineers who currently carry out most of the structural fire engineering research and design work. The structural engineering curriculum in universities and colleges do not usually include courses in heat transfer and fire dynamics. In some institutions of higher education, there are graduate courses for fire resistant design which focus on the design approaches in codes. As a result, structural engineers who are responsible for structural fire safety and are competent to do their jobs by following the rules specified in prescriptive codes may find it difficult to move toward performance-based fire safety design which requires a deep understanding of both fire and heat. Fire safety engineers, on the other hand, are usually focused on fire development and smoke control, and may not be familiar with the heat transfer principles used in structural fire analysis, or structural failure analysis. This paper discusses the fundamental heat transfer principles in thermal calculation of structures in fire, which might serve as an educational guide for students, engineers and researchers. Insights on problems which are commonly ignored in performance based fire safety design are also presented. PMID:26783379

Differences in the motor unit firing rates and amplitudes in relation to recruitment thresholds during submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous between chronically resistance trained and physically active men.

PubMed

Sterczala, Adam J; Miller, Jonathan D; Trevino, Michael A; Dimmick, Hannah L; Herda, Trent J

2018-02-26

Previous investigations report no changes in motor unit (MU) firing rates during submaximal contractions following resistance training. These investigations did not account for MU recruitment or examine firing rates as a function of recruitment threshold (REC).Therefore, MU recruitment and firing rates in chronically resistance trained (RT) and physically active controls (CON) were examined. Surface electromyography signals were collected from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) during isometric muscle actions at 40% and 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). For each MU, force at REC, mean firing rate (MFR) during the steady force, and MU action potential amplitude (MUAP_AMP) were analyzed. For each individual and contraction, the MFRs were linearly regressed against REC, whereas, exponential models were applied to the MFR vs. MUAP_AMP and MUAP_AMP vs. REC relationships with the y-intercepts and slopes (linear) and A and B terms (exponential) calculated. For the 40% MVC, the RT group had less negative slopes (p=0.001) and lower y-intercepts (p=0.006) of the MFR vs. REC relationships and lower B terms (p=0.011) of the MUAP_AMP vs. REC relationships. There were no differences in either relationship between groups for the 70% MVC. During the 40% MVC, the RT had a smaller range of MFRs and MUAP_AMPS in comparison to the CON, likely due to reduced MU recruitment. The RT had lower MFRs and recruitment during the 40% MVC that may indicate a leftward shift in the force-frequency relationship, and thus require less excitation to the motoneuron pool to match the same relative force.

Induction of antimicrobial 3-deoxyflavonoids in pome fruit trees controls fire blight.

PubMed

Halbwirth, Heidrun; Fischer, Thilo C; Roemmelt, Susanne; Spinelli, Francesco; Schlangen, Karin; Peterek, Silke; Sabatini, Emidio; Messina, Christian; Speakman, John-Bryan; Andreotti, Carlo; Rademacher, Wilhelm; Bazzi, Carlo; Costa, Guglielmo; Treutter, Dieter; Forkmann, Gert; Stich, Karl

2003-01-01

Fire blight, a devastating bacterial disease in pome fruits, causes severe economic losses worldwide. Hitherto, an effective control could only be achieved by using antibiotics, but this implies potential risks for human health, livestock and environment. A new approach allows transient inhibition of a step in the flavonoid pathway, thereby inducing the formation of a novel antimicrobial 3-deoxyflavonoid controlling fire blight in apple and pear leaves. This compound is closely related to natural phytoalexins in sorghum. The approach does not only provide a safe method to control fire blight: Resistance against different pathogens is also induced in other crop plants.

Assessing the effects of fire disturbances on ecosystems: A scientific agenda for research and management

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schmoldt, D.L.; Peterson, D.L.; Keane, R.E.; Lenihan, J.M.; McKenzie, D.; Weise, D.R.; Sandberg, D.V.

1999-01-01

A team of fire scientists and resource managers convened 17-19 April 1996 in Seattle, Washington, to assess the effects of fire disturbance on ecosystems. Objectives of this workshop were to develop scientific recommendations for future fire research and management activities. These recommendations included a series of numerically ranked scientific and managerial questions and responses focusing on (1) links among fire effects, fuels, and climate; (2) fire as a large-scale disturbance; (3) fire-effects modeling structures; and (4) managerial concerns, applications, and decision support. At the present time, understanding of fire effects and the ability to extrapolate fire-effects knowledge to large spatial scales are limited, because most data have been collected at small spatial scales for specific applications. Although we clearly need more large-scale fire-effects data, it will be more expedient to concentrate efforts on improving and linking existing models that simulate fire effects in a georeferenced format while integrating empirical data as they become available. A significant component of this effort should be improved communication between modelers and managers to develop modeling tools to use in a planning context. Another component of this modeling effort should improve our ability to predict the interactions of fire and potential climatic change at very large spatial scales. The priority issues and approaches described here provide a template for fire science and fire management programs in the next decade and beyond.

Determination of cable parameters in skeletal muscle fibres during repetitive firing of action potentials.

PubMed

Riisager, Anders; Duehmke, Rudy; Nielsen, Ole Bækgaard; Huang, Christopher L; Pedersen, Thomas Holm

2014-10-15

Recent studies in rat muscle fibres show that repetitive firing of action potentials causes changes in fibre resting membrane conductance (Gm) that reflect regulation of ClC-1 Cl(-) and KATP K(+) ion channels. Methodologically, these findings were obtained by inserting two microelectrodes at close proximity in the same fibres enabling measurements of fibre input resistance (Rin) in between action potential trains. Since the fibre length constant (λ) could not be determined, however, the calculation of Gm relied on the assumptions that the specific cytosolic resistivity (Ri) and muscle fibre volume remained constant during the repeated action potential firing. Here we present a three-microelectrode technique that enables determinations of multiple cable parameters in action potential-firing fibres including Rin and λ as well as waveform and conduction velocities of fully propagating action potentials. It is shown that in both rat and mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) fibres, action potential firing leads to substantial changes in both muscle fibre volume and Ri. The analysis also showed, however, that regardless of these changes, rat and mouse EDL fibres both exhibited initial decreases in Gm that were eventually followed by a ∼3-fold, fully reversible increase in Gm after the firing of 1450-1800 action potentials. Using this three-electrode method we further show that the latter rise in Gm was closely associated with excitation failures and loss of action potential signal above -20 mV. © 2014 The Authors. The Journal of Physiology © 2014 The Physiological Society.

Determination of cable parameters in skeletal muscle fibres during repetitive firing of action potentials

PubMed Central

Riisager, Anders; Duehmke, Rudy; Nielsen, Ole Bækgaard; Huang, Christopher L; Pedersen, Thomas Holm

2014-01-01

Recent studies in rat muscle fibres show that repetitive firing of action potentials causes changes in fibre resting membrane conductance (Gm) that reflect regulation of ClC-1 Cl− and KATP K+ ion channels. Methodologically, these findings were obtained by inserting two microelectrodes at close proximity in the same fibres enabling measurements of fibre input resistance (Rin) in between action potential trains. Since the fibre length constant (λ) could not be determined, however, the calculation of Gm relied on the assumptions that the specific cytosolic resistivity (Ri) and muscle fibre volume remained constant during the repeated action potential firing. Here we present a three-microelectrode technique that enables determinations of multiple cable parameters in action potential-firing fibres including Rin and λ as well as waveform and conduction velocities of fully propagating action potentials. It is shown that in both rat and mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) fibres, action potential firing leads to substantial changes in both muscle fibre volume and Ri. The analysis also showed, however, that regardless of these changes, rat and mouse EDL fibres both exhibited initial decreases in Gm that were eventually followed by a ∼3-fold, fully reversible increase in Gm after the firing of 1450–1800 action potentials. Using this three-electrode method we further show that the latter rise in Gm was closely associated with excitation failures and loss of action potential signal above −20 mV. PMID:25128573

Refurbishment of NASA aircraft with fire-retardant materials. [aircraft compartments of commercial aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Supkis, D. E.

