40 CFR 60.2115 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, or an electrostatic precipitator to comply..., activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, fabric filter, or an electrostatic precipitator or limit emissions in some other manner, including material balances, to comply with the emission...

40 CFR 60.2115 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, or an electrostatic precipitator to comply..., activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, fabric filter, or an electrostatic precipitator or limit emissions in some other manner, including material balances, to comply with the emission...

40 CFR 60.2680 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, or an electrostatic precipitator to comply..., activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, fabric filter, or an electrostatic precipitator or limit emissions in some other manner, including mass balances, to comply with the emission...

On-road emissions of light-duty vehicles in europe.

PubMed

Weiss, Martin; Bonnel, Pierre; Hummel, Rudolf; Provenza, Alessio; Manfredi, Urbano

2011-10-01

For obtaining type approval in the European Union, light-duty vehicles have to comply with emission limits during standardized laboratory emissions testing. Although emission limits have become more stringent in past decades, light-duty vehicles remain an important source of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emissions in Europe. Furthermore, persisting air quality problems in many urban areas suggest that laboratory emissions testing may not accurately capture the on-road emissions of light-duty vehicles. To address this issue, we conduct the first comprehensive on-road emissions test of light-duty vehicles with state-of-the-art Portable Emission Measurement Systems. We find that nitrogen oxides emissions of gasoline vehicles as well as carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbon emissions of both diesel and gasoline vehicles generally remain below the respective emission limits. By contrast, nitrogen oxides emissions of diesel vehicles (0.93 ± 0.39 grams per kilometer [g/km]), including modern Euro 5 diesel vehicles (0.62 ± 0.19 g/km), exceed emission limits by 320 ± 90%. On-road carbon dioxide emissions surpass laboratory emission levels by 21 ± 9%, suggesting that the current laboratory emissions testing fails to accurately capture the on-road emissions of light-duty vehicles. Our findings provide the empirical foundation for the European Commission to establish a complementary emissions test procedure for light-duty vehicles. This procedure could be implemented together with more stringent Euro 6 emission limits in 2014. The envisaged measures should improve urban air quality and provide incentive for innovation in the automotive industry.

40 CFR 60.2220 - What must I include in the deviation report?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... § 60.2215, for any pollutant or parameter that deviated from the emission limitations or operating... section. (a) The calendar dates and times your unit deviated from the emission limitations or operating limit requirements. (b) The averaged and recorded data for those dates. (c) Durations and causes of each...

Evaluation of compliance with national legislation on emissions in Portugal.

PubMed

Gomes, João F P

2005-04-01

More than 13 years after publication of the first air quality laws in Portugal and more than 10 years after the publication of the respective emission limits, it seems appropriate to analyze the degree of compliance by the Portuguese manufacturing industry. Using the data from emission measurements made regularly by the Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, the only officially accredited laboratory according to standard ISO 17025, I analyzed a set of approximately 400 sources in terms of compliance with the emission limits regarding total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. I evaluated compliance through a nondimensional parameter and plotted it versus the emission flow rate to derive conclusions: the results indicate that emission limits are generally met regarding sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides but not for the other pollutants considered in this study. However, noncompliance occurs mainly for very low emission flow rates, which suggests some alterations in the emission limits, which are being revised at the moment. These alterations will include the exemption of measurements in minor sources.

40 CFR 60.33b - Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor metals, acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... combustor metals, acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides. 60.33b Section 60.33b Protection of Environment..., acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides. (a) The emission limits for municipal waste combustor metals... oxygen. (d) For approval, a State plan shall include emission limits for nitrogen oxides at least as...

40 CFR 60.33b - Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor metals, acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... combustor metals, acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides. 60.33b Section 60.33b Protection of Environment..., acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides. (a) The emission limits for municipal waste combustor metals... oxygen. (d) For approval, a State plan shall include emission limits for nitrogen oxides at least as...

40 CFR 60.33b - Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor metals, acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... combustor metals, acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides. 60.33b Section 60.33b Protection of Environment..., acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides. (a) The emission limits for municipal waste combustor metals... oxygen. (d) For approval, a State plan shall include emission limits for nitrogen oxides at least as...

40 CFR 60.33b - Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor metals, acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... combustor metals, acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides. 60.33b Section 60.33b Protection of Environment..., acid gases, organics, and nitrogen oxides. (a) The emission limits for municipal waste combustor metals... oxygen. (d) For approval, a State plan shall include emission limits for nitrogen oxides at least as...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Cb of... - Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing Designated Facilities Included in an Emissions Averaging Plan...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing.... 60, Subpt. Cb, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart Cb of Part 60—Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing... by volume) b On and after April 28, 2009, nitrogen oxides emission limit (parts permillion by volume...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Cb of... - Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing Designated Facilities Included in an Emissions Averaging Plan...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing.... 60, Subpt. Cb, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart Cb of Part 60—Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing... by volume) b On and after April 28, 2009, nitrogen oxides emission limit (parts permillion by volume...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Cb of... - Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing Designated Facilities Included in an Emissions Averaging Plan...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing.... 60, Subpt. Cb, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart Cb of Part 60—Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing... by volume) b On and after April 28, 2009, nitrogen oxides emission limit (parts permillion by volume...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Cb of... - Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing Designated Facilities Included in an Emissions Averaging Plan...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing.... 60, Subpt. Cb, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart Cb of Part 60—Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing... by volume) b On and after April 28, 2009, nitrogen oxides emission limit (parts permillion by volume...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Cb of... - Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing Designated Facilities Included in an Emissions Averaging Plan...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing.... 60, Subpt. Cb, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart Cb of Part 60—Nitrogen Oxides Limits for Existing... by volume) b On and after April 28, 2009, nitrogen oxides emission limit (parts permillion by volume...

40 CFR 60.2958 - What must I include in the deviation report?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... limitations or operating limit requirements. (b) The averaged and recorded data for those dates. (c) Durations and causes of each deviation from the emission limitations or operating limits and your corrective... limitations or operating limits specified in this subpart, include the seven items described in paragraphs (a...

40 CFR 60.3053 - What must I include in the deviation report?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... limitations or operating limit requirements. (b) The averaged and recorded data for those dates. (c) Durations and causes of each deviation from the emission limitations or operating limits and your corrective... limitations or operating limits specified in this subpart, include the seven items described in paragraphs (a...

Approaches to standardization of atmospheric pollution undergoing long-range and transboundary transport.

PubMed

Izrael, Y A; Nazarov, I M; Ryaboshapko, A G

1982-12-01

The authors consider some possible ways of regulating three types of atmospheric emission of pollutants: - emission of substances causing pollution of the natural environment on the global scale (global pollutants); - emission of substances causing pollution on a regional scale, most often including territories of several countries (international pollutants); - emission of substances causing negative effects in a relatively limited region, for example within border area of two adjoining countries. Substances (gaseous, as a rule) of a long life-time in the atmosphere that can contaminate natural media on a global scale irrespective of the place of emission refer to the first class of pollutants that are subject to emission regulation at an international level and to quota establishement for individual countries. They are carbon dioxide, freon, krypton-85.Various approaches to determining permissible emission and to quota establishing are discussed in the paper.The second group includes substances of a limited, yet rather long, life-time whose emission intensity makes a notable contribution to environmental pollution of a large region including territories of several countries. Here it is needed to regulate internationally not the atmospheric emission as it is but pollutant transport over national boundaries (sulphur and nitrogen oxides, pesticides, heavy metals).The third group includes substances of relatively short time of life producing local effects. Emission regulation in such cases should be based upon bilateral agreements with due account of countries' mutual interests.

40 CFR 64.3 - Monitoring design criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... indicators of emission control performance for the control device, any associated capture system and, if.... Indicators of performance may include, but are not limited to, direct or predicted emissions (including...(s) or designated condition(s) for the selected indicator(s) such that operation within the ranges...

The effect of incomplete fuel-air mixing on the lean blowout limit, lean stability limit and NO(x) emissions in lean premixed gas turbine combustors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shih, W.-P.; Lee, J. G.; Santavicca, D. A.

1994-01-01

Gas turbine engines for both land-based and aircraft propulsion applications are facing regulations on NOx emissions which cannot be met with current combustor technology. A number of alternative combustor strategies are being investigated which have the potential capability of achieving ultra-low NOx emissions, including lean premixed combustors, direct injection combustors, rich burn-quick quench-lean burn combustors and catalytic combustors. The research reported in this paper addresses the effect of incomplete fuel-air mixing on the lean limit performance and the NOx emissions characteristics of lean premixed combustors.

40 CFR 60.2675 - What operating limits must I meet and by when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emissions Guidelines and Compliance Times for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units Model Rule-Emission Limitations... electronic submission of the test report must also include the make and model of the PM CPMS instrument...

40 CFR 60.2675 - What operating limits must I meet and by when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emissions Guidelines and Compliance Times for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units Model Rule-Emission Limitations... electronic submission of the test report must also include the make and model of the PM CPMS instrument...

40 CFR 74.43 - Annual compliance certification report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which an opt-in source is subject to the Acid Rain emissions limitations, the designated representative... compliance with the requirements of the Acid Rain Program applicable to the opt-in source, including: (1) Whether the opt-in source was operated in compliance with applicable Acid Rain emissions limitations...

40 CFR 74.43 - Annual compliance certification report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... which an opt-in source is subject to the Acid Rain emissions limitations, the designated representative... compliance with the requirements of the Acid Rain Program applicable to the opt-in source, including: (1) Whether the opt-in source was operated in compliance with applicable Acid Rain emissions limitations...

40 CFR 74.43 - Annual compliance certification report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... which an opt-in source is subject to the Acid Rain emissions limitations, the designated representative... compliance with the requirements of the Acid Rain Program applicable to the opt-in source, including: (1) Whether the opt-in source was operated in compliance with applicable Acid Rain emissions limitations...

40 CFR 74.43 - Annual compliance certification report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... which an opt-in source is subject to the Acid Rain emissions limitations, the designated representative... compliance with the requirements of the Acid Rain Program applicable to the opt-in source, including: (1) Whether the opt-in source was operated in compliance with applicable Acid Rain emissions limitations...

40 CFR 74.43 - Annual compliance certification report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... which an opt-in source is subject to the Acid Rain emissions limitations, the designated representative... compliance with the requirements of the Acid Rain Program applicable to the opt-in source, including: (1) Whether the opt-in source was operated in compliance with applicable Acid Rain emissions limitations...

40 CFR 62.14412 - What stack opacity and visible emissions requirements apply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... requirements apply? (a) Your HMIWI (regardless of size category) must not discharge into the atmosphere from... atmosphere visible emissions of combustion ash from an ash conveying system (including conveyor transfer... emissions limit does cover visible emissions discharged to the atmosphere from buildings or enclosures of...

40 CFR 62.14412 - What stack opacity and visible emissions requirements apply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... requirements apply? (a) Your HMIWI (regardless of size category) must not discharge into the atmosphere from... atmosphere visible emissions of combustion ash from an ash conveying system (including conveyor transfer... emissions limit does cover visible emissions discharged to the atmosphere from buildings or enclosures of...

40 CFR 63.4120 - What reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emission limitation (including any periods when emissions bypassed the add-on control device and were... emission reduction during the compliance period by emission capture systems and add-on control devices... of the CPMS. (5) The date of the latest CPMS certification or audit. (6) The date and time that each...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... uncontrolled total sulfide emissions were reduced by at least 25%; (3) you prepare a material balance that... reduced by at least 75%; (3) you prepare a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to... emissions were reduced by at least 35%; (3) you prepare a material balance that includes the pertinent data...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... uncontrolled total sulfide emissions were reduced by at least 25%; (3) you prepare a material balance that... reduced by at least 75%; (3) you prepare a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to... emissions were reduced by at least 35%; (3) you prepare a material balance that includes the pertinent data...

40 CFR 60.2680 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction... pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic..., including mass balances, to comply with the emission limitations under § 60.2670, you must petition the EPA...

The role of inspection and maintenance in controlling vehicular emissions in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faiz, Asif; Bahadur Ale, Bhakta; Nagarkoti, Ram Kumar

Motor vehicles are a major source of air pollutant emissions in Kathmandu valley, Nepal. In-use vehicle emission limits were first introduced in Nepal in 1998 and updated in 2000. The emission regulations for gasoline vehicles limit CO emissions to 3-4.5% by volume and HC emissions to 1000 ppm for four-wheeled vehicles, and 7800 ppm for two- and three- wheelers. Emission limits for LPG/CNG vehicles are 3% for CO and 1000 ppm for HC. For diesel vehicles, smoke density must not exceed 65-75 HSU depending on the age of the vehicle. The Government operates a rudimentary inspection and maintenance (I/M) program based on an idle engine test, utilizing an exhaust gas analyzer (for gasoline/LPG/CNG vehicles) and an opacimeter for diesel vehicles. The I/M program is confined to four-wheeled vehicles and occasional three-wheelers. The inspections are required at least once a year and are conducted at designated vehicle testing stations. The I/M program is supplemented by roadside checks. This paper is based on the findings of an analysis of vehicle emissions test data for the period June 2000 to July 2002, covering some 45,000 data sets. Each data set includes information on vehicle type and ownership, the model year, and CO/HC test emission values. The analysis reported in this paper covers the characteristics and statistical distribution of emissions from gasoline-fuelled vehicles, including the impact of gross emitters. The effects of vehicle age, model year (with or without catalysts), usage, and ownership (private vs. public) on emissions of gasoline-fuelled vehicles are discussed. The findings for diesel vehicles have been reported earlier by Ale and Nagarkoti (2003b. Evaluation of Kathmandu valley inspection and maintenance program on diesel vehicles. Journal of the Institute of Engineering 3(1)). This study identifies the limitations of the current I/M program, given that it does not include 70% of the fleet consisting of two-wheelers and concludes with proposed changes to the I/M program to make it more effective.

40 CFR 63.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Protection Agency. Equivalent emission limitation means any maximum achievable control technology emission... common control that is included in a section 112(c) source category or subcategory for which a section... pollutant at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions of such pollutant achieved under a relevant...

40 CFR 63.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection Agency. Equivalent emission limitation means any maximum achievable control technology emission... common control that is included in a section 112(c) source category or subcategory for which a section... pollutant at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions of such pollutant achieved under a relevant...

40 CFR 63.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Protection Agency. Equivalent emission limitation means any maximum achievable control technology emission... common control that is included in a section 112(c) source category or subcategory for which a section... pollutant at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions of such pollutant achieved under a relevant...

40 CFR 63.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Protection Agency. Equivalent emission limitation means any maximum achievable control technology emission... common control that is included in a section 112(c) source category or subcategory for which a section... pollutant at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions of such pollutant achieved under a relevant...

40 CFR 63.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Protection Agency. Equivalent emission limitation means any maximum achievable control technology emission... common control that is included in a section 112(c) source category or subcategory for which a section... pollutant at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions of such pollutant achieved under a relevant...

Industrial Process Cooling Towers: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Standards limiting discharge of chromium compound air emissions from industrial process cooling towers (IPCT's). Includes rule history, Federal Registry citations, implementation information and additional resources.

Nitrous oxide emissions from a commerical cattle feedlot in Kansas

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Emission of greenhouse gases, including nitrous oxide (N2O), from open beef cattle feedlots is becoming a concern. Research measuring emission rates of N2O from open beef cattle feedlots, however, has been limited. This study was conducted to quantify the N2O emission rate from pen surfaces in a com...

40 CFR 63.5746 - How do I demonstrate compliance with the emission limits for aluminum wipedown solvents and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) to determine the density of each aluminum surface coating and wipedown solvent. (d) Compliance is... Surface Coating Operations § 63.5746 How do I demonstrate compliance with the emission limits for aluminum... (liters of solids per liter of coating, or volume fraction) of each aluminum surface coating, including...

40 CFR 63.5746 - How do I demonstrate compliance with the emission limits for aluminum wipedown solvents and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) to determine the density of each aluminum surface coating and wipedown solvent. (d) Compliance is... Surface Coating Operations § 63.5746 How do I demonstrate compliance with the emission limits for aluminum... (liters of solids per liter of coating, or volume fraction) of each aluminum surface coating, including...

Identifying and characterizing major emission point sources as a basis for geospatial distribution of mercury emissions inventories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steenhuisen, Frits; Wilson, Simon J.

2015-07-01

Mercury is a global pollutant that poses threats to ecosystem and human health. Due to its global transport, mercury contamination is found in regions of the Earth that are remote from major emissions areas, including the Polar regions. Global anthropogenic emission inventories identify important sectors and industries responsible for emissions at a national level; however, to be useful for air transport modelling, more precise information on the locations of emission is required. This paper describes the methodology applied, and the results of work that was conducted to assign anthropogenic mercury emissions to point sources as part of geospatial mapping of the 2010 global anthropogenic mercury emissions inventory prepared by AMAP/UNEP. Major point-source emission sectors addressed in this work account for about 850 tonnes of the emissions included in the 2010 inventory. This work allocated more than 90% of these emissions to some 4600 identified point source locations, including significantly more point source locations in Africa, Asia, Australia and South America than had been identified during previous work to geospatially-distribute the 2005 global inventory. The results demonstrate the utility and the limitations of using existing, mainly public domain resources to accomplish this work. Assumptions necessary to make use of selected online resources are discussed, as are artefacts that can arise when these assumptions are applied to assign (national-sector) emissions estimates to point sources in various countries and regions. Notwithstanding the limitations of the available information, the value of this procedure over alternative methods commonly used to geo-spatially distribute emissions, such as use of 'proxy' datasets to represent emissions patterns, is illustrated. Improvements in information that would facilitate greater use of these methods in future work to assign emissions to point-sources are discussed. These include improvements to both national (geo-referenced) emission inventories and also to other resources that can be employed when such national inventories are lacking.

40 CFR 60.1425 - What must I include in the semiannual out-of-compliance reports?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...)) show emissions above the limits specified in table 1 of this subpart for dioxins/furans, cadmium, lead... units that apply activated carbon to control dioxins/furans or mercury emissions, include two items: (1... mercury and dioxins/furans stack test (as specified in § 60.1370(a)(1)). Include four items: (i) Eight...

Diminished mercury emission from waters with duckweed cover

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wollenberg, Jennifer L.; Peters, Stephen C.

2009-06-01

Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are a widely distributed type of floating vegetation in freshwater systems. Under suitable conditions, duckweeds form a dense vegetative mat on the water surface, which reduces light penetration into the water column and limits gas exchange at the water-air interface by decreasing the area of open water surface. Experiments were conducted to determine whether duckweed decreases mercury emission by limiting gas diffusion across the water-air interface and attenuating light, or, conversely, enhances emission via transpiration of mercury vapor. Microcosm flux chamber experiments indicate that duckweed decreases mercury emission from the water surface compared to open water controls. Fluxes under duckweed were 17-67% lower than in controls, with lower fluxes occurring at higher percent cover. The decrease in mercury emission suggests that duckweed may limit emission through one of several mechanisms, including limited gas transport across the air-water interface, decreased photoreactions due to light attenuation, and plant-mercury interactions. The results of this experiment were applied to a model lake system to illustrate the magnitude of potential effects on mercury cycling. The mercury retained in the lake as a result of hindered emission may increase bioaccumulation potential in lakes with duckweed cover.

Comparison of US EPA and European emission standards for combustion and incineration technologies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Licata, A.; Hartenstein, H.U.; Terracciano, L.

1997-12-01

There has been considerable debate, misunderstanding, and controversy when comparing emission standards used in Europe and the United States. One of the first questions you hear whenever U.S. EPA publishes a new emission standard is, {open_quotes}Is it as restrictive or is it the same as the German standard{close_quotes}. Although both systems of regulation call for the use of CEMS for compliance, there are substantial differences in how emission standards are structured in Europe and in the U.S. They include reference points, averaging times, sampling methods, and technology. Generally, the European standards tend to be more restrictive, due in part tomore » the fact that the facilities are of necessity sited in close proximity to residential areas. In Germany, for example, regulations in general are comprehensive and include both design standards and emission limits while U.S. EPA`s rules are source specific and, in most cases, limited to numerical emission standards. In some cases, comparisons can be made between emission standards and, in some cases, comparisons can only be made with restrictive caveats. The paper will present a comprehensive overview of the emission standards and how they are applied.« less

47 CFR 15.109 - Radiated emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... of 9 kHz to 30 MHz, including devices that deliver the radio frequency energy to transducers, such as... for intentional radiators provided in § 15.209 for the frequency range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz. As an... 525 kHz to 1705 kHz may comply with the radiated emission limits provided in § 15.221(a). At...

47 CFR 15.109 - Radiated emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... of 9 kHz to 30 MHz, including devices that deliver the radio frequency energy to transducers, such as... for intentional radiators provided in § 15.209 for the frequency range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz. As an... 525 kHz to 1705 kHz may comply with the radiated emission limits provided in § 15.221(a). At...

47 CFR 15.109 - Radiated emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... of 9 kHz to 30 MHz, including devices that deliver the radio frequency energy to transducers, such as... for intentional radiators provided in § 15.209 for the frequency range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz. As an... 525 kHz to 1705 kHz may comply with the radiated emission limits provided in § 15.221(a). At...

47 CFR 15.109 - Radiated emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... of 9 kHz to 30 MHz, including devices that deliver the radio frequency energy to transducers, such as... for intentional radiators provided in § 15.209 for the frequency range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz. As an... 525 kHz to 1705 kHz may comply with the radiated emission limits provided in § 15.221(a). At...

40 CFR 60.2944 - What operating parameter monitoring equipment must I install, and what operating parameters must...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... using a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations under § 60.2915, you must install... must include the date, time, and duration of the use of the bypass stack. (c) If you are using a method or air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations...

40 CFR 63.2500 - How do I comply with emissions averaging?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... existing source, you may elect to comply with the percent reduction emission limitations in Tables 1, 2, 4... 63.2490, including applicable monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting. (d) References to “periodic...

40 CFR 63.2500 - How do I comply with emissions averaging?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... existing source, you may elect to comply with the percent reduction emission limitations in Tables 1, 2, 4... 63.2490, including applicable monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting. (d) References to “periodic...

40 CFR 63.2500 - How do I comply with emissions averaging?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... existing source, you may elect to comply with the percent reduction emission limitations in Tables 1, 2, 4... 63.2490, including applicable monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting. (d) References to “periodic...

78 FR 14450 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Tennessee; 110(a)(1) and (2) Infrastructure...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-06

... to address basic SIP requirements, including emissions inventories, monitoring, and modeling to... basic structural SIP elements such as modeling, monitoring, and emissions inventories that are designed...): Emission limits and other control measures. 110(a)(2)(B): Ambient air quality monitoring/data system. 110(a...

Nitrous oxide fluxes from a commercial beef cattle feedlot in Kansas

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Emission of greenhouse gases, including nitrous oxide (N2O), from open beef cattle feedlots is becoming an environmental concern; however, research measuring emission rates of N2O from open beef cattle feedlots has been limited. This study was conducted to quantify N2O emission fluxes as affected by...

40 CFR 60.34b - Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor operating practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... combustor operating practices. 60.34b Section 60.34b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... September 20, 1994 § 60.34b Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor operating practices. (a) For approval, a State plan shall include emission limits for carbon monoxide at least as protective as the...

40 CFR 60.34b - Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor operating practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... combustor operating practices. 60.34b Section 60.34b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... September 20, 1994 § 60.34b Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor operating practices. (a) For approval, a State plan shall include emission limits for carbon monoxide at least as protective as the...

40 CFR 60.34b - Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor operating practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... combustor operating practices. 60.34b Section 60.34b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... September 20, 1994 § 60.34b Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor operating practices. (a) For approval, a State plan shall include emission limits for carbon monoxide at least as protective as the...

40 CFR 60.34b - Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor operating practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... combustor operating practices. 60.34b Section 60.34b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... September 20, 1994 § 60.34b Emission guidelines for municipal waste combustor operating practices. (a) For approval, a State plan shall include emission limits for carbon monoxide at least as protective as the...

40 CFR 63.1250 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., shutdown, and malfunction plan, and may include, but are not limited to, air pollution control technologies... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for...

Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies.

PubMed

Smith, Pete

2016-03-01

Despite 20 years of effort to curb emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions grew faster during the 2000s than in the 1990s, which presents a major challenge for meeting the international goal of limiting warming to <2 °C relative to the preindustrial era. Most recent scenarios from integrated assessment models require large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs) to reach the 2 °C target. A recent analysis of NETs, including direct air capture, enhanced weathering, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and afforestation/deforestation, showed that all NETs have significant limits to implementation, including economic cost, energy requirements, land use, and water use. In this paper, I assess the potential for negative emissions from soil carbon sequestration and biochar addition to land, and also the potential global impacts on land use, water, nutrients, albedo, energy and cost. Results indicate that soil carbon sequestration and biochar have useful negative emission potential (each 0.7 GtCeq. yr(-1) ) and that they potentially have lower impact on land, water use, nutrients, albedo, energy requirement and cost, so have fewer disadvantages than many NETs. Limitations of soil carbon sequestration as a NET centre around issues of sink saturation and reversibility. Biochar could be implemented in combination with bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. Current integrated assessment models do not represent soil carbon sequestration or biochar. Given the negative emission potential of SCS and biochar and their potential advantages compared to other NETs, efforts should be made to include these options within IAMs, so that their potential can be explored further in comparison with other NETs for climate stabilization. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

40 CFR 63.2500 - How do I comply with emissions averaging?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., you may elect to comply with the percent reduction emission limitations in Tables 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 to..., including applicable monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting. (d) References to “periodic reports” in § 63...

40 CFR 63.2500 - How do I comply with emissions averaging?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., you may elect to comply with the percent reduction emission limitations in Tables 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 to..., including applicable monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting. (d) References to “periodic reports” in § 63...

78 FR 23704 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Tennessee: New Source Review-Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-22

... not replace the PM 10 NAAQS with the NAAQS for PM 2.5 when the PM 2.5 NAAQS were promulgated in 1997...,'' ``PM 2.5 emissions'' and ``PM 10 emissions'' shall include gaseous emissions from a source or activity... establishing emissions limitations for PM, PM 2.5 and PM 10 in permits. See 73 FR 28321, 40 CFR 51.166(b)(49...

Direct measurements show decreasing methane emissions from natural gas local distribution systems in the United States.

PubMed

Lamb, Brian K; Edburg, Steven L; Ferrara, Thomas W; Howard, Touché; Harrison, Matthew R; Kolb, Charles E; Townsend-Small, Amy; Dyck, Wesley; Possolo, Antonio; Whetstone, James R

2015-04-21

Fugitive losses from natural gas distribution systems are a significant source of anthropogenic methane. Here, we report on a national sampling program to measure methane emissions from 13 urban distribution systems across the U.S. Emission factors were derived from direct measurements at 230 underground pipeline leaks and 229 metering and regulating facilities using stratified random sampling. When these new emission factors are combined with estimates for customer meters, maintenance, and upsets, and current pipeline miles and numbers of facilities, the total estimate is 393 Gg/yr with a 95% upper confidence limit of 854 Gg/yr (0.10% to 0.22% of the methane delivered nationwide). This fraction includes emissions from city gates to the customer meter, but does not include other urban sources or those downstream of customer meters. The upper confidence limit accounts for the skewed distribution of measurements, where a few large emitters accounted for most of the emissions. This emission estimate is 36% to 70% less than the 2011 EPA inventory, (based largely on 1990s emission data), and reflects significant upgrades at metering and regulating stations, improvements in leak detection and maintenance activities, as well as potential effects from differences in methodologies between the two studies.

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) you prepare a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent... uncontrolled total sulfide emissions were reduced by at least 75%; (3) you prepare a material balance that... uncontrolled total sulfide emissions were reduced by at least 35%; (3) you prepare a material balance that...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) you prepare a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent... uncontrolled total sulfide emissions were reduced by at least 75%; (3) you prepare a material balance that... uncontrolled total sulfide emissions were reduced by at least 35%; (3) you prepare a material balance that...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) you prepare a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent... uncontrolled total sulfide emissions were reduced by at least 75%; (3) you prepare a material balance that... uncontrolled total sulfide emissions were reduced by at least 35%; (3) you prepare a material balance that...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Dddd of... - Requirements for Performance Tests

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... THC compliance option measure emissions of total HAP as THC Method 25A in appendix A to 40 CFR part 60... the methane emissions from the emissions of total HAP as THC. (6) each process unit subject to a... § 63.2240(c) establish the site-specific operating requirements (including the parameter limits or THC...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Dddd of... - Requirements for Performance Tests

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... THC compliance option measure emissions of total HAP as THC Method 25A in appendix A to 40 CFR part 60... the methane emissions from the emissions of total HAP as THC. (6) each process unit subject to a... § 63.2240(c) establish the site-specific operating requirements (including the parameter limits or THC...

Searching for solutions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by agricultural policy decisions--Application of system dynamics modeling for the case of Latvia.

PubMed

Dace, Elina; Muizniece, Indra; Blumberga, Andra; Kaczala, Fabio

2015-09-15

European Union (EU) Member States have agreed to limit their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sectors not covered by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (non-ETS). That includes also emissions from agricultural sector. Although the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has established a methodology for assessment of GHG emissions from agriculture, the forecasting options are limited, especially when policies and their interaction with the agricultural system are tested. Therefore, an advanced tool, a system dynamics model, was developed that enables assessment of effects various decisions and measures have on agricultural GHG emissions. The model is based on the IPCC guidelines and includes the main elements of an agricultural system, i.e. land management, livestock farming, soil fertilization and crop production, as well as feedback mechanisms between the elements. The case of Latvia is selected for simulations, as agriculture generates 22% of the total anthropogenic GHG emissions in the country. The results demonstrate that there are very limited options for GHG mitigation in the agricultural sector. Thereby, reaching the non-ETS GHG emission targets will be very challenging for Latvia, as the level of agricultural GHG emissions will be exceeded considerably above the target levels. Thus, other non-ETS sectors will have to reduce their emissions drastically to "neutralize" the agricultural sector's emissions for reaching the EU's common ambition to move towards low-carbon economy. The developed model may serve as a decision support tool for impact assessment of various measures and decisions on the agricultural system's GHG emissions. Although the model is applied to the case of Latvia, the elements and structure of the model developed are similar to agricultural systems in many countries. By changing numeric values of certain parameters, the model can be applied to analyze decisions and measures in other countries. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 63.3490 - What emission limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... must limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 1 to... reduce organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the limit(s) in Table 3 to this subpart... must limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 2 to...

40 CFR 63.3490 - What emission limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... must limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 1 to... reduce organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the limit(s) in Table 3 to this subpart... must limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 2 to...

40 CFR 63.3490 - What emission limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... must limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 1 to... reduce organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the limit(s) in Table 3 to this subpart... must limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 2 to...

40 CFR 63.7131 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... were no deviations from any emission limitations (emission limit, operating limit, opacity limit, and... deviations from the emission limitations during the reporting period. (6) If there were no periods during.... (d) For each deviation from an emission limitation (emission limit, operating limit, opacity limit...

40 CFR 63.1455 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... from any emission limitations (emission limit, operating limit, opacity limit) that applies to you and... that there were no deviations from the emission limitations, work practice standards, or operation and... deviation from an emission limitation (emission limit, operating limit, opacity limit) and for each...

Guideline series: Control of volatile organic compound emissions from wood furniture manufacturing operations, April 1996. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-04-01

This Control Techniques Guideline (CTG) provides the necessary guidance for development of regulations to limit emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from wood furniture finishing and cleaning operations. This guidance includes emission limits for specific wood furniture finishing steps and work practices to reduce waste and evaporation through pollution prevention methods; these represent available control technology for wood furniture finishing and cleaning operations. This document is intended to provide State and local air pollution authorities with an information base for proceeding with their own analyses of RACT to meet statutory requirements.

Guideline series: Control of volatile organic compound emissions from wood furniture manufacturing operations. Draft report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-08-01

This draft Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG) provides necessary guidance for development of regulations to limit emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC`s) from wood furniture finishing and cleaning operations. This guidance includes emission limits for specific wood furniture finishing steps and work pratices to reduce waste and evaporation through pollution prevention methods; these represent reasonably available control technology for wood furniture finishing and cleaning operations. This document is intended to provide State and local air pollution authorities with an information base for proceeding with their own analyses of RACT to meet statutory requirements.

