Improvement of drug loading onto ion exchange resin by cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

PubMed

Samprasit, Wipada; Rojanarata, Theerasak; Akkaramongkolporn, Prasert; Ngawhirunpat, Tanasait; Sila-on, Warisada; Opanasopit, Praneet

2013-11-01

Ion exchange resins have ability to exchange their counter ions for ionized drug in the surrounding medium, yielding "drug resin complex." Cyclodextrin can be applied for enhancement of drug solubility and stability. Cyclodextrin inclusion complex of poorly water-soluble NSAIDs, i.e. meloxicam and piroxicam, was characterized and its novel application for improving drug loading onto an anionic exchange resin, i.e. Dowex® 1×2, was investigated. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were used for the preparation of inclusion complex with drugs in solution state at various pH. The inclusion complex was characterized by phase solubility, continuous variation, spectroscopic and electrochemistry methods. Then, the drug with and without cyclodextrin were equilibrated with resin at 1:1 and 1:2 weight ratio of drug and resin. Solubility of the drugs was found to increase with increasing cyclodextrin concentration and pH. The increased solubility was explained predominantly due to the formation of inclusion complex at low pH and the increased ionization of drug at high pH. According to characterization studies, the inclusion complex was successfully formed with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The presence of cyclodextrin in the loading solution resulted in the improvement of drug loading onto resin. Enhancing drug loading onto ion-exchange resin via the formation of cyclodextrin inclusion complex is usable in the development of ion-exchange based drug delivery systems, which will beneficially reduce the use of harmful acidic or basic and organic chemicals.

Supramolecular structure of glibenclamide and β-cyclodextrins complexes.

PubMed

Lucio, David; Irache, Juan Manuel; Font, María; Martínez-Ohárriz, María Cristina

2017-09-15

Glibenclamide is an antidiabetic drug showing low bioavailability as consequence of its low solubility. To solve this drawback, the interaction with cyclodextrins has been proposed. The formation of GB-βCDs inclusion complexes was carried out using different methods, βCD derivatives and drug-to-cyclodextrin ratios. The structures of the corresponding complexes have been studied by molecular modelling, X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The dissolution behavior of inclusion complexes has been compared to that of pure GB. Dimeric inclusion complexes were obtained with different CD disposals, head-to-head for βCD and head-to-tail for HPβCD and RMβCD. Amorphous inclusion complexes were obtained by employing methods of freeze-drying or coevaporation in ammonia-water. However, crystalline structures were formed by kneading and coevaporation in ethanol/water in the case of GB-βCD complexes. The arrangement of these structures depended on the GB:βCD ratio, yielding cage type structures for 1:3 and 1:5 ratios and channel-type structures for higher GB contents. The amount of GB released and its dissolution rate was considerably increased by the use of amorphous inclusion complexes; whereas, slower GB release rates were found from crystalline inclusion complexes formed by kneading or coevaporation in ethanol/water. In addition, it was found that the porous structure strongly conditioned the GB dissolution rate from crystalline products. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin-dinitrocompounds as UV absorber for ballpoint pen ink.

PubMed

Srinivasan, Krishnan; Radhakrishnan, S; Stalin, Thambusamy

2014-08-14

2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 2,4-dinitroaniline (2,4-DNA), 2,6-dinitroaniline (2,6-DNA) and 2,6-dinitrobenzoic acid (2,6-DNB) has appeared for the UV absorption bands in different wavelength region below 400 nm, a combination of these dinitro aromatic compounds gave the broad absorption spectra within the UV region. The absorption intensities have been increased by preparation of the inclusion complex of dinitro compounds with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Prepared inclusion complexes are used to improve the UV protection properties of the ball point pen ink against photo degradation. The formation of solid inclusion complexes was characterized by FT-IR, and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The UV protecting properties of these inclusion complexes were calculated their sun protection factor (SPF) is also discussed. The stability of the ballpoint pen ink has been confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopic method. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Inclusion Complexes of β-Cyclodextrins with Chalcone and 2',4'-Dihydroxychalcone.

PubMed

Sancho, Matias I; Andujar, Sebastian; Porasso, Rodolfo D; Enriz, Ricardo D

2016-03-31

The inclusion complexes formed by chalcone and 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone with β-cyclodextrin have been studied combining experimental (phase solubility diagrams, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and molecular modeling (molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations) techniques. The formation constants of the complexes were determined at different temperatures, and the thermodynamic parameters of the process were obtained. The inclusion of chalcone in β-cyclodextrin is an exothermic process, while the inclusion of 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone is endothermic. Free energy profiles, derived from umbrella sampling using molecular dynamics simulations, were constructed to analyze the binding affinity and the complexation reaction at a molecular level. Hybrid QM/MM calculations were also employed to obtain a better description of the energetic and structural aspects of the complexes. The intermolecular interactions that stabilize both inclusion complexes were characterized by means of quantum atoms in molecules theory and reduce density gradient method. The calculated interactions were experimentally observed using FTIR.

Effective electromagnetic properties of microheterogeneous materials with surface phenomena

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levin, Valery; Markov, Mikhail; Mousatov, Aleksandr; Kazatchenko, Elena; Pervago, Evgeny

2017-10-01

In this paper, we present an approach to calculate the complex dielectric permittivity of a micro-heterogeneous medium composed of non-conductive solid inclusions embedded into the conductive liquid continuous host. To take into account the surface effects, we approximate the inclusion by a layered ellipsoid consisting of a dielectric core and an infinitesimally thin outer shell corresponding to an electrical double layer (EDL). To predict the effective complex dielectric permittivity of materials with a high concentration of inclusions, we have modified the Effective Field Method (EFM) for the layered ellipsoidal particles with complex electrical properties. We present the results of complex permittivity calculations for the composites with randomly and parallel oriented ellipsoidal inclusions. To analyze the influence of surface polarization, we have accomplished modeling in a wide frequency range for different existing physic-chemical models of double electrical layer. The results obtained show that the tensor of effective complex permittivity of a micro-heterogeneous medium with surface effects has complicate dependences on the component electrical properties, spatial material texture, and the inclusion shape (ellipsoid aspect ratio) and size. The dispersion of dielectric permittivity corresponds to the frequency dependence for individual inclusion of given size, and does not depend on the inclusion concentration.

Inclusion complexes of yellow bell pepper pigments with β-cyclodextrin: preparation, characterisation and application as food natural colorant.

PubMed

Lobo, Francine Albernaz Tf; Silva, Vitoria; Domingues, Josiane; Rodrigues, Silvana; Costa, Valéria; Falcão, Deborah; de Lima Araújo, Kátia G

2018-05-01

This work aimed to prepare inclusion complexes using yellow bell pepper pigments and β-cyclodextrin by two different procedures (method A, ultrasonic homogenisation; method B, kneading), to characterise them and evaluate their colour stability in an isotonic beverage model. The extract/β-cyclodextrin ratio was 1:2 for both inclusion methodologies evaluated. The formed extract-β-cyclodextrin complexes and a physical mixture of extract and β-cyclodextrin were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both methodologies resulted in good complex yield and inclusion efficiency. The colour indices L* (lightness), a* (green/red) and b* (blue/yellow) of isotonic drinks added with the complexes were measured during storage under irradiance (1400 lx) and in the absence of light at temperatures between 25 and 31 °C for 21 days. The complex obtained by inclusion method B promoted better colour protection for the beverage compared with the use of the crude extract, showing that the molecular inclusion of yellow bell pepper carotenoids can provide good results for that purpose. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

The binding interaction of imazapyr with cucurbit[n]uril (n = 6-8): Combined experimental and molecular modeling study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mokhtar, Maali Saad; Suliman, FakhrEldin O.; Elbashir, Abdalla A.

2018-04-01

The inclusion complexes of imazapyr (IMA) with cucurbit[n]uril, CB[n] (n = 6-8), have been investigated. Fluorescence spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF, and 1HNMR were used to investigate and characterize the inclusion complexation of IMA and CB[n] in solutions. Whereas the solid state complexes have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). IMA was found to form 1:1 complexes with CB[n] with association constants ranging from 5.80 × 102-2.65 × 103. The guest molecule IMA was found to encapsulate into the larger cavities of CB[7] and CB[8], whereas with CB[6] the molecule remains outside the cavity. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to follow the inclusion process at an atomistic level to study the mechanism and stability of inclusion. The results obtained showed that inclusion complexes of IMA with both CB[7] and CB[8] are highly stable in aqueous media, but the CB[6] smaller cavity size prohibited the formation of an inclusion complex with IMA. The results clearly show that in addition to hydrophobic effects the presence of hydrogen bonding has added greatly to the stability of these complexes.

Production, Characterization, and Stability of Orange or Eucalyptus Essential Oil/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex.

PubMed

Kringel, Dianini Hüttner; Antunes, Mariana Dias; Klein, Bruna; Crizel, Rosane Lopes; Wagner, Roger; de Oliveira, Roberto Pedroso; Dias, Alvaro Renato Guerra; Zavareze, Elessandra da Rosa

2017-11-01

The aim of this study was to produce and characterize inclusion complexes (IC) between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and orange essential oil (OEO) or eucalyptus essential oil (EEO), and to compare these with their pure compounds and physical mixtures. The samples were evaluated by chemical composition, morphology, thermal stability, and volatile compounds by static headspace-gas chromatography (SH-GC). Comparing the free essential oil and physical mixture with the inclusion complex, of both essential oils (OEO and EEO), it was observed differences occurred in the chemical composition, thermal stability, and morphology. These differences show that there was the formation of the inclusion complex and demonstrate the necessity of the precipitation method used to guarantee the interaction between β-CD and essential oils. The slow loss of the volatile compounds from both essential oils, when complexed with β-CD, showed a higher stability when compared with their physical mixtures and free essential oils. Therefore, the results showed that the chemical composition, molecular size, and structure of the essential oils influence the characteristics of the inclusion complexes. The application of the β-CD in the formation of inclusion complexes with essential oils can expand the potential applications in foods. © 2017 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Development of Orodispersible Tablets of Candesartan Cilexetil-β-cyclodextrin Complex

PubMed Central

Sravya, Maddukuri; Deveswaran, Rajamanickam; Bharath, Srinivasan; Basavaraj, Basappa Veerbadraiah; Madhavan, Varadharajan

2013-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of inclusion complexation technique employing β-cyclodextrin in improving the dissolution profile of candesartan cilexetil, a BCS class-II drug, and to formulate the inclusion complex into orodispersible tablets. The inclusion complexes were formed by physical mixing, kneading, coevaporation, and lyophilisation methods. Inclusion complexes were characterized by FTIR, DSC, XRD, NMR, and mass spectral studies. Inclusion complexes prepared using kneading, and lyophilisation techniques in the molar ratio 1 : 5 with β-cyclodextrin were used for formulating orodispersible tablets by direct compression with different superdisintegrants like croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, and low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose in varying concentrations. The directly compressible powder was evaluated for precompression parameters, and the prepared orodispersible tablets were evaluated for postcompression parameters. Drug-excipient compatibility studies showed no interaction, and characterization proved the formation of inclusion complex. In vitro disintegration time was found to be within 3 minutes, and all the formulations showed complete drug release of 100% within 20 minutes. The optimized formulation was found to be stable after 6 months and showed no significant change in drug content. This work proved β-cyclodextrins to be effective solubilizing agent in improving the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs. PMID:26555987

Ketoprofen-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes formation by supercritical process technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sumarno, Rahim, Rizki; Trisanti, Prida Novarita

2017-05-01

Ketoprofen was a poorly soluble which anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drug, solubility of which can be enchanced by form complexation with β-cyclodextrin. Besides that, the inclusion complex reduces the incidence of gastrointestinal side effect of drug. The aims of this research are to study the effect of H2O concentration in the supercritical carbondioxide and operation condition in the formation of ketoprofen-β-Cyclodextrin inclusion complex. This research was began by dissolved H2O in supercritical CO2 at 40°C and various saturation pressures. Then, dissolved H2O contacted with (1:5 w/w) ketoprofen-β-Cyclodextrin mixture at 50°C and various operation pressures. It called saturation process. Saturation was done for ±2 hours with agitation process and continued by decompression process. The products were characterized by drug Release, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DCS) dan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. The percentage from this work were 76,82%-89,99% for inclusion complexes. The percentage drug release of ketoprofen were 82,83%-88,36% on various inclusion pressure and various inclusion period.

Inclusion complex effect on the bioavailability of clotrimazole from poloxamer-based solid suppository.

PubMed

Balakrishnan, Prabagar; Song, Chung Kil; Cho, Hyun-Jong; Yang, Su-Geun; Kim, Dae Duk; Yong, Chul Soon; Choi, Han-Gon

2012-07-01

To study the effect of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) inclusion complex on the bioavailability of clotrimazole from poloxamer-based suppository, formulations composed of P 188, propylene glycol and different molar ratio of clotrimazole-βCD inclusion complex were prepared. Clotrimazole (1%) has been formulated in a suppository using the thermo sensitive polymer P188 (70%) together with propylene glycol (30%). To increase its aqueous solubility, clotrimazole was incorporated as its inclusion complex at various molar ratios with βCD (1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2). The inclusion complex was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), XRD and phase solubility studies. It was observed that the complexation with βCD, particularly at high molar ratio (F3 (1:1) and F4 (1:2)) decreased the release profile of clotrimazole considerably. However, suppositories containing inclusion complex at low molar ratio (F1 (1:0.25) and F2 (1:0.5)) showed excellent release profile compared to control formulation. In vivo study in rats at 15 mg/Kg dose showed that the F1 and F2 (82.39 ± 15.40 and 67.05 ± 8.79, respectively) significantly increased the AUC compared to that of F3 (41.48 ± 11.51), F4 (23.34 ± 8.37) and control (46.7 ± 7.87) suppositories. Thus, the suppositories containing inclusion complexes prepared at low drug to βCD molar ratio (F1) could be a potential suppository formulation to increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs such as clotrimazole.

Empirical, thermodynamic and quantum-chemical investigations of inclusion complexation between flavanones and (2-hydroxypropyl)-cyclodextrins.

PubMed

Liu, Benguo; Li, Wei; Nguyen, Tien An; Zhao, Jian

2012-09-15

The inclusion complexation of (2-hydroxypropyl)-cyclodextrins with flavanones was investigated by phase solubility measurements, as well as thermodynamic and quantum chemical methods. Inclusion complexes were formed between (2-hydroxypropyl)-α-cyclodextrin (HP-α-CD), (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), (2-hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and four flavanones (naringenin, naringin, hesperetin and dihydromyricetin) in aqueous solutions and their phase solubility was determined. For all the flavanones, the stability constants of their complexes formed with different CDs followed the rank order: HP-β-CD (MW 1540)>HP-β-CD (MW 1460)>HP-β-CD (MW 1380)>β-CD>HP-γ-CD>HP-α-CD. Experimental results and quantum chemical calculations showed that the ability of flavanones to form inclusion complex with (2-hydroxypropyl)-cyclodextrins was determined by both the steric effect and hydrophobicity of the flavanones. For flavanones that have similar molecular volumes, the hydrophobicity of the molecule was the main determining factor of its ability to form inclusion complexes with HP-β-CD, and the hydrophobicity parameter Log P is highly correlated with the stability constant of the complexes. Results of thermodynamic study demonstrated that hydrophobic interaction is the main driving force for the formation process of the flavanone-CD inclusion complexes. Quantum chemical analysis of the most active hydroxyl groups and HOMO (the highest occupied molecular orbital) showed that the B ring of the flavanones was most likely involved in hydrogen bonding with the side groups in the cavity of the CDs, through which the inclusion complex was stabilised. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Enhanced dissolution, stability and physicochemical characterization of ATRA/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex pellets prepared by fluid-bed coating technique.

PubMed

Chen, Zhongjian; Lu, Yi; Qi, Jianping; Wu, Wei

2013-02-01

The aim of this work was to prepare stable all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) inclusion complex pellets with industrial feasible technology, the fluid-bed coating technique, using PVP K30 simultaneously as binder and reprecipitation retarder. The coating process was fluent with high coating efficiency. In vitro dissolution of the inclusion complex pellets in 5% w/v Cremopher EL solution was dramatically enhanced with no reprecipitation observed, and significantly improved stability against humidity (92.5% and 75% RH) and illumination (4500 lx ± 500 lx) was achieved by HPCD inclusion. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry confirmed the absence of crystallinity of ATRA. Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry revealed interaction between ATRA and HPCD adding evidence on inclusion of ATRA moieties into HPCD cavities. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectrometry indicated possible inclusion of ATRA through the polyene chain, which was the main reason for the enhanced photostability. It is concluded that the fluid-bed coating technique has the potential use in the industrial preparation of ATRA/HPCD inclusion complex pellets.

Exploring inclusion complexes of ionic liquids with α- and β- cyclodextrin by NMR, IR, mass, density, viscosity, surface tension and conductance study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barman, Biraj Kumar; Rajbanshi, Biplab; Yasmin, Ananya; Roy, Mahendra Nath

2018-05-01

The formation of the host-guest inclusion complexes of ionic liquids namely [BMIm]Cl and [HMIm]Cl with α-CD and β-CD were studied by means of physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Conductivity and surface tension study were in good agreement with the 1H NMR and FT-IR studies which confirm the formation of the inclusion complexes. The Density and viscosity study also supported the formation of the ICs. Further the stoichiometry was determined 1:1 for each case and the association constants and thermodynamic parameters derived supported the most feasible formation of the [BMIm]Cl- β-CD inclusion complex.

Enhancement of the release of azelaic acid through the synthetic membranes by inclusion complex formation with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Manosroi, Jiradej; Apriyani, Maria Goretti; Foe, Kuncoro; Manosroi, Aranya

2005-04-11

The aim of this study was to investigate the release rates of azelaic acid and azelaic acid-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) inclusion complex through three types of synthetic membranes, namely cellophane, silicone and elastomer membranes. Solid inclusion complexes of azelaic acid-HPbetaCD at the molar ratio of 1:1 were prepared by coevaporation and freeze-drying methods, subsequently characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and dissolution studies. Solid inclusion complex obtained by coevaporation method which exhibited the inclusion of azelaic acid in the HPbetaCD cavity and gave the highest dissolution rate of azelaic acid was selected for the release study. Release studies of azelaic acid and this complex through the synthetic membranes were conducted using vertical Franz diffusion cells at 30 degrees C for 6 days. The release rates of azelaic acid through the synthetic membranes were enhanced by the formation of inclusion complex with HPbetaCD at the molar ratio of 1:1, with the increasing fluxes of about 41, 81 and 28 times of the uncomplexed system in cellophane, silicone and elastomer membranes, respectively. The result from this study can be applied for the development of azelaic acid for topical use.

Preparation, characterisation and antitumour activity of β-, γ- and HP-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of oxaliplatin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Da; Zhang, Jianqiang; Jiang, Kunming; Li, Ke; Cong, Yangwei; Pu, Shaoping; Jin, Yi; Lin, Jun

2016-01-01

Three water-soluble oxaliplatin complexes were prepared by inclusion complexation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), γ-CD and HP-β-CD. The structures of oxaliplatin/CDs were confirmed by NMR, FTIR, TGA, XRD as well as SEM analysis. The results show that the water solubility of oxaliplatin was increased in the complex with CDs in 1:1 stoichiometry inclusion modes, and the cyclohexane ring of oxaliplatin molecule was deeply inserted into the cavity of CDs. Moreover, the stoichiometry was established by a Job plot and the water stability constant (Kc) of oxaliplatin/CDs was calculated by phase solubility studies, all results show that the oxaliplatin/β-CD complex is more stable than free oxaliplatin, oxaliplatin/HP-β-CD and oxaliplatin/γ-CD. Meanwhile, the inclusion complexes displayed almost twice as high cytotoxicity compared to free oxaliplatin against HCT116 and MCF-7 cells. This satisfactory water solubility and higher cytotoxic activity of the oxaliplatin/CD complexes will potentially be useful for their application in anti-tumour therapy.

Host-guest complexes of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/β-cyclodextrin and nifedipine: 1H NMR, molecular modeling, and dissolution studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Araújo, Márcia Valéria Gaspar; Vieira, João Victor Francisco; da Silva, Caroline W. P.; Barison, Andersson; Andrade, George Ricardo Santana; da Costa, Nivan Bezerra; Barboza, Fernanda Malaquias; Nadal, Jessica Mendes; Novatski, Andressa; Farago, Paulo Vitor; Zawadzki, Sônia Faria

2017-12-01

Nifedipine (NIF) is a hydrophobic drug widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases. This calcium channel blocker can present a higher apparent solubility by its inclusion into different cyclodextrins (CDs) as host-guest complexes. This paper focused on the structural investigation and dissolution behavior of inclusion complexes prepared with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) or β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and NIF. Drug amorphization was observed for HPβCD/NIF and βCD/NIF inclusion complexes by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The sharp endothermic peak of NIF was not observed for these both host-guest complexes by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These results of XRD and DSC provide evidences of complexation between drug and the investigated CDs. 1H and saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed the enhancement in the signal at 2.27 ppm for HPβCD/NIF and βCD/NIF inclusion complexes that corresponded to the methyl groups of NIF from the non-aromatic ring. This result suggested that non-aromatic ring of NIF was inserted into HPβCD and βCD cavities. Considering the mathematical simulations, it was observed that the inclusion process can occur in the both NH-in or NH-out forms. However, since it was used aqueous medium, it is possible to indicate that the obtained host-guest complexes HPβCD/NIF and βCD/NIF are in NH-in form which corresponded to the previous results obtained by 1H NMR experiments. Dissolution assays demonstrated that NIF inclusion complexes improved the drug release nevertheless without changing its biexponential release behavior. These host-guest complexes can be further used as feasible NIF carriers in solid dosage forms.

Formation Mechanism of Oxide-Sulfide Complex Inclusions in High-Sulfur-Containing Steel Melts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shin, Jae Hong; Park, Joo Hyun

2018-02-01

The [S] content in resulfurized steel is controlled in the range of 200 to 800 ppm to ensure good machinability and workability. It is well known that "MgAl2O4(spinel)+CaS" complex inclusions are formed in molten steel during the ladle refining process, and these cause nozzle clogging during continuous casting. Thus, in the present study, the "Refractory-Slag-Metal-Inclusions (ReSMI)" multiphase reaction model was employed in conjunction with experiments to investigate the influence of slag composition and [S] content in the steel on the formation of oxide-sulfide complex inclusions. The critical [S] and [Al] contents necessary for the precipitation of CaS in the CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 (CAMS) oxide inclusions were predicted from the composition of the liquid inclusions, as observed by scanning electron microscopy-electron dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and calculated using the ReSMI multiphase reaction model. The critical [S] content increases with increasing content of SiO2 in the slag at a given [Al] content. Formation mechanisms for spinel+CaS and spinel+MnS complex inclusions were also proposed.

Study on the inclusion complex between β-cyclodextrin derivatives and flurbiprofen by spectrofluorometric

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miao, Jiabing; Guo, Zhaohua; Wang, Yongwang; Chen, Dong; Li, Yifan; Zhang, Feng

2017-08-01

The inclusion behavior between β-cyclodextrin derivatives (β-CDs) and flurbiprofen had been studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The effects of type and concentration of β-CDs; ionic strength; pH as well as temperature on inclusion behavior were investigated. And then the thermodynamic parameters ΔH/ΔS and ΔG of the inclusion complex of flurbiprofen and HP-β-CD were calculated, the driving force of the inclusion reaction had been also certified. The experimental results indicate, the fluorescence intensity (F) of flurbiprofen increases with the raising of β-CDs concentration, among the studied types of β-cyclodextrin derivatives, hydroxypropy l-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) has the most obvious enhancement, namely HP-β-CD has the strongest ability to complex with flurbiprofen. Plot of 1/ (F-F0) against 1/ [β-CD] yields a straight line, indicating 1:1 stoichiometric complex formed between β-CDs and flurbiprofen. Inclusion constant is enhanced with the increase in ionic strength of solution, whereas followes an opposite tendency with the rise of pH value. In the inclusive process, under normal temperature ΔG<0, it illustrates that this process is spontaneous, and the driving force is the change of enthalpy.

Starch-lipid complexes: Interesting material and applications from amylose-fatty acid salt inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Aqueous slurries of high amylose starch can be steam jet cooked and blended with aqueous solutions of fatty acid salts to generate materials that contain inclusion complexes between amylose and the fatty acid salt. These complexes are simply prepared on large scale using commercially available steam...

Cyclodextrin inclusion complex formation and solid-state characterization of the natural antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and quercetin.

PubMed

Koontz, John L; Marcy, Joseph E; O'Keefe, Sean F; Duncan, Susan E

2009-02-25

Cyclodextrin (CD) complexation procedures are relatively simple processes, but these techniques often require very specific conditions for each individual guest molecule. Variations of the coprecipitation from aqueous solution technique were optimized for the CD complexation of the natural antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and quercetin. Solid inclusion complex products of alpha-tocopherol/beta-CD and quercetin/gamma-CD had molar ratios of 1.7:1, which were equivalent to 18.1% (w/w) alpha-tocopherol and 13.0% (w/w) quercetin. The molar reactant ratios of CD/antioxidant were optimized at 8:1 to improve the yield of complexation. The product yields of alpha-tocopherol/beta-CD and quercetin/gamma-CD complexes from their individual reactants were calculated as 24 and 21% (w/w), respectively. ATR/FT-IR, 13C CP/MAS NMR, TGA, and DSC provided evidence of antioxidant interaction with CD at the molecular level, which indicated true CD inclusion complexation in the solid state. Natural antioxidant/CD inclusion complexes may serve as novel additives in controlled-release active packaging to extend the oxidative stability of foods.

Acquired Severe Disabilities and Complex Health Care Needs: Access to Inclusive Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ballard, Sarah L.; Dymond, Stacy K.

2016-01-01

This case study examined one high school student's access to inclusive education and experiences in an inclusive English class after he acquired severe disabilities and complex health care needs from a nontraumatic brain injury. Multiple sources of data (i.e., interviews, field notes, and documents) were collected and analyzed to formulate…

In-vitro dissolution rate and molecular docking studies of cabergoline drug with β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shanmuga priya, Arumugam; Balakrishnan, Suganya bharathi; Veerakanellore, Giri Babu; Stalin, Thambusamy

2018-05-01

The physicochemical properties and dissolution profile of cabergoline drug (CAB) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complex were investigated by the UV spectroscopy. The inclusion complex has used to calculate the stability constant and gives the stoichiometry molar ratio is 1:1 between CAB and β-CD. The phase solubility diagram and the aqueous solubility of CAB (60%) was found to be enhanced by β-CD. In addition, the phase solubility profile of CAB with β-CD was classified as AL-type. Binary systems of CAB with β-CD were prepared by Physical mixture, Kneading and solvent evaporation methods. The solid-state properties of the inclusion complex were characterized by Fourier transformation-infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, Powder X-ray diffractometric patterns and Scanning electron microscopic techniques. Theoretically, β-CD and CAB inclusion complex obtained by molecular docking studies, it is in good correlation with the results obtained through experimental methods using the Schrödinger software program. In-vitro dissolution profiles of the inclusion complexes were carried out and obvious increase in dissolution rate was observed when compared with pure CAB drug and the complexes.

[Effect of β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex on transport of major components of Xiangfu Siwu decoction essential oil in Caco-2 cell monolayer model].

PubMed

Xi, Jun-zuan; Qian, Da-wei; Duan, Jin-ao; Liu, Pei; Zhu, Yue; Zhu, Zhen-hua; Zhang, Li

2015-08-01

Although the essential oil of Xiangfu Siwu decoction (XFSWD) has strong pharmacological activity, its special physical and chemical properties restrict the clinical application and curative effect. In this paper, Xiangfu Siwu decoction essential oil (XFS-WO) was prepared by forming inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The present study is to investigate the effect of β-CD inclusion complex on the transport of major components of XFSWO using Caco-2 cell monolayer model, thus to research the effect of this formation on the absorption of drugs with low solubility and high permeability, which belong to class 2 in biopharmaceutics classification system. A sensitive and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of senkyunolide A, 3-n-butylphthalide, Z-ligustilide, dehydrocostus lactone and α-cyperone, which are active compounds in XFSWO. The transport parameters were analyzed and compared in free oil and its β-CD inclusion complex. The result revealed that the formation of XFSWO/β-CD inclusion complex has significantly increased the transportation and absorption of major active ingredients than free oil. Accordingly, it can be speculated that cyclodextrin inclusion complex can improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Above all these mentioned researches, it provided foundation and basis for physiological disposition and pharmaceutical study of XFSWD.

Study of β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with volatile molecules geraniol and α-terpineol enantiomers in solid state and in solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ceborska, Magdalena; Szwed, Kamila; Asztemborska, Monika; Wszelaka-Rylik, Małgorzata; Kicińska, Ewa; Suwińska, Kinga

2015-11-01

Geraniol and α-terpineol are insoluble in water volatile compounds. α-Terpineol is a potentially important agent for medical applications. Formation of molecular complexes with β-cyclodextrin would lead to the increase of water solubility and bioavailability. β-Cyclodextrin forms 2:2 inclusion complexes with both enantiomers of α-terpineol and their precursor geraniol. Solid state complexes are thoroughly characterized by single X-ray crystallography and their stability over vast range of temperatures is proven by TG analysis. Intermolecular host-guest, host-host and guest-guest interactions give good insight into the nature of formed inclusion complexes. Stability constants of the complexes in solution are determined by HPLC.

Fluorometric and theoretical studies on inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin and D-, L-phenylalanine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aree, Thammarat; Arunchai, Rungthiwa; Koonrugsa, Narongsak; Intasiri, Amarawan

2012-10-01

Inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with L- and D-phenylalanine (Phe) have been characterized in solution by fluorometry and in gas phase by semiempirical PM3 calculations. The unimolar stoichiometric ratio of both β-CD-L-Phe and β-CD-D-Phe complexes and the stability constants (K) were deduced from fluorometric titrations. The β-CD-L-Phe complex is more stable than the β-CD-D-Phe complex as indicated by the larger K values, 21.1 vs. 6.86 M-1. This is consistent with the stabilization energies (ΔEstb) and inclusion geometries obtained from PM3 calculations. The β-CD-L-Phe complex with L-Phe residing in the central β-CD cavity and pointing its COOH group downwards to the O6 end has ΔEstb = -62.7 kJ mol-1, whereas the β-CD-D-Phe complex with D-Phe placing at 3 Å beneath the β-CD O4-plane and pointing its COOH group upwards to the O2/O3 end has ΔEstb = -53.3 kJ mol-1. The unison of host-guest intermolecular hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and molecular deformations plays an essential role in forming and stabilizing the inclusion complexes. Our results show that the β-CD-L-Phe and β-CD-D-Phe inclusion complexes are relatively stable and differentiable, suggesting the applications of CDs in foods and drugs.

Starch-lipid inclusion complexes for aerogel formation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Recently we reported that aqueous slurries of starch can be excess steam jet-cooked and blended with aqueous solutions of fatty acid salts to produce inclusion complexes between amylose and the fatty acid salt. These complexes can be simply prepared on large scale using commercially available steam ...

Characteristic effects of substituent and external pressure on group-inclusion complexation with p-sulfonatocalix[8]arene and γ-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miyazono, Keitaro; Hanaya, Tadashi; Sueishi, Yoshimi

2014-07-01

By synthesizing unique nitroxide probes (α-substituted phenyl-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl(t-butyl)nitroxide), we have shown that p-sulfonatocalix[8]arene (Calix-S8) and γ-cyclodextin (γ-CD) form electron spin resonance spectroscopically separable group-inclusion complexes (α-substituted phenyl-in (R-in) and t-butyl-in complexes) and determined the group-inclusion constants of Calix-S8 and γ-CD. Using nitroxide probes, we have examined the effects of substituent and external pressure on group-inclusion complexation with Calix-S8 and γ-CD. Experiments on pressure dependence enabled us to calculate the reaction volume (Δ V) for R-in and t-butyl-in complex formations. Δ V for group-in complexation with Calix-S8 had negative values. In contrast, Δ V values for γ-CD showed positive values, which is responsible for the repelled water molecules in the CD cavity. The characteristic pressure effects on group-in complexation suggest that group recognition by γ-CD is sensitive when compared with that by Calix-S8.

Use of cyclodextrins as a cosmetic delivery system for fragrance materials: linalool and benzyl acetate.

PubMed

Numanoğlu, Ulya; Sen, Tangül; Tarimci, Nilüfer; Kartal, Murat; Koo, Otilia M Y; Onyüksel, Hayat

2007-10-19

The aim of this study was to increase the stability and water solubility of fragrance materials, to provide controlled release of these compounds, and to convert these substances from liquid to powder form by preparing their inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins (CDs). For this purpose, linalool and benzyl acetate were chosen as the fragrance materials. The use of beta-cyclodextrin (beta CD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2-HP beta CD) for increasing the solubility of these 2 fragrance materials was studied. Linalool and benzyl acetate gave a B-type diagram with beta CD, whereas they gave an A(L)-type diagram with 2-HP beta CD. Therefore, complexes of fragrance materials with 2-HP beta CD at 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios (guest:host) were prepared. The formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results of the solubility studies showed that preparing the inclusion complex with 2-HP beta CD at a 1:1 molar ratio increased the solubility of linalool 5.9-fold and that of benzyl acetate 4.2-fold, whereas the complexes at a 1:2 molar ratio increased the solubility 6.4- and 4.5-fold for linalool and benzyl acetate, respectively. The stability and in vitro release studies were performed on the gel formulations prepared using uncomplexed fragrance materials or inclusion complexes of fragrance materials at a 1:1 molar ratio. It was observed that the volatility of both fragrance materials was decreased by preparing the inclusion complexes with 2-HP beta CD. Also, in vitro release data indicated that controlled release of fragrances could be possible if inclusion complexes were prepared.

Increased water resistance of paper treated with amylose-fatty ammonium salt inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Amylose inclusion complexes were prepared from high amylose corn starch and the HCl salts of hexadecylamine and octadecylamine. Solutions of the complexes were applied to paper at concentrations of 2-4%. After the treated papers were dried, sodium hydroxide solution was applied to convert the adsorb...

Effect of spray drying on the properties of amylose-hexadecylammonium chloride inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Water soluble amylose-hexadecyl ammonium chloride complexes were prepared from high amylose corn starch and hexadecyl ammonium chloride by excess steam jet cooking. Amylose inclusion complexes were spray dried to determine the viability of spray drying as a production method. The variables tested in...

Development of carvedilol-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes using fluid-bed granulation: a novel solid-state complexation alternative with technological advantages.

PubMed

Alonso, Ellen C P; Riccomini, Karina; Silva, Luis Antônio D; Galter, Daniela; Lima, Eliana M; Durig, Thomas; Taveira, Stephania F; Martins, Felipe Terra; Cunha-Filho, Marcílio S S; Marreto, Ricardo N

2016-10-01

This study sought to evaluate the achievement of carvedilol (CARV) inclusion complexes with modified cyclodextrins (HPβCD and HPγCD) using fluid-bed granulation (FB). The solid complexes were produced using FB and spray drying (SD) and were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction, SEM, flowability and particle size analyses and in vitro dissolution. The DSC, FTIR and powder X-ray diffraction findings suggested successful CARV inclusion in the modified β- and γ-cyclodextrins, which was more evident in acidic media. The CARV dissolution rate was ~7-fold higher for complexes with both cyclodextrins prepared using SD than for raw CARV. Complexes prepared with HPβCD using FB also resulted in a significant improvement in dissolution rate (~5-fold) and presented superior flowability and larger particle size. The findings suggested that FB is the best alternative for large-scale production of solid dosage forms containing CARV. Additionally, the results suggest that HPγCD could be considered as another option for CARV complexation because of its excellent performance in inclusion complex formation in the solid state. © 2016 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

Thermodynamic study on the effects of β-cyclodextrin inclusion with berberine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Jun-Sheng; Wei, Fang-Di; Gao, Wei; Zhao, Chang-Chun

2002-01-01

The fluorescence enhancement of berberine (Berb) as a result of complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is investigated. The association constants of α-CD and β-CD with Berb are 60 and 137 M -1 at 20 °C in pH 7.20 aqueous solution. Effects of temperature on the forming inclusion complexes of β-CD with Berb have been examined through using fluorescence titration. Enthalpy and entropy values calculated from fluorescence data are -33.7·kJ mol -1 and 74.3 J·mol -1·K -1, respectively. It was found that the dielectric constant of β-CD cavity is about 24 in a rough analogy with absolute alcohol. These results suggest that the extrusion of 'high energy water' molecules from the cavity of β-CD and hydrophobic interaction upon the inclusion complex formation are the main forces of the inclusion reaction. Effect of pH on the association of β-CD with Berb was also studied. Mechanism of the inclusion of β-CD with Berb is further studied by absorption and NMR measurements. Results show that β-CD forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with Berb.

Inclusion of Paracetamol into β-cyclodextrin nanocavities in solution and in the solid state

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Kemary, Maged; Sobhy, Saffaa; El-Daly, Samy; Abdel-Shafi, Ayman

2011-09-01

We report on steady-state UV-visible absorption and emission characteristics of Paracetamol, drug used as antipyretic agent, in water and within cyclodextrins (CDs): β-CD, 2-hydroxypropyl- β-CD (HP- β-CD) and 2,6-dimethyl- β-CD (Me- β-CD). The results reveal that Paracetamol forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with CD. Upon encapsulation, the emission intensity enhances, indicating a confinement effect of the nanocages on the photophysical behavior of the drug. Due to its methyl groups, the Me- β-CD shows the largest effect for the drug. The observed binding constant showing the following trend: Me- β-CD > HP- β-CD > β-CD. The less complexing effectiveness of HP- β-CD is due to the steric effect of the hydroxypropyl-substituents, which can hamper the inclusion of the guest molecules. The solid state inclusion complex was prepared by co-precipitation method and its characterization was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR and X-ray diffractometry. These approaches indicated that Paracetamol was able to form an inclusion complex with CDs, and the inclusion compounds exhibited different spectroscopic features and properties from Paracetamol.

Piroxicam/2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex prepared by a new fluid-bed coating technique.

PubMed

Zhang, Xingwang; Wu, Danni; Lai, Jie; Lu, Yi; Yin, Zongning; Wu, Wei

2009-02-01

This work was aimed at investigating the feasibility of fluid-bed coating as a new method to prepare cyclodextrin inclusion complex. The inclusion complex of the model drug piroxicam (PIX) and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) in aqueous ethanol solution was sprayed and deposited onto the surface of the pellet substrate upon removal of the solvent. The coating process was fluent with high coating efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a coarse pellet surface, and a loosely packed coating structure. Significantly enhanced dissolution, over 90% at 5 min, was observed at stoichiometric PIX/HPCD molar ratio (1/1) and at a ratio with excessive HPCD (1/2). Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry confirmed absence of crystallinity of PIX at PIX/HPCD molar ratio of 1/1 and 1/2. Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry and Raman spectrometry revealed interaction between PIX and HPCD adding evidence on inclusion of PIX moieties into HPCD cavities. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectrometry indicated possible inclusion of PIX through the pyridine ring. It is concluded that fluid-bed coating has potential to be used as a new technique to prepare cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of a new nucleotide analogue prodrug cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.

PubMed

Diab, Roudayna; Jordheim, Lars P; Degobert, Ghania; Peyrottes, Suzanne; Périgaud, Christian; Dumontet, Charles; Fessi, Hatem

2009-01-01

Bis(tbutyl-S-acyl-2-thioethyl)-cytidine monophosophate is a new cytotoxic mononucleotide prodrug which have been developed to reverse the cellular resistance to nucleoside analogues. Unfortunately, its in vivo utilisation was hampered by its poor water solubility, raising the need of a molecular vector capable to mask its physicochemical characteristics although without affecting its cytotoxic activity. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin was used to prepare the prodrug inclusion complexes, allowing it to be solubilized in water and hence to be used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. A molar ratio of the cyclodextrin: prodrug of 3 was sufficient to obtain complete solubilization of the prodrug. The inclusion complex was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, which revealed the disappearance of the melting peak of the prodrug suggesting the formation of inclusion complex. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy provided a definitive proof of the inclusion complex formation, which was evidenced by the large chemical shift displacements observed for protons located in the interior of the hydrophobic cyclodextrin cavity. The complex retained its cytotoxic activity as shown by in vitro cell survival assays on murine leukemia cells. These results provided a basis for potential therapeutic applications of co-formulation of this new nucleotide analogue with hydroxypropyl-beta-CD in cancer therapy.

[Preparation of coated tablets of glycyrrhetic acid-HP-beta-cyclodextrin tablets for colon-specific release].

PubMed

Cui, Qi-Hua; Cui, Jing-Hao; Zhang, Jin-Jin

2008-10-01

To prepare coated tablets of glycyrrhetinic acid and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (GTA-HP-beta-CYD) inclusion complex tablets for colon-specific release. In order to improve the solubility of GTA, the GTA-HP-beta-CYD inclusion complex was prepared by ultrasonic-lyophilization technique and its formation were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction profiles and infrared spectrometry. The effects of inclusion condition on the inclusion efficiency and stability coefficient of inclusion complex were investigated, respectively. After prepared GTA-HP-beta-CYD tablets by powder direct compression, the pH dependant polymer Eudragit III and/or mixed with Eudragit II were used for further coating materials in fluid-bed coater. The influences of coating weight on the GTA release in different pH conditions were evaluated to establish the method for prepering colon specific delivery tablets with pulsed release properties. The formation of inclusion complexes were proved by X-ray powder diffraction profile and phase solubility curve. The effect of pH value of solvent was played critical role on the preparation of GTA- HP-beta-CYD inclusion complex. And the inclusion efficiency of GTA was 9. 3% and the solubility was increased to 54. 6 times at optimized method. The Eudragit III coated GTA- HP-beta-CYD tablets with coating weight 10% and 16% were showed pH dependant colon specific release profiles with slow release rate. The release profile of tablets coated with the mixture of Eudragit II and Eudragit III (1:2) were indicated typical pH dependant colon specific and pulsed release properties while the coating weight was 17%. The preliminary method for preparation of colon specific release tablets containing glycyrrhetinic acid with improved solubility was established for further in vivo therapeutic experiment.

Effect of the chiral discrimination on the vibrational properties of (R)-, (S)- and (R, S)-ibuprofen/methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crupi, V.; Guella, G.; Majolino, D.; Mancini, I.; Paciaroni, A.; Rossi, B.; Venuti, V.; Verrocchio, P.; Viliani, G.

2011-05-01

The effects of chiral discrimination of ibuprofen (IBP) on the complexation process with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD) were investigated in the solid phase by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and numerical simulation. The inclusion mechanism was deduced from the temperature-dependent analysis of the vibrational spectra, in the C=O stretching region, of complexes formed by Me-β-CD with the two enantiomeric and the racemic forms of IBP. The mechanism turned out to be enthalpy-driven, with IBP enantiomers giving rise to more stable inclusion complexes with respect to the racemate.

Formation of β-cyclodextrin inclusion enhances the stability and aqueous solubility of natural borneol.

PubMed

Su, Jianyu; Chen, Jianping; Li, Lin; Li, Bing; Shi, Lei; Chen, Ling; Xu, Zhenbo

2012-06-01

The aims of this study were to optimize the preparation conditions of natural borneol/β-cyclodextrin (NB/β-CD) inclusion complex by ultrasound method, and to investigate its improvement of stability and solubility. The complex was characterized by different various spectroscopic techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results demonstrate that NB could be efficiently loaded into β-CD to form an inclusion complex by ultrasound method at a molar ratio of 1: 1and mass ratio of 1: 6. The complex exhibited different physicochemical characteristics from that of free NB. Typically, formation of β-CD inclusion significantly enhanced the stability and aqueous solubility of NB. Natural borneol (NB) has the potential to be widely used in the fields of medical and functional food, due to its specificity. However, the disadvantages of unstability in the preparation and storage process due to its easy sublimation and the low water solubility limit its application. This research provides an effective way to improve the solubility and stability of NB by preparing NB/β-CD inclusion complex. Furthermore, theoretical basis is also provided for the application development of NB. © 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®

β-Cyclodextrin inclusion complex: preparation, characterization, and its aspirin release in vitro

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Hui-Yun; Jiang, Ling-Juan; Zhang, Yan-Ping; Li, Jun-Bo

2012-09-01

In this work, the optimal clathration condition was investigated for the preparation of aspirin-β-cyclodextrin (Asp-β-CD) inclusion complex using design of experiment (DOE) methodology. A 3-level, 3-factor Box-Behnken design with a total of 17 experimental runs was used. The Asp-β-CD inclusion complex was prepared by saturated solution method. The influence on the embedding rate was investigated, including molar ratio of β-CD to Asp, clathration temperature and clathration time, and the optimum values of such three test variables were found to be 0.82, 49°C and 2.0 h, respectively. The embedding rate could be up to 61.19%. The formation of the bonding between -COOH group of Asp and O-H group of β-CD might play an important role in the process of clathration according to FT-IR spectra. Release kinetics of Asp from inclusion complex was studied for the evaluation of drug release mechanism and diffusion coefficients. The results showed that the drug release from matrix occurred through Fickian diffusion mechanism. The cumulative release of Asp reached only 40% over 24 h, so the inclusion complex could potentially be applied as a long-acting delivery system.

The influence of dissolved H2O content in supercritical carbon dioxide to the inclusion complexes formation of ketoprofen/β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goenawan, Joshua; Trisanti, P. N.; Sumarno

2015-12-01

This work studies the relation between dissolved H2O content in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with the formation of ketoprofen (KP)/β-cyclodextrin(CD) inclusion complexes. The process involves a physical mixture of these two compounds into contact with the supercritical carbon dioxide which had been previously saturated with H2O over a certain duration. The pressure used for saturation process is 130 bar and saturation temperature was ranged between 30 °C to 50 °C. The inclusion process was achieved by keeping it for 2 hours at 160 bar and 200 bar with inclusion temperature of 50 °C. The results enable us to suggest explanations for the inclusion formation. The inclusion complexes can be formed by contacting the dissolved H2O in SC-CO2 to the physical mixture of KP and CD. An increase in the temperature of saturation process resulted in an increase of dissolved H2O content in the supercritical carbon dioxide. The increasing levels of this water soluble resulted an increase in the inclusion complexes that has been formed. The formation of inclusion complexes includes the water molecules enhancing the emptying of the CD cavities and being replaced by KP, towards a more stable energy state. The drug release used for analyzing the dissolution rate of the KP/CD complexes. The results vary from 79,85% to 99,98% after 45 minutes which is above the rate that has been assigned by Farmakope Indonesia at 70% dissolution rate for KP. The use of SC-CO2 offers a new methods for increasing the rate of dissolution of drugs that are hydrophobic such as KP. CO2 used as a supercritical fluid because of its relatively low cost, easily obtainable supercritical conditions, and lack of toxicity. The material samples were characterized by DSC and Spectrophotometer UV-vis technique.

Amylose-dicarboxylic acid inclusion complexes: Characterization and comparison to monocarboxylic acid complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

One of the main components in starch, amylose is an essentially linear polymer composed of glucose connected through alpha-1,4-bonds. Amylose is well known to form helical inclusion complexes with various types of ligands such as iodine, medium and long chain fatty acids, alcohols, lactones, and fl...

Solving the Problem of Bending of Multiply Connected Plates with Elastic Inclusions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaloerov, S. A.; Koshkin, A. A.

2017-11-01

This paper describes a method for determining the strain state of a thin anisotropic plate with elastic arbitrarily arranged elliptical inclusions. Complex potentials are used to reduce the problem to determining functions of generalized complex variables, which, in turn, comes down to an overdetermined system of linear algebraic equations, solved by singular expansions. This paper presents the results of numerical calculations that helped establish the influence of rigidity of elastic inclusions, distances between inclusions, and their geometric characteristics on the bending moments occurring in the plate. It is found that the specific properties of distribution of moments near the apexes of linear elastic inclusions, characterized by moment intensity coefficients, occur only in the case of sufficiently rigid and elastic inclusions.

26 CFR 1.662(a)-1 - Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general. 1.662(a)-1 Section 1.662(a)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL...) Estates and Trusts Which May Accumulate Income Or Which Distribute Corpus § 1.662(a)-1 Inclusion of...

26 CFR 1.662(a)-1 - Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general. 1.662(a)-1 Section 1.662(a)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL...) Estates and Trusts Which May Accumulate Income Or Which Distribute Corpus § 1.662(a)-1 Inclusion of...

26 CFR 1.662(a)-1 - Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general. 1.662(a)-1 Section 1.662(a)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL...) Estates and Trusts Which May Accumulate Income Or Which Distribute Corpus § 1.662(a)-1 Inclusion of...

26 CFR 1.662(a)-1 - Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general. 1.662(a)-1 Section 1.662(a)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL...) Estates and Trusts Which May Accumulate Income Or Which Distribute Corpus § 1.662(a)-1 Inclusion of...

Relationship between crystallographic structure of the Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}/MnS complex inclusion and microstructure in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in steel processed by oxide metallurgy route and impact toughness

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xiong, Zhihui; Liu, Shilong; Wang, Xuemin, E-mail: wxm@mater.ustb.edu.cn

2015-08-15

A new method based on electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) is proposed to determine the structure of titanium oxide/MnS complex inclusion which induced the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) in heat-affected zone (HAZ) in steel processed by oxide metallurgy route. It was found that the complex inclusion was Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}/MnS, the orientation relationship between Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3} and MnS was also examined, and the crystallographic orientation relationship among IAF, Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}/MnS complex inclusion, austenite, bainite formed at lower temperature is researched systematically. It was observed that MnS precipitated on Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3} at specific habit plane andmore » direction and MnS had a specific orientation relationship ((0001) Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}//(111) MnS), <10–10> Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}//<110> MnS) with respect to Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) nucleated on MnS part of the Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}/MnS complex inclusion had no specific orientation relationship with MnS. IAF and the surrounding bainite had different Bain groups, so that there was an increase in high angle boundaries, which was beneficial for the toughness of HAZ. - Highlights: • The inclusion of TiO{sub x}/MnS that induced IAF formation is identified to be Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}/MnS. • The inclusion is identified based on electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). • MnS and Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3} had specific orientation relationship of Ti{sub 2}O{sub 3}/MnS complex inclusion. • The IAFs formed on the same inclusion tend to be in one Bain group. • IAF and the surrounding bainite tend to be in different Bain groups.« less

Effect of γ-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex on the Absorption of R-α-Lipoic Acid in Rats

PubMed Central

Uchida, Ryota; Iwamoto, Kosuke; Nagayama, Suetada; Miyajima, Atsushi; Okamoto, Hinako; Ikuta, Naoko; Fukumi, Hiroshi; Terao, Keiji; Hirota, Takashi

2015-01-01

R-α-lipoic acid (RLA) is an endogenous organic acid, and works as a cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes and as a kind of antioxidant. Inclusion complexes of RLA with α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrins (CD) were prepared and orally administered as a suspension to rats. Among them, RLA/γ-CD showed the highest plasma exposure, and its area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of RLA was 2.2 times higher than that after oral administration of non-inclusion RLA. On the other hand, the AUC after oral administration of non-inclusion RLA and RLA/γ-CD to pylorus-ligated rats did not differ. However, the AUC after intraduodenal administration of RLA/γ-CD was 5.1 times higher than that of non-inclusion RLA, and was almost comparable to the AUC after intraduodenal administration of RLA-Na solution. Furthermore, the AUC after intraduodenal administration of RLA/γ-CD was not affected by biliary ligation or co-administration of an amylase inhibitor. These findings demonstrated that RLA was absorbed from the small intestine effectively when orally administered as a γ-CD inclusion complex, which could be easily dissolved in the lumen of the intestine. In conclusion, γ-CD inclusion complex is an appropriate formulation for supplying RLA as a drug or nutritional supplement with respect to absorption. PMID:25946345

Solubility Enhancement of Steviol Glycosides and Characterization of Their Inclusion Complexes with Gamma-Cyclodextrin

PubMed Central

Upreti, Mani; Strassburger, Ken; Chen, You L.; Wu, Shaoxiong; Prakash, Indra

2011-01-01

Steviol glycosidesrebaudioside (reb) A, C and D have low aqueous solubilities. To improve their aqueous solubilities, inclusion complex of steviol glycosides, reb A, C and D and gamma cyclodextrin were prepared by freeze drying method and further characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of gamma cyclodextrin on chemical shifts of the steviol glycosides was also studied in proton NMR experiments as well as in solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR experiments. These results indicated that the steviol glycosides were clearly in inclusion complex formation with the gamma cyclodextrin which also results in solubility enhancement of these steviol glycosides. Phase solubility studies showed that amounts of soluble reb A, C and D increased with increasing amounts of gamma cyclodextrin indicating formation of 1:1 stoichiometric and higher order inclusion complexes. PMID:22174615

Inclusion Complexes of a New Family of Non-Ionic Amphiphilic Dendrocalix[4]arene and Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs Naproxen and Ibuprofen.

PubMed

Khan, Khalid; Badshah, Syed Lal; Ahmad, Nasir; Rashid, Haroon Ur; Mabkhot, Yahia

2017-05-11

The inclusion complexes of a new family of nonionic amphiphilic calix[4]arenes with the anti-inflammatory hydrophobic drugs naproxen (NAP) and ibuprofen (IBP) were investigated. The effects of the alkyl chain's length and the inner core of calix[4]arenes on the interaction of the two drugs with the calix[4]arenes were explored. The inclusion complexes of Amphiphiles 1a - c with NAP and IBP increased the solubility of these drugs in aqueous media. The interaction of 1a - c with the drugs in aqueous media was investigated through fluorescence, molecular modeling, and ¹H-NMR analysis. TEM studies further supported the formation of inclusion complexes. The length of lipophilic alkyl chains and the intrinsic cyclic nature of cailx[4]arene derivatives 1a - c were found to have a significant impact on the solubility of NAP and IBP in pure water.

Solid-state flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes prepared using a single-step, organic solvent-free supercritical fluid process.