1975-01-01

Selected fire-retardant materials for possible application to commercial aircraft are described. The results of flammability screening tests and information on the physical and chemical properties of both original and newly installed materials after extended use are presented in tabular form, with emphasis on wear properties, strength, puncture and tear resistances, and cleanability.

A Feasibility Assessment of 6LoWPAN for Secure Communications in the U.S. Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

22 1. Obstacles .......................................................................................22 2. Resistance against...35 Table 6. An Example of a Pre-formatted Call for Fire (CFF) Exchange and Expected Byte...friendly forces in a dismounted operation often occurs through line of sight (LOS) or verbal passing of information within a small fire -team or squad sub

Examination of a Wear-Reducing Muzzle Device

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

resistant material attached to the muzzle end of the gun tube. The bore diameter of the device is slightly less than the bore diameter of the gun. The...3  Figure 3. Weapon and universal bearing slide used for firings ...small caliber round of ammunition. ..........21  v List of Tables Table 1. Firing test matrix for phase 1

Tamm Review: Management of mixed-severity fire regime forests in Oregon, Washington, and Northern California

Treesearch

Paul F. Hessburg; Thomas A. Spies; David A. Perry; Carl N. Skinner; Alan H. Taylor; Peter M. Brown; Scott L. Stephens; Andrew J. Larson; Derek J. Churchill; Nicholas A. Povak; Peter H. Singleton; Brenda McComb; William J. Zielinski; Brandon M. Collins; R. Brion Salter; John J. Keane; Jerry F. Franklin; Greg Riegel

2016-01-01

Increasingly, objectives for forests with moderate- or mixed-severity fire regimes are to restore successionally diverse landscapes that are resistant and resilient to current and future stressors. Maintaining native species and characteristic processes requires this successional diversity, but methods to achieve it are poorly explained in the literature. In the Inland...

KSC00pp0514

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter hovers over the water while a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket fills. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area

KSC00pp0517

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter releases the contents of the high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket it holds. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC-00pp0517

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter releases the contents of the high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket it holds. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC-00pp0512

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Workers attach a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket to a NASA helicopter. Holding 324 gallons of water, it will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

KSC-00pp0514

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A NASA helicopter hovers over the water while a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket fills. The 324-gallon container will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area

KSC00pp0512

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-30

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Workers attach a high-impact-resistant flexible plastic bucket to a NASA helicopter. Holding 324 gallons of water, it will be used for fire protection on property and buildings at Kennedy Space Center. Known as the "Bambi" bucket, it will also support the Fish and Wildlife Service for controlled burns plus any wild fires in the area.

78 FR 6198 - Special Conditions: Airbus, Model A318-112 Airplane (S/N 3238); Certification of Cooktops

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-30

..., electrical resistance, and fire extinguishing including cooking oil fires for light duty and heavy duty... operation and will not create a hazardous condition even with cooking oil in the cooktop. Discussion of... the cooktop is unattended, which would prohibit a single person from cooking on the cooktop and...

Protect Thy Neighbor: Investigating the Spatial Externalities of Community Wildfire Hazard Mitigation

Treesearch

David Butry; Geoffrey Donovan

2008-01-01

Climate change, increased wildland fuels, and residential development patterns in fire-prone areas all combine to make wildfire risk mitigation an important public policy issue. One approach to wildfire risk mitigation is to encourage homeowners to use fire-resistant building materials and to create defensible spaces around their homes. We develop a theoretical model...

Fire safety: A case study of technology transfer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heins, C. F.

1975-01-01

Two basic ways in which NASA-generated technology is being used by the fire safety community are described. First, improved products and systems that embody NASA technical advances are entering the marketplace. Second, NASA test data and technical information related to fire safety are being used by persons concerned with reducing the hazards of fire through improved design information and standards. The development of commercial fire safety products and systems typically requires adaptation and integration of aerospace technologies that may not have been originated for NASA fire safety applications.

Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; forest structure and fire hazard fact sheet 04: role of silviculture in fuel treatments

Treesearch

Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service

2004-01-01

The principal goals of fuel treatments are to reduce fireline intensities, reduce the potential for crown fires, improve opportunities for successful fire suppression, and improve forest resilience to forest fires. This fact sheet discusses thinning, and surface fuel treatments, as well as challenges associated with those treatments.

Solubilization of water in water-in-oil microemulsions of kerosene

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Andheria, A.P.; Bhagwat, S.S.

1995-04-01

The incorporation of water into fuels formulated as microemulsions can offer several advantages such as fire resistance, increased flash point, and improved air-fuel contact. To this end, phase equilibria of kerosene microemulsions employing ionic and nonionic surfactants such as sodium di-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), lauryl diethanolamide (LDEA), nonylphenol EO-4.5 (NPEO-4.5), sorbitan monolaurate (Span-20), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), as well as cosurfactants such as n-pentanol, n-hexanol, and n-heptanol, were studied. The effect of the aromaticity of the oil phase on the solubilization of water was also investigated.

Development of a protective decorative fire resistant low smoke emitting, thermally stable coating material

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

The development of suitable electrocoatings and subsequent application to nonconductive substrates are discussed. Substrates investigated were plastics or resin-treated materials such as FX-resin (phenolic-type resin) impregnated fiberglass mat, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone and polyimide-impregnated unidirectional fiberglass. Efforts were aimed at formulating a fire-resistant, low smoke emitting, thermally stable, easily cleaned coating material. The coating is to be used for covering substrate panels, such as aluminum, silicate foam, polymeric structural entities, etc., all of which are applied in the aircraft cabin interior and thus subject to the spillages, scuffing, spotting and the general contaminants which prevail in aircraft passenger compartments.

Study of thermal stability and degradation of fire resistant candidate polymers for aircraft interiors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, M. T. S.

1976-01-01

The thermochemistry of bismaleimide resins and phenolphthalein polycarbonate was studied. Both materials are fire-resistant polymers and may be suitable for aircraft interiors. The chemical composition of the polymers has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy and by elemental analysis. Thermal properties of these polymers have been characterized by thermogravimetric analyses. Qualitative evaluation of the volatile products formed in pyrolysis under oxidative and non-oxidative conditions has been made using infrared spectrometry. The residues after pyrolysis were analyzed by elemental analysis. The thermal stability of composite panel and thermoplastic materials for aircraft interiors was studied by thermogravimetric analyses.

Assessment of relative flammability and thermochemical properties of some thermoplastic materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Parker, J. A.

1977-01-01

Thermomechanical properties, flammability, oxygen index, relative toxicity of pyrolysis effluents, and char yields were studied for 12 advanced polymers which are candidates for use in aircraft interiors as decorative films, compression- and injection-molded parts and thermoplastic parts. Polymers sampled included polyphenylene sulfide, 9,9 bis (4-hydroxyphenol) fluorene polycarbonate-poly (dimethylsiloxane), polyether sulfone, polyvinyl fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride. Availability of these samples, whether in commercial form or in test quantities, is specified. An estimate of relative fire resistance for the materials was obtained; the five polymers listed above were found to be the most fire resistant of the 12 sampled.