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Dddd of... - Requirements for Performance Tests

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... HAP as THC compliance option measure emissions of total HAP as THC Method 25A in appendix A to 40 CFR... subtract the methane emissions from the emissions of total HAP as THC. (6) each process unit subject to a... § 63.2240(c) establish the site-specific operating requirements (including the parameter limits or THC...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Dddd of... - Requirements for Performance Tests

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... HAP as THC compliance option measure emissions of total HAP as THC Method 25A in appendix A to 40 CFR... subtract the methane emissions from the emissions of total HAP as THC. (6) each process unit subject to a... § 63.2240(c) establish the site-specific operating requirements (including the parameter limits or THC...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Dddd of... - Requirements for Performance Tests

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... HAP as THC compliance option measure emissions of total HAP as THC Method 25A in appendix A to 40 CFR... subtract the methane emissions from the emissions of total HAP as THC. (6) each process unit subject to a... § 63.2240(c) establish the site-specific operating requirements (including the parameter limits or THC...

A SUZAKU SEARCH FOR NONTHERMAL EMISSION AT HARD X-RAY ENERGIES IN THE COMA CLUSTER

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wik, Daniel R.; Sarazin, Craig L.; Finoguenov, Alexis

2009-05-10

The brightest cluster radio halo known resides in the Coma cluster of galaxies. The relativistic electrons producing this diffuse synchrotron emission should also produce inverse Compton emission that becomes competitive with thermal emission from the intracluster medium (ICM) at hard X-ray energies. Thus far, claimed detections of this emission in Coma are controversial. We present a Suzaku HXD-PIN observation of the Coma cluster in order to nail down its nonthermal hard X-ray content. The contribution of thermal emission to the HXD-PIN spectrum is constrained by simultaneously fitting thermal and nonthermal models to it and a spatially equivalent spectrum derived frommore » an XMM-Newton mosaic of the Coma field. We fail to find statistically significant evidence for nonthermal emission in the spectra which are better described by only a single- or multitemperature model for the ICM. Including systematic uncertainties, we derive a 90% upper limit on the flux of nonthermal emission of 6.0 x 10{sup -12} erg s{sup -1} cm{sup -2} (20-80 keV, for {gamma} = 2.0), which implies a lower limit on the cluster-averaged magnetic field of B>0.15 {mu}G. Our flux upper limit is 2.5 times lower than the detected nonthermal flux from RXTE and BeppoSAX. However, if the nonthermal hard X-ray emission in Coma is more spatially extended than the observed radio halo, the Suzaku HXD-PIN may miss some fraction of the emission. A detailed investigation indicates that {approx}50%-67% of the emission might go undetected, which could make our limit consistent with that of Rephaeli and Gruber and Fusco-Femiano et al. The thermal interpretation of the hard Coma spectrum is consistent with recent analyses of INTEGRAL and Swift data.« less

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Kkkk of... - Operating Limits If Using the Emission Rate With Add-on Controls Option or the Control Efficiency...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... outlet at or below the temperature limit. 6. Concentrators, including zeolite wheels and rotary carbon.... Collecting the temperature data including zeolite inlet temperature according to § 63.3547(f)ii. Reducing the...

40 CFR 63.8693 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emission limitations (emission limit, operating limit, opacity limit, and visible emission limit) that apply to you, a statement that there were no deviations from the emission limitations during the... out-of-control during the reporting period. (d) For each deviation from an emission limitation...

40 CFR 60.4860 - Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.4860 Section... emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and...

40 CFR 60.4860 - Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.4860 Section... emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and...

40 CFR 60.4860 - Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.4860 Section... emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and...

40 CFR 60.4860 - Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.4860 Section... emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and...

Highlighting Uncertainty and Recommendations for Improvement of Black Carbon Biomass Fuel-Based Emission Inventories in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Region.

PubMed

Soneja, Sutyajeet I; Tielsch, James M; Khatry, Subarna K; Curriero, Frank C; Breysse, Patrick N

2016-03-01

Black carbon (BC) is a major contributor to hydrological cycle change and glacial retreat within the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and surrounding region. However, significant variability exists for estimates of BC regional concentration. Existing inventories within the IGP suffer from limited representation of rural sources, reliance on idealized point source estimates (e.g., utilization of emission factors or fuel-use estimates for cooking along with demographic information), and difficulty in distinguishing sources. Inventory development utilizes two approaches, termed top down and bottom up, which rely on various sources including transport models, emission factors, and remote sensing applications. Large discrepancies exist for BC source attribution throughout the IGP depending on the approach utilized. Cooking with biomass fuels, a major contributor to BC production has great source apportionment variability. Areas requiring attention tied to research of cookstove and biomass fuel use that have been recognized to improve emission inventory estimates include emission factors, particulate matter speciation, and better quantification of regional/economic sectors. However, limited attention has been given towards understanding ambient small-scale spatial variation of BC between cooking and non-cooking periods in low-resource environments. Understanding the indoor to outdoor relationship of BC emissions due to cooking at a local level is a top priority to improve emission inventories as many health and climate applications rely upon utilization of accurate emission inventories.

Comparing the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) with traditional emissions testing chambers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roache, N.F.; Guo, Z.; Fortmann, R.

1996-12-31

A series of tests was designed to evaluate the performance of the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) as applied to the testing of emissions from two indoor coating materials, floor wax and latex paint. These tests included validation of the repeatability of the test method, evaluation of the effect of different air velocities on source emissions, and a comparison of FLEC versus small chamber characterization of emissions. The FLEC exhibited good repeatability in characterization of emissions when applied to both sources under identical conditions. Tests with different air velocities showed significant effects on the emissions from latex paint, yetmore » little effect on emissions from the floor wax. Comparisons of data from the FLEC and small chamber show good correlation for measurements involving floor wax, but less favorable results for emissions from latex paint. The procedures and findings are discussed; conclusions are limited and include emphasis on the need for additional study and development of a standard method.« less

40 CFR 129.102 - Endrin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... or other discharges from areas subject to contamination solely by fallout from air emissions of... from areas subject to contamination solely by fallout from air emissions of endrin; or to storm-water... contamination by endrin as a result of the manufacturing process, including but not limited to: (1) Stormwater...

40 CFR 63.7100 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the operating limits specified in Table 2 to this subpart, including: (i) Procedures to determine and... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Lime...

40 CFR 63.7100 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the operating limits specified in Table 2 to this subpart, including: (i) Procedures to determine and... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Lime...

40 CFR 63.7100 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the operating limits specified in Table 2 to this subpart, including: (i) Procedures to determine and... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Lime...

40 CFR 63.7100 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the operating limits specified in Table 2 to this subpart, including: (i) Procedures to determine and... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Lime...

40 CFR 63.7100 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the operating limits specified in Table 2 to this subpart, including: (i) Procedures to determine and... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Lime...

40 CFR 63.6085 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines What This... operate a stationary combustion turbine located at a major source of HAP emissions. (a) Stationary combustion turbine means all equipment, including but not limited to the turbine, the fuel, air, lubrication...

40 CFR 63.6085 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines What This... operate a stationary combustion turbine located at a major source of HAP emissions. (a) Stationary combustion turbine means all equipment, including but not limited to the turbine, the fuel, air, lubrication...

40 CFR 63.6085 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines What This... operate a stationary combustion turbine located at a major source of HAP emissions. (a) Stationary combustion turbine means all equipment, including but not limited to the turbine, the fuel, air, lubrication...

Mitigating Satellite-Based Fire Sampling Limitations in Deriving Biomass Burning Emission Rates: Application to WRF-Chem Model Over the Northern sub-Saharan African Region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jun; Yue, Yun; Wang, Yi; Ichoku, Charles; Ellison, Luke; Zeng, Jing

2018-01-01

Largely used in several independent estimates of fire emissions, fire products based on MODIS sensors aboard the Terra and Aqua polar-orbiting satellites have a number of inherent limitations, including (a) inability to detect fires below clouds, (b) significant decrease of detection sensitivity at the edge of scan where pixel sizes are much larger than at nadir, and (c) gaps between adjacent swaths in tropical regions. To remedy these limitations, an empirical method is developed here and applied to correct fire emission estimates based on MODIS pixel level fire radiative power measurements and emission coefficients from the Fire Energetics and Emissions Research (FEER) biomass burning emission inventory. The analysis was performed for January 2010 over the northern sub-Saharan African region. Simulations from WRF-Chem model using original and adjusted emissions are compared with the aerosol optical depth (AOD) products from MODIS and AERONET as well as aerosol vertical profile from CALIOP data. The comparison confirmed an 30-50% improvement in the model simulation performance (in terms of correlation, bias, and spatial pattern of AOD with respect to observations) by the adjusted emissions that not only increases the original emission amount by a factor of two but also results in the spatially continuous estimates of instantaneous fire emissions at daily time scales. Such improvement cannot be achieved by simply scaling the original emission across the study domain. Even with this improvement, a factor of two underestimations still exists in the modeled AOD, which is within the current global fire emissions uncertainty envelope.

40 CFR 63.3490 - What emission limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 1 to this subpart that apply to... the atmosphere to no more than the limit(s) in Table 3 to this subpart, determined according to the... emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 2 to this subpart that apply to...

40 CFR 63.3490 - What emission limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 1 to this subpart that apply to... the atmosphere to no more than the limit(s) in Table 3 to this subpart, determined according to the... emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the emission limit(s) in Table 2 to this subpart that apply to...

40 CFR 63.7505 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... compliance with the applicable emission limit for hydrogen chloride or mercury using fuel analysis if the..., fuel analysis, or continuous monitoring systems (CMS), including a continuous emission monitoring..., you must demonstrate compliance for hydrogen chloride or mercury using performance testing, if subject...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

Fundamentals of Coherent Synchrotron Radiation in Storage Rings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sannibale, F.; Byrd, J. M.; Loftsdottir, A.; Martin, M. C.; Venturini, M.

2004-05-01

We present the fundamental concepts for producing stable broadband coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in the terahertz frequency region in an electron storage ring. The analysis includes distortion of bunch shape from the synchrotron radiation (SR), enhancing higher frequency coherent emission and limits to stable emission due to a microbunching instability excited by the SR. We use these concepts to optimize the performance of a source for CSR emission.

40 CFR 63.9814 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... any emission limitations (emission limit, operating limit, or work practice standard) that apply to... limitations during the reporting period. (6) If there were no periods during which any affected CPMS was out... deviation from an emission limitation (emission limit, operating limit, or work practice standard) that...

40 CFR 63.5110 - What special definitions are used in this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... equipment used to apply an organic coating to the surface of metal coil. A coil coating line includes a web... emission limitation (including any operating limit) or work practice standard; (2) Fails to meet any term... before July 18, 2000, and it has not subsequently undergone reconstruction as defined in § 63.2. Facility...

An introduction to human biophoton emission.

PubMed

Wijk, Roeland Van; Wijk, Eduard P A Van

2005-04-01

Biophoton emission is the spontaneous emission of ultraweak light emanating from all living systems, including man. The emission is linked to the endogenous production of excited states within the living system. The detection and characterisation of human biophoton emission has led to suggestions that it has potential future applications in medicine. An overview is presented of studies on ultraweak photon emission (UPE, biophotons) from the human whole body. Electronic searches of Medline, PsychLit, PubMed and references lists of relevant review articles and books were used to establish the literature database. Articles were then analysed for their main experimental setup and results. The, mostly, single case studies have resulted in a collection of observations. The collection presents information on the following fields of research: (1) influence of biological rhythms, age, and gender on emission, (2) the intensity of emission and its left-right symmetry in health and disease, (3) emission from the perspective of Traditional Chinese and Korean Medicine, (4) emission in different consciousness studies, (5) procedures for analysis of the photon signal from hands, (6) detection of peroxidative processes in the skin. Of each article the main findings are presented in a qualitative manner, quantitative data are presented where useful, and the technological or methodological limitations are discussed. Photon emission recording techniques have reached a stage that allows resolution of the signal in time and space. The published material is presented and includes aspects like spatial resolution of intensity, its relation to health and disease, the aspect of colour, and methods for analysis of the photon signal. The limited number of studies only allows first conclusions about the implications and significance of biophotons in relation to health and disease, or to mental states, or acupuncture. However, with the present data we consider that further research in the field is justified.

Low-frequency radio constraints on the synchrotron cosmic web

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vernstrom, T.; Gaensler, B. M.; Brown, S.; Lenc, E.; Norris, R. P.

2017-06-01

We present a search for the synchrotron emission from the synchrotron cosmic web by cross-correlating 180-MHz radio images from the Murchison Widefield Array with tracers of large-scale structure (LSS). We use two versions of the radio image covering 21.76° × 21.76° with point sources brighter than 0.05 Jy subtracted, with and without filtering of Galactic emission. As tracers of the LSS, we use the Two Micron All-Sky Survey and the Wide-field InfraRed Explorer redshift catalogues to produce galaxy number density maps. The cross-correlation functions all show peak amplitudes at 0°, decreasing with varying slopes towards zero correlation over a range of 1°. The cross-correlation signals include components from point source, Galactic, and extragalactic diffuse emission. We use models of the diffuse emission from smoothing the density maps with Gaussians of sizes 1-4 Mpc to find limits on the cosmic web components. From these models, we find surface brightness 99.7 per cent upper limits in the range of 0.09-2.20 mJy beam-1 (average beam size of 2.6 arcmin), corresponding to 0.01-0.30 mJy arcmin-2. Assuming equipartition between energy densities of cosmic rays and the magnetic field, the flux density limits translate to magnetic field strength limits of 0.03-1.98 μG, depending heavily on the spectral index. We conclude that for a 3σ detection of 0.1 μG magnetic field strengths via cross-correlations, image depths of sub-mJy to sub-μJy are necessary. We include discussion on the treatment and effect of extragalactic point sources and Galactic emission, and next steps for building on this work.

β -delayed neutron emission from 85Ga

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miernik, K.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Grzywacz, R.; Gross, C. J.; Madurga, M.; Miller, D.; Stracener, D. W.; Batchelder, J. C.; Brewer, N. T.; Korgul, A.; Mazzocchi, C.; Mendez, A. J.; Liu, Y.; Paulauskas, S. V.; Winger, J. A.; Wolińska-Cichocka, M.; Zganjar, E. F.

2018-05-01

Decay of 85Ga was studied by means of β -neutron-γ spectroscopy. A pure beam of 85Ga was produced at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility using a resonance ionization laser ion source and a high-resolution electromagnetic separator. The β -delayed neutron emission probability was measured for the first time, yielding 70(5)%. An upper limit of 0.1% for β -delayed two-neutron emission was also experimentally established for the first time. A detailed decay scheme including absolute γ -ray intensities was obtained. Results are compared with theoretical β -delayed emission models.

Implications of Limiting CO2 Concentrations for Land Use and Energy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wise, Marshall A.; Calvin, Katherine V.; Thomson, Allison M.

2009-05-29

This paper is the first to simultaneously examine the implications of extending the concept of placing a value on carbon beyond fossil fuel and industrial emissions to all sources, including those associated with land use and land use change. The paper reports a variety of results that have bearing on recent discussions in the literature regarding the role of bioenergy and the indirect emission of carbon through land-use change as well as the burgeoning literature on interactions between bioenergy and crop prices. This paper goes beyond results currently in the literature by using an integrated assessment model to assess energymore » use and supply, atmospheric composition, land use, and terrestrial carbon in the context of limiting the concentration of atmospheric CO2. We find that when the concept of valuing carbon emissions is extended to all carbon emissions, regardless of origin, that in contrast to a mitigation scenario where only fossil fuel and industrial carbon emissions are valued, deforestation is replaced by afforestation and expanded unmanaged ecosystems; the cost of limiting CO2 concentrations falls; crop prices rise; and human diets are transformed as people shift away from consumption of beef and other carbon-intensive protein sources. The increase in crop prices flows directly from the consideration of land-use change emissions in a comprehensive emissions mitigation program and occurs even in the absence of the use of purpose-grown bioenergy. Finally, we find that the assumed rate of improvement in food and fiber crop productivity (e.g. wheat, rice, corn) has a strong influence on land-use change emissions, making the technology for growing crops potentially as important for limiting atmospheric CO2 concentrations as energy technologies such as CO2 capture and storage.« less

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Operating Limits for Boilers and Process Heaters With Particulate Matter Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Process Heaters With Particulate Matter Emission Limits 2 Table 2 to Subpart DDDDD of Part 63 Protection... Heaters With Particulate Matter Emission Limits As stated in § 63.7500, you must comply with the applicable operating limits: If you demonstrate compliance with applicable particulate matter emission limits...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Operating Limits for Boilers and Process Heaters With Particulate Matter Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Process Heaters With Particulate Matter Emission Limits 2 Table 2 to Subpart DDDDD of Part 63 Protection... Heaters With Particulate Matter Emission Limits As stated in § 63.7500, you must comply with the applicable operating limits: If you demonstrate compliance with applicable particulate matter emission limits...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP Emissions or HAP Metals Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and..., Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart FFFF of Part 63—Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP Emissions... limit in the following table that applies to your process vents that contain hydrogen halide and halogen...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Operating Limits for Boilers and Process Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Process Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits 4 Table 4 to Subpart DDDDD of Part 63 Protection of... Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits As stated in § 63.7500, you must comply with the following applicable operating limits: If you demonstrate compliance with applicable hydrogen chloride emission limits...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Operating Limits for Boilers and Process Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Process Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits 4 Table 4 to Subpart DDDDD of Part 63 Protection of... Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits As stated in § 63.7500, you must comply with the following applicable operating limits: If you demonstrate compliance with applicable hydrogen chloride emission limits...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Operating Limits for Boilers and Process Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Process Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits 4 Table 4 to Subpart DDDDD of Part 63 Protection of... Heaters With Hydrogen Chloride Emission Limits As stated in § 63.7500, you must comply with the following applicable operating limits: If you demonstrate compliance with applicable hydrogen chloride emission limits...

40 CFR 63.8818 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... period. (4) If there are no deviations from any emission limitations (emission limit or operating limit) that applies to you, a statement that there were no deviations from the emission limitations during the reporting period. (5) For each deviation from an emission limitation that occurs, the compliance report must...

40 CFR 63.361 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... limitation (including any operating limit) or work practice standard in this subpart during startup, shutdown... date means the date of promulgation in the Federal Register notice. Initial startup date means the date... types for the purpose of controlling these emissions with a single control device. Maximum ethylene...

40 CFR 63.361 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... limitation (including any operating limit) or work practice standard in this subpart during startup, shutdown... date means the date of promulgation in the Federal Register notice. Initial startup date means the date... types for the purpose of controlling these emissions with a single control device. Maximum ethylene...

40 CFR 98.172 - GHGs to report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... combustion units include, but are not limited to, by-product recovery coke oven battery combustion stacks... except you must use the default CO2 emission factors for coke oven gas and blast furnace gas from Table C... flares according to the requirements in § 98.33(c)(2) using the emission factors for coke oven gas and...

40 CFR 63.4720 - What reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... an emission limitation (including any periods when emissions bypassed the add-on control device and... systems and add-on control devices, using Equations 1 and 1A through 1D of § 63.4761, and Equations 2, 3.... (v) The date of the latest CPMS certification or audit. (vi) The date and time that each CPMS was...

The Implications of Deep Mitigation Pathways

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Calvin, K. V.

2016-12-01

The 21st Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC agreement called for limiting climate change to "well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C." A climate target of 1.5°C places a stringent constraint on allowable emissions over the twenty-first century. Roegli et al. (2015) set that constraint at 200-415 GtCO2 between 2011 and 2100 for a likely chance of staying below 1.5°C in 2100. Limiting emissions to these levels requires that global emissions peak and decline over the coming decades, with net negative global emissions by mid-century. This level of decarbonization requires dramatic shifts in the energy and agricultural sectors, and comes at significant economic costs. This talk explores the effect of mitigating climate change to 1.5°C on the economy, energy system, and terrestrial system. We quantify the required deployment of various low carbon technologies, as well as the amount of existing capital that is abandoned in an effort to limit emissions. We show the shifts required in the terrestrial system, including its contribution to carbon sequestration through afforestation and bioenergy. Additionally, we show the implications of deep mitigation pathways on energy, food, and carbon prices. We contrast these results with a reference, no climate policy, world and a 2°C.

How DRB-XCL burners and air heater upgrade reduced NO sub x and improved efficiency at a western utility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Becker, W.; Stalcup, T.; Schild, V.

1992-01-01

The Neil Simpson Unit is a 220,000 lb/hr pulverized coal boiler that was designed to fire a local Wyoming subbituminous coal. During the late 1980s, the Wyoming Department of Air Quality imposed emission limits on the Black Hills Power and Light Co., Neil Simpson Station. The new limits required Black Hills power to control not only particulate and sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) emissions, but also nitrogen oxide (NO{sub x}) emissions. At the same time, Black Hills Power initiated an efficiency improvement study at Neil Simpson Station to investigate methods for reducing net electrical generation costs. This paper addresses the plantmore » efficiency and emissions studies, startup activities, the operating problems and successful operating solutions for NO{sub x} control when firing a Wyoming subbituminous coal. Also included is a summary of the post-0retrofit boiler performance data.« less

Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 °C target.

PubMed

Wollenberg, Eva; Richards, Meryl; Smith, Pete; Havlík, Petr; Obersteiner, Michael; Tubiello, Francesco N; Herold, Martin; Gerber, Pierre; Carter, Sarah; Reisinger, Andrew; van Vuuren, Detlef P; Dickie, Amy; Neufeldt, Henry; Sander, Björn O; Wassmann, Reiner; Sommer, Rolf; Amonette, James E; Falcucci, Alessandra; Herrero, Mario; Opio, Carolyn; Roman-Cuesta, Rosa Maria; Stehfest, Elke; Westhoek, Henk; Ortiz-Monasterio, Ivan; Sapkota, Tek; Rufino, Mariana C; Thornton, Philip K; Verchot, Louis; West, Paul C; Soussana, Jean-François; Baedeker, Tobias; Sadler, Marc; Vermeulen, Sonja; Campbell, Bruce M

2016-12-01

More than 100 countries pledged to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the 2015 Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Yet technical information about how much mitigation is needed in the sector vs. how much is feasible remains poor. We identify a preliminary global target for reducing emissions from agriculture of ~1 GtCO 2 e yr -1 by 2030 to limit warming in 2100 to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Yet plausible agricultural development pathways with mitigation cobenefits deliver only 21-40% of needed mitigation. The target indicates that more transformative technical and policy options will be needed, such as methane inhibitors and finance for new practices. A more comprehensive target for the 2 °C limit should be developed to include soil carbon and agriculture-related mitigation options. Excluding agricultural emissions from mitigation targets and plans will increase the cost of mitigation in other sectors or reduce the feasibility of meeting the 2 °C limit. © 2016 The Authors Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Recent results on celestial gamma radiation from SMM

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Share, Gerald H.

1991-01-01

Observations made by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer on board the SMM are described. Recent results reported include observations and analyses of gamma-ray lines from Co-56 produced in supernovae, observations of the temporal variation of the 511 keV line observed during Galactic center transits, and measurements of the diffuse Galactic spectrum from 0.3 to 8.5 MeV. The work in progress includes measurements of the distribution of Galactic Al-26, observations to place limits on Galactic Ti-44 and Fe-60 and on Be-7 produced in novae, and searches for a characteristic gamma-ray emission from pair plasmas, a 2.223 MeV line emission, limits on deexcitation lines from interstellar C and O, and gamma-ray bursts.

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP Emissions or HAP Metals Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and... to Subpart FFFF of Part 63—Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP Emissions or HAP... following table that applies to your process vents that contain hydrogen halide and halogen HAP emissions or...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP Emissions or HAP Metals Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and... to Subpart FFFF of Part 63—Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP Emissions or HAP... following table that applies to your process vents that contain hydrogen halide and halogen HAP emissions or...

40 CFR 63.7500 - What emission limits, work practice standards, and operating limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Emission Limits and Work Practice... emission limit and work practice standard in Table 1 to this subpart that applies to your boiler or process... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What emission limits, work practice...

40 CFR 60.3033 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... in § 60.3027. (b) You must continuously monitor carbon monoxide emissions to determine compliance... compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits? 60.3033 Section 60.3033 Protection of... Requirements § 60.3033 How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the...

40 CFR 60.3033 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... in § 60.3027. (b) You must continuously monitor carbon monoxide emissions to determine compliance... compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits? 60.3033 Section 60.3033 Protection of... Requirements § 60.3033 How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the...

40 CFR 60.3033 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... in § 60.3027. (b) You must continuously monitor carbon monoxide emissions to determine compliance... compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits? 60.3033 Section 60.3033 Protection of... Requirements § 60.3033 How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the...

40 CFR 60.3033 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... in § 60.3027. (b) You must continuously monitor carbon monoxide emissions to determine compliance... compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits? 60.3033 Section 60.3033 Protection of... Requirements § 60.3033 How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the...

40 CFR 60.3033 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... in § 60.3027. (b) You must continuously monitor carbon monoxide emissions to determine compliance... compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits? 60.3033 Section 60.3033 Protection of... Requirements § 60.3033 How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the...

40 CFR 63.8684 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Emission Limitations § 63.8684 What emission limitations must I meet? (a) You must meet each...

Legal regulations of restrictions of air pollution made by non-road mobile machinery-the case study for Europe: a review.

PubMed

Waluś, Konrad J; Warguła, Łukasz; Krawiec, Piotr; Adamiec, Jarosław M

2018-02-01

The high awareness of intensification and frequency of smog phenomenon all over the world in XXI age makes for detailed analyses of the reasons of its formation and prevention. The governments of the developed countries and conscious of real hazards, including many European countries, aim to restrict the emission of harmful gases. In literature, we can find the discussions on the influence of this phenomenon on the health and life of inhabitants of contaminated areas. Some elaborations of prognostic models, descriptions of pollution sources, the manner of their restriction, and the analysis of causal-consecutive correlation are also popular. The influence of pollutions resulting from the operation of vehicles, planes, and the industry are well described. However, every machine and device which is driven with a combustion engine has the effect on the general level of anthropogenic pollutions. These drives are subject of different regulations limiting their emission for service conditions and applications. One of the groups of such machines described in European and American regulations is non-road mobile machinery. The aim of this paper is the presentation of the problem of weak analysis and application of engineering and technological tools for machinery drive emission, despite of many publications on hazards and problems of emission. These machines have the influence on both the increase of global contamination and the machine users. The regulations of the European Union take into consideration the generated hazards and restrict the emission of machine exhaust gases by approval tests-these regulations are continually improved, and the effects of these works are new emission limits in 2019. However, these activities seem to be liberal as opposed to limits of the emission for passenger and goods vehicles where the technological development of the construction is greater and the regulations are the most rigorous. During the analysis of the development of non-road mobile machinery in the correlation with automotive vehicles, we can indicate engineering and technological solutions which are limiting the emission of non-road mobile machinery, but which are not applied. Due to liberal regulations for this group of machinery, the producers do not apply innovative solutions which can be found in road vehicles. The paper presents the synthetic review of existing EU regulations concerning limits of the emission of harmful exhaust gases which are generated by spark-ignition combustion engines of non-road mobile machinery. The authors show the divergences between the limits of the emission of harmful exhaust gases generated by road vehicles and non-road mobile machinery (boats and railway engines are not taken into account). The authors present the directions of the development of the combustion process control and systems limiting the emission of harmful exhaust gases. High innovative automotive industry was indicated as the direction of the development for limiting the influence of the emission on the environment by non-road mobile machinery.

40 CFR 61.353 - Alternative means of emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for Benzene Waste Operations § 61.353 Alternative means of emission limitation. (a) If, in the Administrator's judgment, an alternative means of emission limitation will achieve a reduction in benzene emissions at least equivalent to the reduction in benzene emissions from the source achieved by the...

Polluted rainwater runoff from waste recovery and recycling companies: Determination of emission levels associated with the best available techniques.

PubMed

Huybrechts, D; Verachtert, E; Vander Aa, S; Polders, C; Van den Abeele, L

2016-08-01

Rainwater falling on outdoor storage areas of waste recovery and recycling companies becomes polluted via contact with the stored materials. It contains various pollutants, including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, and is characterized by a highly fluctuating composition and flow rate. This polluted rainwater runoff is legally considered as industrial wastewater, and the polluting substances contained in the rainwater runoff at the point of discharge, are considered as emissions into water. The permitting authorities can set emission limit values (discharge limits) at the point of discharge. Best available techniques are an important reference point for setting emission limit values. In this paper, the emission levels associated with the best available techniques for dealing with polluted rainwater runoff from waste recovery and recycling companies were determined. The determination is based on an analysis of emission data measured at different companies in Flanders. The data show that a significant fraction of the pollution in rainwater runoff is associated with particles. A comparison with literature data provides strong indications that not only leaching, but also atmospheric deposition play an important role in the contamination of rainwater at waste recovery and recycling companies. The prevention of pollution and removal of suspended solids from rainwater runoff to levels below 60mg/l are considered as best available techniques. The associated emission levels were determined by considering only emission data from plants applying wastewater treatment, and excluding all samples with suspended solid levels >60mg/l. The resulting BAT-AEL can be used as a reference point for setting emission limit values for polluted rainwater runoff from waste recovery and recycling companies. Since the BAT-AEL (e.g. 150μg/l for Cu) are significantly lower than current emission levels (e.g. 300μg/l as the 90% percentile and 4910μg/l as the maximum level for Cu), this will result in a significant reduction in emissions into water. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 63.4690 - What emission limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... source, you must limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere to no more than the applicable emission... 63.4761. (b) For an existing affected source, you must limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere...

Global negative emissions capacity of ocean macronutrient fertilization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harrison, Daniel P.

2017-03-01

In order to meet the goal of limiting global average temperature increase to less than 2 °C, it is increasingly apparent that negative emissions technologies of up to 10 Pg C yr-1 will be needed before the end of the century. Recent research indicates that fertilization of the ocean with the macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus where they limit primary production, may have sequestration advantages over fertilizing iron limited regions. Utilizing global datasets of oceanographic field measurements, and output from a high resolution global circulation model, the current study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the global potential for carbon sequestration from ocean macronutrient fertilization (OMF). Sufficient excess phosphate exists outside the iron limited surface ocean to support once-off sequestration of up to 3.6 Pg C by fertilization with nitrogen. Ongoing maximum capacity of nitrogen only fertilization is estimated at 0.7 ± 0.4 Pg C yr-1. Sequestration capacity is expected to decrease from the upper toward the lower bound over time under continued intense fertilization. If N and P were used in combination the capacity is ultimately limited by societies willingness to utilize phosphate resources. Doubling current phosphate production would allow an additional 0.9 Pg C yr-1 and consume 0.07% yr-1 of known global resources. Therefore offsetting up to around 15% (1.5 Pg C yr-1) of annual global CO2 emissions is assessed as being technically plausible. Environmental risks which to date have received little quantitative evaluation, could also limit the scale of implementation. These results reinforce the need to consider a multi-faceted approach to greenhouse gasses, including a reduction in emissions coupled with further research into negative emissions technologies.

40 CFR 80.48 - Augmentation of the complex emission model by vehicle testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... section, the analysis shall fit a regression model to a combined data set that includes vehicle testing... logarithm of emissions contained in this combined data set: (A) A term for each vehicle that shall reflect... nearest limit of the data core, using the unaugmented complex model. (B) “B” shall be set equal to the...

40 CFR 80.48 - Augmentation of the complex emission model by vehicle testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... section, the analysis shall fit a regression model to a combined data set that includes vehicle testing... logarithm of emissions contained in this combined data set: (A) A term for each vehicle that shall reflect... nearest limit of the data core, using the unaugmented complex model. (B) “B” shall be set equal to the...

40 CFR 80.48 - Augmentation of the complex emission model by vehicle testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... section, the analysis shall fit a regression model to a combined data set that includes vehicle testing... logarithm of emissions contained in this combined data set: (A) A term for each vehicle that shall reflect... nearest limit of the data core, using the unaugmented complex model. (B) “B” shall be set equal to the...