PubMed

Rudrangi, Shashi Ravi Suman; Kaialy, Waseem; Ghori, Muhammad U; Trivedi, Vivek; Snowden, Martin J; Alexander, Bruce David

2016-07-01

The aim of this study was to enhance the apparent solubility and dissolution properties of flurbiprofen through inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins. Especially, the efficacy of supercritical fluid technology as a preparative technique for the preparation of flurbiprofen-methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was evaluated. The complexes were prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide processing and were evaluated by solubility, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, practical yield, drug content estimation and in vitro dissolution studies. Computational molecular docking studies were conducted to study the possibility of molecular arrangement of inclusion complexes between flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The studies support the formation of stable molecular inclusion complexes between the drug and cyclodextrin in a 1:1 stoichiometry. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the dissolution properties of flurbiprofen were significantly enhanced by the binary mixtures prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide processing. The amount of flurbiprofen dissolved into solution alone was very low with 1.11±0.09% dissolving at the end of 60min, while the binary mixtures processed by supercritical carbon dioxide at 45°C and 200bar released 99.39±2.34% of the drug at the end of 30min. All the binary mixtures processed by supercritical carbon dioxide at 45°C exhibited a drug release of more than 80% within the first 10min irrespective of the pressure employed. The study demonstrated the single step, organic solvent-free supercritical carbon dioxide process as a promising approach for the preparation of inclusion complexes between flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin in solid-state. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Films prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) and amylose-fatty acid salt inclusion complexes with increased surface hydrophobicity and high elongation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In this study, water-soluble amylose-inclusion complexes were prepared from high amylose corn starch and sodium salts of lauric, palmitic, and stearic acid by steam jet cooking. Cast films were prepared by combining the amylose complexes with poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVOH) solution at ratios varying from...

26 CFR 1.662(a)-1 - Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Inclusion of amounts in gross income of beneficiaries of estates and complex trusts; general. 1.662(a)-1 Section 1.662(a)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL... Trusts Which May Accumulate Income Or Which Distribute Corpus § 1.662(a)-1 Inclusion of amounts in gross...

Study to explore the mechanism to form inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with vitamin molecules

PubMed Central

Saha, Subhadeep; Roy, Aditi; Roy, Kanak; Roy, Mahendra Nath

2016-01-01

Host–guest inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with two vitamins viz., nicotinic acid and ascorbic acid in aqueous medium have been explored by reliable spectroscopic, physicochemical and calorimetric methods as stabilizer, carrier and regulatory releaser of the guest molecules. Job’s plots have been drawn by UV-visible spectroscopy to confirm the 1:1 stoichiometry of the host-guest assembly. Stereo-chemical nature of the inclusion complexes has been explained by 2D NMR spectroscopy. Surface tension and conductivity studies further support the inclusion process. Association constants for the vitamin-β-CD inclusion complexes have been calculated by UV-visible spectroscopy using both Benesi–Hildebrand method and non-linear programme, while the thermodynamic parameters have been estimated with the help of van’t Hoff equation. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies have been performed to determine the stoichiometry, association constant and thermodynamic parameters with high accuracy. The outcomes reveal that there is a drop in ΔSo, which is overcome by higher negative value of ΔHo, making the overall inclusion process thermodynamically favorable. The association constant is found to be higher for ascorbic acid than that for nicotinic acid, which has been explained on the basis of their molecular structures. PMID:27762346

Architecture of Amylose Supramolecules in Form of Inclusion Complexes by Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Polymerization

PubMed Central

Kadokawa, Jun-ichi

2013-01-01

This paper reviews the architecture of amylose supramolecules in form of inclusion complexes with synthetic polymers by phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization. Amylose is known to be synthesized by enzymatic polymerization using α-d-glucose 1-phosphate as a monomer, by phosphorylase catalysis. When the phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization was conducted in the presence of various hydrophobic polymers, such as polyethers, polyesters, poly(ester-ether), and polycarbonates as a guest polymer, such inclusion supramolecules were formed by the hydrophobic interaction in the progress of polymerization. Because the representation of propagation in the polymerization is similar to the way that a vine of a plant grows, twining around a rod, this polymerization method for the formation of amylose-polymer inclusion complexes was proposed to be named “vine-twining polymerization”. To yield an inclusion complex from a strongly hydrophobic polyester, the parallel enzymatic polymerization system was extensively developed. The author found that amylose selectively included one side of the guest polymer from a mixture of two resemblant guest polymers, as well as a specific range in molecular weights of the guest polymers poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF) in the vine-twining polymerization. Selective inclusion behavior of amylose toward stereoisomers of chiral polyesters, poly(lactide)s, also appeared in the vine-twining polymerization. PMID:24970172

Complexation of carbendazim with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin to improve solubility and fungicidal activity.

PubMed

Ge, Xia; Huang, Zheng; Tian, Shilong; Huang, Yulong; Zeng, Chaozhen

2012-06-05

The effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) on the improvement of the solubility and fungicidal activity of carbendazim (MBC) has been investigated. The inclusion complexation of HPβCD with MBC has been prepared and characterized by phase solubility diagram, fluorescence, (1)H NMR, ROESY and FT-IR spectra. The stoichiometric ratio and stability constant were determined by Job's plot and phase solubility studies, respectively. The inclusion complex MBC·HPβCD has exhibited different properties from MBC. The obtained inclusion complex was found to significantly improve the water solubility of MBC. In addition, the biological activity indicated that the complex displayed the better fungicidal activity than MBC. The present study provided useful information for a more rational application of MBC. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Spectral, thermal, and molecular modeling studies on the encapsulation of selected sulfonamide drugs in β-cyclodextrin nano-cavity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bani-Yaseen, Abdulilah Dawoud; Mo'ala, Abeer

2014-10-01

In the present work the inclusion complexation of three sulfonamide (SA) drugs, namely sulfisoxazole (SSX), sulfamethizole (SMZ), and Sulfamethazine (STM) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) has been investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, DSC, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and molecular modeling methods. The binding constant (Kb) of SA:β-CD inclusion complexation was determined via applying the modified form of Benesi-Hildebrand equation employing the changes in absorbance at λmax. Obtained results revealed that SA drugs form 1:1 inclusion complex with β-CD with Kb of 650, 1532, 714 M-1 at 25 °C for SSX, SMZ, and STM, respectively. The UV-Vis absorption spectra displayed solvatochromic behavior of bathochromic shift with decreasing solvent polarity that in turn is good agreement with their behavior in the presence of β-CD in terms of environment polarity dependency. The inclusion complex formation between β-CD and tested SA drugs in liquid and solid states was confirmed by 1H NMR and DSC, respectively. Using semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods at PM3 theoretical level, inclusion complexes' structures as well as energetic and thermodynamic parameters of encapsulation were elucidated. Obtained results revealed that the encapsulation is favorably energetic and enthalpic in nature with the inclusion of the aniline moiety through the wide rim side of β-CD nano-cavity. Further, molecular modeling revealed that β-CD encapsulation of SA drugs reduced their (EHOMO - ELUMO) gap.

Preparation, characterization and binding behaviors of host-guest inclusion complexes of metoclopramide hydrochloride with α- and β-cyclodextrin molecules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barman, Siti; Barman, Biraj Kumar; Roy, Mahendra Nath

2018-03-01

The supramolecular interaction of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MP) with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) has been inspected by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light, infra-red (IR) light, fluorescence and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The formation of an inclusion complex greatly affects the physical-chemical properties of the guest molecules, such as solubility, chemical reactivity and the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. Thus the changes in the spectral properties and physico-chemical properties confirm the inclusion complex formation. Surface tension, conductivity studies and Job's plot indicate a 1: 1 stoichiometry of the MP:CD host-guest inclusion complexes. The binding/association constants have been evaluated by both UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic study indicating a higher degree of encapsulation for β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Furthermore, the negative value of thermodynamic parameter (ΔG°) of the host-guest system suggests that the inclusion process proceeded spontaneously at 298.15 K. Based on the NMR data, the plausible mode of interaction of MP:α-CD and MP:β-CD complexes were proposed, which suggested that lipophilic aromatic ring of the MP entered into the cavity of CDs from the wider side, with the amide (sbnd CONH) and methoxy (-OMe) residues inside the CD cavity.

Study on vitamin K 3-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and analytical application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhenming, Dong; Xiuping, Liu; Guomei, Zhang; Shaomin, Shuang; Jinghao, Pan

2003-07-01

The inclusion interaction of the complexes between Vitamin K3 (VK3) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) were studied by using steady-state fluorescence measurements. The various factors affecting the inclusion process were examined in detail. The formation constants and inclusion stoichiometry for VK3-CDs were determined. The results showed that the inclusion ability of β-CD and its derivatives was the order: SBE-β-CD>HP-β-CD>β-CD. The related inclusion mechanism is proposed to explain the inclusion process. A method of determining VK3 was established with the linear range was 2.5×10-6-5.0×10-4 M, and was used to determine the VK3 tablets. The recoveries were in the range of 97.52-103.5%. The results were satisfactory.

Closed-form solution for Eshelby's elliptic inclusion in antiplane elasticity using complex variable

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Y. Z.

2013-12-01

This paper provides a closed-form solution for the Eshelby's elliptic inclusion in antiplane elasticity. In the formulation, the prescribed eigenstarins are not only for the uniform distribution, but also for the linear form. After using the complex variable and the conformal mapping, the continuation condition for the traction and displacement along the interface in the physical plane can be reduced to a condition along the unit circle. The relevant complex potentials defined in the inclusion and the matrix can be separated from the continuation conditions of the traction and displacement along the interface. The expressions of the real strains and stresses in the inclusion from the assumed eigenstrains are presented. Results for the case of linear distribution of eigenstrain are first obtained in the paper.

Host-guest inclusion system of ferulic acid with p-Sulfonatocalix[n]arenes: Preparation, characterization and antioxidant activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chao, Jianbin; Wang, Huijuan; Song, Kailun; Wang, Yongzhao; Zuo, Ying; Zhang, Liwei; Zhang, Bingtai

2017-02-01

The inclusion complexes of ferulic acid (FA) with p-Sulfonatocalix[n]arenes (SCXn, n = 4, 6, 8) were prepared and characterized both in the solid state and in solution using fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that FA is able to form inclusion complexes with SCXn in a molar ratio of 1:1, causing a significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of FA. The association constant of the inclusion complexes was calculated from the fluorescence titration data. 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis demonstrates that the aromatic ring and methoxy group of FA are partially covered by SCXn.

Encapsulation of citral isomers in extracted lemongrass oil with cyclodextrins: molecular modeling and physicochemical characterizations.

PubMed

Rungsardthong Ruktanonchai, Uracha; Srinuanchai, Wanwisa; Saesoo, Somsak; Sramala, Issara; Puttipipatkhachorn, Satit; Soottitantawat, Apinan

2011-01-01

The complexation between two isomers of citral in lemongrass oil and varying types of cyclodextrins (CDs), α-CD, β-CD, and HP-β-CD, were studied by molecular modeling and physicochemical characterization. The results obtained revealed that the most favorable complex formation governing between citrals in lemongrass oil and CDs were found at a 1:2 mole ratio for all CDs. Complex formation between E-citral and CD was more favorable than between Z-citral and CD. The thermal stability of the inclusion complex was observed compared to the citral in the lemongrass oil. The release time course of citral from the inclusion complex was the diffusion control, and it correlated well with Avrami's equation. The release rate constants of the E- and Z-citral inclusion complexes at 50 °C, 50% RH were observed at 1.32×10(-2) h(-1) and 1.43×10(-2) h(-1) respectively.

Structural characterization and bioavailability of ternary nanoparticles consisting of amylose, α-linoleic acid and β-lactoglobulin complexed with naringin.

PubMed

Feng, Tao; Wang, Ke; Liu, Fangfang; Ye, Ran; Zhu, Xiao; Zhuang, Haining; Xu, Zhimin

2017-06-01

Naringin is a bioflavonoid that is rich in citrus plants and possesses enormous health benefits. However, the use of naringin as a nutraceutical is significantly limited by its low bioavailability. In this study, a novel water-soluble ternary nanoparticle material consisting of amylose, α-linoleic acid and β-lactoglobulin was developed to encapsulate naringin to improve its bioavailability. The physicochemical characteristics of the ternary nanoparticle-naringin inclusion complex were analysed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and particle size distribution. The results confirmed the formation of the ternary nanoparticle-naringin inclusion complex. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading content (LC) of the ternary nanoparticle-naringin inclusion complex were 78.73±4.17% and 14.51±3.43%, respectively. In addition, the results of the ternary nanoparticle-naringin inclusion complex in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) demonstrated that naringin can be gradually released from the complex. In conclusion, ternary nanoparticles are considered promising carriers to effectively improve the bioavailability of naringin. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nanostructures formed by cyclodextrin covered procainamide through supramolecular self assembly - Spectral and molecular modeling study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajendiran, N.; Mohandoss, T.; Sankaranarayanan, R. K.

2015-02-01

Inclusion complexation behavior of procainamide (PCA) with two cyclodextrins (α-CD and β-CD) were analyzed by absorption, fluorescence, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman image, FT-IR, differential scanning colorimeter (DSC), Powder X ray diffraction (XRD) and 1H NMR. Blue shift was observed in β-CD whereas no significant spectral shift observed in α-CD. The inclusion complex formation results suggest that water molecules also present in the inside of the CD cavity. The present study revealed that the phenyl ring of the PCA drug is entrapped in the CD cavity. Cyclodextrin studies show that PCA forms 1:2 inclusion complex with α-CD and β-CD. PCA:α-CD complex form nano-sized particles (46 nm) and PCA:β-CD complex form self-assembled to micro-sized tubular structures. The shape-shifting of 2D nanosheets into 1D microtubes by simple rolling mechanism were analysed by micro-Raman and TEM images. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG and ΔS) of inclusion process were determined from semiempirical PM3 calculations.

Crystal structures and molecular dynamics studies of the inclusion compounds of β-citronellol in β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fourtaka, Katerina; Christoforides, Elias; Mentzafos, Dimitris; Bethanis, Kostas

2018-06-01

The crystal structures of the inclusion complexes of the β-citronellol (cl) inβ-Cyclodextrin (β-CD), heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-Cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-Cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD) have being investigated by X-ray crystallography. The cl/β-CD inclusion complex crystallizes in the P1space group forming dimers which are arranged along the c-axis according to the Intermediate Channel packing mode. Inside the dimeric host cavity two enantiomeric guest molecules are accommodated. The inclusion complexes of cl/DM-β-CD and cl/TM-β-CD crystallize in the P212121 space group having both 1:1 guest:host stoichiometry, the guest found always with the (-)-cl enantiomeric configuration. The guest is fully encapsulated inside the DM-β-CD host cavity whereas is partially encapsulated in the TM-β-CD which is severely puckered as in all TM-β-CD complexes and its primary side is efficiently blocked by the methoxy groups. The complex units in the case of cl/DM-β-CD pack along the crystallographic a-axis in a head-to-tail manner forming columns of herringbone mode whereas in the case of cl/TM-β-CD are arranged also head-to-tail, parallel to the b-axis, in a screw-channel mode. MD simulations based on the determined crystal structures showed that in a simulated aqueous environment the guest maintains the inclusion mode observed crystallographically in every case. MM/GBSA-calculations used for comparison of the inclusion complexes binding affinity with each other, indicated that the inclusion of β-citronellol in TM-β-CD is less favorable than in β-CD and DM-β-CD.

Inclusion complexes of cypermethrin and permethrin with monochlorotriazinyl-beta-cyclodextrin: A combined spectroscopy, TG/DSC and DFT study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Qi; You, Bin; Zhou, Shuli; Chen, Meng; Wang, Yujiao; Li, Wei

2014-01-01

The suitable size hydrophobic cavity and monochlorotriazinyl group as a reactive anchor make MCT-β-CD to be widely used in fabric finishing. In this paper, the inclusion complexes of monochlorotriazinyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCT-β-CD) with cypermethrin (CYPERM) and permethrin (PERM) are synthesized and analyzed by TG/DSC, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. TG/DSC reveals that the decomposed temperatures of inclusion complexes are lower by 25-30 °C than that of physical mixtures. DFT calculations in conjunction with FT-IR and Raman spectral analyses are used to study the structures of MCT-β-CD and their inclusion complexes. Four isomers of trisubstituted MCT-β-CD are designed and DFT calculations reveal that 1,3,5-trisubstituted MCT-β-CD has the lowest energy and can be considered as main component of MCT-β-CD. The ground-state geometries, vibrational wavenumbers, IR and Raman intensities of MCT-β-CD and their inclusion complexes were calculated at B3LYP/6-31G (d) level of theory. Upon examining the optimized geometry of inclusion complex, we find that the CYPERM and PERM are inserted into the toroid of MCT-β-CD from the larger opening. The band at 1646 cm-1 in IR and at 1668 cm-1 in Raman spectrum reveals that monochloroazinyl group of MCT-β-CD exists in ketone form but not in anion form. The noticeable IR and Raman shift of phenyl reveals that these two benzene rings of CYPERM and PERM stays inside the cavity of MCT-β-CD and has weak interaction with MCT-β-CD. This spectroscopy conclusion is consistent with theoretical predicted structure.

Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic evaluation of inclusion complexes between Riparin A and β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Araújo, Éverton José Ferreira de; Silva, Oskar Almeida; Rezende-Júnior, Luís Mário; Sousa, Ian Jhemes Oliveira; Araújo, Danielle Yasmin Moura Lopes de; Carvalho, Rusbene Bruno Fonseca de; Pereira, Sean Telles; Gutierrez, Stanley Juan Chavez; Ferreira, Paulo Michel Pinheiro; Lima, Francisco das Chagas Alves

2017-08-01

This study performed a physicochemical characterization of the inclusion complex generated between Riparin A and β-cyclodextrin (Rip A/β-CD) and compared the cytotoxic potential of the incorporated Rip A upon Artemia salina larvae. Samples were analyzed by phase solubility diagram, dissolution profile, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy and artemicidal action. Riparin A/β-cyclodextrin complexes presented increased water solubility, AL type solubility diagram and Kst constant of 373 L/mol. Thermal analysis demonstrated reduction of the melt peak of complexed Rip A at 116.2 °C. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed generation of inclusion complexes, 1H NMR pointed out the interaction with H-3 of β-CD cavities, alterations in the crystalline natures of Rip A when incorporated within β-CD were observed and inclusion complexes presented higher cytotoxic on A. salina nauplii, with CL50 value of 117.2 (84.9-161.8) μg/mL. So, Rip A was incorporated into β-CDs with high efficiency and water solubility of Rip A was improved. Such solubility was corroborated by cytotoxic evaluation and these outcomes support the improvement of biological properties for complexes between Riparin A/β-cyclodextrin.

Inclusion complex of benzocaine and β-cyclodextrin: 1H NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mic, Mihaela; Pırnǎu, Adrian; Bogdan, Mircea; Turcu, Ioan

2013-11-01

The supramolecular structure of the inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin with benzocaine in aqueous solution has been investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration nanocalorimetry (ITC). Analysis of 1H NMR data by continuous variation method indicates that the benzocaine: β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex occurs and has a 1:1 stoichiometry. Rotating frame NOE spectroscopy (ROESY) was used to ascertain the solution geometry of the host-guest complex which indicates that the benzocaine molecule was included with the aromatic ring into the cyclodextrin cavity. Although the affinity of benzocaine for cyclodextrin is relatively high, the association constant cannot be measured using ITC due to the low solubility of benzocaine in water.

The Proteome of the Isolated Chlamydia trachomatis Containing Vacuole Reveals a Complex Trafficking Platform Enriched for Retromer Components

PubMed Central

Fischer, Martina; Jehmlich, Nico; Rose, Laura; Koch, Sophia; Laue, Michael; Renard, Bernhard Y.; Schmidt, Frank; Heuer, Dagmar

2015-01-01

Chlamydia trachomatis is an important human pathogen that replicates inside the infected host cell in a unique vacuole, the inclusion. The formation of this intracellular bacterial niche is essential for productive Chlamydia infections. Despite its importance for Chlamydia biology, a holistic view on the protein composition of the inclusion, including its membrane, is currently missing. Here we describe the host cell-derived proteome of isolated C. trachomatis inclusions by quantitative proteomics. Computational analysis indicated that the inclusion is a complex intracellular trafficking platform that interacts with host cells’ antero- and retrograde trafficking pathways. Furthermore, the inclusion is highly enriched for sorting nexins of the SNX-BAR retromer, a complex essential for retrograde trafficking. Functional studies showed that in particular, SNX5 controls the C. trachomatis infection and that retrograde trafficking is essential for infectious progeny formation. In summary, these findings suggest that C. trachomatis hijacks retrograde pathways for effective infection. PMID:26042774

Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex to Improve Physicochemical Properties of Herbicide Bentazon: Exploring Better Formulations

PubMed Central

Yáñez, Claudia; Cañete-Rosales, Paulina; Castillo, Juan Pablo; Catalán, Nicole; Undabeytia, Tomás; Morillo, Esmeralda

2012-01-01

The knowledge of the host-guest complexes using cyclodextrins (CDs) has prompted an increase in the development of new formulations. The capacity of these organic host structures of including guest within their hydrophobic cavities, improves physicochemical properties of the guest. In the case of pesticides, several inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins have been reported. However, in order to explore rationally new pesticide formulations, it is essential to know the effect of cyclodextrins on the properties of guest molecules. In this study, the inclusion complexes of bentazon (Btz) with native βCD and two derivatives, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD), were prepared by two methods: kneading and freeze-drying, and their characterization was investigated with different analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). All these approaches indicate that Btz forms inclusion complexes with CDs in solution and in solid state, with a stoichiometry of 1∶1, although some of them are obtained in mixtures with free Btz. The calculated association constant of the Btz/HPCD complex by DPV was 244±19 M−1 being an intermediate value compared with those obtained with βCD and SBECD. The use of CDs significantly increases Btz photostability, and depending on the CDs, decreases the surface tension. The results indicated that bentazon forms inclusion complexes with CDs showing improved physicochemical properties compared to free bentazon indicating that CDs may serve as excipient in herbicide formulations. PMID:22952577

Improved hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films through incorporation of amylose-sodium palmitate inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Polymer film blends of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and amylose-sodium palmitate inclusion complexes (Na-Palm) were produced with no plasticizer, and were observed to have improved physical and gas barrier properties as compared with pure HPMC. The crystalline amylose helices incorporating t...

Analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and chiral-PAH analogues-methyl-β-cyclodextrin guest-host inclusion complexes by fluorescence spectrophotometry and multivariate regression analysis.

PubMed

Greene, LaVana; Elzey, Brianda; Franklin, Mariah; Fakayode, Sayo O

2017-03-05

The negative health impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and differences in pharmacological activity of enantiomers of chiral molecules in humans highlights the need for analysis of PAHs and their chiral analogue molecules in humans. Herein, the first use of cyclodextrin guest-host inclusion complexation, fluorescence spectrophotometry, and chemometric approach to PAH (anthracene) and chiral-PAH analogue derivatives (1-(9-anthryl)-2,2,2-triflouroethanol (TFE)) analyses are reported. The binding constants (K b ), stoichiometry (n), and thermodynamic properties (Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS)) of anthracene and enantiomers of TFE-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD) guest-host complexes were also determined. Chemometric partial-least-square (PLS) regression analysis of emission spectra data of Me-β-CD-guest-host inclusion complexes was used for the determination of anthracene and TFE enantiomer concentrations in Me-β-CD-guest-host inclusion complex samples. The values of calculated K b and negative ΔG suggest the thermodynamic favorability of anthracene-Me-β-CD and enantiomeric of TFE-Me-β-CD inclusion complexation reactions. However, anthracene-Me-β-CD and enantiomer TFE-Me-β-CD inclusion complexations showed notable differences in the binding affinity behaviors and thermodynamic properties. The PLS regression analysis resulted in square-correlation-coefficients of 0.997530 or better and a low LOD of 3.81×10 -7 M for anthracene and 3.48×10 -8 M for TFE enantiomers at physiological conditions. Most importantly, PLS regression accurately determined the anthracene and TFE enantiomer concentrations with an average low error of 2.31% for anthracene, 4.44% for R-TFE and 3.60% for S-TFE. The results of the study are highly significant because of its high sensitivity and accuracy for analysis of PAH and chiral PAH analogue derivatives without the need of an expensive chiral column, enantiomeric resolution, or use of a polarized light. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Investigation on the inclusion interaction of 4-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes with 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yongbin; Chao, Jianbin; Zhao, Shuhui; Xu, Penghao; Wang, Hongfang; Guo, Zhiqiang; Liu, Diansheng

2014-11-01

The inclusion behaviors of 4-Sulfonatocalix[n]arenes (SCXn) (n = 4, 6, 8) with 1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine (NPP) were investigated by UV spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy at different pH values (pH = 3.05, 6.50, 8.40). The UV absorption and fluorescence intensity of NPP remarkably increased in presence of SCXn revealing formation of the inclusion complexes between NPP and SCXn. Moreover, the formation constants (K) of inclusion complexes were also determined by the non-linear fitting method, and the obtained data showed that the formation constants decreased gradually with the increasing of the pH value. When the pH value was 3.05, the formation constant of NPP with SCX8 reached a maximum of 1.7 × 107 L mol-1. The stoichiometric ratio was verified to be 1:1 by the continuous variation method. Meanwhile FT-IR and DSC analysis also indicated that NPP could form the inclusion complex with SCXn. In order to explore the inclusion mechanism of NPP with SCXn, 1H NMR and molecular modeling studies were carried out and experimental results showed that the part of benzene ring of NPP penetrated into the hydrophobic cavity of SCXn.

A circular dichroism and structural study of the inclusion complex artemisinin-β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marconi, Giancarlo; Monti, Sandra; Manoli, Francesco; Degli Esposti, Alessandra; Mayer, Bernd

2004-01-01

The inclusion complex between the powerful antimalarial agent Artemisinin and β-cyclodextrin has been studied by means of Circular Dichroism and elucidated by Density Functional Theory calculations on the isolated molecule combined to a statistical Monte Carlo search of the most stable geometry of the complex. The results evidence a host-guest structure in full agreement with the almost unaffected functionality of the drug, which is found to experience a significant hydrophilic environment when complexed.

Inclusion complexes of azadirachtin with native and methylated cyclodextrins: solubilization and binding ability.

PubMed

Liu, Yu; Chen, Guo-Song; Chen, Yong; Lin, Jun

2005-06-02

The inclusion complexation behavior of azadirachtin with several cyclodextrins and their methylated derivatives has been investigated in both solution and the solid state by means of XRD, TG-DTA, DSC, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results show that the water solubility of azadirachtin was obviously increased after resulting inclusion complex with cyclodextrins. Typically, beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DMbetaCD), permethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (TMbetaCD), and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) are found to be able to solubilize azadirachtin to high levels up to 2.7, 1.3, 3.5, and 1.6 mg/mL (calculated as azadirachtin), respectively. This satisfactory water solubility and high thermal stability of the cyclodextrin-azadirachtin complexes, will be potentially useful for their application as herbal medicine or healthcare products.

Inclusion complex formation of ionic liquids with 4-sulfonatocalixarenes studied by competitive binding of berberine alkaloid fluorescent probe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miskolczy, Zsombor; Biczók, László

2009-07-01

A clinically important natural isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine, was used as a fluorescent probe to study the encapsulation of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium (C nMIm +) type ionic liquids in 4-sulfonato-substituted calix[4]arene (SCX4) and calix[6]arene (SCX6) at pH 2. Addition of ionic liquids to the aqueous solution of berberine-SCXn inclusion complexes brought about considerable fluorescence intensity diminution due to the extrusion of berberine from the macrocycle into the aqueous phase by the competitive inclusion of C nMIm + cation. The lengthening of the aliphatic side chain of the imidazolium moiety diminished the equilibrium constant of complexation with SCX4, but enhanced the stability of SCX6 complexes. Larger binding strength was found for SCX4.

Influence of chirality on vibrational and relaxational properties of (S)- and (R,S)-ibuprofen/methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: an INS and QENS study.

PubMed

Crupi, Vincenza; Guella, Graziano; Longeville, Stéphane; Majolino, Domenico; Mancini, Ines; Paciaroni, Alessandro; Rossi, Barbara; Venuti, Valentina

2013-10-03

In this paper, we analyze the internal picosecond dynamics of enantiomeric ((S)-) and racemic ((R,S)-) ibuprofen (IBP), when forming inclusion complexes, in solid state, with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD), by inelastic and quasi elastic neutron scattering. The study was aimed at understanding, by the analysis of the vibrational and relaxational properties of the inclusion complexes also with respect to the single components, if and how the differences in the structural properties of the hydrogen bond (HB) network of (S)- and (R,S)-IBP can have influence on the complexation process triggered by "host-guest" interactions, whose detailed knowledge is retained as a prerequisite for enantiodiscrimination. From the results, a similar complexation mechanism for (S)- and (R,S)-IBP is argued, with a preferred penetration mode involving the isopropyl group of IBP.

Amylose-potassium oleate inclusion complex in plain set-style yogurt

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Amylose-potassium oleate inclusion complex (AIC) were used to replace skim milk solids in yogurt. The effect of AIC on yogurt fermentation and small amplitude oscillatory shear flow measurements of storage and loss moduli were studied and compared to full fat samples. Texture, storage modulus, and s...

Poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films with high percent elongation prepared from amylose-fatty ammonium salt inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Amylose inclusion complexes prepared from cationic fatty ammonium salts and jet-cooked high amylose starch were combined with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) to form glycerol-plasticized films. Their tensile properties were compared with similar films prepared previously with analogous anionic fatty acid...

Rheological characterization of solutions and thin films made from amylose-hexadecylammonium chloride inclusion complexes and polyvinyl alcohol

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The rheological properties of aqueous solutions and films made from blends of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and amylose-hexadecylammonium chloride inclusion complexes (Hex-Am) were investigated to better understand the polymer interactions and processing parameters. Aqueous solutions of Hex-Am displayed ...

Water soluble biocompatible vesicles based on polysaccharides and oligosaccharides inclusion complexes for carotenoid delivery.

PubMed

Polyakov, Nikolay E; Kispert, Lowell D

2015-09-05

Since carotenoids are highly hydrophobic, air- and light-sensitive hydrocarbon compounds, developing methods for increasing their bioavailability and stability towards irradiation and reactive oxygen species is an important goal. Application of inclusion complexes of "host-guest" type with polysaccharides and oligosaccharides such as arabinogalactan, cyclodextrins and glycyrrhizin minimizes the disadvantages of carotenoids when these compounds are used in food processing (colors and antioxidant capacity) as well as for production of therapeutic formulations. Cyclodextrin complexes which have been used demonstrated enhanced storage stability but suffered from poor solubility. Polysaccharide and oligosaccharide based inclusion complexes play an important role in pharmacology by providing increased solubility and stability of lipophilic drugs. In addition they are used as drug delivery systems to increase absorption rate and bioavailability of the drugs. In this review we summarize the existing data on preparation methods, analysis, and chemical reactivity of carotenoids in inclusion complexes with cyclodextrin, arabinogalactan and glycyrrhizin. It was demonstrated that incorporation of carotenoids into the "host" macromolecule results in significant changes in their physical and chemical properties. In particular, polysaccharide complexes show enhanced photostability of carotenoids in water solutions. A significant decrease in the reactivity towards metal ions and reactive oxygen species in solution was also detected. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Increasing solubility of red bell pepper carotenoids by complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

de Lima Petito, Nicolly; da Silva Dias, Daiana; Costa, Valéria Gonçalves; Falcão, Deborah Quintanilha; de Lima Araujo, Kátia Gome

2016-10-01

Red bell pepper carotenoids were complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) in different mass ratios (1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10) through ultrasonic homogenization in order to increase carotenoid solubility and their use as natural pigment in food. Inclusion complexes, red bell pepper extract and physical mixtures were analyzed by DSC, FT-IR, (1)H NMR and DLS. Solubility assay was performed to identify the effect of complexation on the solubility of carotenoids. From characterization assays, results showed that inclusion process occurred for all tested ratios. Results for water solubility assays demonstrated clear differences between solubility index of inclusion complexes (8.06±2.59-16.55±4.40mg/mL) and physical mixtures (3.53±1.44-7.3±1.88mg/mL), while carotenoid extract was no water soluble, as expected. These results indicated that molecular inclusion of carotenoids in 2-HPβCD was efficient to enhance their solubility in water, enabling application of red bell pepper carotenoid as natural pigment and/or bioactive substances in food. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Intestinal Permeability of β-Lapachone and Its Cyclodextrin Complexes and Physical Mixtures.

PubMed

Mangas-Sanjuan, Victor; Gutiérrez-Nieto, Jorge; Echezarreta-López, Magdalena; González-Álvarez, Isabel; González-Álvarez, Marta; Casabó, Vicente-Germán; Bermejo, Marival; Landin, Mariana

2016-12-01

β-Lapachone (βLAP) is a promising, poorly soluble, antitumoral drug. βLAP combination with cyclodextrins (CDs) improves its solubility and dissolution but there is not enough information about the impact of cyclodextrins on βLAP intestinal permeability. The objectives of this work were to characterize βLAP intestinal permeability and to elucidate cyclodextrins effect on the dissolution properties and on the intestinal permeability. The final goal was to evaluate CDs influence on the oral absorption of βLAP. Binary systems (physical mixtures and inclusion complexes) including βLAP and CDs (β-cyclodextrin: βCD, random-methyl-β-cyclodextrin: RMβCD and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin: SBEβCD) have been prepared and analysed by differential scanning calorimetry. βLAP (and its combinations with CDs) absorption rate coefficients and effective permeability values have been determined in vitro in MDCK or MDCK-Mdr1 monolayers and in situ in rat by a closed loop perfusion technique. DSC results confirmed the formation of the inclusion complexes. βLAP-CDs inclusion complexes improve drug solubility and dissolution rate in comparison with physical mixtures. βLAP presented a high permeability value which can provide complete oral absorption. Its oral absorption is limited by its low solubility and dissolution rate. Cyclodextrin (both as physical mixtures and inclusion complexes) showed a positive effect on the intestinal permeability of βLAP. Complexation with CDs does not reduce βLAP intestinal permeability in spite of the potential negative effect of the reduction in free fraction of the drug. The use of RMβCD or SBEβCD inclusion complexes could benefit βLAP oral absorption by enhancing its solubility, dissolution rate and permeability.

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for Delivery of Baicalin via Inclusion Complexation by Supercritical Fluid Encapsulation.

PubMed

Li, Ying; He, Zhen-Dan; Zheng, Qian-En; Hu, Chengshen; Lai, Wing-Fu

2018-05-14

Over the years, various methods have been developed to enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs; however, most of these methods are time-consuming and labor intensive or involve the use of toxic materials. A method that can safely and effectively enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs is lacking. This study adopted baicalin as an insoluble drug model, and used hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for the delivery of baicalin via the inclusion complexation by supercritical fluid encapsulation. Different parameters for the complex preparation as well as the physicochemical properties of the complex have been investigated. Our results showed that when compared to the conventional solution mixing approach, supercritical fluid encapsulation enables a more precise control of the properties of the complex, and gives higher loading and encapsulation efficiency. It is anticipated that our reported method can be useful in enhancing the preparation efficiency of inclusion complexes, and can expand the application potential of insoluble herbal ingredients in treatment development and pharmaceutical formulation.

Spectroscopic methods for aqueous cyclodextrin inclusion complex binding measurement for 1,4-dioxane, chlorinated co-contaminants, and ozone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, Naima A.; Johnson, Michael D.; Carroll, Kenneth C.

2018-03-01

Recalcitrant organic contaminants, such as 1,4-dioxane, typically require advanced oxidation process (AOP) oxidants, such as ozone (O3), for their complete mineralization during water treatment. Unfortunately, the use of AOPs can be limited by these oxidants' relatively high reactivities and short half-lives. These drawbacks can be minimized by partial encapsulation of the oxidants within a cyclodextrin cavity to form inclusion complexes. We determined the inclusion complexes of O3 and three common co-contaminants (trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1,4-dioxane) as guest compounds within hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Both direct (ultraviolet or UV) and competitive (fluorescence changes with 6-p-toluidine-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid as the probe) methods were used, which gave comparable results for the inclusion constants of these species. Impacts of changing pH and NaCl concentrations were also assessed. Binding constants increased with pH and with ionic strength, which was attributed to variations in guest compound solubility. The results illustrate the versatility of cyclodextrins for inclusion complexation with various types of compounds, binding measurement methods are applicable to a wide range of applications, and have implications for both extraction of contaminants and delivery of reagents for treatment of contaminants in wastewater or contaminated groundwater.

Formulation, characterization and evaluation of cyclodextrin-complexed bendamustine-encapsulated PLGA nanospheres for sustained delivery in cancer treatment.

PubMed

Gidwani, Bina; Vyas, Amber

2016-03-01

PLGA nanospheres are considered to be promising drug carrier in the treatment of cancer. Inclusion complex of bendamustine (BM) with epichlorohydrin beta cyclodextrin polymer was prepared by freeze-drying method. Phase solubility study revealed formation of AL type complex with stability constant (Ks = 645 M(-1)). This inclusion complex was encapsulated into PLGA nanospheres using solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) technique. The particle size and zeta potential of PLGA nanospheres loaded with cyclodextrin-complexed BM were about 151.4 ± 2.53 nm and - 31.9 ± (-3.08) mV. In-vitro release study represented biphasic release pattern with 20% burst effect and sustained slow release. DSC studies indicated that inclusion complex incorporated in PLGA nanospheres was not in a crystalline state but existed in an amorphous or molecular state. The cytotoxicity experiment was studied in Z-138 cells and IC50 value was found to be 4.3 ± 0.11 µM. Cell viability studies revealed that the PLGA nanospheres loaded with complex exerts a more pronounced effect on the cancer cells as compared to the free drug. In conclusion, PLGA nanospheres loaded with inclusion complex of BM led to sustained drug delivery. The nanospheres were stable after 3 months of storage conditions with slight change in their particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency.

Inclusion bodies of aggregated hemosiderins in liver macrophages.

PubMed

Hayashi, Hisao; Tatsumi, Yasuaki; Wakusawa, Shinya; Shigemasa, Ryota; Koide, Ryoji; Tsuchida, Ken-Ichi; Morotomi, Natsuko; Yamashita, Tetsuji; Kumagai, Kotaro; Ono, Yukiya; Hayashi, Kazuhiko; Ishigami, Masatoshi; Goto, Hidemi; Kato, Ayako; Kato, Koichi

2017-12-01

Hemosiderin formation is a structural indication of iron overload. We investigated further adaptations of the liver to excess iron. Five patients with livers showing iron-rich inclusions larger than 2 µm were selected from our database. The clinical features of patients and structures of the inclusions were compared with those of 2 controls with mild iron overload. All patients had severe iron overload with more than 5000 ng/mL of serum ferritin. Etiologies were variable, from hemochromatosis to iatrogenic iron overload. Their histological stages were either portal fibrosis or cirrhosis. Inclusion bodies were ultra-structurally visualized as aggregated hemosiderins in the periportal macrophages. X-ray analysis always identified, in addition to a large amount of iron complexes including oxygen and phosphorus, a small amount of copper and sulfur in the mosaic matrixes of inclusions. There were no inclusions in the control livers. Inclusion bodies, when the liver is loaded with excess iron, may appear in the macrophages as isolated organella of aggregated hemosiderins. Trace amounts of copper-sulfur complexes were always identified in the mosaic matrices of the inclusions, suggesting cuproprotein induction against excess iron. In conclusion, inclusion formation in macrophages may be an adaptation of the liver loaded with excess iron.

Heterogenous Oxygen Isotopic Composition of a Complex Wark-Lovering Rim and the Margin of a Refractory Inclusion from Leoville

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Simon, J. I.; Matzel, J. E. P.; Simon, S. B.; Weber, P. K.; Grossman, L.; Ross, D. K.; Hutcheon, I. D.

2014-01-01

Wark-Lovering (WL) rims [1] surrounding many refractory inclusions represent marker events in the early evolution of the Solar System in which many inclusions were exposed to changes in pressure [2], temperature [3], and isotopic reservoirs [4-7]. The effects of these events can be complex, not only producing mineralogical variability of WL rims [2], but also leading to mineralogical [8-10] and isotopic [7, 11, 12] changes within inclusion interiors. Extreme oxygen isotopic heterogeneity measured in CAIs has been explained by mixing between distinct oxygen gas reservoirs in the nebula [13]. Some WL rims contain relatively simple mineral layering and/or are isotopically homogeneous [14, 15]. As part of a larger effort to document and understand the modifications observed in some CAIs, an inclusion (L6) with a complex WL rim from Leoville, a member of the reduced CV3 subgroup was studied. Initial study of the textures and mineral chemistry was presented by [16]. Here we present NanoSIMS oxygen isotopic measurements to complement these petrologic observations.

Extruded foams prepared from high amylose starch with sodium stearate to form amylose inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Starch foams were prepared from high amylose corn starch in the presence and absence of sodium stearate and PVOH to determine how the formation of amylose-sodium stearate inclusion complexes and the addition of PVOH would affect foam properties. Low extrusion temperatures were used, and X-ray diffra...

Properties of extruded starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymers prepared from spherulites formed from amylose-oleic acid inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Mixtures of high amylose corn starch and oleic acid were processed by steam jet-cooking, and the dispersions were rapidly cooled to yield amylose-oleic acid inclusion complexes as sub-micron spherulites and spherulite aggregates. Dispersions of these spherulite particles were then graft polymerized ...

Properties of amylose-oleic acid inclusion complexes from corn starch grafted with poly(methyl acrylate)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Corn starch granules have been previously investigated as fillers in polymers. In this study, much smaller particles in the form of spherulites produced by steam jet-cooking high-amylose corn starch and oleic acid to form amylose inclusion complexes were graft polymerized with methyl acrylate, both ...

Ferrocene Derivatives Included in a Water-Soluble Cavitand: Are They Electroinactive?

PubMed Central

Podkoscielny, Dagmara; Hooley, Richard J.; Rebek, Julius; Kaifer, Angel E.

2009-01-01

The formation in aqueous solution of kinetically stable inclusion complexes between a deep-cavity cavitand and several redox active ferrocene derivatives was demonstrated using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The electrochemical kinetics of the inclusion complexes was strongly attenuated as compared to that observed with the free guests. PMID:18537255

Characterization of Cyclodextrin/Volatile Inclusion Complexes: A Review.

PubMed

Kfoury, Miriana; Landy, David; Fourmentin, Sophie

2018-05-17

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides that constitute one of the most widely used molecular hosts in supramolecular chemistry. Encapsulation in the hydrophobic cavity of CDs positively affects the physical and chemical characteristics of the guests upon the formation of inclusion complexes. Such a property is interestingly employed to retain volatile guests and reduce their volatility. Within this scope, the starting crucial point for a suitable and careful characterization of an inclusion complex is to assess the value of the formation constant (K f ), also called stability or binding constant. This task requires the application of the appropriate analytical method and technique. Thus, the aim of the present paper is to give a general overview of the main analytical tools used for the determination of K f values for CD/volatile inclusion complexes. This review emphasizes on the advantages, inconvenients and limits of each applied method. A special attention is also dedicated to the improvement of the current methods and to the development of new techniques. Further, the applicability of each technique is illustrated by a summary of data obtained from the literature.

Complexes between methyltestosterone and β-cyclodextrin for application in aquaculture production.

PubMed

Carvalho, Lucas Bragança de; Burusco, Kepa Koldo; Jaime, Carlos; Venâncio, Tiago; Carvalho, Aline Ferreira Souza de; Murgas, Luis David Solis; Pinto, Luciana de Matos Alves

2018-01-01

The inclusion complexes between 17-α-methyltestosterone (MT) and β-cyclodextrin (bCD) were prepared and characterized in dissolution and solid phase. The complex promoted a sixfold increment in solubility of the hormone. It has a limited solubility and stoichiometry of 2:1 (bCD:MT) determined by DSC, NMR and solubility experiments, the association constant Ka=2846Lmol -1 and complex fraction of 76% (assessed by DOSY-NMR, in (1:3) DMSO/D 2 O). The association constant obtained in water by the solubility isotherms is 7540Lmol -1 . 2D-ROESY experiments indicate the intermolecular orientation (complete inclusion of the hormone in the cavity). Simulations by molecular dynamics agreed with the formation of the inclusion complex 2:1. Release tests showed the slower release for the complexes, with 50% for lyophilization and 56% for malaxation. These results clearly demonstrate the complexation of MT in bCD, which formulations are promising for further applications involving this steroid in aquaculture, both for sexual reversal and in technologies of hormone in water sequestration. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization, phase solubility and molecular modeling of α-cyclodextrin/pyrimethamine inclusion complex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Araujo, Marcia Valeria Gaspar de; Macedo, Osmir F. L.; Nascimento, Cristiane da Cunha; Conegero, Leila Souza; Barreto, Ledjane Silva; Almeida, Luis Eduardo; Costa, Nivan Bezerra da; Gimenez, Iara F.

2009-02-01

An inclusion complex between the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor pyrimethamine (PYR) and α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) was prepared and characterized. From the phase-solubility diagram, a linear increase of PYR solubility was verified as a function of α-CD concentration, suggesting the formation of a soluble complex. A 1:1 host-guest stoichiometry can be proposed according to the Job's plot, obtained from the difference of PYR fluorescence intensity in the presence and absence of α-CD. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements provided additional evidences of complexation such as the absence of the endothermic peak assigned to the melting of the drug. The inclusion mode characterized by two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy (ROESY) involves penetration of the p-chlorophenyl ring into the α-CD cavity, in agreement to the orientation optimized by molecular modeling methods.

1H NMR study of inclusion compounds of phenylurea derivatives in β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dupuy, N.; Barbry, D.; Bria, M.; Marquis, S.; Vrielynck, L.; Kister, J.

2005-04-01

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H NMR), which has become an important tool for the study "in situ" of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) complexes, was used to study and structurally characterize the inclusion complexes formed between β-CD and isoproturon, fenuron, monuron and diuron. The high variation of the chemical shifts from the proton located inside the cavity (H-3, H-5 and H-6) coupled with the non variation of the one located outer sphere of the β-CD (H-1, H-2 and H-4) provided clear evidence of the inclusion phenomena. Two-dimensional rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) experiments were carried out to further support the proposed inclusion mode.

The Inclusion of Inclusive Education in International Development: Lessons from Papua New Guinea

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Le Fanu, Guy

2013-01-01

A new "inclusive" curriculum has been introduced in Papua New Guinea, with significant levels of support from a bilateral development agency. The curriculum is inclusive in the sense that it is designed to meet the diverse, complex, and ever-changing needs of students. Research indicates the curriculum has been shaped by various…

Ibuprofen-in-cyclodextrin-in-W/O/W emulsion - Improving the initial and long-term encapsulation efficiency of a model active ingredient.

PubMed

Hattrem, Magnus N; Kristiansen, Kåre A; Aachmann, Finn L; Dille, Morten J; Draget, Kurt I

2015-06-20

A challenge in formulating water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions is the uncontrolled release of the encapsulated compound prior to application. Pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals usually have amphipathic nature, which may contribute to leakage of the active ingredient. In the present study, cyclodextrins (CyDs) were used to impart a change in the relative polarity and size of a model compound (ibuprofen) by the formation of inclusion complexes. Various inclusion complexes (2-hydroxypropyl (HP)-β-CyD-, α-CyD- and γ-CyD-ibuprofen) were prepared and presented within W/O/W emulsions, and the initial and long-term encapsulation efficiency was investigated. HP-β-CyD-ibuprofen provided the highest encapsulation of ibuprofen in comparison to a W/O/W emulsion with unassociated ibuprofen confined within the inner water phase, with a four-fold increase in the encapsulation efficiency. An improved, although lower, encapsulation efficiency was obtained for the inclusion complex γ-CyD-ibuprofen in comparison to HP-β-CyD-ibuprofen, whereas α-CyD-ibuprofen had a similar encapsulation efficiency to that of unassociated ibuprofen. The lower encapsulation efficiency of ibuprofen in combination with α-CyD and γ-CyD was attributed to a lower association constant for the γ-CyD-ibuprofen inclusion complex and the ability of α-CyD to form inclusion complexes with fatty acids. For the W/O/W emulsion prepared with HP-β-CyD-ibuprofen, the highest encapsulation of ibuprofen was obtained at hyper- and iso-osmotic conditions and by using an excess molar ratio of CyD to ibuprofen. In the last part of the study, it was suggested that the chemical modification of the HP-β-CyD molecule did not influence the encapsulation of ibuprofen, as a similar encapsulation efficiency was obtained for an inclusion complex prepared with mono-1-glucose-β-CyD. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inclusive Education as Complex Process and Challenge for School System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Khamisy, Danuta

2015-01-01

Education may be considered as a number of processes, actions and effects affecting human being, as the state or level of the results of these processes or as the modification of the functions, institutions and social practices roles, which in the result of inclusion become new, integrated system. Thus this is very complex process. Nowadays the…

Commentary on the Inclusion of Persistent Complex Bereavement-Related Disorder in DSM-5

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boelen, Paul A.; Prigerson, Holly G.

2012-01-01

The DSM-5 Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and Dissociative Disorders Work Group has proposed criteria for Persistent Complex Bereavement-Related Disorder (PCBRD) for inclusion in the appendix of DSM-5. The authors feel that it is important that dysfunctional grief will become a formal condition in DSM-5 because that would…

Higher value films prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) and amylose-fatty acid derivatives inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Water soluble amylose fatty acid and fatty ammonium salt inclusion complexes (AIC) were prepared by jet cooked high amylose corn starch with water soluble salts of long chain fatty acids or fatty amines. The formation of AIC was confirmed by X-ray diffraction of freeze-dried samples. After dissoluti...

Fluorimetric and mass spectrometric study of the interaction of β-cyclodextrin and osthole

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Huarong; Zhang, Hanqi; Qu, Chenling; Bai, Lifei; Ding, Lan

2007-11-01

The inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and osthole was studied by the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and fluorescence spectrometry. From the mass spectrum, the 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex of β-CD and osthole was observed. The tandem mass spectrum was performed. The fluorescence intensity of osthole increased in the present of β-CD. According to the 1:1 β-CD-osthole mode, the dissociation constant ( KD) was obtained by ESI-MS and fluorescence spectrometry. The KD of β-CD-osthole inclusion complex is 6.96 × 10 -3 mol L -1 obtained by mass spectrometry and that is 8.14 × 10 -3 mol L -1 obtained by fluorescence spectrometry, which is consistent with each other.

A novel particle engineering technology to enhance dissolution of poorly water soluble drugs: spray-freezing into liquid.

PubMed

Rogers, True L; Nelsen, Andrew C; Hu, Jiahui; Brown, Judith N; Sarkari, Marazban; Young, Timothy J; Johnston, Keith P; Williams, Robert O

2002-11-01

A novel cryogenic spray-freezing into liquid (SFL) process was developed to produce microparticulate powders consisting of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) molecularly embedded within a pharmaceutical excipient matrix. In the SFL process, a feed solution containing the API was atomized beneath the surface of a cryogenic liquid such that the liquid-liquid impingement between the feed and cryogenic liquids resulted in intense atomization into microdroplets, which were frozen instantaneously into microparticles. The SFL micronized powder was obtained following lyophilization of the frozen microparticles. The objective of this study was to develop a particle engineering technology to produce micronized powders of the hydrophobic drug, danazol, complexed with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) and to compare these SFL micronized powders to inclusion complex powders produced from other techniques, such as co-grinding of dry powder mixtures and lyophilization of bulk solutions. Danazol and HPbetaCD were dissolved in a water/tetrahydrofuran cosolvent mixture prior to SFL processing or slow freezing. Identical quantities of the API and HPbetaCD used in the solutions were co-ground in a mortar and pestle and blended to produce a co-ground physical mixture for comparison. The powder samples were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, surface area analysis, and dissolution testing. The results provided by DSC, XRD, and FTIR suggested the formation of inclusion complexes by both slow-freezing and SFL. However, the specific surface area was significantly higher for the latter. Dissolution results suggested that equilibration of the danazol/HPbetaCD solution prior to SFL processing was required to produce the most soluble conformation of the resulting inclusion complex following SFL. SFL micronized powders exhibited better dissolution profiles than the slowly frozen aggregate powder. Results indicated that micronized SFL inclusion complex powders dissolved faster in aqueous dissolution media than inclusion complexes formed by conventional techniques due to higher surface areas and stabilized inclusion complexes obtained by ultra-rapid freezing.

Synthesis and characterization of nano-encapsulated black pepper oleoresin using hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin for antioxidant and antimicrobial applications.

PubMed

Teixeira, Bruna N; Ozdemir, Necla; Hill, Laura E; Gomes, Carmen L

2013-12-01

Previous studies have reported antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of black pepper oleoresin which is associated to its phenolic compounds and piperine. The ability of cyclodextrins to form an inclusion complex with a guest molecule could improve black pepper oleoresin application, bioavailability, and stability in foods. Hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) inclusion complex with black pepper olereosin were synthesized using the kneading method and characterized for its physico-chemical properties and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Inclusion complex size was 103.9 ± 7.6 nm and indicated to be a polydisperse system. The entrapment efficiency was 78.3 ± 3.6%, which suggests that other constituents in black pepper oleoresin have higher affinities for HPBCD than piperine (major compound in black pepper oleoresin). Thermograms showed the disappearance of oxidation peaks of black pepper oleoresin, proving complex formation with HPBCD. Phase solubility results indicated 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex formation and an increase of black pepper oleoresin aqueous solubility with HPBCD concentration. Nano-encapsulation with HPBCD did not affect (P > 0.05) total phenolic content; however, it enhanced (P < 0.05) black pepper oleoresin antioxidant activity. Black pepper oleoresin and its inclusion complex were analyzed for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Both free and encapsulated black pepper oleoresin effectively inhibited bacterial growth within the concentration range tested. Black pepper oleoresin encapsulated in HPBCD was able to inhibit Salmonella at lower (P < 0.05) concentrations than its corresponding free extract. Therefore, black pepper oleoresin-HPBCD nanocapsules could have important applications in the food industry as antimicrobial and antioxidant system. © 2013 Institute of Food Technologists®

Synthetic H sub 2 O-CO sub 2 fluid inclusions in spontaneously nucleated forsterite, enstatite, and diopside hosts: The method and applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, E.L.; Jenkins, D.M.