Fire resistant films for aircraft applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.

1983-01-01

Alternative sandwich panel decorative films were investigated as replacements for the polyvinyl fluoride currently used in aircraft interiors. Candidate films were studied for flammability, smoke emission, toxic gas emission, flame spread, and suitability as a printing surface for the decorative acrylic ink system. Several of the candidate films tested were flame modified polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyamide, polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyethersulfone, polybenzimidazole, polycarbonate, polyparabanic acid, polyphosphazene, polyetheretherketon, and polyester. The films were evaluated as pure films only, films silk-screened with an acrylic ink, and films adhered to a phenolic fiberglass substrate. Films which exhibited the highest fire resistant properties included PEEK polyetheretherketon, Aramid polyamide, and ISO-BPE polyester.

Fighting Fire with Fire: Surgical Options for Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.

PubMed

Bayer, Alina D; Blum, Andrew S; Asaad, Wael F; Roth, Julie; Toms, Steven A; Deck, Gina M

2018-03-01

While antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) provide adequate seizure control for most patients with epilepsy, ~30% continue to have seizures despite treatment with two or more AEDs.1 In addition to direct harm from seizures, poor epilepsy control correlates with higher mortality, morbidity, 2, 3 and cost to the healthcare system.4 In the subset of patients with persistent seizures despite medical management, surgical intervention and neuromodulation may be more effective. Primary care physicians and general neurologists should be aware of non-AED treatment options that are standard of care for drug- resistant epilepsy (DRE). [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2018-03.asp].

Fire propagation performance of intumescent fire protective coatings using eggshells as a novel biofiller.

PubMed

Yew, M C; Ramli Sulong, N H; Yew, M K; Amalina, M A; Johan, M R

2014-01-01

This paper aims to synthesize and characterize an effective intumescent fire protective coating that incorporates eggshell powder as a novel biofiller. The performances of thermal stability, char formation, fire propagation, water resistance, and adhesion strength of coatings have been evaluated. A few intumescent flame-retardant coatings based on these three ecofriendly fire retardant additives ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol and melamine mixed together with flame-retardant fillers, and acrylic binder have been prepared and designed for steel. The fire performance of the coatings has conducted employing BS 476: Part 6-Fire propagation test. The foam structures of the intumescent coatings have been observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. On exposure, the coated specimens' B, C, and D had been certified to be Class 0 due to the fact that their fire propagation indexes were less than 12. Incorporation of ecofriendly eggshell, biofiller into formulation D led to excellent performance in fire stopping (index value, (I) = 4.3) and antioxidation of intumescent coating. The coating is also found to be quite effective in water repellency, uniform foam structure, and adhesion strength.

Fire Propagation Performance of Intumescent Fire Protective Coatings Using Eggshells as a Novel Biofiller

PubMed Central

Yew, M. C.; Ramli Sulong, N. H.; Yew, M. K.; Amalina, M. A.; Johan, M. R.

2014-01-01

This paper aims to synthesize and characterize an effective intumescent fire protective coating that incorporates eggshell powder as a novel biofiller. The performances of thermal stability, char formation, fire propagation, water resistance, and adhesion strength of coatings have been evaluated. A few intumescent flame-retardant coatings based on these three ecofriendly fire retardant additives ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol and melamine mixed together with flame-retardant fillers, and acrylic binder have been prepared and designed for steel. The fire performance of the coatings has conducted employing BS 476: Part 6-Fire propagation test. The foam structures of the intumescent coatings have been observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. On exposure, the coated specimens' B, C, and D had been certified to be Class 0 due to the fact that their fire propagation indexes were less than 12. Incorporation of ecofriendly eggshell, biofiller into formulation D led to excellent performance in fire stopping (index value, (I) = 4.3) and antioxidation of intumescent coating. The coating is also found to be quite effective in water repellency, uniform foam structure, and adhesion strength. PMID:25136687

Coordination through databases can improve prescribed burning as a conservation tool to promote forest biodiversity.

PubMed

Ramberg, Ellinor; Strengbom, Joachim; Granath, Gustaf

2018-04-01

Prescribed fires are a common nature conservation practice. They are executed by several parties with limited coordination among them, and little consideration for wildfire occurrences and habitat requirements of fire-dependent species. Here, we gathered data on prescribed fires and wildfires in Sweden during 2011-2015 to (i) evaluate the importance and spatial extent of prescribed fires compared to wildfires and (ii) illustrate how a database can be used as a management tool for prescribed fires. We found that on average only 0.006% (prescribed 65%, wildfires 35%) of the Swedish forest burns per year, with 58% of the prescribed fires occurring on clearcuts. Also, both wildfires and prescribed fires seem to be important for the survival of fire-dependent species. A national fire database would simplify coordination and make planning and evaluation of prescribed fires more efficient. We propose an adaptive management strategy to improve the outcome of prescribed fires.

The membrane properties and firing characteristics of rat jaw-elevator motoneurones.

PubMed Central

Moore, J; Appenteng, K

1990-01-01

1. We have determined the membrane and firing properties of fifty-six jaw-elevator motoneurones in rats that were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, paralysed and artificially ventilated. 2. Forty-two neurones were identified as masseter motoneurones and fourteen as masseter synergist motoneurones. The membrane potentials for the sample ranged from -60 to -86 (mean = -68; S.D. = 7.3; n = 56), and spike amplitudes from 50 to 95 mV. The duration of the after-hyperpolarization following antidromic spikes in masseter motoneurones ranged from 15 to 50 ms (mean = 30; S.D. = 12.8) and their amplitudes from 1.0 to 4.5 mV (mean = 2.7; S.D. = 2.2; n = 42). 3. The mean input resistance for the total sample was 2.3 M omega (S.D. = 0.9; n = 56), membrane time constant 3.9 ms (S.D. = 0.9; n = 48) and rheobase 4.2 nA (S.D. = 2.6; n = 56). The distribution of these parameters was independent of membrane potential. We found no significant interrelationships between the membrane properties and one interpretation of this is that our sample may be drawn from a homogenous population of motoneurones. We also suggest that elevator motoneurones may have a lower Rm (specific membrane resistivity) value than cat hindlimb motoneurones because they have a similar range of input resistance values but only half the total surface area. 4. Forty-six out of forty-nine neurones fired repetitively to a depolarizing current pulse at a mean threshold of 1.6 x rheobase. Current-frequency plots were constructed for thirteen neurones and all but one showed a primary and secondary range in the firing of the first interspike interval. The mean slope in the primary range was 31 impulses s-1 nA-1 and 77 impulses s-1 nA-1 for the secondary range. The mean minimal firing frequency for steady firing was 26 impulses s-1 and, in response to an increase of stimulation, the rate increased monotonically with a slope of 11 impulses s-1 nA-1. 5. The dynamic sensitivity of twelve neurones was assessed from their response to ramp waveforms of current of constant amplitude but varying frequencies (0.2-2 Hz). Firing initially increased along a steep slope up to a frequency of between 40 and 60 impulses s-1 and then increased along a much shallower slope. Both the threshold for eliciting firing and the firing at the transition point of the two slopes remained constant with changes in ramp frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID:2388148

Signalling requirements for Erwinia amylovora-induced disease resistance, callose deposition and cell growth in the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of the fire blight disease in some plants of the Rosaceae family. The nonhost plant Arabidopsis serves as a powerful system to dissect mechanisms of resistance to E. amylovora. Although not yet known to mount gene-for-gene resistance to E. amylovora, we found ...