40 CFR 80.48 - Augmentation of the complex emission model by vehicle testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... section, the analysis shall fit a regression model to a combined data set that includes vehicle testing... logarithm of emissions contained in this combined data set: (A) A term for each vehicle that shall reflect... nearest limit of the data core, using the unaugmented complex model. (B) “B” shall be set equal to the...

40 CFR 80.48 - Augmentation of the complex emission model by vehicle testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... section, the analysis shall fit a regression model to a combined data set that includes vehicle testing... logarithm of emissions contained in this combined data set: (A) A term for each vehicle that shall reflect... nearest limit of the data core, using the unaugmented complex model. (B) “B” shall be set equal to the...

40 CFR 63.3920 - What reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... limitation (including any periods when emissions bypassed the add-on control device and were diverted to the... month by emission capture systems and add-on control devices using Equations 1 and 1A through 1D of § 63... description of the CPMS. (v) The date of the latest CPMS certification or audit. (vi) The date and time that...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP Emissions or HAP Metals Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide.... FFFF, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart FFFF of Part 63—Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP... limit in the following table that applies to your process vents that contain hydrogen halide and halogen...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP Emissions or HAP Metals Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide.... FFFF, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart FFFF of Part 63—Emission Limits for Hydrogen Halide and Halogen HAP... limit in the following table that applies to your process vents that contain hydrogen halide and halogen...

The importance of policy in emissions inventory accuracy--a lesson from British Columbia, Canada.

PubMed

Krzyzanowski, Judi

2009-04-01

Actual atmospheric emissions in northeast British Columbia, Canada, are much higher than reported emissions. The addition of upstream oil and gas sector sources not included in the year-2000 emissions inventory of Criteria Air Contaminants (CACs) increases annual totals of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and volatile organic compound emissions by 115.1, 89.9, and 109.5%, respectively. These emissions arise from numerous small and unregulated point sources (N = 10,129). CAC summaries are given by source type and source sector. An analysis of uncertainty and reporting policy suggests that inventory omissions are not limited to the study area and that Canadian pollutant emissions are systematically underestimated. The omissions suggest that major changes in reporting procedures are needed in Canada if true estimates of annual pollutant emissions are to be documented.

47 CFR 80.211 - Emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Emission limitations. 80.211 Section 80.211... MARITIME SERVICES General Technical Standards § 80.211 Emission limitations. The emissions must be attenuated according to the following schedule. (a) The mean power when using emissions H3E, J3E and R3E: (1...

Ammonia emission inventory for the state of Wyoming

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; Maser, Colette R.; Brown, Nancy J.

2003-12-17

Ammonia (NH{sub 3}) is the only significant gaseous base in the atmosphere and it has a variety of impacts as an atmospheric pollutant, including the formation of secondary aerosol particles: ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. NH{sub 3} preferentially forms ammonium sulfate; consequently ammonium nitrate aerosol formation may be limited by the availability of NH{sub 3}. Understanding the impact of emissions of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen on visibility, therefore, requires accurately determined ammonia emission inventories for use in air quality models, upon which regulatory and policy decisions increasingly depend. This report presents an emission inventory of NH{sub 3} for themore » state of Wyoming. The inventory is temporally and spatially resolved at the monthly and county level, and is comprised of emissions from individual sources in ten categories: livestock, fertilizer, domestic animals, wild animals, wildfires, soil, industry, mobile sources, humans, and publicly owned treatment works. The Wyoming NH{sub 3} inventory was developed using the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) Ammonia Model as framework. Current Wyoming-specific activity data and emissions factors obtained from state agencies and published literature were assessed and used as inputs to the CMU Ammonia Model. Biogenic emissions from soils comprise about three-quarters of the Wyoming NH{sub 3} inventory, though emission factors from soils are highly uncertain. Published emission factors are scarce and based on limited measurements. In Wyoming, agricultural land, rangeland, and forests comprise 96% of the land area and essentially all of the estimated emissions from soils. Future research on emission rates of NH{sub 3} for these land categories may lead to a substantial change in the magnitude of soil emissions, a different inventory composition, and reduced uncertainty in the inventory. While many NH{sub 3} inventories include annual emissions, air quality modeling studies require finer temporal resolution. Published studies indicate higher emission rates from soils and animal wastes at higher temperatures, and temporal variation in fertilizer application. A recent inverse modeling study indicates temporal variation in regional NH{sub 3} emissions. Monthly allocation factors were derived to estimate monthly emissions from soils, livestock and wild animal waste based on annual emission estimates. Monthly resolution of NH{sub 3} emissions from fertilizers is based on fertilizer sales to farmers. Statewide NH{sub 3} emissions are highest in the late spring and early summer months.« less

40 CFR 63.7184 - What emission limitations, operating limits, and work practice standards must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Pollutants for Semiconductor Manufacturing Emission Standards § 63.7184 What emission limitations, operating... this section on and after the compliance dates specified in § 63.7183. (b) Process vents—organic HAP emissions. For each organic HAP process vent, other than process vents from storage tanks, you must limit...

40 CFR 63.7184 - What emission limitations, operating limits, and work practice standards must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Pollutants for Semiconductor Manufacturing Emission Standards § 63.7184 What emission limitations, operating... this section on and after the compliance dates specified in § 63.7183. (b) Process vents—organic HAP emissions. For each organic HAP process vent, other than process vents from storage tanks, you must limit...

40 CFR 63.5987 - What are my alternatives for meeting the emission limits for tire cord production affected sources?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the emission limits for tire cord production affected sources? 63.5987 Section 63.5987 Protection of... Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing Emission Limits for Tire Cord Production Affected Sources § 63.5987 What are my alternatives for meeting the emission limits for tire cord production affected sources? You...

40 CFR Table 2 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... Coater-only production lines a. Limit PAH emissions to 0.0002 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product...-only production lines a. Limit PAH emissions to 0.0007 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product manufactured... saturator/coater production lines a. Limit PAH emissions to 0.0009 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product...

40 CFR 63.2378 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations, operating limits, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... compliance with the emission limitations, operating limits, and work practice standards? 63.2378 Section 63... limits, and work practice standards? (a) You must demonstrate continuous compliance with each emission limitation, operating limit, and work practice standard in Tables 2 through 4 to this subpart that applies to...

47 CFR 101.111 - Emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Emission limitations. 101.111 Section 101.111 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.111 Emission limitations. (a) The mean power of emissions must be...

47 CFR 101.111 - Emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Emission limitations. 101.111 Section 101.111 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.111 Emission limitations. (a) The mean power of emissions must be...

47 CFR 101.111 - Emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Emission limitations. 101.111 Section 101.111 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.111 Emission limitations. (a) The mean power of emissions must be...

47 CFR 101.111 - Emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Emission limitations. 101.111 Section 101.111 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.111 Emission limitations. (a) The mean power of emissions must be...

Synthetic Fiber Production Facilities: New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

These standards limits emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from new and reconstructed synthetic fiber production facilities that use solvent-spinning processes. Includes rule history and summary.

Environmental implications of carbon limits on market ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Combined heat and power (CHP) is promoted as an economical, energy-efficient option for combating climate change. To fully examine the viability of CHP as a clean-technology solution, its market potential and impacts need to be analyzed as part of scenarios of the future energy system, particularly those with policies limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper develops and analyzes scenarios using a bottom-up, technology rich optimization model of the U.S. energy system. Two distinct carbon reduction goals were set up for analysis. In Target 1, carbon emission reduction goals were only included for the electric sector. In Target 2, carbon emission reduction goals were set across the entire energy system with the target patterned after the U.S.’s commitment to reducing GHG emissions as part of the Paris Agreement reached at the COP21 summit. From a system-wide carbon reduction standpoint, Target 2 is significantly more stringent. In addition, these scenarios examine the implications of various CHP capacity expansion and contraction assumptions and energy prices. The largest CHP capacity expansion are observed in scenarios that included Target 1, but investments were scaled back in scenarios that incorporated Target 2. The latter scenario spurred rapid development of zero-emissions technologies within the electric sector, and purchased electricity increased dramatically in many end-use sectors. The results suggest that CHP may play a role in a carbon-c

Assessing the climatic benefits of black carbon mitigation.

PubMed

Kopp, Robert E; Mauzerall, Denise L

2010-06-29

To limit mean global warming to 2 degrees C, a goal supported by more than 100 countries, it will likely be necessary to reduce emissions not only of greenhouse gases but also of air pollutants with high radiative forcing (RF), particularly black carbon (BC). Although several recent research papers have attempted to quantify the effects of BC on climate, not all these analyses have incorporated all the mechanisms that contribute to its RF (including the effects of BC on cloud albedo, cloud coverage, and snow and ice albedo, and the optical consequences of aerosol mixing) and have reported their results in different units and with different ranges of uncertainty. Here we attempt to reconcile their results and present them in uniform units that include the same forcing factors. We use the best estimate of effective RF obtained from these results to analyze the benefits of mitigating BC emissions for achieving a specific equilibrium temperature target. For a 500 ppm CO(2)e (3.1 W m(-2)) effective RF target in 2100, which would offer about a 50% chance of limiting equilibrium warming to 2.5 degrees C above preindustrial temperatures, we estimate that failing to reduce carbonaceous aerosol emissions from contained combustion would require CO(2) emission cuts about 8 years (range of 1-15 years) earlier than would be necessary with full mitigation of these emissions.

Unregulated greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from current technology heavy-duty vehicles.

PubMed

Thiruvengadam, Arvind; Besch, Marc; Carder, Daniel; Oshinuga, Adewale; Pasek, Randall; Hogo, Henry; Gautam, Mridul

2016-11-01

The study presents the measurement of carbonyl, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene), ammonia, elemental/organic carbon (EC/OC), and greenhouse gas emissions from modern heavy-duty diesel and natural gas vehicles. Vehicles from different vocations that included goods movement, refuse trucks, and transit buses were tested on driving cycles representative of their duty cycle. The natural gas vehicle technologies included the stoichiometric engine platform equipped with a three-way catalyst and a diesel-like dual-fuel high-pressure direct-injection technology equipped with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and a selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The diesel vehicles were equipped with a DPF and SCR. Results of the study show that the BTEX emissions were below detection limits for both diesel and natural gas vehicles, while carbonyl emissions were observed during cold start and low-temperature operations of the natural gas vehicles. Ammonia emissions of about 1 g/mile were observed from the stoichiometric natural gas vehicles equipped with TWC over all the driving cycles. The tailpipe GWP of the stoichiometric natural gas goods movement application was 7% lower than DPF and SCR equipped diesel. In the case of a refuse truck application the stoichiometric natural gas engine exhibited 22% lower GWP than a diesel vehicle. Tailpipe methane emissions contribute to less than 6% of the total GHG emissions. Modern heavy-duty diesel and natural gas engines are equipped with multiple after-treatment systems and complex control strategies aimed at meeting both the performance standards for the end user and meeting stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions regulation. Compared to older technology diesel and natural gas engines, modern engines and after-treatment technology have reduced unregulated emissions to levels close to detection limits. However, brief periods of inefficiencies related to low exhaust thermal energy have been shown to increase both carbonyl and nitrous oxide emissions.

40 CFR 60.52c - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission limits. 60.52c Section 60.52c... Incinerators for Which Construction is Commenced After June 20, 1996 § 60.52c Emission limits. (a) On and after... that contain stack emissions in excess of the limits presented in Table 1A to this subpart. (2) From an...

Committed sea-level rise under the Paris Agreement and the legacy of delayed mitigation action.

PubMed

Mengel, Matthias; Nauels, Alexander; Rogelj, Joeri; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich

2018-02-20

Sea-level rise is a major consequence of climate change that will continue long after emissions of greenhouse gases have stopped. The 2015 Paris Agreement aims at reducing climate-related risks by reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero and limiting global-mean temperature increase. Here we quantify the effect of these constraints on global sea-level rise until 2300, including Antarctic ice-sheet instabilities. We estimate median sea-level rise between 0.7 and 1.2 m, if net-zero greenhouse gas emissions are sustained until 2300, varying with the pathway of emissions during this century. Temperature stabilization below 2 °C is insufficient to hold median sea-level rise until 2300 below 1.5 m. We find that each 5-year delay in near-term peaking of CO 2 emissions increases median year 2300 sea-level rise estimates by ca. 0.2 m, and extreme sea-level rise estimates at the 95th percentile by up to 1 m. Our results underline the importance of near-term mitigation action for limiting long-term sea-level rise risks.

Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars: Results from the Initial Detector Era

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aasi, J.; Abadie, J.; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.; Abernathy, M. R.; Accadia, T.; Acernese, F.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Adhikari, R. X.; Affeldt, C.; Agathos, M.; Aggarwal, N.; Aguiar, O. D.; Ajith, P.; Allen, B.; Allocca, A.; Amador Ceron, E.; Amariutei, D.; Anderson, R. A.; Anderson, S. B.; Anderson, W. G.; Arai, K.; Araya, M. C.; Arceneaux, C.; Areeda, J.; Ast, S.; Aston, S. M.; Astone, P.; Aufmuth, P.; Aulbert, C.; Austin, L.; Aylott, B. E.; Babak, S.; Baker, P. T.; Ballardin, G.; Ballmer, S. W.; Barayoga, J. C.; Barker, D.; Barnum, S. H.; Barone, F.; Barr, B.; Barsotti, L.; Barsuglia, M.; Barton, M. A.; Bartos, I.; Bassiri, R.; Basti, A.; Batch, J.; Bauchrowitz, J.; Bauer, Th. S.; Bebronne, M.; Behnke, B.; Bejger, M.; Beker, M. G.; Bell, A. S.; Bell, C.; Belopolski, I.; Bergmann, G.; Berliner, J. M.; Bersanetti, D.; Bertolini, A.; Bessis, D.; Betzwieser, J.; Beyersdorf, P. T.; Bhadbhade, T.; Bilenko, I. A.; Billingsley, G.; Birch, J.; Bitossi, M.; Bizouard, M. A.; Black, E.; Blackburn, J. K.; Blackburn, L.; Blair, D.; Blom, M.; Bock, O.; Bodiya, T. P.; Boer, M.; Bogan, C.; Bond, C.; Bondu, F.; Bonelli, L.; Bonnand, R.; Bork, R.; Born, M.; Boschi, V.; Bose, S.; Bosi, L.; Bowers, J.; Bradaschia, C.; Brady, P. R.; Braginsky, V. B.; Branchesi, M.; Brannen, C. A.; Brau, J. E.; Breyer, J.; Briant, T.; Bridges, D. O.; Brillet, A.; Brinkmann, M.; Brisson, V.; Britzger, M.; Brooks, A. F.; Brown, D. A.; Brown, D. D.; Brückner, F.; Bulik, T.; Bulten, H. J.; Buonanno, A.; Buskulic, D.; Buy, C.; Byer, R. L.; Cadonati, L.; Cagnoli, G.; Calderón Bustillo, J.; Calloni, E.; Camp, J. B.; Campsie, P.; Cannon, K. C.; Canuel, B.; Cao, J.; Capano, C. D.; Carbognani, F.; Carbone, L.; Caride, S.; Castiglia, A.; Caudill, S.; Cavaglià, M.; Cavalier, F.; Cavalieri, R.; Cella, G.; Cepeda, C.; Cesarini, E.; Chakraborty, R.; Chalermsongsak, T.; Chao, S.; Charlton, P.; Chassande-Mottin, E.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Chincarini, A.; Chiummo, A.; Cho, H. S.; Chow, J.; Christensen, N.; Chu, Q.; Chua, S. S. Y.; Chung, S.; Ciani, G.; Clara, F.; Clark, D. E.; Clark, J. A.; Cleva, F.; Coccia, E.; Cohadon, P.-F.; Colla, A.; Colombini, M.; Constancio, M., Jr.; Conte, A.; Conte, R.; Cook, D.; Corbitt, T. R.; Cordier, M.; Cornish, N.; Corsi, A.; Costa, C. A.; Coughlin, M. W.; Coulon, J.-P.; Countryman, S.; Couvares, P.; Coward, D. M.; Cowart, M.; Coyne, D. C.; Craig, K.; Creighton, J. D. E.; Creighton, T. D.; Crowder, S. G.; Cumming, A.; Cunningham, L.; Cuoco, E.; Dahl, K.; Dal Canton, T.; Damjanic, M.; Danilishin, S. L.; D'Antonio, S.; Danzmann, K.; Dattilo, V.; Daudert, B.; Daveloza, H.; Davier, M.; Davies, G. S.; Daw, E. J.; Day, R.; Dayanga, T.; De Rosa, R.; Debreczeni, G.; Degallaix, J.; Del Pozzo, W.; Deleeuw, E.; Deléglise, S.; Denker, T.; Dent, T.; Dereli, H.; Dergachev, V.; DeRosa, R.; DeSalvo, R.; Dhurandhar, S.; Di Fiore, L.; Di Lieto, A.; Di Palma, I.; Di Virgilio, A.; Díaz, M.; Dietz, A.; Dmitry, K.; Donovan, F.; Dooley, K. L.; Doravari, S.; Drago, M.; Drever, R. W. P.; Driggers, J. C.; Du, Z.; Dumas, J.-C.; Dwyer, S.; Eberle, T.; Edwards, M.; Effler, A.; Ehrens, P.; Eichholz, J.; Eikenberry, S. S.; Endrőczi, G.; Essick, R.; Etzel, T.; Evans, K.; Evans, M.; Evans, T.; Factourovich, M.; Fafone, V.; Fairhurst, S.; Fang, Q.; Farinon, S.; Farr, B.; Farr, W.; Favata, M.; Fazi, D.; Fehrmann, H.; Feldbaum, D.; Ferrante, I.; Ferrini, F.; Fidecaro, F.; Finn, L. S.; Fiori, I.; Fisher, R.; Flaminio, R.; Foley, E.; Foley, S.; Forsi, E.; Fotopoulos, N.; Fournier, J.-D.; Franco, S.; Frasca, S.; Frasconi, F.; Frede, M.; Frei, M.; Frei, Z.; Freise, A.; Frey, R.; Fricke, T. T.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fujimoto, M.-K.; Fulda, P.; Fyffe, M.; Gair, J.; Gammaitoni, L.; Garcia, J.; Garufi, F.; Gehrels, N.; Gemme, G.; Genin, E.; Gennai, A.; Gergely, L.; Ghosh, S.; Giaime, J. A.; Giampanis, S.; Giardina, K. D.; Giazotto, A.; Gil-Casanova, S.; Gill, C.; Gleason, J.; Goetz, E.; Goetz, R.; Gondan, L.; González, G.; Gordon, N.; Gorodetsky, M. L.; Gossan, S.; Goßler, S.; Gouaty, R.; Graef, C.; Graff, P. B.; Granata, M.; Grant, A.; Gras, S.; Gray, C.; Greenhalgh, R. J. S.; Gretarsson, A. M.; Griffo, C.; Groot, P.; Grote, H.; Grover, K.; Grunewald, S.; Guidi, G. M.; Guido, C.; Gushwa, K. E.; Gustafson, E. K.; Gustafson, R.; Hall, B.; Hall, E.; Hammer, D.; Hammond, G.; Hanke, M.; Hanks, J.; Hanna, C.; Hanson, J.; Harms, J.; Harry, G. M.; Harry, I. W.; Harstad, E. D.; Hartman, M. T.; Haughian, K.; Hayama, K.; Heefner, J.; Heidmann, A.; Heintze, M.; Heitmann, H.; Hello, P.; Hemming, G.; Hendry, M.; Heng, I. S.; Heptonstall, A. W.; Heurs, M.; Hild, S.; Hoak, D.; Hodge, K. A.; Holt, K.; Holtrop, M.; Hong, T.; Hooper, S.; Horrom, T.; Hosken, D. J.; Hough, J.; Howell, E. J.; Hu, Y.; Hua, Z.; Huang, V.; Huerta, E. A.; Hughey, B.; Husa, S.; Huttner, S. H.; Huynh, M.; Huynh-Dinh, T.; Iafrate, J.; Ingram, D. R.; Inta, R.; Isogai, T.; Ivanov, A.; Iyer, B. R.; Izumi, K.; Jacobson, M.; James, E.; Jang, H.; Jang, Y. J.; Jaranowski, P.; Jiménez-Forteza, F.; Johnson, W. W.; Jones, D.; Jones, D. I.; Jones, R.; Jonker, R. J. G.; Ju, L.; K, Haris; Kalmus, P.; Kalogera, V.; Kandhasamy, S.; Kang, G.; Kanner, J. B.; Kasprzack, M.; Kasturi, R.; Katsavounidis, E.; Katzman, W.; Kaufer, H.; Kaufman, K.; Kawabe, K.; Kawamura, S.; Kawazoe, F.; Kéfélian, F.; Keitel, D.; Kelley, D. B.; Kells, W.; Keppel, D. G.; Khalaidovski, A.; Khalili, F. Y.; Khazanov, E. A.; Kim, B. K.; Kim, C.; Kim, K.; Kim, N.; Kim, W.; Kim, Y.-M.; King, E. J.; King, P. J.; Kinzel, D. L.; Kissel, J. S.; Klimenko, S.; Kline, J.; Koehlenbeck, S.; Kokeyama, K.; Kondrashov, V.; Koranda, S.; Korth, W. Z.; Kowalska, I.; Kozak, D.; Kremin, A.; Kringel, V.; Krishnan, B.; Królak, A.; Kucharczyk, C.; Kudla, S.; Kuehn, G.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, P.; Kumar, R.; Kurdyumov, R.; Kwee, P.; Landry, M.; Lantz, B.; Larson, S.; Lasky, P. D.; Lawrie, C.; Lazzarini, A.; Le Roux, A.; Leaci, P.; Lebigot, E. O.; Lee, C.-H.; Lee, H. K.; Lee, H. M.; Lee, J.; Lee, J.; Leonardi, M.; Leong, J. R.; Leroy, N.; Letendre, N.; Levine, B.; Lewis, J. B.; Lhuillier, V.; Li, T. G. F.; Lin, A. C.; Littenberg, T. B.; Litvine, V.; Liu, F.; Liu, H.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Lloyd, D.; Lockerbie, N. A.; Lockett, V.; Lodhia, D.; Loew, K.; Logue, J.; Lombardi, A. L.; Lorenzini, M.; Loriette, V.; Lormand, M.; Losurdo, G.; Lough, J.; Luan, J.; Lubinski, M. J.; Lück, H.; Lundgren, A. P.; Macarthur, J.; Macdonald, E.; Machenschalk, B.; MacInnis, M.; Macleod, D. M.; Magana-Sandoval, F.; Mageswaran, M.; Mailand, K.; Majorana, E.; Maksimovic, I.; Malvezzi, V.; Man, N.; Manca, G. M.; Mandel, I.; Mandic, V.; Mangano, V.; Mantovani, M.; Marchesoni, F.; Marion, F.; Márka, S.; Márka, Z.; Markosyan, A.; Maros, E.; Marque, J.; Martelli, F.; Martin, I. W.; Martin, R. M.; Martinelli, L.; Martynov, D.; Marx, J. N.; Mason, K.; Masserot, A.; Massinger, T. J.; Matichard, F.; Matone, L.; Matzner, R. A.; Mavalvala, N.; May, G.; Mazumder, N.; Mazzolo, G.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D. E.; McGuire, S. C.; McIntyre, G.; McIver, J.; Meacher, D.; Meadors, G. D.; Mehmet, M.; Meidam, J.; Meier, T.; Melatos, A.; Mendell, G.; Mercer, R. A.; Meshkov, S.; Messenger, C.; Meyer, M. S.; Miao, H.; Michel, C.; Mikhailov, E. E.; Milano, L.; Miller, J.; Minenkov, Y.; Mingarelli, C. M. F.; Mitra, S.; Mitrofanov, V. P.; Mitselmakher, G.; Mittleman, R.; Moe, B.; Mohan, M.; Mohapatra, S. R. P.; Mokler, F.; Moraru, D.; Moreno, G.; Morgado, N.; Mori, T.; Morriss, S. R.; Mossavi, K.; Mours, B.; Mow-Lowry, C. M.; Mueller, C. L.; Mueller, G.; Mukherjee, S.; Mullavey, A.; Munch, J.; Murphy, D.; Murray, P. G.; Mytidis, A.; Nagy, M. F.; Nanda Kumar, D.; Nardecchia, I.; Nash, T.; Naticchioni, L.; Nayak, R.; Necula, V.; Nelemans, G.; Neri, I.; Neri, M.; Newton, G.; Nguyen, T.; Nishida, E.; Nishizawa, A.; Nitz, A.; Nocera, F.; Nolting, D.; Normandin, M. E.; Nuttall, L. K.; Ochsner, E.; O'Dell, J.; Oelker, E.; Ogin, G. H.; Oh, J. J.; Oh, S. H.; Ohme, F.; Oppermann, P.; O'Reilly, B.; Ortega Larcher, W.; O'Shaughnessy, R.; Osthelder, C.; Ottaway, D. J.; Ottens, R. S.; Ou, J.; Overmier, H.; Owen, B. J.; Padilla, C.; Pai, A.; Palomba, C.; Pan, Y.; Pankow, C.; Paoletti, F.; Paoletti, R.; Papa, M. A.; Paris, H.; Pasqualetti, A.; Passaquieti, R.; Passuello, D.; Pedraza, M.; Peiris, P.; Penn, S.; Perreca, A.; Phelps, M.; Pichot, M.; Pickenpack, M.; Piergiovanni, F.; Pierro, V.; Pinard, L.; Pindor, B.; Pinto, I. M.; Pitkin, M.; Poeld, J.; Poggiani, R.; Poole, V.; Poux, C.; Predoi, V.; Prestegard, T.; Price, L. R.; Prijatelj, M.; Principe, M.; Privitera, S.; Prix, R.; Prodi, G. A.; Prokhorov, L.; Puncken, O.; Punturo, M.; Puppo, P.; Quetschke, V.; Quintero, E.; Quitzow-James, R.; Raab, F. J.; Rabeling, D. S.; Rácz, I.; Radkins, H.; Raffai, P.; Raja, S.; Rajalakshmi, G.; Rakhmanov, M.; Ramet, C.; Rapagnani, P.; Raymond, V.; Re, V.; Reed, C. M.; Reed, T.; Regimbau, T.; Reid, S.; Reitze, D. H.; Ricci, F.; Riesen, R.; Riles, K.; Robertson, N. A.; Robinet, F.; Rocchi, A.; Roddy, S.; Rodriguez, C.; Rodruck, M.; Roever, C.; Rolland, L.; Rollins, J. G.; Romano, J. D.; Romano, R.; Romanov, G.; Romie, J. H.; Rosińska, D.; Rowan, S.; Rüdiger, A.; Ruggi, P.; Ryan, K.; Salemi, F.; Sammut, L.; Sandberg, V.; Sanders, J.; Sannibale, V.; Santiago-Prieto, I.; Saracco, E.; Sassolas, B.; Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Saulson, P. R.; Savage, R.; Schilling, R.; Schnabel, R.; Schofield, R. M. S.; Schreiber, E.; Schuette, D.; Schulz, B.; Schutz, B. F.; Schwinberg, P.; Scott, J.; Scott, S. M.; Seifert, F.; Sellers, D.; Sengupta, A. S.; Sentenac, D.; Sergeev, A.; Shaddock, D.; Shah, S.; Shahriar, M. S.; Shaltev, M.; Shapiro, B.; Shawhan, P.; Shoemaker, D. H.; Sidery, T. L.; Siellez, K.; Siemens, X.; Sigg, D.; Simakov, D.; Singer, A.; Singer, L.; Sintes, A. M.; Skelton, G. R.; Slagmolen, B. J. J.; Slutsky, J.; Smith, J. R.; Smith, M. R.; Smith, R. J. E.; Smith-Lefebvre, N. D.; Soden, K.; Son, E. J.; Sorazu, B.; Souradeep, T.; Sperandio, L.; Staley, A.; Steinert, E.; Steinlechner, J.; Steinlechner, S.; Steplewski, S.; Stevens, D.; Stochino, A.; Stone, R.; Strain, K. A.; Straniero, N.; Strigin, S.; Stroeer, A. S.; Sturani, R.; Stuver, A. L.; Summerscales, T. Z.; Susmithan, S.; Sutton, P. J.; Swinkels, B.; Szeifert, G.; Tacca, M.; Talukder, D.; Tang, L.; Tanner, D. B.; Tarabrin, S. P.; Taylor, R.; ter Braack, A. P. M.; Thirugnanasambandam, M. P.; Thomas, M.; Thomas, P.; Thorne, K. A.; Thorne, K. S.; Thrane, E.; Tiwari, V.; Tokmakov, K. V.; Tomlinson, C.; Toncelli, A.; Tonelli, M.; Torre, O.; Torres, C. V.; Torrie, C. I.; Travasso, F.; Traylor, G.; Tse, M.; Ugolini, D.; Unnikrishnan, C. S.; Vahlbruch, H.; Vajente, G.; Vallisneri, M.; van den Brand, J. F. J.; Van Den Broeck, C.; van der Putten, S.; van der Sluys, M. V.; van Heijningen, J.; van Veggel, A. A.; Vass, S.; Vasúth, M.; Vaulin, R.; Vecchio, A.; Vedovato, G.; Veitch, J.; Veitch, P. J.; Venkateswara, K.; Verkindt, D.; Verma, S.; Vetrano, F.; Viceré, A.; Vincent-Finley, R.; Vinet, J.-Y.; Vitale, S.; Vlcek, B.; Vo, T.; Vocca, H.; Vorvick, C.; Vousden, W. D.; Vrinceanu, D.; Vyachanin, S. P.; Wade, A.; Wade, L.; Wade, M.; Waldman, S. J.; Walker, M.; Wallace, L.; Wan, Y.; Wang, J.; Wang, M.; Wang, X.; Wanner, A.; Ward, R. L.; Was, M.; Weaver, B.; Wei, L.-W.; Weinert, M.; Weinstein, A. J.; Weiss, R.; Welborn, T.; Wen, L.; Wessels, P.; West, M.; Westphal, T.; Wette, K.; Whelan, J. T.; Whitcomb, S. E.; White, D. J.; Whiting, B. F.; Wibowo, S.; Wiesner, K.; Wilkinson, C.; Williams, L.; Williams, R.; Williams, T.; Willis, J. L.; Willke, B.; Wimmer, M.; Winkelmann, L.; Winkler, W.; Wipf, C. C.; Wittel, H.; Woan, G.; Worden, J.; Yablon, J.; Yakushin, I.; Yamamoto, H.; Yancey, C. C.; Yang, H.; Yeaton-Massey, D.; Yoshida, S.; Yum, H.; Yvert, M.; Zadrożny, A.; Zanolin, M.; Zendri, J.-P.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, C.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, X. J.; Zotov, N.; Zucker, M. E.; Zweizig, J.; Buchner, S.; Cognard, I.; Corongiu, A.; D'Amico, N.; Espinoza, C. M.; Freire, P. C. C.; Gotthelf, E. V.; Guillemot, L.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Hobbs, G. B.; Kramer, M.; Lyne, A. G.; Marshall, F. E.; Possenti, A.; Ransom, S. M.; Ray, P. S.; Roy, J.; Stappers, B. W.; LIGO Scientific Collaboration; Virgo Collaboration

2014-04-01

We present the results of searches for gravitational waves from a large selection of pulsars using data from the most recent science runs (S6, VSR2 and VSR4) of the initial generation of interferometric gravitational wave detectors LIGO (Laser Interferometric Gravitational-wave Observatory) and Virgo. We do not see evidence for gravitational wave emission from any of the targeted sources but produce upper limits on the emission amplitude. We highlight the results from seven young pulsars with large spin-down luminosities. We reach within a factor of five of the canonical spin-down limit for all seven of these, whilst for the Crab and Vela pulsars we further surpass their spin-down limits. We present new or updated limits for 172 other pulsars (including both young and millisecond pulsars). Now that the detectors are undergoing major upgrades, and, for completeness, we bring together all of the most up-to-date results from all pulsars searched for during the operations of the first-generation LIGO, Virgo and GEO600 detectors. This gives a total of 195 pulsars including the most recent results described in this paper.

Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars: Results from the Initial Detector Era

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aasi, J.; Abadie, J.; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.; Abernathy, M. R.; Accadia, T.; Acernese, F.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.;

A Model Describing Stable Coherent Synchrotron Radiation in Storage Rings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sannibale, F.; Byrd, J. M.; Loftsdóttir, Á.; Venturini, M.; Abo-Bakr, M.; Feikes, J.; Holldack, K.; Kuske, P.; Wüstefeld, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Warnock, R.

2004-08-01

We present a model describing high power stable broadband coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in the terahertz frequency region in an electron storage ring. The model includes distortion of bunch shape from the synchrotron radiation (SR), which enhances higher frequency coherent emission, and limits to stable emission due to an instability excited by the SR wakefield. It gives a quantitative explanation of several features of the recent observations of CSR at the BESSYII storage ring. We also use this model to optimize the performance of a source for stable CSR emission.

40 CFR 63.5984 - What emission limits must I meet for tire production affected sources?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... tire production affected sources? 63.5984 Section 63.5984 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing Emission Limits for Tire Production Affected Sources § 63.5984 What emission limits must I meet...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Cccc of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Manufacturing of Nutritional Yeast Pt. 63, Subpt... comply with the emission limitations in the following table: For each fed-batch fermenter producing yeast... duration of a batch.b. The emission limitation does not apply during the production of specialty yeast. ...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Cccc of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Manufacturing of Nutritional Yeast Pt. 63, Subpt... comply with the emission limitations in the following table: For each fed-batch fermenter producing yeast... duration of a batch.b. The emission limitation does not apply during the production of specialty yeast. ...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Cccc of... - Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Manufacturing of Nutritional Yeast Pt. 63, Subpt... comply with the emission limitations in the following table: For each fed-batch fermenter producing yeast... duration of a batch.b. The emission limitation does not apply during the production of specialty yeast. ...

47 CFR 90.1323 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Emission limits. 90.1323 Section 90.1323... MOBILE RADIO SERVICES Wireless Broadband Services in the 3650-3700 MHz Band § 90.1323 Emission limits. (a) The power of any emission outside a licensee's frequency band(s) of operation shall be attenuated...

40 CFR 76.10 - Alternative emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.10 Alternative emission limitations. (a... alternative emission limitation on the date that the application for renewal of the source's Acid Rain permit... demonstration period by administrative amendment (under § 72.83 of this chapter) to the Acid Rain permit. (v...

40 CFR 76.10 - Alternative emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.10 Alternative emission limitations. (a... alternative emission limitation on the date that the application for renewal of the source's Acid Rain permit... demonstration period by administrative amendment (under § 72.83 of this chapter) to the Acid Rain permit. (v...

40 CFR 76.10 - Alternative emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.10 Alternative emission limitations. (a... alternative emission limitation on the date that the application for renewal of the source's Acid Rain permit... demonstration period by administrative amendment (under § 72.83 of this chapter) to the Acid Rain permit. (v...

40 CFR 63.55 - Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case-by-case determination of equivalent emission... sources subject to case-by-case determination of equivalent emission limitations. (a) Requirements for... hazardous air pollutant emissions limitations equivalent to the limitations that would apply if an emission...

40 CFR 63.4151 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants... applicable emission limit in § 63.4090 but not the operating limits or work practice standards in §§ 63.4092...

40 CFR 60.2115 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, or limit emissions in some other manner, to comply with the emission limitations under...

GAME: GAlaxy Machine learning for Emission lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ucci, G.; Ferrara, A.; Pallottini, A.; Gallerani, S.

2018-06-01

We present an updated, optimized version of GAME (GAlaxy Machine learning for Emission lines), a code designed to infer key interstellar medium physical properties from emission line intensities of ultraviolet /optical/far-infrared galaxy spectra. The improvements concern (a) an enlarged spectral library including Pop III stars, (b) the inclusion of spectral noise in the training procedure, and (c) an accurate evaluation of uncertainties. We extensively validate the optimized code and compare its performance against empirical methods and other available emission line codes (PYQZ and HII-CHI-MISTRY) on a sample of 62 SDSS stacked galaxy spectra and 75 observed HII regions. Very good agreement is found for metallicity. However, ionization parameters derived by GAME tend to be higher. We show that this is due to the use of too limited libraries in the other codes. The main advantages of GAME are the simultaneous use of all the measured spectral lines and the extremely short computational times. We finally discuss the code potential and limitations.

A search for TeV gamma-ray emission from SNRs, pulsars and unidentified GeV sources in the Galactic plane in the longitude range between -2 deg and 85 deg.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aharonian, F. A.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Beilicke, M.; Bernloehr, K.; Bojahr, H.; Bolz, O.; Boerst, H.; Coarasa, T.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Denninghoff, S.; Fonseca, V.; Girma, M.; Goetting, N.; Heinzelmann, G.; Hermann, G.; Heusler, A.; Hofmann, W.; Horns, D.; Jung, I.; Kankanyan, R.; Kestel, M.; Kettler, J.; Kohnle, A.; Konopelko, A.; Kornmeyer, H.; Kranich, D.; Krawczynski, H.; Lampeitl, H.; Lopez, M.; Lorenz, E.; Lucarelli, F.; Mang, O.; Meyer, H.; Mirzoyan, R.; Moralejo, A.; Ona, E.; Panter, M.; Plyasheshnikov, A.; Puehlhofer, G.; Rauterberg, G.; Reyes, R.; Rhode, W.; Ripken, J.; Roehring, A.; Rowell, G. P.; Sahakian, V.; Samorski, M.; Schilling, M.; Siems, M.; Sobzynska, D.; Stamm, W.; Tluczykont, M.; Voelk, H. J.; Wiedner, C. A.; Wittek, W.

2002-12-01

Using the HEGRA system of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, one quarter of the Galactic plane (-2o < l < 85o) was surveyed for TeV gamma-ray emission from point sources and moderately extended sources (φ <= 0.8o). The region covered includes 86 known pulsars (PSR), 63 known supernova remnants (SNR) and nine GeV sources, representing a significant fraction of the known populations. No evidence for emission of TeV gamma radiation was detected, and upper limits range from 0.15 Crab units up to several Crab units, depending on the observation time and zenith angles covered. The ensemble sums over selected SNR and pulsar subsamples and over the GeV-sources yield no indication of emission from these potential sources. The upper limit for the SNR population is 6.7% of the Crab flux and for the pulsar ensemble is 3.6% of the Crab flux.

Characterization of methane emissions in Los Angeles with airborne hyperspectral imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saad, K.; Tratt, D. M.; Buckland, K. N.; Roehl, C. M.; Wennberg, P. O.; Wunch, D.

2017-12-01

As urban areas develop regulations to limit atmospheric methane (CH4), accurate quantification of anthropogenic emissions will be critical for program development and evaluation. However, relating emissions derived from process-level metadata to those determined from assimilating atmospheric observations of CH4 concentrations into models is particularly difficult. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) can help differentiate between thermogenic and biogenic CH4 emissions, as they are primarily co-emitted with the former; however, these trace gases are subject to the same limitations as CH4. Remotely-sensed hyperspectral imaging bridges these approaches by measuring emissions plumes directly with spatial coverage on the order of 10 km2 min-1. We identify the sources of and evaluate emissions plumes measured by airborne infrared hyperspectral imagers flown over the Los Angeles (LA) metropolitan area, which encompasses various CH4 sources, including petroleum and natural gas wells and facilities. We quantify total CH4 and NMHC emissions, as well as their relative column densities, at the point-source level to create fingerprints of source types. We aggregate these analyses to estimate the range of variability in chemical composition across source types. These CH4 and NMHC emissions factors are additionally compared to their tropospheric column abundances measured by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) Pasadena Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, which provides a footprint for the LA basin.

40 CFR 61.273 - Alternative means of emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for Benzene Emissions From Benzene Storage Vessels § 61.273 Alternative means of emission limitation... benzene emissions at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions achieved by any requirement in § 61... full-size or scale-model storage vessels that accurately collect and measure all benzene emissions from...

40 CFR 61.273 - Alternative means of emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for Benzene Emissions From Benzene Storage Vessels § 61.273 Alternative means of emission limitation... benzene emissions at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions achieved by any requirement in § 61... full-size or scale-model storage vessels that accurately collect and measure all benzene emissions from...

40 CFR 61.273 - Alternative means of emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for Benzene Emissions From Benzene Storage Vessels § 61.273 Alternative means of emission limitation... benzene emissions at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions achieved by any requirement in § 61... full-size or scale-model storage vessels that accurately collect and measure all benzene emissions from...

40 CFR 61.273 - Alternative means of emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for Benzene Emissions From Benzene Storage Vessels § 61.273 Alternative means of emission limitation... benzene emissions at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions achieved by any requirement in § 61... full-size or scale-model storage vessels that accurately collect and measure all benzene emissions from...

40 CFR 61.273 - Alternative means of emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for Benzene Emissions From Benzene Storage Vessels § 61.273 Alternative means of emission limitation... benzene emissions at least equivalent to the reduction in emissions achieved by any requirement in § 61... full-size or scale-model storage vessels that accurately collect and measure all benzene emissions from...

Assessment of regional air quality resulting from emission control in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China.

PubMed

Wang, N; Lyu, X P; Deng, X J; Guo, H; Deng, T; Li, Y; Yin, C Q; Li, F; Wang, S Q

2016-12-15

To evaluate the impact of emission control measures on the air quality in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of South China, statistic data including atmospheric observations, emissions and energy consumptions during 2006-2014 were analyzed, and a Weather Research and Forecasting - Community Multi-scale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model was used for various scenario simulations. Although energy consumption doubled from 2004 to 2014 and vehicle number significantly increased from 2006 to 2014, ambient SO 2 , NO 2 and PM 10 were reduced by 66%, 20% and 24%, respectively, mainly due to emissions control efforts. In contrast, O 3 increased by 19%. Model simulations of three emission control scenarios, including a baseline (a case in 2010), a CAP (a case in 2020 assuming control strength followed past control tendency) and a REF (a case in 2020 referring to the strict control measures based on recent policy/plans) were conducted to investigate the variations of air pollutants to the changes in NO x , VOCs and NH 3 emissions. Although the area mean concentrations of NO x , nitrate and PM 2.5 decreased under both NO x CAP (reduced by 1.8%, 0.7% and 0.2%, respectively) and NO x REF (reduced by 7.2%, 1.8% and 0.3%, respectively), a rising of PM 2.5 was found in certain areas as reducing NO x emissions elevated the atmospheric oxidizability. Furthermore, scenarios with NH 3 emission reductions showed that nitrate was sensitive to NH 3 emissions, with decreasing percentages of 0-10.6% and 0-48% under CAP and REF, respectively. Controlling emissions of VOCs reduced PM 2.5 in the southwestern PRD where severe photochemical pollution frequently occurred. It was also found that O 3 formation in PRD was generally VOCs-limited while turned to be NO x -limited in the afternoon (13:00-17:00), suggesting that cutting VOCs emissions would reduce the overall O 3 concentrations while mitigating NO x emissions in the afternoon could reduce the peak O 3 levels. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 49.124 - Rule for limiting visible emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... emissions. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section limits the visible emissions of air... residential buildings with four or fewer dwelling units, fugitive dust from public roads owned or maintained... sources. (d) What are the opacity limits for air pollution sources? (1) The visible emissions from an air...

40 CFR 63.5986 - What emission limits must I meet for tire cord production affected sources?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... tire cord production affected sources? 63.5986 Section 63.5986 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing Emission Limits for Tire Cord Production Affected Sources § 63.5986 What emission limits must I...

40 CFR 63.7296 - What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for battery stacks? 63.7296 Section 63.7296 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission Limitations and Work Practice Standards § 63.7296 What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks? You must not discharge to the atmosphere any emissions from any...

40 CFR 74.25 - Current promulgated SO2 emissions limit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Current promulgated SO2 emissions... promulgated SO2 emissions limit. The designated representative shall submit the following data: (a) Current promulgated SO2 emissions limit of the combustion source, expressed in lbs/mmBtu, which shall be the most...

47 CFR 90.669 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Emission limits. 90.669 Section 90.669... 896-901/935-940 Mhz Band § 90.669 Emission limits. (a) On any frequency in an MTA licensee's spectrum block that is adjacent to a non-MTA frequency, the power of any emission shall be attenuated below the...

40 CFR 96.374 - Recordkeeping and reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... quarterly reports, as follows: (1) If the CAIR NOX Ozone Season unit is subject to an Acid Rain emissions... not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX emissions limitation, then the CAIR... are also subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or the CAIR NOX Annual Trading Program or CAIR...

40 CFR 96.374 - Recordkeeping and reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... quarterly reports, as follows: (1) If the CAIR NOX Ozone Season unit is subject to an Acid Rain emissions... not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX emissions limitation, then the CAIR... are also subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or the CAIR NOX Annual Trading Program or CAIR...

40 CFR 97.374 - Recordkeeping and reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...: (1) If the CAIR NOX Ozone Season unit is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX... Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX emissions limitation, then the CAIR designated...) of this chapter. (4) For CAIR NOX Ozone Season units that are also subject to an Acid Rain emissions...

40 CFR 96.374 - Recordkeeping and reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... quarterly reports, as follows: (1) If the CAIR NOX Ozone Season unit is subject to an Acid Rain emissions... not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX emissions limitation, then the CAIR... are also subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or the CAIR NOX Annual Trading Program or CAIR...

40 CFR 97.374 - Recordkeeping and reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...: (1) If the CAIR NOX Ozone Season unit is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX... Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX emissions limitation, then the CAIR designated...) of this chapter. (4) For CAIR NOX Ozone Season units that are also subject to an Acid Rain emissions...

40 CFR 97.374 - Recordkeeping and reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: (1) If the CAIR NOX Ozone Season unit is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX... Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX emissions limitation, then the CAIR designated...) of this chapter. (4) For CAIR NOX Ozone Season units that are also subject to an Acid Rain emissions...

40 CFR 96.374 - Recordkeeping and reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... quarterly reports, as follows: (1) If the CAIR NOX Ozone Season unit is subject to an Acid Rain emissions... not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX emissions limitation, then the CAIR... are also subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or the CAIR NOX Annual Trading Program or CAIR...

40 CFR 97.374 - Recordkeeping and reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: (1) If the CAIR NOX Ozone Season unit is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX... Acid Rain emissions limitation or a CAIR NOX emissions limitation, then the CAIR designated...) of this chapter. (4) For CAIR NOX Ozone Season units that are also subject to an Acid Rain emissions...

40 CFR 63.7296 - What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for battery stacks? 63.7296 Section 63.7296 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission Limitations and Work Practice Standards § 63.7296 What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks? You must not discharge to the atmosphere any emissions from any...

40 CFR 63.7296 - What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for battery stacks? 63.7296 Section 63.7296 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission Limitations and Work Practice Standards § 63.7296 What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks? You must not discharge to the atmosphere any emissions from any...

40 CFR 63.7296 - What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for battery stacks? 63.7296 Section 63.7296 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission Limitations and Work Practice Standards § 63.7296 What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks? You must not discharge to the atmosphere any emissions from any...

40 CFR 63.7296 - What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for battery stacks? 63.7296 Section 63.7296 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission Limitations and Work Practice Standards § 63.7296 What emission limitations must I meet for battery stacks? You must not discharge to the atmosphere any emissions from any...

40 CFR 63.4151 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Surface Coating of... applicable emission limit in § 63.4090 but not the operating limits or work practice standards in §§ 63.4092...

Inference of a 7.75 eV lower limit in the ultraviolet pumping of interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cations with resulting unidentified infrared emissions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Robinson, M. S.; Beegle, L. W.; Wdowiak, T. J.

1997-01-01

The discrete infrared features known as the unidentified infrared (UIR) bands originating in starburst regions of other galaxies, and in H II regions and planetary nebulae within the Milky Way, are widely thought to be the result of ultraviolet pumped infrared fluorescence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules and ions. These UIR emissions are estimated to account for 10%-30% of the total energy emitted by galaxies. Laboratory absorption spectra including the vacuum ultraviolet region, as described in this paper, show a weakening of the intensity of absorption features as the population of cations increases, suggesting that strong pi* <-- pi transitions are absent in the spectra of PAH cations. This implies a lower energy bound for ultraviolet photons that pump infrared emissions from such ions at 7.75 eV, an amount greater than previously thought. The implications include size and structure limitations on the PAH molecules and ions which are apparent constituents of the interstellar medium. Also, this might affect estimations of the population of early-type stars in regions of rapid star formation.

Multimessenger search for sources of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos: Initial results for LIGO-Virgo and IceCube

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Altmann, D.; Anderson, T.; Arguelles, C.; Arlen, T. C.; Auffenberg, J.; Bai, X.; Barwick, S. W.; Baum, V.; Beatty, J. J.; Becker Tjus, J.; Becker, K.-H.; BenZvi, S.; Berghaus, P.; Berley, D.; Bernardini, E.; Bernhard, A.; Besson, D. Z.; Binder, G.; Bindig, D.; Bissok, M.; Blaufuss, E.; Blumenthal, J.; Boersma, D. J.; Bohm, C.; Bos, F.; Bose, D.; Böser, S.; Botner, O.; Brayeur, L.; Bretz, H.-P.; Brown, A. M.; Casey, J.; Casier, M.; Chirkin, D.; Christov, A.; Christy, B.; Clark, K.; Classen, L.; Clevermann, F.; Coenders, S.; Cowen, D. F.; Cruz Silva, A. H.; Danninger, M.; Daughhetee, J.; Davis, J. C.; Day, M.; de André, J. P. A. M.; De Clercq, C.; De Ridder, S.; Desiati, P.; de Vries, K. D.; de With, M.; DeYoung, T.; Díaz-Vélez, J. C.; Dunkman, M.; Eagan, R.; Eberhardt, B.; Eichmann, B.; Eisch, J.; Euler, S.; Evenson, P. A.; Fadiran, O.; Fazely, A. R.; Fedynitch, A.; Feintzeig, J.; Felde, J.; Feusels, T.; Filimonov, K.; Finley, C.; Fischer-Wasels, T.; Flis, S.; Franckowiak, A.; Frantzen, K.; Fuchs, T.; Gaisser, T. K.; Gallagher, J.; Gerhardt, L.; Gier, D.; Gladstone, L.; Glüsenkamp, T.; Goldschmidt, A.; Golup, G.; Gonzalez, J. G.; Goodman, J. A.; Góra, D.; Grandmont, D. T.; Grant, D.; Gretskov, P.; Groh, J. C.; Groß, A.; Ha, C.; Haack, C.; Haj Ismail, A.; Hallen, P.; Hallgren, A.; Halzen, F.; Hanson, K.; Hebecker, D.; Heereman, D.; Heinen, D.; Helbing, K.; Hellauer, R.; Hellwig, D.; Hickford, S.; Hill, G. C.; Hoffman, K. D.; Hoffmann, R.; Homeier, A.; Hoshina, K.; Huang, F.; Huelsnitz, W.; Hulth, P. O.; Hultqvist, K.; Hussain, S.; Ishihara, A.; Jacobi, E.; Jacobsen, J.; Jagielski, K.; Japaridze, G. S.; Jero, K.; Jlelati, O.; Jurkovic, M.; Kaminsky, B.; Kappes, A.; Karg, T.; Karle, A.; Kauer, M.; Kelley, J. L.; Kheirandish, A.; Kiryluk, J.; Kläs, J.; Klein, S. R.; Köhne, J.-H.; Kohnen, G.; Kolanoski, H.; Koob, A.; Köpke, L.; Kopper, C.; Kopper, S.; Koskinen, D. J.; Kowalski, M.; Kriesten, A.; Krings, K.; Kroll, G.; Kroll, M.; Kunnen, J.; Kurahashi, N.; Kuwabara, T.; Labare, M.; Larsen, D. T.; Larson, M. J.; Lesiak-Bzdak, M.; Leuermann, M.; Leute, J.; Lünemann, J.; Macías, O.; Madsen, J.; Maggi, G.; Maruyama, R.; Mase, K.; Matis, H. S.; McNally, F.; Meagher, K.; Medici, M.; Meli, A.; Meures, T.; Miarecki, S.; Middell, E.; Middlemas, E.; Milke, N.; Miller, J.; Mohrmann, L.; Montaruli, T.; Morse, R.; Nahnhauer, R.; Naumann, U.; Niederhausen, H.; Nowicki, S. C.; Nygren, D. R.; Obertacke, A.; Odrowski, S.; Olivas, A.; Omairat, A.; O'Murchadha, A.; Palczewski, T.; Paul, L.; Penek, Ö.; Pepper, J. A.; Pérez de los Heros, C.; Pfendner, C.; Pieloth, D.; Pinat, E.; Posselt, J.; Price, P. B.; Przybylski, G. T.; Pütz, J.; Quinnan, M.; Rädel, L.; Rameez, M.; Rawlins, K.; Redl, P.; Rees, I.; Reimann, R.; Resconi, E.; Rhode, W.; Richman, M.; Riedel, B.; Robertson, S.; Rodrigues, J. P.; Rongen, M.; Rott, C.; Ruhe, T.; Ruzybayev, B.; Ryckbosch, D.; Saba, S. M.; Sander, H.-G.; Sandroos, J.; Santander, M.; Sarkar, S.; Schatto, K.; Scheriau, F.; Schmidt, T.; Schmitz, M.; Schoenen, S.; Schöneberg, S.; Schönwald, A.; Schukraft, A.; Schulte, L.; Schulz, O.; Seckel, D.; Sestayo, Y.; Seunarine, S.; Shanidze, R.; Sheremata, C.; Smith, M. W. E.; Soldin, D.; Spiczak, G. M.; Spiering, C.; Stamatikos, M.; Stanev, T.; Stanisha, N. A.; Stasik, A.; Stezelberger, T.; Stokstad, R. G.; Stößl, A.; Strahler, E. A.; Ström, R.; Strotjohann, N. L.; Sullivan, G. W.; Taavola, H.; Taboada, I.; Tamburro, A.; Tepe, A.; Ter-Antonyan, S.; Terliuk, A.; Tešić, G.; Tilav, S.; Toale, P. A.; Tobin, M. N.; Tosi, D.; Tselengidou, M.; Unger, E.; Usner, M.; Vallecorsa, S.; van Eijndhoven, N.; Vandenbroucke, J.; van Santen, J.; Vehring, M.; Voge, M.; Vraeghe, M.; Walck, C.; Wallraff, M.; Weaver, Ch.; Wellons, M.; Wendt, C.; Westerhoff, S.; Whelan, B. J.; Whitehorn, N.; Wichary, C.; Wiebe, K.; Wiebusch, C. H.; Williams, D. R.; Wissing, H.; Wolf, M.; Wood, T. R.; Woschnagg, K.; Xu, D. L.; Xu, X. W.; Yanez, J. P.; Yodh, G.; Yoshida, S.; Zarzhitsky, P.; Ziemann, J.; Zierke, S.; Zoll, M.; Aasi, J.; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P.; Adhikari, R. X.; Affeldt, C.; Agathos, M.; Aggarwal, N.; Aguiar, O. D.; Ajith, P.; Alemic, A.; Allen, B.; Allocca, A.; Amariutei, D.; Andersen, M.; Anderson, R. A.; Anderson, S. B.; Anderson, W. G.; Arai, K.; Araya, M. C.; Arceneaux, C.; Areeda, J. S.; Ast, S.; Aston, S. M.; Astone, P.; Aufmuth, P.; Augustus, H.; Aulbert, C.; Aylott, B. E.; Babak, S.; Baker, P. T.; Ballardin, G.; Ballmer, S. W.; Barayoga, J. C.; Barbet, M.; Barish, B. C.; Barker, D.; Barone, F.; Barr, B.; Barsotti, L.; Barsuglia, M.; Barton, M. A.; Bartos, I.; Bassiri, R.; Basti, A.; Batch, J. C.; Bauchrowitz, J.; Bauer, Th. S.; Baune, C.; Bavigadda, V.; Behnke, B.; Bejger, M.; Beker, M. G.; Belczynski, C.; Bell, A. S.; Bell, C.; Bergmann, G.; Bersanetti, D.; Bertolini, A.; Betzwieser, J.; Bilenko, I. A.; Billingsley, G.; Birch, J.; Biscans, S.; Bitossi, M.; Biwer, C.; Bizouard, M. A.; Black, E.; Blackburn, J. K.; Blackburn, L.; Blair, D.; Bloemen, S.; Bock, O.; Bodiya, T. P.; Boer, M.; Bogaert, G.; Bogan, C.; Bojtos, P.; Bond, C.; Bondu, F.; Bonelli, L.; Bonnand, R.; Bork, R.; Born, M.; Boschi, V.; Bose, Sukanta; Bosi, L.; Bradaschia, C.; Brady, P. R.; Braginsky, V. B.; Branchesi, M.; Brau, J. E.; Briant, T.; Bridges, D. O.; Brillet, A.; Brinkmann, M.; Brisson, V.; Brooks, A. F.; Brown, D. A.; Brown, D. D.; Brückner, F.; Buchman, S.; Buikema, A.; Bulik, T.; Bulten, H. J.; Buonanno, A.; Burman, R.; Buskulic, D.; Buy, C.; Cadonati, L.; Cagnoli, G.; Calderón Bustillo, J.; Calloni, E.; Camp, J. B.; Campsie, P.; Cannon, K. C.; Canuel, B.; Cao, J.; Capano, C. D.; Carbognani, F.; Carbone, L.; Caride, S.; Castaldi, G.; Caudill, S.; Cavaglià, M.; Cavalier, F.; Cavalieri, R.; Celerier, C.; Cella, G.; Cepeda, C.; Cesarini, E.; Chakraborty, R.; Chalermsongsak, T.; Chamberlin, S. J.; Chao, S.; Charlton, P.; Chassande-Mottin, E.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Chincarini, A.; Chiummo, A.; Cho, H. S.; Cho, M.; Chow, J. H.; Christensen, N.; Chu, Q.; Chua, S. S. Y.; Chung, S.; Ciani, G.; Clara, F.; Clark, D. E.; Clark, J. A.; Clayton, J. H.; Cleva, F.; Coccia, E.; Cohadon, P.-F.; Colla, A.; Collette, C.; Colombini, M.; Cominsky, L.; Constancio, M.; Conte, A.; Cook, D.; Corbitt, T. R.; Cornish, N.; Corsi, A.; Costa, C. A.; Coughlin, M. W.; Coulon, J.-P.; Countryman, S.; Couvares, P.; Coward, D. M.; Cowart, M. J.; Coyne, D. C.; Coyne, R.; Craig, K.; Creighton, J. D. E.; Croce, R. P.; Crowder, S. G.; Cumming, A.; Cunningham, L.; Cuoco, E.; Cutler, C.; Dahl, K.; Dal Canton, T.; Damjanic, M.; Danilishin, S. L.; D'Antonio, S.; Danzmann, K.; Dattilo, V.; Daveloza, H.; Davier, M.; Davies, G. S.; Daw, E. J.; Day, R.; Dayanga, T.; DeBra, D.; Debreczeni, G.; Degallaix, J.; Deléglise, S.; Del Pozzo, W.; Del Pozzo, W.; Denker, T.; Dent, T.; Dereli, H.; Dergachev, V.; De Rosa, R.; DeRosa, R. T.; DeSalvo, R.; Dhurandhar, S.; Díaz, M.; Dickson, J.; Di Fiore, L.; Di Lieto, A.; Di Palma, I.; Di Virgilio, A.; Dolique, V.; Dominguez, E.; Donovan, F.; Dooley, K. L.; Doravari, S.; Douglas, R.; Downes, T. P.; Drago, M.; Drever, R. W. P.; Driggers, J. C.; Du, Z.; Ducrot, M.; Dwyer, S.; Eberle, T.; Edo, T.; Edwards, M.; Effler, A.; Eggenstein, H.-B.; Ehrens, P.; Eichholz, J.; Eikenberry, S. S.; Endrőczi, G.; Essick, R.; Etzel, T.; Evans, M.; Evans, T.; Factourovich, M.; Fafone, V.; Fairhurst, S.; Fan, X.; Fang, Q.; Farinon, S.; Farr, B.; Farr, W. M.; Favata, M.; Fazi, D.; Fehrmann, H.; Fejer, M. M.; Feldbaum, D.; Feroz, F.; Ferrante, I.; Ferreira, E. C.; Ferrini, F.; Fidecaro, F.; Finn, L. S.; Fiori, I.; Fisher, R. P.; Flaminio, R.; Fournier, J.-D.; Franco, S.; Frasca, S.; Frasconi, F.; Frede, M.; Frei, Z.; Freise, A.; Frey, R.; Fricke, T. T.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fulda, P.; Fyffe, M.; Gair, J. R.; Gammaitoni, L.; Gaonkar, S.; Garufi, F.; Gehrels, N.; Gemme, G.; Gendre, B.; Genin, E.; Gennai, A.; Ghosh, S.; Giaime, J. A.; Giardina, K. D.; Giazotto, A.; Gleason, J.; Goetz, E.; Goetz, R.; Gondan, L.; González, G.; Gordon, N.; Gorodetsky, M. L.; Gossan, S.; Goßler, S.; Gouaty, R.; Gräf, C.; Graff, P. B.; Granata, M.; Grant, A.; Gras, S.; Gray, C.; Greenhalgh, R. J. S.; Gretarsson, A. M.; Groot, P.; Grote, H.; Grover, K.; Grunewald, S.; Guidi, G. M.; Guido, C. J.; Gushwa, K.; Gustafson, E. K.; Gustafson, R.; Ha, J.; Hall, E. D.; Hamilton, W.; Hammer, D.; Hammond, G.; Hanke, M.; Hanks, J.; Hanna, C.; Hannam, M. D.; Hanson, J.; Harms, J.; Harry, G. M.; Harry, I. W.; Harstad, E. D.; Hart, M.; Hartman, M. T.; Haster, C.-J.; Haughian, K.; Heidmann, A.; Heintze, M.; Heitmann, H.; Hello, P.; Hemming, G.; Hendry, M.; Heng, I. S.; Heptonstall, A. W.; Heurs, M.; Hewitson, M.; Hild, S.; Hoak, D.; Hodge, K. A.; Hofman, D.; Holt, K.; Hopkins, P.; Horrom, T.; Hoske, D.; Hosken, D. J.; Hough, J.; Howell, E. J.; Hu, Y.; Huerta, E.; Hughey, B.; Husa, S.; Huttner, S. H.; Huynh, M.; Huynh-Dinh, T.; Idrisy, A.; Ingram, D. R.; Inta, R.; Islas, G.; Isogai, T.; Ivanov, A.; Iyer, B. R.; Izumi, K.; Jacobson, M.; Jang, H.; Jaranowski, P.; Ji, Y.; Jiménez-Forteza, F.; Johnson, W. W.; Jones, D. I.; Jones, R.; Jonker, R. J. G.; Ju, L.; K, Haris; Kalmus, P.; Kalogera, V.; Kandhasamy, S.; Kang, G.; Kanner, J. B.; Karlen, J.; Kasprzack, M.; Katsavounidis, E.; Katzman, W.; Kaufer, H.; Kaufer, S.; Kaur, T.; Kawabe, K.; Kawazoe, F.; Kéfélian, F.; Keiser, G. M.; Keitel, D.; Kelley, D. B.; Kells, W.; Keppel, D. G.; Khalaidovski, A.; Khalili, F. Y.; Khazanov, E. A.; Kim, C.; Kim, K.; Kim, N. G.; Kim, N.; Kim, S.; Kim, Y.-M.; King, E. J.; King, P. J.; Kinzel, D. L.; Kissel, J. S.; Klimenko, S.; Kline, J.; Koehlenbeck, S.; Kokeyama, K.; Kondrashov, V.; Koranda, S.; Korth, W. Z.; Kowalska, I.; Kozak, D. B.; Kringel, V.; Królak, A.; Kuehn, G.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, D. Nanda; Kumar, P.; Kumar, R.; Kuo, L.; Kutynia, A.; Lam, P. K.; Landry, M.; Lantz, B.; Larson, S.; Lasky, P. D.; Lazzarini, A.; Lazzaro, C.; Leaci, P.; Leavey, S.; Lebigot, E. O.; Lee, C. H.; Lee, H. K.; Lee, H. M.; Lee, J.; Lee, P. J.; Leonardi, M.; Leong, J. R.; Le Roux, A.; Leroy, N.; Letendre, N.; Levin, Y.; Levine, B.; Lewis, J.; Li, T. G. F.; Libbrecht, K.; Libson, A.; Lin, A. C.; Littenberg, T. B.; Lockerbie, N. A.; Lockett, V.; Lodhia, D.; Loew, K.; Logue, J.; Lombardi, A. L.; Lopez, E.; Lorenzini, M.; Loriette, V.; Lormand, M.; Losurdo, G.; Lough, J.; Lubinski, M. J.; Lück, H.; Lundgren, A. P.; Ma, Y.; Macdonald, E. P.; MacDonald, T.; Machenschalk, B.; MacInnis, M.; Macleod, D. M.; Magaña-Sandoval, F.; Magee, R.; Mageswaran, M.; Maglione, C.; Mailand, K.; Majorana, E.; Maksimovic, I.; Malvezzi, V.; Man, N.; Manca, G. M.; Mandel, I.; Mandic, V.; Mangano, V.; Mangini, N. M.; Mansell, G.; Mantovani, M.; Marchesoni, F.; Marion, F.; Márka, S.; Márka, Z.; Markosyan, A.; Maros, E.; Marque, J.; Martelli, F.; Martin, I. W.; Martin, R. M.; Martinelli, L.; Martynov, D.; Marx, J. N.; Mason, K.; Masserot, A.; Massinger, T. J.; Matichard, F.; Matone, L.; Mavalvala, N.; May, G.; Mazumder, N.; Mazzolo, G.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D. E.; McGuire, S. C.; McIntyre, G.; McIver, J.; McLin, K.; Meacher, D.; Meadors, G. D.; Mehmet, M.; Meidam, J.; Meinders, M.; Melatos, A.; Mendell, G.; Mercer, R. A.; Meshkov, S.; Messenger, C.; Meyer, M. S.; Meyers, P. M.; Mezzani, F.; Miao, H.; Michel, C.; Mikhailov, E. E.; Milano, L.; Miller, J.; Minenkov, Y.; Mingarelli, C. M. F.; Mishra, C.; Mitra, S.; Mitrofanov, V. P.; Mitselmakher, G.; Mittleman, R.; Moe, B.; Moggi, A.; Mohan, M.; Mohapatra, S. R. P.; Moraru, D.; Moreno, G.; Morgado, N.; Morriss, S. R.; Mossavi, K.; Mours, B.; Mow-Lowry, C. M.; Mueller, C. L.; Mueller, G.; Mukherjee, S.; Mullavey, A.; Munch, J.; Murphy, D.; Murray, P. G.; Mytidis, A.; Nagy, M. F.; Nardecchia, I.; Naticchioni, L.; Nayak, R. K.; Necula, V.; Nelemans, G.; Neri, I.; Neri, M.; Newton, G.; Nguyen, T.; Nielsen, A. B.; Nissanke, S.; Nitz, A. H.; Nocera, F.; Nolting, D.; Normandin, M. E. N.; Nuttall, L. K.; Ochsner, E.; O'Dell, J.; Oelker, E.; Oh, J. J.; Oh, S. H.; Ohme, F.; Omar, S.; Oppermann, P.; Oram, R.; O'Reilly, B.; Ortega, W.; O'Shaughnessy, R.; Osthelder, C.; Ottaway, D. J.; Ottens, R. S.; Overmier, H.; Owen, B. J.; Padilla, C.; Pai, A.; Palashov, O.; Palomba, C.; Pan, H.; Pan, Y.; Pankow, C.; Paoletti, F.; Papa, M. A.; Paris, H.; Pasqualetti, A.; Passaquieti, R.; Passuello, D.; Pedraza, M.; Pele, A.; Penn, S.; Perreca, A.; Phelps, M.; Pichot, M.; Pickenpack, M.; Piergiovanni, F.; Pierro, V.; Pinard, L.; Pinto, I. M.; Pitkin, M.; Poeld, J.; Poggiani, R.; Poteomkin, A.; Powell, J.; Prasad, J.; Predoi, V.; Premachandra, S.; Prestegard, T.; Price, L. R.; Prijatelj, M.; Privitera, S.; Prodi, G. A.; Prokhorov, L.; Puncken, O.; Punturo, M.; Puppo, P.; Pürrer, M.; Qin, J.; Quetschke, V.; Quintero, E.; Quitzow-James, R.; Raab, F. J.; Rabeling, D. S.; Rácz, I.; Radkins, H.; Raffai, P.; Raja, S.; Rajalakshmi, G.; Rakhmanov, M.; Ramet, C.; Ramirez, K.; Rapagnani, P.; Raymond, V.; Razzano, M.; Re, V.; Recchia, S.; Reed, C. M.; Regimbau, T.; Reid, S.; Reitze, D. H.; Reula, O.; Rhoades, E.; Ricci, F.; Riesen, R.; Riles, K.; Robertson, N. A.; Robinet, F.; Rocchi, A.; Roddy, S. B.; Rolland, L.; Rollins, J. G.; Romano, R.; Romanov, G.; Romie, J. H.; Rosińska, D.; Rowan, S.; Rüdiger, A.; Ruggi, P.; Ryan, K.; Salemi, F.; Sammut, L.; Sandberg, V.; Sanders, J. R.; Sankar, S.; Sannibale, V.; Santiago-Prieto, I.; Saracco, E.; Sassolas, B.; Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Saulson, P. R.; Savage, R.; Scheuer, J.; Schilling, R.; Schilman, M.; Schmidt, P.; Schnabel, R.; Schofield, R. M. S.; Schreiber, E.; Schuette, D.; Schutz, B. F.; Scott, J.; Scott, S. M.; Sellers, D.; Sengupta, A. S.; Sentenac, D.; Sequino, V.; Sergeev, A.; Shaddock, D. A.; Shah, S.; Shahriar, M. S.; Shaltev, M.; Shao, Z.; Shapiro, B.; Shawhan, P.; Shoemaker, D. H.; Sidery, T. L.; Siellez, K.; Siemens, X.; Sigg, D.; Simakov, D.; Singer, A.; Singer, L.; Singh, R.; Sintes, A. M.; Slagmolen, B. J. J.; Slutsky, J.; Smith, J. R.; Smith, M. R.; Smith, R. J. E.; Smith-Lefebvre, N. D.; Son, E. J.; Sorazu, B.; Souradeep, T.; Staley, A.; Stebbins, J.; Steinke, M.; Steinlechner, J.; Steinlechner, S.; Stephens, B. C.; Steplewski, S.; Stevenson, S.; Stone, R.; Stops, D.; Strain, K. A.; Straniero, N.; Strigin, S.; Sturani, R.; Stuver, A. L.; Summerscales, T. Z.; Susmithan, S.; Sutton, P. J.; Swinkels, B.; Tacca, M.; Talukder, D.; Tanner, D. B.; Tao, J.; Tarabrin, S. P.; Taylor, R.; Tellez, G.; Thirugnanasambandam, M. P.; Thomas, M.; Thomas, P.; Thorne, K. A.; Thorne, K. S.; Thrane, E.; Tiwari, V.; Tokmakov, K. V.; Tomlinson, C.; Tonelli, M.; Torres, C. V.; Torrie, C. I.; Travasso, F.; Traylor, G.; Tse, M.; Tshilumba, D.; Tuennermann, H.; Ugolini, D.; Unnikrishnan, C. S.; Urban, A. L.; Usman, S. A.; Vahlbruch, H.; Vajente, G.; Valdes, G.; Vallisneri, M.; van Beuzekom, M.; van den Brand, J. F. J.; Van Den Broeck, C.; van der Sluys, M. V.; van Heijningen, J.; van Veggel, A. A.; Vass, S.; Vasúth, M.; Vaulin, R.; Vecchio, A.; Vedovato, G.; Veitch, J.; Veitch, P. J.; Venkateswara, K.; Verkindt, D.; Vetrano, F.; Viceré, A.; Vincent-Finley, R.; Vinet, J.-Y.; Vitale, S.; Vo, T.; Vocca, H.; Vorvick, C.; Vousden, W. D.; Vyachanin, S. P.; Wade, A. R.; Wade, L.; Wade, M.; Walker, M.; Wallace, L.; Walsh, S.; Wang, M.; Wang, X.; Ward, R. L.; Was, M.; Weaver, B.; Wei, L.-W.; Weinert, M.; Weinstein, A. J.; Weiss, R.; Welborn, T.; Wen, L.; Wessels, P.; West, M.; Westphal, T.; Wette, K.; Whelan, J. T.; White, D. J.; Whiting, B. F.; Wiesner, K.; Wilkinson, C.; Williams, K.; Williams, L.; Williams, R.; Williams, T. D.; Williamson, A. R.; Willis, J. L.; Willke, B.; Wimmer, M.; Winkler, W.; Wipf, C. C.; Wiseman, A. G.; Wittel, H.; Woan, G.; Wolovick, N.; Worden, J.; Wu, Y.; Yablon, J.; Yakushin, I.; Yam, W.; Yamamoto, H.; Yancey, C. C.; Yang, H.; Yoshida, S.; Yvert, M.; ZadroŻny, A.; Zanolin, M.; Zendri, J.-P.; Zhang, Fan; Zhang, L.; Zhao, C.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, X. J.; Zucker, M. E.; Zuraw, S.; Zweizig, J.; IceCube Collaboration^*