1991-04-01

This paper describes an experimental technique for the production of primary synthetic H{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O-CO{sub 2}-NaCl fluid inclusions in forsterite, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene hosts spontaneously nucleated during the incongruent dissolution of tremolite. The host producing reactions involve the complexation and transport of Ca, Mg, and SiO{sub 2} to the growing product phases in which the inclusions are hosted. This technique, therefore, provides the opportunity to study the effects of a complex host-producing reaction on the composition of the fluids trapped as primary inclusions in the growing host phase. In addition to providing a model for the entrapmentmore » of primary fluid inclusions, the reactions provide an excellent model of the onset of granulite facies metamorphism where, in nature, fluid inclusion compositions are commonly in disequilibrium with the mineral assemblages in which they are hosted.« less

Encapsulation of labetalol, pseudoephedrine in β-cyclodextrin cavity: spectral and molecular modeling studies.

PubMed

Prabhu, A Antony Muthu; Rajendiran, N

2012-11-01

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of labetalol and pseudoephedrine have been studied in different polarities of solvents and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The inclusion complexation with β-CD is investigated by UV-visible, steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectra and PM3 method. In protic solvents, the normal emission originates from a locally excited state and the longer wavelength emission is due to intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). Labetalol forms a 1:2 complex and pseudoephedrine forms 1:1 complex with β-CD. Nanosecond time-resolved studies indicated that both molecules show triexponential decay. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) and HOMO, LUMO orbital investigations confirm the stability of the inclusion complex. The geometry of the most stable complex shows that the aromatic ring is deeply self included inside the β-CD cavity and intermolecular hydrogen bonds were established between host and guest molecules. This suggests that hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bond play an important role in the inclusion process.

Structural evaluation of crystalline ternary γ-cyclodextrin complex.

PubMed

Higashi, Kenjirou; Ideura, Saori; Waraya, Haruka; Moribe, Kunikazu; Yamamoto, Keiji

2011-01-01

The structure of a crystalline γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) ternary complex containing salicylic acid (SA) and flurbiprofen (FBP) prepared by sealed heating was investigated. FBP/γ-CD inclusion complex was prepared by coprecipitation; its molar ratio was determined as 1/1. Powder X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the molecular packing of γ-CD changed from hexagonal to monoclinic columnar form by sealed heating of SA with dried FBP/γ-CD inclusion complex, indicating ternary complex formation. The stoichiometry of SA/FBP/γ-CD was estimated as 2/1/1. Solid-state transformation of γ-CD molecular packing upon water vapor adsorption and desorption was irreversible for this ternary complex, in contrast to the reversible transition for the FBP/γ-CD inclusion complex. The ternary complex contained one FBP molecule in the cavity of γ-CD and two SA molecules in the intermolecular space between neighboring γ-CD column stacks. Infrared and (13) C solid-state NMR spectroscopies revealed that the molecular states of SA and FBP changed upon ternary complex formation. In the complex, dimer FBP molecules were sandwiched between two γ-CD molecules whereas each monomer SA molecule was present in the intermolecular space of γ-CD. Ternary complex formation was also observed for other drug-guest systems using naproxen and ketoprofen. Thus, the complex can be used to formulate variety of drugs. Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association

Effect of β-Cyclodextrin Complexation on Solubility and Enzymatic Conversion of Naringin

PubMed Central

Cui, Li; Zhang, Zhen-Hai; Sun, E; Jia, Xiao-Bin

2012-01-01

In the present paper, the effect of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexation on the solubility and enzymatic hydrolysis of naringin was investigated. The inclusion complex of naringin/β-CD at the molar ratio of 1:1 was obtained by the dropping method and was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The solubility of naringin complexes in water at 37 ± 0.1 °C was 15 times greater than that of free naringin. Snailase-involved hydrolysis conditions were tested for the bioconversion of naringin into naringenin using the univariate experimental design. Naringin can be transformed into naringenin by snailase-involved hydrolysis. The optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were determined as follows: pH 5.0, temperature 37 °C, ratio of snailase/substrate 0.8, substrate concentration 20 mg·mL−1, and reaction time 12 h. Under the optimum conditions, the transforming rate of naringenin from naringin for inclusion complexes and free naringin was 98.7% and 56.2% respectively, suggesting that β-CD complexation can improve the aqueous solubility and consequently the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of naringin. PMID:23203062

Curcumin complexation with cyclodextrins by the autoclave process: Method development and characterization of complex formation.

PubMed

Hagbani, Turki Al; Nazzal, Sami

2017-03-30

One approach to enhance curcumin (CUR) aqueous solubility is to use cyclodextrins (CDs) to form inclusion complexes where CUR is encapsulated as a guest molecule within the internal cavity of the water-soluble CD. Several methods have been reported for the complexation of CUR with CDs. Limited information, however, is available on the use of the autoclave process (AU) in complex formation. The aims of this work were therefore to (1) investigate and evaluate the AU cycle as a complex formation method to enhance CUR solubility; (2) compare the efficacy of the AU process with the freeze-drying (FD) and evaporation (EV) processes in complex formation; and (3) confirm CUR stability by characterizing CUR:CD complexes by NMR, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, and XRD. Significant differences were found in the saturation solubility of CUR from its complexes with CD when prepared by the three complexation methods. The AU yielded a complex with expected chemical and physical fingerprints for a CUR:CD inclusion complex that maintained the chemical integrity and stability of CUR and provided the highest solubility of CUR in water. Physical and chemical characterizations of the AU complexes confirmed the encapsulated of CUR inside the CD cavity and the transformation of the crystalline CUR:CD inclusion complex to an amorphous form. It was concluded that the autoclave process with its short processing time could be used as an alternate and efficient methods for drug:CD complexation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interaction Mode between Inclusion Complex of Vitamin K3 with γ- Cyclodextrin and Herring-Sperm DNA.

PubMed

Tang, Yan; Cai, Li; Xue, Kang; Wang, Chunling; Xiong, Xiaoli

2016-05-03

Methods including spectroscopy, electronic chemistry and thermodynamics were used to study the inclusion effect between γ-cyclodextrin (CD) and vitamin K3(K3), as well as the interaction mode between herring-sperm DNA (hsDNA) and γ-CD-K3 inclusion complex. The results from ultraviolet spectroscopic method indicated that VK3 and γ-CD formed 1:1 inclusion complex, with the inclusion constant Kf = 1.02 × 10(4) L/mol, which is based on Benesi-Hildebrand's viewpoint. The outcomes from the probe method and Scatchard methods suggested that the interaction mode between γ-CD-K3 and DNA was a mixture mode, which included intercalation and electrostatic binding effects. The binding constants were K (θ)25°C = 2.16 × 10(4) L/mol, and K(θ)37°C = 1.06 × 10(4) L/mol. The thermodynamic functions of the interaction between γ-CD-K3 and DNA were ΔrHm(θ) = -2.74 × 10(4) J/mol, ΔrSm(θ) = 174.74 J·mol(-1)K(-1), therefore, both ΔrHm(θ) (enthalpy) and ΔrSm(θ) (entropy) worked as driven forces in this action.

Influence of the preparation method on the physicochemical properties of indomethacin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes.

PubMed

Rudrangi, Shashi Ravi Suman; Bhomia, Ruchir; Trivedi, Vivek; Vine, George J; Mitchell, John C; Alexander, Bruce David; Wicks, Stephen Richard

2015-02-20

The main objective of this study was to investigate different manufacturing processes claimed to promote inclusion complexation between indomethacin and cyclodextrins in order to enhance the apparent solubility and dissolution properties of indomethacin. Especially, the effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide processing for preparing solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was investigated and compared to other preparation methods. The complexes were prepared by physical mixing, co-evaporation, freeze drying from aqueous solution, spray drying and supercritical carbon dioxide processing methods. The prepared complexes were then evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, solubility and dissolution studies. The method of preparation of the inclusion complexes was shown to influence the physicochemical properties of the formed complexes. Indomethacin exists in a highly crystalline solid form. Physical mixing of indomethacin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin appeared not to reduce the degree of crystallinity of the drug. The co-evaporated and freeze dried complexes had a lower degree of crystallinity than the physical mix; however the lowest degree of crystallinity was achieved in complexes prepared by spray drying and supercritical carbon dioxide processing methods. All systems based on methyl-β-cyclodextrin exhibited better dissolution properties than the drug alone. The greatest improvement in drug dissolution properties was obtained from complexes prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide processing, thereafter by spray drying, freeze drying, co-evaporation and finally by physical mixing. Supercritical carbon dioxide processing is well known as an energy efficient alternative to other pharmaceutical processes and may have application for the preparation of solid-state drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. It is an effective and economic method that allows the formation of solid complexes with a high yield, without the use of organic solvents and problems associated with their residues. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

"Everything the World Turns on": Inclusion and Exclusion in Linda Hogan's "Power"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peters, Jesse

2013-01-01

In her novel "Power," Linda Hogan provides readers with a close look at how separatism and syncretism, or exclusion and inclusion, are complex ideologies that lead to complex decisions. A close look at the novel reveals that the tensions and sharp dichotomies between the traditional world of the Taiga elders and the European American world,…

Key Players in Inclusion: Are We Meeting the Professional Needs of Learning Support Assistants for Pupils with Complex Needs?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abbott, Lesley; McConkey, Roy; Dobbins, Michael

2011-01-01

Under the aegis of inclusion, greater numbers of learning support assistants (LSAs) in mainstream and special schools are increasingly required to assist teachers with pupils who have complex needs across the full age range. Because of the numerous and wide-ranging learning difficulties and learning disabilities in addition to sensory impairment,…

Educators' Experiences of Inclusive Learning Contexts: An Exploration of Competencies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Magare, Ishmael; Kitching, Ansie Elizabeth; Roos, Vera

2010-01-01

The successful implementation of inclusive education relies heavily on educators. Inclusive education is based on values such as human dignity, equality, human rights and freedom. The complexity of the interactive relationships between different systems, such as learners, educators, families, schools and the learning context, was recognised in…

Water-soluble loratadine inclusion complex: analytical control of the preparation by microwave irradiation.

PubMed

Nacsa, A; Ambrus, R; Berkesi, O; Szabó-Révész, P; Aigner, Z

2008-11-04

The majority of active pharmaceutical ingredients are poorly soluble in water. The rate-determining step of absorption is the dissolution of these drugs. Inclusion complexation with cyclodextrin derivatives can lead to improved aqueous solubility and bioavailability of pharmacons due to the formation of co-crystals through hydrogen-bonding between the components. Inclusion complexes of loratadine were prepared by a convenient new method involving microwave irradiation and the products were compared with those of a conventional preparation method. Dissolution studies demonstrated that the solubility and rate of dissolution of loratadine increased in both of the methods used. The interactions between the components were investigated by thermal analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared studies. The microwave treatment did not cause any chemical changes in the loratadine molecule.

Complexation of furosemide with fulvic acid extracted from shilajit: a novel approach.

PubMed

Agarwal, Suraj Prakash; Anwer, Mohammad Khalid; Aqil, Mohammad

2008-05-01

The aim of the present work was to complex furosemide (FSM) with fulvic acid (FA) extracted from shilajit with the hope of having a better understanding of the complexation behavior. The effect of FA on the aqueous solubility, dissolution rate, and permeability of FSM was investigated. Different techniques, such as grinding, freeze drying, solvent evaporation, and so forth, were used for the preparation of the complex. The complexes were prepared in molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 FSM:FA and were evaluated for drug inclusion, solubility, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, dissolution study, and permeation study. These methods confirm the formation of an amorphous inclusion complex of FSM with FA.

Preparation and characterization of host-guest system between inosine and β-cyclodextrin through inclusion mode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prabu, Samikannu; Sivakumar, Krishnamurty; Swaminathan, Meenakshisundaram; Rajamohan, Rajaram

2015-08-01

Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Inosine is commonly found in tRNAs. Inosine (INS) has been used widely as an antiviral drug. The inclusion complex of INS with β-CDx in solution phase is studied by ground and excited state with UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. A binding constant and stoichiometric ratio between INS and β-CDx are calculated by BH equation. The lifetime and relative amplitude of INS is increases with increasing the concentrations of β-CDx, confirms the formation of inclusion complex in liquid state. The solid complexes are prepared by kneading method (KM) and co-precipitation method (CP). The solid complex is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC). CP method gives the solid product with good yield than that of physical mixture and KM method. The structure of complex is proposed based on the study of Patch - Dock server.

The preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic studies of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel/dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

PubMed Central

Ye, Ya-Jing; Wang, Yun; Lou, Kai-Yan; Chen, Yan-Zuo; Chen, Rongjun; Gao, Feng

2015-01-01

A novel biocompatible and biodegradable drug-delivery nanoparticle (NP) has been developed to minimize the severe side effects of the poorly water-soluble anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) for clinical use. PTX was loaded into the hydrophobic cavity of a hydrophilic cyclodextrin derivative, heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD), using an aqueous solution-stirring method followed by lyophilization. The resulting PTX/DM-β-CD inclusion complex dramatically enhanced the solubility of PTX in water and was directly incorporated into chitosan (CS) to form NPs (with a size of 323.9–407.8 nm in diameter) using an ionic gelation method. The formed NPs had a zeta potential of +15.9–23.3 mV and showed high colloidal stability. With the same weight ratio of PTX to CS of 0.7, the loading efficiency of the PTX/DM-β-CD inclusion complex-loaded CS NPs was 30.3-fold higher than that of the PTX-loaded CS NPs. Moreover, it is notable that PTX was released from the DM-β-CD/CS NPs in a sustained-release manner. The pharmacokinetic studies revealed that, compared with reference formulation (Taxol®), the PTX/DM-β-CD inclusion complex-loaded CS NPs exhibited a significant increase in AUC0→24h (the area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve over the period of 24 hours) and mean residence time by 2.7-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively. Therefore, the novel drug/DM-β-CD inclusion complex-loaded CS NPs have promising applications for the significantly improved delivery and controlled release of the poorly water-soluble drug PTX or its derivatives, thus possibly leading to enhanced therapeutic efficacy and less severe side effects. PMID:26170666

Studying anti-oxidative properties of inclusion complexes of α-lipoic acid with γ-cyclodextrin in single living fission yeast by confocal Raman microspectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noothalapati, Hemanth; Ikarashi, Ryo; Iwasaki, Keita; Nishida, Tatsuro; Kaino, Tomohiro; Yoshikiyo, Keisuke; Terao, Keiji; Nakata, Daisuke; Ikuta, Naoko; Ando, Masahiro; Hamaguchi, Hiro-o.; Kawamukai, Makoto; Yamamoto, Tatsuyuki

2018-05-01

α-lipoic acid (ALA) is an essential cofactor for many enzyme complexes in aerobic metabolism, especially in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells where respiration takes place. It also has excellent anti-oxidative properties. The acid has two stereo-isomers, R- and S- lipoic acid (R-LA and S-LA), but only the R-LA has biological significance and is exclusively produced in our body. A mutant strain of fission yeast, Δdps1, cannot synthesize coenzyme Q10, which is essential during yeast respiration, leading to oxidative stress. Therefore, it shows growth delay in the minimal medium. We studied anti-oxidant properties of ALA in its free form and their inclusion complexes with γ-cyclodextrin using this mutant yeast model. Both free forms R- and S-LA as well as 1:1 inclusion complexes with γ-cyclodextrin recovered growth of Δdps1 depending on the concentration and form. However, it has no effect on the growth of wild type fission yeast strain at all. Raman microspectroscopy was employed to understand the anti-oxidant property at the molecular level. A sensitive Raman band at 1602 cm-1 was monitored with and without addition of ALAs. It was found that 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM concentrations of ALAs had similar effect in both free and inclusion forms. At 2.5 mM ALAs, free forms inhibited the growth while inclusion complexes helped in recovered. 5.0 mM ALA showed inhibitory effect irrespective of form. Our results suggest that the Raman band at 1602 cm-1 is a good measure of oxidative stress in fission yeast.

Analytical techniques for characterization of cyclodextrin complexes in aqueous solution: a review.

PubMed

Mura, Paola

2014-12-01

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides endowed with a hydrophilic outer surface and a hydrophobic inner cavity, able to form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of guest molecules, positively affecting their physicochemical properties. In particular, in the pharmaceutical field, cyclodextrin complexation is mainly used to increase the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs, and to enhance their bioavailability and stability. Analytical characterization of host-guest interactions is of fundamental importance for fully exploiting the potential benefits of complexation, helping in selection of the most appropriate cyclodextrin. The assessment of the actual formation of a drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and its full characterization is not a simple task and often requires the use of different analytical methods, whose results have to be combined and examined together. The purpose of the present review is to give, as much as possible, a general overview of the main analytical tools which can be employed for the characterization of drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in solution, with emphasis on their respective potential merits, disadvantages and limits. Further, the applicability of each examined technique is illustrated and discussed by specific examples from literature. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A pH-independent instantaneous release of flurbiprofen: a study of the preparation of complexes, their characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation.

PubMed

Wang, Han-Bing; Yang, Fei-Fei; Gai, Xiu-Mei; Cheng, Bing-Chao; Li, Jin-Yu; Pan, Hao; Yang, Xing-Gang; Pan, Wei-San

2017-09-01

In this study, furbiprofen/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complexes were prepared to improve the drug dissolution and facilitate its application in hydrophilic gels. Inclusion complexes were prepared using a supercritical fluid processing and a conventional optimized co-lypholization method was employed as a reference. The entrapment efficacy and drug loading of both methods were investigated. Evaluation of drug dissolution enhancement was conducted in deionized water as well as buffer solutions of different pH. Carbopol 940 gels of both flurbiprofen and flurbiprofen/HPβCD inclusion complexes, with or without penetration enhancers, were prepared and percutaneous permeation studies were performed using rat abdominal skin samples. Formation of flurbiprofen/HPβCD inclusion complexes was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained showed that SCF processing produced a higher EE (81.91 ± 1.54%) and DL (6.96 ± 0.17%) compared with OCL with values of 69.11 ± 2.23% and 4.00 ± 1.01%, respectively. A marked instantaneous release of flurbiprofen/HPβCD inclusion complexes prepared by SCF processing (103.04 ± 2.66% cumulative release within 5 min, a 10-fold increase in comparison with flurbiprofen alone) was observed. In addition, this improvement in dissolution was shown to be pH-independent (the percentage cumulative release at pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8 and 7.4 at 5 min was 95.19 ± 1.71, 101.75 ± 1.44, 105.37 ± 4.58 and 96.84 ± 0.56, respectively). Percutaneous permeability of flurbiprofen-in-HPβCD-in-gels could be significantly accelerated by turpentine oil and was related to the water content in the system. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed a 2-fold increase in C max and a shortened T max as well as a comparable relative bioavailability when compared with the commercial flurbiprofen Cataplasms (Zepolas ® ). With their superior dissolution, these flurbiprofen/HPβCD inclusion complexes prepared by SCF processing could provide improved applications for flurbiprofen.

Content determination of aniracetam in aniracetam inclusion complex by HPLC.

PubMed

Li, Yongjian; Hu, Dejian; Sun, Yong

2009-01-01

We established a HPLC method for content determination of aniracetam in aniracetam inclusion complex. The chromato column was Agilent ODS (4.6mm x 150mm, 5 microm), the mobile phase was methanol-0.01 mol/L Potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution (25:75, pH 3.0), with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, column temperature of 30 degrees and the detection wave at 280 nm, the sample size was 20microL. A good linear relationship was obtained between the peak areas and the concentrations of aniracetam in the range from 5- 80microg/ml (r=0.9998), the mean recovery was 100.1% (n=15), RSD=0.19%. This method is convenient, rapid, accurate, and brings about good recovery; it can be used for content determination of aniracetam in aniracetam inclusion complex.

Signal enhancement of carboxylic acids by inclusion with β-cyclodextrin in negative high-voltage-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Ren, Xinxin; Liu, Jia; Zhang, Chengsen; Sun, Jiamu; Luo, Hai

2014-01-15

It is difficult to directly analyze carboxylic acids in complex mixtures by ambient high-voltage-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (HALDI-MS) in negative ion mode due to the low ionization efficiency of carboxylic acids. A method for the rapid detection of carboxylic acids in negative HALDI-MS has been developed based on their inclusion with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The negative HALDI-MS signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) of aliphatic, aromatic and hetero atom-containing carboxylic acids can all be significantly improved by forming 1:1 complexes with β-CD. These complexes are mainly formed by specific inclusion interactions which are verified by their collision-induced dissociation behaviors in comparison with that of their corresponding maltoheptaose complexes. A HALDI-MS/MS method has been successfully developed for the detection of α-lipoic acid in complex cosmetics and ibuprofen in a viscous drug suspension. The negative HALDI-MS S/Ns of carboxylic acids can be improved up to 30 times via forming non-covalent complexes with β-CD. The developed method shows the advantages of being rapid and simple, and is promising for rapid detection of active ingredients in complex samples or fast screening of drugs and cosmetics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Peripheral substitution of pheophorbides and bacteriopheophorbides to promote inclusion into inert carrier systems for PDT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roehrs, Susanne; Ruebner-Heuermann, Anja; Hartwich, G.; Scheer, H.; Moser, Joerg G.

1996-01-01

Pheophorbide a ethyl ester, pyropheophorbide a ethyl ester, and bacteriopheophorbide ethyl ester were substituted in 31-position with tert.butyl phenoxy or tert.butyl benzoic acid ester groups resp. in order to enhance affinity to (beta) -cyclodextrin dimers which form inclusion complexes with these photosensitizing drugs. This is a first step to construct inert transport complexes in order to photosensitize specifically cancer cells.

Inclusion Complexes Behavior at the Air-Water Interface. Molecular Dynamic Simulation Study.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gargallo, L.; Vargas, D.; Sandoval, C.; Saavedra, M.; Becerra, N.; Leiva, A.; Radić, D.

2008-08-01

The interfacial properties of the inclusion complexes (ICs), obtained from the threading of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) onto poly(ethylene-oxide)(PEO), poly(ɛ-caprolactone)(PEC) and poly(tetrahydrofuran)(PTHF) and their precursor homopolymers (PHPoly), were studied at the air-water interface. The free surface energy was determined by wettability measurements. The experimental behavior of these systems was described by an atomistic molecular dynamics simulation (MDS).

Including Students with Moderate and Severe Complexity of Disability in Kindergarten and First Grade: Investigating the Relationship between Inclusive Classroom Quality Indicators, Level of Inclusive Education, and Social Competence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matz, Amy Kristen

2013-01-01

The development of social competence for children is critical to their ability to navigate social decision making processes; however, children with complex disabilities have many difficulties in developing social competence. In an educational environment, the optimal setting for a child to develop social competence is within the inclusive…

Laboratory Study on Prevention of CaO-Containing ASTM "D-Type" Inclusions in Al-Deoxidized Low-Oxygen Steel Melts During Basic Slag Refining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Min; Wang, Xin-Hua; Yang, Die; Lei, Shao-Long; Wang, Kun-Peng

2015-12-01

Present work was attempted to explore the possibility of preventing CaO-containing inclusions in Al-deoxidized low-oxygen special steel during basic slag refining, which were known as ASTM D-type inclusions. Based on the analysis on formation thermodynamics of CaO-containing inclusions, a series of laboratory experiments were designed and carried out in a vacuum induction furnace. During the experiments, slag/steel reaction equilibrium was intentionally suppressed with the aim to decrease the CaO contents in inclusions, which is different from ordinary concept that slag/steel reaction should be promoted for better control of inclusions. The obtained results showed that high cleanliness of steel was obtained in all the steel melts, with total oxygen contents varied between 0.0003 and 0.0010 pct. Simultaneously, formation of CaO-containing inclusions was successfully prohibited, and all the formed oxide inclusions were MgO-Al2O3 or/and Al2O3 in very small sizes of about 1 to 3 μm. And 90 pct to nearly 98 pct of them were wrapped by relative thicker MnS outer surface layers to produce dual-phased "(MgO-Al2O3) + MnS" or "Al2O3 + MnS" complex inclusions. Because of much better ductility of MnS, certain deformability of these complex inclusions can be expected which is helpful to improve fatigue resistance property of steel. Only very limited number of singular MnS inclusions were with sizes larger than 13 μm, which were formed during solidification because of. In the end, formation of oxide inclusions in steel was qualitatively evaluated and discussed.

Creating an inclusive mall environment with the PRECEDE-PROCEED model: a living lab case study.

PubMed

Ahmed, Sara; Swaine, Bonnie; Milot, Marc; Gaudet, Caroline; Poldma, Tiiu; Bartlett, Gillian; Mazer, Barbara; Le Dorze, Guylaine; Barbic, Skye; Rodriguez, Ana Maria; Lefebvre, Hélène; Archambault, Philippe; Kairy, Dahlia; Fung, Joyce; Labbé, Delphine; Lamontagne, Anouk; Kehayia, Eva

2017-10-01

Although public environments provide opportunities for participation and social inclusion, they are not always inclusive spaces and may not accommodate the wide diversity of people. The Rehabilitation Living Lab in the Mall is a unique, interdisciplinary, and multi-sectoral research project with an aim to transform a shopping complex in Montreal, Canada, into an inclusive environment optimizing the participation and social inclusion of all people. The PRECEDE-PROCEDE Model (PPM), a community-oriented and participatory planning model, was applied as a framework. The PPM is comprised of nine steps divided between planning, implementation, and evaluation. The PPM is well suited as a framework for the development of an inclusive mall. Its ecological approach considers the environment, as well as the social and individual factors relating to mall users' needs and expectations. Transforming a mall to be more inclusive is a complex process involving many stakeholders. The PPM allows the synthesis of several sources of information, as well as the identification and prioritization of key issues to address. The PPM also helps to frame and drive the implementation and evaluate the components of the project. This knowledge can help others interested in using the PPM to create similar enabling and inclusive environments world-wide. Implication for rehabilitation While public environments provide opportunities for participation and social inclusion, they are not always inclusive spaces and may not accommodate the wide diversity of people. The PRECEDE PROCEDE Model (PPM) is well suited as a framework for the development, implementation, and evaluation of an inclusive mall. Environmental barriers can negatively impact the rehabilitation process by impeding the restoration and augmentation of function. Removing barriers to social participation and independent living by improving inclusivity in the mall and other environments positively impacts the lives of people with disabilities.

Study on the inclusion behavior of p-sulfonatocalix[6]arene with propranolol by spectrofluorometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Hui; Song, Jin-Ping; Chao, Jian-Bin; Shuang, Shao-Min; Dong, Chuan

2012-11-01

The inclusion interaction between propranolol (PPL) and p-sulfonatocalix[6]arene (SCX6) was investigated by fluorescence and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Influences of pH, temperature, ionic strength and the concentration of SCX6 were examined in detail. In phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.5, the fluorescence of PPL dramatically quenched upon addition of SCX6 revealing the formation of inclusion complexes between PPL and SCX6. The stoichiometric ratio was verified to be 1:1 by the continuous variation method. The inclusion constant of PPL-SCX6 complexes was calculated as 2.2 × 104 L/mol by the nonlinear curve fitting method. 1H NMR titration spectra testified that the aliphatic chain of PPL may be partially penetrated into the hydrophobic cavity of SCX6. This was confirmed by molecular dynamics calculations.

Spectral characteristics of tramadol in different solvents and β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anton Smith, A.; Manavalan, R.; Kannan, K.; Rajendiran, N.

2009-10-01

Effect of solvents and β-cyclodextrin on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of tramadol drug has been investigated and compared with anisole. The solid inclusion complex of tramadol with β-CD is investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR, scanning electron microscope (SEM), DSC and semiempirical methods. The thermodynamic parameter (Δ G) of inclusion process is determined. A solvent study shows (i) the spectral behaviour of both tramadol and anisole molecules is similar to each other and (ii) the cyclohexanol group in tramadol is not effectively conjugated with anisole group. However, in β-CD, due to space restriction of the CD cavity, a weak interaction is present between the above groups in tramadol. β-Cyclodextrin studies show that tramadol forms 1:2 inclusion complex with β-CD. A mechanism is proposed for the inclusion process.

Sparkle model for AM1 calculation of lanthanide complexes: improved parameters for europium.

PubMed

Rocha, Gerd B; Freire, Ricardo O; Da Costa, Nivan B; De Sá, Gilberto F; Simas, Alfredo M

2004-04-05

In the present work, we sought to improve our sparkle model for the calculation of lanthanide complexes, SMLC,in various ways: (i) inclusion of the europium atomic mass, (ii) reparametrization of the model within AM1 from a new response function including all distances of the coordination polyhedron for tris(acetylacetonate)(1,10-phenanthroline) europium(III), (iii) implementation of the model in the software package MOPAC93r2, and (iv) inclusion of spherical Gaussian functions in the expression which computes the core-core repulsion energy. The parametrization results indicate that SMLC II is superior to the previous version of the model because Gaussian functions proved essential if one requires a better description of the geometries of the complexes. In order to validate our parametrization, we carried out calculations on 96 europium(III) complexes, selected from Cambridge Structural Database 2003, and compared our predicted ground state geometries with the experimental ones. Our results show that this new parametrization of the SMLC model, with the inclusion of spherical Gaussian functions in the core-core repulsion energy, is better capable of predicting the Eu-ligand distances than the previous version. The unsigned mean error for all interatomic distances Eu-L, in all 96 complexes, which, for the original SMLC is 0.3564 A, is lowered to 0.1993 A when the model was parametrized with the inclusion of two Gaussian functions. Our results also indicate that this model is more applicable to europium complexes with beta-diketone ligands. As such, we conclude that this improved model can be considered a powerful tool for the study of lanthanide complexes and their applications, such as the modeling of light conversion molecular devices.

Enacting Understanding of Inclusion in Complex Contexts: Classroom Practices of South African Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Engelbrecht, Petra; Nel, Mirna; Nel, Norma; Tlale, Dan

2015-01-01

While the practice of inclusive education has recently been widely embraced as an ideal model for education, the acceptance of inclusive education practices has not translated into reality in most mainstream classrooms. Despite the fact that education policies in South Africa stipulate that all learners should be provided with the opportunities to…

Solutions for Dynamic Variants of Eshelby's Inclusion Problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michelitsch, Thomas M.; Askes, Harm; Wang, Jizeng; Levin, Valery M.

The dynamic variant of Eshelby's inclusion problem plays a crucial role in many areas of mechanics and theoretical physics. Because of its mathematical complexity, dynamic variants of the inclusion problems so far are only little touched. In this paper we derive solutions for dynamic variants of the Eshelby inclusion problem for arbitrary scalar source densities of the eigenstrain. We study a series of examples of Eshelby problems which are of interest for applications in materials sciences, such as for instance cubic and prismatic inclusions. The method which covers both the time and frequency domain is especially useful for dynamically transforming inclusions of any shape.

Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of formulation of repaglinide with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Liu, Meina; Cao, Wen; Sun, Yinghua; He, Zhonggui

2014-12-30

The therapeutic efficacy of repaglinide (RPG) is limited by the low and variable oral bioavailability owing to its limited aqueous solubility. In our present study, the development and evaluation of inclusion complex applying hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) for the improvement of oral bioavailability of repaglinide was investigated systematically. The inclusion complex of repaglinide was prepared by lyophilization technique using drug: hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (1:15 mole). The prepared complexation was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), NMR spectroscopy and evaluated by dissolution studies. The (1)H NMR was used in the structure study of repaglinide-HP-β-CD (RPG-HP-β-CD) inclusion complex. The analysis proved the higher probability of the repaglinide A-ring into the narrow rim of the β-cyclodextrin molecule. All the characterization information confirmed the formation of RPG-HP-β-CD inclusion complex. The in vivo pharmacokinetics of RPG-HP-β-CD and their physical mixture were performed in beagle dogs. For the first time, a simple, rapid, and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for determination of RPG in beagle dog plasma was developed. The Cmax and AUC0-t of RPG-HP-β-CD were 2.5 and 2 times higher than that of the physical mixture. These results suggested that the interaction of repaglinide with HP-β-CD could notably improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of repaglinide comparing with its physical mixture. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cyclodextrins: A Weapon in the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wong, Chew Ee; Dolzhenko, Anton V.; Lee, Sui Mae; Young, David James

Antimicrobial resistance poses one of the most serious global challenges of our age. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are widely utilized excipients in formulations because of their solubilizing properties, low toxicity, and low inflammatory response. This review summarizes recent investigations of antimicrobial agents involving CDs and CD-based antimicrobial materials. CDs have been employed for antimicrobial applications either through formation of inclusion complexes or by chemical modification of their hydroxyl groups to tailor pharmaceutically active compounds. Applications of these CD inclusion complexes include drug delivery, antimicrobial coatings on materials (e.g., biomedical devices and implants) and antimicrobial dressings that help to prevent wound infections. There are relatively limited studies of chemically modified CDs with antimicrobial activity. The mechanism of action of antimicrobial CD inclusion complexes and derivatives needs further elucidation, but activity of CDs and their derivatives is often associated with their interaction with bacterial cell membranes.

Recovery and purification of cholesterol from cholesterol-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex using ultrasound-assisted extraction.

PubMed

Li, Yong; Chen, Youliang; Li, Hua

2017-01-01

Response surface methodology was used to optimize ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAE) of cholesterol from cholesterol-β-cyclodextrin (C-β-CD) inclusion complex prepared from duck yolk oil. The best extraction conditions were solvent-solid ratio 10mL/g, ultrasonic power 251W, extraction temperature 56°C and sonication time 36min. Under these conditions, the highest cholesterol extraction yield and cholesterol content obtained 98.12±0.25% and 43.38±0.61mg/g inclusion complex, respectively. As compared with Reflux extraction and Soxhlet extraction, the UAE was more efficient and economical. To increase the purity of crude cholesterol extraction, silica gel column chromatography and crystallization were carried out. Finally, cholesterol was obtained at 95.1% purity, 71.7% recovery and 22.0% yield. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phase solubility, 1H NMR and molecular modelling studies of bupivacaine hydrochloride complexation with different cyclodextrin derivates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jug, Mario; Mennini, Natascia; Melani, Fabrizio; Maestrelli, Francesca; Mura, Paola

2010-11-01

A novel method, which simultaneously exploits experimental (NMR) and theoretically calculated data obtained by a molecular modelling technique, was proposed, to obtain deeper insight into inclusion geometry and possible stereoselective binding of bupivacaine hydrochloride with selected cyclodextrin derivatives. Sulphobuthylether-β-cyclodextrin and water soluble polymeric β-cyclodextrin demonstrated to be the best complexing agents for the drug, resulting in formation of the most stable inclusion complexes with the highest increase in aqueous drug solubility. The drug-carrier binding modes with these cyclodextrins and phenomena which may be directly related to the higher stability and better aqueous solubility of complexes formed were discussed in details.

Host-guest interaction between pinocembrin and cyclodextrins: Characterization, solubilization and stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Shu-Ya; Ma, Shui-Xian; Cheng, Hui-Lin; Yang, Li-Juan; Chen, Wen; Yin, Yan-Qing; Shi, Yi-Min; Yang, Xiao-Dong

2014-01-01

The inclusion complexation behavior, characterization and binding ability of pinocembrin with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its derivative 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) were investigated in both solution and the solid state by means of XRD, DSC, 1H and 2D NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the water solubility and thermal stability of pinocembrin were obviously increased in the inclusion complex with cyclodextrins. This satisfactory water solubility and high stability of the pinocembrin/CD complexes will be potentially useful for their application as herbal medicines or healthcare products.

Social Exclusion, Social Inclusion and "Passing": The Experiences of Dalit Students at One Elite Indian University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ovichegan, Samson

2014-01-01

The purpose of this paper is twofold; first the paper explores and describes the complex ways in which social exclusion can (sometimes) be reconstituted within policy attempts at social inclusion: the quota policy in India. Second, the paper provides a grounded account of the connectedness of inclusion/exclusion and an illustration of how those…

"Where Is _______?": Culture and the Process of Change in the Development of Inclusive Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McMaster, Christopher

2015-01-01

The modern school is a multi-layered and complex institution. For inclusive values and practices to embed in educational systems the nature of school culture and the change process must be considered. Qualitative data was gathered during a year-long ethnographic study of inclusive change in a co-educational high school. This paper applies a model…

Evolution of Inclusions During the 1473 K (1200 °C) Heating Process of EH36 Shipbuilding Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Qiyu; Zou, Xiaodong; Matsuura, Hiroyuki; Wang, Cong

2018-02-01

Evolution behaviors of inclusions of EH36 shipbuilding steel during 1473 K (1200 °C) heating have been studied in conjunction with ex situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination and in situ confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) observations. It has been found that Al-Ca-O-S complex inclusions dominate the particles in the cast billet. However, TiN inclusions are profusely populated after heating. Moreover, possible strategies governing austenite growth are offered here.

Crystallographic and theoretical studies of an inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin with fentanyl.

PubMed

Ogawa, Noriko; Nagase, Hiromasa; Loftsson, Thorsteinn; Endo, Tomohiro; Takahashi, Chisato; Kawashima, Yoshiaki; Ueda, Haruhisa; Yamamoto, Hiromitsu

2017-10-15

The crystal structure of an inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with fentanyl was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belongs to the triclinic space group P1 and the complex comprises one fentanyl, two β-CD, and several water molecules. β-CD and fentanyl form a host-guest inclusion complex at a ratio of 2:1 and the asymmetric unit of the complex contains two host molecules (β-CDs) in a head-to-head arrangement that form dimers through hydrogen bonds between the secondary hydroxyl groups of β-CD and one guest molecule. Fentanyl is totally contained within the β-CD cavity and the structure of the phenylethyl part of fentanyl inside the dimeric cavity of the complex is disordered. Furthermore, theoretical molecular conformational calculations were conducted to clarify the mobility of the guest molecule in the β-CD cavity using CONFLEX software. Crystal optimization and crystal energy calculations were also conducted. The results of the theoretical calculations confirmed that the conformation of disorder part 1, which was high in occupancy by crystal structure analysis, was more stable. The phenylethyl part of fentanyl existed in several stable conformations. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mineralogy and Ar-Ar Age of the Tarahumara IIE Iron, with Reference to the Origin of Alkali-Rich Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Takeda, Hiroshi; Bogard, Donald D.; Otsuki, Mayumi; Ishii, Teruaki

2003-01-01

Silicate inclusions in nine known IIE irons show diversity in mineralogy, and Colomera, Kodaikanal, Elga and Miles contain alkali-rich silicate inclusions. Bogard et al. showed evidence of a complex parent body evolution for IIE irons based on Ar-39-Ar-40 ages. Colomera contained a sanidine-rich surface inclusion and the K-enrichment trends in the Na-rich inclusions are different from those of other IIEs. To elucidate the origin of K-rich materials, we studied the mineralogy and Ar-Ar age of silicate inclusions from the Tarahumara IIE iron meteorite.

Determination of binding constants of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with amino acids and dipeptides by potentiometric titration.

PubMed

Kahle, Claudia; Holzgrabe, Ulrike

2004-10-01

Cyclodextrins are well known for their ability to separate enantiomers of drugs, natural products, and other chiral substances using HPLC, GC, or CE. The resolution of the enantiomers is due to the formation of diastereomeric complexes between the cyclodextrin and the pairs of enantiomers. The aim of this study was to determine the binding constants of the complexes between alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin and the enantiomers of a series of aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, and dipeptides, using a potentiometric titration method. The results of this method are compared to other methods, and correlated to findings in cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis and possible complex structures. Potentiometric titration was found to be an appropriate tool to determine the binding constants of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.

Exploring academics' views on designs, methods, characteristics and outcomes of inclusive health research with people with intellectual disabilities: a modified Delphi study

PubMed Central

Frankena, T K; Naaldenberg, J; Cardol, M; Meijering, J V; Leusink, G; van Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk, H M J

2016-01-01

Background The British Medical Journal's (BMJ's) patient revolution strives for collaboration with patients in healthcare and health research. This paper studies collaboration with people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in health research, also known as inclusive health research. Currently, transparency and agreement among academics is lacking regarding its main aspects, preventing upscaling of the patient revolution. Objective This study aims to gain agreement among academics on 3 aspects of inclusive health research for people with ID: (1) designs and methods, (2) most important characteristics and (3) outcomes. Design A Delphi study was conducted with academics with experience in inclusive (health) research and on people with ID. The study consisted of 2 sequential questionnaire rounds (n=24; n=17), followed by in-depth interviews (n=10). Results Academics agreed on (1) a collaborative approach to be most suitable to inclusive health research, (2) characteristics regarding the accessibility and facilitation of inclusive health research, and (3) several outcomes of inclusive health research for people with ID and healthcare. Other characteristics agreed on included: atmosphere, relationship, engagement, partnership and power. It was stressed that these characteristics ensure meaningful inclusion. Interviewed academics voiced the need for a tool supporting the facilitation and evaluation of inclusive health research. There was ambiguity as to what this tool should comprise and the extent to which it was possible to capture the complex process of inclusive health research. Discussion and conclusions This study underlines the need for transparency, facilitation and evaluation of inclusive health research. The need for in-depth interviews after 2 Delphi rounds underlines its complexity and context dependence. To increase process transparency, future research should focus on gaining insight into inclusive health research in its context. A tool could be developed to facilitate and evaluate inclusive health research. This tool will be partially applicable to participatory research in general and thereby upscale the patient revolution. PMID:27540101

Physico-chemical characterization and antibacterial activity of inclusion complexes of Hyptis martiusii Benth essential oil in β-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Andrade, Tatianny A; Freitas, Thiago S; Araújo, Francielly O; Menezes, Paula P; Dória, Grace Anne A; Rabelo, Alessandra S; Quintans-Júnior, Lucindo J; Santos, Márcio R V; Bezerra, Daniel P; Serafini, Mairim R; Menezes, Irwin Rose A; Nunes, Paula Santos; Araújo, Adriano A S; Costa, Maria S; Campina, Fábia F; Santos, Antonia T L; Silva, Ana R P; Coutinho, Henrique D M

2017-05-01

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been used as important pharmaceutical excipients for improve the physicochemical properties of the drugs of low solubility as the essential oil of Hyptis martiusii. This oil is important therapeutically, but the low solubility and bioavailability compromises your use. Therein, the aim of this study was to obtain and to characterize physico-chemically the samples obtained by physical mixture (PM), paste complexation (PC) and slurry complexation (SC) of the essential oil Hyptis martiusii (EOHM) in β-CD, and to compare the antibacterial and modulatory-antibiotic activity of products obtained and oil free. The physicochemical characterization was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Karl Fischer titration. Additionally, the antibacterial tests were performed by microdilution technique. Thus, it was observed that the PM method showed low complexing capacity, unlike PC and SC in which it was observed the formation of inclusion complexes. In addition, the second stage of the TG/DTG curves showed that SC was the best method inclusion with mass loss of 6.9% over the PC that was 6.0%. The XRD results corroborate with the results above suggesting the formation of new solid phase and the SEM photomicrographs showed the porous surface of the samples PC and SC. The essential oil alone demonstrated an antibacterial and modulatory effect against the S. aureus and the Gram negative strain, respectively. However, the β-CD and the inclusion complex did not demonstrate any biological activity in the performed antibacterial assays. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Insights into the multi-equilibrium, superstructure system based on β-cyclodextrin and a highly water soluble guest.

PubMed

De Paula, Elgte Elmin B; De Sousa, Frederico B; Da Silva, Júlio César C; Fernandes, Flaviana R; Melo, Maria Norma; Frézard, Frédéric; Grazul, Richard M; Sinisterra, Rubén D; Machado, Flávia C

2012-12-15

Pentamidine isethionate (PNT) is an antiprotozoal active in many cases of leishmaniasis, despite the present limitations including high toxicity and parenteral administration. In the present work, a PNT encapsulation strategy into β-cyclodextrin cavity at 1:1 and 2:1 (βCD:PNT) molar ratios was used in order to improve the drug's physical and chemical properties. Combining thermodynamic and structural approaches such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR, and ROESY) the inclusion process and the thermodynamics parameters were identified. ITC and ESI-MS experimental data suggest the simultaneous formation of different supramolecular complexes in solution. Moreover, NMR data are in accordance with these results, suggesting a deep inclusion of PNT into the βCD cavity, through correlations observed in 2D ROESY contour maps. The systems were also characterized by FTIR, TG/DTA and SEM. These techniques indicate the formation of inclusion complex in the solid state. In vivo PNT activity was evaluated orally in mice. The inclusion complex showed a significant reduction of parasite load compared to free PNT. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Isotope geochemistry and fluid inclusion study of skarns from Vesuvius

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gilg, H.A.; Lima, A.; Somma, R.; Belkin, H.E.; de Vivo, B.; Ayuso, R.A.

2001-01-01

We present new mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion, stable carbon and oxygen, as well as Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope data of Ca-Mg-silicate-rich ejecta (skarns) and associated cognate and xenolithic nodules from the Mt. Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex, Italy. The typically zoned skarn ejecta consist mainly of diopsidic and hedenbergitic, sometimes "fassaitic" clinopyroxene, Mg-rich and Ti-poor phlogopite, F-bearing vesuvianite, wollastonite, gehlenite, meionite, forsterite, clinohumite, anorthite and Mg-poor calcite with accessory apatite, spinell, magnetite, perovskite, baddeleyite, and various REE-, U-, Th-, Zr- and Ti-rich minerals. Four major types of fluid inclusions were observed in wollastonite, vesuvianite, gehlenite, clinopyroxene and calcite: a) primary silicate melt inclusions (THOM = 1000-1050??C), b) CO2 ?? H2S-rich fluid inclusions (THOM = 20-31.3??C into the vapor phase), c) multiphase aqueous brine inclusions (THOM = 720-820??C) with mainly sylvite and halite daughter minerals, and d) complex chloride-carbonate-sulfate-fluoride-silicate-bearing saline-melt inclusions (THOM = 870-890??C). The last inclusion type shows evidence for immiscibility between several fluids (silicate melt - aqueous chloride-rich liquid - carbonate/sulfate melt?) during heating and cooling below 870??C. There is no evidence for fluid circulation below 700??C and participation of externally derived meteoric fluids in skarn formation. Skarns have considerably variable 206Pb/204Pb (19.047-19.202), 207Pb/204Pb (15.655-15.670), and 208Pb/204Pb (38.915-39.069) and relatively low 143Nd/144Nd (0.51211-0.51244) ratios. The carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of skarn calcites (??13CV-PDB = -5.4 to -1.1???; ??18OV-SMOW = 11.7 to 16.4???) indicate formation from a 18O- and 13C-enriched fluid. The isotope composition of skarns and the presence of silicate melt inclusion-bearing wollastonite nodules suggests assimilation of carbonate wall rocks by the alkaline magma at moderate depths (< 5 km) and consequent exsolution of CO2-rich vapor and complex saline melts from the contaminated magma that reacted with the carbonate rocks to form skarns.

Marburg virus inclusions: A virus-induced microcompartment and interface to multivesicular bodies and the late endosomal compartment.

PubMed

Dolnik, Olga; Stevermann, Lea; Kolesnikova, Larissa; Becker, Stephan

2015-01-01

Filovirus infection of target cells leads to the formation of virally induced cytoplasmic inclusions that contain viral nucleocapsids at different stages of maturation. While the role of the inclusions has been unclear since the identification of Marburg and Ebola viruses, it recently became clear that the inclusions are the sites of viral replication, nucleocapsid formation and maturation. Live cell imaging analyses revealed that mature nucleocapsids are transported from inclusions to the filopodia, which represent the major budding sites. Moreover, inclusions recruit cellular proteins that have been shown to support the transport of nucleocapsids. For example, the tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein (Tsg101) interacts with a late domain motif in the nucleocapsid protein NP and recruits the actin-nucleation factor IQGAP1. Complexes of nucleocapsids together with Tsg101 and IQGAP1 are then co-transported along actin filaments. We detected additional proteins (Alix, Nedd4 and the AAA-type ATPase VPS4) of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) that are recruited into inclusions. Together, the results suggest that nucleocapsids recruit the machinery that enhances viral budding at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we identified Lamp1 as a marker of the late endosomal compartment in inclusions, while ER, Golgi, TGN and early endosomal markers were absent. In addition, we observed that LC3, a marker of autophagosomal membranes, was present in inclusions. The 3D structures of inclusions show an intricate structure that seems to accommodate an intimate cooperation between cellular and viral components with the intention to support viral transport and budding. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

;Host-guest; interactions in Captisol®/Coumestrol inclusion complex: UV-vis, FTIR-ATR and Raman studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Venuti, Valentina; Stancanelli, Rosanna; Acri, Giuseppe; Crupi, Vincenza; Paladini, Giuseppe; Testagrossa, Barbara; Tommasini, Silvana; Ventura, Cinzia Anna; Majolino, Domenico

2017-10-01

The ability of Captisol® (sulphobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, SBE-β-CD), to form inclusion complexes, both in solution and in the solid state, has been tested in order to improve some unfavorable chemical-physical characteristics, such as poor solubility in water, of a bioflavonoid, Coumestrol (Coum), well known for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal and anti-viral activity. In pure water, a phase-solubility study was carried out to evaluate the enhancement of the solubility of Coum and, therefore, the occurred complexation with the macrocycle. The stoichiometry and the stability constant of the SBE-β-CD/Coum complex were calculated with the phase solubility method and through the Job's plot. After that, the solid SBE-β-CD/Coum complex was prepared utilizing a kneading method. The spectral changes induced by complexation on characteristic vibrational band of Coum were complementary investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance geometry (FTIR-ATR) and Raman spectroscopy, putting into evidence the guest chemical groups involved in the "host-guest" interactions responsible of the formation and stabilization of the complex. Particular attention was paid to the Cdbnd O and Osbnd H stretching vibrations, whose temperature-evolution respectively furnished the enthalpy changes associated to the binding of host and guest in solid phase and to the reorganization of the hydrogen bond scheme upon complexation. From the whole set of results, an inclusion geometry is also proposed.

A novel multi-tiered experimental approach unfolding the mechanisms behind cyclodextrin-vitamin inclusion complexes for enhanced vitamin solubility and stability.

PubMed

Braithwaite, Miles C; Kumar, Pradeep; Choonara, Yahya E; du Toit, Lisa C; Tomar, Lomas K; Tyagi, Charu; Pillay, Viness

2017-10-30

This study was conducted to provide a mechanistic account for understanding the synthesis, characterization and solubility phenomena of vitamin complexes with cyclodextrins (CD) for enhanced solubility and stability employing experimental and in silico molecular modeling strategies. New geometric, molecular and energetic analyses were pursued to explicate experimentally derived cholecalciferol complexes. Various CD molecules (α-, β-, γ-, and hydroxypropyl β-) were complexed with three vitamins: cholecalciferol, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol. The Inclusion Efficiency (IE%) was computed for each CD-vitamin complex. The highest IE% achieved for a cholecalciferol complex was for 'βCDD 3 -8', after utilizing a unique CD:cholecalciferol molar synthesis ratio of 2.5:1, never before reported as successful. 2HPβCD-cholecalciferol, γCD-cholecalciferol and α-tocopherol inclusion complexes (IC's) reached maximal IE% with a CD:vitamin molar ratio of 5:1. The results demonstrate that IE%, thermal stability, concentration, carrier solubility, molecular mechanics and intended release profile are key factors to consider when synthesizing vitamin-CD complexes. Phase-solubility data provided insights into the design of formulations with IC's that may provide analogous oral vitamin release profiles even when hydrophobic and hydrophilic vitamins are co-incorporated. Static lattice atomistic simulations were able to validate experimentally derived cholecalciferol IE phenomena and are invaluable parameters when approaching formulation strategies using CD's for improved solubility and efficacy of vitamins. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Supra-molecular inclusion complexation of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octylsulphate with α- and β-cyclodextrins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banjare, Manoj Kumar; Behera, Kamalakanta; Satnami, Manmohan L.; Pandey, Siddharth; Ghosh, Kallol K.

2017-12-01

Host-guest complexation between ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octylsulphate [Bmim][OS] and cyclodextrins (α- and β- CDs) have been studied. Surface tension, conductivity measurements revealed the formation of 1:1 (M) stoichiometry for inclusion complexes (ICs) and further confirmed by UV-Visible and FT-IR results. The nature of the complexes has been established using interfacial and thermodynamic parameters. The aggregation number, Stern-Volmer constants, association constants were obtained from fluorescence quenching and Benesi-Hildebrand methods. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and association constants of [Bmim][OS] are higher for β-CD as compared to α-CD. FT-IR spectra indicated that CDs and [Bmim][OS] could from ICs with stoichiometry 1:1 (M).

Study protocol: developing a decision system for inclusive housing: applying a systematic, mixed-method quasi-experimental design.

PubMed

Zeeman, Heidi; Kendall, Elizabeth; Whitty, Jennifer A; Wright, Courtney J; Townsend, Clare; Smith, Dianne; Lakhani, Ali; Kennerley, Samantha

2016-03-15

Identifying the housing preferences of people with complex disabilities is a much needed, but under-developed area of practice and scholarship. Despite the recognition that housing is a social determinant of health and quality of life, there is an absence of empirical methodologies that can practically and systematically involve consumers in this complex service delivery and housing design market. A rigorous process for making effective and consistent development decisions is needed to ensure resources are used effectively and the needs of consumers with complex disability are properly met. This 3-year project aims to identify how the public and private housing market in Australia can better respond to the needs of people with complex disabilities whilst simultaneously achieving key corporate objectives. First, using the Customer Relationship Management framework, qualitative (Nominal Group Technique) and quantitative (Discrete Choice Experiment) methods will be used to quantify the housing preferences of consumers and their carers. A systematic mixed-method, quasi-experimental design will then be used to quantify the development priorities of other key stakeholders (e.g., architects, developers, Government housing services etc.) in relation to inclusive housing for people with complex disabilities. Stakeholders randomly assigned to Group 1 (experimental group) will participate in a series of focus groups employing Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) methodology. Stakeholders randomly assigned to Group 2 (control group) will participate in focus groups employing existing decision making processes to inclusive housing development (e.g., Risk, Opportunity, Cost, Benefit considerations). Using comparative stakeholder analysis, this research design will enable the AHP methodology (a proposed tool to guide inclusive housing development decisions) to be tested. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will enable stakeholders to incorporate consumer housing preferences into commercial decisions. Housing designers and developers will benefit from the creation of a parsimonious set of consumer-led housing preferences by which to make informed investments in future housing and contribute to future housing policy. The research design has not been applied in the Australian research context or elsewhere, and will provide a much needed blueprint for market investment to develop viable, consumer directed inclusive housing options for people with complex disability.