A STUDY ON A COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIP TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE REGIONAL FIRE FIGHTING VALIDITY -Case Study in Bangkok, Thailand-

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sripramai, Keerati; Oikawa, Yasushi; Watanabe, Hiroshi; Katada, Toshitaka

Generally, in order to improve some regional fire fighting validity, indispensable strategies are not only a reinforcement of the governmental fire fighting ability, but also a strengthening of the cooperative relationship between governmental and non-governmental fire fighting ability. However, for practical purposes, the effective strategy should be different depending on the actual situationin the subject area. So, in this study, we grasp the actual state and background of the problems that need to be solved for the improvement of the regional fire fighting validity in Bangkok as a case study, and examine the appropriate solution focusing on the relationship between official and voluntary fire fighting. Through some practicable activities such as interviews, investigati ons, and making the regional fire fighting validity map, it became clear that the problems of uncooperative relationship and the lack of trust between stakeholders should be solved first and foremost.

Use of spatially refined satellite remote sensing fire detection data to initialize and evaluate coupled weather-wildfire growth model simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schroeder, W.; Coen, J.; Oliva, P.

2013-12-01

Availability of spatially refined satellite active fire detection data is gradually increasing. For example, the new 375 m Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data show improved active fire detection performance for both small and large size fires. The VIIRS data have proved superior to MODIS for mapping of wildfires events spanning several days to weeks of either continued or intermittent activity, delivering 12-h active fire data of improved spatial fidelity. The VIIRS active fire data are complemented by other satellite active fire data sets of similar or higher spatial resolution, including the new 30 m Landsat-8. Additional assets should include the upcoming 20 m Sentinel-2 Landsat-class satellite program by the European Space Agency to be launched in 2014-15. These improved active fire data sets are fostering new applications that rely on higher resolution input fire data. In this study, we describe the characteristics of the new VIIRS and Landsat-8 data and demonstrate one such new application of satellite active fire data in support of fire behavior modeling. We present results for a wildfire observed in June 2012 in New Mexico using an innovative approach to improving the simulation of large, long-duration wildfires, either for retrospective studies or forecasting in a number of geophysical applications. The approach uses (1) the Coupled Atmosphere-Wildland Fire Environment (CAWFE) Model, a numerical weather prediction model two-way coupled with a module representing the rate of spread of a wildfire's flaming front, its rate of consumption of different wildland fuels, and the feedback of this heat release upon the atmosphere - i.e. 'how a fire creates its own weather', combined with (2) spatially refined 375 m VIIRS active fire data, which is used for initialization of a wildfire already in progress in the model and evaluation of its simulated progression at the time of the next pass. Results show that initializing a fire that is 'in progress' with VIIRS data and a weather simulation based on more recent atmospheric analyses can overcome several issues and improve the simulation of late-developing fires and of later periods (particularly those with growth periods separated by lulls) in a long-lived fire.

Fuel loads, fire regimes, and post-fire fuel dynamics in Florida Keys pine forests

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sah, J.P.; Ross, M.S.; Snyder, J.R.; Koptur, S.; Cooley, H.C.

2006-01-01

In forests, the effects of different life forms on fire behavior may vary depending on their contributions to total fuel loads. We examined the distribution of fuel components before fire, their effects on fire behavior, and the effects of fire on subsequent fuel recovery in pine forests within the National Key Deer Refuge in the Florida Keys. We conducted a burning experiment in six blocks, within each of which we assigned 1-ha plots to three treatments: control, summer, and winter burn. Owing to logistical constraints, we burned only 11 plots, three in winter and eight in summer, over a 4-year period from 1998 to 2001. We used path analysis to model the effects of fuel type and char height, an indicator of fire intensity, on fuel consumption. Fire intensity increased with surface fuel loads, but was negatively related to the quantity of hardwood shrub fuels, probably because these fuels are associated with a moist microenvironment within hardwood patches, and therefore tend to resist fire. Winter fires were milder than summer fires, and were less effective at inhibiting shrub encroachment. A mixed seasonal approach is suggested for fire management, with burns applied opportunistically under a range of winter and summer conditions, but more frequently than that prevalent in the recent past. ?? IAWF 2006.

Impacts: NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory (technical and societal)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raufaste, N. J.

1993-08-01

The Building and Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is dedicated to the life cycle quality of constructed facilities. The report describes major effects of BFRL's program on building and fire research. Contents of the document include: structural reliability; nondestructive testing of concrete; structural failure investigations; seismic design and construction standards; rehabilitation codes and standards; alternative refrigerants research; HVAC simulation models; thermal insulation; residential equipment energy efficiency; residential plumbing standards; computer image evaluation of building materials; corrosion-protection for reinforcing steel; prediction of the service lives of building materials; quality of construction materials laboratory testing; roofing standards; simulating fires with computers; fire safety evaluation system; fire investigations; soot formation and evolution; cone calorimeter development; smoke detector standards; standard for the flammability of children's sleepwear; smoldering insulation fires; wood heating safety research; in-place testing of concrete; communication protocols for building automation and control systems; computer simulation of the properties of concrete and other porous materials; cigarette-induced furniture fires; carbon monoxide formation in enclosure fires; halon alternative fire extinguishing agents; turbulent mixing research; materials fire research; furniture flammability testing; standard for the cigarette ignition resistance of mattresses; support of navy firefighter trainer program; and using fire to clean up oil spills.

Detection and Characterization of Low Temperature Peat Fires during the 2015 Fire Catastrophe in Indonesia Using a New High-Sensitivity Fire Monitoring Satellite Sensor (FireBird)

PubMed Central

Atwood, Elizabeth C.; Englhart, Sandra; Lorenz, Eckehard; Halle, Winfried; Wiedemann, Werner; Siegert, Florian

2016-01-01

Vast and disastrous fires occurred on Borneo during the 2015 dry season, pushing Indonesia into the top five carbon emitting countries. The region was affected by a very strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate phenomenon, on par with the last severe event in 1997/98. Fire dynamics in Central Kalimantan were investigated using an innovative sensor offering higher sensitivity to a wider range of fire intensities at a finer spatial resolution (160 m) than heretofore available. The sensor is onboard the TET-1 satellite, part of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) FireBird mission. TET-1 images (acquired every 2–3 days) from the middle infrared were used to detect fires continuously burning for almost three weeks in the protected peatlands of Sebangau National Park as well as surrounding areas with active logging and oil palm concessions. TET-1 detection capabilities were compared with MODIS active fire detection and Landsat burned area algorithms. Fire dynamics, including fire front propagation speed and area burned, were investigated. We show that TET-1 has improved detection capabilities over MODIS in monitoring low-intensity peatland fire fronts through thick smoke and haze. Analysis of fire dynamics revealed that the largest burned areas resulted from fire front lines started from multiple locations, and the highest propagation speeds were in excess of 500 m/day (all over peat > 2m deep). Fires were found to occur most often in concessions that contained drainage infrastructure but were not cleared prior to the fire season. Benefits of implementing this sensor system to improve current fire management techniques are discussed. Near real-time fire detection together with enhanced fire behavior monitoring capabilities would not only improve firefighting efforts, but also benefit analysis of fire impact on tropical peatlands, greenhouse gas emission estimations as well as mitigation measures to reduce severe fire events in the future. PMID:27486664

Detection and Characterization of Low Temperature Peat Fires during the 2015 Fire Catastrophe in Indonesia Using a New High-Sensitivity Fire Monitoring Satellite Sensor (FireBird).