2014-11-01

We report the results of a multimessenger search for coincident signals from the LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave observatories and the partially completed IceCube high-energy neutrino detector, including periods of joint operation between 2007-2010. These include parts of the 2005-2007 run and the 2009-2010 run for LIGO-Virgo, and IceCube's observation periods with 22, 59 and 79 strings. We find no significant coincident events, and use the search results to derive upper limits on the rate of joint sources for a range of source emission parameters. For the optimistic assumption of gravitational-wave emission energy of 10-2 M⊙c2 at ˜150 Hz with ˜60 ms duration, and high-energy neutrino emission of 1 051 erg comparable to the isotropic gamma-ray energy of gamma-ray bursts, we limit the source rate below 1.6 ×1 0-2 Mpc-3 yr-1 . We also examine how combining information from gravitational waves and neutrinos will aid discovery in the advanced gravitational-wave detector era.

Integrated assessment of health, crop, and climate impacts of mitigating excess diesel NOx emissions in 11 major vehicle markets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henze, D. K.; Anenberg, S.; Miller, J.; Vicente, F.; Du, L.; Emberson, L.; Lacey, F.; Malley, C.; Minjares, R. J.

2016-12-01

Vehicle emissions contribute to tropospheric ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), impacting human health, crop yields, and climate worldwide. Diesel cars, trucks, and buses produce 70% of global land transportation emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), a key PM2.5 and ozone precursor. Despite progressive tightening of regulated NOx emission limits in leading markets, current diesel vehicles emit far more NOx under real-world operating conditions than during laboratory certification testing. Here we show that real-world diesel NOx emissions in 11 markets representing 80% of global diesel vehicle sales are on average 24% higher than certification limits indicate. This excess NOx contributed an estimated 33,000 additional ozone- and PM2.5-related premature deaths globally in 2015, including 6% of all EU-28 ozone- and PM2.5-related premature deaths. Next-generation diesel NOx standards and in-use compliance (more stringent than Euro 6/VI standards) could avoid 358,000 (5%) of global PM2.5- and ozone-related premature deaths in 2040 and up to 4% of ozone-related crop production loss regionally. Impacts of NOx-induced changes in aerosols, methane, and ozone on the global climate are found to present a small net positive radiative forcing (i.e., climate disbenefit), likely outweighed by the climate benefits of reductions to co-emitted black carbon aerosol. In some markets (Australia, Brazil, China, Mexico, and Russia), Euro 6/VI standards alone can achieve most (72-98%) of these health benefits. In India and the EU-28, reducing Euro 6 real-world NOx emissions through strengthened type-approval and in-use emissions testing programs (including market surveillance and expanded emissions test procedure boundaries) would achieve one-third of the health benefits from adopting next generation standards. Our results indicate that implementing stringent and technically feasible NOx emission regulations for diesel vehicles can substantially improve public health.

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Zzzz of... - Requirements for Reports

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... engines that are not limited use stationary CI RICE subject to numerical emission limitations; andii... CI RICE subject to numerical emission limitations. b. If you had a deviation from any emission...

40 CFR 60.5180 - Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.5180 Section... startup, shutdown, and malfunction? The emission limits and standards apply at all times and during... concentration limit using CO CEMS, the correction to 7 percent oxygen does not apply during periods of startup...

40 CFR 60.5180 - Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.5180 Section... startup, shutdown, and malfunction? The emission limits and standards apply at all times and during... concentration limit using CO CEMS, the correction to 7 percent oxygen does not apply during periods of startup...

40 CFR 60.5180 - Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.5180 Section... startup, shutdown, and malfunction? The emission limits and standards apply at all times and during... concentration limit using CO CEMS, the correction to 7 percent oxygen does not apply during periods of startup...

40 CFR 60.5180 - Do the emission limits, emission standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... standards, and operating limits apply during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.5180 Section... startup, shutdown, and malfunction? The emission limits and standards apply at all times and during... concentration limit using CO CEMS, the correction to 7 percent oxygen does not apply during periods of startup...

40 CFR 60.114b - Alternative means of emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... permission under this section shall submit to the Administrator a written application including: (1) An... may condition the permission on requirements that may be necessary to ensure operation and maintenance...

Impacts and mitigation of excess diesel-related NOx emissions in 11 major vehicle markets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anenberg, Susan C.; Miller, Joshua; Minjares, Ray; Du, Li; Henze, Daven K.; Lacey, Forrest; Malley, Christopher S.; Emberson, Lisa; Franco, Vicente; Klimont, Zbigniew; Heyes, Chris

2017-05-01

Vehicle emissions contribute to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and tropospheric ozone air pollution, affecting human health, crop yields and climate worldwide. On-road diesel vehicles produce approximately 20 per cent of global anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are key PM2.5 and ozone precursors. Regulated NOx emission limits in leading markets have been progressively tightened, but current diesel vehicles emit far more NOx under real-world operating conditions than during laboratory certification testing. Here we show that across 11 markets, representing approximately 80 per cent of global diesel vehicle sales, nearly one-third of on-road heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions and over half of on-road light-duty diesel vehicle emissions are in excess of certification limits. These excess emissions (totalling 4.6 million tons) are associated with about 38,000 PM2.5- and ozone-related premature deaths globally in 2015, including about 10 per cent of all ozone-related premature deaths in the 28 European Union member states. Heavy-duty vehicles are the dominant contributor to excess diesel NOx emissions and associated health impacts in almost all regions. Adopting and enforcing next-generation standards (more stringent than Euro 6/VI) could nearly eliminate real-world diesel-related NOx emissions in these markets, avoiding approximately 174,000 global PM2.5- and ozone-related premature deaths in 2040. Most of these benefits can be achieved by implementing Euro VI standards where they have not yet been adopted for heavy-duty vehicles.

Review of modern low emissions combustion technologies for aero gas turbine engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yize; Sun, Xiaoxiao; Sethi, Vishal; Nalianda, Devaiah; Li, Yi-Guang; Wang, Lu

2017-10-01

Pollutant emissions from aircraft in the vicinity of airports and at altitude are of great public concern due to their impact on environment and human health. The legislations aimed at limiting aircraft emissions have become more stringent over the past few decades. This has resulted in an urgent need to develop low emissions combustors in order to meet legislative requirements and reduce the impact of civil aviation on the environment. This article provides a comprehensive review of low emissions combustion technologies for modern aero gas turbines. The review considers current high Technologies Readiness Level (TRL) technologies including Rich-Burn Quick-quench Lean-burn (RQL), Double Annular Combustor (DAC), Twin Annular Premixing Swirler combustors (TAPS), Lean Direct Injection (LDI). It further reviews some of the advanced technologies at lower TRL. These include NASA multi-point LDI, Lean Premixed Prevaporised (LPP), Axially Staged Combustors (ASC) and Variable Geometry Combustors (VGC). The focus of the review is placed on working principles, a review of the key technologies (includes the key technology features, methods of realising the technology, associated technology advantages and design challenges, progress in development), technology application and emissions mitigation potential. The article concludes the technology review by providing a technology evaluation matrix based on a number of combustion performance criteria including altitude relight auto-ignition flashback, combustion stability, combustion efficiency, pressure loss, size and weight, liner life and exit temperature distribution.

Colorado SIP: Reg 11, Motor Vehicle Emissions Inspection Program—Part F, Maximum Allowable Emissions Limits for Motor Vehicle Exhaust, Evaporative and Visible Emissions for Light-Duty and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Colorado SIP: Reg 11, Motor Vehicle Emissions Inspection Program—Part F, Maximum Allowable Emissions Limits for Motor Vehicle Exhaust, Evaporative and Visible Emissions for Light-Duty and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Quantum phase uncertainties in the classical limit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Franson, James D.

1994-01-01

Several sources of phase noise, including spontaneous emission noise and the loss of coherence due to which-path information, are examined in the classical limit of high field intensities. Although the origin of these effects may appear to be quantum-mechanical in nature, it is found that classical analogies for these effects exist in the form of chaos.

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Ppppp of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... THC concentration emission limitation a. Demonstrate CO or THC emissions are 20 ppmvd or less over..., according to § 63.9320; 2. CO or THC percent reduction emission limitation a. Demonstrate a reduction in CO or THC of 96 percent or more over each 4-hour rolling averaging period i. Collecting the CPMS data...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Ppppp of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... THC concentration emission limitation a. Demonstrate CO or THC emissions are 20 ppmvd or less over..., according to § 63.9320; 2. CO or THC percent reduction emission limitation a. Demonstrate a reduction in CO or THC of 96 percent or more over each 4-hour rolling averaging period i. Collecting the CPMS data...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Ppppp of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... THC concentration emission limitation a. Demonstrate CO or THC emissions are 20 ppmvd or less over..., according to § 63.9320; 2. CO or THC percent reduction emission limitation a. Demonstrate a reduction in CO or THC of 96 percent or more over each 4-hour rolling averaging period i. Collecting the CPMS data...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Ppppp of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... THC concentration emission limitation a. Demonstrate CO or THC emissions are 20 ppmvd or less over..., according to § 63.9320; 2. CO or THC percent reduction emission limitation a. Demonstrate a reduction in CO or THC of 96 percent or more over each 4-hour rolling averaging period i. Collecting the CPMS data...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Ppppp of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... THC concentration emission limitation a. Demonstrate CO or THC emissions are 20 ppmvd or less over..., according to § 63.9320; 2. CO or THC percent reduction emission limitation a. Demonstrate a reduction in CO or THC of 96 percent or more over each 4-hour rolling averaging period i. Collecting the CPMS data...

47 CFR 25.216 - Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations for protection of aeronautical radionavigation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations... Technical Standards § 25.216 Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations for protection of aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service. (a) The e.i.r.p. density of emissions from mobile earth stations placed in...

47 CFR 25.216 - Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations for protection of aeronautical radionavigation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations... Technical Standards § 25.216 Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations for protection of aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service. (a) The e.i.r.p. density of emissions from mobile earth stations placed in...

47 CFR 25.216 - Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations for protection of aeronautical radionavigation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations... Technical Standards § 25.216 Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations for protection of aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service. (a) The e.i.r.p. density of emissions from mobile earth stations placed in...

47 CFR 25.216 - Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations for protection of aeronautical radionavigation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations... Technical Standards § 25.216 Limits on emissions from mobile earth stations for protection of aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service. (a) The e.i.r.p. density of emissions from mobile earth stations placed in...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Operating Limits for Boilers and Process Heaters With Mercury Emission Limits and Boilers and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Process Heaters With Mercury Emission Limits and Boilers and Process Heaters That Choose To Comply With... Heaters With Mercury Emission Limits and Boilers and Process Heaters That Choose To Comply With the... operating limits: If you demonstrate compliance with applicable mercury and/or total selected metals...

40 CFR 74.25 - Current promulgated SO2 emissions limit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... promulgated SO2 emissions limit of the combustion source, expressed in lbs/mmBtu, which shall be the most... date. If the promulgated SO2 emissions limit is not expressed in lbs/mmBtu, the limit shall be converted to lbs/mmBtu by multiplying the limit by the appropriate factor as specified in Table 1 of § 74.23...

RFID Transponders' Radio Frequency Emissions in Aircraft Communication and Navigation Radio Bands

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyen, Truong X.; Ely, Jay J.; Williams, Reuben A.; Koppen, Sandra V.; Salud, Maria Theresa P.

2006-01-01

Radiated emissions in aircraft communication and navigation bands are measured from several active radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The individual tags are different in design and operations. They may also operate in different frequency bands. The process for measuring the emissions is discussed, and includes tag interrogation, reverberation chamber testing, and instrument settings selection. The measurement results are described and compared against aircraft emission limits. In addition, interference path loss for the cargo bays of passenger aircraft is measured. Cargo bay path loss is more appropriate for RFID tags than passenger cabin path loss. The path loss data are reported for several aircraft radio systems on a Boeing 747 and an Airbus A320.

Air quality co-benefits and costs under state, regional, or national cooperation to regulate CO2 from existing power plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saari, R.; Selin, N. E.

2015-12-01

We examine the effect of state, regional, and national cooperation on the costs and air quality co-benefits of a policy to limit the carbon intensity of existing electricity generation. Electricity generation is a significant source of both greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions that harm human health. Previous studies have shown that air quality co-benefits can be substantial compared to the costs of limiting carbon emissions in the energy system. The EPA's proposed Clean Power Plan seeks to impose carbon intensity limits for each state, but allows states to cooperate in order to meet combined limits. We explore how such cooperation might produce trade-offs between lower costs, widespread pollution reductions, and local reductions. We employ a new state-level model of the US energy system and economy to examine the costs and emissions as states reduce demand or deploy cleaner generation. We use an advanced air quality impacts modeling system, including SMOKE, CAMx, and BenMAP, to estimate health-related air quality co-benefits and compare these to costs under different levels of cooperation. We draw conclusions about the potential impacts of cooperation on economic welfare at various scales.

Modeling, Fabrication, and Electrical Testing of Metal-Insulator-Metal Diode

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

1 2. MIM Model 1 2.1 Potential Energy and Image Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2.2 Thermionic Emission -limited Current ...4 4 Thermionic emission -limited current through the symmetric MIM diode in figure 1...7 7 Absolute value of tunnel-limited, thermal emission -limited, and total currents vs. applied bias for the

40 CFR 60.2110 - What operating limits must I meet and by when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units Emission Limitations and Operating Limits... zero to a level equivalent to at least two times your allowable emission limit. If your PM CPMS is an... of reading PM concentration from zero to a level equivalent to two times your allowable emission...

40 CFR Appendix B to Part 72 - Methodology for Conversion of Emissions Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Methodology for Conversion of... Conversion of Emissions Limits For the purposes of the Acid Rain Program, all emissions limits must be... conditions. Generic conversions for these limits are based on the assumed average energy contents listed in...

40 CFR Appendix B to Part 72 - Methodology for Conversion of Emissions Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Methodology for Conversion of... Conversion of Emissions Limits For the purposes of the Acid Rain Program, all emissions limits must be... conditions. Generic conversions for these limits are based on the assumed average energy contents listed in...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Jjjjjj... - Operating Limits for Boilers With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... performance test demonstrating compliance with the PM emission limitation. 4. Dry sorbent or carbon injection control Maintain the sorbent or carbon injection rate at or above the lowest 2-hour average sorbent flow... emissions limitation. When your boiler operates at lower loads, multiply your sorbent or carbon injection...

Medical Imaging.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jaffe, C. Carl

1982-01-01

Describes principle imaging techniques, their applications, and their limitations in terms of diagnostic capability and possible adverse biological effects. Techniques include film radiography, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET), ultrasonography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and digital radiography. PET has…

40 CFR 86.1104-91 - Determination of upper limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Nonconformance Penalties for Gasoline-Fueled and Diesel Heavy-Duty Engines and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Including... pollutant emission standard for a subclass of heavy-duty engines or heavy-duty vehicles for which an NCP is...

40 CFR 76.6 - NOX emission limitations for Group 2 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.6 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the...

40 CFR 76.6 - NOX emission limitations for Group 2 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.6 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the...

40 CFR 76.6 - NOX emission limitations for Group 2 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.6 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the...

40 CFR 76.6 - NOX emission limitations for Group 2 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.6 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the...

40 CFR 76.6 - NOX emission limitations for Group 2 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.6 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the...

47 CFR 22.731 - Emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Emission limitations. 22.731 Section 22.731 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES PUBLIC MOBILE SERVICES Rural Radiotelephone Service Conventional Rural Radiotelephone Stations § 22.731 Emission limitations. Upon application...

Role of the Freight Sector in Future Climate Change Mitigation Scenarios

DOE PAGES

Muratori, Matteo; Smith, Steven J.; Kyle, Page; ...

2017-02-27

The freight sector's role is examined using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) for a range of climate change mitigation scenarios and future freight demand assumptions. Energy usage and CO 2 emissions from freight have historically grown with a correlation to GDP, and there is limited evidence of near-term global decoupling of freight demand from GDP. Over the 21 st century, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from freight are projected to grow faster than passenger transportation or other major end-use sectors, with the magnitude of growth dependent on the assumed extent of long-term decoupling. In climate change mitigation scenarios that applymore » a price to GHG emissions, mitigation of freight emissions (including the effects of demand elasticity, mode and technology shifting, and fuel substitution) is more limited than for other demand sectors. In such scenarios, shifting to less-emitting transportation modes and technologies is projected to play a relatively small role in reducing freight emissions in GCAM. Finally, by contrast, changes in the supply chain of liquid fuels that reduce the fuel carbon intensity, especially deriving from large-scale use of biofuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technologies, are responsible for the majority of freight emissions mitigation, followed by price-induced reduction in freight demand services.« less

Role of the Freight Sector in Future Climate Change Mitigation Scenarios

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muratori, Matteo; Smith, Steven J.; Kyle, Page

The freight sector's role is examined using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) for a range of climate change mitigation scenarios and future freight demand assumptions. Energy usage and CO 2 emissions from freight have historically grown with a correlation to GDP, and there is limited evidence of near-term global decoupling of freight demand from GDP. Over the 21 st century, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from freight are projected to grow faster than passenger transportation or other major end-use sectors, with the magnitude of growth dependent on the assumed extent of long-term decoupling. In climate change mitigation scenarios that applymore » a price to GHG emissions, mitigation of freight emissions (including the effects of demand elasticity, mode and technology shifting, and fuel substitution) is more limited than for other demand sectors. In such scenarios, shifting to less-emitting transportation modes and technologies is projected to play a relatively small role in reducing freight emissions in GCAM. Finally, by contrast, changes in the supply chain of liquid fuels that reduce the fuel carbon intensity, especially deriving from large-scale use of biofuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technologies, are responsible for the majority of freight emissions mitigation, followed by price-induced reduction in freight demand services.« less

Role of the Freight Sector in Future Climate Change Mitigation Scenarios.

PubMed

Muratori, Matteo; Smith, Steven J; Kyle, Page; Link, Robert; Mignone, Bryan K; Kheshgi, Haroon S

2017-03-21

The freight sector's role is examined using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) for a range of climate change mitigation scenarios and future freight demand assumptions. Energy usage and CO 2 emissions from freight have historically grown with a correlation to GDP, and there is limited evidence of near-term global decoupling of freight demand from GDP. Over the 21 st century, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from freight are projected to grow faster than passenger transportation or other major end-use sectors, with the magnitude of growth dependent on the assumed extent of long-term decoupling. In climate change mitigation scenarios that apply a price to GHG emissions, mitigation of freight emissions (including the effects of demand elasticity, mode and technology shifting, and fuel substitution) is more limited than for other demand sectors. In such scenarios, shifting to less-emitting transportation modes and technologies is projected to play a relatively small role in reducing freight emissions in GCAM. By contrast, changes in the supply chain of liquid fuels that reduce the fuel carbon intensity, especially deriving from large-scale use of biofuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technologies, are responsible for the majority of freight emissions mitigation, followed by price-induced reduction in freight demand services.

Spontaneous emission in the presence of a realistically sized cylindrical waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dung, Ho Trung

2016-02-01

Various quantities characterizing the spontaneous emission process of a dipole emitter including the emission rate and the emission pattern can be expressed in terms of the Green tensor of the surrounding environment. By expanding the Green tensor around some analytically known background one as a Born series, and truncating it under appropriate conditions, complicated boundaries can be tackled with ease. However, when the emitter is embedded in the medium, even the calculation of the first-order term in the Born series is problematic because of the presence of a singularity. We show how to eliminate this singularity for a medium of arbitrary size and shape by expanding around the bulk medium rather than vacuum. In the highly symmetric configuration of an emitter located on the axis of a realistically sized cylinder, it is shown that the singularity can be removed by changing the integral variables and then the order of integration. Using both methods, we investigate the spontaneous emission rate of an initially excited two-level dipole emitter, embedded in a realistically sized cylinder, which can be a common optical fiber in the long-length limit and a disk in the short-length limit. The spatial distribution of the emitted light is calculated using the Born-expansion approach, and local-field corrections to the spontaneous emission rate are briefly discussed.

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Cccc of... - Emission Limitations for Waste-Burning Kilns That Commenced Construction After June 4, 2010, or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emission Limitations for Waste-Burning..., Table 7 Table 7 to Subpart CCCC of Part 60—Emission Limitations for Waste-Burning Kilns That Commenced... limit. b NOX limits for new waste-burning kilns based on data for best-performing similar source...

Atmospheric emission characterization of Marcellus shale natural gas development sites.

PubMed

Goetz, J Douglas; Floerchinger, Cody; Fortner, Edward C; Wormhoudt, Joda; Massoli, Paola; Knighton, W Berk; Herndon, Scott C; Kolb, Charles E; Knipping, Eladio; Shaw, Stephanie L; DeCarlo, Peter F

2015-06-02

Limited direct measurements of criteria pollutants emissions and precursors, as well as natural gas constituents, from Marcellus shale gas development activities contribute to uncertainty about their atmospheric impact. Real-time measurements were made with the Aerodyne Research Inc. Mobile Laboratory to characterize emission rates of atmospheric pollutants. Sites investigated include production well pads, a well pad with a drill rig, a well completion, and compressor stations. Tracer release ratio methods were used to estimate emission rates. A first-order correction factor was developed to account for errors introduced by fenceline tracer release. In contrast to observations from other shale plays, elevated volatile organic compounds, other than CH4 and C2H6, were generally not observed at the investigated sites. Elevated submicrometer particle mass concentrations were also generally not observed. Emission rates from compressor stations ranged from 0.006 to 0.162 tons per day (tpd) for NOx, 0.029 to 0.426 tpd for CO, and 67.9 to 371 tpd for CO2. CH4 and C2H6 emission rates from compressor stations ranged from 0.411 to 4.936 tpd and 0.023 to 0.062 tpd, respectively. Although limited in sample size, this study provides emission rate estimates for some processes in a newly developed natural gas resource and contributes valuable comparisons to other shale gas studies.

Emissions and temperature benefits: The role of wind power in China.

PubMed

Duan, Hongbo

2017-01-01

As a non-fossil technology, wind power has an enormous advantage over coal because of its role in climate change mitigation. Therefore, it is important to investigate how substituting wind power for coal-fired electricity will affect emission reductions, changes in radiative forcing and rising temperatures, particularly in the context of emission limits. We developed an integrated methodology that includes two parts: an energy-economy-environmental (3E) integrated model and an emission-temperature response model. The former is used to simulate the dynamic relationships between economic output, wind energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; the latter is used to evaluate changes in radiative forcing and warming. Under the present development projection, wind energy cannot serve as a major force in curbing emissions, even under the strictest space-restraining scenario. China's temperature contribution to global warming will be up to 21.76% if warming is limited to 2 degrees. With the wind-for-coal power substitution, the corresponding contribution to global radiative forcing increase and temperature rise will decrease by up to 10% and 6.57%, respectively. Substituting wind power for coal-fired electricity has positive effects on emission reductions and warming control. However, wind energy alone is insufficient for climate change mitigation. It forms an important component of the renewable energy portfolio used to combat global warming. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Particulate and gaseous emissions from different wood fuels during combustion in a small-scale biomass heating system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olave, R. J.; Forbes, E. G. A.; Johnston, C. R.; Relf, J.