Native and β-cyclodextrin-enclosed curcumin: entrapment within liposomes and their in vitro cytotoxicity in lung and colon cancer.

PubMed

Rahman, Shafiur; Cao, Siyu; Steadman, Kathryn J; Wei, Ming; Parekh, Harendra S

2012-01-01

With a view to improving the solubility and delivery characteristics of poorly water-soluble drugs, we prepared β-cyclodextrin-curcumin (βCD-C) inclusion complexes (hydrophilic curcumin) and entrapped both native curcumin (hydrophobic) and the complexes separately into liposomes; these were then assessed for in vitro cytotoxicity in lung and colon cancer cell lines. Optimization of curcumin entrapment within βCD was achieved, with the resultant βCD-C complexes prepared by methanol reflux. Inclusion complexes were confirmed using UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction. The water solubility of βCD-C complexes improved markedly (c.f. native curcumin) and successful entrapment of complexes into liposomes, prepared using a thin-film hydration approach, was also achieved. All the liposomal formulations were characterized for curcumin and βCD-C complex entrapment efficiency, particle size, polydispersity and stability at 2-8°C. Curcumin, βCD-C complex and their optimized liposomal formulations were evaluated for anticancer activity in lung (A-459) and colon (SW-620) cancer cell lines. All curcumin-containing formulations tested were effective in inhibiting cell proliferation, as determined via an MTT assay. The median effective dose (EC(50)) for all curcumin formulations was found to be in the low µM range for both lung and colon cancer cell lines tested. Our results confirm that βCD inclusion complexes of poorly water soluble drugs, such as curcumin can be entrapped within biocompatible vesicles such as liposomes, and this does not preclude their anticancer activity.

Structure and organization of nanosized-inclusion-containing bilayer membranes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Chun-Lai; Ma, Yu-Qiang

2009-07-01

Based on a considerable amount of experimental evidence for lateral organization of lipid membranes which share astonishingly similar features in the presence of different inclusions, we use a hybrid self-consistent field theory (SCFT)/density-functional theory (DFT) approach to deal with bilayer membranes embedded by nanosized inclusions and explain experimental findings. Here, the hydrophobic inclusions are simple models of hydrophobic drugs or other nanoparticles for biomedical applications. It is found that lipid/inclusion-rich domains are formed at moderate inclusion concentrations and disappear with the increase in the concentration of inclusions. At high inclusion content, chaining of inclusions occurs due to the effective depletion attraction between inclusions mediated by lipids. Meanwhile, the increase in the concentration of inclusions can also cause thickening of the membrane and the distribution of inclusions undergoes a layering transition from one-layer structure located in the bilayer midplane to two-layer structure arranged into the two leaflets of a bilayer. Our theoretical predictions address the complex interactions between membranes and inclusions suggesting a unifying mechanism which reflects the competition between the conformational entropy of lipids favoring the formation of lipid- and inclusion-rich domains in lipids and the steric repulsion of inclusions leading to the uniform dispersion.

Educating towards Inclusive Education: Assessing a Teacher-Training Program for Working with Pupils with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) Enrolled in General Education Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shani, Michal; Hebel, Orly

2016-01-01

Implementing inclusive education is one of the major challenges facing the educational system. One of the main difficulties in implementing inclusive education is that general education teachers receive insufficient training to work in complex teaching contexts and to respond to the unique needs of all the pupils in their classroom. The objective…

Study of Te Inclusion and Related Point Defects in THM-Growth CdMnTe Crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mao, Yifei; Zhang, Jijun; Min, Jiahua; Liang, Xiaoyan; Huang, Jian; Tang, Ke; Ling, Liwen; Li, Ming; Zhang, Ying; Wang, Linjun

2018-02-01

This study establishes a model for describing the interaction between Te inclusions, dislocations and point defects in CdMnTe crystals. The role of the complex environment surrounding the formation of Te inclusions was analyzed. Images of Te inclusions captured by scanning electron microscope and infrared microscope were used to observe the morphology of Te inclusions. The morphology of Te inclusions is discussed in light of crystallography, from the crystal growth temperature at 900°C to the melting temperature of Te inclusions using the traveling heater method. The dislocation nets around Te inclusions were calculated by counting lattice mismatches between the Te inclusions and the bulk CdMnTe at 470°C. The point defects of Te antisites were found to be gathered around Te inclusions, with dislocation climb during the cooling phase of crystal growth from 470°C to room temperature. The Te inclusions, dislocation nets and surrounding point defects are considered to be an entirety for evaluating the effect of Te inclusions on CdMnTe detector performance, and an effective mobility-lifetime product (μτ) was obtained.

Polymer-free nanofibers from vanillin/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: high thermal stability, enhanced solubility and antioxidant property.

PubMed

Celebioglu, Asli; Kayaci-Senirmak, Fatma; İpek, Semran; Durgun, Engin; Uyar, Tamer

2016-07-13

Vanillin/cyclodextrin inclusion complex nanofibers (vanillin/CD-IC NFs) were successfully obtained from three modified CD types (HPβCD, HPγCD and MβCD) in three different solvent systems (water, DMF and DMAc) via an electrospinning technique without using a carrier polymeric matrix. Vanillin/CD-IC NFs with uniform and bead-free fiber morphology were successfully produced and their free-standing nanofibrous webs were obtained. The polymer-free CD/vanillin-IC-NFs allow us to accomplish a much higher vanillin loading (∼12%, w/w) when compared to electrospun polymeric nanofibers containing CD/vanillin-IC (∼5%, w/w). Vanillin has a volatile nature yet, after electrospinning, a significant amount of vanillin was preserved due to complex formation depending on the CD types. Maximum preservation of vanillin was observed for vanillin/MβCD-IC NFs which is up to ∼85% w/w, besides, a considerable amount of vanillin (∼75% w/w) was also preserved for vanillin/HPβCD-IC NFs and vanillin/HPγCD-IC NFs. Phase solubility studies suggested a 1 : 1 molar complexation tendency between guest vanillin and host CD molecules. Molecular modelling studies and experimental findings revealed that vanillin : CD complexation was strongest for MβCD when compared to HPβCD and HPγCD in vanillin/CD-IC NFs. For vanillin/CD-IC NFs, water solubility and the antioxidant property of vanillin was improved significantly owing to inclusion complexation. In brief, polymer-free vanillin/CD-IC NFs are capable of incorporating a much higher loading of vanillin and effectively preserve volatile vanillin. Hence, encapsulation of volatile active agents such as flavor, fragrance and essential oils in electrospun polymer-free CD-IC NFs may have potential for food related applications by integrating the particularly large surface area of NFs with the non-toxic nature of CD and inclusion complexation benefits, such as high temperature stability, improved water solubility and an enhanced antioxidant property, etc.

NMR study on the stabilization and chiral discrimination of sulforaphane enantiomers and analogues by cyclodextrins.

PubMed

Recio, Rocío; Elhalem, Eleonora; Benito, Juan M; Fernández, Inmaculada; Khiar, Noureddine

2018-05-01

Sulforaphane (SFN), a phytochemical isolated from broccoli, is an important antitumoral compound with additional beneficial effect on other important diseases. However, the chemical instability of SFN has hampered its clinical use. In order to circumvent this problem, we report the first comparative study on the inclusion complexes of SFN and SFN homologues with different cyclodextrins by NMR spectroscopy. From this study it has been shown that α-CD is the most indicated cyclodextrin for the stabilization of SFN and SFN homologues, and that the highest affinity constant is that of the isothiocyanate obtained from the wasabi. Furthermore, the study of the inclusion complexes of α-CD and the non-natural SFN and analogues with S absolute configuration at sulfur shows for the first time that α-CD is able to discriminate between the two enantiomers, with the natural R enantiomers forming the inclusion complexes with higher affinity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on amylose-lipid complex formation and properties of sweet potato starch-based films.

PubMed

Liu, Pengfei; Wang, Rui; Kang, Xuemin; Cui, Bo; Yu, Bin

2018-06-01

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on the properties of sweet potato starch and sweet potato starch-based films, the complexing index, thermograms and diffractograms of the sweet potato starch-lauric acid composite were tested, and light transmission, microstructure, and mechanical and moisture barrier properties of the films were measured. The results indicated that the low power density ultrasound was beneficial to the formation of an inclusion complex. In thermograms, the gelatinization enthalpies of the ultrasonically treated starches were lower than those of the untreated sample. With the ultrasonic amplitude increased from 40% to 70%, the melting enthalpy (ΔH) of the inclusion complex gradually decreased. X-ray diffraction revealed that the diffraction intensity of the untreated samples was weaker than that of the ultrasonically treated samples. When the ultrasonic amplitude was above 40%, the diffraction intensity and relative crystallinity of inclusion complex gradually decreased. The scanning electronic microscope showed that the surface of the composite films became smooth after being treated by ultrasonication. Ultrasonication led to a reduction in film surface roughness under atomic force microscopy analysis. The films with ultrasonic treatment exhibited higher light transmission, lower elongation at break, higher tensile strength and better moisture barrier property than those without ultrasonic treatment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantitative ROESY analysis of computational models: structural studies of citalopram and β-cyclodextrin complexes by (1) H-NMR and computational methods.

PubMed

Ali, Syed Mashhood; Shamim, Shazia

2015-07-01

Complexation of racemic citalopram with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in aqueous medium was investigated to determine atom-accurate structure of the inclusion complexes. (1) H-NMR chemical shift change data of β-CD cavity protons in the presence of citalopram confirmed the formation of 1 : 1 inclusion complexes. ROESY spectrum confirmed the presence of aromatic ring in the β-CD cavity but whether one of the two or both rings was not clear. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamic calculations showed the entry of fluoro-ring from wider side of β-CD cavity as the most favored mode of inclusion. Minimum energy computational models were analyzed for their accuracy in atomic coordinates by comparison of calculated and experimental intermolecular ROESY peak intensities, which were not found in agreement. Several least energy computational models were refined and analyzed till calculated and experimental intensities were compatible. The results demonstrate that computational models of CD complexes need to be analyzed for atom-accuracy and quantitative ROESY analysis is a promising method. Moreover, the study also validates that the quantitative use of ROESY is feasible even with longer mixing times if peak intensity ratios instead of absolute intensities are used. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An Integrated Study on the Evolution of Inclusions in EH36 Shipbuilding Steel with Mg Addition: From Casting to Welding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Xiaodong; Zhao, Dapeng; Sun, Jincheng; Wang, Cong; Matsuura, Hiroyuki

2018-04-01

Inclusion evolution behaviors, in terms of composition, size, and number density, and associated influence on the microstructures of the as-cast slabs, rolled plates, and simulated welded samples of plain EH36 and EH36-Mg shipbuilding steels have been systematically investigated. The results indicate that the inclusions in the as-cast plain EH36 are almost Al-Ca-S-O-(Mn) complex oxides with sizes ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 μm. After Mg addition, a large amount of individually fine MnS precipitates and Mg-containing Ti-Al-Mg-O-(Mn-S) complex inclusions are generated, which significantly refine the microstructure and are conducive to the nucleation of acicular ferrite in the rolled and welded sample. Moreover, after rolling and welding thermal simulation, the number of individual MnS decreases gradually due to its precipitation on the surface of Ti-Al-Mg-O oxides.

Characterization of mitotane (o,p'-DDD)--cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: phase-solubility method and NMR.

PubMed

Alfonsi, R; Attivi, D; Astier, A; Socha, M; Morice, S; Gibaud, S

2013-05-01

Mitotane (o,p'-dichlorodimethyl dichloroethane [o,p'-DDD]) is used for the treatment of adrenocortical cancer and occasionally Cushing's syndrome. This drug is very poorly soluble in water, and following oral administration, approximately 60% of the dose is recovered in the feces unaltered. The preparation of a soluble formulation (i.e. by complexation with cyclodextrins) with improved bioavailability is the aim of this work. The inclusion of mitotane in methyl-ß-cyclodextrins was studied using both phase-solubility methods and NMR experiments. To elucidate the inclusion mechanism, o,p'-DDD was compared to its regioisomer (i.e. p,p'-DDD). It was demonstrated that two dimethyl-ß-cyclodextrins (DMßCD) can complex with the aromatic rings. From the phase-solubility diagrams, we observe that both cases are very different: K(1:1) is between 37 000 and 85 000 mol.l(-1), whereas K(1:2) is between 5.3 and 32 mol.l(-1). The NMR experiments confirmed the inclusion but it also gave an insight into the kinetics of the dissociation: the ortho-chloro moiety is in slow exchange on the NMR time scale, whereas the para-chloro moiety is in fast exchange rate. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Exploring academics' views on designs, methods, characteristics and outcomes of inclusive health research with people with intellectual disabilities: a modified Delphi study.

PubMed

Frankena, T K; Naaldenberg, J; Cardol, M; Meijering, J V; Leusink, G; van Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk, H M J

2016-08-18

The British Medical Journal's (BMJ's) patient revolution strives for collaboration with patients in healthcare and health research. This paper studies collaboration with people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in health research, also known as inclusive health research. Currently, transparency and agreement among academics is lacking regarding its main aspects, preventing upscaling of the patient revolution. This study aims to gain agreement among academics on 3 aspects of inclusive health research for people with ID: (1) designs and methods, (2) most important characteristics and (3) outcomes. A Delphi study was conducted with academics with experience in inclusive (health) research and on people with ID. The study consisted of 2 sequential questionnaire rounds (n=24; n=17), followed by in-depth interviews (n=10). Academics agreed on (1) a collaborative approach to be most suitable to inclusive health research, (2) characteristics regarding the accessibility and facilitation of inclusive health research, and (3) several outcomes of inclusive health research for people with ID and healthcare. Other characteristics agreed on included: atmosphere, relationship, engagement, partnership and power. It was stressed that these characteristics ensure meaningful inclusion. Interviewed academics voiced the need for a tool supporting the facilitation and evaluation of inclusive health research. There was ambiguity as to what this tool should comprise and the extent to which it was possible to capture the complex process of inclusive health research. This study underlines the need for transparency, facilitation and evaluation of inclusive health research. The need for in-depth interviews after 2 Delphi rounds underlines its complexity and context dependence. To increase process transparency, future research should focus on gaining insight into inclusive health research in its context. A tool could be developed to facilitate and evaluate inclusive health research. This tool will be partially applicable to participatory research in general and thereby upscale the patient revolution. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

IC-tagged proteins are able to interact with each other and perform complex reactions when integrated into muNS-derived inclusions.

PubMed

Brandariz-Nuñez, Alberto; Otero-Romero, Iria; Benavente, Javier; Martinez-Costas, Jose M

2011-09-20

We have recently developed a versatile tagging system (IC-tagging) that causes relocation of the tagged proteins to ARV muNS-derived intracellular globular inclusions. In the present study we demonstrate (i) that the IC-tag can be successfully fused either to the amino or carboxyl terminus of the protein to be tagged and (ii) that IC-tagged proteins are able to interact between them and perform complex reactions that require such interactions while integrated into muNS inclusions, increasing the versatility of the IC-tagging system. Also, our studies with the DsRed protein add some light on the structure/function relationship of the evolution of DsRed chromophore. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development and Optimization of Dispersible Tablet of Bacopa monnieri with Improved Functionality for Memory Enhancement.

PubMed

Thakkar, Vaishali Tejas; Deshmukh, Amol; Hingorani, Lal; Juneja, Payal; Baldaniya, Lalji; Patel, Asha; Pandya, Tosha; Gohel, Mukesh

2017-01-01

The Bacopa monnieri is traditional Ayurvedic medicine, and reported for memory-enhancing effects. The Bacoside is poorly soluble, bitter in taste and responsible for the memory enhancement action. Memory enhancer is commonly prescribed for children or elder people. Poor solubility, patient compliance and bitterness were a major driving force to develop taste masked β-cyclodextrin complex and dispersible tablets. The inclusion complex of Bacopa monnieri and β-cyclodextrin was prepared in different molar ratios of Bacopa monnieri by Co-precipitation method. Phase solubility study was conducted to evaluate the effect of β-cyclodextrin on aqueous solubility of Bacoside A. The characterization was determined by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction study (XRD).Crospovidone and croscarmallose sodium were used as super disintigrant. The 3 2 full factorial design was adopted to investigate the influence of two superdisintegrants on the wetting time and disntegration time of the tablets. The result revels that molar ratio (1:4) of inclusion complex enhance 3-fold solubility. Full factorial design was successfully employed for the optimization of dispersible tablet of B. monnieri . The short-term accelerated stability study confirmed that high stability of B. monnieri in inclusion complex.

Characterization of inclusion complexes of organic ions with hydrophilic hosts by ion transfer voltammetry with solvent polymeric membranes.

PubMed

Olmos, José Manuel; Laborda, Eduardo; Ortuño, Joaquín Ángel; Molina, Ángela

2017-03-01

The quantitative characterization of inclusion complexes formed in aqueous phase between organic ions and hydrophilic hosts by ion-transfer voltammetry with solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors is studied, both in a theoretical and experimental way. Simple analytical solutions are presented for the determination of the binding constant of the complex from the variation with the host concentration of the electrochemical signal. These solutions are valid for any voltammetric technique and for solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors comprising one polarisable interface (1PI) and also, for the first time, two polarisable interfaces (2PIs). Suitable experimental conditions and data analysis procedures are discussed and applied to the study of the interactions of a common ionic liquid cation (1-octyl-3-metyl-imidazolium) and an ionisable drug (clomipramine) with two hydrophilic cyclodextrins: α-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The experimental study is performed via square wave voltammetry with 2PIs and 1PI solvent polymeric membranes and in both cases the electrochemical experiments enable the detection of inclusion complexes and the determination of the corresponding binding constant. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

New ethanol and propylene glycol free gel formulations containing a minoxidil-methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex as promising tools for alopecia treatment.

PubMed

Lopedota, Angela; Cutrignelli, Annalisa; Denora, Nunzio; Laquintana, Valentino; Lopalco, Antonio; Selva, Stefano; Ragni, Lorella; Tongiani, Serena; Franco, Massimo

2015-05-01

New topical totally aqueous formulations that improve the low water solubility of minoxidil and realize an adequate permeability of drug in the skin are proposed. These formulations are lacking in propylene glycol and alcohol that are the principal irritant ingredients present in minoxidil commercial solutions. In order to enhance poor water solubility of minoxidil randomly methyl-β-cyclodextrin was used, and four hydrogels such as, calcium alginate, sodium alginate, carbopol 934 and hydroxyethylcellulose were utilized to ensure a prolonged time of contact with the scalp. The inclusion complex minoxidil/methyl-β-cyclodextrin with a molar ratio 1:1 was obtained by freeze drying and evaluated by NMR, FT-IR and DSC analysis. An apparent stability constant of formed inclusion complex was calculated by phase solubility diagram and its value was 400 M(-1). The solid inclusion complex was used to prepare gel formulations with similar dose to minoxidil commercial solution. The gels were evaluated for various technological parameters including rheological behavior, in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation through pig skin. The best performance was observed for the calcium alginate formulation.

Modified β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex to Improve the Physicochemical Properties of Albendazole. Complete In Vitro Evaluation and Characterization

PubMed Central

García, Agustina; Leonardi, Darío; Salazar, Mario Oscar; Lamas, María Celina

2014-01-01

The potential use of natural cyclodextrins and their synthetic derivatives have been studied extensively in pharmaceutical research and development to modify certain properties of hydrophobic drugs. The ability of these host molecules of including guest molecules within their cavities improves notably the physicochemical properties of poorly soluble drugs, such as albendazole, the first chosen drug to treat gastrointestinal helminthic infections. Thus, the aim of this work was to synthesize a beta cyclodextrin citrate derivative, to analyze its ability to form complexes with albendazole and to evaluate its solubility and dissolution rate. The synthesis progress of the cyclodextrin derivative was followed by electrospray mass spectrometry and the acid-base titration of the product. The derivative exhibited an important drug affinity. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments demonstrated that the tail and the aromatic ring of the drug were inside the cavity of the cyclodextrin derivative. The inclusion complex was prepared by spray drying and full characterized. The drug dissolution rate displayed exceptional results, achieving 100% drug release after 20 minutes. The studies indicated that the inclusion complex with the cyclodextrin derivative improved remarkably the physicochemical properties of albendazole, being a suitable excipient to design oral dosage forms. PMID:24551084

Supramolecular Inclusion in Cyclodextrins: A Pictorial Spectroscopic Demonstration

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haldar, Basudeb; Mallick, Arabinda; Chattopadhyay, Nitin

2008-01-01

A spectroscopic experiment is presented that reveals that the hydrophobically end-modified water-soluble polymeric fluorophore, pyrene end-capped poly(ethylene oxide) (PYPY), interacts differently with [alpha], [beta], and [gamma]-cyclodextrins (CD) to form supramolecular inclusion complexes. The emission spectrum of PYPY in aqueous solution shows…

Molecular Modeling and Physicochemical Properties of Supramolecular Complexes of Limonene with α- and β-Cyclodextrins.

PubMed

Dos Passos Menezes, Paula; Dos Santos, Polliana Barbosa Pereira; Dória, Grace Anne Azevedo; de Sousa, Bruna Maria Hipólito; Serafini, Mairim Russo; Nunes, Paula Santos; Quintans-Júnior, Lucindo José; de Matos, Iara Lisboa; Alves, Péricles Barreto; Bezerra, Daniel Pereira; Mendonça Júnior, Francisco Jaime Bezerra; da Silva, Gabriel Francisco; de Aquino, Thiago Mendonça; de Souza Bento, Edson; Scotti, Marcus Tullius; Scotti, Luciana; de Souza Araujo, Adriano Antunes

2017-02-01

This study evaluated three different methods for the formation of an inclusion complex between alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin (α- and β-CD) and limonene (LIM) with the goal of improving the physicochemical properties of limonene. The study samples were prepared through physical mixing (PM), paste complexation (PC), and slurry complexation (SC) methods in the molar ratio of 1:1 (cyclodextrin:limonene). The complexes prepared were evaluated with thermogravimetry/derivate thermogravimetry, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, complexation efficiency through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses, molecular modeling, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results showed that the physical mixing procedure did not produce complexation, but the paste and slurry methods produced inclusion complexes, which demonstrated interactions outside of the cavity of the CDs. However, the paste obtained with β-cyclodextrin did not demonstrate complexation in the gas chromatographic technique because, after extraction, most of the limonene was either surface-adsorbed by β-cyclodextrin or volatilized during the procedure. We conclude that paste complexation and slurry complexation are effective and economic methods to improve the physicochemical character of limonene and could have important applications in pharmacological activities in terms of an increase in solubility.

Spectral and theoretical study on complexation of sulfamethoxazole with β- and HPβ-cyclodextrins in binary and ternary systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varghese, Beena; Suliman, FakhrEldin O.; Al-Hajri, Aalia; Al Bishri, Nahed Surur S.; Al-Rwashda, Nathir

2018-02-01

The inclusion complexes of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and (2-hydroxypropyl) β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) were prepared. Fluorescence spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry, ESI-MS, were used to investigate and characterize the inclusion complexation of SMX with cyclodextrins in solutions. Whereas in the solid state the complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman techniques. Enhanced twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT), emission as well as local excited (LE) bands were observed upon addition of HPβCD indicate that SMX enters deeper into the cyclodextrins cavity. The stoichiometries and association constants of these complexes have been determined by monitoring the fluorescence data. The effect of presence of ternary components like arginine and cysteine on the complexation efficiency of SMX with cyclodextrins was investigated. Molecular Dynamic simulations were also performed to shed an atomistic insight into the complexation mechanism. The results obtained showed that complexes of SMX with both cyclodextrins are stabilized in aqueous media by strong hydrogen bonding interactions.

Encapsulating fatty acid esters of bioactive compounds in starch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lay Ma, Ursula Vanesa

Interest in the use of many bioactive compounds in foods is growing in large part because of the apparent health benefits of these molecules. However, many of these compounds can be easily degraded during processing, storage, or their passage through the gastrointestinal tract before reaching the target site. In addition, they can be bitter, acrid, or astringent, which may negatively affect the sensory properties of the product. Encapsulation of these molecules may increase their stability during processing, storage, and in the gastrointestinal tract, while providing controlled release properties. The ability of amylose to form inclusion complexes and spherulites while entrapping certain compounds has been suggested as a potential method for encapsulation of certain molecules. However, complex formation and spherulitic crystallization are greatly affected by the type of inclusion molecules, type of starch, and processing conditions. The objectives of the present investigation were to: (a) study the effect of amylose, amylopectin, and intermediate material on spherulite formation and its microstructure; (b) investigate the formation of amylose and high amylose starch inclusion complexes with ascorbyl palmitate, retinyl palmitate, and phytosterol esters; (c) evaluate the ability of spherulites to form in the presence of fatty acid esters and to entrap ascorbyl palmitate, retinyl palmitate, and phytosterol esters; and (d) evaluate the effect of processing conditions on spherulite formation and fatty acid ester entrapment. Higher ratios of linear to branched molecules resulted in the formation of more and rounder spherulites with higher heat stability. In addition to the presence of branches, it appears that spherulitic crystallization is also affected by other factors, such as degree of branching, chain length, and chain length distribution. Amylose and Hylon VII starch formed inclusion complexes with fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, retinol, or phytosterols. However, only retinyl palmitate formed a complex with amylopectin. In general, ascorbyl palmitate resulted in the highest complexation, followed by retinyl palmitate and phytosterol ester. The presence of native lipids in Hylon VII starch did not inhibit complex formation. On the contrary, native lipids appear to increase the complexation yield and thermal stability of the starch-fatty acid ester inclusion complexes, possibly due to the formation of ternary complexes. From the three fatty acid esters studied, only ascorbyl palmitate was entrapped in starch spherulites. Various structures including round spherulites, various sizes of torus-shape spherulites, non-spherulitic birefringent and non-birefringent particles, "balloon" morphologies, and gel-like material were formed depending on processing conditions. However, only the torus-shape spherulites, and some non-spherulitic birefringent and non-birefringent particles showed ascorbyl palmitate entrapment. The % yield of the precipitate increased with higher % of added Hylon VII, and decreased with higher heating temperature and faster cooling rates. The amount of entrapped ascorbyl palmitate in the starch precipitate seems to be governed by the amount of this compound added during processing. This study showed that starch can form inclusion complexes with fatty acid esters which may be used for the delivery of certain bioactive molecules. In addition, encapsulation of fatty acid esters in starch spherulites may be a good potential delivery system for water soluble bioactive molecules. However, further research is necessary to gain a better understanding of the type of molecules that can be entrapped in starch spherulites, and the factors affecting spherulitic crystallization and bioactive compound entrapment.

Stability of natamycin and its cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in aqueous solution.

PubMed

Koontz, John L; Marcy, Joseph E; Barbeau, William E; Duncan, Susan E

2003-11-19

Aqueous solutions of natamycin and its beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin, and gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) inclusion complexes were completely degraded after 24 h of exposure to 1000 lx fluorescent lighting at 4 degrees C. After 14 days of storage in darkness at 4 degrees C, 92.2% of natamycin remained in active form. The natamycin:beta-CD complex and natamycin:gamma-CD complex were significantly more stable (p < 0.05) than natamycin in its free state in aqueous solutions stored in darkness at 4 degrees C. Clear poly(ethylene terephthalate) packaging with a UV light absorber allowed 85.0% of natamycin to remain after 14 days of storage under 1000 lx fluorescent lighting at 4 degrees C. Natamycin:cyclodextrin complexes can be dissociated for analysis in methanol/water/acetic acid, 60:40:5, v/v/v. Natamycin and its complexes in dissociated form were quantified by reverse phase HPLC with detection by photodiode array at 304 nm.

Including Psychology in Inclusive Pedagogy: Enriching the Dialogue?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kershner, Ruth

2016-01-01

Inclusive education is a complex field of study and practice that requires good communication and dialogue between all involved. Psychology has to some extent been marginalised in these educational dialogues. This is, in part, due to psychology's perceived heritage in the standardised testing that has been used to support the educational…

Efficacy of Peer Support Arrangements to Increase Peer Interaction and AAC Use

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Biggs, Elizabeth E.; Carter, Erik W.; Gustafson, Jenny

2017-01-01

Supporting interaction in inclusive settings between students with complex communication needs (CCN) and their peers requires careful planning and support. We used a multiple-probe-across-participants design to investigate the efficacy of collaborative planning and peer support arrangements to increase peer interaction in inclusive classrooms.…

Encapsulation of boswellic acid with β- and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro drug release and molecular modelling studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tambe, Amruta; Pandita, Nancy; Kharkar, Prashant; Sahu, Niteshkumar

2018-02-01

Boswellic acids (BAs) are a group of pentacyclic triterpenes present in gum-resin of Boswellia serrata. They are well known for their anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activity, but they have poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability. In order to enhance their aqueous solubility, inclusion complexes of BAs with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were synthesized and their drug release profiles were studied. Molecular associations of β-CD and HP-β-CD with BAs were investigated by phase solubility studies. The stability constants were found to be 380.2 and 145.9 M-1 for BA: β-CD and BA: HP-β-CD inclusion complexes, respectively with AN- type curve. BA: β-CD and BA: HP-β-CD inclusion complexes were synthesized using kneading (KN), co-precipitation (CP) and solvent evaporation (SE) methods in 1:1 as well as 1:2 ratios. Further these were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, Powder X-ray Diffraction (P-XRD) and Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis. FTIR analysis showed shifting of frequencies in complexes as compared to CDs and BAs. P-XRD data obtained for BA: β-CD complexes synthesized by CP and SE methods showed amorphous pattern. Also, DSC analysis showed a change in thermal behaviour for synthesized complexes. In vitro drug release studies of BA: β-CD complexes showed enhanced release with 1:2 complexes than 1:1 complexes at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8. Similarly, drug release enhancement was observed more with BA: HP-β-CD complexes in 1:2 ratio than 1:1. To understand the interaction of BAs with CD cavity molecular modelling studies were performed which favored 1:2 complex formation over 1:1 complexes. The study thus highlights that CDs can be used for solubility and dissolution enhancement of BAs.

Analytical techniques for characterization of cyclodextrin complexes in the solid state: A review.

PubMed

Mura, Paola

2015-09-10

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides able to form inclusion complexes with a variety of hydrophobic guest molecules, positively modifying their physicochemical properties. A thorough analytical characterization of cyclodextrin complexes is of fundamental importance to provide an adequate support in selection of the most suitable cyclodextrin for each guest molecule, and also in view of possible future patenting and marketing of drug-cyclodextrin formulations. The demonstration of the actual formation of a drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in solution does not guarantee its existence also in the solid state. Moreover, the technique used to prepare the solid complex can strongly influence the properties of the final product. Therefore, an appropriate characterization of the drug-cyclodextrin solid systems obtained has also a key role in driving in the choice of the most effective preparation method, able to maximize host-guest interactions. The analytical characterization of drug-cyclodextrin solid systems and the assessment of the actual inclusion complex formation is not a simple task and involves the combined use of several analytical techniques, whose results have to be evaluated together. The objective of the present review is to present a general prospect of the principal analytical techniques which can be employed for a suitable characterization of drug-cyclodextrin systems in the solid state, evidencing their respective potential advantages and limits. The applications of each examined technique are described and discussed by pertinent examples from literature. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The comparison of different daidzein-PLGA nanoparticles in increasing its oral bioavailability.

PubMed

Ma, Yiran; Zhao, Xinyi; Li, Jian; Shen, Qi

2012-01-01

The aim of this research was to increase the oral bioavailability of daidzein by the formulations of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with daidzein. Amongst the various traditional and novel techniques of preparing daidzein-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, daidzein-loaded phospholipid complexes PLGA nanoparticles and daidzein-loaded cyclodextrin inclusion complexes PLGA nanoparticles were selected. The average drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential of daidzein-loaded phospholipid complexes PLGA nanoparticles and daidzein-loaded cyclodextrin inclusion complexes PLGA nanoparticles were 81.9% ± 5%, 309.2 ± 14.0 nm, -32.14 ± 2.53 mV and 83.2% ± 7.2%, 323.2 ± 4.8 nm, -18.73 ± 1.68 mV, respectively. The morphological characterization of nanoparticles was observed with scanning electron microscopy by stereological method and the physicochemical state of nanoparticles was valued by differential scanning calorimetry. The in vitro drug-release profile of both nanoparticle formulations fitted the Weibull dynamic equation. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that after oral administration of daidzein-loaded phospholipid complexes PLGA nanoparticles and daidzein-loaded cyclodextrin inclusion complexes PLGA nanoparticles to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg, relative bioavailability was enhanced about 5.57- and 8.85-fold, respectively, compared to daidzein suspension as control. These results describe an effective strategy for oral delivery of daidzein-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and might provide a fresh approach to enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with poor lipophilic and poor hydrophilic properties.

The comparison of different daidzein-PLGA nanoparticles in increasing its oral bioavailability

PubMed Central

Ma, Yiran; Zhao, Xinyi; Li, Jian; Shen, Qi

2012-01-01

The aim of this research was to increase the oral bioavailability of daidzein by the formulations of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with daidzein. Amongst the various traditional and novel techniques of preparing daidzein-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, daidzein-loaded phospholipid complexes PLGA nanoparticles and daidzein-loaded cyclodextrin inclusion complexes PLGA nanoparticles were selected. The average drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential of daidzein-loaded phospholipid complexes PLGA nanoparticles and daidzein-loaded cyclodextrin inclusion complexes PLGA nanoparticles were 81.9% ± 5%, 309.2 ± 14.0 nm, −32.14 ± 2.53 mV and 83.2% ± 7.2%, 323.2 ± 4.8 nm, −18.73 ± 1.68 mV, respectively. The morphological characterization of nanoparticles was observed with scanning electron microscopy by stereological method and the physicochemical state of nanoparticles was valued by differential scanning calorimetry. The in vitro drug-release profile of both nanoparticle formulations fitted the Weibull dynamic equation. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that after oral administration of daidzein-loaded phospholipid complexes PLGA nanoparticles and daidzein-loaded cyclodextrin inclusion complexes PLGA nanoparticles to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg, relative bioavailability was enhanced about 5.57- and 8.85-fold, respectively, compared to daidzein suspension as control. These results describe an effective strategy for oral delivery of daidzein-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and might provide a fresh approach to enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with poor lipophilic and poor hydrophilic properties. PMID:22346351

Plagioclase-Hosted Magnetite Inclusions From the Bushveld Complex

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feinberg, J. M.; Scott, G. R.; Renne, P. R.; Wenk, H.

2004-12-01

Gabbros from the Main Zone of the 2.064 Ga Bushveld Complex have long been known to possess unusually stable magnetizations due to the presence of high coercivity, exsolved magnetite inclusions in plagioclase and clinopyroxene. The paleomagnetic pole for these rocks has been used to anchor apparent polar wander paths for the Kaapval craton during the Early-Mid Proterozoic. To better understand the rock magnetic properties of silicate-hosted magnetite inclusions, oriented paleomagnetic samples of gabbro were collected from quarries near Belfast and Rustenberg, South Africa, sampling the eastern and western limbs of the Complex, respectively. Plagioclase composition at both sites ranges from An55 (rims) to An65 (cores) based on optical and electron microprobe data. Four kinds of inclusions are present within the plagioclase: elongate magnetite needles, nanometer-scale magnetite particles (responsible for the "cloudy" appearance of some crystals), translucent brown hematite/ilmenite platelets, and colorless euhedral inclusions of pyroxene and/or feldspar. Magnetite inclusions are most abundant at the cores of the plagioclase crystals. Orientations of the needles and the platelets are crystallographically controlled by the silicate host. Although the elongation direction of the magnetite inclusions can occur in any of five possible orientations, only two or three of these directions dominates each plagioclase crystal. Alternating field demagnetization of bulk samples (NRM = 1.5 x 101 A m-1) shows univectorial remanence with average median destructive fields (MDF) of 115 mT (Belfast) and 90 mT (Rustenberg). AF demagnetization of single plagioclase crystals (NRM = 100 A m-1) also shows single component remanence with average MDFs >150 mT. The NRM coercivity spectra of single plagioclase crystals are indistinguishable from that of the bulk samples. When normalized to their abundance in bulk samples the magnetite-bearing plagioclase fully accounts for the NRM of Bushveld gabbros at both sites. Close examination of the inclusions' interiors using magnetic force microscopy shows no ulvöspinel exsolution as observed in other silicate exsolved titanomagnetites with comparably high coercivities. Consequently, we interpret the high coercivities of the inclusions to be a product of their small size and extreme shape anisotropy. Single crystals of plagioclase demonstrate a strong anisotropy of IRM acquisition (see Scott, et al. this conference). Additionally, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) orientation indexing shows a strongly preferred orientation for plagioclase and pyroxene (with (010)plag and (100)pyr parallel to subhorizontal layering) consistent with gravitational settling within a magma chamber. Thus, there are two anisotropies (silicate preferred orientation and magnetite inclusion remanence) to consider when describing the ancient magnetic field present during the emplacement of the Bushveld.

Dual fluorescence of N-phenylanthranilic acid: Effect of solvents, pH and beta-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Rajendiran, N; Balasubramanian, T

2007-11-01

Spectral characteristics of N-phenylanthranilic acid (NPAA) have been studied in different solvents, pH and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and compared with anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2ABA). In all solvents a dual fluorescence is observed in NPAA, whereas 2ABA gives single emission. Combining the results observed in the absorption, fluorescence emission and fluorescence excitation spectra, it is found that strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) interactions present in NPAA molecule. The inclusion complex of NPAA with beta-CD is analysed by UV-vis, fluorimetry, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, scanning electron microscope and AM 1 method. The above spectral studies show that NPAA forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with beta-CD and COOH group present in the beta-CD cavity. A mechanism is proposed to explain the inclusion process.

Dual fluorescence of N-phenylanthranilic acid: Effect of solvents, pH and β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajendiran, N.; Balasubramanian, T.

2007-11-01

Spectral characteristics of N-phenylanthranilic acid (NPAA) have been studied in different solvents, pH and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and compared with anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2ABA). In all solvents a dual fluorescence is observed in NPAA, whereas 2ABA gives single emission. Combining the results observed in the absorption, fluorescence emission and fluorescence excitation spectra, it is found that strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) interactions present in NPAA molecule. The inclusion complex of NPAA with β-CD is analysed by UV-vis, fluorimetry, FT-IR, 1H NMR, scanning electron microscope and AM 1 method. The above spectral studies show that NPAA forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with β-CD and COOH group present in the β-CD cavity. A mechanism is proposed to explain the inclusion process.

Characterization of Albendazole-Randomly Methylated-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex and In Vivo Evaluation of Its Antihelmitic Activity in a Murine Model of Trichinellosis

PubMed Central

García, Agustina; Leonardi, Darío; Vasconi, María D.; Hinrichsen, Lucila I.; Lamas, María C.

2014-01-01

Albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate extensively used in oral chemotherapy against intestinal parasites, due to its broad spectrum activity, good tolerance and low cost. However, the drug has the disadvantage of poor bioavailability due to its very low solubility in water; as a consequence, a very active area of research focuses on the development of new pharmaceutical formulations to increase its solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. The primary objective of this study was to prepare randomly methylated β-cyclodextrins inclusion complexes to increase albendazole dissolution rate, in order to enhance its antiparasitic activity. This formulation therapeutic efficacy was contrasted with that of the pure drug by treating Trichinella spiralis infected mice during the intestinal phase of the parasite cycle, on days five and six post-infection. This protocol significantly decreased muscle larval burden measured in the parenteral stage on day 30 post-infection, when compared with the untreated control. Thus, it could be demonstrated that the inclusion complexes improve the in vivo therapeutic activity of albendazole. PMID:25406084

Dual responsive supramolecular hydrogel with electrochemical activity.

PubMed

Du, Ping; Liu, Jianghua; Chen, Guosong; Jiang, Ming

2011-08-02

Supramolecular materials with reversible responsiveness to environmental changes are of particular research interest in recent years. Inclusion complexation between cyclodextrin (CD) and ferrocene (Fc) is well-known and extensively studied because of its reversible association-dissociation controlled by the redox state of Fc. Although there are quite a few reported nanoscale materials incorporating this host-guest pair, polymeric hydrogels with electrochemical activity based on this interactive pair are still rare. Taking advantage of our previous reported hybrid inclusion complex (HIC) hydrogel structure, a new Fc-HIC was designed and obtained with β-CD-modified quantum dots as the core and Fc-ended diblock co-polymer p(DMA-b-NIPAM) as the shell, to achieve an electrochemically active hydrogel at elevated temperatures. Considering the two independent cross-linking strategies in the network structure, i.e., the interchain aggregation of pNIPAM and inclusion complexation between CD and Fc on the surface of the quantum dots, the hydrogel was fully thermo-reversible and its gel-sol transition was achieved after the addition of either an oxidizing agent or a competitive guest to Fc.

Self-Healing and Thermo-Responsive Dual-Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogels based on Supramolecular Inclusion Complexes

PubMed Central

Miao, Tianxin; Fenn, Spencer L.; Charron, Patrick N.; Oldinski, Rachael A.

2015-01-01

β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), with a lipophilic inner cavity and hydrophilic outer surface, interacts with a large variety of non-polar guest molecules to form non-covalent inclusion complexes. Conjugation of β-CD onto biomacromolecules can form physically-crosslinked hydrogel networks upon mixing with a guest molecule. Herein describes the development and characterization of self-healing, thermo-responsive hydrogels, based on host-guest inclusion complexes between alginate-graft-β-CD and Pluronic® F108 (poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene glycol)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)). The mechanics, flow characteristics, and thermal response were contingent on the polymer concentrations, and the host-guest molar ratio. Transient and reversible physical crosslinking between host and guest polymers governed self-assembly, allowing flow under shear stress, and facilitating complete recovery of the material properties within a few seconds of unloading. The mechanical properties of the dual-crosslinked, multi-stimuli responsive hydrogels were tuned as high as 30 kPa at body temperature, and are advantageous for biomedical applications such as drug delivery and cell transplantation. PMID:26509214

Construction and Characterization of a Chitosan-Immobilized-Enzyme and β-Cyclodextrin-Included-Ferrocene-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for H₂O₂ Detection.

PubMed

Dong, Wenbo; Wang, Kaiyin; Chen, Yu; Li, Weiping; Ye, Yanchun; Jin, Shaohua

2017-07-28

An electrochemical detection biosensor was prepared with the chitosan-immobilized-enzyme (CTS-CAT) and β-cyclodextrin-included-ferrocene (β-CD-FE) complex for the determination of H₂O₂. Ferrocene (FE) was included in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to increase its stability. The structure of the β-CD-FE was characterized. The inclusion amount, inclusion rate, and electrochemical properties of inclusion complexes were determined to optimize the reaction conditions for the inclusion. CTS-CAT was prepared by a step-by-step immobilization method, which overcame the disadvantages of the conventional preparation methods. The immobilization conditions were optimized to obtain the desired enzyme activity. CTS-CAT/β-CD-FE composite electrodes were prepared by compositing the CTS-CAT with the β-CD-FE complex on a glassy carbon electrode and used for the electrochemical detection of H₂O₂. It was found that the CTS-CAT could produce a strong reduction peak current in response to H₂O₂ and the β-CD-FE could amplify the current signal. The peak current exhibited a linear relationship with the H₂O₂ concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10 -7 -6.0 × 10 -3 mol/L. Our work provided a novel method for the construction of electrochemical biosensors with a fast response, good stability, high sensitivity, and a wide linear response range based on the composite of chitosan and cyclodextrin.

From Access to Success: An Integrated Approach to Quality Higher Education Informed by Social Inclusion Theory and Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gidley, Jennifer M.; Hampson, Gary P.; Wheeler, Leone; Bereded-Samuel, Elleni

2010-01-01

Equitable access, success and quality in higher education are examined from a variety of ideological perspectives. "Quality" is positioned as a complex generic concept while "access" and "success" are identified as key concepts in the social inclusion domain, supplemented by the concept of "participation."…

Do Students See Themselves in the Music Curriculum? A Project to Encourage Inclusion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peters, Gretchen

2016-01-01

Greater diversity and inclusivity in music curricula are goals that permeate discussions in education. Achieving these goals, however, is complex and presents inherent difficulties as music not only values tradition but also promotes the past. Many music traditions were exclusionary and unintentionally cultivated a culture in which many people…

An Education Millennium Development Goal for Quality: Complexity and Democracy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barrett, Angeline M.

2011-01-01

A good quality education is inclusive, relevant and democratic. Of these three characteristics, the author contends that democratic is the most fundamental and underpins the other two. Education can only truly be inclusive and relevant if its goals are continuously the subject of open democratic debate, since education is a value-based,…

Development and Optimization of Dispersible Tablet of Bacopa monnieri with Improved Functionality for Memory Enhancement

PubMed Central

Thakkar, Vaishali Tejas; Deshmukh, Amol; Hingorani, Lal; Juneja, Payal; Baldaniya, Lalji; Patel, Asha; Pandya, Tosha; Gohel, Mukesh

2017-01-01

Introduction: The Bacopa monnieri is traditional Ayurvedic medicine, and reported for memory-enhancing effects. The Bacoside is poorly soluble, bitter in taste and responsible for the memory enhancement action. Memory enhancer is commonly prescribed for children or elder people. Objective: Poor solubility, patient compliance and bitterness were a major driving force to develop taste masked β-cyclodextrin complex and dispersible tablets. Materials and Methods: The inclusion complex of Bacopa monnieri and β-cyclodextrin was prepared in different molar ratios of Bacopa monnieri by Co-precipitation method. Phase solubility study was conducted to evaluate the effect of β-cyclodextrin on aqueous solubility of Bacoside A. The characterization was determined by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction study (XRD).Crospovidone and croscarmallose sodium were used as super disintigrant. The 32 full factorial design was adopted to investigate the influence of two superdisintegrants on the wetting time and disntegration time of the tablets. Conclusion: The result revels that molar ratio (1:4) of inclusion complex enhance 3-fold solubility. Full factorial design was successfully employed for the optimization of dispersible tablet of B. monnieri. The short-term accelerated stability study confirmed that high stability of B. monnieri in inclusion complex. PMID:28979076

Surface effects and desorption of tetracycline supramolecular complex on bovine dentine.

PubMed

Pataro, A L; Franco, C F; Santos, V R; Cortés, M E; Sinisterra, R D

2003-03-01

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, the substantivity, and surface effects of the inclusion compound tetracycline: beta-cyclodextrin on bovine roots. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by dentine slabs which had been immersed in the inclusion complex in concentrations 8.0%, 4.0%, 2.0%, 1.0%, 0.5% and 0.25% for 5min compared to a control of tetracycline hydrochloride. Each slab was tested in a broth of overnight culture of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Y4-FDC). The inclusion complex significantly inhibited the A. actinomycetemcomitans (p<0.01) verified at concentrations from 1.0% to 8.0%. The substantivity of tetracycline was evaluated by the measure of desorption from the slabs previously immersed in solution samples and removed at 24h intervals. The tetracycline encapsulated in beta-cyclodextrin showed a flow rate near to zero order in comparison to free tetracycline. The surface morphology determined by SEM showed a more homogeneous and integrated layer with the complex compared to the effect of free tetracycline. We concluded that the root surfaces treated with tetracycline: beta-cyclodextrin release lower concentrations of active drug over 5 days at inhibitory concentrations against A. actinomycetemcomitans with enhanced disponibility in comparison to tetracycline.

Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of an Inclusion Complex Between Dimethylated β-Cyclodextrin and a Drug Lead From a New Class of Orally Active Antimalarial 3,5-Diaryl-2-Aminopyridines.

PubMed

Joseph, Laurelle M; Chibale, Kelly; Caira, Mino R

2016-11-01

Cyclodextrins (CDs) were used to increase the aqueous solubility of a recently discovered orally active 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyridine antimalarial drug lead (MMP). Phase-solubility studies using β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-CD, and heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (DIMEB) as potential solubilizers for MMP yielded solubility enhancement factors of 17, 49, and 65, respectively, at 25°C with CD concentrations ∼20 mM. A crystalline complex, DIMEB⋅MMP⋅2H 2 O, was prepared and characterized by thermal and single-crystal X-ray analyses. The latter technique revealed preferential encapsulation of the hydrophobic methylsulfonylphenyl moiety of MMP within the CD cavity and protrusion of the more polar methoxypyridinyl and aminopyridine residues from the cavity. This inclusion mode results in a DIMEB complex with a new packing arrangement and an intricate network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds linking guest residues that protrude from 2 1 -related host cavities. A summary of the results of the performance of the inclusion complex in preliminary pharmacokinetic and efficacy tests in mouse models is provided. Copyright © 2016 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Solving the Problem of Linear Viscoelasticity for Piecewise-Homogeneous Anisotropic Plates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaloerov, S. A.; Koshkin, A. A.

2017-11-01

An approximate method for solving the problem of linear viscoelasticity for thin anisotropic plates subject to transverse bending is proposed. The method of small parameter is used to reduce the problem to a sequence of boundary problems of applied theory of bending of plates solved using complex potentials. The general form of complex potentials in approximations and the boundary conditions for determining them are obtained. Problems for a plate with elliptic elastic inclusions are solved as an example. The numerical results for a plate with one, two elliptical (circular), and linear inclusions are analyzed.

Multiphase inclusions in plagioclase from anorthosites in the Stillwater Complex, Montana: implications for the origin of the anorthosites

USGS Publications Warehouse

Loferski, P.J.; Arculus, R.J.

1993-01-01

Multiphase inclusions, consisting of clinopyroxene+ilmenite+apatite, occur within cumulus plagioclase grains from anorthosites in the Stillwater Complex, Montana, and in other rocks from the Middle Banded series of the intrusion. The textures and constant modal mineralogy of the inclusions indicate that they were incorporated in the plagioclase as liquid droplets that later crystallized rather than as solid aggregates. Their unusual assemblage, including a distinctive manganiferous ilmenite and the presence of baddeleyite (ZrO2), indicates formation from an unusual liquid. A process involving silicater liquid immiscibility is proposed, whereby small globules of a liquid enriched in Mg, Fe, Ca, Ti, P, REE, Zr and Mn exsolved from the main liquid that gave rise to the anorthosites, became trapped in the plagioclase, and later crystallized to form the inclusions. The immiscibility could have occurred locally within compositional boundaries around crystallizing plagioclase grains or it could have occurred pervasively throughout the liquid. It is proposed that the two immiscible liquids were analogous, n terms of their melt structures, to immiscible liquid pairs reported in the literature both in experiments and in natural basalts. For the previously reported pairs, immiscibility is between a highly polymerized liquid, typically granitic in composition, and a depolymerized liquid, typically ferrobasaltic in composition. In the case of the anorthosites, the depolymerized liquid is represented by the inclusions, and the other liquid was a highly polymerized aluminosilicate melt with a high normative plagioclase content from which the bulk of the anorthosites crystallized. Crystallization of the anorthosites from this highly polymerized liquid accounts for various distinctive textural and chemical features of the anorthosites compared to other rocks in the Stillwater Complex. A lack of correlation between P contents and chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) ratios of plagioclase separates indicates that the amount of apatite in the inclusions is too low to affect the REE signature of the plagioclase separates. Nevertheless, workers should use caution when attempting REE modelling studies of cumulates having low REE contents, because apatite-bearing inclusions can potentially cause problems. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.

Molecular structures of the inclusion complexes beta-cyclodextrin-1,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane and beta-cyclodextrin-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl; packing of dimeric beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.

PubMed

Giastas, Petros; Yannakopoulou, Konstantina; Mavridis, Irene M

2003-04-01

The present investigation is part of an ongoing study on the influence of the long end-functonalized guest molecules DBA and BNZ in the crystal packing of beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) dimeric complexes. The title compounds are 2:2 host:guest complexes showing limited host-guest hydrogen bonding at the primary faces of the betaCD dimers. Within the betaCD cavity the guests exhibit mutual pi...pi interactions and between betaCD dimers perpendicular NH...pi interactions. The DBA guest molecule exhibits one extended and two bent conformations in the complex. The BNZ guest molecule is not planar inside betaCD, in contrast to the structure of BNZ itself, which indicates that the cavity isolates the molecules and forbids the pi...pi stacking of the aromatic rings. NMR spectroscopy studies show that in aqueous solution both DBA and BNZ form strong complexes that have 1:1 stoichiometry and structures similar to the solid state ones. The relative packing of the dimers is the same in both complexes. The axes of two adjacent dimers form an angle close to 20 degrees and have a lateral displacement approximately 2.45 A, both of which characterize the screw-channel mode of packing. Although the betaCD/BNZ complex indeed crystallizes in a space group characterizing the latter mode, the betaCD/DBA complex crystallizes in a space group with novel dimensions not resembling any of the packing modes reported so far. The new lattice is attributed to the three conformations exhibited by the guest in the crystals. However, this lattice can be transformed into another, which is isostructural to that of the betaCD/BNZ inclusion complex, if the conformation of the guest is not taken into account.

Factors Associated with Primary School Teachers' Attitudes Towards the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities.

PubMed

Vaz, Sharmila; Wilson, Nathan; Falkmer, Marita; Sim, Angela; Scott, Melissa; Cordier, Reinie; Falkmer, Torbjörn

2015-01-01

Teachers' attitudes toward inclusion are often based on the practical implementation of inclusive education rather than a specific ideology and understanding of inclusiveness. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with primary school teachers' attitudes towards inclusion of students with all disabilities in regular schools. Seventy four primary school teachers participated in a cross-sectional survey conducted in Western Australia. Teachers' attitudes and efficacy toward integration of students with disabilities were measured using the Opinions Relative to Integration of Students with Disabilities scale and Bandura's Teacher Efficacy scale respectively. Four teacher attributes-age, gender, teaching self-efficacy and training collectively explained 42% of the variability in teachers' attitude toward including students with disabilities. The current study further contributes to the accumulation of knowledge that can unpack the complex pattern of factors that should be considered to promote positive attitudes towards inclusive schools.