PubMed

Atwood, Elizabeth C; Englhart, Sandra; Lorenz, Eckehard; Halle, Winfried; Wiedemann, Werner; Siegert, Florian

2016-01-01

Vast and disastrous fires occurred on Borneo during the 2015 dry season, pushing Indonesia into the top five carbon emitting countries. The region was affected by a very strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate phenomenon, on par with the last severe event in 1997/98. Fire dynamics in Central Kalimantan were investigated using an innovative sensor offering higher sensitivity to a wider range of fire intensities at a finer spatial resolution (160 m) than heretofore available. The sensor is onboard the TET-1 satellite, part of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) FireBird mission. TET-1 images (acquired every 2-3 days) from the middle infrared were used to detect fires continuously burning for almost three weeks in the protected peatlands of Sebangau National Park as well as surrounding areas with active logging and oil palm concessions. TET-1 detection capabilities were compared with MODIS active fire detection and Landsat burned area algorithms. Fire dynamics, including fire front propagation speed and area burned, were investigated. We show that TET-1 has improved detection capabilities over MODIS in monitoring low-intensity peatland fire fronts through thick smoke and haze. Analysis of fire dynamics revealed that the largest burned areas resulted from fire front lines started from multiple locations, and the highest propagation speeds were in excess of 500 m/day (all over peat > 2m deep). Fires were found to occur most often in concessions that contained drainage infrastructure but were not cleared prior to the fire season. Benefits of implementing this sensor system to improve current fire management techniques are discussed. Near real-time fire detection together with enhanced fire behavior monitoring capabilities would not only improve firefighting efforts, but also benefit analysis of fire impact on tropical peatlands, greenhouse gas emission estimations as well as mitigation measures to reduce severe fire events in the future.

Thermally insulating and fire-retardant lightweight anisotropic foams based on nanocellulose and graphene oxide.

PubMed

Wicklein, Bernd; Kocjan, Andraž; Salazar-Alvarez, German; Carosio, Federico; Camino, Giovanni; Antonietti, Markus; Bergström, Lennart

2015-03-01

High-performance thermally insulating materials from renewable resources are needed to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. Traditional fossil-fuel-derived insulation materials such as expanded polystyrene and polyurethane have thermal conductivities that are too high for retrofitting or for building new, surface-efficient passive houses. Tailored materials such as aerogels and vacuum insulating panels are fragile and susceptible to perforation. Here, we show that freeze-casting suspensions of cellulose nanofibres, graphene oxide and sepiolite nanorods produces super-insulating, fire-retardant and strong anisotropic foams that perform better than traditional polymer-based insulating materials. The foams are ultralight, show excellent combustion resistance and exhibit a thermal conductivity of 15 mW m(-1) K(-1), which is about half that of expanded polystyrene. At 30 °C and 85% relative humidity, the foams retained more than half of their initial strength. Our results show that nanoscale engineering is a promising strategy for producing foams with excellent properties using cellulose and other renewable nanosized fibrous materials.

METHOD OF MAKING REFRACTORY BODIES

DOEpatents

Andersen, J.C.

1960-05-31

A method is given for the manufacture of silicon carbide bodies that are characterized by high density, high purity, and superior resistance to oxidative deterioration. Dense silicon bodies are obtained by a process in which granular silicon carbide, a carbonizable material, and a carbonaceous material are mixed together, the mixture is shaped as desired, and then the shape is fired in the presence of more than the stoichiometric amount of silicon. The carbonizable material preferably includes a temporary binder that is set before the firing step to hold the mix in shape for firing.

Does prescribed fire promote resistance to drought in low elevation forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA?

USGS Publications Warehouse

van Mantgem, Phillip J.; Caprio, Anthony C.; Stephenson, Nathan L.; Das, Adrian J.

2016-01-01

Prescribed fire is a primary tool used to restore western forests following more than a century of fire exclusion, reducing fire hazard by removing dead and live fuels (small trees and shrubs).  It is commonly assumed that the reduced forest density following prescribed fire also reduces competition for resources among the remaining trees, so that the remaining trees are more resistant (more likely to survive) in the face of additional stressors, such as drought.  Yet this proposition remains largely untested, so that managers do not have the basic information to evaluate whether prescribed fire may help forests adapt to a future of more frequent and severe drought.During the third year of drought, in 2014, we surveyed 9950 trees in 38 burned and 18 unburned mixed conifer forest plots at low elevation (<2100 m a.s.l.) in Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and Yosemite national parks in California, USA.  Fire had occurred in the burned plots from 6 yr to 28 yr before our survey.  After accounting for differences in individual tree diameter, common conifer species found in the burned plots had significantly reduced probability of mortality compared to unburned plots during the drought.  Stand density (stems ha-1) was significantly lower in burned versus unburned sites, supporting the idea that reduced competition may be responsible for the differential drought mortality response.  At the time of writing, we are not sure if burned stands will maintain lower tree mortality probabilities in the face of the continued, severe drought of 2015.  Future work should aim to better identify drought response mechanisms and how these may vary across other forest types and regions, particularly in other areas experiencing severe drought in the Sierra Nevada and on the Colorado Plateau.

Alaska's Changing Fire Regime - Implications for the Vulnerability of Its Boreal Forests

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kasischke, E. S.; Hoy, E. E.; Verbyla, D. L.; Rupp, T. S.; Duffy, P. A.; McGuire, A. D.; Murphy, K. A.; Jandt, R.; Barnes, J. L.; Calef, M.;

Alaska’s changing fire regime - Implications for the vulnerability of its boreal forests

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kasischke, Eric S.; Verbyla, David L.; Rupp, T. Scott; McGuire, A. David; Murphy, Karen A.; Jandt, R.; Barnes, Jennifer L.; Hoy, E.; Duffy, Paul A.; Calef, Monika; Turetsky, Merritt R.

2010-01-01

A synthesis was carried out to examine Alaska’s boreal forest fire regime. During the 2000s, an average of 767 000 ha·year–1 burned, 50% higher than in any previous decade since the 1940s. Over the past 60 years, there was a decrease in the number of lightning-ignited fires, an increase in extreme lightning-ignited fire events, an increase in human-ignited fires, and a decrease in the number of extreme human-ignited fire events. The fraction of area burned from human-ignited fires fell from 26% for the 1950s and 1960s to 5% for the 1990s and 2000s, a result from the change in fire policy that gave the highest suppression priorities to fire events that occurred near human settlements. The amount of area burned during late-season fires increased over the past two decades. Deeper burning of surface organic layers in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests occurred during late-growing-season fires and on more well-drained sites. These trends all point to black spruce forests becoming increasingly vulnerable to the combined changes of key characteristics of Alaska’s fire regime, except on poorly drained sites, which are resistant to deep burning. The implications of these fire regime changes to the vulnerability and resilience of Alaska’s boreal forests and land and fire management are discussed.

Comparison of different methods for the in situ measurement of forest litter moisture content

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schunk, C.; Ruth, B.; Leuchner, M.; Wastl, C.; Menzel, A.

2015-06-01

Dead fine fuel (e.g. litter) moisture content is an important parameter for both forest fire and ecological applications as it is related to ignitability, fire behavior as well as soil respiration. However, the comprehensive literature review in this paper shows that there is no easy-to-use method for automated measurements available. This study investigates the applicability of four different sensor types (permittivity and electrical resistance measuring principles) for this measurement. Comparisons were made to manual gravimetric reference measurements carried out almost daily for one fire season and overall agreement was good (highly significant correlations with 0.792 ≦ r ≦ 0.947). Standard deviations within sensor types were linearly correlated to daily sensor mean values; however, above a certain threshold they became irregular, which may be linked to exceedance of the working ranges. Thus, measurements with irregular standard deviations were considered unusable and calibrations of all individual sensors were compared for useable periods. A large drift in the sensor raw value-litter moisture-relationship became obvious from drought to drought period. This drift may be related to installation effects or settling and decomposition of the litter layer throughout the fire season. Because of the drift and the in situ calibration necessary, it cannot be recommended to use the methods presented here for monitoring purposes. However, they may be interesting for scientific studies when some manual fuel moisture measurements are made anyway. Additionally, a number of potential methodological improvements are suggested.