2017-05-01

Woodchip is widely used as fuel in dedicated biomass and, even in some conventional energy generation plants. However, there are concerns about atmospheric air pollution from flue gases emitted during wood biomass combustion, particularly oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulates <10 μm diameter (PM10). In the United Kingdom (UK) a small scale biomass heat generation support scheme, the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), has been introduced. Qualifying criteria for this scheme have included limits for flue gas emissions of NOX and PM10 of 150 and 30 g per gigajoule (g/GJ) of energy input, respectively. In an experiment, three locally available types of Willow (Salix spp) and one of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) woodchips, showed significant differences in physical and chemical constituents, gaseous and particulate emissions. During combustion in a 120 kW biomass system, air flows, flue gas temperatures and energy output correlated with gaseous emissions, NOx with raw fuel ash, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, as did all flue gas particulate fractions. PM10 ranged from 30.3 to 105.7 g/GJ and NOx from 91.2 to 174.3 g/GJ. Sitka spruce produced significantly lower emissions of PM10 and NOx (27.5 and 52.6% less, respectively) than the three willow fuels, from which emissions were above the RHI emissions limits.

A sensitive search for unknown spectral emission lines in the diffuse X-ray background with XMM-Newton

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gewering-Peine, A.; Horns, D.; Schmitt, J.H.M.M., E-mail: alexander.gewering-peine@desy.de, E-mail: dieter.horns@desy.de, E-mail: jschmitt@hs.uni-hamburg.de

The Standard Model of particle physics can be extended to include sterile (right-handed) neutrinos or axions to solve the dark matter problem. Depending upon the mixing angle between active and sterile neutrinos, the latter have the possibility to decay into monoenergetic active neutrinos and photons in the keV-range while axions can couple to two photons. We have used data taken with the X-ray telescope XMM-Newton for the search of line emissions. We used pointings with high exposures and expected dark matter column densities with respect to the dark matter halo of the Milky Way. The posterior predictive p-value analysis hasmore » been applied to locate parameter space regions which favour additional emission lines. In addition, upper limits of the parameter space of the models have been generated such that the preexisting limits have been significantly improved.« less

New use of global warming potentials to compare cumulative and short-lived climate pollutants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allen, Myles R.; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Shine, Keith P.; Reisinger, Andy; Pierrehumbert, Raymond T.; Forster, Piers M.

2016-08-01

Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have requested guidance on common greenhouse gas metrics in accounting for Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to emission reductions. Metric choice can affect the relative emphasis placed on reductions of `cumulative climate pollutants' such as carbon dioxide versus `short-lived climate pollutants' (SLCPs), including methane and black carbon. Here we show that the widely used 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) effectively measures the relative impact of both cumulative pollutants and SLCPs on realized warming 20-40 years after the time of emission. If the overall goal of climate policy is to limit peak warming, GWP100 therefore overstates the importance of current SLCP emissions unless stringent and immediate reductions of all climate pollutants result in temperatures nearing their peak soon after mid-century, which may be necessary to limit warming to ``well below 2 °C'' (ref. ). The GWP100 can be used to approximately equate a one-off pulse emission of a cumulative pollutant and an indefinitely sustained change in the rate of emission of an SLCP. The climate implications of traditional CO2-equivalent targets are ambiguous unless contributions from cumulative pollutants and SLCPs are specified separately.

47 CFR 87.139 - Emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Emission limitations. 87.139 Section 87.139 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES AVIATION SERVICES Technical Requirements § 87.139 Emission limitations. (a) Except for ELTs and when using single sideband...

47 CFR 22.917 - Emission limitations for cellular equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Emission limitations for cellular equipment. 22.917 Section 22.917 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES PUBLIC MOBILE SERVICES Cellular Radiotelephone Service § 22.917 Emission limitations for cellular...

47 CFR 22.917 - Emission limitations for cellular equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Emission limitations for cellular equipment. 22.917 Section 22.917 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES PUBLIC MOBILE SERVICES Cellular Radiotelephone Service § 22.917 Emission limitations for cellular...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Zzzz of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limitations and Operating Limitations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 14 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Initial Compliance With Emission Limitations and Operating Limitations 5 Table 5 to Subpart ZZZZ of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES ...

Synchrotron emission in air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rafat, M. Z.; Melrose, D. B.

2015-05-01

A conventional astrophysical treatment of synchrotron emission is modified to include the refractive index of air, written as n = 1 + 1/(2γ 02), with γ0 ≫ 1. The angular distribution of emission by an electron with Lorentz factor γ is broadened, from a range of |θ - α| ≈ 1/γ in vacuo (θ = emission angle, α = pitch angle) to |θ - α| ≈ max{1/γ, 1/γ0} in air. The emission spectrum in air is almost unchanged from that in vacuo at sufficiently low frequencies and it is modified by extending to higher frequencies with increasing γ/γ0 < 1, and to arbitrarily high frequencies for γ/γ0 ≥ 1. We estimate the frequency at which this enhancement starts, and show that it decreases with increasing γ/γ0 > 1. We interpret the enhanced high-frequency emission as Cerenkov-like, and attribute it to the formation of caustic surfaces that sweep across the observer; we use a geometric model based on Huygens construction to support this interpretation. The geometric model predicts that the so-called Cerenkov ring present at high frequencies may be circular, elliptical, or crescent shaped. In the astrophysical treatment of synchrotron emission, the dependence on azimuthal angle is lost in the expression for emissivity. A motivation for this investigation is the application to extensive air showers, and for this purpose the loss of azimuthal dependence is a limitation. We comment on methods to overcome this limitation. We show that when an observer can see emission from inside the Cerenkov cone, emission from outside the Cerenkov cone, on either side of it, arrives simultaneously; there are three emission times for a given observation time.

Estimation of VOC emissions from produced-water treatment ponds in Uintah Basin oil and gas field using modeling techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tran, H.; Mansfield, M. L.; Lyman, S. N.; O'Neil, T.; Jones, C. P.

2015-12-01

Emissions from produced-water treatment ponds are poorly characterized sources in oil and gas emission inventories that play a critical role in studying elevated winter ozone events in the Uintah Basin, Utah, U.S. Information gaps include un-quantified amounts and compositions of gases emitted from these facilities. The emitted gases are often known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which, beside nitrogen oxides (NOX), are major precursors for ozone formation in the near-surface layer. Field measurement campaigns using the flux-chamber technique have been performed to measure VOC emissions from a limited number of produced water ponds in the Uintah Basin of eastern Utah. Although the flux chamber provides accurate measurements at the point of sampling, it covers just a limited area of the ponds and is prone to altering environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure). This fact raises the need to validate flux chamber measurements. In this study, we apply an inverse-dispersion modeling technique with evacuated canister sampling to validate the flux-chamber measurements. This modeling technique applies an initial and arbitrary emission rate to estimate pollutant concentrations at pre-defined receptors, and adjusts the emission rate until the estimated pollutant concentrations approximates measured concentrations at the receptors. The derived emission rates are then compared with flux-chamber measurements and differences are analyzed. Additionally, we investigate the applicability of the WATER9 wastewater emission model for the estimation of VOC emissions from produced-water ponds in the Uintah Basin. WATER9 estimates the emission of each gas based on properties of the gas, its concentration in the waste water, and the characteristics of the influent and treatment units. Results of VOC emission estimations using inverse-dispersion and WATER9 modeling techniques will be reported.

40 CFR 63.1453 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations, work practice standards...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... percent opacity. (c) Baghouses. For each baghouse subject to the operating limit for the bag leak... that the bag leak detection system alarm does not sound for more than 5 percent of the operating time... malfunction of the bag leak detection system are not included in the calculation. (ii) Alarms that occur...

40 CFR 63.4966 - How do I establish the emission capture system and add-on control device operating limits during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... system and add-on control device operating limits during the performance test? 63.4966 Section 63.4966... outlet gas temperature is the maximum operating limit for your condenser. (e) Emission capture system... Emission Rate with Add-on Controls Option § 63.4966 How do I establish the emission capture system and add...

47 CFR 90.1323 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Emission limits. 90.1323 Section 90.1323 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES PRIVATE LAND MOBILE RADIO SERVICES Wireless Broadband Services in the 3650-3700 MHz Band § 90.1323 Emission limits. (a...

47 CFR 90.1323 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Emission limits. 90.1323 Section 90.1323 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES PRIVATE LAND MOBILE RADIO SERVICES Wireless Broadband Services in the 3650-3700 MHz Band § 90.1323 Emission limits. (a...

40 CFR 76.5 - NOX emission limitations for Group 1 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.5 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the... 404(d) of the Act, the date the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emissions reduction requirements...

40 CFR 76.5 - NOX emission limitations for Group 1 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.5 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the... 404(d) of the Act, the date the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emissions reduction requirements...

40 CFR 76.5 - NOX emission limitations for Group 1 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.5 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the... 404(d) of the Act, the date the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emissions reduction requirements...

Model for bremsstrahlung emission accompanying interactions between protons and nuclei from low energies up to intermediate energies: Role of magnetic emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maydanyuk, Sergei P.

2012-07-01

A model of the bremsstrahlung emission which accompanies proton decay and collisions of protons off nuclei in the low- to intermediate-energy region has been developed. This model includes spin formalism, a potential approach for describing the interaction between protons and nuclei, and an emission that includes a component of the magnetic emission (defined on the basis of the Pauli equation). For the problem of bremsstrahlung during proton decay the role of magnetic emission is studied by using such a model. For the 146Tm nucleus the following has been studied: (1) How much does the magnetic emission change the full bremsstrahlung spectrum? (2) At which angle is the magnetic emission the most intensive relative to the electric emission? (3) Is there some spatial region where the magnetic emission increases strongly relative to the electric emission? (4) How intensive is the magnetic emission in the tunneling region? (5) Which is the maximal probability? Which value does it equal to at the zero-energy limit of the emitted photons? It is demonstrated that the model is able to describe well enough experimental data of bremsstrahlung emission which accompanies collisions of protons off 9C, 64Cu, and 107Ag nuclei at an incident energy of Tlab=72 MeV (at a photon energy up to 60 MeV) and off 9Be, 12C, and 208Pb nuclei at an incident energy of Tlab=140 MeV (at a photon energy up to 120 MeV).

Plant leaf traits, canopy processes, and global atmospheric chemistry interactions.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guenther, A. B.

2017-12-01

Plants produce and emit a diverse array of volatile metabolites into the atmosphere that participate in chemical reactions that influence distributions of air pollutants and short-lived climate forcers including organic aerosol, ozone and methane. It is now widely accepted that accurate estimates of these emissions are required as inputs for regional air quality and global climate models. Predicting these emissions is complicated by the large number of volatile organic compounds, driving variables (e.g., temperature, solar radiation, abiotic and biotic stresses) and processes operating across a range of scales. Modeling efforts to characterize emission magnitude and variations will be described along with an assessment of the observations available for parameterizing and evaluating these models including discussion of the limitations and challenges associated with existing model approaches. A new approach for simulating canopy scale organic emissions on regional to global scales will be described and compared with leaf, canopy and regional scale flux measurements. The importance of including additional compounds and processes as well as improving estimates of existing ones will also be discussed.

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent reduction of total sulfide... material balance; and (3) complying with the continuous compliance requirements for closed-vent systems. 2... material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent reduction of toluene...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent reduction of total sulfide... material balance; and (3) complying with the continuous compliance requirements for closed-vent systems. 2... material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent reduction of toluene...

Assessing the effects of noise abatement measures on health risks: A case study in Istanbul

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ongel, Aybike, E-mail: aybike.ongel@eng.bahcesehir.edu.tr; Sezgin, Fatih, E-mail: fatih.sezgin@ibb.gov.tr

In recent decades, noise pollution caused by industrialization and increased motorization has become a major concern around the world because of its adverse effects on human well-being. Therefore, transportation agencies have been implementing noise abatement measures in order to reduce road traffic noise. However, limited attention is given to noise in environmental assessment of road transportation systems. This paper presents a framework for a health impact assessment model for road transportation noise emissions. The model allows noise impacts to be addressed with the health effects of air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation. The health damages assessed inmore » the model include annoyance, sleep disturbance, and cardiovascular disease in terms of acute myocardial infarction. The model was applied in a case study in Istanbul in order to evaluate the change in health risks from the implementation of noise abatement strategies. The noise abatement strategies evaluated include altering pavement surfaces in order to absorb noise and introducing speed limits. It was shown that significant improvements in health risks can be achieved using open graded pavement surfaces and introducing speed limits on highways. - Highlights: • Transportation noise has a significant effect on health. • Noise should be included in the environmental assessment of transportation systems. • Traffic noise abatement measures include noise reducing pavements and speed limits. • Noise abatement measures help reduce the health risks of transportation noise. • Speed limit reduction on uncongested roads is an effective way to reduce health risks.« less

A tiered observational system for anthropogenic methane emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duren, R. M.; Miller, C. E.; Hulley, G. C.; Hook, S. J.; Sander, S. P.

2014-12-01

Improved understanding of anthropogenic methane emissions is required for closing the global carbon budget and addressing priority challenges in climate policy. Several decades of top-down and bottom-up studies show that anthropogenic methane emissions are systematically underestimated in key regions and economic sectors. These uncertainties have been compounded by the dramatic rise of disruptive technologies (e.g., the transformation in the US energy system due to unconventional gas and oil production). Methane flux estimates derived from inverse analyses and aircraft-based mass balance approaches underscore the disagreement in nationally and regionally reported methane emissions as well as the possibility of a long-tail distribution in fugitive emissions spanning the US natural gas supply chain; i.e. a small number of super-emitters may be responsible for most of the observed anomalies. Other studies highlight the challenges of sectoral and spatial attribution of fugitive emissions - including the relative contributions of dairies vs oil and gas production or disentangling the contributions of natural gas transmission, distribution, and consumption or landfill emissions in complex urban environments. Limited observational data remains a foundational barrier to resolving these challenges. We present a tiered observing system strategy for persistent, high-frequency monitoring over large areas to provide remote detection, geolocation and quantification of significant anthropogenic methane emissions across cities, states, basins and continents. We describe how this would both improve confidence in methane emission estimates and expedite resolution of fugitive emissions and leaks. We summarize recent prototype field campaigns that employ multiple vantage points and measurement techniques (including NASA's CARVE and HyTES aircraft and PanFTS instrument on Mt Wilson). We share preliminary results of this tiered observational approach including examples of individual methane point sources associated with oil and gas production and distribution, feedlots, and urban landfills in California.

Impacts and mitigation of excess diesel-related NOx emissions in 11 major vehicle markets.

PubMed

Anenberg, Susan C; Miller, Joshua; Minjares, Ray; Du, Li; Henze, Daven K; Lacey, Forrest; Malley, Christopher S; Emberson, Lisa; Franco, Vicente; Klimont, Zbigniew; Heyes, Chris

2017-05-25

Vehicle emissions contribute to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and tropospheric ozone air pollution, affecting human health, crop yields and climate worldwide. On-road diesel vehicles produce approximately 20 per cent of global anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ), which are key PM 2.5 and ozone precursors. Regulated NO x emission limits in leading markets have been progressively tightened, but current diesel vehicles emit far more NO x under real-world operating conditions than during laboratory certification testing. Here we show that across 11 markets, representing approximately 80 per cent of global diesel vehicle sales, nearly one-third of on-road heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions and over half of on-road light-duty diesel vehicle emissions are in excess of certification limits. These excess emissions (totalling 4.6 million tons) are associated with about 38,000 PM 2.5 - and ozone-related premature deaths globally in 2015, including about 10 per cent of all ozone-related premature deaths in the 28 European Union member states. Heavy-duty vehicles are the dominant contributor to excess diesel NO x emissions and associated health impacts in almost all regions. Adopting and enforcing next-generation standards (more stringent than Euro 6/VI) could nearly eliminate real-world diesel-related NO x emissions in these markets, avoiding approximately 174,000 global PM 2.5 - and ozone-related premature deaths in 2040. Most of these benefits can be achieved by implementing Euro VI standards where they have not yet been adopted for heavy-duty vehicles.

78 FR 2111 - California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Notice of Decision Granting a Waiver...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-09

...The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is granting the California Air Resources Board's (CARB's) request for a waiver of Clean Air Act preemption to enforce its Advanced Clean Car (ACC) regulations. The ACC combines the control of smog and soot causing pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for passenger cars, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles (and limited requirements related to heavy-duty vehicles). The ACC program includes revisions to California's Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) program as well as its Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program. By today's decision, EPA has also determined that CARB's amendments to the ZEV program as they affect 2017 and prior model years (MYs) are within the scope of previous waivers of preemption granted to California for its ZEV regulations. In the alternative, EPA's waiver of preemption for CARB's ACC regulations includes a waiver of preemption for CARB's ZEV amendments as they affect all MYs, including 2017 and prior MYs. In addition, EPA is including CARB's recently adopted ``deemed to comply'' rule for GHG emissions in today's waiver decision. This decision is issued under section 209(b) of the Clean Air Act (the ``Act''), as amended.

40 CFR Appendix - Alternative Organic HAP Emissions Limits for Open Molding, Centrifugal Casting, and SMC...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Limits for Open Molding, Centrifugal Casting, and SMC Manufacturing Operations Where the Standards Are... CATEGORIES National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Reinforced Plastic Composites..., Table 5 Alternative Organic HAP Emissions Limits for Open Molding, Centrifugal Casting, and SMC...

40 CFR 63.6603 - What emission limitations and operating limitations must I meet if I own or operate an existing...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... emissions? Compliance with the numerical emission limitations established in this subpart is based on the... Alaska not accessible by the Federal Aid Highway System (FAHS) you do not have to meet the numerical CO...

40 CFR 63.6640 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and operating limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... emission limitation applicable to your stationary RICE. (c) [Reserved] (d) For new, reconstructed, and rebuilt stationary RICE, deviations from the emission or operating limitations that occur during the first... stationary RICE means a stationary RICE that has been rebuilt as that term is defined in 40 CFR 94.11(a). (e...

X-ray spectroscopy of the mixed morphology supernova remnant W 28 with XMM-Newton

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, Ryoko; Bamba, Aya; Ishida, Manabu; Yamazaki, Ryo; Tatematsu, Ken'ichi; Kohri, Kazunori; Pühlhofer, Gerd; Wagner, Stefan J.; Sawada, Makoto

2014-06-01

We report on spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy of the north-eastern part of the mixed morphology supernova remnant (SNR) W 28 with XMM-Newton. The observed field of view includes a prominent and twisted shell emission forming the edge of this SNR as well as part of the center-filled X-ray emission brightening toward the south-west edge of the field of view. The shell region spectra are in general represented by an optically thin thermal plasma emission in collisional ionization equilibrium with a temperature of ˜ 0.3 keV and a density of ˜ 10 cm-3, which is much higher than the density obtained for inner parts. In contrast, we detected no significant X-ray flux from one of the TeV γ-ray peaks with an upper-limit flux of 2.1 × 10-14 erg cm-2 s-1 in the 2-10 keV band. The large flux ratio of TeV to X-ray, larger than 16, and the spatial coincidence of the molecular cloud and the TeV γ-ray emission site indicate that the TeV γ-ray of W 28 is π0-decay emission originating from collisions between accelerated protons and molecular cloud protons. Comparing the spectrum in the TeV band and the X-ray upper limit, we obtained a weak upper limit on the magnetic field strength B ≲ 1500 μG.

Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yangyang; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran

2017-09-01

The historic Paris Agreement calls for limiting global temperature rise to “well below 2 °C.” Because of uncertainties in emission scenarios, climate, and carbon cycle feedback, we interpret the Paris Agreement in terms of three climate risk categories and bring in considerations of low-probability (5%) high-impact (LPHI) warming in addition to the central (˜50% probability) value. The current risk category of dangerous warming is extended to more categories, which are defined by us here as follows: >1.5 °C as dangerous; >3 °C as catastrophic; and >5 °C as unknown, implying beyond catastrophic, including existential threats. With unchecked emissions, the central warming can reach the dangerous level within three decades, with the LPHI warming becoming catastrophic by 2050. We outline a three-lever strategy to limit the central warming below the dangerous level and the LPHI below the catastrophic level, both in the near term (<2050) and in the long term (2100): the carbon neutral (CN) lever to achieve zero net emissions of CO2, the super pollutant (SP) lever to mitigate short-lived climate pollutants, and the carbon extraction and sequestration (CES) lever to thin the atmospheric CO2 blanket. Pulling on both CN and SP levers and bending the emissions curve by 2020 can keep the central warming below dangerous levels. To limit the LPHI warming below dangerous levels, the CES lever must be pulled as well to extract as much as 1 trillion tons of CO2 before 2100 to both limit the preindustrial to 2100 cumulative net CO2 emissions to 2.2 trillion tons and bend the warming curve to a cooling trend.

Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes.

PubMed

Xu, Yangyang; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran

2017-09-26

The historic Paris Agreement calls for limiting global temperature rise to "well below 2 °C." Because of uncertainties in emission scenarios, climate, and carbon cycle feedback, we interpret the Paris Agreement in terms of three climate risk categories and bring in considerations of low-probability (5%) high-impact (LPHI) warming in addition to the central (∼50% probability) value. The current risk category of dangerous warming is extended to more categories, which are defined by us here as follows: >1.5 °C as dangerous; >3 °C as catastrophic; and >5 °C as unknown, implying beyond catastrophic, including existential threats. With unchecked emissions, the central warming can reach the dangerous level within three decades, with the LPHI warming becoming catastrophic by 2050. We outline a three-lever strategy to limit the central warming below the dangerous level and the LPHI below the catastrophic level, both in the near term (<2050) and in the long term (2100): the carbon neutral (CN) lever to achieve zero net emissions of CO 2 , the super pollutant (SP) lever to mitigate short-lived climate pollutants, and the carbon extraction and sequestration (CES) lever to thin the atmospheric CO 2 blanket. Pulling on both CN and SP levers and bending the emissions curve by 2020 can keep the central warming below dangerous levels. To limit the LPHI warming below dangerous levels, the CES lever must be pulled as well to extract as much as 1 trillion tons of CO 2 before 2100 to both limit the preindustrial to 2100 cumulative net CO 2 emissions to 2.2 trillion tons and bend the warming curve to a cooling trend. Copyright © 2017 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes

PubMed Central

Xu, Yangyang; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran

2017-01-01

The historic Paris Agreement calls for limiting global temperature rise to “well below 2 °C.” Because of uncertainties in emission scenarios, climate, and carbon cycle feedback, we interpret the Paris Agreement in terms of three climate risk categories and bring in considerations of low-probability (5%) high-impact (LPHI) warming in addition to the central (∼50% probability) value. The current risk category of dangerous warming is extended to more categories, which are defined by us here as follows: >1.5 °C as dangerous; >3 °C as catastrophic; and >5 °C as unknown, implying beyond catastrophic, including existential threats. With unchecked emissions, the central warming can reach the dangerous level within three decades, with the LPHI warming becoming catastrophic by 2050. We outline a three-lever strategy to limit the central warming below the dangerous level and the LPHI below the catastrophic level, both in the near term (<2050) and in the long term (2100): the carbon neutral (CN) lever to achieve zero net emissions of CO2, the super pollutant (SP) lever to mitigate short-lived climate pollutants, and the carbon extraction and sequestration (CES) lever to thin the atmospheric CO2 blanket. Pulling on both CN and SP levers and bending the emissions curve by 2020 can keep the central warming below dangerous levels. To limit the LPHI warming below dangerous levels, the CES lever must be pulled as well to extract as much as 1 trillion tons of CO2 before 2100 to both limit the preindustrial to 2100 cumulative net CO2 emissions to 2.2 trillion tons and bend the warming curve to a cooling trend. PMID:28912354

40 CFR 60.2917 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber or limit emissions in some other manner to comply with the emission...

40 CFR 60.2917 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber or limit emissions in some other manner to comply with the emission...

Methods and techniques for measuring gas emissions from agricultural and animal feeding operations.

PubMed

Hu, Enzhu; Babcock, Esther L; Bialkowski, Stephen E; Jones, Scott B; Tuller, Markus

2014-01-01

Emissions of gases from agricultural and animal feeding operations contribute to climate change, produce odors, degrade sensitive ecosystems, and pose a threat to public health. The complexity of processes and environmental variables affecting these emissions complicate accurate and reliable quantification of gas fluxes and production rates. Although a plethora of measurement technologies exist, each method has its limitations that exacerbate accurate quantification of gas fluxes. Despite a growing interest in gas emission measurements, only a few available technologies include real-time, continuous monitoring capabilities. Commonly applied state-of-the-art measurement frameworks and technologies were critically examined and discussed, and recommendations for future research to address real-time monitoring requirements for forthcoming regulation and management needs are provided.

40 CFR 76.5 - NOX emission limitations for Group 1 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.5 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the... subject to section 404(d) of the Act, the date the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emissions reduction...

The Effect of Emissions Trading And Carbon Sequestration on The Cost Of CO2 Emissions Mitigation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mahasenan, Natesan; Scott, Michael J.; Smith, Steven J.

2002-08-05

The deployment of carbon capture and sequestration (CC&S) technologies is greatly affected by the marginal cost of controlling carbon emissions (also the value of carbon, when emissions permits are traded). Emissions limits that are more stringent in the near term imply higher near-term carbon values and therefore encourage the local development and deployment of CC&S technologies. In addition, trade in emissions obligations lowers the cost of meeting any regional or global emissions limit and so affects the rate of penetration of CC&S technologies. We examine the effects of the availability of sequestration opportunities and emissions trading (either within select regionsmore » or globally) on the cost of emissions mitigation and compliance with different emissions reduction targets for the IPCC SRES scenarios. For each base scenario and emissions target, we examine the issues outlined above and present quantitative estimates for the impacts of trade and the availability of sequestration opportunities in meeting emissions limitation obligations.« less

40 CFR Table 1 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing... Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and Information... of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations For * * * You must meet the...

40 CFR Table 1 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing... Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and Information... of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations For * * * You must meet the...

40 CFR Table 1 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 14 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing... Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and Information... of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations For * * * You must meet the...

40 CFR Table 1 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing... Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and Information... of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations For * * * You must meet the...

40 CFR Table 1 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 14 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing... Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and Information... of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Processing (Refining) Operations For * * * You must meet the...

40 CFR 63.4890 - What emission limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... organic HAP-free coating technology can be used on the metal furniture components. The request must be... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Surface Coating of Metal Furniture Emission Limitations § 63.4890... emission limit for specific metal furniture components or type of components for which you believe the...

40 CFR 63.1016 - Alternative means of emission limitation: Enclosed-vented process units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Alternative means of emission limitation: Enclosed-vented process units. 63.1016 Section 63.1016 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... § 63.1016 Alternative means of emission limitation: Enclosed-vented process units. (a) Use of closed...

40 CFR 63.1016 - Alternative means of emission limitation: Enclosed-vented process units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Alternative means of emission limitation: Enclosed-vented process units. 63.1016 Section 63.1016 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... § 63.1016 Alternative means of emission limitation: Enclosed-vented process units. (a) Use of closed...

40 CFR 49.126 - Rule for limiting fugitive particulate matter emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Rule for limiting fugitive particulate matter emissions. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section limits the amount of fugitive particulate matter that may be emitted from certain air pollution... source of fugitive particulate matter emissions. (c) What is exempted from this section? This section...

40 CFR 63.844 - Emission limits for new or reconstructed sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants § 63.844 Emission limits for new or reconstructed sources. (a) Potlines. The owner or...

40 CFR 63.844 - Emission limits for new or reconstructed sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants § 63.844 Emission limits for new or reconstructed sources. (a) Potlines. The owner or...

40 CFR 63.844 - Emission limits for new or reconstructed sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants § 63.844 Emission limits for new or reconstructed sources. (a) Potlines. The owner or...

40 CFR 63.844 - Emission limits for new or reconstructed sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants § 63.844 Emission limits for new or reconstructed sources. (a) Potlines. The owner or...

Advanced Low Emissions Subsonic Combustor Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Reid

1998-01-01

Recent advances in commercial and military aircraft gas turbines have yielded significant improvements in fuel efficiency and thrust-to-weight ratio, due in large part to increased combustor operating pressures and temperatures. However, the higher operating conditions have increased the emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which is a pollutant with adverse impact on the atmosphere and environment. Since commercial and military aircraft are the only important direct source of NOx emissions at high altitudes, there is a growing consensus that considerably more stringent limits on NOx emissions will be required in the future for all aircraft. In fact, the regulatory communities have recently agreed to reduce NOx limits by 20 percent from current requirements effective in 1996. Further reductions at low altitude, together with introduction of limits on NOx at altitude, are virtual certainties. In addition, the U.S. Government recently conducted hearings on the introduction of federal fees on the local emission of pollutants from all sources, including aircraft. While no action was taken regarding aircraft in this instance, the threat of future action clearly remains. In these times of intense and growing international competition, the U.S. le-ad in aerospace can only be maintained through a clear technological dominance that leads to a product line of maximum value to the global airline customer. Development of a very low NOx combustor will be essential to meet the future needs of both the commercial and military transport markets, if additional economic burdens and/or operational restrictions are to be avoided. In this report, Pratt & Whitney (P&W) presents the study results with the following specific objectives: Development of low-emissions combustor technologies for advances engines that will enter into service circa 2005, while producing a goal of 70 percent lower NOx emissions, compared to 1996 regulatory levels. Identification of solution approaches to barriers to the productization and economic viability of the low-emissions technologies. Preparation of these technologies to facilitate an annular rig high-pressure demonstration.

The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). III. A Census of Lyα Emission at z ≳ 7 from HST Spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmidt, K. B.; Treu, T.; Bradač, M.; Vulcani, B.; Huang, K.-H.; Hoag, A.; Maseda, M.; Guaita, L.; Pentericci, L.; Brammer, G. B.; Dijkstra, M.; Dressler, A.; Fontana, A.; Henry, A. L.; Jones, T. A.; Mason, C.; Trenti, M.; Wang, X.

2016-02-01

We present a census of Lyα emission at z≳ 7, utilizing deep near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope grism spectroscopy from the first six completed clusters of the Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). In 24/159 photometrically selected galaxies we detect emission lines consistent with Lyα in the GLASS spectra. Based on the distribution of signal-to-noise ratios and on simulations, we expect the completeness and the purity of the sample to be 40%-100% and 60%-90%, respectively. For the objects without detected emission lines we show that the observed (not corrected for lensing magnification) 1σ flux limits reach 5 × 10-18 erg s-1 cm-2 per position angle over the full wavelength range of GLASS (0.8-1.7 μm). Based on the conditional probability of Lyα emission measured from the ground at z˜ 7, we would have expected 12-18 Lyα emitters. This is consistent with the number of detections, within the uncertainties, confirming the drop in Lyα emission with respect to z˜ 6. Deeper follow-up spectroscopy, here exemplified by Keck spectroscopy, is necessary to improve our estimates of completeness and purity and to confirm individual candidates as true Lyα emitters. These candidates include a promising source at z = 8.1. The spatial extent of Lyα in a deep stack of the most convincing Lyα emitters with < z> = 7.2 is consistent with that of the rest-frame UV continuum. Extended Lyα emission, if present, has a surface brightness below our detection limit, consistent with the properties of lower-redshift comparison samples. From the stack we estimate upper limits on rest-frame UV emission line ratios and find {f}{{C}{{IV}}}/{f}{Lyα }≲ 0.32 and {f}{{C}{{III}}]}/{f}{Lyα }≲ 0.23, in good agreement with other values published in the literature.