Factors Associated with Primary School Teachers’ Attitudes Towards the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities

PubMed Central

Vaz, Sharmila; Wilson, Nathan; Falkmer, Marita; Sim, Angela; Scott, Melissa; Cordier, Reinie; Falkmer, Torbjörn

2015-01-01

Objective Teachers' attitudes toward inclusion are often based on the practical implementation of inclusive education rather than a specific ideology and understanding of inclusiveness. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with primary school teachers' attitudes towards inclusion of students with all disabilities in regular schools. Method Seventy four primary school teachers participated in a cross-sectional survey conducted in Western Australia. Teachers' attitudes and efficacy toward integration of students with disabilities were measured using the Opinions Relative to Integration of Students with Disabilities scale and Bandura's Teacher Efficacy scale respectively. Results Four teacher attributes—age, gender, teaching self-efficacy and training collectively explained 42% of the variability in teachers' attitude toward including students with disabilities. Conclusion The current study further contributes to the accumulation of knowledge that can unpack the complex pattern of factors that should be considered to promote positive attitudes towards inclusive schools. PMID:26317862

First findings of monocrystalline aragonite inclusions in garnet from diamond-grade UHPM rocks (Kokchetav Massif, Northern Kazakhstan).

PubMed

Korsakov, Andrey V; Vandenabeele, Peter; Perraki, Maria; Moens, Luc

2011-10-01

The presence of aragonite inclusions in garnet from diamond-grade metamorphic rocks from the Kokchetav Massif, Northern Kazakhstan was identified for the first time by means of Raman analyses and mapping. Aragonite appears within the inclusions up to 50 μm in size as a single crystal. These inclusions have rounded shape. The grain boundary between the host-garnet is smooth. No cracks occur around the aragonite inclusions. No significant shift in the main aragonite Raman band was measured. These observations indicate that residual pressure within the inclusion is minor. These findings imply either non-UHPM origin of the host garnet or significant plastic deformation of host minerals during retrograde stage. These features should be taken into account for recovery peak metamorphic conditions and modeling of exhumation processes of UHPM complexes. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Surface-Modified MgO Nanoparticles on Inclusion Characteristics and Microstructure in Carbon Structural Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Hao; Yang, Shufeng; Li, Jingshe; Zhao, Mengjing; Chen, Zhengyang; Zhang, Xueliang; Li, Jikang

2018-05-01

An innovative approach involving chemical modification of the surface of MgO nanoparticles (NPs) for steelmaking and application of NPs to carbon structural steel has been investigated. The results show that the inclusions in the test steels were completely converted to MgAl2O4 spinel or MnS complex inclusions. The mean inclusion size decreased with increasing NP content from 0.01% to 0.03%, but increased at 0.05% because of NP aggregation. Addition of NPs increased the amount of intragranular ferrite and prevented polygonal ferrite formation, thereby enhancing the impact toughness. Impact tests showed that the dimple fractures in steel with 0.05% NP content were deeper than those in the other samples because the MgAl2O4 inclusions were larger. The surface-modified MgO NPs had a major effect on the inclusion characteristics and microstructure of carbon structural steel.

This new field of inclusive education: beginning a dialogue on conceptual foundations.

PubMed

Danforth, Scot; Naraian, Srikala

2015-02-01

Numerous scholars have suggested that the standard knowledge base of the field of special education is not a suitable intellectual foundation for the development of research, policy, and practice in the field of inclusive education. Still, we have yet to have a dialogue on what conceptual foundations may be most generative for the growth and development of the field of inclusive education. This article imagines and initiates such a new dialogue among educational researchers and teacher educators about the intellectual resources that can best support inclusive educators everywhere. As inclusive education gets increasingly taken up within international policy discourses, it may be imperative to explore and identify theories and ideas that can be responsive to diverse and hugely unequal contexts of schooling. This article forwards an initial collection of intellectual resources for an inclusive education that can accommodate such complex schooling conditions and invites rich scholarly exchange on this issue.

Ultrastructural features of the osteoclasts from Paget's disease of bone in relation to a viral aetiology.

PubMed Central

Harvey, L; Gray, T; Beneton, M N; Douglas, D L; Kanis, J A; Russell, R G

1982-01-01

The ultrastructure of the osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, haemopoietic and other connective tissue cells was examined in 27 biopsies from 22 patients with Paget's disease of bone. Electron microscopy showed characteristic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions in the osteoclasts of all of the 25 biopsies exhibiting histological evidence of Paget's disease. Such inclusions were absent from all the other types examined. The intranuclear inclusions consisted of stacked rows or complex whorls of tubular filaments with an individual filament diameter of 12-15 nm, often arranged in a paracrystalline array. The frequency of occurrence of inclusions in the osteoclasts and their individual nuclei measured quantitatively in 18 of the biopsies was related to the histological severity of the disease process. The similarity of the observed inclusions to those of paramyxovirus inclusion bodies (particularly measles) support the hypothesis that Paget's disease is a slow virus infection. Images PMID:7096600

Three-dimensional imaging of crystalline inclusions embedded in intact maize stalks.

PubMed

Badger, John; Lal, Jyotsana; Harder, Ross; Inouye, Hideyo; Gleber, S Charlotte; Vogt, Stefan; Robinson, Ian; Makowski, Lee

2013-10-03

Mineral inclusions in biomass are attracting increased scrutiny due to their potential impact on processing methods designed to provide renewable feedstocks for the production of chemicals and fuels. These inclusions are often sculpted by the plant into shapes required to support functional roles that include the storage of specific elements, strengthening of the plant structure, and providing a defense against pathogens and herbivores. In situ characterization of these inclusions faces substantial challenges since they are embedded in an opaque, complex polymeric matrix. Here we describe the use of Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) to study mineral inclusions within intact maize stalks. Three-dimensional BCDI data sets were collected and used to reconstruct images of mineral inclusions at 50-100 nm resolution. Asymmetries in the intensity distributions around the Bragg peaks provided detailed information about the deformation fields within these crystal particles revealing lattice defects that result in distinct internal crystal domains.

New formulation of an old drug in hypertension treatment: the sustained release of captopril from cyclodextrin nanoparticles

PubMed Central

de Azevedo, Mariangela de Burgos M; Tasic, Ljubica; Fattori, Juliana; Rodrigues, Fábio HS; Cantos, Fabiana C; Ribeiro, Leandro P; de Paula, Vanice; Ianzer, Danielle; Santos, Robson AS

2011-01-01

Captopril (CAP) was the first angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to be developed and is widely used in hypertension treatment. On the other hand, cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides whose cone-shaped cavity allows formation of noncovalent inclusion complexes with appropriately sized guest molecules, thus modifying guest physical, chemical, and biological properties. Herein, the physicochemical characterization and in vivo ACE inhibition evaluation of seven CAP/CD complexes are reported. The inclusion complexes were prepared by spray-drying, freeze-drying, kneading, or lyophilization methods and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. In vivo assays compared CAP and CAP/CD complex administration (0.5 mg kg−1 or 0.09 mg kg−1, n = 4–7) to evaluate the ACE inhibition by continuous infusion of angiotensin I (30 ng 50 μL−1 min−1) in conscious Wistar rats. The physicochemical analysis demonstrated complete amorphization and complexation between CAP and CDs, indicating the substitution of water molecules inside the CD cavity with CAP. During the infusion of angiotensin I, the administration of all CAP/CD complexes induced a reduction in mean arterial pressure similar to that observed upon CAP administration. The nanoparticles obtained by the kneading method (CAP/α-CD:KM) showed a potent and long-lasting inhibitory activity (∼22 hours) on the angiotensin I pressor effect. The results suggest that the inclusion complex of CAP and α-CD can function as a novel antihypertensive formulation that may improve therapeutic use of CAP by reducing its oral dose administration to once per day, thus providing better quality of life for almost 25% of the world’s population who suffer from hypertension. PMID:21720512

Investigation of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of Rilpivirine.

PubMed

Rao, Monica R P; Chaudhari, Jagruti; Trotta, Francesco; Caldera, Fabrizio

2018-06-04

Rilpivrine is BCS class II drug used for treatment of HIV infection. The drug has low aqueous solubility (0.0166 mg/ml) and dissolution rate leading to low bioavailability (32%). Aim of this work was to enhance solubility and dissolution of rilpivirine using beta-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. These nanosponges are biocompatible nanoporous particles having high loading capacity to form supramolecular inclusion and non-inclusion complexes with hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs for solubility enhancement. Beta-cyclodextrin was crosslinked with carbonyl diimidazole and pyromellitic dianhydride to prepare nanosponges. The nanosponges were loaded with rilpivirine by solvent evaporation method. Binary and ternary complexes of drug with β-CD, HP-β-CD, nanosponges, and tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate were prepared and characterized by phase solubility, saturation solubility in different media, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Spectral analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry was performed. Results obtained from spectral characterization confirmed inclusion complexation. Phase solubility studies indicated stable complex formation. Saturation solubility was found to be 10-13-folds higher with ternary complexes in distilled water and 12-14-fold higher in 0.1 N HCl. Solubility enhancement was evident in biorelevant media. Molecular modeling studies revealed possible mode of entrapment of rilpivirine within β-CD cavities. A 3-fold increase in dissolution with ternary complexes was observed. Animal studies revealed nearly 2-fold increase in oral bioavailability of rilpivirine. It was inferred that electronic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces are involved in the supramolecular interactions.

Effect of amylopectin on the rheological properties of aqueous dispersions of starch-sodium palmitate complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Aqueous dispersions of normal and high-amylose corn starch were steam jet cooked and blended with aqueous solutions of sodium palmitate to form amylose inclusion complexes. Partial conversion of complexed sodium palmitate to palmitic acid by addition of acetic acid led to the formation of gels. Bl...

Life in Inclusive Classrooms: Storytelling with Disability Studies in Education. Occasional Paper Series 36

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Valente, Joseph Michael, Ed.; Danforth, Scot, Ed.

2016-01-01

This issue of the Occasional Papers Series aims to draw attention to the use of storytelling as a medium for provoking dialogue about inclusive classrooms and school communities. It offers readers stories of classroom life that provide insights into understanding the complexities that make up the lives of children with disabilities, their…

Critical Reflection by Teacher Candidates on Cases Based in their Experience: Teacher Education for Inclusive Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hutchinson, Nancy L.

2004-01-01

Recent changes in education, including inclusion of students with disabilities, promise to heighten the complexity of teaching. Preparing reflective teachers may help to deal with these increasing demands. This paper reports analysis of critical reflection and two other features in cases authored by teacher candidates and submitted in a course on…

Between Inclusion and Fairness: Social Justice Perspective to Participation in Adult Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boyadjieva, Pepka; Ilieva-Trichkova, Petya

2017-01-01

The article claims that equity is an indispensable dimension of the widening of access to adult education. Building on the understanding of social justice in adult education as a complex phenomenon, two indicators are developed: an index of inclusion and an index of fairness in participation in adult education. The article analyses social justice…

Developing and Implementing Quality Inclusive Education in Hong Kong: Implications for Teacher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Forlin, Chris

2010-01-01

The government in Hong Kong has mandated that all schools should start to accept children with special educational needs by employing a whole school approach. This is not a simple move for teachers as inclusive education is complex, involving a range of issues including developing appropriate government and school policy; providing relevant…

Hot-melt extrusion as a continuous manufacturing process to form ternary cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.

PubMed

Thiry, Justine; Krier, Fabrice; Ratwatte, Shenelka; Thomassin, Jean-Michel; Jerome, Christine; Evrard, Brigitte

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate hot-melt extrusion (HME) as a continuous process to form cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexes in order to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of itraconazole (ITZ), a class II model drug molecule of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Different CD derivatives were tested in a 1:1 (CD:ITZ) molar ratio to obtain CD ternary inclusion complexes in the presence of a polymer, namely Soluplus ® (SOL). The CD used in this series of experiments were β-cyclodextrin (βCD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) with degrees of substitution of 0.63 and 0.87, randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (Rameb ® ), sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (Captisol ® ) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Crysmeb ® ). Rheology testing and mini extrusion using a conical twin screw mini extruder were performed to test the processability of the different CD mixtures since CD are not thermoplastic. This allowed Captisol ® and Crysmeb ® to be discarded from the study due to their high impact on the viscosity of the SOL/ITZ mixture. The remaining CD were processed by HME in an 18mm twin screw extruder. Saturation concentration measurements confirmed the enhancement of solubility of ITZ for the four CD formulations. Biphasic dissolution tests indicated that all four formulations had faster release profiles compared to the SOL/ITZ solid dispersion. Formulations of HPβCD 0.63 and Rameb ® even reached 95% of ITZ released in both phases after 1h. The formulations were characterized using thermal differential scanning calorimetry and attenuated total reflectance infra-red analysis. These analyses confirmed that the increased release profile was due to the formation of ternary inclusion complexes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Formation of distinct inclusion bodies by inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways.

PubMed

Lee, Junho; Yang, Kyu-Hwan; Joe, Cheol O; Kang, Seok-Seong

2011-01-14

Accumulation of misfolded proteins is caused by the impairment of protein quality control systems, such as ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP). In this study, the formation of inclusion bodies was examined after the blockade of UPP and/or ALP in A549 cells. UPP inhibition induced a single and large inclusion body localized in microtubule-organizing center. Interestingly, however, ALP inhibition generated dispersed small inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 was selectively accumulated in the inclusion bodies of UPP-inhibited cells, but not those of ALP-inhibited cells. Blockade of transcription and translation entirely inhibited the formation of inclusion body induced by UPP inhibition, but partially by ALP inhibition. Moreover, the simultaneous inhibition of two protein catabolic pathways independently developed two distinct inclusion bodies within a single cell. These findings clearly demonstrated that dysfunction of each catabolic pathway induced formation and accumulation of unique inclusion bodies on the basis of morphology, localization and formation process in A549 cells. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Minerals and melt inclusions as keys to understanding magma reservoir processes during formation of volcanic and plutonic mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Maimecha Kotui Province (Polar Siberia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simonov, Vladimir; Vasiliev, Yurii; Kotlyarov, Alexey; Stupakov, Sergey

2016-04-01

Magmatic complexes in the Maimecha Kotui Province (Polar Siberia) attract attention of researchers because they contain ultramafic volcanic rocks - meimechites, being products of crystallization of the ultrabasic deep mantle melts (Sobolev et al., 1991, 2009, 2011; Ryabchikov et al., 2002; Vasiliev, Gora, 2014). Effusive meimechites together with intrusive dunites of the Guli massif form ancient (253-246 Ma) volcanic and plutonic association, in which also pyroxenites and alkaline rocks are situated. Conditions of formation of this association were established with the help of minerals and melt inclusions study. The cumulative structure of the Guli massif dunites consists of rather large (2-4 mm) olivine crystals and dividing them zones (0.5-0.7 mm), filled with fine grains of clinopyroxenes and ore minerals (magnetite, ilmenite and chromite). The extended forms of well faceted pyroxene crystals testify to their fast growth from melt between cumulative olivines. Thus, crystallization of clinopyroxenes and ore minerals leads to formation between olivines ore pyroxenites, which are presented in the Guli massif by independent bodies. Analysis of olivine, Cr-spinel and clinopyroxene compositions testify to similarity of conditions of the Guli massif dunites crystallization on the one hand with formation of platinum-bearing Uralian-Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complexes and with another - show participation of meimechite magma. Major element composition of melt inclusions in Cr-spinel has shown that dunites of the Guli massif were crystallized with participation of subalkaline picrite magmatic systems, that are relative to melts, responsible of formation of platinum-bearing mafic-ultramafic complexes and meimechites. Peculiarities of trace and rare-earth elements distribution in melt inclusions in Cr-spinel of dunites are actually similar to inclusions in olivine of meimechites. Overall, data on composition of inclusions directly testify to formation of considered dunites from ultrabasic melt close to meimechite magma. The affinity of melts, forming dunites and meimechites, is confirmed by computer simulations, shown high crystallization temperature of olivines from dunites (1590-1415°C) (Simonov et al., 2014, 2015), actually coinciding with data on olivines from meimechite - 1600-1420°C (Sobolev et al., 1991, 2009). A part of this ultrabasic melts was crystallized in the magma chambers (with formation of cumulative dunites) and another part - came up to a surface with formation of effusive meimechites. Presence in Cr-spinels from Guli massif dunites melt inclusions with rather large (up to 50 μm) well faceted olivine crystals, situated in the quenching fine-grained association of minerals (clinopyroxene, feldspar and nepheline), testifies to change of a quiet mode of crystallization by sharp falling of parameters of magma during olivine cumulation in the magma chamber, that resulted in appearance of alkaline rocks. As a whole, minerals and melt inclusions study testify to formation of volcanic and plutonic complexes in the Maimecha Kotui Province (Polar Siberia) as a result of evolution of primary deep mantle ultrabasic melts (similar by its chemical composition to meimechites) during cumulative processes in the magma chambers.

Dynamic transverse shear modulus for a heterogeneous fluid-filled porous solid containing cylindrical inclusions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Yongjia; Hu, Hengshan; Rudnicki, John W.; Duan, Yunda

2016-09-01

An exact analytical solution is presented for the effective dynamic transverse shear modulus in a heterogeneous fluid-filled porous solid containing cylindrical inclusions. The complex and frequency-dependent properties of the dynamic shear modulus are caused by the physical mechanism of mesoscopic-scale wave-induced fluid flow whose scale is smaller than wavelength but larger than the size of pores. Our model consists of three phases: a long cylindrical inclusion, a cylindrical shell of poroelastic matrix material with different mechanical and/or hydraulic properties than the inclusion and an outer region of effective homogeneous medium of laterally infinite extent. The behavior of both the inclusion and the matrix is described by Biot's consolidation equations, whereas the surrounding effective medium which is used to describe the effective transverse shear properties of the inner poroelastic composite is assumed to be a viscoelastic solid whose complex transverse shear modulus needs to be determined. The determined effective transverse shear modulus is used to quantify the S-wave attenuation and velocity dispersion in heterogeneous fluid-filled poroelastic rocks. The calculation shows the relaxation frequency and relative position of various fluid saturation dispersion curves predicted by this study exhibit very good agreement with those of a previous 2-D finite-element simulation. For the double-porosity model (inclusions having a different solid frame than the matrix but the same pore fluid as the matrix) the effective shear modulus also exhibits a size-dependent characteristic that the relaxation frequency moves to lower frequencies by two orders of magnitude if the radius of the cylindrical poroelastic composite increases by one order of magnitude. For the patchy-saturation model (inclusions having the same solid frame as the matrix but with a different pore fluid from the matrix), the heterogeneity in pore fluid cannot cause any attenuation in the transverse shear modulus at all. A comparison with the case of spherical inclusions illustrates that the transverse shear modulus for the cylindrical inclusion exhibits more S-wave attenuation than spherical inclusions.

ELSiTO. a collaborative European initiative to foster social inclusion with persons experiencing mental illness.

PubMed

Ammeraal, M; Kantartzis, S; Burger, M; Bogeas, T; van der Molen, C; Vercruysse, L

2013-06-01

ELSiTO (Empowering Learning for Social Inclusion Through Occupation), an international collaborative partnership, with over 30 members from Belgium, Greece and the Netherlands, aimed to explore the nature and processes of social inclusion for persons experiencing mental illness. Members included persons experiencing mental illness and health professionals. Four international visits and local activities enabled a knowledge creation process that combined the experience of social inclusion as we lived and worked together with exploration of the processes of community projects, narratives of experiences and reflective workshops. Outcomes included identification and description of the following: the nature of social inclusion as lived by the participants; the critical elements that support inclusion; and the competences that are developed by all stakeholders during this process. The complex process of social inclusion is facilitated by doing together in environments that enable equality, trust, risk taking and realignment of power. These conceptual understandings of inclusion are discussed in relation to the ongoing activities of the partners, to their potential contribution to the education of occupational therapists (and other professionals) and to the development of socially inclusive occupation-based projects in the community. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[Study on two preparation methods for beta-CD inclusion compound of four traditional Chinese medicine volatile oils].

PubMed

Li, Hailiang; Cui, Xiaoli; Tong, Yan; Gong, Muxin

2012-04-01

To compare inclusion effects and process conditions of two preparation methods-colloid mill and saturated solution-for beta-CD inclusion compound of four traditional Chinese medicine volatile oils and study the relationship between each process condition and volatile oil physical properties and the regularity of selective inclusion of volatile oil components. Volatile oils from Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma, Amomi Fructus, Zingiberis Rhizoma and Angelicaesinensis Radix were prepared using two methods in the orthogonal test. These inclusion compounds by optimized processes were assessed and compared by such methods as TLC, IR and scanning electron microscope. Inclusion oils were extracted by steam distillation, and the components found before and after inclusion were analyzed by GC-MS. Analysis showed that new inclusion compounds, but inclusion compounds prepared by the two processes had differences to some extent. The colloid mill method showed a better inclusion effect than the saturated solution method, indicating that their process conditions had relations with volatile oil physical properties. There were differences in the inclusion selectivity of components between each other. The colloid mill method for inclusion preparation is more suitable for industrial requirements. To prepare volatile oil inclusion compounds with heavy gravity and high refractive index, the colloid mill method needs longer time and more water, while the saturated solution method requires higher temperature and more beta-cyclodextrin. The inclusion complex prepared with the colloid mill method contains extended molecular weight chemical composition, but the kinds of components are reduced.

Construction and Characterization of a Chitosan-Immobilized-Enzyme and β-Cyclodextrin-Included-Ferrocene-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for H2O2 Detection

PubMed Central

Dong, Wenbo; Wang, Kaiyin; Chen, Yu; Li, Weiping; Ye, Yanchun; Jin, Shaohua

2017-01-01

An electrochemical detection biosensor was prepared with the chitosan-immobilized-enzyme (CTS-CAT) and β-cyclodextrin-included-ferrocene (β-CD-FE) complex for the determination of H2O2. Ferrocene (FE) was included in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to increase its stability. The structure of the β-CD-FE was characterized. The inclusion amount, inclusion rate, and electrochemical properties of inclusion complexes were determined to optimize the reaction conditions for the inclusion. CTS-CAT was prepared by a step-by-step immobilization method, which overcame the disadvantages of the conventional preparation methods. The immobilization conditions were optimized to obtain the desired enzyme activity. CTS-CAT/β-CD-FE composite electrodes were prepared by compositing the CTS-CAT with the β-CD-FE complex on a glassy carbon electrode and used for the electrochemical detection of H2O2. It was found that the CTS-CAT could produce a strong reduction peak current in response to H2O2 and the β-CD-FE could amplify the current signal. The peak current exhibited a linear relationship with the H2O2 concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10−7–6.0 × 10−3 mol/L. Our work provided a novel method for the construction of electrochemical biosensors with a fast response, good stability, high sensitivity, and a wide linear response range based on the composite of chitosan and cyclodextrin. PMID:28773229

Young children's communication and literacy: a qualitative study of language in the inclusive preschool.

PubMed

Kliewer, C

1995-06-01

Interactive and literacy-based language use of young children within the context of an inclusive preschool classroom was explored. An interpretivist framework and qualitative research methods, including participant observation, were used to examine and analyze language in five preschool classes that were composed of children with and without disabilities. Children's language use included spoken, written, signed, and typed. Results showed complex communicative and literacy language use on the part of young children outside conventional adult perspectives. Also, children who used expressive methods other than speech were often left out of the contexts where spoken language was richest and most complex.

Influence of valine enantiomer configuration on the molecular dynamics simulation of their separation by β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alvira, Elena

2017-07-01

The influence of enantiomeric configurations on the separation of valine by β-cyclodextrin with different solvents, is analysed by a molecular dynamics simulation at constant temperature. Different methods to select the initial dispositions of valine enantiomers in the trajectories are proposed, and their influence on the interaction energy, residence time, elution order and capacity to form inclusion complexes is studied. The residence time is the most influenced quantity, whereas the capacity to form inclusion complexes is hardly affected by enantiomeric dispositions. In any case, guests tend to locate in the same areas of β-cyclodextrin but with different orientations according to disposition.

Electrospinning of cyclodextrin/linalool-inclusion complex nanofibers: Fast-dissolving nanofibrous web with prolonged release and antibacterial activity.

PubMed

Aytac, Zeynep; Yildiz, Zehra Irem; Kayaci-Senirmak, Fatma; Tekinay, Turgay; Uyar, Tamer

2017-09-15

The volatility and limited water solubility of linalool is a critical issue to be solved. Here, we demonstrated the electrospinning of polymer-free nanofibrous webs of cyclodextrin/linalool-inclusion complex (CD/linalool-IC-NFs). Three types of modified cyclodextrin (HPβCD, MβCD, and HPγCD) were used to electrospin CD/linalool-IC-NFs. Free-standing CD/linalool-IC-NFs facilitate maximum loading of linalool up to 12% (w/w). A significant amount of linalool (45-89%) was preserved in CD/linalool-IC-NFs, due to enhancement in the thermal stability of linalool by cyclodextrin inclusion complexation. Remarkably, CD/linalool-IC-NFs have shown fast-dissolving characteristics in which these nanofibrous webs dissolved in water within two seconds. Furthermore, linalool release from CD/linalool-IC-NFs inhibited growth of model Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria to a great extent. Briefly, characteristics of liquid linalool have been preserved in a solid nanofiber form and designed CD/linalool-IC-NFs confer high loading capacity, enhanced shelf life and strong antibacterial activity of linalool. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical and surface plasmon resonance characterization of β-cyclodextrin-based self-assembled monolayers and evaluation of their inclusion complexes with glucocorticoids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frasconi, Marco; Mazzei, Franco

2009-07-01

This paper describes the characterization of a self-assembled β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-derivative monolayer (β-CD-SAM) on a gold surface and the study of their inclusion complexes with glucocorticoids. To this aim the arrangement of a self-assembled β-cyclodextrin-derivative monolayer on a gold surface was monitored in situ by means of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and double-layer capacitance measurements. Film thickness and dielectric constant were evaluated for a monolayer of β-CD using one-color-approach SPR. The selectivity of the β-CD host surface was verified by using electroactive species permeable and impermeable in the β-CD cavity. The redox probe was selected according to its capacity to permeate the β-CD monolayer and its electrochemical behavior. In order to evaluate the feasibility of an inclusion complex between β-CD-SAM with some steroids such as cortisol and cortisone, voltammetric experiments in the presence of the redox probes as molecules competitive with the steroids have been performed. The formation constant of the surface host-guest by β-CD-SAM and the steroids under study was calculated.

The effect of mechanical grinding on the formation, crystalline changes and dissolution behaviour of the inclusion complex of telmisartan and β-cyclodextrins.

PubMed

Borba, Paola Aline Amarante; Pinotti, Marihá; Andrade, George Ricardo Santana; da Costa, Nivan Bezerra; Olchanheski Junior, Luiz Renato; Fernandes, Daniel; de Campos, Carlos Eduardo Maduro; Stulzer, Hellen Karine

2015-11-20

Telmisartan (TEL) was entrapped into β-cyclodextrin aiming the improvement of its biopharmaceutical properties of low solubility. A solid state grinding process was used to prepare the molecular inclusion complex (MIC) for up to 30min. The inclusion ratio of drug and β-cyclodextrin was established as 1:2 and 1:3 (mol/mol) by phase solubility study and Job Plot. DSC, XRPD and FTIR confirmed the molecular interactions between TEL and β-cyclodextrin. Computer molecular modeling supports the presence of hydrogen bonds between guest and host and demonstrated the most probable complexes configuration. MIC_1:2_30 and MIC_1:3_30 enhanced the dissolution rate of the drug achieving a delivery rate comparable with the reference medicine available in the market (81% and 87% in 5min, for MIC_1:3_30 and Micardis(®), respectively). These formulations showed rapid and effective antihypertensive effect against angiotensin II in rats up to 180min, with statistically significant results against placebo and control in the first 30min after administration. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Precipitation Behaviors of TiN Inclusion in GCr15 Bearing Steel Billet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Qianren; Wang, Guocheng; Zhao, Yang; Li, Jing; Wang, Qi

2018-06-01

There are many types of non-metallic TiN-based inclusions observed in GCr15 bearing steel, including single-particle TiN, multi-particle polymerized TiN, and complex inclusions like TiN-MnS, TiN-MgO-MgAl2O4 (TiN-MgO-MA), and TiN-MgAl2O4-MnS (TiN-MA-MnS). Thermodynamic calculations suggest that single-particle TiN precipitates dominate the mushy zone of GCr15 bearing steel. Kinetic calculations regarding TiN growth suggest that the final size of the single-particle TiN ranges between 1 and 6 μm in the initial concentration range of [pct Ti] = 0.0060 to 0.0079 and [pct N] = 0.0049 to 0.0070, at 1620 to 1640 K and a local cooling rate of 0.5 to 10 K/s. The multi-particle polymerized TiN are formed by single TiN particles in three stages: single-particle TiN inclusions approach each other drawn by the cavity bridge force (CBF), local active angles consolidate, and neck region sintering occurs. Based on the thermodynamic calculations of TiN, MnS, and MgO precipitation, the formation behaviors of complex inclusions of TiN-MnS, TiN-MgO-MA, and TiN-MA-MnS were investigated.

Enantioseparation of mandelic acid derivatives by high performance liquid chromatography with substituted β-cyclodextrin as chiral mobile phase additive and evaluation of inclusion complex formation

PubMed Central

Tong, Shengqiang; Zhang, Hu; Shen, Mangmang

2014-01-01

The enantioseparation of ten mandelic acid derivatives was performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) or sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) as chiral mobile phase additives, in which inclusion complex formations between cyclodextrins and enantiomers were evaluated. The effects of various factors such as the composition of mobile phase, concentration of cyclodextrins and column temperature on retention and enantioselectivity were studied. The peak resolutions and retention time of the enantiomers were strongly affected by the pH, the organic modifier and the type of β-cyclodextrin in the mobile phase, while the concentration of buffer solution and temperature had a relatively low effect on resolutions. Enantioseparations were successfully achieved on a Shimpack CLC-ODS column (150×4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm). The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.10 mol L-1 of phosphate buffer at pH 2.68 containing 20 mmol L-1 of HP-β-CD or SBE-β-CD. Semi-preparative enantioseparation of about 10 mg of α-cyclohexylmandelic acid and α-cyclopentylmandelic acid were established individually. Cyclodextrin-enantiomer complex stoichiometries as well as binding constants were investigated. Results showed that stoichiomertries for all the inclusion complex of cyclodextrin-enantiomers were 1:1. PMID:24893270

Novel Processing of Boron Carbide (B4C): Plasma Synthesized Nano Powders and Pressureless Sintering Forming of Complex Shapes

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

Figure 4. B4C plates formed via hot pressing with a curved shape. Commercial B4C shows a large number of lenticular graphitic inclusions, Figure 5...materials and they act as crack initiation points in flexure testing. Figure 5. SEM micrograph showing large lenticular graphitic inclusions in commercial

Learning about protein solubility from bacterial inclusion bodies

PubMed Central

Martínez-Alonso, Mónica; González-Montalbán, Nuria; García-Fruitós, Elena; Villaverde, Antonio

2009-01-01

The progressive solving of the conformation of aggregated proteins and the conceptual understanding of the biology of inclusion bodies in recombinant bacteria is providing exciting insights on protein folding and quality. Interestingly, newest data also show an unexpected functional and structural complexity of soluble recombinant protein species and picture the whole bacterial cell factory scenario as more intricate than formerly believed. PMID:19133126

The Inclusive Educational Process of Students with Visual Impairments in Spain: An Analysis from the Perspective of Organizations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simon, Cecilia; Echeita, Gerardo; Sandoval, Marta; Lopez, Mauricio

2010-01-01

Inclusive education is a complex and multidimensional process that, among other aspirations, tries to foster the rights of every student to obtain a high-quality education. This process focuses on the diversity of needs of all students by increasing participation in learning, cultures, and communities and reducing exclusion within and from…

A study on the spectroscopy and photophysics of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid in different solvents, pH and β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stalin, T.; Rajendiran, N.

2006-08-01

Effect of solvents, buffer solutions of different pH and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid, HMB) have been investigated and compared with 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (HDMB). The inclusion complex of β-CD with HMB is investigated by UV-vis, fluorimetry, FT-IR, 1H NMR, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and semiempirical methods. The thermodynamic parameters (Δ G, Δ H and Δ S) of inclusion process are also determined. Solvent study shows in the S 0 state, HMB is more polar than HDMB, whereas the polarity is same in the S 1 state. pH studies suggest proton transfer reactions follow the same trend in HMB and HDMB molecules. β-CD studies indicates (i) HMB forms 1:1 inclusion complex with β-CD and (ii) unusual blue shift of hydroxyl ion (dianion) in the β-CD medium confirms OH group present in the interior part of the β-CD cavity and COOH group present in the upper part of the β-CD cavity. A mechanism is proposed to explain the inclusion process.

Complexation of adamantyl compounds by beta-cyclodextrin and monoaminoderivatives.

PubMed

Carrazana, Jorge; Jover, Aida; Meijide, Francisco; Soto, Victor H; Vazquez Tato, José

2005-05-19

Since the beta-cyclodextrin cavity is not a smooth cone but has constrictions in the neighborhoods of the H3 and H5 atoms, the hypothesis that bulky hydrophobic guests can form two isomeric inclusion complexes (one of them, c(p), is formed by the entrance of the guest by the primary side of the cavity, and the other one, c(s), results from the entrance by the secondary side) is checked. Thus, the inclusion processes of two 1-substituted adamantyl derivatives (rimantidine and adamantylmethanol) with beta-cyclodextrin and its two monoamino derivatives at positions 6 (6-NH2beta-CD) and 3 (3-NH2beta-CD) were studied. From rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy experiments, it was deduced that both guests form c(s) complexes with beta-CD and 6-NH2beta-CD but c(p) complexes with 3-NH2beta-CD. In all cases, the hydrophilic group attached to the adamantyl residue protrudes toward the bulk solvent outside the cyclodextrin cavity. The thermodynamic parameters (free energy, equilibrium constant, enthalpy, and entropy) associated with the inclusion phenomena were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry experiments. From these results, the difference in the free energy for the formation of the two complexes, c(s) and c(p), for the same host/guest system has been estimated as being 11.5 +/- 0.8 kJ mol(-1). This large difference explains why under normal experimental conditions only one of the two complexes (c(s)) is detected. It is also concluded that a hyperboloid of revolution can be a better schematic picture to represent the actual geometry of the cyclodextrin cavities than the usual smooth cone or trapezium.

Phenotypic variability within the inclusion body spectrum of basophilic inclusion body disease and neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease in frontotemporal lobar degenerations with FUS-positive inclusions.

PubMed

Gelpi, Ellen; Lladó, Albert; Clarimón, Jordi; Rey, Maria Jesús; Rivera, Rosa Maria; Ezquerra, Mario; Antonell, Anna; Navarro-Otano, Judith; Ribalta, Teresa; Piñol-Ripoll, Gerard; Pérez, Anna; Valldeoriola, Francesc; Ferrer, Isidre

2012-09-01

Basophilic inclusion body disease and neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID) are rare diseases included among frontotemporal lobar degenerations with FUS-positive inclusions (FTLD-FUS). We report clinical and pathologic features of 2 new patients and reevaluate neuropathologic characteristics of 2 previously described cases, including an early-onset case of basophilic inclusion body disease (aged 38 years) with a 5-year disease course and abundant FUS-positive inclusion bodies and 3 NIFID cases. One NIFID case (aged 37 years) presented with early-onset psychiatric disturbances and rapidly progressive cognitive decline. Two NIFID cases had later onset (aged 64 years and 70 years) and complex neurologic deficits. Postmortem neuropathologic studies in late-onset NIFID cases disclosed α-internexin-positive "hyaline conglomerate"-type inclusions that were positive with 1 commercial anti-FUS antibody directed to residues 200 and 250, but these were negative to amino acids 90 and 220 of human FUS. Early-onset NIFID had similar inclusions that were positive with both commercial anti-FUS antibodies. Genetic testing performed on all cases revealed no FUS gene mutations. These findings indicate that phenotypic variability in NIFID, including clinical manifestations and particular neuropathologic findings, may be related to the age at onset and individual differences in the evolution of lesions.

Preparation and Characterization of Amylose Inclusion Complexes for Drug Delivery Applications.

PubMed

Carbinatto, Fernanda M; Ribeiro, Tatiana S; Colnago, Luiz Alberto; Evangelista, Raul Cesar; Cury, Beatriz S F

2016-01-01

Amylose complexes with nimesulide (NMS) and praziquantel (PZQ) were prepared by a simple and low cost method, so that high yield (>57%) and drug content (up to 68.16%) were achieved. The influence of drug:polymer ratio, temperature, and presence of palmitic acid on the complexes properties was evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and nuclear magnetic resonance data evidenced the drug-polymer interaction and the formation of inclusion complexes with semi-crystalline structures related to type II complexes. The drug release rates from complexes were lowered in acid media (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (pH 6.9). The presence of pancreatin promoted a significant acceleration of the release rates of both drugs, evidencing the enzymatic degradability of these complexes. The highest enzymatic resistance of PZQ1:30PA60°C complex makes the release time longer and the full release of PZQ in phosphate buffer with pancreatin occurred at 240 min, whereas the complexes with NMS and PZQ1:5PA90°C did it in 60 min. According to the Weibull model, the drug release process in media without enzyme occurred by complex mechanisms involving diffusion, swelling, and erosion. In media containing pancreatin, generally, the better correlation was with the first order, evidencing the acceleration of the release rates of drugs in the early stages of the test, due to enzymatic degradation.

Benzocaine complexation with p-sulfonic acid calix[n]arene: experimental ((1) H-NMR) and theoretical approaches.

PubMed

Arantes, Lucas M; Varejão, Eduardo V V; Pelizzaro-Rocha, Karin J; Cereda, Cíntia M S; de Paula, Eneida; Lourenço, Maicon P; Duarte, Hélio A; Fernandes, Sergio A

2014-05-01

The aim of this work was to study the interaction between the local anesthetic benzocaine and p-sulfonic acid calix[n]arenes using NMR and theoretical calculations and to assess the effects of complexation on cytotoxicity of benzocaine. The architectures of the complexes were proposed according to (1) H NMR data (Job plot, binding constants, and ROESY) indicating details on the insertion of benzocaine in the cavity of the calix[n]arenes. The proposed inclusion compounds were optimized using the PM3 semiempirical method, and the electronic plus nuclear repulsion energy contributions were performed at the DFT level using the PBE exchange/correlation functional and the 6-311G(d) basis set. The remarkable agreement between experimental and theoretical approaches adds support to their use in the structural characterization of the inclusion complexes. In vitro cytotoxic tests showed that complexation intensifies the intrinsic toxicity of benzocaine, possibly by increasing the water solubility of the anesthetic and favoring its partitioning inside of biomembranes. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Bounds on complex polarizabilities and a new perspective on scattering by a lossy inclusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milton, Graeme W.

2017-09-01

Here, we obtain explicit formulas for bounds on the complex electrical polarizability at a given frequency of an inclusion with known volume that follow directly from the quasistatic bounds of Bergman and Milton on the effective complex dielectric constant of a two-phase medium. We also describe how analogous bounds on the orientationally averaged bulk and shear polarizabilities at a given frequency can be obtained from bounds on the effective complex bulk and shear moduli of a two-phase medium obtained by Milton, Gibiansky, and Berryman, using the quasistatic variational principles of Cherkaev and Gibiansky. We also show how the polarizability problem and the acoustic scattering problem can both be reformulated in an abstract setting as "Y problems." In the acoustic scattering context, to avoid explicit introduction of the Sommerfeld radiation condition, we introduce auxiliary fields at infinity and an appropriate "constitutive law" there, which forces the Sommerfeld radiation condition to hold. As a consequence, we obtain minimization variational principles for acoustic scattering that can be used to obtain bounds on the complex backwards scattering amplitude. Some explicit elementary bounds are given.

Gallic acid/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex: Improving solubility for application on in vitro/ in vivo Candida albicans biofilms

PubMed Central

Teodoro, Guilherme Rodrigues; Salvador, Marcos José; Koga-Ito, Cristiane Yumi

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to increase the solubility of gallic acid (GA) for the treatment of Candida albicans biofilm, which is very difficult to treat and requires high drug concentrations. Cyclodextrins (CDs) were used for this purpose. Complexes were evaluated by phase-solubility studies, prepared by spray drying and characterized by drug loading, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The complexes were tested on C. albicans biofilm using in vitro and in vivo models. HPβCD formed soluble inclusion complexes with GA. The percentage of GA in GA/HPβCD was 10.8 ± 0.01%. The SEM and DSC analyses confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes. GA/HPβCD maintained the antimicrobial activity of the pure GA. GA/HPβCD was effective on C. albicans biofilms of 24 and 48h. The in vivo results showed an anti-inflammatory activity of GA/HPβCD with no difference in invading hypha counting among the groups. This study encourages the development of new antifungal agents. PMID:28700692

Sporulation of Bacillus sphaericus 2297: an electron microscope study of crystal-like inclusion biogenesis and toxicity to mosquito larvae.

PubMed

Kalfon, A; Charles, J F; Bourgouin, C; de Barjac, H

1984-04-01

Sporulation of Bacillus sphaericus strain 2297 in a synchronous liquid culture was studied by electron microscopy. The t0 of sporulation occurred 7 h after the beginning of the lag phase. Crystal-like inclusions first appeared at t2 and reached their final size between t5 and t6. The release of the spore/inclusion complex occurred at about t15 (22 h after inoculation). Toxicity against Culex pipiens larvae was related to sporulation and appeared during the early stages of sporulation. The LC50 (24 h) decreased about 10(5)-fold between t0-2 and t7, in correlation with the formation of crystalline inclusions. Heat resistance of spores appeared later than toxicity.

Persons with Epilepsy: Between Social Inclusion and Marginalisation

PubMed Central

Mlinar, Simona; Petek, Davorina; Cotič, Živa; Mencin Čeplak, Metka; Zaletel, Marjan

2016-01-01

Background. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that can lead to complex psychosocial consequences. Epilepsy can change the social status of persons with epilepsy (PWE) and has an effect on their social inclusion as well as their perception of social inclusion. This study aims to explore subjective experiences with social inclusion of PWE in Slovenia. Methods. This study takes a qualitative approach. Eleven semistructured interviews were conducted with eleven participants. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Results. Epilepsy has physical, emotional, and social consequences. Physical consequences of epilepsy are mainly tiredness and exhaustion following an epileptic episode, frequently accompanied by headaches. Emotional consequences are different forms of fear. The main social consequence identified is a negative effect on PWE's social network, which leads to (self-)isolation and social distrust. Conclusion. PWE experience of social inclusion depends on various psychosocial factors and differs from person to person. The consequences of epilepsy are shown in PWE social contacts and their sense of social inclusion and autonomy. PMID:27212802

Persons with Epilepsy: Between Social Inclusion and Marginalisation.

PubMed

Mlinar, Simona; Petek, Davorina; Cotič, Živa; Mencin Čeplak, Metka; Zaletel, Marjan

2016-01-01

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that can lead to complex psychosocial consequences. Epilepsy can change the social status of persons with epilepsy (PWE) and has an effect on their social inclusion as well as their perception of social inclusion. This study aims to explore subjective experiences with social inclusion of PWE in Slovenia. This study takes a qualitative approach. Eleven semistructured interviews were conducted with eleven participants. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Epilepsy has physical, emotional, and social consequences. Physical consequences of epilepsy are mainly tiredness and exhaustion following an epileptic episode, frequently accompanied by headaches. Emotional consequences are different forms of fear. The main social consequence identified is a negative effect on PWE's social network, which leads to (self-)isolation and social distrust. PWE experience of social inclusion depends on various psychosocial factors and differs from person to person. The consequences of epilepsy are shown in PWE social contacts and their sense of social inclusion and autonomy.

A Cognitive Complexity Metric Applied to Cognitive Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andrews, Glenda; Halford, Graeme S.

2002-01-01

Two experiments tested predictions from a theory in which processing load depends on relational complexity (RC), the number of variables related in a single decision. Tasks from six domains (transitivity, hierarchical classification, class inclusion, cardinality, relative-clause sentence comprehension, and hypothesis testing) were administered to…

Single and multiphase inclusions in metapelitic garnets of the Rhodope Metamorphic Province, NE Greece.

PubMed

Mposkos, Evripidis; Perraki, Maria; Palikari, Sarra

2009-08-01

Single and multiphase inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts from the diamond-bearing pelitic gneisses were studied by means of combined Raman Spectroscopy and Electron Scanning Microscopy (SEM/EDX). They are either randomly distributed or with preferred orientation within the garnet host and their dimensions vary from less than 5 up to 60 microm. In the single-phase inclusions quartz, rutile, kyanite and graphite dominate. Biotite, zircon, apatite, monazite and allanite are also common. Two types of multiphase inclusions were recognized, hydrous silicate (Type I) and silicate-carbonate (Type II) ones. The carbon-bearing multiphase inclusions predominantly consist of Mg-siderite+graphite+CO(2)+muscovite+quartz formed by a high density carboniferous fluid rich in Fe, Mg, Si and less Ca, Mn, Al and K trapped in the growing garnet in a prograde stage of metamorphism at high-pressure (HP) conditions. The carbon-free multiphase inclusions predominantly consist of biotite+quartz+rutile+/-kyanite+muscovite formed through decompression-dehydration/melting reactions of pre-existing phengite. Single and multiphase inclusions are characterized by polygonal to negative crystal shape formed by dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism between the garnet host and the inclusions during the long lasting cooling period (>100 Ma) of the Kimi Complex.

Evolution of Oxide Inclusions in Si-Mn Killed Steels During Hot-Rolling Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Wen; Guo, Changbo; Zhang, Lifeng; Ling, Haitao; Li, Chao

2017-10-01

The evolution of oxide inclusions in Si-Mn killed steels refined by slags of different basicity during a four-pass industrial hot-rolling process was investigated using an automated microscopy system. High-basicity refining slag induced the formation of CaO- and Al2O3-containing inclusions, while refining slag with 0.8 basicity induced dominant inclusions of SiO2 and MnO-SiO2. CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 inclusions mainly formed endogenously during solidification and cooling of Ca-containing steels, where Ca originated from slag-steel reactions. However, the larger-sized higher-CaO inclusions originated from slag entrainment. Different inclusions presented different hot-rolling behaviors. The inclusion composition changed by deformation and new phase formation. The dominant oxide types were unchanged under refinement by low-basicity slag; however, they changed under refinement with high-basicity slag. The deformation index of inclusions decreased with increasing accumulated reduction (AR) of the steel. The difference in deformation index between different inclusion types was the largest in the first rolling stage and decreased in subsequent stages. SiO2-CaO and SiO2-MnO-CaO inclusions had larger deformation indices during hot rolling but smaller indices in the last two stages. High-basicity slag increased inclusion complexity; from the perspective of cold-drawing performance, low-basicity refining slag is better for the industrial production of tire-cord steels.

External micro-PIXE analysis of fluid inclusions: Test of the LABEC facility on samples of quartz veins from Apuan Alps (Italy)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Massi, M.; Calusi, S.; Giuntini, L.; Ruggieri, G.; Dini, A.

2008-05-01

Fluid inclusions are small portions, usually smaller than 100 μm, of fluid trapped within minerals during or after growth. Their characteristics provide therefore fundamental information on nature and evolution of fluids present in the past in different geological environments. At the LABEC laboratory in Firenze, high-salinity fluid inclusions in quartz crystals, coming from the Apuan Alps metamorphic complex, were analysed at the external scanning microbeam. Results, although still preliminary, have already provided us with hints on fluid-rock interaction processes during the metamorphism of the Apuan Alps.

Characterization of aspartame-cyclodextrin complexation.

PubMed

Sohajda, Tamás; Béni, Szabolcs; Varga, Erzsébet; Iványi, Róbert; Rácz, Akos; Szente, Lajos; Noszál, Béla

2009-12-05

The inclusion complex formation of aspartame (guest) and various cyclodextrins (host) were examined using 1H NMR titration and capillary electrophoresis. Initially the protonation constants of aspartame were determined by NMR-pH titration with in situ pH measurement to yield log K1=7.83 and log K2=2.96. Based on these values the stability of the complexes formed by aspartame and 21 different cyclodextrins (CDs) were studied at pH 2.5, pH 5.2 and pH 9.0 values where aspartame exists predominantly in monocationic, zwitterionic and monoanionic form, respectively. The host cyclodextrin derivatives differed in various sidechains, degree of substitution, charge and purity so that the effect of these properties could be examined systematically. Concerning size, the seven-membered beta-cyclodextrin and its derivatives have been found to be the most suitable host molecules for complexation. Highest stability was observed for the acetylated derivative with a degree of substitution of 7. The purity of the CD enhanced the complexation while the degree of substitution did not provide obvious consequences. Finally, geometric aspects of the inclusion complex were assessed by 2D ROESY NMR and molecular modelling which proved that the guest's aromatic ring enters the wider end of the host cavity.

Assessment of Stone Complexity for PCNL: A Systematic Review of the Literature, How Best Can We Record Stone Complexity in PCNL?

PubMed

Withington, John; Armitage, James; Finch, William; Wiseman, Oliver; Glass, Jonathan; Burgess, Neil

2016-01-01

This study aims to systematically review the literature reporting tools for scoring stone complexity and the stratification of outcomes by stone complexity. In doing so, we aim to determine whether the evidence favors uniform adoption of any one scoring system. PubMed and Embase databases were systematically searched for relevant studies from 2004 to 2014. Reports selected according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were appraised in terms of methodologic quality and their findings summarized in structured tables. After review, 15 studies were considered suitable for inclusion. Four distinct scoring systems were identified and a further five studies that aimed to validate aspects of those scoring systems. Six studies reported the stratification of outcomes by stone complexity, without specifically defining a scoring system. All studies reported some correlation between stone complexity and stone clearance. Correlation with complications was less clearly established, where investigated. This review does not allow us to firmly recommend one scoring system over the other. However, the quality of evidence supporting validation of the Guy's Stone Score is marginally superior, according to the criteria applied in this study. Further evaluation of the interobserver reliability of this scoring system is required.

The influence of the preparation methods on the inclusion of model drugs in a beta-cyclodextrin cavity.

PubMed

Salústio, P J; Feio, G; Figueirinhas, J L; Pinto, J F; Cabral Marques, H M

2009-02-01

The work aims to prove the complexation of two model drugs (ibuprofen, IB and indomethacin, IN) by beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD), and the effect of water in such a process, and makes a comparison of their complexation yields. Two methods were considered: kneading of a binary mixture of the drug, betaCD, and inclusion of either IB or IN in aqueous solutions of betaCD. In the latter method water was removed by air stream, spray-drying and freeze-drying. To prove the formation of complexes in final products, optical microscopy, UV spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, DSC, X-ray and NMR were considered. Each powder was added to an acidic solution (pH=2) to quantify the concentration of the drug inside betaCD cavity. Other media (pH=5 and 7) were used to prove the existence of drug not complexed in each powder, as the drugs solubility increases with the pH. It was observed that complexation occurred in all powders, and that the fraction of drug inside the betaCD did not depend neither on the method of complexation nor on the processes of drying considered.

A petrologic and ion microprobe study of a Vigarano Type B refractory inclusion - Evolution by multiple stages of alteration and melting

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macpherson, Glenn J.; Davis, Andrew M.

1993-01-01

A Type B Ca-, Al-rich 6-m-diam inclusion (CAI) found in the Vigarano C3V chondrite was inspected using optical and scanning electron microscopies and ion microprobe analyses. It was found that the primary constituents of the CAI inclusion are (in percent), melilite (52), fassaite, (20), anorthite (18), spinel (10), and trace Fe-Ni metal. It is noted that, while many of the properties of the inclusion indicate solidification from a melt droplet, the Al-26/Mg-26 isotopic systematics and some textural relationships are incompatible with single-stage closed system crystallization of a homogeneous molten droplet, indicating that the history of this inclusion must have been more complex than melt solidification alone. Moreover, there was unusually high content of Na in melilite, suggesting that the droplet did not form by melting of pristine high-temperature nebular condensates.

Corundum-Hibonite Inclusions and the Environments of High Temperature Processing in the Early Solar System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Needham, A. W.; Messenger, S.

2013-01-01

Calcium, Aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) are composed of the suite of minerals predicted to be the first to condense from a cooling gas of solar composition [1]. Yet, the first phase to condense, corundum, is rare in CAIs, having mostly reacted to form hibonite followed by other phases at lower temperatures. Many CAIs show evidence of complex post-formational histories, including condensation, evaporation, and melting [e.g. 2, 3]. However, the nature of these thermal events and the nebular environments in which they took place are poorly constrained. Some corundum and corundum-hibonite grains appear to have survived or avoided these complex CAI reprocessing events. Such ultra-refractory CAIs may provide a clearer record of the O isotopic composition of the Sun and the evolution of the O isotopic composition of the planet-forming region [4-6]. Here we present in situ O and Mg isotopic analyses of two corundum/hibonite inclusions that record differing formation histories.

Septins arrange F-actin-containing fibers on the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion and are required for normal release of the inclusion by extrusion.

PubMed

Volceanov, Larisa; Herbst, Katharina; Biniossek, Martin; Schilling, Oliver; Haller, Dirk; Nölke, Thilo; Subbarayal, Prema; Rudel, Thomas; Zieger, Barbara; Häcker, Georg

2014-10-07

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that grows inside a membranous, cytosolic vacuole termed an inclusion. Septins are a group of 13 GTP-binding proteins that assemble into oligomeric complexes and that can form higher-order filaments. We report here that the septins SEPT2, -9, -11, and probably -7 form fibrillar structures around the chlamydial inclusion. Colocalization studies suggest that these septins combine with F actin into fibers that encase the inclusion. Targeting the expression of individual septins by RNA interference (RNAi) prevented the formation of septin fibers as well as the recruitment of actin to the inclusion. At the end of the developmental cycle of C. trachomatis, newly formed, infectious elementary bodies are released, and this release occurs at least in part through the organized extrusion of intact inclusions. RNAi against SEPT9 or against the combination of SEPT2/7/9 substantially reduced the number of extrusions from a culture of infected HeLa cells. The data suggest that a higher-order structure of four septins is involved in the recruitment or stabilization of the actin coat around the chlamydial inclusion and that this actin recruitment by septins is instrumental for the coordinated egress of C. trachomatis from human cells. The organization of F actin around parasite-containing vacuoles may be a broader response mechanism of mammalian cells to the infection by intracellular, vacuole-dwelling pathogens. Importance: Chlamydia trachomatis is a frequent bacterial pathogen throughout the world, causing mostly eye and genital infections. C. trachomatis can develop only inside host cells; it multiplies inside a membranous vacuole in the cytosol, termed an inclusion. The inclusion is covered by cytoskeletal "coats" or "cages," whose organization and function are poorly understood. We here report that a relatively little-characterized group of proteins, septins, is required to organize actin fibers on the inclusion and probably through actin the release of the inclusion. Septins are a group of GTP-binding proteins that can organize into heteromeric complexes and then into large filaments. Septins have previously been found to be involved in the interaction of the cell with bacteria in the cytosol. Our observation that they also organize a reaction to bacteria living in vacuoles suggests that they have a function in the recognition of foreign compartments by a parasitized human cell. Copyright © 2014 Volceanov et al.