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 29.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 29.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 29.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

14 CFR 27.952 - Fuel system crash resistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Powerplant Fuel System § 27.952 Fuel system... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fuel system crash resistance. 27.952... of fuel fires to occupants following an otherwise survivable impact (crash landing), the fuel systems...

Charring Rate for Fire Exposed X-Lam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wong, Bernice VY; Fah Tee, Kong

2017-06-01

Design of timber structures has been outlined in Eurocode 5. Notional charring rate for softwood and hardwood timber is given. For the performance of X-LAM panels in fire, only little information on charring is available and whether the fire behaviour of X-LAM is similar to homogenous timber panels has not yet been systematically analysed. This paper presents an overview of fire performance of X-LAM and evaluation of its resistance to elevated temperature as an element of structure in comparison to homogeneous timber panels. Numerical study has been carried out based on available experimental results. Charring rates for X-LAM panels obtained from experimental results are compared with those obtained from Eurocode 5 and proposed simplified model.

Variation among northern red oak provenances in bark thickness:dbh ratios

Treesearch

Matthew S. Russell; Jeffrey O. Dawson

1995-01-01

Differences in bark thickness in relation to diameter at breast height were observed in a 30-32 year old Illinois planting of 32 provenances of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) from throughout its natural range. Bark thickness by itself is often a good indication of relative cambial insulation from fire. Fire resistance in trees can largely be...

Air-Powered Projectile Launcher

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Andrews, T.; Bjorklund, R. A.; Elliott, D. G.; Jones, L. K.

1987-01-01

Air-powered launcher fires plastic projectiles without using explosive propellants. Does not generate high temperatures. Launcher developed for combat training for U.S. Army. With reservoir pressurized, air launcher ready to fire. When pilot valve opened, sleeve (main valve) moves to rear. Projectile rapidly propelled through barrel, pushed by air from reservoir. Potential applications in seismic measurements, avalanche control, and testing impact resistance of windshields on vehicles.

46 CFR 164.007-9 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

.... (1) If the manufacturer desires to have the test conducted at some laboratory other than the National... sample or samples for the fire resistance test will be given at this time, together with the estimated...″×12″) sample and a 60 cm. × 60cm. (24″×24″) sample for each thickness and density proposed to the Fire...

46 CFR 164.007-9 - Procedure for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

.... (1) If the manufacturer desires to have the test conducted at some laboratory other than the National... sample or samples for the fire resistance test will be given at this time, together with the estimated...″×12″) sample and a 60 cm. × 60cm. (24″×24″) sample for each thickness and density proposed to the Fire...

A Shelterwood-Burn Technique for Regenerating Productive Upland Oak Sites in the Piedmont Region

Treesearch

Patrick H. Brose; David H. van Lear; Patrick D. Keyser

1999-01-01

Regenerating oak stands on productive uplandsires is widely recognized byforesters as a major problem in hardwood management. Recent research indicates that oak regeneration is more resistant to surface fires than its primary competitors on these sites if burning occurs 3 to 5 yr after a partial overstory harvest. This combination of cutting followed by fire (...

Use of class a foams on structures and wildlands

Treesearch

Paul Schlobohm

1995-01-01

The increase of homes in wildlands indicates a significant change. The build-up of fuels around homes and in wildlands over time also indicates change. Resistance to change, however, remains the norm. Fires get worse, but plain water continues to be used for fire suppression and property protection. With Class A foam, the objectives of protection are to wet the...

Recommendations related to Browns Ferry Fire

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1976-02-01

Based on its review of the events transpiring before, during and after the Browns Ferry fire, the Review Group concludes that the probability of disruptive fires of the magnitude of the Browns Ferry event is small, and that there is no need to restrict operation of nuclear power plants for public safety. However, it is clear that much can and should be done to reduce even further the likelihood of disabling fires and to improve assurance of rapid extinguishment of fires that occur. Consideration should be given also to features that would increase further the ability of nuclear facilities tomore » withstand large fires without loss of important functions should such fires occur. The Review Group believes that improvements, especially in the areas of fire prevention and fire control, can and should be made in most existing facilities.« less

Prevention of residential roof fires by use of a class "A" fire rated roof system.

PubMed

Edlich, Richard F; Winters, Kathryne L; Long, William B; Britt, L D

2004-01-01

Because residential roof fires remain a life-threatening danger to residential homeowners in the United States, we describe in detail a national fire prevention program for reducing residential roof fires by use of an Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) and National Fire Protection Association Class A fire rated roof system. This Class A system should comply with the test requirements for fire resistance of roof coverings, as outlined in UL 790 or in ASTM International (ASTM) E-108. Both the Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer's Association (ARMA) and the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) have set up guidelines for selecting a new roof for the homeowner. Class A, fiber-glass-based asphalt roofing shingles represent an overwhelming share of the United States residential roofing market, and, as such, the Class A rated roofing system remains an excellent alternative to wood shingles and shakes. Fortunately, the Class A fire rating is available for certain wood shingle products that incorporate a factory-applied, fire resistant treatment. However, in this circumstance, wood products labeled as Class B shakes or shingles must be installed over spaced or solid sheathing that have been covered either with one layer of 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) thick noncombustible roof board, or with one layer of minimum 72-lb. fiber-glass-based mineral surfaced cap sheet, or with another specialty roofing sheet to obtain the Class A fire rating. Clay, tile, slate, and metal have been assigned Class A fire ratings in the codes (but often without testing). These alternative roofing materials are often considerably more expensive. Proper application, ventilation, and insulation of roofing systems are required to prevent heat and moisture buildup in the attic, which can damage the roofing system, making it more susceptible to water leakage as well as ignition in the event of a fire. The NRCA has devised excellent recommendations for the homeowner to prequalify the contractor. In addition, a warranty for any new roofing material is important for the homeowner to ensure that the roofing can be repaired by the contractor or manufacturer during the specified warranty period, in case of contractor error or a manufacturing defect. In addition, the homeowner should ensure that the warranty is transferable to any future owner of the home to allow the buyer to have the same warranty benefits as the original owner. The State of California has mandated strict roofing requirements to prevent residential fires. In the absence of this legislation in other states, the homeowner must follow the guidelines outlined in this collective review to ensure that a roofing system with Class A fire protection is installed. Other fire safety precautions that should also be considered mandatory are to include smoke alarms, escape plans, and retrofit fire sprinklers.

Improving Nocturnal Fire Detection with the VIIRS Day-Night Band

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polivka, Thomas N.; Wang, Jun; Ellison, Luke T.; Hyer, Edward J.; Ichoku, Charles M.