Emissions and temperature benefits: The role of wind power in China

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duan, Hongbo, E-mail: hbduan@ucas.ac.cn

Background: As a non-fossil technology, wind power has an enormous advantage over coal because of its role in climate change mitigation. Therefore, it is important to investigate how substituting wind power for coal-fired electricity will affect emission reductions, changes in radiative forcing and rising temperatures, particularly in the context of emission limits. Methods: We developed an integrated methodology that includes two parts: an energy-economy-environmental (3E) integrated model and an emission-temperature response model. The former is used to simulate the dynamic relationships between economic output, wind energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; the latter is used to evaluate changes in radiativemore » forcing and warming. Results: Under the present development projection, wind energy cannot serve as a major force in curbing emissions, even under the strictest space-restraining scenario. China's temperature contribution to global warming will be up to 21.76% if warming is limited to 2 degrees. With the wind-for-coal power substitution, the corresponding contribution to global radiative forcing increase and temperature rise will decrease by up to 10% and 6.57%, respectively. Conclusions: Substituting wind power for coal-fired electricity has positive effects on emission reductions and warming control. However, wind energy alone is insufficient for climate change mitigation. It forms an important component of the renewable energy portfolio used to combat global warming. - Highlights: • We assess the warming benefits associated with substitution of wind power for coal. • The effect of emission space limits on climate responses is deeply examined. • China is responsible for at most 21.76% of global warming given the 2-degree target. • Wind power alone may not be sufficient to face the challenge of climate change. • A fertile policy soil and an aggressive plan are necessary to boost renewables.« less

40 CFR 63.6105 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... limitations which apply to you at all times except during startup, shutdown, and malfunctions. (b) If you must... emissions at all times including during startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Testing and Initial Compliance...

40 CFR 63.6105 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... limitations which apply to you at all times except during startup, shutdown, and malfunctions. (b) If you must... emissions at all times including during startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Testing and Initial Compliance...

40 CFR 63.6105 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... limitations which apply to you at all times except during startup, shutdown, and malfunctions. (b) If you must... emissions at all times including during startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Testing and Initial Compliance...

40 CFR 57.705 - Contents of SIP Compliance Schedule required by § 57.201(d) (2) and (3).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... process hardware to be used in achieving compliance with the SIP emission limitation including gas... necessary performance improvements; (4) The date for initiating on-site construction or installation of...

Cesium vapor thermionic converter anomalies arising from negative ion emission

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rasor, Ned S., E-mail: ned.rasor@gmail.com

2016-08-14

Compelling experimental evidence is given that a longstanding limit encountered on cesium vapor thermionic energy converter performance improvement and other anomalies arise from thermionic emission of cesium negative ions. It is shown that the energy that characterizes thermionic emission of cesium negative ions is 1.38 eV and, understandably, is not the electron affinity 0.47 eV determined for the photodetachment threshold of the cesium negative ion. The experimental evidence includes measurements of collector work functions and volt-ampere characteristics in quasi-vacuum cesium vapor thermionic diodes, along with reinterpretation of the classic Taylor-Langmuir S-curve data on electron emission in cesium vapor. The quantitative effects ofmore » negative ion emission on performance in the ignited, unignited, and quasi-vacuum modes of cesium vapor thermionic converter operation are estimated.« less

A High-Speed Continuous Recording High Flow Gas Sampler for Measuring Methane Emissions from Pneumatic Devices at Oil and Natural Gas Production Facilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferrara, T.; Howard, T. M.

2016-12-01

Studies attempting to reconcile facility level emission estimates of sources at oil and gas facilities with basin wide methane flux measurements have had limited success. Pneumatic devices are commonly used at oil and gas production facilities for process control or liquid pumping. These devices are powered by pressurized natural gas from the well, so they are known methane sources at these sites. Pneumatic devices are estimated to contribute 14% to 25% of the total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from production facilities. Measurements of pneumatic devices have shown that malfunctioning or poorly maintained control systems may be emitting significantly more methane than currently estimated. Emission inventories for these facilities use emission factors from EPA that are based on pneumatic device measurements made in the early 1990's. Recent studies of methane emissions from production facilities have attempted to measure emissions from pneumatic devices by several different methods. These methods have had limitations including alteration of the system being measured, the inability to distinguish between leaks and venting during normal operation, or insufficient response time to account of the time based emission events. We have developed a high speed recording high flow sampler that is capable of measuring the transient emissions from pneumatic devices. This sampler is based on the well-established high flow measurement technique used in oil and gas for quantifying component leak rates. In this paper we present the results of extensive laboratory controlled release testing. Additionally, test data from several field studies where this sampler has been used to measure pneumatic device emissions will be presented.

40 CFR 57.205 - Submission of supplementary information upon relaxation of an SO2 SIP emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... upon relaxation of an SO2 SIP emission limitation. 57.205 Section 57.205 Protection of Environment... Application and the NSO Process § 57.205 Submission of supplementary information upon relaxation of an SO2 SIP emission limitation. (a) In the event an SO2 SIP limit is relaxed subsequent to EPA approval or issuance of...

40 CFR Table 1a to Subpart Zzzz of... - Emission Limitations for Existing, New, and Reconstructed Spark Ignition, 4SRB Stationary RICE...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... following emission limitation, except during periods of startup . . . During periods of startup you must... the engine's startup time at startup to a period needed for appropriate and safe loading of the engine, not to exceed 30 minutes, after which time the non-startup emission limitations apply.1 b. Limit the...

40 CFR Table 1a to Subpart Zzzz of... - Emission Limitations for Existing, New, and Reconstructed Spark Ignition, 4SRB Stationary RICE...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... following emission limitation, except during periods of startup . . . During periods of startup you must... the engine's startup time at startup to a period needed for appropriate and safe loading of the engine, not to exceed 30 minutes, after which time the non-startup emission limitations apply.1 b. Limit the...

40 CFR Table 1a to Subpart Zzzz of... - Emission Limitations for Existing, New, and Reconstructed Spark Ignition, 4SRB Stationary RICE...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... following emission limitation, except during periods of startup . . . During periods of startup you must... the engine's startup time at startup to a period needed for appropriate and safe loading of the engine, not to exceed 30 minutes, after which time the non-startup emission limitations apply.1 b. Limit the...

Climate mitigation and the future of tropical landscapes.

PubMed

Thomson, Allison M; Calvin, Katherine V; Chini, Louise P; Hurtt, George; Edmonds, James A; Bond-Lamberty, Ben; Frolking, Steve; Wise, Marshall A; Janetos, Anthony C

2010-11-16

Land-use change to meet 21st-century demands for food, fuel, and fiber will depend on many interactive factors, including global policies limiting anthropogenic climate change and realized improvements in agricultural productivity. Climate-change mitigation policies will alter the decision-making environment for land management, and changes in agricultural productivity will influence cultivated land expansion. We explore to what extent future increases in agricultural productivity might offset conversion of tropical forest lands to crop lands under a climate mitigation policy and a contrasting no-policy scenario in a global integrated assessment model. The Global Change Assessment Model is applied here to simulate a mitigation policy that stabilizes radiative forcing at 4.5 W m(-2) (approximately 526 ppm CO(2)) in the year 2100 by introducing a price for all greenhouse gas emissions, including those from land use. These scenarios are simulated with several cases of future agricultural productivity growth rates and the results downscaled to produce gridded maps of potential land-use change. We find that tropical forests are preserved near their present-day extent, and bioenergy crops emerge as an effective mitigation option, only in cases in which a climate mitigation policy that includes an economic price for land-use emissions is in place, and in which agricultural productivity growth continues throughout the century. We find that idealized land-use emissions price assumptions are most effective at limiting deforestation, even when cropland area must increase to meet future food demand. These findings emphasize the importance of accounting for feedbacks from land-use change emissions in global climate change mitigation strategies.

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Kkkkk of... - Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission Limits 1 Table 1 to Subpart... (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Clay Ceramics Manufacturing Pt. 63, Subpt...

An approach for verifying biogenic greenhouse gas emissions inventories with atmospheric CO 2 concentration data

DOE PAGES

Ogle, Stephen; Davis, Kenneth J.; Lauvaux, Thomas; ...

2015-03-10

Verifying national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories is a critical step to ensure that reported emissions data to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are accurate and representative of a country’s contribution to GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. Verification could include a variety of evidence, but arguably the most convincing verification would be confirmation of a change in GHG concentrations in the atmosphere that is consistent with reported emissions to the UNFCCC. We report here on a case study evaluating this option based on a prototype atmospheric CO2 measurement network deployed in the Mid-Continent Region of themore » conterminous United States. We found that the atmospheric CO2 measurement data did verify the accuracy of the emissions inventory within the confidence limits of the emissions estimates, suggesting that this technology could be further developed and deployed more widely in the future for verifying reported emissions.« less

Rightsizing expectations for carbon dioxide removal towards ambitious climate goals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mach, K. J.; Field, C. B.

2017-12-01

Proven approaches for reducing heat-trapping emissions are increasingly cost competitive and feasible at scale. Such approaches include renewable-energy technologies, energy efficiency, reduced deforestation, and abatement of industrial and agricultural emissions. Their pace of deployment, though, is far from sufficient to limit warming well below 2°C above preindustrial levels, the goal of the Paris Agreement. Against this backdrop, technologies for carbon removal are increasingly asserted as key to climate policy. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), or negative emissions, technologies can compensate for ongoing emissions, helping keep ambitious warming limits in reach. The dramatic rise of CDR approaches in analysis and planning towards ambitious climate goals, however, has stirred up discomfort and debate. Focusing on rightsizing CDR expectations, this presentation will first briefly reflect on the status of the suite of CDR possibilities. The options include strategies grounded in improved ecosystem stewardship (e.g., reforestation and afforestation, conservation agriculture); strategies that are also biomass-based but with more engineering and more trade-offs (e.g., biochar additions to soils, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage); and engineered, nonbiological approaches (e.g., enhanced weathering, direct air capture). Second, the presentation will evaluate constraints surrounding CDR deployment at large scale and in peak-and-decline scenarios. These constraints involve, for example, unprecedented rates of land transformation in climate change mitigation pathways limiting warming to 2°C with high probability. They also entail the substantial, little studied risks of scenarios with temperatures peaking and then declining. Third, the presentation will review emerging lessons from CDR implementation to date, such as in legally enforceable forest-offset projects, along with near-term opportunities for catalyzing CDR, such as through low-cost opportunities for carbon capture and storage.

Investigation of the Impact of Fuel Properties on Particulate Number Emission of a Modern Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCormick, Robert L; Fioroni, Gina; Fatouraie, Mohammad

Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) has become the preferred technology for spark-ignition engines resulting in greater specific power output and lower fuel consumption, and consequently reduction in CO2 emission. However, GDI engines face a substantial challenge in meeting new and future emission limits, especially the stringent particle number (PN) emissions recently introduced in Europe and China. Studies have shown that the fuel used by a vehicle has a significant impact on engine out emissions. In this study, nine fuels with varying chemical composition and physical properties were tested on a modern turbo-charged side-mounted GDI engine with design changes to reduce particulatemore » emissions. The fuels tested included four fuels meeting US certification requirements; two fuels meeting European certification requirements; and one fuel meeting China 6 certification requirements being proposed at the time of this work. Two risk safeguard fuels (RSG), representing the properties of worst case market fuels in Europe and China, were also included. The particle number concentration of the solid particulates was measured in the engine-out exhaust flow at steady state engine operations with load and speed sweeps, and semi-transient load steps. The test results showed a factor of 6 PN emission difference among all certification fuels tested. Combined with detailed fuel analyses, this study evaluated important factors (such as oxygenates, carbon chain length and thermo-physical properties) that cause PN emissions which were not included in PMI index. A linear regression was performed to develop a PN predictive model which showed improved fitting quality than using PMI.« less

Detailed modeling of electron emission for transpiration cooling of hypersonic vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hanquist, Kyle M.; Hara, Kentaro; Boyd, Iain D.

2017-02-01

Electron transpiration cooling (ETC) is a recently proposed approach to manage the high heating loads experienced at the sharp leading edges of hypersonic vehicles. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to investigate the feasibility of ETC in a hypersonic environment. A modeling approach is presented for ETC, which includes developing the boundary conditions for electron emission from the surface, accounting for the space-charge limit effects of the near-wall plasma sheath. The space-charge limit models are assessed using 1D direct-kinetic plasma sheath simulations, taking into account the thermionically emitted electrons from the surface. The simulations agree well with the space-charge limit theory proposed by Takamura et al. for emitted electrons with a finite temperature, especially at low values of wall bias, which validates the use of the theoretical model for the hypersonic CFD code. The CFD code with the analytical sheath models is then used for a test case typical of a leading edge radius in a hypersonic flight environment. The CFD results show that ETC can lower the surface temperature of sharp leading edges of hypersonic vehicles, especially at higher velocities, due to the increase in ionized species enabling higher electron heat extraction from the surface. The CFD results also show that space-charge limit effects can limit the ETC reduction of surface temperatures, in comparison to thermionic emission assuming no effects of the electric field within the sheath.

The role of anthropogenic aerosol emission reduction in achieving the Paris Agreement's objective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hienola, Anca; Pietikäinen, Joni-Pekka; O'Donnell, Declan; Partanen, Antti-Ilari; Korhonen, Hannele; Laaksonen, Ari

2017-04-01

The Paris agreement reached in December 2015 under the auspices of the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) aims at holding the global temperature increase to well below 2◦C above preindustrial levels and "to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5◦C above preindustrial levels". Limiting warming to any level implies that the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) - the dominant driver of long-term temperatures - that can ever be emitted into the atmosphere is finite. Essentially, this means that global CO2 emissions need to become net zero. CO2 is not the only pollutant causing warming, although it is the most persistent. Short-lived, non-CO2 climate forcers also must also be considered. Whereas much effort has been put into defining a threshold for temperature increase and zero net carbon emissions, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the non-CO2 climate forcers, including not just the non-CO2 greenhouse gases (methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halocarbons etc.) but also the anthropogenic aerosols like black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and sulfate. This study investigates the possibility of limiting the temperature increase to 1.5◦C by the end of the century under different future scenarios of anthropogenic aerosol emissions simulated with the very simplistic MAGICC climate carbon cycle model as well as with ECHAM6.1-HAM2.2-SALSA + UVic ESCM. The simulations include two different CO2 scenarios- RCP3PD as control and a CO2 reduction leading to 1.5◦C (which translates into reaching the net zero CO2 emissions by mid 2040s followed by negative emissions by the end of the century); each CO2 scenario includes also two aerosol pollution control cases denoted with CLE (current legislation) and MFR (maximum feasible reduction). The main result of the above scenarios is that the stronger the anthropogenic aerosol emission reduction is, the more significant the temperature increase by 2100 relative to pre-industrial temperature will be, making the 1.5◦C temperature goal impossible to reach. Although the global reduction of anthropogenic aerosols can greatly enforce the global warming effect due to GHGs, all our simulations resulted in temperature increase bellow (but not well bellow) 2◦C above preindustrial levels - a slightly more realistic target compared to 1.5◦C. The results of this study are based on simulations of only two climate models. As such, we do not regard these results as indisputable, but we consider that aerosols and their effect on climate deserve more attention when discussing future aerosol emission.

Dust from mineral extraction: regulation of emissions in England

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marker, Brian

2013-04-01

The United Kingdom, which includes England, has fairly high levels of rainfall but sporadic droughts occur especially in the east. Mineral working gives rise to dust. Concerns about dust soiling are major source of public objections to new minerals extraction operations. Dust emissions from mineral workings are a significant cause of public concern in the United Kingdom and are recognised as sources of health concerns and nuisance. Emissions are controlled through a number of complementary sets of regulations that are generally well observed by the industry and well enforced by the relevant public authorities. comprehensive system of regulation, based on European and national law, to deal with all aspects of these operations including pollution control, planning, occupational health and safety and statutory nuisances. Most minerals applications are subject to EIA which forms that basis for planning and environmental conditions and monitoring of operations. There are limit values on PM10 and PM2.5 in air, and for potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in soils and water, derived from European regulations but, as yet, no limit values for PHEs (other than radioactive materials) in air. Stakeholder engagement is encouraged so that members of the public can express concerns during minerals operations and operators can quickly deal with these. While some effects inevitably remain, the levels of dust emissions are kept low through good site design and management, proper use of machinery which is equipped to minimise emissions, and good training of the workforce. Operational sites are required to have dust monitoring equipment located outside the site boundary so that any emerging problems can be detected and addressed quickly.

Partial Least Squares Calibration Modeling Towards the Multivariate Limit of Detection for Enriched Isotopic Mixtures via Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectroscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harris, Candace; Profeta, Luisa; Akpovo, Codjo

The psuedo univariate limit of detection was calculated to compare to the multivariate interval. ompared with results from the psuedounivariate LOD, the multivariate LOD includes other factors (i.e. signal uncertainties) and the reveals the significance in creating models that not only use the analyte’s emission line but also its entire molecular spectra.

Air Emissions Monitoring for Permits

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Operating permits document how air pollution sources will demonstrate compliance with emission limits and also how air pollution sources will monitor, either periodically or continuously, their compliance with emission limits and all other requirements.

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Open-Lot Cattle Feedyards: A Review.

PubMed

Waldrip, Heidi M; Todd, Richard W; Parker, David B; Cole, N Andy; Rotz, C Alan; Casey, Kenneth D

2016-11-01

Nitrous oxide (NO) emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations, including cattle feedyards, have become an important research topic. However, there are limitations to current measurement techniques, uncertainty in the magnitude of feedyard NO fluxes, and a lack of effective mitigation methods. The objective of this review was to assess NO emission from cattle feedyards, including comparison of measured and modeled emission rates, discussion of measurement methods, and evaluation of mitigation options. Published annual per capita flux rates for beef cattle feedyards and open-lot dairies were highly variable and ranged from 0.002 to 4.3 kg NO animal yr. On an area basis, published emission rates ranged from 0 to 41 mg NO m h. From these studies and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission factors, calculated daily per capita NO fluxes averaged 18 ± 10 g NO animal d (range, 0.04-67 g NO animal d). This variation was due to inconsistency in measurement techniques as well as irregularity in NO production and emission attributable to management, animal diet, and environmental conditions. Based on this review, it is clear that the magnitude and dynamics of NO emissions from open-lot cattle systems are not well understood. Further research is required to quantify feedyard NO fluxes and develop cost-effective mitigation methods. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

40 CFR 63.2342 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... work practice standards for each such emission source based on the schedule found in paragraph (b) of..., operating limits, and work practice standards in this subpart for each such emission source based on the... with the emission limitations, operating limits, and work practice standards for new and reconstructed...

40 CFR 63.2342 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... work practice standards for each such emission source based on the schedule found in paragraph (b) of..., operating limits, and work practice standards in this subpart for each such emission source based on the... with the emission limitations, operating limits, and work practice standards for new and reconstructed...

40 CFR 63.5746 - How do I demonstrate compliance with the emission limits for aluminum wipedown solvents and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the emission limits for aluminum wipedown solvents and aluminum coatings? 63.5746 Section 63.5746... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Boat Manufacturing Standards for Aluminum Recreational Boat Surface Coating Operations § 63.5746 How do I demonstrate compliance with the emission limits for aluminum wipedown solvents...

40 CFR Table 2 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 14 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing... Pollutants for Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and... AAAAAAA of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations For * * * 1...

40 CFR Table 2 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing... Pollutants for Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and... AAAAAAA of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations For * * * 1...

40 CFR Table 2 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing... Pollutants for Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and... AAAAAAA of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations For * * * 1...

40 CFR Table 2 of Subpart Aaaaaaa... - Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing... Pollutants for Area Sources: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Other Requirements and... AAAAAAA of Part 63—Emission Limits for Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing (Coating) Operations For * * * 1...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Uuuuu of... - Demonstrating Continuous Compliance

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Table 7 to Subpart UUUUU of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Utility Steam Generating Units Pt. 63, Subpt. UUUUU, Table 7 Table 7 to Subpart UUUUU of Part 63... emissions limit in Table 1 or 2, or PM (or its alternative emission limits) applicable emissions limit in...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Uuuuu of... - Demonstrating Continuous Compliance

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Table 7 to Subpart UUUUU of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Utility Steam Generating Units Pt. 63, Subpt. UUUUU, Table 7 Table 7 to Subpart UUUUU of Part 63... emissions limit in Table 1 or 2, or PM (or its alternative emission limits) applicable emissions limit in...

40 CFR 63.5996 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for tire production affected...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... with the emission limits for tire production affected sources? 63.5996 Section 63.5996 Protection of... Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing Testing and Initial Compliance Requirements for Tire Production Affected Sources § 63.5996 How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for tire...

40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

40 CFR 62.15165 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15165 Section 62.15165 Protection of Environment... emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? (a) The emission limits of this subpart apply at all times except during periods of municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or...

40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

40 CFR 62.15165 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15165 Section 62.15165 Protection of Environment... emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? (a) The emission limits of this subpart apply at all times except during periods of municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or...

40 CFR 62.15165 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15165 Section 62.15165 Protection of Environment... emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? (a) The emission limits of this subpart apply at all times except during periods of municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or...

40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

40 CFR 62.15165 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15165 Section 62.15165 Protection of Environment... emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? (a) The emission limits of this subpart apply at all times except during periods of municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or...

40 CFR 62.15165 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15165 Section 62.15165 Protection of Environment... emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? (a) The emission limits of this subpart apply at all times except during periods of municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or...

40 CFR 96.175 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... designated representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition...

40 CFR 96.175 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... designated representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition...

40 CFR 96.75 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition under § 75.66 of this chapter to the... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may...

40 CFR 96.75 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition under § 75.66 of this chapter to the... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may...

40 CFR 96.75 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition under § 75.66 of this chapter to the... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may...

40 CFR 96.75 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition under § 75.66 of this chapter to the... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may...

40 CFR 96.175 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... designated representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition...

40 CFR 96.175 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... designated representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition...

40 CFR 96.75 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition under § 75.66 of this chapter to the... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may... account representative of a NOX Budget unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may...

40 CFR 96.175 - Petitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... designated representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is not subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition... representative of a CAIR NOX unit that is subject to an Acid Rain emissions limitation may submit a petition...

40 CFR 63.7530 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations, fuel specifications and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... compliance with the emission limitations, fuel specifications and work practice standards? 63.7530 Section 63... Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Testing, Fuel Analyses, and Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.7530 How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations, fuel specifications and work...

40 CFR 63.7530 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations, fuel specifications and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... compliance with the emission limitations, fuel specifications and work practice standards? 63.7530 Section 63... Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters Testing, Fuel Analyses, and Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.7530 How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations, fuel specifications and work...

40 CFR 63.4292 - What operating limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Other Textiles Emission Limitations § 63.4292 What operating limits must I meet? (a) For any web coating... material option; web coating/printing operation or dyeing/finishing operation on which you use the emission... controlled web coating/printing operation or dyeing/finishing operation on which you use the emission rate...

40 CFR 63.4292 - What operating limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Other Textiles Emission Limitations § 63.4292 What operating limits must I meet? (a) For any web coating... material option; web coating/printing operation or dyeing/finishing operation on which you use the emission... controlled web coating/printing operation or dyeing/finishing operation on which you use the emission rate...

40 CFR 63.4292 - What operating limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Other Textiles Emission Limitations § 63.4292 What operating limits must I meet? (a) For any web coating... material option; web coating/printing operation or dyeing/finishing operation on which you use the emission... controlled web coating/printing operation or dyeing/finishing operation on which you use the emission rate...

40 CFR 63.1299 - Standards for slabstock flexible polyurethane foam production-source-wide emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... polyurethane foam production-source-wide emission limitation. 63.1299 Section 63.1299 Protection of Environment... Pollutants for Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production § 63.1299 Standards for slabstock flexible polyurethane foam production—source-wide emission limitation. Each owner or operator of a new or existing slabstock...

40 CFR 63.1299 - Standards for slabstock flexible polyurethane foam production-source-wide emission limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... polyurethane foam production-source-wide emission limitation. 63.1299 Section 63.1299 Protection of Environment... Pollutants for Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production § 63.1299 Standards for slabstock flexible polyurethane foam production—source-wide emission limitation. Each owner or operator of a new or existing slabstock...

40 CFR 63.7190 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... period. (4) If there are no deviations from any emission limitations that apply to you, a statement that there were no deviations from the emission limitations during the reporting period and that no CMS was... malfunction. (d) For each deviation from an emission limitation that occurs at an affected source where you...

40 CFR 63.9931 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emission limitations, work practice standards, or operation and maintenance requirements during the... reporting period. (7) For each deviation from an emission limitation in § 63.9890 that occurs at an affected source where you are not using a CPMS to comply with an emission limitation in this subpart, the...

40 CFR 63.4951 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Surface Coating of... limit in § 63.4890, but is not required to meet the operating limits or work practice standards in §§ 63...

40 CFR 63.4951 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants... limit in § 63.4890, but is not required to meet the operating limits or work practice standards in §§ 63...

40 CFR 63.4951 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants... limit in § 63.4890, but is not required to meet the operating limits or work practice standards in §§ 63...

40 CFR 63.4951 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants... limit in § 63.4890, but is not required to meet the operating limits or work practice standards in §§ 63...

40 CFR 63.1453 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations, work practice standards...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... compliance with the emission limitations, work practice standards, and operation and maintenance requirements... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Copper Smelting Continuous...

40 CFR 63.1453 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations, work practice standards...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... compliance with the emission limitations, work practice standards, and operation and maintenance requirements... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Copper Smelting...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Rrrrr of... - Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 14 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission Limits 1 Table 1 to Subpart... (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Taconite Iron Ore Processing Pt. 63, Subpt. RRRRR...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Jj of... - Summary of Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to Subpart JJ of Part 63 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations Pt. 63, Subpt. JJ, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart JJ of Part 63—Summary of Emission Limits Emission point Existing source New...

40 CFR 63.8595 - How do I conduct performance tests and establish operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Clay Ceramics...) emission limits in Table 1 to this subpart, you must calculate your mass emissions per unit of production...

40 CFR 63.5983 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing What This Subpart... required to comply with the emission limitations in this subpart. Emission Limits for Tire Production...

Fermi-LAT upper limits on gamma-ray emission from colliding wind binaries

DOE PAGES

Werner, Michael; Reimer, O.; Reimer, A.; ...

2013-07-09

Here, colliding wind binaries (CWBs) are thought to give rise to a plethora of physical processes including acceleration and interaction of relativistic particles. Observation of synchrotron radiation in the radio band confirms there is a relativistic electron population in CWBs. Accordingly, CWBs have been suspected sources of high-energy γ-ray emission since the COS-B era. Theoretical models exist that characterize the underlying physical processes leading to particle acceleration and quantitatively predict the non-thermal energy emission observable at Earth. Furthermore, we strive to find evidence of γ-ray emission from a sample of seven CWB systems: WR 11, WR 70, WR 125, WRmore » 137, WR 140, WR 146, and WR 147. Theoretical modelling identified these systems as the most favourable candidates for emitting γ-rays. We make a comparison with existing γ-ray flux predictions and investigate possible constraints. We used 24 months of data from the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on-board the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope to perform a dedicated likelihood analysis of CWBs in the LAT energy range. As a result, we find no evidence of γ-ray emission from any of the studied CWB systems and determine corresponding flux upper limits. For some CWBs the interplay of orbital and stellar parameters renders the Fermi-LAT data not sensitive enough to constrain the parameter space of the emission models. In the cases of WR140 and WR147, the Fermi -LAT upper limits appear to rule out some model predictions entirely and constrain theoretical models over a significant parameter space. A comparison of our findings to the CWB η Car is made.« less

Infrared Emission from Kilonovae: The Case of the Nearby Short Hard Burst GRB 160821B

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Lau, Ryan M.; Korobkin, Oleg

We present constraints on Ks-band emission from one of the nearest short hard gamma-ray bursts, GRB 160821B, at z = 0.16, at three epochs. We detect a red relativistic afterglow from the jetted emission in the first epoch but do not detect any excess kilonova emission in the second two epochs. We compare upper limits obtained with Keck I/MOSFIRE to multi-dimensional radiative transfer models of kilonovae, that employ composition-dependent nuclear heating and LTE opacities of heavy elements. We discuss eight models that combine toroidal dynamical ejecta and two types of wind and one model with dynamical ejecta only. We alsomore » discuss simple, empirical scaling laws of predicted emission as a function of ejecta mass and ejecta velocity. Our limits for GRB 160821B constrain the ejecta mass to be lower than 0.03 M {sub ⊙} for velocities greater than 0.1 c. At the distance sensitivity range of advanced LIGO, similar ground-based observations would be sufficiently sensitive to the full range of predicted model emission including models with only dynamical ejecta. The color evolution of these models shows that I – K color spans 7–16 mag, which suggests that even relatively shallow infrared searches for kilonovae could be as constraining as optical searches.« less

Infrared Emission from Kilonovae: The Case of the Nearby Short Hard Burst GRB 160821B

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Korobkin, Oleg; Lau, Ryan M.

In this paper, we present constraints on Ks-band emission from one of the nearest short hard gamma-ray bursts, GRB 160821B, at z = 0.16, at three epochs. We detect a red relativistic afterglow from the jetted emission in the first epoch but do not detect any excess kilonova emission in the second two epochs. We compare upper limits obtained with Keck I/MOSFIRE to multi-dimensional radiative transfer models of kilonovae, that employ composition-dependent nuclear heating and LTE opacities of heavy elements. We discuss eight models that combine toroidal dynamical ejecta and two types of wind and one model with dynamical ejectamore » only. We also discuss simple, empirical scaling laws of predicted emission as a function of ejecta mass and ejecta velocity. Our limits for GRB 160821B constrain the ejecta mass to be lower than 0.03 M ⊙ for velocities greater than 0.1 c. At the distance sensitivity range of advanced LIGO, similar ground-based observations would be sufficiently sensitive to the full range of predicted model emission including models with only dynamical ejecta. Finally, the color evolution of these models shows that I–K color spans 7–16 mag, which suggests that even relatively shallow infrared searches for kilonovae could be as constraining as optical searches.« less

Infrared Emission from Kilonovae: The Case of the Nearby Short Hard Burst GRB 160821B

DOE PAGES

Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Korobkin, Oleg; Lau, Ryan M.; ...

2017-07-12

In this paper, we present constraints on Ks-band emission from one of the nearest short hard gamma-ray bursts, GRB 160821B, at z = 0.16, at three epochs. We detect a red relativistic afterglow from the jetted emission in the first epoch but do not detect any excess kilonova emission in the second two epochs. We compare upper limits obtained with Keck I/MOSFIRE to multi-dimensional radiative transfer models of kilonovae, that employ composition-dependent nuclear heating and LTE opacities of heavy elements. We discuss eight models that combine toroidal dynamical ejecta and two types of wind and one model with dynamical ejectamore » only. We also discuss simple, empirical scaling laws of predicted emission as a function of ejecta mass and ejecta velocity. Our limits for GRB 160821B constrain the ejecta mass to be lower than 0.03 M ⊙ for velocities greater than 0.1 c. At the distance sensitivity range of advanced LIGO, similar ground-based observations would be sufficiently sensitive to the full range of predicted model emission including models with only dynamical ejecta. Finally, the color evolution of these models shows that I–K color spans 7–16 mag, which suggests that even relatively shallow infrared searches for kilonovae could be as constraining as optical searches.« less

Emissions of metals and polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) from Portland cement manufacturing plants: inter-kiln variability and dependence on fuel-types.