Effect of guest drug character encapsulated in the cavity and intermolecular spaces of γ-cyclodextrins on the dissolution property of ternary γ-cyclodextrin complex.

PubMed

Liu, Nan; Higashi, Kenjirou; Ueda, Keisuke; Moribe, Kunikazu

2017-10-15

Various ternary Guest 2/(Guest 1/γ-cyclodextrin (CD)) complexes were prepared using a cogrinding and subsequent heating method, wherein Guest 1 was incorporated in the cavity of γ-CD and Guest 2 was incorporated into the intermolecular spaces between γ-CD columns. Dissolution fluxes of Guest 1 and Guest 2 from all ternary complexes were almost identical. The dissolution flux of flurbiprofen (Guest 1) from the ternary complexes depended on the solubility of Guest 2 drugs (naproxen

Improved natural rubber composites reinforced with a complex filler network of biobased nanoparticles and ionomer

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Biobased rubber composites are renewable and sustainable. Significant improvement in modulus of rubber composite reinforced with hydrophilic filler was achieved with the inclusion of ionomers. Soy particles aided with ionomer, carboxylated styrene-butadiene (CSB), formed a strong complex filler netw...

Structural investigation of the β-cyclodextrin complexes with chiral bicyclic monoterpenes - Influence of the functionality group on the host-guest stoichiometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ceborska, Magdalena

2017-10-01

The crystal structures of the complexes of β-cyclodextrin with (+)- and (-)-camphors are presented. The comparison of the obtained crystal structures with available data for other complexes of β-cyclodextrin with chiral bicyclic monoterpenes (hydrocarbon (+)-fenchene and alcohols: (-)-isopinocampheol, and (+)-, and (-)-borneols) obtained from Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) shows the trend of alcohols to form dimeric complexes of 2:3 stoichiometry, while hydrocarbons and ketones prefer to form 2:2 host-guest inclusion complexes.

Determining the Binding Sites of β-Cyclodextrin and Peptides by Electron-Capture Dissociation High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Yulin; Geib, Timon; Volmer, Dietrich A.

2015-07-01

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a group of cyclic oligosaccharides, which readily form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic compounds to increase bioavailability, thus making CDs ideal drug excipients. Recent studies have also shown that CDs exhibit a wide range of protective effects, preventing proteins from aggregation, degradation, and folding. These effects strongly depend on the binding sites on the protein surface. CDs only exhibit weak interactions with amino acids, however; conventional analytical techniques therefore usually fail to reveal the exact location of the binding sites. Moreover, some studies even suggest that CD inclusion complexes are merely electrostatic adducts. Here, electron capture dissociation (ECD) was applied in this proof-of-concept study to examine the exact nature of the CD/peptide complexes, and CD binding sites were unambiguously located for the first time via Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) tandem mass spectrometry.

Dramatically Promoted Swelling of a Hydrogel by Pillar[6]arene-Ferrocene Complexation with Multistimuli Responsiveness.

PubMed

Ni, Mengfei; Zhang, Ning; Xia, Wei; Wu, Xuan; Yao, Chenhao; Liu, Xin; Hu, Xiao-Yu; Lin, Chen; Wang, Leyong

2016-05-25

The swelling-shrinking transition of hydrogels is crucial for their wide applications such as actuators and drug delivery. We hereby fabricated a smart hydrogel with ferrocene groups on pendant of polymer networks. While it was immersed in the water-soluble pillar[6]arene (WP6) aqueous solution, the hydrogel was dramatically swollen, which was an approximately 11-fold promotion in weight compared with that in pure water, due to the formation of the inclusion complexes between WP6 and ferrocene groups in the hydrogel. In particular, the well-swollen hydrogel exhibited good responsiveness to multistimuli including temperature, pH, redox, and competitive guests by tuning the dissociation/formation of WP6-ferrocene inclusion complexes or the strength of their charges. Meanwhile, potential application of such a smart hydrogel in pH-responsive drug release was demonstrated as well.

Complex problems require complex solutions: the utility of social quality theory for addressing the Social Determinants of Health.

PubMed

Ward, Paul R; Meyer, Samantha B; Verity, Fiona; Gill, Tiffany K; Luong, Tini C N

2011-08-05

In order to improve the health of the most vulnerable groups in society, the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) called for multi-sectoral action, which requires research and policy on the multiple and inter-linking factors shaping health outcomes. Most conceptual tools available to researchers tend to focus on singular and specific social determinants of health (SDH) (e.g. social capital, empowerment, social inclusion). However, a new and innovative conceptual framework, known as social quality theory, facilitates a more complex and complete understanding of the SDH, with its focus on four domains: social cohesion, social inclusion, social empowerment and socioeconomic security, all within the same conceptual framework. This paper provides both an overview of social quality theory in addition to findings from a national survey of social quality in Australia, as a means of demonstrating the operationalisation of the theory. Data were collected using a national random postal survey of 1044 respondents in September, 2009. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted. Statistical analysis revealed that people on lower incomes (less than $45000) experience worse social quality across all of the four domains: lower socio-economic security, lower levels of membership of organisations (lower social cohesion), higher levels of discrimination and less political action (lower social inclusion) and lower social empowerment. The findings were mixed in terms of age, with people over 65 years experiencing lower socio-economic security, but having higher levels of social cohesion, experiencing lower levels of discrimination (higher social inclusion) and engaging in more political action (higher social empowerment). In terms of gender, women had higher social cohesion than men, although also experienced more discrimination (lower social inclusion). Applying social quality theory allows researchers and policy makers to measure and respond to the multiple sources of oppression and advantage experienced by certain population groups, and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions over time.

Complex problems require complex solutions: the utility of social quality theory for addressing the Social Determinants of Health

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background In order to improve the health of the most vulnerable groups in society, the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) called for multi-sectoral action, which requires research and policy on the multiple and inter-linking factors shaping health outcomes. Most conceptual tools available to researchers tend to focus on singular and specific social determinants of health (SDH) (e.g. social capital, empowerment, social inclusion). However, a new and innovative conceptual framework, known as social quality theory, facilitates a more complex and complete understanding of the SDH, with its focus on four domains: social cohesion, social inclusion, social empowerment and socioeconomic security, all within the same conceptual framework. This paper provides both an overview of social quality theory in addition to findings from a national survey of social quality in Australia, as a means of demonstrating the operationalisation of the theory. Methods Data were collected using a national random postal survey of 1044 respondents in September, 2009. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results Statistical analysis revealed that people on lower incomes (less than $45000) experience worse social quality across all of the four domains: lower socio-economic security, lower levels of membership of organisations (lower social cohesion), higher levels of discrimination and less political action (lower social inclusion) and lower social empowerment. The findings were mixed in terms of age, with people over 65 years experiencing lower socio-economic security, but having higher levels of social cohesion, experiencing lower levels of discrimination (higher social inclusion) and engaging in more political action (higher social empowerment). In terms of gender, women had higher social cohesion than men, although also experienced more discrimination (lower social inclusion). Conclusions Applying social quality theory allows researchers and policy makers to measure and respond to the multiple sources of oppression and advantage experienced by certain population groups, and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions over time. PMID:21819576

A complex magma mixing origin for rocks erupted in 1915, Lassen Peak, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Clynne, M.A.

1999-01-01

The eruption of Lassen Peak in May 1915 produced four volcanic rock types within 3 days, and in the following order: (1) hybrid black dacite lava containing (2) undercooled andesitic inclusions, (3) compositionally banded pumice with dark andesite and light dacite bands, and (4) unbanded light dacite. All types represent stages of a complex mixing process between basaltic andesite and dacite that was interrupted by the eruption. They contain disequilibrium phenocryst assemblages characterized by the co-existence of magnesian olivine and quartz and by reacted and unreacted phenocrysts derived from the dacite. The petrography and crystal chemistry of the phenocrysts and the variation in rock compositions indicate that basaltic andesite intruded dacite magma and partially hybridized with it. Phenocrysts from the dacite magma were reacted. Cooling, cyrstallization, and vesiculation of the hybrid andesite magma converted it to a layer of mafic foam. The decreased density of the andesite magma destabilized and disrupted the foam. Blobs of foam rose into and were further cooled by the overlying dacite magma, forming the andesitic inclusions. Disaggregation of andesitic inclusions in the host dacite produced the black dacite and light dacite magmas. Formation of foam was a dynamic process. Removal of foam propagated the foam layer downward into the hybrid andesite magma. Eventually the thermal and compositional contrasts between the hybrid andesite and black dacite magmas were reduced. Then, they mixed directly, forming the dark andesite magma. About 40-50% andesitic inclusions were disaggregated into the host dacite to produce the hybrid black dacite. Thus, disaggregation of inclusions into small fragments and individual crystals can be an efficient magma-mixing process. Disaggregation of undercooled inclusions carrying reacted host-magma phenocrysts produces co-existing reacted and unreacted phenocrysts populations.

Spray Dried Chitosan Microparticles for Intravesical Delivery of Celecoxib: Preparation and Characterization.

PubMed

Lopedota, Angela; Cutrignelli, Annalisa; Laquintana, Valentino; Denora, Nunzio; Iacobazzi, Rosa Maria; Perrone, Mara; Fanizza, Elisabetta; Mastrodonato, Maria; Mentino, Donatella; Lopalco, Antonio; Depalo, Nicoletta; Franco, Massimo

2016-09-01

Chitosan microparticles containing celecoxib (CB), were developed as chemoprevention of bladder cancer. Furthermore two inclusion complexes of CB with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (C1 and C2) were prepared to improve the solubility of the drug. C1 and C2 were obtained by freeze-drying and characterized in the solid state and in solution. Microparticles loaded with CB or C1 or C2 were prepared by spray drying and fully characterized. The yield and encapsulation efficiencies of microparticles depended by both the viscosity and the presence of the inclusion complex in the feed medium nebulised. Generally, the microparticles exhibited a spherical shape with mean diameter of approximately 2 μm which was compatible with local intravesical administration using a catheter. The CB release studies from the microparticles allowed us to identify both immediate release systems (microparticles including the complexes) and prolonged release systems (microparticles including CB alone). The latter exhibited good adhesion to the bladder mucosa, as highlighted by a mucoadhesion study. Histological studies revealed a desquamation of the superficial cells when the bladder mucosa was treated with microparticles loaded with CB, while the morphology of the urothelium did not change when it was treated with microparticles loaded with the inclusion complex. A new CB intravesical formulation than can easily be administered with a catheter and is able to release the drug at the target site for several hours was realized. This new delivery system could be a good alternative to classic oral CB administration.

Nanoaggregation of inclusion complexes of glibenclamide with cyclodextrins.

PubMed

Lucio, David; Irache, Juan Manuel; Font, María; Martínez-Ohárriz, María Cristina

2017-03-15

Glibenclamide is a sulfonylurea used for the oral treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. This drug shows low bioavailability as consequence of its low solubility. In order to solve this problem, the interaction with cyclodextrin has been proposed. This study tries to provide an explanation about the processes involved in the formation of GB-βCDs complexes, which have been interpreted in different ways by several authors. Among native cyclodextrins, βCD presents the most appropriate cavity to host glibenclamide molecules showing A L solubility diagrams (K 1:1 ≈1700M -1 ). However, [Formula: see text] solubility profiles were found for βCD derivatives, highlighting the coexistence of several phenomena involved in the drug solubility enhancement. At low CD concentration, the formation of inclusion complexes can be studied and the stability constants can be calculated (K 1:1 ≈1400M -1 ). Whereas at high CD concentration, the enhancement of GB solubility would be mainly attributed to the formation of nanoaggregates of CD and GB-CD complexes (sizes between 100 and 300nm). The inclusion mode into βCD occurs through the cyclohexyl ring of GB, adopting a semi-folded conformation which maximizes the hydrogen bond network. As consequence of all these phenomena, a 150-fold enhancement of drug solubility has been achieved using β-cyclodextrin derivatives. Thus, its use has proven to be an interesting tool to improve the oral administration of glibenclamide in accordance with dosage bulk and dose/solubility ratio requirements. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mathematical modelling of the transport of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of ranitidine hydrochloride and furosemide loaded chitosan nanoparticles across a Caco-2 cell monolayer.

PubMed

Sadighi, Armin; Ostad, S N; Rezayat, S M; Foroutan, M; Faramarzi, M A; Dorkoosh, F A

2012-01-17

Chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) have been used to enhance the permeability of furosemide and ranitidine hydrochloride (ranitidine HCl) which were selected as candidates for two different biopharmaceutical drug classes having low permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Drugs loaded CS-NPs were prepared by ionic gelation of CS and pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) which added to the drugs inclusion complexes with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD). The stability constants for furosemide/HP-βCD and ranitidine HCl/HP-βCD were calculated as 335 M(-1) and 410 M(-1), whereas the association efficiencies (AE%) of the drugs/HP-βCD inclusion complexes with CS-NPs were determined to be 23.0 and 19.5%, respectively. Zetasizer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterise drugs/HP-βCD-NPs size and morphology. Transport of both nano and non-nano formulations of drugs/HP-βCD complexes across a Caco-2 cell monolayer was assessed and fitted to mathematical models. Furosemide/HP-βCD-NPs demonstrated transport kinetics best suited for the Higuchi model, whereas other drug formulations demonstrated power law transportation behaviour. Permeability experiments revealed that furosemide/HP-βCD and ranitidine HCl/HP-βCD nano formulations greatly induce the opening of tight junctions and enhance drug transition through Caco-2 monolayers. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[In-vitro evaluation of cinnarizine as a competing agent to beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: effect of cinnarizine on the membrane permeation rate of progesterone from its beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex].

PubMed

Muraoka, Atsushi; Tokumura, Tadakazu; Machida, Yoshiharu

2008-01-01

The use of competing agents is considered a powerful tool for the development of a drug-delivery system with drug/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. However, there are very few studies examining this issue. To explain this phenomenon, it was thought that a competing agent with a sufficiently high stability constant had not yet been reported. In this study, cinnarizine (CN), which has a high stability constant with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and unique solubility characteristics, was selected, and its ability as a competing agent was examined in a membrane permeability study. The permeability study showed that the permeation rates of the drugs flurbiprofen, progesterone, and spironolactone decreased with their stability constants with the addition of beta-CD. In one of the drugs, progesterone (Pro), the decrease was restored by the addition of CN. The amount of CN added was a 1:1 molar ratio to the amount of Pro. However, no similar action was induced with the addition of DL-phenylalanine (Phe) in the permeation study at the 1:5 (Pro:Phe) molar ratio. These finding indicate that CN acts as a competing agent, and its action is much stronger than that of Phe.

Molecular Recognition: Detection of Colorless Compounds Based on Color Change

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khalafi, Lida; Kashani, Samira; Karimi, Javad

2016-01-01

A laboratory experiment is described in which students measure the amount of cetirizine in allergy-treatment tablets based on molecular recognition. The basis of recognition is competition of cetirizine with phenolphthalein to form an inclusion complex with ß-cyclodextrin. Phenolphthalein is pinkish under basic condition, whereas it's complex form…

Learners with Profound and Complex Needs in Scotland's Colleges

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education, 2009

2009-01-01

The Scottish Further and Higher Education Funding Council's (SFC) Corporate Plan (2009-12) makes clear its commitment to learners with profound and complex needs. Under "Outcome 2 Access, Inclusion and Progression" it states: "we will work with the Scottish Government, colleges and other stakeholders to ensure that appropriate…

Preparation and properties of amylose complexes prepared from hexadecylamine and its hydrochloride salt

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Amylose inclusion complexes were prepared from jet-cooked aqueous mixtures of high amylose corn starch and 1-hexadecylamine (HDA). Slow-cooling produced torus/disc-shaped spherulites, whereas aggregates of smaller spherulites were obtained by rapid-cooling in ice. The morphologies and 6(1)V x-ray ...

Preparation of starch-stabilized silver nanoparticles from amylose-sodium palmitate inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Starch-stabilized silver nanoparticles were prepared from amylose-sodium palmitate complexes by first converting sodium palmitate to silver palmitate by reaction with silver nitrate and then reducing the silver ion to metallic silver. This process produced water solutions that could be dried and the...

Attitudes towards the Inclusion of University Students with Disabilities: Development and Validation of a Scale Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fernández Faúndez, Eva María

2018-01-01

Introduction: The focus of our research converges on the analysis of attitudes and the prediction of the behavior of university students towards the inclusion of students with disabilities in university. The evaluation of attitudes and the prediction of behavior are complex, but it is fundamental because of the decisive impact they have on the…

The roles of fractional crystallization, magma mixing, crystal mush remobilization and volatile-melt interactions in the genesis of a young basalt-peralkaline rhyolite suite, the greater Olkaria volcanic complex, Kenya Rift valley

USGS Publications Warehouse

Macdonald, R.; Belkin, H.E.; Fitton, J.G.; Rogers, N.W.; Nejbert, K.; Tindle, A.G.; Marshall, A.S.

2008-01-01

The Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex is a young (???20 ka) multi-centred lava and dome field dominated by the eruption of peralkaline rhyolites. Basaltic and trachytic magmas have been erupted peripherally to the complex and also form, with mugearites and benmoreites, an extensive suite of magmatic inclusions in the rhyolites. The eruptive rocks commonly represent mixed magmas and the magmatic inclusions are themselves two-, three- or four-component mixes. All rock types may carry xenocrysts of alkali feldspar, and less commonly plagioclase, derived from magma mixing and by remobilization of crystal mushes and/or plutonic rocks. Xenoliths in the range gabbro-syenite are common in the lavas and magmatic inclusions, the more salic varieties sometimes containing silicic glass representing partial melts and ranging in composition from anorthite ?? corundum- to acmite-normative. The peralkaline varieties are broadly similar, in major element terms, to the eruptive peralkaline rhyolites. The basalt-trachyte suite formed by a combination of fractional crystallization, magma mixing and resorption of earlier-formed crystals. Matrix glass in metaluminous trachytes has a peralkaline rhyolitic composition, indicating that the eruptive rhyolites may have formed by fractional crystallization of trachyte. Anomalous trace element enrichments (e.g. ??? 2000 ppm Y in a benmoreite) and negative Ce anomalies may have resulted from various Na- and K-enriched fluids evolving from melts of intermediate composition and either being lost from the system or enriched in other parts of the reservoirs. A small group of nepheline-normative, usually peralkaline, magmatic inclusions was formed by fluid transfer between peralkaline rhyolitic and benmoreitic magmas. The plumbing system of the complex consists of several independent reservoirs and conduits, repeatedly recharged by batches of mafic magma, with ubiquitous magma mixing. ?? The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Building an Open-source Simulation Platform of Acoustic Radiation Force-based Breast Elastography

PubMed Central

Wang, Yu; Peng, Bo; Jiang, Jingfeng

2017-01-01

Ultrasound-based elastography including strain elastography (SE), acoustic radiation force Impulse (ARFI) imaging, point shear wave elastography (pSWE) and supersonic shear imaging (SSI) have been used to differentiate breast tumors among other clinical applications. The objective of this study is to extend a previously published virtual simulation platform built for ultrasound quasi-static breast elastography toward acoustic radiation force-based breast elastography. Consequently, the extended virtual breast elastography simulation platform can be used to validate image pixels with known underlying soft tissue properties (i.e. “ground truth”) in complex, heterogeneous media, enhancing confidence in elastographic image interpretations. The proposed virtual breast elastography system inherited four key components from the previously published virtual simulation platform: an ultrasound simulator (Field II), a mesh generator (Tetgen), a finite element solver (FEBio) and a visualization and data processing package (VTK). Using a simple message passing mechanism, functionalities have now been extended to acoustic radiation force-based elastography simulations. Examples involving three different numerical breast models with increasing complexity – one uniform model, one simple inclusion model and one virtual complex breast model derived from magnetic resonance imaging data, were used to demonstrate capabilities of this extended virtual platform. Overall, simulation results were compared with the published results. In the uniform model, the estimated shear wave speed (SWS) values were within 4% compared to the predetermined SWS values. In the simple inclusion and the complex breast models, SWS values of all hard inclusions in soft backgrounds were slightly underestimated, similar to what has been reported. The elastic contrast values and visual observation show that ARFI images have higher spatial resolution, while SSI images can provide higher inclusion-to-background contrast. In summary, our initial results were consistent with our expectations and what have been reported in the literature. The proposed (open-source) simulation platform can serve as a single gateway to perform many elastographic simulations in a transparent manner, thereby promoting collaborative developments. PMID:28075330

SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPOSITE MATERIALS FROM CELLULOSE, CHITOSAN AND CYCLODEXTRIN: FACILE PREPARATION AND THEIR SELECTIVE INCLUSION COMPLEX FORMATION WITH ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS

PubMed Central

Duri, Simon; Tran, Chieu D.

2013-01-01

We have successfully developed a simple and one step method to prepare high performance supramolecular polysaccharide composites from cellulose (CEL), chitosan (CS) and (2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (α-, β- and γ-TCD). In this method, [BMIm+Cl−], an ionic liquid (IL), was used as a solvent to dissolve and prepare the composites. Since majority (>88%) of the IL used was recovered for reuse, the method is recyclable. XRD, FT-IR, NIR and SEM were used to monitor the dissolution process and to confirm that the polysaccharides were regenerated without any chemical modifications. It was found that unique properties of each component including superior mechanical properties (from CEL), excellent adsorbent for pollutants and toxins (from CS) and size/structure selectivity through inclusion complex formation (from TCDs) remain intact in the composites. Specifically, results from kinetics and adsorption isotherms show that while CS-based composites can effectively adsorb the endocrine disruptors (polychlrophenols, bisphenol-A), its adsorption is independent on the size and structure of the analytes. Conversely, the adsorption by γ-TCD-based composites exhibits strong dependency on size and structure of the analytes. For example, while all three TCD-based composites (i.e., α-, β- and γ-TCD) can effectively adsorb 2-, 3- and 4-chlorophenol, only γ-TCD-based composite can adsorb analytes with bulky groups including 3,4-dichloro- and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. Furthermore, equilibrium sorption capacities for the analytes with bulky groups by γ-TCD-based composite are much higher than those by CS-based composites. Together, these results indicate that γ-TCD-based composite with its relatively larger cavity size can readily form inclusion complexes with analytes with bulky groups, and through inclusion complex formation, it can strongly adsorb much more analytes and with size/structure selectivity compared to CS-based composites which can adsorb the analyte only by surface adsorption. PMID:23517477

Fluid Inclusion Study of Quartz Xenocrysts in Mafic Dykes from Kawant Area, Chhota Udaipur District, Gujarat, India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Randive, Kirtikumar; Hurai, Vratislav

2015-09-01

Unusual mafic dykes occur in the proximity of the Ambadongar Carbonatite Complex, Lower Narmada Valley, Gujarat, India. The dykes contain dense population of quartz xenocrysts within the basaltic matrix metasomatised by carbonate-rich fluids. Plagioclase feldspars, relict pyroxenes, chlorite, barite, rutile, magnetite, Fe-Ti oxides and glass were identified in the basaltic matrix. Quartz xenocrysts occur in various shapes and sizes and form an intricate growth pattern with carbonates. The xenocrysts are fractured and contain several types of primary and secondary, single phase and two-phase fluid inclusions. The two-phase inclusions are dominated by aqueous liquid, whereas the monophase inclusions are composed of carbonic gas and the aqueous inclusions homogenize to liquid between 226°C and 361°C. Majority of the inclusions are secondary in origin and are therefore unrelated to the crystallization of quartz. Moreover, the inclusions have mixed carbonic-aqueous compositions that inhibit their direct correlation with the crustal or mantle fluids. The composition of dilute CO2-rich fluids observed in the quartz xenocrysts appear similar to those exsolved during the final stages of evolution of the Amba Dongar carbonatites. However, the carbonates are devoid of fluid inclusions and therefore their genetic relation with the quartz xenocrysts cannot be established.

Inclusion compound of vitamin B6 in β-CD. Physico-chemical and structural investigations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borodi, Gheorghe; Kacso, Irina; Farcaş, Sorin I.; Bratu, Ioan

2009-08-01

Structural and physico-chemical characterization of supramolecular assembly of vitamin B6 with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) prepared by different methods (kneading, co-precipitation and freeze-drying) has been performed by using several spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis), powder X-ray diffraction and DSC in order to evidence the inclusion compound formation. An analysis of the chemical shifts observed in the 1H-NMR spectra and of the vibrational frequency shifts led to the tentative conclusion that the vitamin B6 probably enters the cyclodextrin torus when forming the β-CD-vitamin B6 inclusion complex.

Protein aggregation as bacterial inclusion bodies is reversible.

PubMed

Carrió, M M; Villaverde, A

2001-01-26

Inclusion bodies are refractile, intracellular protein aggregates usually observed in bacteria upon targeted gene overexpression. Since their occurrence has a major economical impact in protein production bio-processes, in vitro refolding strategies are under continuous exploration. In this work, we prove spontaneous in vivo release of both beta-galactosidase and P22 tailspike polypeptides from inclusion bodies resulting in their almost complete disintegration and in the concomitant appearance of soluble, properly folded native proteins with full biological activity. Since, in particular, the tailspike protein exhibits an unusually slow and complex folding pathway involving deep interdigitation of beta-sheet structures, its in vivo refolding indicates that bacterial inclusion body proteins are not collapsed into an irreversible unfolded state. Then, inclusion bodies can be observed as transient deposits of folding-prone polypeptides, resulting from an unbalanced equilibrium between in vivo protein precipitation and refolding that can be actively displaced by arresting protein synthesis. The observation that the formation of big inclusion bodies is reversible in vivo can be also relevant in the context of amyloid diseases, in which deposition of important amounts of aggregated protein initiates the pathogenic process.

Encapsulation of CO2 into amorphous alpha-cyclodextrin powder at different moisture contents - Part 2: Characterization of complexed powders and determination of crystalline structure.

PubMed

Ho, Thao M; Howes, Tony; Jack, Kevin S; Bhandari, Bhesh R

2016-09-01

This study aims to characterize CO2-α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) inclusion complexes produced from amorphous α-CD powder at moisture contents (MC) close to or higher than the critical level of crystallization (e.g. 13, 15 and 17% MC on wet basis, w.b.) at 0.4 and 1.6MPa pressure for 72h. The results of (13)C NMR, SEM, DSC and X-ray analyses showed that these MC levels were high enough to induce crystallization of CO2-α-CD complexed powders during encapsulation, by which amount of CO2 encapsulated by amorphous α-CD powder was significantly increased. The formation of inclusion complexes were well confirmed by results of FTIR and (13)C NMR analyses through an appearance of a peak associated with CO2 on the FTIR (2334cm(-1)) and NMR (125.3ppm) spectra. Determination of crystal packing patterns of CO2-α-CD complexed powders showed that during crystallization, α-CD molecules were arranged in cage-type structure in which CO2 molecules were entrapped in isolated cavities. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoparticle β-Cyclodextrin:Geraniol Inclusion Complexes.

PubMed

Hadian, Zahra; Maleki, Majedeh; Abdi, Khosro; Atyabi, Fatemeh; Mohammadi, Abdoreza; Khaksar, Ramin

2018-01-01

The aim of the present study was to formulate β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanoparticles loaded with geraniol (GR) essential oil (EO) with appropriate physicochemical properties. Complexation of GR with β-CD was optimized by evaluation of four formulations, using the co-precipitation method, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading, size, particle size distribution (PDI) and zeta potential were investigated. Further characterization was performed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infra-red (IR) spectroscopy analysis. Results showed that the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were affected by GR content in formulations that yielded nanoscale-size particles ranging from 111 to 258 nm. The highest encapsulation efficiency (79.4 ± 5.4%) was obtained when the molar ratio of EO to β-CD was 0.44: 0.13 with negative zeta potential (-21.1 ± 0.5 mV). The 1 H-NMR spectrum confirmed the formation structure of the EO and β-CD nanoparticle complex. Complexation with geraniol resulted in changes of IR profile, NMR chemical shifts, DSC properties, and SEM of β-cyclodextrin. Inclusion complex of essential oil with β-cyclodextrin was considered as promising bioactive materials for designing functional food.

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoparticle β-Cyclodextrin:Geraniol Inclusion Complexes

PubMed Central

Hadian, Zahra; Maleki, Majedeh; Abdi, Khosro; Atyabi, Fatemeh; Mohammadi, Abdoreza; Khaksar, Ramin

2018-01-01

The aim of the present study was to formulate β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanoparticles loaded with geraniol (GR) essential oil (EO) with appropriate physicochemical properties. Complexation of GR with β-CD was optimized by evaluation of four formulations, using the co-precipitation method, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading, size, particle size distribution (PDI) and zeta potential were investigated. Further characterization was performed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infra-red (IR) spectroscopy analysis. Results showed that the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were affected by GR content in formulations that yielded nanoscale-size particles ranging from 111 to 258 nm. The highest encapsulation efficiency (79.4 ± 5.4%) was obtained when the molar ratio of EO to β-CD was 0.44: 0.13 with negative zeta potential (-21.1 ± 0.5 mV). The 1H-NMR spectrum confirmed the formation structure of the EO and β-CD nanoparticle complex. Complexation with geraniol resulted in changes of IR profile, NMR chemical shifts, DSC properties, and SEM of β-cyclodextrin. Inclusion complex of essential oil with β-cyclodextrin was considered as promising bioactive materials for designing functional food.

DSC, X-ray and FTIR studies of a gemfibrozil/dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex produced by co-grinding.

PubMed

Aigner, Z; Berkesi, O; Farkas, G; Szabó-Révész, P

2012-01-05

The steps of formation of an inclusion complex produced by the co-grinding of gemfibrozil and dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with curve-fitting analysis. The endothermic peak at 59.25°C reflecting the melting of gemfibrozil progressively disappeared from the DSC curves of the products on increase of the duration of co-grinding. The crystallinity of the samples too gradually decreased, and after 35min of co-grinding the product was totally amorphous. Up to this co-grinding time, XRPD and FTIR investigations indicated a linear correlation between the cyclodextrin complexation and the co-grinding time. After co-grinding for 30min, the ratio of complex formation did not increase. These studies demonstrated that co-grinding is a suitable method for the complexation of gemfibrozil with dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin. XRPD analysis revealed the amorphous state of the gemfibrozil-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin product. FTIR spectroscopy with curve-fitting analysis may be useful as a semiquantitative analytical method for discriminating the molecular and amorphous states of gemfibrozil. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Identification of Guest-Host Inclusion Complexes in the Gas Phase by Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mendes, De´bora C.; Ramamurthy, Vaidhyanathan; Da Silva, Jose´ P.

2015-01-01

In this laboratory experiment, students follow a step-by-step procedure to prepare and study guest-host complexes in the gas phase using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Model systems are the complexes of hosts cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and cucurbit[8]uril (CB8) with the guest 4-styrylpyridine (SP). Aqueous solutions of CB7 or CB8…

In vitro and in vivo studies on the complexes of glipizide with water-soluble β-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin polymers.

PubMed

Nie, Shufang; Zhang, Shu; Pan, Weisan; Liu, Yanli

2011-05-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of a newly modified cyclodextrin derivative, water-soluble β-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin polymer (β-CDP), as an effective drug carrier to enhance the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of glipizide as a poorly water-soluble model drug. Inclusion complexes of glipizide with β-CDP were prepared by the co-evaporation method and characterized by phase solubility, dissolution, and differential scanning calorimetry. The solubility curve was classified as type A(L), which indicated the formation of 1:1 complex between glipizide and β-CDP. β-CDP had better properties of increasing the aqueous solubility of glipizide compared with HP-β-CD. The dissolution rate of drug from the β-CDP complexes was significantly greater than that of the corresponding physical mixtures indicating that the formation of amorphous complex increased the solubility of glipizide. Moreover, the increment in drug dissolution rate from the glipizide/β-CDP systems was higher than that from the corresponding ones with HP-β-CD, which indicated that β-CDP could provide greater capability of solubilization for poorly soluble drugs. Furthermore, in vivo study revealed that the bioavailability of glipizide was significantly improved by glipizide /β-CDP inclusion complex after oral administration to beagle dogs.

Preparation of olanzapine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes using a single-step, organic solvent-free supercritical fluid process: An approach to enhance the solubility and dissolution properties.

PubMed

Rudrangi, Shashi Ravi Suman; Trivedi, Vivek; Mitchell, John C; Wicks, Stephen Richard; Alexander, Bruce David

2015-10-15

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a single-step, organic solvent-free supercritical fluid process for the preparation of olanzapine-methyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes with an express goal to enhance the dissolution properties of olanzapine. The complexes were prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide processing, co-evaporation, freeze drying and physical mixing. The prepared complexes were then analysed by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, solubility and dissolution studies. Computational molecular docking studies were performed to study the formation of molecular inclusion complexation of olanzapine with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. All the binary mixtures of olanzapine with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, except physical mixture, exhibited a faster and greater extent of drug dissolution than the drug alone. Products obtained by the supercritical carbon dioxide processing method exhibited the highest apparent drug dissolution. The characterisation by different analytical techniques suggests complete complexation or amorphisation of olanzapine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide processing method. Therefore, organic solvent-free supercritical carbon dioxide processing method proved to be novel and efficient for the preparation of solid inclusion complexes of olanzapine with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The preliminary data also suggests that the complexes of olanzapine with methyl-β-cyclodextrin will lead to better therapeutic efficacy due to better solubility and dissolution properties. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mental Health and Special Educational Needs: Exploring a Complex Relationship

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rose, Richard; Howley, Marie; Fergusson, Ann; Jament, Johnson

2009-01-01

The relationship between mental health and special educational needs is both complex and misunderstood. In this article, Richard Rose, Professor of Special and Inclusive Education, Marie Howley, Senior Lecturer, Ann Fergusson, Senior Lecturer, and Johnson Jament, a PhD student, all from the Centre for Special Needs Education and Research directed…

Structure-function properties of amylose-oleic acid inclusion complexes grafted with poly(methyl acrylate)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Spherulites, produced by steam jet-cooking high-amylose starch and oleic acid, were grafted with methyl acrylate, both before and after removal of un-complexed amylopectin. For comparison, granular high-amylose corn starch was graft polymerized in a similar manner. The amount of grafted and ungrafte...

Using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography to study the complexation of anthocyanins with β-cyclodextrin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deineka, V. I.; Lapshova, M. S.; Deineka, L. A.

2014-06-01

It is shown by means of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) with mobile phases containing additions of β-cyclodextrin that 5-glucosides of cyanidin and pelargonidin form stronger inclusion complexes than 3-glucosides; this is explained by the steric interference of the glucoside radical.

Solubility Enhancement of Raloxifene Using Inclusion Complexes and Cogrinding Method

PubMed Central

Patil, Payal H.; Belgamwar, Veena S.; Patil, Pratibha R.; Surana, Sanjay J.

2013-01-01

The objective of the present work was to enhance the solubility and dissolution of practically water-insoluble drug raloxifene HCl (RLX), for the same two approaches that were used. In the first approach, drug was kneaded with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and in the second one drug was cogrinded with modified guar gum (MGG). The drug-cyclodextrin complex and drug-MGG cogrind mixtures were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The solubility and dissolution study reveals that solubility and dissolution rate of RLX remarkably increased in both methods. It was concluded that the prepared inclusion complex showed a remarkable increase in solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug raloxifene. In the cogrinding mixture, a natural modified gum is used as a surfactant and enhances the solubility and dissolution of RLX without requiring addition of organic solvent or high temperature for its preparation; thus, process is less cumbersome and cost effective. But when both methods were compared; HPβCD complexation method showed significant enhancement of drug solubility. PMID:26555984

Enhanced oral bioavailability and anticancer efficacy of fisetin by encapsulating as inclusion complex with HPβCD in polymeric nanoparticles.

PubMed

Kadari, Amrita; Gudem, Sagarika; Kulhari, Hitesh; Bhandi, Murali Mohan; Borkar, Roshan M; Kolapalli, Venkata Ramana Murthy; Sistla, Ramakrishna

2017-11-01

Fisetin (FST), a potent anticancer phytoconstituent, exhibits poor aqueous solubility and hence poor bioavailability. The aim of the present study is to improve the oral bioavailability of FST by encapsulating into PLGA NPs (poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles) as a complex of HPβCD (hydroxyl propyl beta cyclodextrin) and to assess its anti-cancer activity against breast cancer cells. FST-HPβCD inclusion complex (FHIC) was prepared and the supramolecular complex formation was characterized by FTIR, DSC, PXRD and 1 H NMR. FHIC encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (FHIC-PNP) were prepared and were studied for in vitro anticancer activity, cellular uptake, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Comparative bioavailability of FST was determined after oral administration in C57BL6 mice as pure FST and FHIC-PNP. The results revealed that FHIC-PNP not only enhanced the anti-cancer activity and apoptosis of FST against MCF-7 cells but also improved its oral bioavailability, as demonstrated by increased peak plasma concentration and total drug absorbed.

Spectrofluorimetric study on the inclusion interaction between vitamin K 3 with p-( p-sulfonated benzeneazo)calix[6]arene and determination of VK 3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Yunyou; Xu, Hongwei; Wu, Lian; Liu, Chun; Lu, Qin; Wang, Lun

2008-11-01

The characteristics of host-guest complexation between p-( p-sulfonated benzeneazo) calix[6]arene (SBC6A) and vitamin K 3 (VK 3) were investigated by fluorescence spectrometry. A 1:1 stoichiometry for the complexation was established and was verified by Job's plot. An association constant of 4.95 × 10 3 L mol -1 at 20 °C was calculated by applying a deduced equation. The interaction mechanism of the inclusion complex was discussed. It was found that the fluorescence of SBC6A could be remarkably quenched by an appropriate amount of VK 3 especially when non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 existed. According to the obtained results, a novel sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of VK 3 based on supramolecular complex was developed with a linear range of 5.0 × 10 -7-3.0 × 10 -5 mol L -1 and a detection limit of 2.0 × 10 -7 mol L -1. The proposed method was used to determine VK 3 in commercial preparations with satisfactory results.

Spectrofluorimetric study on the inclusion interaction between vitamin K3 with p-(p-sulfonated benzeneazo)calix[6]arene and determination of VK3.

PubMed

Zhou, Yunyou; Xu, Hongwei; Wu, Lian; Liu, Chun; Lu, Qin; Wang, Lun

2008-11-15

The characteristics of host-guest complexation between p-(p-sulfonated benzeneazo) calix[6]arene (SBC6A) and vitamin K3 (VK3) were investigated by fluorescence spectrometry. A 1:1 stoichiometry for the complexation was established and was verified by Job's plot. An association constant of 4.95 x 10(3)L mol(-1) at 20 degrees C was calculated by applying a deduced equation. The interaction mechanism of the inclusion complex was discussed. It was found that the fluorescence of SBC6A could be remarkably quenched by an appropriate amount of VK3 especially when non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 existed. According to the obtained results, a novel sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of VK3 based on supramolecular complex was developed with a linear range of 5.0 x 10(-7) -3.0 x 10(-5)mol L(-1) and a detection limit of 2.0 x 10(-7)mol L(-1). The proposed method was used to determine VK3 in commercial preparations with satisfactory results.

Inclusion Bodies Are a Site of Ebolavirus Replication

PubMed Central

Hoenen, Thomas; Shabman, Reed S.; Groseth, Allison; Herwig, Astrid; Weber, Michaela; Schudt, Gordian; Dolnik, Olga; Basler, Christopher F.; Becker, Stephan

2012-01-01

Inclusion bodies are a characteristic feature of ebolavirus infections in cells. They contain large numbers of preformed nucleocapsids, but their biological significance has been debated, and they have been suggested to be aggregates of viral proteins without any further biological function. However, recent data for other viruses that produce similar structures have suggested that inclusion bodies might be involved in genome replication and transcription. In order to study filovirus inclusion bodies, we fused mCherry to the ebolavirus polymerase L, which is found in inclusion bodies. The resulting L-mCherry fusion protein was functional in minigenome assays and incorporated into virus-like particles. Importantly, L-mCherry fluorescence in transfected cells was readily detectable and distributed in a punctate pattern characteristic for inclusion bodies. A recombinant ebolavirus encoding L-mCherry instead of L was rescued and showed virtually identical growth kinetics and endpoint titers to those for wild-type virus. Using this virus, we showed that the onset of inclusion body formation corresponds to the onset of viral genome replication, but that viral transcription occurs prior to inclusion body formation. Live-cell imaging further showed that inclusion bodies are highly dynamic structures and that they can undergo dramatic reorganization during cell division. Finally, by labeling nascent RNAs using click technology we showed that inclusion bodies are indeed the site of viral RNA synthesis. Based on these data we conclude that, rather than being inert aggregates of nucleocapsids, ebolavirus inclusion bodies are in fact complex and dynamic structures and an important site at which viral RNA replication takes place. PMID:22915810

Inclusion bodies are a site of ebolavirus replication.

PubMed

Hoenen, Thomas; Shabman, Reed S; Groseth, Allison; Herwig, Astrid; Weber, Michaela; Schudt, Gordian; Dolnik, Olga; Basler, Christopher F; Becker, Stephan; Feldmann, Heinz

2012-11-01

Inclusion bodies are a characteristic feature of ebolavirus infections in cells. They contain large numbers of preformed nucleocapsids, but their biological significance has been debated, and they have been suggested to be aggregates of viral proteins without any further biological function. However, recent data for other viruses that produce similar structures have suggested that inclusion bodies might be involved in genome replication and transcription. In order to study filovirus inclusion bodies, we fused mCherry to the ebolavirus polymerase L, which is found in inclusion bodies. The resulting L-mCherry fusion protein was functional in minigenome assays and incorporated into virus-like particles. Importantly, L-mCherry fluorescence in transfected cells was readily detectable and distributed in a punctate pattern characteristic for inclusion bodies. A recombinant ebolavirus encoding L-mCherry instead of L was rescued and showed virtually identical growth kinetics and endpoint titers to those for wild-type virus. Using this virus, we showed that the onset of inclusion body formation corresponds to the onset of viral genome replication, but that viral transcription occurs prior to inclusion body formation. Live-cell imaging further showed that inclusion bodies are highly dynamic structures and that they can undergo dramatic reorganization during cell division. Finally, by labeling nascent RNAs using click technology we showed that inclusion bodies are indeed the site of viral RNA synthesis. Based on these data we conclude that, rather than being inert aggregates of nucleocapsids, ebolavirus inclusion bodies are in fact complex and dynamic structures and an important site at which viral RNA replication takes place.

Cyclodextrin-complexation effects on the low-frequency vibrational dynamics of ibuprofen by combined inelastic light and neutron scattering experiments.

PubMed

Crupi, Vincenza; Fontana, Aldo; Giarola, Marco; Guella, Graziano; Majolino, Domenico; Mancini, Ines; Mariotto, Gino; Paciaroni, Alessandro; Rossi, Barbara; Venuti, Valentina

2013-04-11

The effect of the inclusion into cyclodextrins (CD) cavity on the low-frequency vibrational dynamics of the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IBP) is here investigated by using Raman and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments. The differences observed in the frequency regime 0-100 cm(-1) between the vibrational modes of uncomplexed racemic and enantiomeric IBP are discussed on the basis of comparison with the quantum chemical computation results, taking into account the distinct symmetry properties of the molecules involved in the formation of the host-guest complex. Subsequently, the inspection of the same frequency range in the spectra of pure host methyl-β-CD and its IBP-inclusion complexes allows one to identify significant modifications in the vibrational dynamics of the guest molecule after their confinement into CD cavity. The experimental Raman and neutron spectra and the derived Raman coupling function C(R)(ω) show that the complexation process gives rise to a complete amorphization of the drug, as well as to a partial hindering, in the vibrational dynamics of complexes, of the modes between 50 and 150 cm(-1) attributed to CD molecule. The comparison between the Raman and neutron spectra of free and complexed IBP in the energy range of the Boson peak (BP) gives evidence that the dynamics related to this specific vibrational feature is sensitive to complexation phenomena.

Microencapsulation of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and caffeic acid phenethyl amide by inclusion in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Garrido, E Manuela P J; Cerqueira, Ana S; Chavarria, Daniel; Silva, Tiago; Borges, Fernanda; Garrido, Jorge M P J

2018-07-15

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a bioactive polyphenolic compound obtained from propolis extract. Although it has a broad therapeutic potential, the bioavailability of CAPE is limited, due to reduced solubility and poor plasmatic stability. Efforts to reduce these pharmacokinetic drawbacks resulted in the synthesis of caffeic acid phenethyl amide (CAPA). Cyclodextrins have been proved as promising excipients for the formulation of active ingredients. Herein, we report the inclusion complexation behavior and binding ability of CAPE and CAPA with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). The supramolecular interactions were examined through UV and FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, 1 H NMR and 2D ROESY. The CAPE/HP-β-CD and CAPA/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes stability constants were determined to be, respectively, 2911.6 and 584.6 M -1 in water and 2866.2 and 700.1 M -1 at physiological pH. The aqueous solubility increased notably, proving that HP-β-CD can be potentially useful to improve the biological, chemical and physical properties of CAPE and CAPA. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Study on the Nonmetallic Inclusion Motions in a Swirling Flow Submerged Entry Nozzle in a New Cylindrical Tundish Design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ni, Peiyuan; Ersson, Mikael; Jonsson, Lage Tord Ingemar; Jönsson, Pär Göran

2018-04-01

Different sizes and shapes of nonmetallic inclusions in a swirling flow submerged entry nozzle (SEN) placed in a new tundish design were investigated by using a Lagrangian particle tracking scheme. The results show that inclusions in the current cylindrical tundish have difficulties remaining in the top tundish region, since a strong rotational steel flow exists in this region. This high rotational flow of 0.7 m/s provides the required momentum for the formation of a strong swirling flow inside the SEN. The results show that inclusions larger than 40 µm were found to deposit to a smaller extent on the SEN wall compared to smaller inclusions. The reason is that these large inclusions have Separation number values larger than 1. Thus, the swirling flow causes these large size inclusions to move toward the SEN center. For the nonspherical inclusions, large size inclusions were found to be deposited on the SEN wall to a larger extent, compared to spherical inclusions. More specifically, the difference of the deposited inclusion number is around 27 pct. Overall, it was found that the swirling flow contains three regions, namely, the isotropic core region, the anisotropic turbulence region and the near-wall region. Therefore, anisotropic turbulent fluctuations should be taken into account when the inclusion motion was tracked in this complex flow. In addition, many inclusions were found to deposit at the SEN inlet region. The plotted velocity distribution shows that the inlet flow is very chaotic. A high turbulent kinetic energy value of around 0.08 m2/s2 exists in this region, and a recirculating flow was also found here. These flow characteristics are harmful since they increase the inclusion transport toward the wall. Therefore, a new design of the SEN inlet should be developed in the future, with the aim to modify the inlet flow so that the inclusion deposition is reduced.

Antimicrobial coatings on polyethylene terephthalate based on curcumin/cyclodextrin complex embedded in a multilayer polyelectrolyte architecture.

PubMed

Shlar, Ilya; Droby, Samir; Rodov, Victor

2018-04-01

Bacterial contamination is a growing concern worldwide. The aim of this work was to develop an antimicrobial coating based on curcumin-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as a support matrix. After a pre-treatment aimed to provide sufficient electric charge to the PET surface, it was electrostatically coated with repeated multilayers comprising alternately deposited positively-charged poly-l-lysine (PLL) and negatively-charged poly-l-glutamic acid (PLGA) and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMBCD). The coatings had an architecture (PLL-PLGA) 6 -(PLL-PLGA-PLL-CMBCD) n , with the number of repeated multilayers n varying from 5 to 20. The CMBCD molecules were either covalently cross-linked using carbodiimide crosslinker chemistry or left unbound. The surface morphology, structure and elemental composition of the coatings were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. To impart antimicrobial properties to the coatings they were loaded with a natural phenolic compound curcumin forming inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin. The non-cross-linked coatings showed bactericidal activity towards Escherichia coli in the dark, and this activity was further enhanced upon illumination with white light. Curcumin was released from the non-cross-linked coatings into an aqueous medium in the form of cyclodextrin inclusion complex. After the cross-linking, the coating lost its dark antimicrobial activity but retained the photodynamic properties. Stabilized cross-linked curcumin-loaded coatings can serve a basis for developing photoactivated antimicrobial surfaces controlling bacterial contamination and spread. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Social cohesion through football: a quasi-experimental mixed methods design to evaluate a complex health promotion program

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Social isolation and disengagement fragments local communities. Evidence indicates that refugee families are highly vulnerable to social isolation in their countries of resettlement. Research to identify approaches to best address this is needed. Football United is a program that aims to foster social inclusion and cohesion in areas with high refugee settlement in New South Wales, Australia, through skills and leadership development, mentoring, and the creation of links with local community and corporate leaders and organisations. The Social Cohesion through Football study's broad goal is to examine the implementation of a complex health promotion program, and to analyse the processes involved in program implementation. The study will consider program impact on individual health and wellbeing, social inclusion and cohesion, as well as analyse how the program by necessity interacts and adapts to context during implementation, a concept we refer to as plasticity. The proposed study will be the first prospective cohort impact study to our knowledge to assess the impact of a comprehensive integrated program using football as a vehicle for fostering social inclusion and cohesion in communities with high refugee settlement. Methods/design A quasi-experimental cohort study design with treatment partitioning involving four study sites. The study employs a 'dose response' model, comparing those with no involvement in the Football United program with those with lower or higher levels of participation. A range of qualitative and quantitative measures will be used in the study. Study participants' emotional well being, resilience, ethnic identity and other group orientation, feelings of social inclusion and belonging will be measured using a survey instrument complemented by relevant data drawn from in-depth interviews, self reporting measures and participant observation. The views of key informants from the program and the wider community will also be solicited. Discussion The complexity of the Football United program poses challenges for measurement, and requires the study design to be responsive to the dynamic nature of the program and context. Assessment of change is needed at multiple levels, drawing on mixed methods and multidisciplinary approaches in implementation and evaluation. Attention to these challenges has underpinned the design and methods in the Social Cohesion through Football study, which will use a unique and innovative combination of measures that have not been applied together previously in social inclusion/cohesion and sport and social inclusion/cohesion program research. PMID:20920361

Social cohesion through football: a quasi-experimental mixed methods design to evaluate a complex health promotion program.

PubMed

Nathan, Sally; Bunde-Birouste, Anne; Evers, Clifton; Kemp, Lynn; MacKenzie, Julie; Henley, Robert

2010-10-05

Social isolation and disengagement fragments local communities. Evidence indicates that refugee families are highly vulnerable to social isolation in their countries of resettlement. Research to identify approaches to best address this is needed. Football United is a program that aims to foster social inclusion and cohesion in areas with high refugee settlement in New South Wales, Australia, through skills and leadership development, mentoring, and the creation of links with local community and corporate leaders and organisations. The Social Cohesion through Football study's broad goal is to examine the implementation of a complex health promotion program, and to analyse the processes involved in program implementation. The study will consider program impact on individual health and wellbeing, social inclusion and cohesion, as well as analyse how the program by necessity interacts and adapts to context during implementation, a concept we refer to as plasticity. The proposed study will be the first prospective cohort impact study to our knowledge to assess the impact of a comprehensive integrated program using football as a vehicle for fostering social inclusion and cohesion in communities with high refugee settlement. A quasi-experimental cohort study design with treatment partitioning involving four study sites. The study employs a 'dose response' model, comparing those with no involvement in the Football United program with those with lower or higher levels of participation. A range of qualitative and quantitative measures will be used in the study. Study participants' emotional well being, resilience, ethnic identity and other group orientation, feelings of social inclusion and belonging will be measured using a survey instrument complemented by relevant data drawn from in-depth interviews, self reporting measures and participant observation. The views of key informants from the program and the wider community will also be solicited. The complexity of the Football United program poses challenges for measurement, and requires the study design to be responsive to the dynamic nature of the program and context. Assessment of change is needed at multiple levels, drawing on mixed methods and multidisciplinary approaches in implementation and evaluation. Attention to these challenges has underpinned the design and methods in the Social Cohesion through Football study, which will use a unique and innovative combination of measures that have not been applied together previously in social inclusion/cohesion and sport and social inclusion/cohesion program research.

Enantioselective separation of chiral aromatic amino acids with surface functionalized magnetic nanoparticles.

PubMed

Ghosh, Sudipa; Fang, Tan Hui; Uddin, M S; Hidajat, K

2013-05-01

Chiral resolution aromatic amino acids, DL-tryptophan (DL-Trp), DL-phenylalanine (DL-Phe), DL-tyrosine (DL-Tyr) from phosphate buffer solution was achieved in present study employing the concept of selective adsorption by surface functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Surfaces of magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized with silica and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMCD) to investigate their adsorption resolution characteristics. Resolution of enantiomers from racemic mixture was quantified in terms of enantiomeric excess using chromatographic method. The MNPs selectively adsorbed L-enantiomers of DL-Trp, DL-Phe, and DL-Tyr from racemic mixture and enantiomeric excesses (e.e.) were determined as 94%, 73% and 58%, respectively. FTIR studies demonstrated that hydrophobic portion of enantiomer penetrated into hydrophobic cavity of cyclodextrin molecules to form inclusion complex. Furthermore, adsorption site was explored using XPS and it was revealed that amino group at chiral center of the amino acid molecule formed hydrogen bond with secondary hydroxyl group of CMCD molecule and favorability of hydrogen bond formation resulted in selective adsorption of L-enantiomer. Finally, stability constant (K) and Gibbs free energy change (-ΔG°) for inclusion complexation of CMCD with L-/D-enantiomers of amino acids were determined using spectroflurometry in aqueous buffer solution. Higher binding constants were obtained for inclusion complexation of CMCD with L-enantiomers compared to D-enantiomers which stimulated enantioselective properties of CMCD functionalized magnetite silica nanoparticles. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lead arthritis and lead poisoning following bullet wounds: a clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and microanalytic study of two cases.