2016-01-01

Building on existing techniques for satellite remote sensing of fires, this paper takes advantage of the day-night band (DNB) aboard the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) to develop the Firelight Detection Algorithm (FILDA), which characterizes fire pixels based on both visible-light and infrared (IR) signatures at night. By adjusting fire pixel selection criteria to include visible-light signatures, FILDA allows for significantly improved detection of pixels with smaller and/or cooler subpixel hotspots than the operational Interface Data Processing System (IDPS) algorithm. VIIRS scenes with near-coincident Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection (ASTER) overpasses are examined after applying the operational VIIRS fire product algorithm and including a modified "candidate fire pixel selection" approach from FILDA that lowers the 4-µm brightness temperature (BT) threshold but includes a minimum DNB radiance. FILDA is shown to be effective in detecting gas flares and characterizing fire lines during large forest fires (such as the Rim Fire in California and High Park fire in Colorado). Compared with the operational VIIRS fire algorithm for the study period, FILDA shows a large increase (up to 90%) in the number of detected fire pixels that can be verified with the finer resolution ASTER data (90 m). Part (30%) of this increase is likely due to a combined use of DNB and lower 4-µm BT thresholds for fire detection in FILDA. Although further studies are needed, quantitative use of the DNB to improve fire detection could lead to reduced response times to wildfires and better estimate of fire characteristics (smoldering and flaming) at night.

Field Testing of Compartmentalization Methods for Multifamily Construction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ueno, K.; Lstiburek, J.

The 2012 IECC has an airtightness requirement of 3 air changes per hour at 50 Pascals test pressure for both single-family and multifamily construction in Climate Zones 3-8. Other programs (LEED, ASHRAE 189, ASHRAE 62.2) have similar or tighter compartmentalization requirements, driving the need for easier and more effective methods of compartmentalization in multifamily buildings. Builders and practitioners have found that fire-resistance rated wall assemblies are a major source of difficulty in air sealing/compartmentalization, particularly in townhouse construction. This problem is exacerbated when garages are “tucked in” to the units and living space is located over the garages. In thismore » project, Building Science Corporation examined the taping of exterior sheathing details to improve air sealing results in townhouse and multifamily construction, when coupled with a better understanding of air leakage pathways. Current approaches are cumbersome, expensive, time consuming, and ineffective; these details were proposed as a more effective and efficient method. The effectiveness of these air sealing methods was tested with blower door testing, including “nulled” or “guarded” testing (adjacent units run at equal test pressure to null out inter-unit air leakage, or “pressure neutralization”). Pressure diagnostics were used to evaluate unit-to-unit connections and series leakage pathways (i.e., air leakage from exterior, into the fire-resistance rated wall assembly, and to the interior).« less

Wildfires in Siberian Mountain Forest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kharuk, V.; Ponomarev, E. I.; Antamoshkina, O.

2017-12-01

The annual burned area in Russia was estimated as 0.55 to 20 Mha with >70% occurred in Siberia. We analyzed Siberian wildfires distribution with respect to elevation, slope steepness and exposure. In addition, wildfires temporal dynamic and latitudinal range were analyzed. We used daily thermal anomalies derived from NOAA/AVHRR and Terra/MODIS satellites (1990-2016). Fire return intervals were (FRI) calculated based on the dendrochronology analysis of samples taken from trees with burn marks. Spatial distribution of wildfires dependent on topo features: relative burned area increase with elevation increase (ca. 1100 m), switching to following decrease. The wildfires frequency exponentially decreased within lowlands - highlands transition. Burned area is increasing with slope steepness increase (up to 5-10°). Fire return intervals (FRI) on the southfacing slopes are about 30% longer than on the north facing. Wildfire re-occurrence is decreasing exponentially: 90% of burns were caused by single fires, 8.5% by double fires, 1% burned three times, and on about 0.05% territory wildfires occurred four times (observed period: 75 yr.). Wildfires area and number, as well as FRI, also dependent on latitude: relative burned area increasing exponentially in norward direction, whereas relative fire number is exponentially decreasing. FRI increases in the northward direction: from 80 years at 62°N to 200 years at the Arctic Circle, and to 300 years at the northern limit of closed forests ( 71+°N). Fire frequency, fire danger period and FRI are strongly correlated with incoming solar radiation (r = 0.81 - 0.95). In 21-s century, a positive trend of wildfires number and area observed in mountain areas in all Siberia. Thus, burned area and number of fires in Siberia are significantly increased since 1990th (R2 =0.47, R2 =0.69, respectively), and that increase correlated with air temperatures and climate aridity increases. However, wildfires are essential for supporting fire-resistant species (e.g., Larix sibirica, L, dahurica and Pinus silvestris) reforestation and completion with non-fire-resistant species. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Government of the Krasnoyarsk krai, the Krasnoyarsk Fund for Support of Scientific and Technological Activities (N 17-41-240475)

An improved algorithm for wildfire detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakau, K.

2010-12-01

Satellite information of wild fire location has strong demands from society. Therefore, Understanding such demands is quite important to consider what to improve the wild fire detection algorithm. Interviews and considerations imply that the most important improvements are geographical resolution of the wildfire product and classification of fire; smoldering or flaming. Discussion with fire service agencies are performed with fire service agencies in Alaska and fire service volunteer groups in Indonesia. Alaska Fire Service (AFS) makes 3D-map overlaid by fire location every morning. Then, this 3D-map is examined by leaders of fire service teams to decide their strategy to fighting against wild fire. Especially, firefighters of both agencies seek the best walk path to approach the fire. Because of mountainous landscape, geospatial resolution is quite important for them. For example, walking in bush for 1km, as same as one pixel of fire product, is very tough for firefighters. Also, in case of remote wild fire, fire service agencies utilize satellite information to decide when to have a flight observation to confirm the status; expanding, flaming, smoldering or out. Therefore, it is also quite important to provide the classification of fire; flaming or smoldering. Not only the aspect of disaster management, wildfire emits huge amount of carbon into atmosphere as much as one quarter to one half of CO2 by fuel combustion (IPCC AR4). Reduction of the CO2 emission by human caused wildfire is important. To estimate carbon emission from wildfire, special resolution is quite important. To improve sensitivity of wild fire detection, author adopts radiance based wildfire detection. Different from the existing brightness temperature approach, we can easily consider reflectance of background land coverage. Especially for GCOM-C1/SGLI, band to detect fire with 250m resolution is 1.6μm wavelength. In this band, we have much more sunlight reflection. Therefore, we need to consider the way to cancel sunlight reflection. In this study, author utilizes simple linear correction for estimation of infrared emission considering sunlight reflection. As well as bran new core part of wildfire algorithm, we need to eliminate bright reflectance matters, including cloud, desert and sun glint. Also, we need to eliminate the false alarms at coastal area for difference of surface temperature between land and ocean. An existing algorithm MOD14 has same procedure, however, some of these ancillary parts are newly introduced or improved. Snow mask is newly introduced to reduce a bright reflectance with snow and ice covered area. Also, the improved ancillary parts include candidate selection of fire pixel, cloud mask, water body mask. With these improvements, wildfire with dense smoke or wildfire under thin cloud could be detected by this algorithm. This wild fire product is not validated by ground observations yet. However, distribution is well corresponded with wildfire location in same periods. Unfortunately, this algorithm also detects false alarm in urban area same as existing one. This should be corrected adopting other bands. Current algorithm will be performed in JASMES website.

32 CFR 644.554 - Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and improvements by fire or acts of God. 644.554 Section 644.554 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL PROPERTY REAL ESTATE HANDBOOK Disposal Sale Procedure § 644.554 Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God...

32 CFR 644.554 - Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and improvements by fire or acts of God. 644.554 Section 644.554 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL PROPERTY REAL ESTATE HANDBOOK Disposal Sale Procedure § 644.554 Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God...

32 CFR 644.554 - Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and improvements by fire or acts of God. 644.554 Section 644.554 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL PROPERTY REAL ESTATE HANDBOOK Disposal Sale Procedure § 644.554 Insurance against loss or damages to buildings and improvements by fire or acts of God...