PubMed

Zemba, Stephen; Ames, Michael; Green, Laura; Botelho, Maria João; Gossman, David; Linkov, Igor; Palma-Oliveira, José

2011-09-15

Emissions from Portland cement manufacturing facilities may increase health risks in nearby populations and are thus subject to stringent regulations. Direct testing of pollutant concentrations in exhaust gases provides the best basis for assessing the extent of these risks. However, these tests (i) are often conducted under stressed, rather than typical, operating conditions, (ii) may be limited in number and duration, and (iii) may be influenced by specific fuel-types and attributes of individual kilns. We report here on the results of more than 150 emissions-tests conducted of two kilns at a Portland cement manufacturing plant in Portugal. The tests measured various regulated metals and polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). Stack-gas concentrations of pollutants were found to be highly variable, with standard deviations on the order of mean values. Emission rates of many pollutants were higher when coal was used as the main kiln fuel (instead of petroleum coke). Use of various supplemental fuels, however, had little effect on stack emissions, and few statistically significant differences were observed when hazardous waste was included in the fuel mix. Significant differences in emissions for some pollutants were observed between the two kilns despite their similar designs and uses of similar fuels. All measured values were found to be within applicable regulatory limits. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Effect of water and heat transport processes on methane emissions from paddy soils: a process-based model analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rizzo, Anacleto; Boano, Fulvio; Revelli, Roberto; Ridolfi, Luca

2013-04-01

High CH4 fluxes are emitted from paddy fields worldwide and represent a considerable issue for the rice production eco-sustainability. Water and heat transport fluxes are known to strongly influence biogeochemical cycles in wetland environments, and therefore also CH4 emissions from paddy soils. Water percolation affects the dynamics of many compounds (e.g. DOC, O2) influencing CH4 fate. On the other hand, heat fluxes strongly influence CH4 production in submerged rice crops, and lowering ponding water temperature (LPWT) can reduce microbial activities and consequently decrease CH4 emissions. Moreover, as long as the optimal temperature range for rice growth is maintained, LPWT can lower CH4 emissions without rice yield limitation. Hence, a process-based model is proposed and applied to investigate the role of water flow on CH4 emissions, and to analyse the efficiency of LPWT as mitigation strategy for CH4 production and release. The process-based model relies on a system of partial differential mass balance equations to describe the vertical dynamics of the chemical compounds leading to CH4 production. Many physico-chemical processes and features characteristic of paddy soil are included: paddy soil stratigraphy; spatio-temporal variations of plant-root compartment; water and heat transport; SOC decomposition; heterotrophic reactions in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; root radial oxygen loss; root solute uptake; DOC root exudation; plant-mediated, ebullition, and diffusion gas exchange pathways. LPWT is included as a temperature shift subtracted directly to the ponding water temperature. Model results confirm the importance of water flow on CH4 emission, since simulations that do not include water fluxes show a considerable overestimation of CH4 emissions due to a different DOC spatio-temporal dynamics. Particularly, when water fluxes are not modeled the overestimation can reach 67 % of the total CH4 emission over the whole growing season. Moreover, model results also suggest that roots influence CH4 dynamics principally due to their solute uptake, while root effect on advective flow plays a minor role. In addition, the analysis of CH4 transport fluxes show the limiting effect of upward dispersive transport fluxes on the downward CH4 percolation. Finally, LPWT is confirmed to be a valid mitigation strategy for CH4 emissions from paddy soils, since the reduction of CH4 emission reach about -50 % with a LPWT equal to only 2°C over the whole growing season.

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) maintaining a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent reduction of... pertinent data from the material balance; and (3) complying with the continuous compliance requirements for... systems (1) maintaining a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) maintaining a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent reduction of... pertinent data from the material balance; and (3) complying with the continuous compliance requirements for... systems (1) maintaining a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Uuuu of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Work Practice Standards

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) maintaining a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent reduction of... pertinent data from the material balance; and (3) complying with the continuous compliance requirements for... systems (1) maintaining a material balance that includes the pertinent data used to determine the percent...

40 CFR 63.8248 - What other requirements must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... meet each emission limitation in § 63.8190 that applies to you. This includes periods of startup... standard in § 63.8192 that applies to you. This includes periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction. (3... range. (b) Startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions. (1) Consistent with §§ 63.6(e) and 63.7(e)(1...

40 CFR 60.4325 - What emission limits must I meet for NOX if my turbine burns both natural gas and distillate oil...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... NOX if my turbine burns both natural gas and distillate oil (or some other combination of fuels)? 60... Combustion Turbines Emission Limits § 60.4325 What emission limits must I meet for NOX if my turbine burns... percent natural gas, you must meet the corresponding limit for a natural gas-fired turbine when you are...

40 CFR 60.4325 - What emission limits must I meet for NOX if my turbine burns both natural gas and distillate oil...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... NOX if my turbine burns both natural gas and distillate oil (or some other combination of fuels)? 60... Combustion Turbines Emission Limits § 60.4325 What emission limits must I meet for NOX if my turbine burns... percent natural gas, you must meet the corresponding limit for a natural gas-fired turbine when you are...

40 CFR 63.9035 - How do I monitor and collect data to demonstrate continuous compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... caustic scrubber or a water scrubber/absorber to meet the emission limits in Table 1 to this subpart, you... (including, as applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments), you must monitor...

40 CFR 63.9035 - How do I monitor and collect data to demonstrate continuous compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... caustic scrubber or a water scrubber/absorber to meet the emission limits in Table 1 to this subpart, you... (including, as applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments), you must monitor...

40 CFR 63.9035 - How do I monitor and collect data to demonstrate continuous compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... caustic scrubber or a water scrubber/absorber to meet the emission limits in Table 1 to this subpart, you... (including, as applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments), you must monitor...

40 CFR 63.802 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... meet the upholstered seating flammability requirements of California Technical Bulletin 116, 117, or... owner or operator must operate and maintain any affected source, including associated air pollution control equipment and monitoring equipment, in a manner consistent with safety and good air pollution...

40 CFR 63.802 - Emission limits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... meet the upholstered seating flammability requirements of California Technical Bulletin 116, 117, or... owner or operator must operate and maintain any affected source, including associated air pollution control equipment and monitoring equipment, in a manner consistent with safety and good air pollution...

40 CFR 63.7910 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for separators?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Separators § 63.7910 What emissions limitations and work practice standards must...

40 CFR 63.7915 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for transfer systems?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Transfer Systems § 63.7915 What emissions limitations and work practice...

40 CFR 63.7910 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for separators?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Separators § 63.7910 What emissions limitations and work practice standards must...

40 CFR 63.7905 - What emissions limitations or work practice standards must I meet for surface impoundments?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Surface Impoundments § 63.7905 What emissions limitations or work practice...

40 CFR 63.7905 - What emissions limitations or work practice standards must I meet for surface impoundments?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Surface Impoundments § 63.7905 What emissions limitations or work practice...

40 CFR 63.7915 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for transfer systems?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Transfer Systems § 63.7915 What emissions limitations and work practice...

40 CFR 63.7910 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for separators?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Separators § 63.7910 What emissions limitations and work practice standards must...

40 CFR 63.7915 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for transfer systems?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Transfer Systems § 63.7915 What emissions limitations and work practice...

40 CFR 63.7910 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for separators?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Separators § 63.7910 What emissions limitations and work practice standards must...

40 CFR 63.7905 - What emissions limitations or work practice standards must I meet for surface impoundments?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Surface Impoundments § 63.7905 What emissions limitations or work practice...

40 CFR 63.7915 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for transfer systems?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Transfer Systems § 63.7915 What emissions limitations and work practice...

40 CFR 63.7905 - What emissions limitations or work practice standards must I meet for surface impoundments?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Surface Impoundments § 63.7905 What emissions limitations or work practice...

40 CFR 63.7915 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for transfer systems?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Transfer Systems § 63.7915 What emissions limitations and work practice...

40 CFR 63.7905 - What emissions limitations or work practice standards must I meet for surface impoundments?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Surface Impoundments § 63.7905 What emissions limitations or work practice...

40 CFR 63.7910 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for separators?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Separators § 63.7910 What emissions limitations and work practice standards must...

The Nature of the Optical "Jets" in the Spiral Galaxy NGC 1097

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wehrle, Ann E.; Keel, William C.; Jones, Dayton L.

1997-01-01

We present new observations of the jet features in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1097, including optical spectroscopy of the brightest jet features, two-color optical imagery, new VLA mapping at 327 MHz, and archival 1.4 GHz VLA data reprocessed for improved sensitivity. No optical emission lines appear to an equivalent width limit of 15-30 A (depending on the line wavelength). The jets are uniformly blue, with B - V = 0.45 for the two well-observed jets R1 and R2. No radio emission from the jets is detected at either frequency; the 327-MHz data set particularly stringent limits on "fossil" emission from aging synchrotron electrons. The morphology of the jets is shown to be inconsistent with any conical distribution of emission enhanced by edge-brightening; their combination of transverse profile and relative narrowness cannot be reproduced with cone models. The optical colors, lack of radio emission, and morphology of the features lead us to conclude that they are tidal manifestations, perhaps produced by multiple encounters of the small elliptical companion NGC 1097A with the disk of NGC 1097. We present photometric and morphological comparisons to the tail of NGC 465 1, which is similar in scale and morphology to the northeast "dogleg" feature R1 in NGC 1097.

Low NO(x) potential of gas turbine engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tacina, Robert R.

1990-01-01

The purpose is to correlate emission levels of gas turbine engines. The predictions of NO(x) emissions are based on a review of the literature of previous low NO(x) combustor programs and analytical chemical kinetic calculations. Concepts included in the literature review consisted of lean-premixed-prevaporized (LPP), rich burn/quick quench/lean burn (RQL), and direct injection. The NO(x) emissions were found to be an exponential function of adiabatic combustion temperature over a wide range of inlet temperatures, pressures and (lean) fuel-air ratios. A simple correlation of NO(x) formation with time was not found. The LPP and direct injection (using gaseous fuels) concepts have the lowest NO(x) emissions of the three concepts. The RQL data has higher values of NO(x) than the LPP concept, probably due to the stoichiometric temperatures and NO(x) production that occur during the quench step. Improvements in the quick quench step could reduce the NO(x) emissions to the LPP levels. The low NO(x) potential of LPP is offset by the operational disadvantages of its narrow stability limits and its susceptibility to autoignition/flashback. The Rich-Burn/Quick-Quench/Lean-Burn (RQL) and the direct injection concepts have the advantage of wider stability limits comparable to conventional combustors.

40 CFR 60.4320 - What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)? 60.4320 Section 60.4320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... nitrogen oxides (NOX)? (a) You must meet the emission limits for NOX specified in Table 1 to this subpart...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Hhh of... - Emission Limits for Small Rural, Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., Medium, and Large HMIWI 1 Table 1 to Subpart HHH of Part 62 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... 62—Emission Limits for Small Rural, Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI Pollutant Units (7 percent oxygen, dry basis at standard conditions) Emission limits HMIWI size Small rural Small Medium Large...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Hhh of... - Emission Limits for Small Rural, Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., Medium, and Large HMIWI 1 Table 1 to Subpart HHH of Part 62 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... 62—Emission Limits for Small Rural, Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI Pollutant Units (7 percent oxygen, dry basis at standard conditions) Emission limits HMIWI size Small rural Small Medium Large...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Hhh of... - Emission Limits for Small Rural, Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., Medium, and Large HMIWI 1 Table 1 to Subpart HHH of Part 62 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... 62—Emission Limits for Small Rural, Small, Medium, and Large HMIWI Pollutant Units (7 percent oxygen, dry basis at standard conditions) Emission limits HMIWI size Small rural Small Medium Large...

40 CFR 60.4320 - What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)? 60.4320 Section 60.4320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... nitrogen oxides (NOX)? (a) You must meet the emission limits for NOX specified in Table 1 to this subpart...

40 CFR 60.4320 - What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)? 60.4320 Section 60.4320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... nitrogen oxides (NOX)? (a) You must meet the emission limits for NOX specified in Table 1 to this subpart...

40 CFR 60.4320 - What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)? 60.4320 Section 60.4320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... nitrogen oxides (NOX)? (a) You must meet the emission limits for NOX specified in Table 1 to this subpart...

40 CFR 60.4320 - What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What emission limits must I meet for nitrogen oxides (NOX)? 60.4320 Section 60.4320 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... nitrogen oxides (NOX)? (a) You must meet the emission limits for NOX specified in Table 1 to this subpart...

40 CFR 63.5999 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for tire cord production...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... with the emission limits for tire cord production affected sources? 63.5999 Section 63.5999 Protection... Pollutants: Rubber Tire Manufacturing Testing and Initial Compliance Requirements for Tire Cord Production Affected Sources § 63.5999 How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for tire cord...

40 CFR 63.9621 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for particulate matter? 63.9621... the emission limits for particulate matter? (a) You must conduct each performance test that applies to... source, you must determine compliance with the applicable emission limit for particulate matter in Table...

40 CFR 63.7822 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for particulate matter? 63.7822... demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for particulate matter? (a) You must conduct each... applicable emission limit for particulate matter in Table 1 to this subpart, follow the test methods and...

40 CFR 63.7822 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for particulate matter? 63.7822... demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for particulate matter? (a) You must conduct each... applicable emission limit for particulate matter in Table 1 to this subpart, follow the test methods and...

40 CFR 63.9621 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for particulate matter? 63.9621... the emission limits for particulate matter? (a) You must conduct each performance test that applies to... source, you must determine compliance with the applicable emission limit for particulate matter in Table...

40 CFR 49.129 - Rule for limiting emissions of sulfur dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Rule for limiting emissions of sulfur... emissions of sulfur dioxide. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section limits the amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) that may be emitted from certain air pollution sources operating within the Indian...

Stochastic optimal generation bid to electricity markets with emissions risk constraints.

PubMed

Heredia, F-Javier; Cifuentes-Rubiano, Julián; Corchero, Cristina

2018-02-01

There are many factors that influence the day-ahead market bidding strategies of a generation company (GenCo) within the framework of the current energy market. Environmental policy issues are giving rise to emission limitation that are becoming more and more important for fossil-fueled power plants, and these must be considered in their management. This work investigates the influence of the emissions reduction plan and the incorporation of the medium-term derivative commitments in the optimal generation bidding strategy for the day-ahead electricity market. Two different technologies have been considered: the high-emission technology of thermal coal units and the low-emission technology of combined cycle gas turbine units. The Iberian Electricity Market (MIBEL) and the Spanish National Emissions Reduction Plan (NERP) defines the environmental framework for dealing with the day-ahead market bidding strategies. To address emission limitations, we have extended some of the standard risk management methodologies developed for financial markets, such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR), thus leading to the new concept of Conditional Emission at Risk (CEaR). This study offers electricity generation utilities a mathematical model for determining the unit's optimal generation bid to the wholesale electricity market such that it maximizes the long-term profits of the utility while allowing it to abide by the Iberian Electricity Market rules as well as the environmental restrictions set by the Spanish National Emissions Reduction Plan. We analyze the economic implications for a GenCo that includes the environmental restrictions of this National Plan as well as the NERP's effects on the expected profits and the optimal generation bid. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ll of... - Potline TF Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Potline TF Limits for Emission...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ll of... - Potline TF Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Potline TF Limits for Emission...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ll of... - Potline TF Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Potline TF Limits for Emission...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ll of... - Potline POM Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Potline POM Limits for Emission...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ll of... - Potline POM Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Potline POM Limits for Emission...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ll of... - Potline TF Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 1 Table 1 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Potline TF Limits for Emission...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ll of... - Potline POM Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Potline POM Limits for Emission...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ll of... - Potline POM Limits for Emission Averaging

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants Pt. 63, Subpt. LL, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart LL of Part 63—Potline POM Limits for Emission...

40 CFR 63.1565 - What are my requirements for organic HAP emissions from catalytic cracking units?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... operate at all times according to the procedures in the plan. (4) The emission limitations and operating... compliance with the emission limitations and work practice standards? You must: (1) Install, operate, and... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS...

40 CFR 60.5402 - What are the alternative emission limitations for equipment leaks from onshore natural gas...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., Transmission and Distribution § 60.5402 What are the alternative emission limitations for equipment leaks from... emissions achieved under any design, equipment, work practice or operational standard, the Administrator... to the reduction in VOC emissions achieved under the design, equipment, work practice or operational...

40 CFR 60.5402 - What are the alternative emission limitations for equipment leaks from onshore natural gas...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., Transmission and Distribution § 60.5402 What are the alternative emission limitations for equipment leaks from... emissions achieved under any design, equipment, work practice or operational standard, the Administrator... to the reduction in VOC emissions achieved under the design, equipment, work practice or operational...

40 CFR 62.14640 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... Operating Limits § 62.14640 What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, or limit emissions in some other...

40 CFR 62.14640 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... Operating Limits § 62.14640 What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, or limit emissions in some other...

40 CFR 63.7920 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for equipment leaks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Equipment Leaks § 63.7920 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 63.7920 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for equipment leaks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Equipment Leaks § 63.7920 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 63.7920 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for equipment leaks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Equipment Leaks § 63.7920 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 63.7890 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for process vents?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Process Vents § 63.7890 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 63.7890 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for process vents?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Process Vents § 63.7890 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 63.7890 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for process vents?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Process Vents § 63.7890 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 63.7920 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for equipment leaks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Equipment Leaks § 63.7920 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 63.7890 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for process vents?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Process Vents § 63.7890 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 63.7920 - What emissions limitations and work practice standards must I meet for equipment leaks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS... Pollutants: Site Remediation Equipment Leaks § 63.7920 What emissions limitations and work practice standards...

40 CFR 51.491 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... strategies are strategies for which adequate procedures to quantify emissions reductions or specify a program... goals. Such programs are categorized into the following three categories: Emission-limiting, market-response, and directionally-sound strategies. Emission-limiting strategies are strategies that directly...

Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Tibet and its cities in 2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shan, Yuli; Zheng, Heran; Guan, Dabo; Li, Chongmao; Mi, Zhifu; Meng, Jing; Schroeder, Heike; Ma, Jibo; Ma, Zhuguo

2017-08-01

Because of its low level of energy consumption and the small scale of its industrial development, the Tibet Autonomous Region has historically been excluded from China's reported energy statistics, including those regarding CO2 emissions. In this paper, we estimate Tibet's energy consumption using limited online documents, and we calculate the 2014 energy-related and process-related CO2 emissions of Tibet and its seven prefecture-level administrative divisions for the first time. Our results show that 5.52 million tons of CO2 were emitted in Tibet in 2014; 33% of these emissions are associated with cement production. Tibet's emissions per capita amounted to 1.74 tons in 2014, which is substantially lower than the national average, although Tibet's emission intensity is relatively high at 0.60 tons per thousand yuan in 2014. Among Tibet's seven prefecture-level administrative divisions, Lhasa City and Shannan Region are the two largest CO2 contributors and have the highest per capita emissions and emission intensities. The Nagqu and Nyingchi regions emit little CO2 due to their farming/pasturing-dominated economies. This quantitative measure of Tibet's regional CO2 emissions provides solid data support for Tibet's actions on climate change and emission reductions.

Recent activity in the moon; Proceedings of the Special Symposium, Houston, Tex., March 16, 1976

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Runcorn, S. K.; Oreilly, W.; Srnka, L. J.

1977-01-01

The papers review evidence for recent activity within the moon as manifested by lunar grid system, transient phenomena, moonquakes, and episodic emissions of radiogenic gases. Topics include a survey of lunar transient phenomena, possible causes of such phenomena, evidence that high-frequency seismic events may be shallow moonquakes, lunar seismicity and tectonics, a hypothesis on the nature of sites of lunar gas venting, and a search for sporadic gas emissions from the moon. Other contributions discuss the release of radiogenic argon-40 from the moon, radon-222 emission as an indicator of current activity on the moon, upper limits to gas emission from sites of lunar transient phenomena, physical processes that could produce transient changes on the lunar surface, critical-velocity gas-plasma interaction as a mechanism for lunar transient phenomena, and tidal triggering of moonquakes, transient phenomena, and radiogenic-gas emissions.

Automobiles and global warming: Alternative fuels and other options for carbon dioxide emissions reduction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sagar, A.D.

Automobiles are a source of considerable pollution at the global level, including a significant fraction of the total greenhouse gas emissions. Alternative fuels have received some attention as potential options to curtail the carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles. This article discusses the feasibility and desirability (from a technical as well as a broader environmental perspective) of the large-scale production and use of alternative fuels as a strategy to mitigate automotive carbon dioxide emissions. Other options such as improving vehicle efficiency and switching to more efficient modes of passenger transportation are also discussed. These latter options offer an effective andmore » immediate way to tackle the greenhouse and other pollutant emission from automobiles, especially as the limitations of currently available alternative fuels and the technological and other constraints for potential future alternatives are revealed.« less

Demonstration of C-Tools for Community Exposure Assessment

EPA Science Inventory

The presentation describes a new community-scale tool called C-PORT to model emissions related to all port-related activities – including, but not limited to ships, trucks, cranes, etc. – and predict concentrations at fine spatial scales in the near-source environment...

40 CFR 600.111-08 - Test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... vehicles, including, but not limited to fuel cell vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles using hydraulic energy... 600.111-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust...

Greenhouse gas emission response to global change may be limited by vegetation community shifts

EPA Science Inventory

Coastal marshes experience a confluence of global changes including climate change, sea level rise, exotic species invasion, and eutrophication. These changes are likely to exert new abiotic stressors and affect interspecific interactions that influence vegetation community stru...

40 CFR 61.14 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... determination of whether acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being used will be based on information which may include, but not be limited to, review of operating and maintenance procedures...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.14 Monitoring requirements...

40 CFR 61.14 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... determination of whether acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being used will be based on information which may include, but not be limited to, review of operating and maintenance procedures...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.14 Monitoring requirements...

40 CFR 61.14 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... determination of whether acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being used will be based on information which may include, but not be limited to, review of operating and maintenance procedures...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.14 Monitoring requirements...

40 CFR 61.14 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... determination of whether acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being used will be based on information which may include, but not be limited to, review of operating and maintenance procedures...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.14 Monitoring requirements...

40 CFR 61.14 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... determination of whether acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being used will be based on information which may include, but not be limited to, review of operating and maintenance procedures...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.14 Monitoring requirements...

NOVEL CERAMIC-ORGANIC VAPOR PERMEATION MEMBRANES FOR VOC REMOVAL - PHASE I

EPA Science Inventory

Vapor permeation holds much promise for becoming a highly efficient means of preventing VOC emissions that are now generated by a variety of stationary sources, including solvent and surface coating operations, gasoline storage operations, and printing operations. A limitation of...

Nitrous oxide emissions from open-lot cattle feedyards: A review

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Nitrous oxide volatilization from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO), including cattle feedyards, has become an important research topic. However, there are limitations to current measurement techniques, uncertainty in the magnitude of feedyard nitrous oxide fluxes and a lack of effective...

Development and review of Euro 5 passenger car emission factors based on experimental results over various driving cycles.

PubMed

Fontaras, Georgios; Franco, Vicente; Dilara, Panagiota; Martini, Giorgio; Manfredi, Urbano

2014-01-15

The emissions of CO2 and regulated pollutants (NOx, HC, CO, PM) of thirteen Euro 5 compliant passenger cars (seven gasoline, six Diesel) were measured on a chassis dynamometer. The vehicles were driven repeatedly over the European type-approval driving cycle (NEDC) and the more dynamic WMTC and CADC driving cycles. Distance-specific emission factors were derived for each pollutant and sub-cycle, and these were subsequently compared to the corresponding emission factors provided by the reference European models used for vehicle emission inventory compilation (COPERT and HBEFA) and put in context with the applicable European emission limits. The measured emissions stayed below the legal emission limits when the type-approval cycle (NEDC) was used. Over the more dynamic cycles (considered more representative of real-world driving) the emissions were consistently higher but in most cases remained below the type-approval limit. The high NOx emissions of Diesel vehicles under real-world driving conditions remain the main cause for environmental concern regarding the emission profile of Euro 5 passenger cars. Measured emissions of NOx exceeded the type-approval limits (up to 5 times in extreme cases) and presented significantly increased average values (0.35 g/km for urban driving and 0.56 g/km for motorway driving). The comparison with the reference models showed good correlation in all cases, a positive finding considering the importance of these tools in emission monitoring and policy-making processes. © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Probing Reionization at z >~ 7 with HST's Near-Infrared Grisms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmidt, Kasper B.

The epoch of reionization, i.e. the phase transition of the inter-galactic medium from neutral to fully ionized, is essential for our understanding of the evolution of the Universe and the formation of the first stars and galaxies. The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS) has obtained spectra of ten thousands of objects in and behind 10 massive galaxy clusters, including the six Hubble Frontier Fields. The grism spectroscopy from GLASS results in hundreds of spectra of z >~ 7 galaxy candidates. Taking advantage of the lensing magnification from the foreground clusters, the GLASS spectra reaches unprecedented depths in the near-infrared with observed flux limits of ~ 5 × 10-18erg/s/cm2 before correcting for the lens magnification. This has resulted in several Lyα detections at z ~ 7 and tight limits on the emission line fluxes for non-detections. From an ensemble of different photometric selections, we have assembled more than 150 z >~ 7 galaxy candidates from six of the ten GLASS clusters. Among these more than 20 objects show emission lines consistent with being Lyα at z >~ 7. The spatial extent of Lyα estimated from a stack of the most promising Lyα emitters at = 7.2 is consistent with the spatial extent of the UV continuum emission. From the stack we obtain upper limits on the emission line ratios between prominent rest-frame UV emission lines, finding that f CIV/f Lyα <~ 0.32 and f CIII]/f Lyα <~ 0.23 in good agreement with values published in the literature.

Methane and CO2 emissions from China's hydroelectric reservoirs: a new quantitative synthesis.

PubMed

Li, Siyue; Zhang, Quanfa; Bush, Richard T; Sullivan, Leigh A

2015-04-01

Controversy surrounds the green credentials of hydroelectricity because of the potentially large emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from associated reservoirs. However, limited and patchy data particularly for China is constraining the current global assessment of GHG releases from hydroelectric reservoirs. This study provides the first evaluation of the CO2 and CH4 emissions from China's hydroelectric reservoirs by considering the reservoir water surface and drawdown areas, and downstream sources (including spillways and turbines, as well as river downstream). The total emission of 29.6 Tg CO2/year and 0.47 Tg CH4/year from hydroelectric reservoirs in China, expressed as CO2 equivalents (eq), corresponds to 45.6 Tg CO2eq/year, which is 2-fold higher than the current GHG emission (ca. 23 Tg CO2eq/year) from global temperate hydropower reservoirs. China's average emission of 70 g CO2eq/kWh from hydropower amounts to 7% of the emissions from coal-fired plant alternatives. China's hydroelectric reservoirs thus currently mitigate GHG emission when compared to the main alternative source of electricity with potentially far great reductions in GHG emissions and benefits possible through relatively minor changes to reservoir management and design. On average, the sum of drawdown and downstream emission including river reaches below dams and turbines, which is overlooked by most studies, represents the equivalent of 42% of the CO2 and 92% of CH4 that emit from hydroelectric reservoirs in China. Main drivers on GHG emission rates are summarized and highlight that water depth and stratification control CH4 flux, and CO2 flux shows significant negative relationships with pH, DO, and Chl-a. Based on our finding, a substantial revision of the global carbon emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs is warranted.

47 CFR 22.861 - Emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES PUBLIC MOBILE SERVICES Air-Ground Radiotelephone Service Commercial Aviation Air-Ground Systems § 22.861 Emission limitations. The rules in this section govern the spectral characteristics of emissions for commercial aviation systems...

40 CFR 63.9500 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... HAP solvent emissions to the atmosphere to no more than 30 percent of that which would otherwise be... facility, you must limit HAP solvent emissions to the atmosphere to no more than 15 percent of that which...

Evaluation of emission control strategies to reduce ozone pollution in the Paso del Norte region using a photochemical air quality modeling system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valenzuela, Victor Hugo

Air pollution emissions control strategies to reduce ozone precursor pollutants are analyzed by applying a photochemical modeling system. Simulations of air quality conditions during an ozone episode which occurred in June, 2006 are undertaken by increasing or reducing area source emissions in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Two air pollutants are primary drivers in the formation of tropospheric ozone. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) undergo multiple chemical reactions under favorable meteorological conditions to form ozone, which is a secondary pollutant that irritates respiratory systems in sensitive individuals especially the elderly and young children. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to limit ambient air pollutants such as ozone by establishing an 8-hour average concentration of 0.075 ppm as the threshold at which a violation of the standard occurs. Ozone forms primarily due reactions in the troposphere of NOx and VOC emissions generated primarily by anthropogenic sources in urban regions. Data from emissions inventories indicate area sources account for ˜15 of NOx and ˜45% of regional VOC emissions. Area sources include gasoline stations, automotive paint bodyshops and nonroad mobile sources. Multiplicity of air pollution emissions sources provides an opportunity to investigate and potentially implement air quality improvement strategies to reduce emissions which contribute to elevated ozone concentrations. A baseline modeling scenario was established using the CAMx photochemical air quality model from which a series of sensitivity analyses for evaluating air quality control strategies were conducted. Modifications to area source emissions were made by varying NOx and / or VOC emissions in the areas of particular interest. Model performance was assessed for each sensitivity analysis. Normalized bias (NB) and normalized error (NE) were used to identify variability of the PREDICTED to OBSERVED ozone concentrations of both BASELINE model and simulations with modified emissions assessed by the sensitivity analysis. All simulations were found to vary within acceptable ranges of these two criteria variables. Simulation results indicate ozone formation in the PdN region is VOC-limited. Under VOC-limited conditions, modifications to NOx emissions do not produce a marked increase or decrease in ozone concentrations. Modifications to VOC emissions generated the highest variability in ozone concentrations. Increasing VOC emissions by 75% produced results which minimized model bias and error when comparing PREDICTED and OBSERVED ozone concentrations. Increasing VOC emissions by 75% either alone or in combination with a 75% increase in NOx emissions generated PREDICTED ozone concentrations very near to OBSERVED ozone. By evaluating the changes in ambient ozone concentrations through photochemical modeling, air quality planners may identify the most efficient or effective VOC emissions control strategies for area sources. Among the strategies to achieve emissions reductions are installation of gasoline vapor recovery systems, replacing high-pressure low-volume surface coating paint spray guns with high-volume low-pressure spray paint guns, requiring emissions control booths for surface coating operations as well as undertaking solvent management practices, requiring the sale of low VOC paint solvents in the surface-coating industry, and requiring low-VOC solvents in the dry cleaning industry. Other strategies to reduce VOC emissions include initiating Eco-Driving strategies to reduce fuel consumption from mobile sources and minimize vehicle idling at the international ports of entry by reducing bridge wait times. This dissertation depicts a tool for evaluating impacts of emissions on regional air quality by addressing the highly unresolved fugitive emissions in the Paso del Norte region. It provides a protocol for decision makers to assess the effects of various emission control strategies in the region. Impacts of specific source categories such as the international ports of entry, gasoline stations, paint body shops, truck stops, and military installations on the regional air quality can be easily and systematically addressed in a timely manner in the future.

40 CFR 63.2378 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations, operating limits, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... emission limitations of this subpart apply during periods of SSM, except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section. However, if a SSM, or period of nonoperation of one portion of the affected... or utilized for achieving compliance with this subpart during periods of SSM while emissions are...

40 CFR 63.2378 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations, operating limits, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... The emission limitations of this subpart apply during periods of SSM, except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section. However, if a SSM, or period of nonoperation of one portion of the... or utilized for achieving compliance with this subpart during periods of SSM while emissions are...

40 CFR 63.2378 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations, operating limits, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... The emission limitations of this subpart apply during periods of SSM, except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section. However, if a SSM, or period of nonoperation of one portion of the... or utilized for achieving compliance with this subpart during periods of SSM while emissions are...

40 CFR 63.2378 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations, operating limits, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... The emission limitations of this subpart apply during periods of SSM, except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section. However, if a SSM, or period of nonoperation of one portion of the... or utilized for achieving compliance with this subpart during periods of SSM while emissions are...

40 CFR 63.1446 - What alternative emission limitation may I meet for my combined gas streams?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... than a baghouse or venturi wet scrubber applied to meet any total particulate matter emission limit in... than 5 percent of the total operating time in any semiannual reporting period. (d) For each venturi wet scrubber applied to meet any total particulate matter emission limit in paragraph (b) of this section, you...

47 CFR 15.209 - Radiated emission limits; general requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) Measurement distance (meters) 0.009-0.490 2400/F(kHz) 300 0.490-1.705 24000/F(kHz) 30 1.705-30.0 30 30 30-88... fundamental frequency. (d) The emission limits shown in the above table are based on measurements employing a.... Radiated emission limits in these three bands are based on measurements employing an average detector. (e...

40 CFR 63.2166 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations if I monitor brew ethanol?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations if I monitor brew ethanol? 63.2166 Section 63.2166 Protection of... ethanol? (a) You must demonstrate initial compliance with each emission limitation that applies to you...

40 CFR 63.2166 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations if I monitor brew ethanol?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations if I monitor brew ethanol? 63.2166 Section 63.2166 Protection of... ethanol? (a) You must demonstrate initial compliance with each emission limitation that applies to you...