PubMed

Slavin, R E; Swedo, J; Cartwright, J; Viegas, S; Custer, E M

1988-02-01

Bullet wounds causing lead synovitis in the wrist and knee are reported in two patients, one of whom also developed clinical plumbism. Very high lead levels in the synovial fluid are believed to be responsible for toxicity changes that occurred in the synovium and bone. Ultrastructurally, these alterations included the formation of nuclear lead inclusions, dilation, and degranulation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and deposition of crystalline precipitates in the matrix of the mitochondria in macrophages, osteoclasts, and synoviocytes, as well as the development of cytoplasmic lead inclusions in osteoclasts. Energy-dispersive x-ray elemental analysis (EDXEA) indicated that the nuclear inclusions contained only lead, whereas precipitates within the mitochondria and elsewhere in the cytoplasm were composed of complexes containing lead, calcium, and phosphorus. Similarly constituted extracellular complexes were incorporated into newly formed trabecular bone laid down as a physiologic response to the bullet lodged within the wrist bones. This bone subsequently exhibited defects in bone resorption, which were characterized by depressed osteoclastic function and a unique lesion termed incomplete osteocytic osteolysis. The genesis of this latter lesion is uncertain. The sequestration of the partially degraded bone fragments containing lead complexes into the marrow and eventually into the joint spaces and synovium permitted the recycling of bone lead, and this may have played an important role in inducing clinical plumbism in one of the patients in this study.

Bioadhesive tablets containing cyclodextrin complex of itraconazole for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.

PubMed

Cevher, Erdal; Açma, Ayşe; Sinani, Genada; Aksu, Buket; Zloh, Mire; Mülazımoğlu, Lütfiye

2014-08-01

Itraconazole (ITR) is commonly used in the treatment of Candida infections. It has a nephrotoxic effect and low bioavailability in patients who suffer from renal insufficiency, and its poor solubility in water makes ITR largely unavailable. Cyclodextrins (CyDs) are used to form inclusion complexes with drugs to improve their aqueous solubility and to reduce their side effects. In this study, ITR was complexed with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CyD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD), methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Met-β-CyD) and sulphobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE7-β-CyD) to increase its water solubility and to reduce the side effects of the drug without decreasing antifungal activity. Complex formation between ITR and CyDs was evaluated using SEM, (1)H NMR and XRD studies. The antifungal activity of the complexes was analyzed on Candida albicans strains, and the susceptibility of the strains was found to be higher for the ITR-SBE7-β-CyD complex than for the complexes that were prepared with other CyDs. Vaginal bioadhesive sustained release tablet formulations were developed using the ITR-SBE7-β-CyD inclusion complex to increase the residence time of ITR in the vagina, thereby boosting the efficacy of the treatment. The swelling, matrix erosion and bioadhesion properties of formulations and the drug release rate of these tablets were analyzed, and the most therapeutically effective vaginal formulation was determined. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analytical method for the fast time-domain reconstruction of fluorescent inclusions in vitro and in vivo.

PubMed

Han, Sung-Ho; Farshchi-Heydari, Salman; Hall, David J

2010-01-20

A novel time-domain optical method to reconstruct the relative concentration, lifetime, and depth of a fluorescent inclusion is described. We establish an analytical method for the estimations of these parameters for a localized fluorescent object directly from the simple evaluations of continuous wave intensity, exponential decay, and temporal position of the maximum of the fluorescence temporal point-spread function. Since the more complex full inversion process is not involved, this method permits a robust and fast processing in exploring the properties of a fluorescent inclusion. This method is confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Copyright 2010 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The parent magma of the Nakhla (SNC) meteorite: Reconciliation of composition estimates from magmatic inclusions and element partitioning

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Treiman, A. H.

1993-01-01

The composition of the parent magma of the Nakhla meteorite was difficult to determine, because it is accumulate rock, enriched in olivine and augite relative to a basalt magma. A parent magma composition is estimated from electron microprobe area analyses of magmatic inclusions in olivine. This composition is consistent with an independent estimate based on the same inclusions, and with chemical equilibria with the cores of Nakhla's augites. This composition reconciles most of the previous estimates of Nakhla's magma composition, and obviates the need for complex magmatic processes. Inconsistency between this composition and those calculated previously suggests that magma flowed through and crystallized into Nakhla as it cooled.

In vitro folding of inclusion body proteins.

PubMed

Rudolph, R; Lilie, H

1996-01-01

Insoluble, inactive inclusion bodies are frequently formed upon recombinant protein production in transformed microorganisms. These inclusion bodies, which contain the recombinant protein in an highly enriched form, can be isolated by solid/liquid separation. After solubilization, native proteins can be generated from the inactive material by using in vitro folding techniques. New folding procedures have been developed for efficient in vitro reconstitution of complex hydrophobic, multidomain, oligomeric, or highly disulfide-bonded proteins. These protocols take into account process parameters such as protein concentration, catalysis of disulfide bond formation, temperature, pH, and ionic strength, as well as specific solvent ingredients that reduce unproductive side reactions. Modification of the protein sequence has been exploited to improve in vitro folding.

Complex Matrix for the Analysis of Sustainable Transformative Learning: An Assessment Methodology of Sustainability Integration in Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palma, Lisiane Celia; Pedrozo, Eugênio Ávila

2015-01-01

Several papers propose analytical methods relating to the inclusion of sustainability in courses and universities. However, as sustainability is a complex subject, methodological proposals on the topic must avoid making disjointed analyses which focus exclusively on curricula or on organisational strategy, as often seen in the literature.…

Encapsulation and solid state sequestration of gases by calix[6]arene-based molecular containers.

PubMed

Lavendomme, Roy; Ajami, Daniela; Moerkerke, Steven; Wouters, Johan; Rissanen, Kari; Luhmer, Michel; Jabin, Ivan

2017-06-13

Two calix[6]arene-based molecular containers were synthesized in high yields. These containers can encapsulate small guests through a unique "rotating door" complexation process. The sequestration of greenhouse gases is clearly demonstrated. They can be stored in the solid state for long periods and released via dissolution of the inclusion complex.

75 FR 73080 - Science Advisory Board Staff Office; Request for Nominations of Experts for the SAB...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-29

... are IRIS reference doses (RfDs) for two commercial PCB mixtures: Aroclor 1016 and Aroclor 1254 that... developing a draft assessment of the potential noncancer health hazards of complex PCB mixtures for inclusion... with the goal of establishing an RfD for application to complex PCB mixtures. The EPA's National Center...

Mechanism suppressing glycogen synthesis in neurons and its demise in progressive myoclonus epilepsy.

PubMed

Vilchez, David; Ros, Susana; Cifuentes, Daniel; Pujadas, Lluís; Vallès, Jordi; García-Fojeda, Belén; Criado-García, Olga; Fernández-Sánchez, Elena; Medraño-Fernández, Iria; Domínguez, Jorge; García-Rocha, Mar; Soriano, Eduardo; Rodríguez de Córdoba, Santiago; Guinovart, Joan J

2007-11-01

Glycogen synthesis is normally absent in neurons. However, inclusion bodies resembling abnormal glycogen accumulate in several neurological diseases, particularly in progressive myoclonus epilepsy or Lafora disease. We show here that mouse neurons have the enzymatic machinery for synthesizing glycogen, but that it is suppressed by retention of muscle glycogen synthase (MGS) in the phosphorylated, inactive state. This suppression was further ensured by a complex of laforin and malin, which are the two proteins whose mutations cause Lafora disease. The laforin-malin complex caused proteasome-dependent degradation both of the adaptor protein targeting to glycogen, PTG, which brings protein phosphatase 1 to MGS for activation, and of MGS itself. Enforced expression of PTG led to glycogen deposition in neurons and caused apoptosis. Therefore, the malin-laforin complex ensures a blockade of neuronal glycogen synthesis even under intense glycogenic conditions. Here we explain the formation of polyglucosan inclusions in Lafora disease by demonstrating a crucial role for laforin and malin in glycogen synthesis.

The effect of solvent interactions on alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin/flavor molecular inclusion complexes.

PubMed

Reineccius, Teresa A; Reineccius, Gary A; Peppard, Terry L

2005-01-26

Three commonly used flavor industry solvents (propylene glycol, triacetin, and triethyl citrate) were tested for their capacity to interfere with the ability of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin to form molecular inclusion complexes with flavors. Six flavor compounds (ethyl butyrate, ethyl heptanoate, l-menthol, methyl anthranilate, neral, and geranial) were measured by headspace gas chromatography above 2:1 water/ethanol containing appropriate additions of cyclodextrin and flavor solvent. The smallest and most polar solvent molecule represented by propylene glycol had the least effect on cyclodextrin/flavorant complex formation. In contrast, triacetin, intermediate in size among the three flavor diluents studied, had the greatest effect, even though, based on at least some computed molecular parameters, it appears to be more polar than triethyl citrate. The explanation for this apparent anomaly may lie in differences in the extent to which triacetin and triethyl citrate are able to interact with cyclodextrins by means of partial interaction with the hydrophobic cavities of the latter.

[The economic-industrial health care complex and the social and economic dimension of development].

PubMed

Gadelha, Carlos Augusto Grabois; Costa, Laís Silveira; Maldonado, José

2012-12-01

The strategic role of health care in the national development agenda has been increasingly recognized and institutionalized. In addition to its importance as a structuring element of the Social Welfare State, health care plays a leading role in the generation of innovation - an essential element for competitiveness in knowledge society. However, health care's productive basis is still fragile, and this negatively affects both the universal provision of health care services and Brazil's competitive inclusion in the globalized environment. This situation suggests the need of a more systematic analysis of the complex relationships among productive, technological and social interests in the scope of health care. Consequently, it is necessary to produce further knowledge about the Economic-Industrial Health Care Complex due to its potential for contributing to a socially inclusive development model. This means reversing the hierarchy between economic and social interests in the sanitary field, thus minimizing the vulnerability of the Brazilian health care policy.

Dual fluorescence of syringaldazine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajendiran, N.; Balasubramanian, T.

2007-11-01

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of syringaldazine (SYAZ) has been recorded in solvents of different polarity, pH and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and compared with syringaldehyde (SYAL). The inclusion complex of SYAZ with β-CD is investigated by UV-vis, fluorimetry, AM 1, FT-IR, 1H NMR and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Δ G value suggests the inclusion process is an exothermic and spontaneous. In all solvents a dual fluorescence is observed for SYAZ, whereas, SYAL shows a dual luminescence only in polar solvents. The excitation spectra for the 410 nm is different from 340 nm indicate two different species present in this molecule. In pH solutions: (i) a large red shifted maxima is observed in the dianion and is due to large interactions between the aromatic ring and (ii) the large blue shift at pH ˜4.5, is due to dissociation of azine group and formation of aldehyde. β-CD studies reveal that, SYAZ forms a 1:2 complex from 1:1 complex with β-CD.

Circadian clock protein KaiC forms ATP-dependent hexameric rings and binds DNA

PubMed Central

Mori, Tetsuya; Saveliev, Sergei V.; Xu, Yao; Stafford, Walter F.; Cox, Michael M.; Inman, Ross B.; Johnson, Carl H.

2002-01-01

KaiC from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (KaiC) is an essential circadian clock protein in cyanobacteria. Previous sequence analyses suggested its inclusion in the RecA/DnaB superfamily. A characteristic of the proteins of this superfamily is that they form homohexameric complexes that bind DNA. We show here that KaiC also forms ring complexes with a central pore that can be visualized by electron microscopy. A combination of analytical ultracentrifugation and chromatographic analyses demonstrates that these complexes are hexameric. The association of KaiC molecules into hexamers depends on the presence of ATP. The KaiC sequence does not include the obvious DNA-binding motifs found in RecA or DnaB. Nevertheless, KaiC binds forked DNA substrates. These data support the inclusion of KaiC into the RecA/DnaB superfamily and have important implications for enzymatic activity of KaiC in the circadian clock mechanism that regulates global changes in gene expression patterns. PMID:12477935

Circadian clock protein KaiC forms ATP-dependent hexameric rings and binds DNA.

PubMed

Mori, Tetsuya; Saveliev, Sergei V; Xu, Yao; Stafford, Walter F; Cox, Michael M; Inman, Ross B; Johnson, Carl H

2002-12-24

KaiC from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (KaiC) is an essential circadian clock protein in cyanobacteria. Previous sequence analyses suggested its inclusion in the RecADnaB superfamily. A characteristic of the proteins of this superfamily is that they form homohexameric complexes that bind DNA. We show here that KaiC also forms ring complexes with a central pore that can be visualized by electron microscopy. A combination of analytical ultracentrifugation and chromatographic analyses demonstrates that these complexes are hexameric. The association of KaiC molecules into hexamers depends on the presence of ATP. The KaiC sequence does not include the obvious DNA-binding motifs found in RecA or DnaB. Nevertheless, KaiC binds forked DNA substrates. These data support the inclusion of KaiC into the RecADnaB superfamily and have important implications for enzymatic activity of KaiC in the circadian clock mechanism that regulates global changes in gene expression patterns.

Liposomes entrapping β-cyclodextrin/ibuprofen inclusion complex: Role of the host and the guest on the bilayer integrity and microviscosity.

PubMed

Angelini, Guido; Campestre, Cristina; Boncompagni, Simona; Gasbarri, Carla

2017-12-01

Multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) were prepared by using the dehydration-rehydration method. The β-cyclodextrin/Ibuprofen inclusion complex (β-CD/Ibu) was formed and solubilised into the aqueous compartments of the investigated vesicles. The resulting POPC MLVs entrapping β-CD/Ibu complex were essentially homogeneous in shape as demonstrated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The liposomal stability was determined at 37.0±0.1°C by following the outflux rate of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) at pH 7.40, while the membrane microviscosity was estimated by the ratio of the fluorescence intensities of pyrene in excimer and monomer state. The results presented herein confirm that interactions between POPC and β-CD occur and suggest that associations between POPC and Ibuprofen are also involved in the properties of the investigated liposomes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Temperature effect on the vibrational dynamics of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: investigation by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and numerical simulation.

PubMed

Crupi, Vincenza; Majolino, Domenico; Venuti, Valentina; Guella, Graziano; Mancini, Ines; Rossi, Barbara; Verrocchio, Paolo; Viliani, Gabriele; Stancanelli, Rosanna

2010-07-01

The vibrational dynamics of solid inclusion complexes of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ibuprofen (IBP) with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Me-beta-CD) has been investigated by using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, in order to monitor the changes induced, as a consequence of complexation, on the vibrational spectrum of IBP, in the wavenumber range 600-4000 cm(-1). Quantum chemical calculations were performed on monomeric and dimeric structures of IBP, derived from symmetric hydrogen bonding of the two carboxylic groups, in order to unambiguously assign some characteristic IR bands in the IBP spectrum. The evolution in temperature from 250 to 340 K of the C horizontal lineO stretching vibration, described by a best-fit procedure, allowed us to extract the thermodynamic parameter DeltaH associated to the binding of IBP with betaCDs in the solid phase. By comparing these results, Me-beta-CD has been shown to be the most effective carrier for IBP.

Nootkatone encapsulation by cyclodextrins: Effect on water solubility and photostability.

PubMed

Kfoury, Miriana; Landy, David; Ruellan, Steven; Auezova, Lizette; Greige-Gerges, Hélène; Fourmentin, Sophie

2017-12-01

Nootkatone (NO) is a sesquiterpenoid volatile flavor, used in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, possessing also insect repellent activity. Its application is limited because of its low aqueous solubility and stability; this could be resolved by encapsulation in cyclodextrins (CDs). This study evaluated the encapsulation of NO by CDs using phase solubility studies, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and molecular modeling. Solid CD/NO inclusion complex was prepared and characterized for encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity using UV-Visible. Thermal properties were investigated by thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis and release studies were performed using multiple headspace extraction. Formation constants (K f ) proved the formation of stable inclusion complexes. NO aqueous solubility, photo- and thermal stability were enhanced and the release could be insured from solid complex in aqueous solution. This suggests that CDs are promising carrier to improve NO properties and, consequently, to enlarge its use in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals preparations. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The relationship between the deep-level structure in crust and brewing of strong earthquakes in Xingtai area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Lan-Xi; Zhu, Yuan-Qing; Zhang, Shao-Quan; Liu, Xu; Guo, Yu

1999-11-01

In this paper, crust medium is treated as Maxwell medium, and crust model includes hard inclusion, soft inclusion, deep-level fault. The stress concentration and its evolution with time are obtained by using three-dimensional finite element method and differential method. The conclusions are draw as follows: (1) The average stress concentration and maximum shear stress concentration caused by non-heterogeneous of crust are very high in hard inclusion and around the deep fault. With the time passing by, the concentration of average stress in the model gradually trends to uniform. At the same time, the concentration of maximum shear stress in hard inclusion increases gradually. This character is favorable to transfer shear strain energy from soft inclusion to hard inclusion. (2) When the upper mantle beneath the inclusion upheave at a certain velocity of 1 cm/a, the changes of average stress concentration with time become complex, and the boundary of the hard and soft inclusion become unconspicuous, but the maximum shear stress concentration increases much more in the hard inclusion with time at a higher velocity. This feature make for transformation of energy from the soft inclusion to the hard inclusion. (3) The changes of average stress concentration and maximum shear stress concentration with time around the deep-level fault result in further accumulation of maximum shear stress concentration and finally cause the deep-level fault instable and accelerated creep along fault direction. (4) The changes of vertical displacement on the surface of the model, which is caused by the accelerated creep of the deep-level fault, is similar to that of the observation data before Xingtai strong earthquake.

Detonation Velocity-Diameter Relation in Gelled Explosive with Inert Inclusions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Higgins, Andrew; Loiseau, Jason; Mi, Xiaocheng

2017-06-01

The detonation velocity is measured in a gelled explosive that has been sensitized via the addition of glass microballoons (GMBs) and additionally diluted via the inclusion of large scale (300-700 micron) inert inclusions. The base explosive is nitromethane that has been gelled via the addition of poly(methyl methacrylate) and then sensitized via hot-spot inducing glass microballoons. Inert inclusions (e.g., glass, steel beads) are then added to the explosive to make a heterogeneous explosive with heterogeneities that are at a scale disparate from those of the microballoons. This system has the potential to be a synthetic explosive that can be tuned to have the properties of more complex commercial blasting agents. The velocity-diameter relation is studied using weak confinement (polyvinyl chloride) and time-of-arrival gages. The results are also used to further explore the phenomenon of anomalous scaling between axisymmetric charges (cylinders) and two-dimensional (slab) charges.

Dramatic improvement of the solubility of pseudolaric acid B by cyclodextrin complexation: preparation, characterization and validation.

PubMed

Chi, Liandi; Liu, Ruihao; Guo, Tao; Wang, Manli; Liao, Zuhua; Wu, Li; Li, Haiyan; Wu, Deling; Zhang, Jiwen

2015-02-20

As one of the most important technologies to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, the solubilization effects of cyclodextrins (CDs) complexation are, on occasions, not as large as expected, which tends to detract from the wider application of CDs. In this study, a dramatic improvement of the solubility of pseudolaric acid B (PAB) by CDs has been found with a 600 fold increase by HP-β-CD complexation. In addition, the solubility enhancement of PAB by various CDs, including α-CD, β-CD, γ-CD, HP-β-CD and SBE-β-CD was investigated by phase solubility studies. The inclusion complex of PAB/HP-β-CD was prepared by different methods and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) together with molecular simulation. The results indicated that the solubility of PAB was increased to 15.78mgmL(-1) in the presence of 30% HP-β-CD, which is a 600 fold increase compared with that in pure water. And the chemical stability of PAB in PBS (pH 7.4) can be enhanced. The results of DSC and XRD showed the absence of crystallinity in the PAB/HP-β-CD inclusion complex prepared by the saturated water solution method. The results of (1)H NMR together with molecular simulation indicated the conjugated diene side-chain of PAB was included into the cavity of HP-β-CD, with the free energy of -20.34±4.69kJmol(-1). While the enzymatic degradation site of the carboxyl polar bond is located in the hydrophilic outer of HP-β-CD resulted in no significant difference for the enzymatic degradation rate between PAB and PAB/HP-β-CD complexes in rat plasma. In summary, the PAB/HP-β-CD inclusion complex prepared in this study can greatly improve the solubility and chemical stability of PAB, which will result in the in vivo administration of PAB as a liquid solution. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Copper Solubility and Speciation in Mineral-Buffered Fluids at Crust to Upper Mantle Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hack, A. C.; Mavrogenes, J. A.; Berry, A. J.

2003-12-01

Fluid inclusions, synthesised in a piston-cylinder apparatus, were used to trap representative high P-T fluid samples under mineral-buffered conditions in the systems Cu2O-MgO-SiO2-HCl-H2O and Cu-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-Fe3O4-Fe2O3-HCl-H2O at up to 850° C and 1.7 GPa, and as a function of salinity to 11 mol/kg Cl. Copper solubility and speciation were obtained by analysing individual fluid inclusions by excimer laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Cu K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Quenched capsule fluids were also analysed. At 710° C copper-cuprite-talc-quartz solubility in aqueous fluid containing 1 mol/kg Cl increases with P to at least 1.7 GPa. Conspicuously, with increasing P (> ˜ 0.5 GPa) talc solubility increases and molal Cu concentrations exceed those of Cl. Isothermal Cu solubility appears to mimic the solubility isopleths in the SiO2-H2O system. Solubility trends suggest that the stability field of copper(I) hydroxide complexes (e.g. Cu(OH)aq) expands to higher salinities such that H2O may become an effective ligand at high-P. At constant P (e.g. 0.35 GPa) solubility decreases with increasing T (i.e. > 525° C). High-T Cu K-edge XANES spectra of single homogenised synthetic fluid inclusions indicate that highly coordinated chlorocopper(I) complexes (e.g. Cu:Cl, 1:3 to 4) predominate at high salinity, whereas lower-order linear Cu-Cl coordination predominates at lower salinities, in fluids buffered by quartz-talc-copper-cuprite. This is consistent with the interpretation of the solubility data. At equivalent salinity, T and P conditions, spectra for fluids buffered by native copper-orthoclase-sillimanite-quartz-magnetite-hematite show no evidence for higher-order chlorocopper(I) complexes. Preliminary extended X-ray absorption fine structure data for these latter inclusions indicate that [CuCl2]- predominates. The stability of higher-order complexes is strongly coupled to HCl concentrations, which at constant P and T is determined by both the specific mineral assemblage and total salinity. This is the first spectroscopic evidence for highly coordinated chlorocopper(I) complexes in supercritical fluids. Furthermore, the speciation dependence on the buffering mineral assemblage has not been recognized previously. Similarly, this is the first experimental confirmation that copper concentrations in mineral-buffered fluids can be extremely high, e.g. ˜ 10 wt%, substantiating inferences based on natural fluid inclusions associated with porphyry copper ore deposits.

The late endocytic Rab39a GTPase regulates the interaction between multivesicular bodies and chlamydial inclusions.

PubMed

Gambarte Tudela, Julian; Capmany, Anahi; Romao, Maryse; Quintero, Cristian; Miserey-Lenkei, Stephanie; Raposo, Graca; Goud, Bruno; Damiani, Maria Teresa

2015-08-15

Given their obligate intracellular lifestyle, Chlamydia trachomatis ensure that they have access to multiple host sources of essential lipids by interfering with vesicular transport. These bacteria hijack Rab6-, Rab11- and Rab14-controlled trafficking pathways to acquire sphingomyelin from the Golgi complex. Another important source of sphingolipids, phospholipids and cholesterol are multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Despite their participation in chlamydial inclusion development and bacterial replication, the molecular mechanisms mediating the interaction between MVBs and chlamydial inclusions remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that Rab39a labels a subset of late endocytic vesicles - mainly MVBs - that move along microtubules. Moreover, Rab39a is actively recruited to chlamydial inclusions throughout the pathogen life cycle by a bacterial-driven process that depends on the Rab39a GTP- or GDP-binding state. Interestingly, Rab39a participates in the delivery of MVBs and host sphingolipids to maturing chlamydial inclusions, thereby promoting inclusion growth and bacterial development. Taken together, our findings indicate that Rab39a favours chlamydial replication and infectivity. This is the first report showing that a late endocytic Rab GTPase is involved in chlamydial infection development. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Upon Infection the Cellular WD Repeat-containing Protein 5 (WDR5) Localizes to Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies and Enhances Measles Virus Replication.

PubMed

Ma, Dzwokai; George, Cyril X; Nomburg, Jason; Pfaller, Christian K; Cattaneo, Roberto; Samuel, Charles E

2017-12-13

Replication of negative-strand RNA viruses occurs in association with discrete cytoplasmic foci called inclusion bodies. Whereas inclusion bodies represent a prominent subcellular structure induced by viral infection, our knowledge of the cellular protein components involved in inclusion body formation and function is limited. Using measles virus-infected HeLa cells, we found that the WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5), a subunit of histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferases, was selectively recruited to virus-induced inclusion bodies. Furthermore, WDR5 was found in complexes containing viral proteins associated with RNA replication. WDR5 was not detected with mitochondria, stress granules, or other known secretory or endocytic compartments of infected cells. WDR5 deficiency decreased both viral protein production and infectious virus yields. Interferon production was modestly increased in WDR5 deficient cells. Thus, our study identifies WDR5 as a novel viral inclusion body-associated cellular protein and suggests a role for WDR5 in promoting viral replication. IMPORTANCE Measles virus is a human pathogen that remains a global concern with more than 100,000 measles-related deaths annually despite the availability of an effective vaccine. As measles continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality, understanding the virus-host interactions at the molecular level that affect virus replication efficiency is important for development and optimization of treatment procedures. Measles virus is an RNA virus that encodes six genes and replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells in discrete cytoplasmic replication bodies, though little is known of the biochemical nature of these structures. Here we show that the cellular protein WDR5 is enriched in the cytoplasmic viral replication factories and enhances virus growth. WDR5-containing protein complex includes viral proteins responsible for viral RNA replication. Thus, we have identified WDR5 as a host factor that enhances the replication of measles virus. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

Complexation of Contaminants and Aqueous-Phase Ozone with Cyclodextrin for Emerging Contaminant Oxidative Degradation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, N. A.; Carroll, K. C.

2016-12-01

Recalcitrant emerging contaminants in groundwater, such as 1,4-dioxane, require strong oxidants for complete mineralization, whereas strong oxidant efficacy for in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is limited by oxidant decay, reactivity, and non-specificity. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was examined for its ability to stabilize aqueous phase ozone (O3) and prolong oxidation potential through inclusion complex formation. Partial transformation of HPβCD by O3 was observed but HPβCD proved to be sufficiently resilient and only partially degraded in the presence of O3. The formation of a HPβCD:O3 inclusion clathrate complex was observed, and multiple methods for binding constant measurements carried out and compared for HPβCD complexes with O3 and multiple contaminants. The presence of HPβCD increased the O3 half-life linearly with increasing HPβCD:O3 molar ratio. The O3 half-life in solutions increased by as much as 40-fold relative to HPβCD-free O3 solutions, and complexation reversibility was confirmed. Decay rate coefficients increased for 1,4-dioxane, trichloroethene, and trichloroethane likely due to the formation of HPβCD-O3-contaminant ternary complexes. These results suggest that the use of clathrate stabilizers, such as HPβCD, can support the development of a facilitated-transport enabled ISCO for the O3 treatment of groundwater impacted by recalcitrant emerging contaminants.

Study on the Control of Cleanliness for X90 Pipeline in the Secondary Refining Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, Ren Sheng; Liu, Jin Gang; Li, Zhan Jun

X90 pipeline steel requires ultra low for sulfur content and gas content in the smelting process. The secondary refining process is very important for X90 pipeline in smelting process and the control of cleanliness is the key for the secondary refining process in the steelmaking process for Pretreatment of hot metal → LD → LF refining → RH refining → Calcium treatment → CC. In the current paper, the cleanliness control method of secondary refining was analyzed for the evolution of non-metallic inclusions in the secondary refining prcess and related changes for composition in steel. The size, composition and the type of the non-metallic inclusions were analyzed by aspex explorer automated scanning electron microscope in X90 pipeline samples for 20mm * 25mm * 25mm by the line cutting. The results show that the number of non-metallic inclusions in steel decrease from the beginning of the LF refining to the RH refining. In the composition of the Non-metallic inclusions, the initial non-metallic inclusions of alumina is converted to two comple-type non-metallic inclusions. Most of them, the non-metallic inclusions were composed by the calcium aluminate and CaS. The others are that the spinel is the core, peripheral parcels calcium aluminate nonmetallic inclusions for complex-type non-metallic inclusions. For the size of the non-metallic inclusions, the non-metallic inclusions for size larger than 100µm is converted to 5 20µm based small size non-metallic inclusions. While the S content of the steel decreased from 0.012% to 0.0012% or less, Al content is kept at between 0.025% to 0.035% and the quality for the casting slab satisfies the requirement of the steel. The ratings for various types of the non-metallic inclusions are 1.5 or less. The control strategy for the inclusions in 90 pipeline is small size, diffuse distribution and little amount of the deformation after rolling. On the contrary, the specific chemical composition of the inclusions is not important, single component in the inclusions is better.

Insight into Hydrazinium Nitrates, Azides, Dicyanamide, and 5-Azidotetrazolate Ionic Materials from Simulations and Experiments

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-04

agreement between simulation and experiment is seen for UDMH , with simulations up to slightly above the boiling point of 336 K falling within a density ...conjunction wi th M05-2X density funct ional. Inclusion of a l one-pair on hydrazinium-based cations significantly improved ion electrostatic description...cation-anion complexes employing aug-cc- pvDz (cc-pvTz) basis functions at MP2 level or in conjunction with M05-2X density functional. Inclusion of

Fluid inclusions in the Stripa granite and their possible influence on the groundwater chemistry

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nordstrom, D. Kirk; Lindblom, S.; Donahoe, R.J.; Barton, C.C.

1989-01-01

Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite of the Proterozoic Stripa granite, central Sweden, demonstrate that the rock and its fracture fillings have a complex evolutionary history. The majority of inclusions indicate formation during a hydrothermal stage following emplacement of the Stripa pluton. Total salinities of quartz inclusions range from 0-18 eq.wt% NaCl for unfractured rock and from 0-10 eq.wt% for fractured rock. Vein calcites contain up to 25 eq.wt% NaCl but the inclusion size is larger and the population density is lower. Homogenization temperatures are 100-150??C for unfractured rock and 100-250?? for fractured rock. Pressure corrections, assuming immediate post-emplacement conditions of 2 kbar, give temperatures about 160??C higher. Measurements of fluid-inclusion population-densities in quartz range from about 108 inclusions/cm3 in grain quartz to 109 inclusions/cm3 in vein quartz. Residual porosity from inclusion densities has been estimated to be at least 1% which is two orders of magnitude greater than the flow porosity. Breakage and leaching of fluid inclusions is proposed as an hypothesis for the origin of major solutes (Na-Ca-Cl) in the groundwater. Evidence for the hypothesis is based on (1) mass balance-only a small fraction of the inclusions need to leak to account for salt concentrations in the groundwater, (2) chemical signatures- Br Cl ratios of fluid inclusion leachates (0.0101) match those ratios for the deep groundwaters (0.0107), (3) leakage mechanisms-micro-stresses from isostatic rebound or mining activities acting on irregular-shaped inclusions could cause breakage and provide connection with the flow porosity, and (4) experimental studies-water forced through low permeability granites leach significant quantities of salt. This hypothesis is consistent with the available data although alternate hypotheses cannot be excluded. ?? 1989.

Apatite-hosted melt inclusions in Damiao massif anorthosite complex, North China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, M.; Veksler, I. V.; Zhang, Z.

2014-12-01

Models for the nelsonite formation are currently highly contentious, with liquid immiscibility and fractional crystallization as frequently proposed formation mechanisms. The nelsonites in the Damiao massif anorthosite complex in the North China Craton and experimental evidence are revisited for the existence of silica-free CaO-FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2-P2O5 immiscible nelsonitic liquids. Our results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrate that nelsonite with the composition of one-third apatite and two-thirds Fe-Ti oxides by weight completely melts well above 1450 ºC, which is in good agreement with numerous experimental studies of the CaO-P2O5-FexO system in connection to metallurgy. Thus, the composition cannot be molten at temperatures relevant for crystallization of the Damiao magma. A review of experimental studies of liquid immiscibility and analyses of natural immiscible glasses show that all the liquids on the Fe- and P-rich side of the miscibility gap have at least 20 wt. % of aluminosilicate components. Main results of this study come from the analyses of apatite-hosted melt inclusions in Damiao nelsonite. The inclusions range from ~3 to 200 μm in diameter. They are ubiquitous and meet all the morphological criteria of primary melt inclusions crystallised into assemblages of daughter minerals. Almost all of them contain vermiculite and chlorite, and some contain biotite, amphibole, phlogopite and Fe-Ti oxides. Out of dozens analysed inclusions, only three have high contents of SiO2 (62.1-73.8 wt. %) and low contents of FeO (0.25-2.35 wt. %). Bulk compositions of other inclusions show large variations in SiO2 (20.79-50.16 wt. %) and FeOt (13.44-32.78 wt. %). With a few exceptions, the inclusions are very low in CaO (0.04-1.51 wt. %, and high in Al2O3 (10-21.17 wt. %). Despite the high Fe content, the compositions differ from those of the typical immiscible Fe-rich melts. It appears that the cumulus apatite crystallised from Fe-rich, hydrated silicate melt. We propose that the inclusions at Damiao record a trend of intercumulus melt evolution, which was strongly affected by separation of a hydrothermal fluid phase and the losses of alkali and Ca silicate components from the melt into the fluid.

Alex in the Middle: Inclusion of a Child with Severe Disabilities and Complex Health Needs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bruns, Deborah A.

This case study describes the 2-year process of moving a young child with severe disabilities and complex medical needs from a special school setting to a special class in a regular education setting. The child had Marshall-Smith Syndrome, characterized by respiratory, pulmonary, and skeletal abnormalities, and developmental delays due to the…

Augmentative and Alternative Communication System (AAC) for Social Inclusion of People With Complex Communication Needs in the Industry.

PubMed

Krüger, Simone; Berberian, Ana Paula

2015-01-01

Inclusion of people with special needs in the labor market has been increasing in some regions of Brazil as a result of the Articles 6 and 7 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil and the Quota Law (No. 8.213/91, Art. 93) which entitle people with disabilities to work in order to improve their social condition. To support persons with complex communication needs in the workplace, 40 graphic symbols termed "symbols of industrial expressions" were developed within the framework of the COMMUNIS package. The symbols were developed for a company of the food sector in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil. Individual interviews were held with the human resources professionals, as well as with employees with complex communication needs in order to identify problems, assess requirements, and generate a list of specific symbols to develop. The symbols were then validated with regard to their ease of recognition. Only five symbols needed revision. The results suggest that it is possible to develop a set of symbols for the workplace that are judged to be iconic by human resources professionals and employees with complex communication needs.

Anaesthetic efficacy of bupivacaine 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for dental anaesthesia after inferior alveolar nerve block in rats.

PubMed

Serpe, L; Franz-Montan, M; Santos, C P dos; Silva, C B da; Nolasco, F P; Caldas, C S; Volpato, M C; Paula, E de; Groppo, F C

2014-05-01

Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anaesthetic that is widely used in medicine and dentistry. The duration and intensity of its sensory blockade in animal models is increased by its inclusion in complexes with cyclodextrins. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anaesthetic efficacy of bupivacaine 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complex for dental anaesthesia after inferior alveolar nerve block in rats. Thirty rats were each given an injection close to the mandibular foramen of 0.2ml of one of the following formulations: 0.5% bupivacaine alone; 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine; and 0.5% bupivacaine-HPβCD inclusion complex (bupivacaine-HPβCD). The other sides were used as controls, with either 0.9% saline or anaesthetic-free HPβCD solution being injected. The onset, success, and duration of pulpal anaesthesia were assessed by electrical stimulation ("pulp tester") on inferior molars. Results were analysed using ANOVA (Tukey), log rank, and chi square tests (α=5%). There were no differences among the formulations in onset of anaesthesia (p=0.59) or between the bupivacaine plus epinephrine and bupivacaine plus HPβCD in duration of anaesthesia, but bupivacaine plus epinephrine gave significantly higher values than bupivacaine alone (p=0.007). Bupivacaine plus epinephrine was a better anaesthetic than bupivacaine alone (p=0.02), while Bupi-HPβCD gave intermediate results, and therefore did not differ significantly from the other 2 groups (p=0.18 with bupivacaine alone; and p=0.44 with bupivacaine plus epinephrine). The bupivacaine-HPβCD complex showed similar anaesthetic properties to those of bupivacaine with epinephrine. Copyright © 2014 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On the determination of stress fields and displacements in a thin elastoplastic plate containing elastic inclusion - a shim

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovalev, A. V.; Rusina, E. Y.; Yakovlev, A. Y.

2018-03-01

The paper is devoted to the determination of the stress-strain state of a mechanical structure, which consists of a thin infinite elastoplastic plate with a hole and a continuous fine elastic inclusion. The complexity of this problem lies in the fact that the shape of the boundary between the elastic and plastic zones in the plate is not known in advance. The small parameter method is used as the solution method, while the small parameter characterizes the deviation of the shape of the contour from the circle and the perturbation of external static boundary conditions. As the zero solution, the axisymmetric elastoplastic state of the plate with inclusion is chosen. Two variants of inclusion fixation in a plate are considered: inclusion is enclosed with tension or soldered. As a result of solving the problem within the framework of ideal plasticity, the distribution of the stress and displacement fields and the shape of the elastoplastic boundary are obtained. To illustrate the case of a plane-stressed state, the results of a numerical experiment on the mathematical model obtained are presented.

Hsp25, a member of the Hsp30 family, promotes inclusion formation in response to stress.

PubMed

Katoh, Yumiko; Fujimoto, Mitsuaki; Nakamura, Kosuke; Inouye, Sachiye; Sugahara, Kazuma; Izu, Hanae; Nakai, Akira

2004-05-07

Protein aggregates are oligomeric complexes of misfolded proteins, and serve as the seeds of inclusion bodies termed aggresomes in the cells. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) prevent misfolding and aggregate formation. Here, we found that only avian Hsp25 dominantly accumulated in the aggresomes induced by proteasome inhibition. Molecular cloning of chicken Hsp25 (cHsp25) revealed that it belongs to the Hsp30 family, which is a subfamily of the alpha-crystallin/small Hsp gene family. Unexpectedly, overexpression of cHsp25 into HeLa cells promoted inclusion formation whereas overexpression of mouse Hsp27 and its chicken homologue did not. These results suggest that cHsp25 acts differently from other small Hsps on protein aggregates.

Al-rich objects in ordinary chondrites - Related origin of carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites and their constituents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bischoff, A.; Keil, K.

1984-01-01

A description is given of 169 Al-rich objects (arbitrarily defined as having 10 wt pct or more of Al2O3) from 24 ordinary chondrites of types 3 and 4, five regolith breccias containing unequilibrated material, the unique meteorite Kakangari, and a few ordinary chondrites of types 5 and 6. On the basis of shape and texture, the Al-rich objects are divided into chondrules (round, with igneous textures), irregularly shaped inclusions (similar to type F and spinel-rich complex Ca-Al-rich inclusions), and fragments (probably fragments of Al-rich chondrules and inclusions). For descriptive purposes, the Al-rich chondrules are further subdivided into compositional subgroups, although they are entirely transitional.

Septins Arrange F-Actin-Containing Fibers on the Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusion and Are Required for Normal Release of the Inclusion by Extrusion

PubMed Central

Volceanov, Larisa; Herbst, Katharina; Biniossek, Martin; Schilling, Oliver; Haller, Dirk; Nölke, Thilo; Subbarayal, Prema; Rudel, Thomas; Zieger, Barbara

2014-01-01

ABSTRACT Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that grows inside a membranous, cytosolic vacuole termed an inclusion. Septins are a group of 13 GTP-binding proteins that assemble into oligomeric complexes and that can form higher-order filaments. We report here that the septins SEPT2, -9, -11, and probably -7 form fibrillar structures around the chlamydial inclusion. Colocalization studies suggest that these septins combine with F actin into fibers that encase the inclusion. Targeting the expression of individual septins by RNA interference (RNAi) prevented the formation of septin fibers as well as the recruitment of actin to the inclusion. At the end of the developmental cycle of C. trachomatis, newly formed, infectious elementary bodies are released, and this release occurs at least in part through the organized extrusion of intact inclusions. RNAi against SEPT9 or against the combination of SEPT2/7/9 substantially reduced the number of extrusions from a culture of infected HeLa cells. The data suggest that a higher-order structure of four septins is involved in the recruitment or stabilization of the actin coat around the chlamydial inclusion and that this actin recruitment by septins is instrumental for the coordinated egress of C. trachomatis from human cells. The organization of F actin around parasite-containing vacuoles may be a broader response mechanism of mammalian cells to the infection by intracellular, vacuole-dwelling pathogens. PMID:25293760

Dynamic Sumoylation of a Conserved Transcription Corepressor Prevents Persistent Inclusion Formation during Hyperosmotic Stress

PubMed Central

Oeser, Michelle L.; Amen, Triana; Nadel, Cory M.; Bradley, Amanda I.; Reed, Benjamin J.; Jones, Ramon D.; Gopalan, Janani; Kaganovich, Daniel; Gardner, Richard G.

2016-01-01

Cells are often exposed to physical or chemical stresses that can damage the structures of essential biomolecules. Stress-induced cellular damage can become deleterious if not managed appropriately. Rapid and adaptive responses to stresses are therefore crucial for cell survival. In eukaryotic cells, different stresses trigger post-translational modification of proteins with the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO. However, the specific regulatory roles of sumoylation in each stress response are not well understood. Here, we examined the sumoylation events that occur in budding yeast after exposure to hyperosmotic stress. We discovered by proteomic and biochemical analyses that hyperosmotic stress incurs the rapid and transient sumoylation of Cyc8 and Tup1, which together form a conserved transcription corepressor complex that regulates hundreds of genes. Gene expression and cell biological analyses revealed that sumoylation of each protein directs distinct outcomes. In particular, we discovered that Cyc8 sumoylation prevents the persistence of hyperosmotic stress-induced Cyc8-Tup1 inclusions, which involves a glutamine-rich prion domain in Cyc8. We propose that sumoylation protects against persistent inclusion formation during hyperosmotic stress, allowing optimal transcriptional function of the Cyc8-Tup1 complex. PMID:26800527

pH-responsive supramolecular vesicles based on water-soluble pillar[6]arene and ferrocene derivative for drug delivery.

PubMed

Duan, Qunpeng; Cao, Yu; Li, Yan; Hu, Xiaoyu; Xiao, Tangxin; Lin, Chen; Pan, Yi; Wang, Leyong

2013-07-17

The drug delivery system based on supramolecular vesicles that were self-assembled by a novel host-guest inclusion complex between a water-soluble pillar[6]arene (WP6) and hydrophobic ferrocene derivative in water has been developed. The inclusion complexation between WP6 and ferrocene derivative in water was studied by (1)H NMR, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy, which showed a high binding constant of (1.27 ± 0.42) × 10(5) M(-1) with 1:1 binding stoichiometry. This resulting inclusion complex could self-assemble into supramolecular vesicles that displayed a significant pH-responsive behavior in aqueous solution, which were investigated by fluorescent probe technique, dynamic laser scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the drug loading and in vitro drug release studies demonstrated that these supramolecular vesicles were able to encapsulate mitoxantrone (MTZ) to achieve MTZ-loaded vesicles, which particularly showed rapid MTZ release at low-pH environment. More importantly, the cellular uptake of these pH-responsive MTZ-loaded vesicles by cancer cells was observed by living cell imaging techniques, and their cytotoxicity assay indicated that unloaded vesicles had low toxicity to normal cells, which could dramatically reduce the toxicity of MTZ upon loading of MTZ. Meanwhile, MTZ-loaded vesicles exhibited comparable anticancer activity in vitro as free MTZ to cancer cells under examined conditions. This study suggests that such supramolecular vesicles have great potential as controlled drug delivery systems.

Complexation of Statins with β-Cyclodextrin in Solutions of Small Molecular Additives and Macromolecular Colloids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Süle, András; Csempesz, Ferenc

The solubility of lovastatin and simvastatin (inevitable drugs in the management of cardiovascular diseases) was studied by phase-solubility measurements in multicomponent colloidal and non-colloidal media. Complexation in aqueous solutions of the highly lipophilic statins with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in the absence and the presence of dissolved polyvinyl pyrrolidone, its monomeric compound, tartaric acid and urea, respectively, were investigated. For the characterization of the CD-statin inclusion complexes, stability constants for the associates have been calculated.

Hydrothermal alteration and Cu–Ni–PGE mobilization in the charnockitic rocks of the footwall of the South Kawishiwi intrusion, Duluth Complex, USA

PubMed Central

Benkó, Zsolt; Mogessie, Aberra; Molnár, Ferenc; Krenn, Kurt; Poulson, Simon R.; Hauck, Steven; Severson, Mark; Arehart, Greg B.

2015-01-01

In the Neoarchean (~ 2.7 Ga) contact metamorphosed charnockitic footwall of the Mesoproterosoic (1.1 Ga) South Kawishiwi intrusion of the Duluth Complex, the primary metamorphic mineral assemblage and Cu–Ni–PGE sulfide mineralization is overprinted by an actinolite + chlorite + cummingtonite + prehnite + pumpellyite + quartz + calcite hydrothermal mineral assemblage along 2–3 cm thick veins. In calcite, hosted by the hydrothermal alteration zones and in a single recrystallized quartz porphyroblast, four different fluid inclusion assemblages are documented; the composition of these fluid inclusions provide p–T conditions of the fluid flow, and helps to define the origin of the fluids and evaluate their role in the remobilization and reprecipitation of the primary metamorphic sulfide assemblage. Pure CO2 fluid inclusions were found as early inclusions in recrystallized quartz porphyroblast. These inclusions may have been trapped during the recrystallization of the quartz during the contact metamorphism of the footwall charnockite in the footwall of the SKI. The estimated trapping pressure (1.6–2.0 kbar) and temperature (810–920 °C) conditions correspond to estimates based on felsic veins in the basal zones of the South Kawishiwi intrusion. Fluid inclusion assemblages with CO2–H2O–NaCl and CH4–N2–H2O–NaCl compositions found in this study along healed microfractures in the recrystallized quartz porphyroblast establish the heterogeneous state of the fluids during entrapment. The estimated trapping pressure and temperature conditions (240–650 bar and 120–150 °C for CO2–H2O–NaCl inclusions and 315–360 bar and 145–165 °C for CH4–N2–H2O–NaCl inclusions) are significantly lower than the p–T conditions (> 700 °C and 1.6–2 kbar) during the contact metamorphism, indicating that this fluid flow might not be related to the cooling of the Duluth Complex and its contact aureole. The presence of chalcopyrite inclusions in these fluid inclusions and in the trails of these fluid inclusion assemblages confirms that at least on local scale these fluids played a role in base metal remobilization. No evidences have been observed for PGE remobilization and transport in the samples. The source of the carbonic phase in the carbonic assemblages (CO2; CH4) could be the graphite, present in the metasedimentary hornfelsed inclusions in the basal zones of the South Kawishiwi intrusion. The hydrothermal veins in the charnockite can be characterized by an actinolite + cummingtonite + chlorite + prehnite + pumpellyite + calcite (I–II) + quartz mineral assemblage. Chlorite thermometry yields temperatures around 276–308 °C during the earliest phase of the fluid flow. In the late calcite (II) phase, high salinity (21.6–28.8 NaCl + CaCl2 equiv. wt.%), low temperature (90–160 °C), primary aqueous inclusions were found. Chalcopyrite (± sphalerite ± millerite), replacing and intersecting the early hydrothermal phases, are associated to the late calcite (II) phase. The composition of the formational fluids in the Canadian Shield is comparable with the composition of the studied fluid inclusions. This suggests that the composition of the fluids did not change in the past 2 Ga and base metal remobilization by formational fluids could have taken place any time after the formation of the South Kawishiwi intrusion. Sulfur isotope studies carried out on the primary metamorphic (δ34S = 7.4–8.9‰) and the hydrothermal sulfide mineral assemblage (δ34S = 5.5–5.7‰) proves, that during the hydrothermal fluid flow the primary metamorphic ores were remobilized. PMID:26594080

Fluid inclusion characteristics and geological significance of the Dajinshan W-Sn polymetallic deposit in Yunfu, Guangdong Province

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Zhangfa; Chen, Maohong; Zhao, Haijie

2015-05-01

The Dajinshan tungsten-tin polymetallic deposit is a quartz-vein-type ore deposit located in Western Guangdong Province. The ore bodies show a fairly simple shape and mainly occur as tungsten-tin polymetallic-bearing sulfide quartz veins, including quartz vein, quartz-greisens, and sulfide quartz veins, and their distribution is spatially related to Dajinshan granitoids. The formation of the deposit experienced three stages: a wolframite-molybdenite-quartz stage, a wolframite-cassiterite-sulfide-quartz stage, and a fluorite-calcite-carbonate stage. Based on detailed petrographic observations, we conducted microthermometric and Raman microspectroscopic studies of fluid inclusions formed at different ore-forming stages in the Dajinshan tungsten-tin polymetallic deposit, identifying four dominant types of fluid inclusions: aqueous two-phase inclusions, CO2-bearing inclusions, solid or daughter mineral-bearing inclusions, and gas-rich inclusions. The gas compositions of ore-forming fluids in the Dajinshan tungsten-tin polymetallic deposit are mostly CO2, CH4, and H2O. The hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur isotopic data imply that the ore-forming fluids in the Dajinshan tungsten-tin polymetallic deposit were mainly derived from magmatic fluids, mixed with meteoric water in the ore-formation process. These results indicate that the fluid mixing and boiling led to the decomposition of the metal complex in ore-forming fluids and ore deposition.

Modeling growth and dissolution of inclusions during fusion welding of steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Tao

The characteristics of inclusions in the weld metals are critical factors to determine the structure, properties and performance of weldments. The research in the present thesis applied computational modeling to study inclusion behavior considering thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation, growth and dissolution of inclusion along its trajectory calculated from the heat transfer and fluid flow model in the weld pool. The objective of this research is to predict the characteristics of inclusions, such as composition, size distribution, and number density in the weld metal from different welding parameters and steel compositions. To synthesize the knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation, growth and dissolution of inclusion in the liquid metal, a set of time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams are constructed to represent the effects of time and temperature on the isothermal growth and dissolution behavior of fourteen types of individual inclusions. The non-isothermal behavior of growth and dissolution of inclusions is predicted from their isothermal behavior by constructing continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams using Scheil additive rule. A well verified fluid flow and heat transfer model developed at Penn State is used to calculate the temperature and velocity fields in the weld pool for different welding processes. A turbulent model considering enhanced viscosity and thermal conductivity (k-ε model) is applied. The calculations show that there is vigorous circulation of metal in the weld pool. The heat transfer and fluid flow model helps to understand not only the fundamentals of the physical phenomena (luring welding, but also the basis to study the growth and dissolution of inclusions. The calculations of particle tracking of thousands of inclusions show that most inclusions undergo complex gyrations and thermal cycles in the weld pool. The inclusions experience both growth and dissolution during their lifetime. Thermal cycles of thousand of inclusions nucleated in the liquid region are tracked and their growth and dissolution are calculated to estimate the final size distribution and number density of inclusions statistically. The calculations show that welding conditions and weld metal compositions affect the inclusion characteristics significantly. Good agreement between the computed and the experimentally observed inclusion size distribution indicates that the inclusion behavior in the weld pool can be understood from the fundamentals of transport phenomena and transformation kinetics.

Discovery and development of microporous metal carboxylates.

PubMed

Mori, Wasuke; Sato, Tomohiko; Kato, Chika Nozaki; Takei, Tohru; Ohmura, Tetsushi

2005-01-01

We have found a form of copper(II) terephthalate that occluded an enormous amount of gases such as N2, Ar, O2, and Xe. Copper(II) terephthalate is the first metal complex found capable of adsorbing gases. This complex has opened a new field of adsorbent chemistry and is recognized as a leader in the construction of microporous metal complexes. In extending the route for the synthesis of microporous complexes, we obtained many new porous materials that are widely recognized as useful materials for applications in areas such as gas storage, molecular sieves, catalysis, inclusion complexes, and surface science. 2005 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Improving protein complex classification accuracy using amino acid composition profile.

PubMed

Huang, Chien-Hung; Chou, Szu-Yu; Ng, Ka-Lok

2013-09-01

Protein complex prediction approaches are based on the assumptions that complexes have dense protein-protein interactions and high functional similarity between their subunits. We investigated those assumptions by studying the subunits' interaction topology, sequence similarity and molecular function for human and yeast protein complexes. Inclusion of amino acids' physicochemical properties can provide better understanding of protein complex properties. Principal component analysis is carried out to determine the major features. Adopting amino acid composition profile information with the SVM classifier serves as an effective post-processing step for complexes classification. Improvement is based on primary sequence information only, which is easy to obtain. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Subsurface Connections and Magma Mixing as revealed by Olivine- and Pyroxene-Hosted Melt Inclusions from Cerro Negro Volcano and the Las Pilas-El Hoyo Complex, Nicaragua.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Venugopal, S.; Moune, S.; Williams-Jones, G.