One-pot, bioinspired coatings to reduce the flammability of flexible polyurethane foams.

PubMed

Davis, Rick; Li, Yu-Chin; Gervasio, Michelle; Luu, Jason; Kim, Yeon Seok

2015-03-25

In this manuscript, natural materials were combined into a single "pot" to produce flexible, highly fire resistant, and bioinspired coatings on flexible polyurethane foam (PUF). In one step, PUF was coated with a fire protective layer constructed of a polysaccharide binder (starch or agar), a boron fire retardant (boric acid or derivative), and a dirt char former (montmorillonite clay). Nearly all coatings produced a 63% reduction in a critical flammability value, the peak heat release rate (PHRR). One formulation produced a 75% reduction in PHRR. This technology was validated in full-scale furniture fire tests, where a 75% reduction in PHRR was measured. At these PHRR values, this technology could reduce the fire threat of furniture from significant fire damage in and beyond the room of fire origin to being contained to the burning furniture. This flammability reduction was caused by three mechanisms-the gas-phase and condensed-phase processes of the boron fire retardant and the condensed-phase process of the clay. We describe the one-pot coating process and the impact of the coating composition on flammability.

Fire containment tests of aircraft interior panels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kourtides, D. A.; Parker, J. A.; Leon, H. A.; Williamson, R. B.; Hasegawa, H.; Fisher, F.; Draemel, R.; Marcussen, W. H.; Hilado, C. J.

1976-01-01

The paper describes an experimental program carried out to evaluate a possible method for testing the fire-containment qualities of aircraft interior panels. The experimental apparatus consisted of a burner that simulates various fire loads under different ventilation conditions in an enclosure of approximately the same size as an aircraft lavatory module. Two fire-containment tests are discussed in which two adjoining walls of the enclosure were made from state-of-the-art composite panels; rats were exposed to the combustion products in order to evaluate the toxic threat posed by those products. The results show that the burner can be employed to represent various fire-load conditions and that the methodology developed for fire containment can be useful in evaluating the fire resistance of composite panels before conducting large-scale tests. It is concluded that elements of the fire-containment criteria include the temperature rise on the backface of the panels as a function of time, the flame burn-through by either decomposition or severe distortion of the material, and the toxicity of the combustion gases evolved.

Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on air

Treesearch

David V. Sandberg; Roger D. Ottmar; Janice L. Peterson

2002-01-01

This state-of-knowledge review about the effects of fire on air quality can assist land, fire, and air resource managers with fire and smoke planning, and their efforts to explain to others the science behind fire-related program policies and practices to improve air quality. Chapter topics include air quality regulations and fire; characterization of emissions from...

Managing wildland fires: integrating weather models into fire projections

Treesearch

Anne M. Rosenthal; Francis Fujioka

2004-01-01

Flames from the Old Fire sweep through lands north of San Bernardino during late fall of 2003. Like many Southern California fires, the Old Fire consumed susceptible forests at the urban-wildland interface and spread to nearby city neighborhoods. By incorporating weather models into fire perimeter projections, scientist Francis Fujioka is improving fire modeling as a...

Climate change and wildland firefighter health and safety.

PubMed

Withen, Patrick

2015-02-01

The author examines how climate change is impacting wildland firefighters. Climate change has made wildland fires more frequent and more intense. The increase in frequency and intensity of fires has pushed the number of fatalities and injuries higher in recent decades. The most common hazards on fires follow the trend of fire in general in that these hazards become more frequent and intense. Burnovers, heat exhaustion, tree hazards, and many other common fire hazards are more likely. The fire suppression agencies are making every effort to improve health and safety on fires by improving communication, weather forecasting, mapping, fire shelters, decision making and more. Despite these efforts, wildfires are becoming ever more hazardous because of climate change and the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires. © 2015 SAGE Publications.

The effect of leaf beetle herbivory on the fire behaviour of tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima Lebed.)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Drus, Gail M.; Dudley, Tom L.; Brooks, Matthew L.; Matchett, John R.

2012-01-01

The non-native tree, Tamarix spp. has invaded desert riparian ecosystems in the south-western United States. Fire hazard has increased, as typically fire-resistant native vegetation is replaced by Tamarix. The tamarisk leaf beetle, Diorhabda carinulata Desbrochers, introduced for biological control, may affect fire behaviour by converting hydrated live Tamarix leaves and twigs into desiccated and dead fuels. This potentially increases fire hazard in the short term before native vegetation can be re-established. This study investigates how fire behaviour is altered in Tamarix fuels desiccated by Diorhabda herbivory at a Great Basin site, and by herbivory simulated by foliar herbicide at a Mojave Desert site. It also evaluates the influence of litter depth on fire intensity. Fire behaviour was measured with a fire intensity index that integrates temperature and duration (degree-minutes above 70°C), and with maximum temperature, duration, flame lengths, rates of spread and vegetation removal. Maximum temperature, flame length and rate of spread were enhanced by foliar desiccation of Tamarix at both sites. At only the Mojave site, there was a trend for desiccated trees to burn with greater fire intensity. At both sites, fire behaviour parameters were influenced to a greater degree by litter depth, vegetation density and drier and windier conditions than by foliar desiccation.

Scale Dependence of Oak Woodland Historical Fire Intervals: Contrasting the Barrens of Tennessee and Cross Timbers of Oklahoma, USA

Treesearch

Michael C. Stambaugh; Richard P. Guyette; Joseph M. Marschall; Daniel C. Dey

2016-01-01

Characterization of scale dependence of fire intervals could inform interpretations of fire history and improve fire prescriptions that aim to mimic historical fire regime conditions. We quantified the temporal variability in fire regimes and described the spatial dependence of fire intervals through the analysis of multi-century fire scar records (8 study sites, 332...

46 CFR 154.1125 - Pipes, fittings, and valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., fitting, and valve for the water spray system must be made of fire resistant and corrosion resistant materials, such as galvanized steel or galvanized iron pipe. (e) Each water spray system must have a means of drainage to prevent corrosion of the system and freezing of accumulated water in subfreezing...

46 CFR 154.1125 - Pipes, fittings, and valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., fitting, and valve for the water spray system must be made of fire resistant and corrosion resistant materials, such as galvanized steel or galvanized iron pipe. (e) Each water spray system must have a means of drainage to prevent corrosion of the system and freezing of accumulated water in subfreezing...

27 CFR 555.208 - Construction of type 2 magazines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... magazines. 555.208 Section 555.208 Alcohol, Tobacco Products, and Firearms BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO... Construction of type 2 magazines. A type 2 magazine is a box, trailer, semitrailer, or other mobile facility. (a) Outdoor magazines—(1) General. Outdoor magazines are to be bullet-resistant, fire-resistant...

Does a drop in the bucket make a splash? Assessing the impact of antibiotic use on plants.

PubMed

McManus, Patricia S

2014-06-01

Antibiotics are applied to plants to prevent bacterial diseases, although the diversity of antibiotics and total amounts used are dwarfed by antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Nevertheless, the release of antibiotics into the open environment during crop treatment draws scrutiny for its potential impact on the global pool of resistance genes. The main use of antibiotics on plants is application of streptomycin to prevent fire blight, a serious disease of apple and pear trees. A series of recent studies identified and quantified antibiotic resistance genes and profiled bacterial communities in apple orchard plots that were or were not sprayed with streptomycin. While the specific objectives and methods varied, the results of these studies suggest that streptomycin application for fire blight control does not influence bacterial community structure or increase the abundance of resistance genes in orchards. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.