2015-12-01

Cerro Negro, the youngest volcano in the Central American Volcanic Belt, is a polygenetic cinder cone with relatively frequent explosive basaltic eruptions. Las Pilas, on the other hand, is a much larger and older complex with milder and less frequent eruptions. Based on historical data, these two closely spaced volcanoes have shown concurrent eruptive behavior, suggesting a subsurface connection. To further investigate this link, melt inclusions, which are blebs of melt trapped in growing crystals, were the obvious choice for optimal comparison of sources and determination of pre-eruptive volatile contents and magmatic conditions. Olivine-hosted inclusions were chosen for both volcanoes and pyroxene-hosted inclusions were also sampled from Las Pilas to represent the evolved melt. Major, volatile and trace elements reveal a distinct geochemical continuum with Cerro Negro defining the primitive end member and Las Pilas representing the evolved end member. Volatile contents are high for Cerro Negro (up to 1260 ppm CO2, 4.27 wt% H2O and 1700 ppm S) suggesting that volatile exsolution is likely the trigger for Cerro Negro's explosive eruptions. Las Pilas volatile contents are lower but consistent with degassing and evolutionary trends shown by major oxides. Trace element contents are rather unique and suggest Cerro Negro magmas fractionally crystallize while Las Pilas magmas are the products of mixing. Magmatic conditions were estimated with major and volatile contents: at least 2.4 kbar and 1170 °C for Cerro Negro melts and 1.3 kbar and 1130 °C for Las Pilas melts with an overall oxygen fugacity at the NNO buffer. In combination with available literature data, this study suggests an interconnected subsurface plumbing system and thus Cerro Negro should be considered as the newest vent within the Las Pilas-El Hoyo Complex.

Building an open-source simulation platform of acoustic radiation force-based breast elastography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yu; Peng, Bo; Jiang, Jingfeng

2017-03-01

Ultrasound-based elastography including strain elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging, point shear wave elastography and supersonic shear imaging (SSI) have been used to differentiate breast tumors among other clinical applications. The objective of this study is to extend a previously published virtual simulation platform built for ultrasound quasi-static breast elastography toward acoustic radiation force-based breast elastography. Consequently, the extended virtual breast elastography simulation platform can be used to validate image pixels with known underlying soft tissue properties (i.e. ‘ground truth’) in complex, heterogeneous media, enhancing confidence in elastographic image interpretations. The proposed virtual breast elastography system inherited four key components from the previously published virtual simulation platform: an ultrasound simulator (Field II), a mesh generator (Tetgen), a finite element solver (FEBio) and a visualization and data processing package (VTK). Using a simple message passing mechanism, functionalities have now been extended to acoustic radiation force-based elastography simulations. Examples involving three different numerical breast models with increasing complexity—one uniform model, one simple inclusion model and one virtual complex breast model derived from magnetic resonance imaging data, were used to demonstrate capabilities of this extended virtual platform. Overall, simulation results were compared with the published results. In the uniform model, the estimated shear wave speed (SWS) values were within 4% compared to the predetermined SWS values. In the simple inclusion and the complex breast models, SWS values of all hard inclusions in soft backgrounds were slightly underestimated, similar to what has been reported. The elastic contrast values and visual observation show that ARFI images have higher spatial resolution, while SSI images can provide higher inclusion-to-background contrast. In summary, our initial results were consistent with our expectations and what have been reported in the literature. The proposed (open-source) simulation platform can serve as a single gateway to perform many elastographic simulations in a transparent manner, thereby promoting collaborative developments.

Superluminal transformations in complex Minkowski spaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ramon, C.; Rauscher, E.A.

1980-08-01

We calculate the mixing of real and imaginary components of space and time under the influence of superluminal boots in the x direction. A unique mixing is determined for this superluminal Lorentz transformation when we consider the symmetry properties afforded by the inclusion of three temporal directions. Superluminal transformations in complex six-dimensional space exhibit unique tachyonic connections which have both remote and local space--time event connections.

Employment of colorimetric enzyme assay for monitoring expression and solubility of GST fusion proteins targeted to inclusion bodies.

PubMed

Mačinković, Igor S; Abughren, Mohamed; Mrkic, Ivan; Grozdanović, Milica M; Prodanović, Radivoje; Gavrović-Jankulović, Marija

2013-12-01

High levels of recombinant protein expression can lead to the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. These complex aggregates are commonly solubilized in strong denaturants, such as 6-8M urea, although, if possible, solubilization under milder conditions could facilitate subsequent refolding and purification of bioactive proteins. Commercially available GST-tag assays are designed for quantitative measurement of GST activity under native conditions. GST fusion proteins accumulated in inclusion bodies are considered to be undetectable by such assays. In this work, solubilization of recombinantly produced proteins was performed in 4M urea. The activity of rGST was assayed in 2M urea and it was shown that rGST preserves 85% of its activity under such denaturing conditions. A colorimetric GST activity assay with 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was examined for use in rapid detection of expression targeted to inclusion bodies and for the identification of inclusion body proteins which can be solubilized in low concentrations of chaotropic agents. Applicability of the assay was evaluated by tracking protein expression of two GST-fused allergens of biopharmaceutical value in E. coli, GST-Der p 2 and GST-Mus a 5, both targeted to inclusion bodies. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Branchial cleft anomaly, congenital heart disease, and biliary atresia: Goldenhar complex or Lambert syndrome?

PubMed

Cohen, J; Schanen, N C

2000-01-01

The features of Goldenhar complex have been well-described and classically include branchial arch abnormalities, epibulbar dermoid and vertebral abnormalities. We have identified an infant with these features in association with complex congenital heart disease and intrahepatic biliary atresia. Although Lambert described an autosomal recessive disorder with an association of biliary atresia and branchial arch abnormalities, none of those cases had epibulbar dermoid. Diagnostic considerations in this case include inclusion of biliary atresia as a new feature in the expanding spectrum of the Goldenhar complex, versus Lambert syndrome with epibulbar dermoid.

Aniline-containing guests recognized by α,α',δ,δ'-tetramethyl-cucurbit[6]uril host.

PubMed

Lin, Rui-Lian; Fang, Guo-Sheng; Sun, Wen-Qi; Liu, Jing-Xin

2016-12-13

The host-guest complexation of symmetrical α,α',δ,δ'-tetramethyl-cucurbit[6]uril (TMeQ[6]) and cucurbit[7]uril (Q[7]) with a series of aniline-containing guests has been investigated by various experimental techniques including NMR, ITC, and X-ray crystallography. Experimental results indicate that both TMeQ[6] and Q[7] hosts can encapsulate aniline-containing guests to form stable inclusion complexes. However, the oval cavity of TMeQ[6] is more complementary in size and shape to the aromatic ring of the guests than the spherical cavity of Q[7]. Shielding and deshielding effects of the aromatic ring on guests lead to the remarkable chemical shifts of the TMeQ[6] host protons. The rotational restriction of the guests in the oval cavity of TMeQ[6] results in the large negative values of entropy. The X-ray crystal structure of the 1:1 inclusion complex between TMeQ[6] and N,N'-diethyl-benzene-1,4-diamine unambiguously reveals that the aromatic ring of the guest resides in the oval cavity of TMeQ[6].

Per Aspera ad Astra: Through Complex Population Modeling to Predictive Theory.

PubMed

Topping, Christopher J; Alrøe, Hugo Fjelsted; Farrell, Katharine N; Grimm, Volker

2015-11-01

Population models in ecology are often not good at predictions, even if they are complex and seem to be realistic enough. The reason for this might be that Occam's razor, which is key for minimal models exploring ideas and concepts, has been too uncritically adopted for more realistic models of systems. This can tie models too closely to certain situations, thereby preventing them from predicting the response to new conditions. We therefore advocate a new kind of parsimony to improve the application of Occam's razor. This new parsimony balances two contrasting strategies for avoiding errors in modeling: avoiding inclusion of nonessential factors (false inclusions) and avoiding exclusion of sometimes-important factors (false exclusions). It involves a synthesis of traditional modeling and analysis, used to describe the essentials of mechanistic relationships, with elements that are included in a model because they have been reported to be or can arguably be assumed to be important under certain conditions. The resulting models should be able to reflect how the internal organization of populations change and thereby generate representations of the novel behavior necessary for complex predictions, including regime shifts.

Encapsulation of lemongrass oil with cyclodextrins by spray drying and its controlled release characteristics.

PubMed

Phunpee, Sarunya; Ruktanonchai, Uracha Rangsadthong; Yoshii, Hidefumi; Assabumrungrat, Suttichai; Soottitantawat, Apinan

2017-04-01

Inclusion of the two isomers of citral (E-citral and Z-citral), components of lemongrass oil, was investigated within the confines of various cyclodextrin (α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD) host molecules. Aqueous complex formation constants for E-citral with α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD were determined to be 123, 185, and 204 L/mol, respectively, whereas Z-citral exhibited stronger affinities (157, 206, and 253 L/mol, respectively). The binding trend γ-CD > β-CD > α-CD is a reflection of the more favorable geometrical accommodation of the citral isomers with increasing cavity size. Encapsulation of lemongrass oil within CDs was undertaken through shaking citral:CD (1:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1 molar ratio) mixtures followed by spray drying. Maximum citral retention occurred at a 1:1 molar ratio with β-CD and α-CD demonstrating the highest levels of total E-citral and Z-citral retention, respectively. Furthermore, the β-CD complex demonstrated the slowest release rate of all inclusion complex powders.

UWB tomosynthesis of objects in mediums with metal inclusions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yakubov, V. P.; Shipilov, S. E.; Sukhanov, D. Ya; Minin, I. V.; Minin, O. V.

2017-08-01

Radiowave tomography of dielectric objects containing metal inclusions is a rather complex problem, since the scattering of waves by dielectric inhomogeneities occurs against the background of substantially stronger reflections from metal parts, even if they are geometrically small. The arising features of obtaining a tomogram in such conditions, including overcoming of disguising by reinforcing ribbons and the appearance of locational shadows at different depths, are discussed in the paper. Herewith principled importance to achieve high focusing of UWB radiation by tomosynthesis is noted on the basis of direct experimental data.

An Inclusive Psychoanalyst: Sidney Blatt's Contribution In Perspective.

PubMed

Berman, Emanuel

2017-06-01

Sidney Blatt personified in many ways the striving toward an inclusive, broad-minded, nonsectarian, and nondogmatic psychoanalysis. Intrigued and inspired by many trends in psychoanalytic thought and neighboring disciplines, he believed deeply in the coexistence and mutual contributions of a psychoanalytic clinical practice and of systematic empirical research on development and its disruptions, evolving personality traits, and the ways psychoanalytic treatment becomes effective. Carl Rogers, David Rapaport, and John Bowlby were among the figures who played a significant role in the development of his rich and complex thinking and productive work.

Cyclodextrin Enhances Corneal Tolerability and Reduces Ocular Toxicity Caused by Diclofenac

PubMed Central

Abdelkader, Hamdy; Fathalla, Zeinab; Moharram, Hossam; Ali, Taha F. S.

2018-01-01

With advances in refractive surgery and demand for cataract removal and lens replacement, the ocular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has increased. One of the most commonly used NSAIDs is diclofenac (Diclo). In this study, cyclodextrins (CDs), α-, β-, γ-, and HP-β-CDs, were investigated with in vitro irritation and in vivo ulceration models in rabbits to reduce Diclo toxicity. Diclo-, α-, β-, γ-, and HP-β-CD inclusion complexes were prepared and characterized and Diclo-CD complexes were evaluated for corneal permeation, red blood cell (RBCs) haemolysis, corneal opacity/permeability, and toxicity. Guest- (Diclo-) host (CD) solid inclusion complexes were formed only with β-, γ-, and HP-β-CDs. Amphipathic properties for Diclo were recorded and this surfactant-like functionality might contribute to the unwanted effects of Diclo on the surface of the eye. Contact angle and spreading coefficients were used to assess Diclo-CDs in solution. Reduction of ocular toxicity 3-fold to16-fold and comparable corneal permeability to free Diclo were recorded only with Diclo-γ-CD and Diclo-HP-β-CD complexes. These two complexes showed faster healing rates without scar formation compared with exposure to the Diclo solution and to untreated groups. This study also highlighted that Diclo-γ-CD and Diclo-HP-β-CD demonstrated fast healing without scar formation. PMID:29636847

Size estimates for fat inclusions in an isotropic Reissner-Mindlin plate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morassi, Antonino; Rosset, Edi; Vessella, Sergio

2018-02-01

In this paper we consider the inverse problem of determining, within an elastic isotropic thick plate modelled by the Reissner-Mindlin theory, the possible presence of an inclusion made of a different elastic material. Under some a priori assumptions on the inclusion, we deduce constructive upper and lower estimates of the area of the inclusion in terms of a scalar quantity related to the work developed in deforming the plate by applying simultaneously a couple field and a transverse force field at the boundary of the plate. The approach allows us to consider plates with a boundary of Lipschitz class. The first author is supported by PRIN 2015TTJN95 ‘Identification and monitoring of complex structural systems’. The second author is supported by FRA 2016 ‘Problemi Inversi, dalla stabilità alla ricostruzione’, Università degli Studi di Trieste. The second and the third authors are supported by Progetto GNAMPA 2017 ‘Analisi di problemi inversi: stabilità e ricostruzione’, Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (INdAM).

Absorption of a rigid frame porous layer with periodic circular inclusions backed by a periodic grating.

PubMed

Groby, J-P; Duclos, A; Dazel, O; Boeckx, L; Lauriks, W

2011-05-01

The acoustic properties of a periodic rigid frame porous layer with multiple irregularities in the rigid backing and embedded rigid circular inclusions are investigated theoretically and numerically. The theoretical representation of the sound field in the structure is obtained using a combination of multipole method that accounts for the periodic inclusions and multi-modal method that accounts for the multiple irregularities of the rigid backing. The theoretical model is validated against a finite element method. The predictions show that the acoustic response of this structure exhibits quasi-total, high absorption peaks at low frequencies which are below the frequency of the quarter-wavelength resonance typical for a flat homogeneous porous layer backed by a rigid plate. This result is explained by excitation of additional modes in the porous layer and by a complex interaction between various acoustic modes. These modes relate to the resonances associated with the presence of a profiled rigid backing and rigid inclusions in the porous layer.

The inclusive fitness controversy: finding a way forward.

PubMed

Birch, Jonathan

2017-07-01

This paper attempts to reconcile critics and defenders of inclusive fitness by constructing a synthesis that does justice to the insights of both. I argue that criticisms of the regression-based version of Hamilton's rule, although they undermine its use for predictive purposes, do not undermine its use as an organizing framework for social evolution research. I argue that the assumptions underlying the concept of inclusive fitness, conceived as a causal property of an individual organism, are unlikely to be exactly true in real populations, but they are approximately true given a specific type of weak selection that Hamilton took, on independent grounds, to be responsible for the cumulative assembly of complex adaptation. Finally, I reflect on the uses and limitations of 'design thinking' in social evolution research.

The inclusive fitness controversy: finding a way forward

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

This paper attempts to reconcile critics and defenders of inclusive fitness by constructing a synthesis that does justice to the insights of both. I argue that criticisms of the regression-based version of Hamilton's rule, although they undermine its use for predictive purposes, do not undermine its use as an organizing framework for social evolution research. I argue that the assumptions underlying the concept of inclusive fitness, conceived as a causal property of an individual organism, are unlikely to be exactly true in real populations, but they are approximately true given a specific type of weak selection that Hamilton took, on independent grounds, to be responsible for the cumulative assembly of complex adaptation. Finally, I reflect on the uses and limitations of ‘design thinking’ in social evolution research. PMID:28791162

Effect of interfacial stresses in an elastic body with a nanoinclusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vakaeva, Aleksandra B.; Grekov, Mikhail A.

2018-05-01

The 2-D problem of an infinite elastic solid with a nanoinclusion of a different from circular shape is solved. The interfacial stresses are acting at the interface. Contact of the inclusion with the matrix satisfies the ideal conditions of cohesion. The generalized Laplace - Young law defines conditions at the interface. To solve the problem, Gurtin - Murdoch surface elasticity model, Goursat - Kolosov complex potentials and the boundary perturbation method are used. The problem is reduced to the solution of two independent Riemann - Hilbert's boundary problems. For the circular inclusion, hypersingular integral equation in an unknown interfacial stress is derived. The algorithm of solving this equation is constructed. The influence of the interfacial stress and the dimension of the circular inclusion on the stress distribution and stress concentration at the interface are analyzed.

Effect of cyclodextrin complexation of curcumin on its solubility and antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity in rat colitis model.

PubMed

Yadav, Vivek R; Suresh, Sarasija; Devi, Kshama; Yadav, Seema

2009-01-01

The purpose of the study was to prepare and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of cyclodextrin (CD) complex of curcumin for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in colitis-induced rat model. Inclusion complexes of curcumin were prepared by common solvent and kneading methods. These complexes were further evaluated for increase in solubility of poorly soluble curcumin. The inclusion complexes were characterized for enhancement in solubility, in vitro dissolution, surface morphology, infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray studies. Solubility, phase solubility, and in vitro dissolution studies showed that curcumin has higher affinity for hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HPbetaCD) than other CDs. HPbetaCD complex of curcumin was further investigated for its antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity using chick embryo and rat colitis model. HPbetaCD complex of curcumin proved to be a potent angioinhibitory compound, as demonstrated by inhibition of angiogenesis in chorioallantoic membrane assay. Curcumin- and HPbetaCD-treated rats showed a faster weight gain compared to dextran sulfate solution (DSS) controls. Whole colon length appeared to be significantly longer in HPbetaCD-treated rats than pure curcumin and DSS controls. An additional finding in the DSS-treated rats was the predominance of eosinophils in the chronic cell infiltrate. Decreased mast cell numbers in the mucosa of the colon of CD of curcumin- and pure-curcumin-treated rats was observed. This study concluded that the degree of colitis caused by administration of DSS was significantly attenuated by CD of curcumin. Being a nontoxic natural dietary product, curcumin could be useful in the therapeutic strategy for IBD patients.

Academic Library Buildings in 1980.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Livingston, Barbara; And Others

1980-01-01

Reports a trend toward the inclusion of academic libraries in building complexes and shared space. Only a handful of construction and remodeling projects completed in the year ending June 30, 1980, have costs in excess of $1 million. (RAA)

Amylose inclusion complexation of ferulic acid via lipophilization

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Ferulic acid is an interesting phytochemical that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, UV-absorber, and anticarcinogenic activities. These properties make it of interest in food formulations, cosmetics, polymer, and pharmaceutical applications. However, delivery of ferulic acid in...

Addition of equilibrium air to an upwind Navier-Stokes code and other first steps toward a more generalized flow solver

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rosen, Bruce S.

1991-01-01

An upwind three-dimensional volume Navier-Stokes code is modified to facilitate modeling of complex geometries and flow fields represented by proposed National Aerospace Plane concepts. Code enhancements include an equilibrium air model, a generalized equilibrium gas model and several schemes to simplify treatment of complex geometric configurations. The code is also restructured for inclusion of an arbitrary number of independent and dependent variables. This latter capability is intended for eventual use to incorporate nonequilibrium/chemistry gas models, more sophisticated turbulence and transition models, or other physical phenomena which will require inclusion of additional variables and/or governing equations. Comparisons of computed results with experimental data and results obtained using other methods are presented for code validation purposes. Good correlation is obtained for all of the test cases considered, indicating the success of the current effort.

Genesis of diamond inclusions: An integrated cathodoluminescence (CL) and Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study on eclogitic and peridotitic inclusions and their diamond host.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van den Heuvel, Quint; Matveev, Sergei; Drury, Martyn; Gress, Michael; Chinn, Ingrid; Davies, Gareth

2017-04-01

Diamond inclusions are potentially fundamental to understanding the formation conditions of diamond and the volatile cycles in the deep mantle. In order to fully understand the implications of the compositional information recorded by inclusions it is vital to know whether the inclusions are proto-, syn-, or epigenetic and the extent to which they have equilibrated with diamond forming fluids. In previous studies, the widespread assumption was made that the majority of diamond inclusions are syngenetic, based upon observation of cubo-octahedral morphology imposed on the inclusions. Recent work has reported the crystallographic relationship between inclusions and the host diamond to be highly complex and the lack of crystallographic relationships between inclusions and diamonds has led some to question the significance of imposed cubo-octahedral morphology. This study presents an integrated EBSD and CL study of 9 diamonds containing 20 pyropes, 2 diopsides, 1 forsterite and 1 rutile from the Jwaneng and Letlhakane kimberlite clusters, Botswana. A new method was developed to analyze the crystallographic orientation of the host diamond and the inclusions with EBSD. Diamonds plates were sequentially polished to expose inclusions at different levels in the diamond. CL imaging at different depths was performed in order to produce a 3D view of diamond growth zones around the inclusions. Standard diamond polishing techniques proved too aggressive for silicate inclusions as they were damaged to such a degree that EBSD measurements on the inclusions were impossible. The inclusions were milled with a Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB) at a 12° angle to clean the surface for EBSD measurements. Of the 24 inclusions, 9 have an imposed cubo-octahedral morphology. Of these inclusions, 6 have faces orientated parallel to diamond growth zones and/or appear to have nucleated on a diamond growth surface, implying syngenesis. In contrast, other diamonds record resorption events such that inclusions now cut diamond growth zones. In most cases, the growth zonation around inclusions is not well defined due to CL haloes but some inclusions clearly disrupt diamond growth. Crystallographic orientations of diamond and the inclusions, determined using EBSD, revealed that each inclusion has a homogeneous orientation and record no compositional zonation. The diamonds also showed no angular deviations despite many having multiple growth and resorption zones; implying epitaxial growth of diamond. Crystallographic alignment between diamond and inclusions was not recorded for the principle planes and limited to 3 possible coincidences on minor planes from the 24 inclusions studied. The CL data show no evidence of syngenesis for these 3 inclusions. Analyses of two diamonds with inclusion clusters in different growth zones, 400 µm apart, revealed the same chemical composition and orientation, potentially implying they originated from an original larger inclusion. Combined EBSD and CL data suggest that there is no direct orientational correlation (epitaxial growth) between silicate inclusions and the host diamond, even when the mineral phases are of the same symmetry group. The presentation will provide a detailed evaluation of the genesis of individual inclusions.

A supramolecular complex between proteinases and beta-cyclodextrin that preserves enzymatic activity: physicochemical characterization.

PubMed

Denadai, Angelo M L; Santoro, Marcelo M; Lopes, Miriam T P; Chenna, Angélica; de Sousa, Frederico B; Avelar, Gabriela M; Gomes, Marco R Túlio; Guzman, Fanny; Salas, Carlos E; Sinisterra, Rubén D

2006-01-01

Cyclodextrins are suitable drug delivery systems because of their ability to subtly modify the physical, chemical, and biological properties of guest molecules through labile interactions by formation of inclusion and/or association complexes. Plant cysteine proteinases from Caricaceae and Bromeliaceae are the subject of therapeutic interest, because of their anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, immunogenic, and wound-healing properties. In this study, we analyzed the association between beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) and fraction P1G10 containing the bioactive proteinases from Carica candamarcensis, and described the physicochemical nature of the solid-state self-assembled complexes by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as in solution by circular dichroism (CD), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and amidase activity. The physicochemical analyses suggest the formation of a complex between P1G10 and betaCD. Higher secondary interactions, namely hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces were observed at higher P1G10 : betaCD mass ratios. These results provide evidence of the occurrence of strong solid-state supramolecular non-covalent interactions between P1G10 and betaCD. Microcalorimetric analysis demonstrates that complexation results in a favorable enthalpic contribution, as has already been described during formation of similar betaCD inclusion compounds. The amidase activity of the complex shows that the enzyme activity is not readily available at 24 hours after dissolution of the complex in aqueous buffer; the proteinase becomes biologically active by the second day and remains stable until day 16, when a gradual decrease occurs, with basal activity attained by day 29. The reported results underscore the potential for betaCDs as candidates for complexing cysteine proteinases, resulting in supramolecular arrays with sustained proteolytic activity.

High-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chou, I.-Ming; Pasteris, J.D.; Seitz, J.C.

1990-01-01

Three methods have been used to produce high-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe (LRM): synthetic fluid-inclusion, sealed fused-quartz-tube, and high-pressure-cell methods. Because quantitative interpretation of a Raman spectrum of mixed-volatile fluid inclusions requires accurate knowledge of pressure- and composition-sensitive Raman scattering efficiencies or quantification factors for each species, calibrations of these parameters for mixtures of volatiles of known composition and pressure are necessary. Two advantages of the synthetic fluid-inclusion method are that the inclusions can be used readily in complementary microthermometry (MT) studies and that they have sizes and optical properties like those in natural samples. Some disadvantages are that producing H2O-free volatile mixtures is difficult, the composition may vary from one inclusion to another, the exact composition and density of the inclusions are difficult to obtain, and the experimental procedures are complicated. The primary advantage of the method using sealed fused-quartz tubes is its simplicity. Some disadvantages are that exact compositions for complex volatile mixtures are difficult to predict, densities can be approximated only, and complementary MT studies on the tubes are difficult to conduct. The advantages of the high-pressure-cell method are that specific, known compositions of volatile mixtures can be produced and that their pressures can be varied easily and are monitored during calibration. Some disadvantages are that complementary MT analysis is impossible, and the setup is bulky. Among the three methods for the calibration of an LRM, the high-pressure-cell method is the most reliable and convenient for control of composition and total pressure. We have used the high-pressure cell to obtain preliminary data on 1. (1) the ratio of the Raman quantification factors for CH4 and N2 in an equimolar CH4N2 mixture and 2. (2) the spectral peak position of ??1 of CH4 in that mixture, as well as in pure CH4, at pressures up to 690 bars. These data were successfully applied to natural inclusions from the Duluth Complex in order to derive their compositions and total pressures. ?? 1990.

Selective turnover of p62/A170/SQSTM1 by autophagy.

PubMed

Ichimura, Yoshinobu; Kominami, Eiki; Tanaka, Keiji; Komatsu, Masaaki

2008-11-01

Loss of autophagy causes liver injury, cardiomyopathy and neurodegeneration, associated with the formation of ubiquitin-positive inclusion bodies. However, the pathogenic mechanism and molecular machinery involved in inclusion formation are not fully understood. We recently identified a ubiquitin-binding protein, p62/A170/SQSTM1, as a molecule involved in inclusion formation. p62 interacts with LC3 which regulates autophagosome formation, through an 11 amino acid sequence rich in acidic and hydrophobic residues, named the LC3-recognition sequence (LRS), and the LC3-p62 complex is degraded by autophagy. Furthermore, structural analysis reveals an interaction of Trp-340 and Leu-343 of p62 with different hydrophobic pockets in the ubiquitin-fold of LC3. p62 mutants, defective in binding the LRS, escape efficient turnover by autophagy, forming ubiquitin- and p62-positive inclusions. Importantly, such ubiquitin- and p62-positive inclusions are identified in various human diseases, implying the involvement of autophagy in their pathogenic mechanisms. Our reports identify an important role for autophagy in the selective turnover of p62, and demonstrate that in addition to the essential role of LC3 in autophagosome formation, LC3 is also involved in sorting autophagy-specific substrate(s).

Effect of off-fault low-velocity elastic inclusions on supershear rupture dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Xiao; Elbanna, A. E.

2015-10-01

Heterogeneous velocity structures are expected to affect fault rupture dynamics. To quantitatively evaluate some of these effects, we examine a model of dynamic rupture on a frictional fault embedded in an elastic full space, governed by plane strain elasticity, with a pair of off-fault inclusions that have a lower rigidity than the background medium. We solve the elastodynamic problem using the Finite Element software Pylith. The fault operates under linear slip-weakening friction law. We initiate the rupture by artificially overstressing a localized region near the left edge of the fault. We primarily consider embedded soft inclusions with 20 per cent reduction in both the pressure wave and shear wave speeds. The embedded inclusions are placed at different distances from the fault surface and have different sizes. We show that the existence of a soft inclusion may significantly shorten the transition length to supershear propagation through the Burridge-Andrews mechanism. We also observe that supershear rupture is generated at pre-stress values that are lower than what is theoretically predicted for a homogeneous medium. We discuss the implications of our results for dynamic rupture propagation in complex velocity structures as well as supershear propagation on understressed faults.

Encapsulation of the antioxidant ascorbyl palmitate in V-type granular cold-water swelling starch affects the properties of both.

PubMed

Dries, D M; Knaepen, L; Goderis, B; Delcour, J A

2017-06-01

This study reports on the functionality of V-type crystalline granular cold-water swelling starch (GCWSS) in complex with lipid (functionalized) molecules. Maize and potato GCWSS contain (empty) single helical amylose (AM) crystals which can serve as lipid complexing matrices. Different concentrations of ascorbyl palmitate (AscP) were inserted in the hydrophobic cavities of the GCWSS AM helices by a low temperature infusion method. Volumetric particle size distributions of the ensuing products in water were determined using laser light scattering. Upon contact with water, the parent maize GCWSS formed lumps more than did the parent potato GCWSS. It is hypothesized that variations in the spatial distribution of cold-water soluble V-type crystals are at the origin of this difference. In contrast, GCWSS-AscP inclusion complexes formed homogenous dispersions in water. Furthermore, the impact of inclusion complex formation on cold-water swelling properties was investigated. The close packing concentration increased and the swelling power and carbohydrate leaching decreased when the level of encapsulated AscP increased. Finally, in a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity test, encapsulated AscP still had up to 70% of the antioxidant capacity of free AscP. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gas chromatographic analysis of volatiles in fluid and gas inclusions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Andrawes, F.; Holzer, G.; Roedder, E.; Gibson, E.K.; Oro, John

1984-01-01

Most geological samples and some synthetic materials contain fluid inclusions. These inclusions preserve for us tiny samples of the liquid and/or the gas phase that was present during formation, although in some cases they may have undergone significant changes from the original material. Studies of the current composition of the inclusions provide data on both the original composition and the change since trapping.These inclusions are seldom larger than 1 millimeter in diameter. The composition varies from a single major compound (e.g., water) in a single phase to a very complex mixture in one or more phases. The concentration of some of the compounds present may be at trace levels.We present here some analyses of inclusions in a variety of geological samples, including diamonds. We used a sample crusher and a gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS) system to analyze for organic and inorganic volatiles present as major to trace constituents in inclusions. The crusher is a hardened stainless-steel piston cylinder apparatus with tungsten carbide crusing surfaces, and is operated in a pure helium atmosphere at a controlled temperature.Samples ranging from 1 mg to 1 g were crushed and the released volatiles were analyzed using multi-chromatographic columns and detectors, including the sensitive helium ionization detector. Identification of the GC peaks was carried out by GC—MS. This combination of procedures has been shown to provide geochemically useful information on the process involved in the history of the samples analyzed.

Microstructures and formation history of melilite-rich calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions from the ALHA77307 CO3.0 chondrite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Jangmi; Brearley, Adrian J.

2017-03-01

We have studied four melilite-rich calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) from the Allan Hills A77307 CO3.0 chondrite using transmission electron microscopy with the focused ion beam sample preparation technique. This type of CAI represents one of the dominant types of refractory inclusions in CO3 chondrites. Individual melilite-rich CAIs 04-07 record complex formational histories involving high-temperature gas-solid condensation that occurred under both equilibrium and disequilibrium conditions. CAI 04 contains two texturally- and compositionally-distinct occurrences of perovskite: fine-grained perovskite within a melilite-rich core and aggregates of perovskite grains that surround the core. The perovskite in the core was probably involved in a disequilibrium reaction with early equilibrium condensates (e.g., melilite and spinel) and a nebular gas to form Al-Ti-rich diopside, followed by a later condensation of the perovskite aggregates under equilibrium conditions. CAI 05 has a compact melilite-rich core surrounded by a porous mantle, and likely formed by at least two different condensation events under equilibrium and disequilibrium conditions. In CAI 06, complex intergrowth layers of spinel and diopside surrounding a melilite-rich core indicate disequilibrium reaction of spinel and melilite with a nebular gas to form Al-Ti-rich diopside following core formation by equilibrium condensation. CAI 07 is dominated by melilite with a narrow compositional range and equilibrated textures, suggesting its formation by equilibrium condensation over a limited temperature range. Collectively, we infer that the melilite-rich inclusions formed by a generalized sequence of high-temperature gas-solid condensation that involved: (1) formation of CAI cores by aggregation of primary equilibrium condensates (i.e., perovskite, spinel, and melilite), (2) back-reactions of the primary core minerals with a nebular gas under disequilibrium conditions, forming diopside that evolves in composition from Al-Ti-rich at the interface with the inclusion core to Al-Ti-poor on the exterior of the inclusions. The change in formation conditions may have been achieved by transport and injection of the core materials into a region of a partially-condensed gas that still contained refractory elements in the gas phase.

Host-guest complexes of local anesthetics with cucurbit[6]uril and para-sulphonatocalix[8]arene in the solid state

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Danylyuk, Oksana; Butkiewicz, Helena; Coleman, Anthony W.; Suwinska, Kinga

2017-12-01

Here we describe the host-guest inclusion complexes of local anesthetic drugs with two macrocyclic hosts cucurbit[6]uril and para-sulphonatocalix[8]arene in the solid state. The anesthetic agents used in the co-crystallization with the supramolecular hosts are lidocaine, procaine, procainamide, prilocaine and proparacaine. Both macrocycles encapsulate the alkylammonium moieties of anestetics guests into their cavities although the mechanism of complexation, host-guest stoichiometry and geometry differ depending on the nature of the supramolecular host.

Study on effect of L-arginine on solubility and dissolution of Zaltoprofen: Preparation and characterization of binary and ternary cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sherje, Atul P.; Patel, Forum; Murahari, Manikanta; Suvarna, Vasanti; Patel, Kavitkumar

2018-02-01

The present study demonstrated the binary and ternary complexes of Zaltoprofen (ZPF) with β-CD and HP-β-CD. The products were characterized using solubility, in vitro dissolution, and DSC studies. The mode of interaction of guest and host was revealed through 1H NMR and FT-IR studies. A significant increase was noticed in the stability constant (Kc) and complexation efficiency (CE) of β-CD and HP-β-CD due to addition of L-Arg in ternary complexes. The ternary complexes showed greater increase in solubility and dissolution of ZPF than binary complexes. Thus, ternary system of ZPF could be an innovative approach for its solubility and dissolution enhancement.

Computer-aided molecular modeling techniques for predicting the stability of drug cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in aqueous solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faucci, Maria Teresa; Melani, Fabrizio; Mura, Paola

2002-06-01

Molecular modeling was used to investigate factors influencing complex formation between cyclodextrins and guest molecules and predict their stability through a theoretical model based on the search for a correlation between experimental stability constants ( Ks) and some theoretical parameters describing complexation (docking energy, host-guest contact surfaces, intermolecular interaction fields) calculated from complex structures at a minimum conformational energy, obtained through stochastic methods based on molecular dynamic simulations. Naproxen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and ibuproxam were used as model drug molecules. Multiple Regression Analysis allowed identification of the significant factors for the complex stability. A mathematical model ( r=0.897) related log Ks with complex docking energy and lipophilic molecular fields of cyclodextrin and drug.

Core-shell nanofibers of curcumin/cyclodextrin inclusion complex and polylactic acid: Enhanced water solubility and slow release of curcumin.

PubMed

Aytac, Zeynep; Uyar, Tamer

2017-02-25

Core-shell nanofibers were designed via electrospinning using inclusion complex (IC) of model hydrophobic drug (curcumin, CUR) with cyclodextrin (CD) in the core and polymer (polylactic acid, PLA) in the shell (cCUR/HPβCD-IC-sPLA-NF). CD-IC of CUR and HPβCD was formed at 1:2 molar ratio. The successful formation of core-shell nanofibers was revealed by TEM and CLSM images. cCUR/HPβCD-IC-sPLA-NF released CUR slowly but much more in total than PLA-CUR-NF at pH 1 and pH 7.4 due to the restriction of CUR in the core of nanofibers and solubility improvement shown in phase solubility diagram, respectively. Improved antioxidant activity of cCUR/HPβCD-IC-sPLA-NF in methanol:water (1:1) is related with the solubility enhancement achieved in water based system. The slow reaction of cCUR/HPβCD-IC-sPLA-NF in methanol is associated with the shell inhibiting the quick release of CUR. On the other hand, cCUR/HPβCD-IC-sPLA-NF exhibited slightly higher rate of antioxidant activity than PLA-CUR-NF in methanol:water (1:1) owing to the enhanced solubility. To conclude, slow release of CUR was achieved by core-shell nanofiber structure and inclusion complexation of CUR with HPβCD provides high solubility. Briefly, electrospinning of core-shell nanofibers with CD-IC core could offer slow release of drugs as well as solubility enhancement for hydrophobic drugs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cyclodextrins sequester neuroactive steroids and differentiate mechanisms that rate limit steroid actions

PubMed Central

Shu, H-J; Zeng, C-M; Wang, C; Covey, D F; Zorumski, C F; Mennerick, S

2006-01-01

Background and purpose: Neuroactive steroids are potent modulators of GABAA receptors and are thus of interest for their sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and anaesthetic properties. Cyclodextrins may be useful tools to manipulate neuroactive effects of steroids on GABAA receptors because cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with at least some steroids that are active at the GABAA receptor, such as (3α,5α)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (3α5αP, allopregnanolone). Experimental approach: To assess the versatility of cyclodextrins as steroid modulators, we investigated interactions between γ-cyclodextrin and neuroactive steroids of different structural classes. Key results: Both a bioassay based on electrophysiological assessment of GABAA receptor function and optical measurements of cellular accumulation of a fluorescent steroid analogue suggest that γ-cyclodextrin sequesters steroids rather than directly influencing GABAA receptor function. Neither a 5β-reduced A/B ring fusion nor a sulphate group at carbon 3 affected the presumed inclusion complex formation between steroid and γ-cyclodextrin. Apparent dissociation constants for interactions between natural steroids and γ-cyclodexrin ranged from 10-60 μM. Although γ-cyclodextrin accommodates a range of natural and synthetic steroids, C11 substitutions reduced inclusion complex formation. Using γ-cyclodextrin to remove steroid not directly bound to GABAA receptors, we found that cellular retention of receptor-unbound steroid rate limits potentiation by 3α- hydroxysteroids but not inhibition by sulphated steroids. Conclusions and implications: We conclude that γ-cyclodextrins can be useful, albeit non-specific, tools for terminating the actions of multiple classes of naturally occurring neuroactive steroids. PMID:17160009

Evaluation of forensic DNA mixture evidence: protocol for evaluation, interpretation, and statistical calculations using the combined probability of inclusion.

PubMed

Bieber, Frederick R; Buckleton, John S; Budowle, Bruce; Butler, John M; Coble, Michael D

2016-08-31

The evaluation and interpretation of forensic DNA mixture evidence faces greater interpretational challenges due to increasingly complex mixture evidence. Such challenges include: casework involving low quantity or degraded evidence leading to allele and locus dropout; allele sharing of contributors leading to allele stacking; and differentiation of PCR stutter artifacts from true alleles. There is variation in statistical approaches used to evaluate the strength of the evidence when inclusion of a specific known individual(s) is determined, and the approaches used must be supportable. There are concerns that methods utilized for interpretation of complex forensic DNA mixtures may not be implemented properly in some casework. Similar questions are being raised in a number of U.S. jurisdictions, leading to some confusion about mixture interpretation for current and previous casework. Key elements necessary for the interpretation and statistical evaluation of forensic DNA mixtures are described. Given the most common method for statistical evaluation of DNA mixtures in many parts of the world, including the USA, is the Combined Probability of Inclusion/Exclusion (CPI/CPE). Exposition and elucidation of this method and a protocol for use is the focus of this article. Formulae and other supporting materials are provided. Guidance and details of a DNA mixture interpretation protocol is provided for application of the CPI/CPE method in the analysis of more complex forensic DNA mixtures. This description, in turn, should help reduce the variability of interpretation with application of this methodology and thereby improve the quality of DNA mixture interpretation throughout the forensic community.

A simplified bioprocess for human alpha-fetoprotein production from inclusion bodies.

PubMed

Leong, Susanna S J; Middelberg, Anton P J

2007-05-01

A simple and effective Escherichia coli (E. coli) bioprocess is demonstrated for the preparation of recombinant human alpha-fetoprotein (rhAFP), a pharmaceutically promising protein that has important immunomodulatory functions. The new rhAFP process employs only unit operations that are easy to scale and validate, and reduces the complexity embedded in existing inclusion body processing methods. A key requirement in the establishment of this process was the attainment of high purity rhAFP prior to protein refolding because (i) rhAFP binds easily to hydrophobic contaminants once refolded, and (ii) rhAFP aggregates during renaturation, in a contaminant- dependent way. In this work, direct protein extraction from cell suspension was coupled with a DNA precipitation-centrifugation step prior to purification using two simple chromatographic steps. Refolding was conducted using a single-step, redox-optimized dilution refolding protocol, with refolding success determined by reversed phase HPLC analysis, ELISA, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Quantitation of DNA and protein contaminant loads after each unit operation showed that contaminant levels were reduced to levels comparable to traditional flowsheets. Protein microchemical modification due to carbamylation in this urea-based process was identified and minimized, yielding a final refolded and purified product that was significantly purified from carbamylated variants. Importantly, this work conclusively demonstrates, for the first time, that a chemical extraction process can substitute the more complex traditional inclusion body processing flowsheet, without compromising product purity and yield. This highly intensified and simplified process is expected to be of general utility for the preparation of other therapeutic candidates expressed as inclusion bodies. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Application of Microbeam Techniques to Identifying and Assessing Comagmatic Mixing Between Summit and Rift Eruptions at Kilauea Volcano (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thornber, C. R.; Rowe, M. C.; Adams, D. T.; Orr, T. R.

2010-12-01

Near-continuous eruption of Kilauea Volcano since 1983 has yielded an extensive record of glass, phenocryst and melt-inclusion chemistry from well-quenched lava that can be correlated with geophysical and geological monitoring data. Eruption temperatures are determined using glass thermometry. Microbeam evaluation of phenocryst mineralogy, morphology, texture, zoning and melt inclusions helps to constrain magma storage and transport within the edifice and to track the evolution of shallow magmatic plumbing during this prolonged eruptive era. For most of this eruption up to April 2001, east rift lava was olivine-phyric and olivine-liquid relations indicated equilibrium crystallization during summit-to-rift magma transport. From 2001 to present, most lava erupted from vents near Pu`u O`o has been a relatively low-temperature “hybrid”, characterized by a disequilibrium low-pressure phenocryst assemblage. Olivine (Fo81.5-80.5) coexists with phenocrysts of lower temperature clinopyroxene (±plagioclase, ±Fe-rich olivine). Mixing between hotter and cooler magma is texturally documented by complex pyroxene zoning and resorption and olivine overgrowths on resorbed pyroxene. The co-magmatic mixing is not apparent in bulk lava analyses, since both components are fractionates of parent magmas with indistinguishable trace-element signatures. Post-2001 rift-zone lava indicates perpetual flushing of stored magma by hotter recharge magma rising from the mantle source. Geophysical and gas monitoring data confirm an increase in magma supply to Kilauea Volcano between 2001 and 2008, which we have interpreted as increasing the efficiency of the flushing process. Since March 2008, the petrology of the new summit lava lake and contemporaneously erupted rift zone lava provides new perspective on complexities of magma degassing, crystallization and mixing prior to rift eruption. Bulk lava chemistry, SIMS and LA-ICPMS analyses of matrix glasses and olivine melt-inclusions in both rift zone lava and summit tephra reveal identical trace-element concentrations, thus confirming that both eruption sites share a common magma source. Because Kilauea magma degasses all of its primary sulfur (~1200 to 1500 ppm) at pressures less than 100 bars, shallow summit-to-rift magma mixing and crystallization is quantified by study of relative sulfur concentrations in melt inclusions. For higher temperature magma at the summit, olivine (Fo82.0-83.5) contains melt inclusions with 600-1400 ppm S. A small population of rift zone phenocrysts have similar sulfur contents, while typical rift zone olivine inclusions contain 300-700 ppm S. Complex zoned pyroxene phenocrysts with multiple inclusions have trapped melts of low to high sulfur concentrations ranging from100 to 1000 ppm. Collectively, these microbeam observations provide evidence for dynamic pre-eruptive comingling between hotter, sulfur-rich magma rising beneath the summit with a denser, cooler and degassed pyroxene-bearing magma mush, prior to eruption on the east rift.

Synergistic effects of resveratrol (free and inclusion complex) and sulfamethoxazole-trimetropim treatment on pathology, oxidant/antioxidant status and behavior of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

PubMed

Bottari, Nathieli B; Baldissera, Matheus D; Tonin, Alexandre A; Rech, Virginia C; Alves, Catiane B; D'Avila, Fernanda; Thomé, Gustavo R; Guarda, Naiara S; Moresco, Rafael N; Camillo, Giovana; Vogel, Fernanda F; Luchese, Cristiane; Schetinger, Maria Rosa C; Morsch, Vera M; Tochetto, Camila; Fighera, Rafael; Nishihira, Vivian S K; Da Silva, Aleksandro S

2016-06-01

This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of resveratrol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST) on the treatment of mice experimentally infected by Toxoplasma gondii during the chronic phase of the disease considering infection, behavior, and oxidative/antioxidants profile aspects. For the study, 60 mice were initially divided into two groups: uninfected (n = 24) and infected by T. gondii (n = 36). These two groups were later subdivided into other groups and treated with resveratrol (free and inclusion complex containing resveratrol) alone and co-administered with ST: groups A to D were composed by healthy mice and groups E to J were consisted of animals infected by T. gondii (VEG strain). Treatments began 20 days post-infection for 10 consecutive days with oral doses of 0.5 mg kg(-1) of ST (groups B and F), 100 mg kg(-1) of free resveratrol (groups C and G) and inclusion complex of resveratrol (nanoparticles containing resveratrol) (groups D and H), and lastly an co-administration of both drugs (groups I and J). Behavioral tests (memory, anxiety and locomotion) were performed after treatment. Liver and brain fragments were collected to evaluate pathological changes, brain cysts counts, as well as oxidant and antioxidant levels. A reduction on the number of cysts in the brain of animals treated with both drugs combined was observed; there was also reduced number of lesions on both organs. This drug combined effect was also able to reduce oxidative and increase antioxidant levels in infected mice, which might be interpreted as a resveratrol protective effect. In addition, the combination of ST and resveratrol was able to prevent behavioral changes in infected mice. Therefore, the use of co-administration drugs enhances the therapeutic effect acting on a synergic way, reducing the oxidizing effects of the chemical treatment for toxoplasmosis. In addition, resveratrol in inclusion complex when co-administered with ST showed an improved therapeutic effect of ST reducing oxidative damage, liver damage and the number of cysts in the brain of T. gondii infected mice. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distribution and compositions of magmatic inclusions in the Mount Helen dome, Lassen Volcanic Center, California: Insights into magma chamber processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feeley, T. C.; Wilson, L. F.; Underwood, S. J.

2008-11-01

Variations in spatial abundances, compositions, and textures of undercooled magmatic inclusions were determined in a glaciated Pleistocene lava dome (Mt. Helen; ~ 0.6 km 3) at the Lassen volcanic center (LVC), southernmost Cascades. Spatial variations were determined by point-counting at 86 locations separated by ~ 100 m on the dome. Major and trace element compositions of host rocks and inclusions at 12 locations along the flow length of the dome were obtained. Important results include the following. (1) Inclusion abundances range from 3-19 vol.%, with the highest values generally located along the little eroded northwestern margin and flow front of the dome. (2) Host rock compositions are markedly uniform across the dome (65.4 +/- 0.4 wt.% SiO 2) indicating that the degree of inclusion disaggregation was uniform, despite large spatial variations in inclusion abundances. (3) Inclusion sizes range from a maximum of ~ 1 m across to mm-sized crystal clots of phenocrysts plus adhering Ca-rich plagioclase microphenocrysts. (4) Inclusions have variable macroscopic textures indicating that partial undercooling both prior to and following entrapment in cooler dacitic host magma were important processes. (5) Inclusions are variably fractionated magmas with large variations in Ni (79-11 ppm) and Cr (87-7 ppm) contents that are lower than presumed mantle-derived melts. Furthermore, large ranges in incompatible trace elements indicate that inclusion compositions also reflect deep processes involving either melting of variable mantle source rocks or assimilation-fractional crystallization. (6) Inclusions are variably mixed magmas (56-61 wt.% SiO 2) that contain up to 50% host dacitic magma. (7) Correlations between Ni and Cr contents in hosts and inclusions from individual outcrops indicate that the effect of inclusion disaggregation and magma mingling on host dacitic magma was local (e.g., < 50 m). These features are interpreted to reflect protracted recharge of diverse composition mafic magmas into the base of a shallow magma reservoir containing a lower layer of compositionally evolving hybrid mafic magma and an upper layer of rhyodacitic magma. Complex interactions among magmas in the upper and lower layers resulted in formation of mafic inclusions by both pre- and post-entrapment undercooling mechanisms, followed by buoyant rise and accumulation near the roof of the reservoir. The main stage of inclusion disaggregation probably occurred in the conduit during eruptive ascent and largely ceased upon surface eruption. We infer that endogenous growth concentrated inclusions along the margins and top of the dome as more inclusion-poor dacite was progressively tapped from deeper regions of the reservoir.

Functional organization of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in cells infected by respiratory syncytial virus.

PubMed

Rincheval, Vincent; Lelek, Mickael; Gault, Elyanne; Bouillier, Camille; Sitterlin, Delphine; Blouquit-Laye, Sabine; Galloux, Marie; Zimmer, Christophe; Eleouet, Jean-François; Rameix-Welti, Marie-Anne

2017-09-15

Infection of cells by respiratory syncytial virus induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) where all the components of the viral RNA polymerase complex are concentrated. However, the exact organization and function of these IBs remain unclear. In this study, we use conventional and super-resolution imaging to dissect the internal structure of IBs. We observe that newly synthetized viral mRNA and the viral transcription anti-terminator M2-1 concentrate in IB sub-compartments, which we term "IB-associated granules" (IBAGs). In contrast, viral genomic RNA, the nucleoprotein, the L polymerase and its cofactor P are excluded from IBAGs. Live imaging reveals that IBAGs are highly dynamic structures. Our data show that IBs are the main site of viral RNA synthesis. They further suggest that shortly after synthesis in IBs, viral mRNAs and M2-1 transiently concentrate in IBAGs before reaching the cytosol and suggest a novel post-transcriptional function for M2-1.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induces formation of inclusion bodies (IBs) sheltering viral RNA synthesis. Here, Rincheval et al. identify highly dynamic IB-associated granules (IBAGs) that accumulate newly synthetized viral mRNA and the viral M2-1 protein but exclude viral genomic RNA and RNA polymerase complexes.

Microstructure refinement and mechanical properties improvement by developing IAF on inclusions in Ti–Al complex deoxidized HSLA steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jiang, M., E-mail: jiangmin@ustb.edu.cn; Wang, X.H.; Hu, Z.Y.

2015-10-15

The present study focused on microstructure refinement in Ti–Al complex deoxidized low alloy structural steel by developing IAF on inclusions. The goal was to establish more determined relation between Ti, Al in steel and the produced microstructures. In steel sample with Ti and Al contents of 0.0035% and 0.0004%, respectively, IAF was well developed by inclusions characterized by TiO{sub x}–MnO oxide cores enwrapped by (MnO–SiO{sub 2}–Al{sub 2}O{sub 3})–MnS or (MnO–SiO{sub 2})–MnS surface layers. With the rise of Ti and Al contents, IAF volume decreased greatly because of different inclusion chemistry, TiO{sub x} + MnS, TiO{sub x}–Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} or Al{submore » 2}O{sub 3}, which inhibit the formation of IAF. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out for optimal Ti and Al contents in steel to target inclusions with proper chemistry for nucleating IAF. These laboratorial findings were successfully applied and reproducibly observed in pilot trials. It was indicated that low temperature impact toughness at 0 °C and − 20 °C of the produced medium plate was effectively improved despite lower Ti contents than common process, which was very meaningful in saving the cost of high Ti content steels. - Highlights: • IAF volume showed close relationship to Ti or Al contents. • To target IAF, there is no need to add too many titanium alloys. • Optimal Ti and Al were about 0.0020–0.0060% and 0.0005–0.0020%, respectively. • Impact toughness of steel plate at 0 °C and − 20 °C was successfully improved.« less

Post-Growth Annealing of Bridgman-grown CdZnTe and CdMnTe Crystals for Room-temperature Nuclear Radiation Detectors

DOE PAGES

Egarievwe, Stephen U.; Yang, Ge; Egarievwe, Alexander; ...

2015-02-11

Bridgman-grown cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe or CZT) and cadmium manganese telluride (CdMnTe or CMT) crystals often have Te inclusions that limit their performances as X-ray- and gamma-ray-detectors. We present here the results of post-growth thermal annealing aimed at reducing and eliminating Te inclusions in them. In a 2D analysis, we observed that the sizes of the Te inclusions declined to 92% during a 60-h annealing of CZT at 510 °C under Cd vapor. Further, tellurium inclusions were eliminated completely in CMT samples annealed at 570 °C in Cd vapor for 26 h, whilst their electrical resistivity fell by an ordermore » of 10 2. During the temperature-gradient annealing of CMT at 730 °C and an 18 °C/cm temperature gradient for 18 h in a vacuum of 10 -5 mbar, we observed the diffusion of Te from the sample, causing a reduction in size of the Te inclusions. For CZT samples annealed at 700 °C in a 10 °C/cm temperature gradient, we observed the migration of Te inclusions from a low-temperature region to a high one at 0.022 μm/s. During the temperature-gradient annealing of CZT in a vacuum of 10 -5 mbar at 570 °C and 30 °C/cm for 18 h, some Te inclusions moved toward the high-temperature side of the wafer, while other inclusions of the same size, i.e., 10 µm in diameter, remained in the same position. These results show that the migration, diffusion, and reaction of Te with Cd in the matrix of CZT- and CMT-wafers are complex phenomena that depend on certain conditions.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Egarievwe, Stephen U.; Yang, Ge; Egarievwe, Alexander

Bridgman-grown cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe or CZT) and cadmium manganese telluride (CdMnTe or CMT) crystals often have Te inclusions that limit their performances as X-ray- and gamma-ray-detectors. We present here the results of post-growth thermal annealing aimed at reducing and eliminating Te inclusions in them. In a 2D analysis, we observed that the sizes of the Te inclusions declined to 92% during a 60-h annealing of CZT at 510 °C under Cd vapor. Further, tellurium inclusions were eliminated completely in CMT samples annealed at 570 °C in Cd vapor for 26 h, whilst their electrical resistivity fell by an ordermore » of 10 2. During the temperature-gradient annealing of CMT at 730 °C and an 18 °C/cm temperature gradient for 18 h in a vacuum of 10 -5 mbar, we observed the diffusion of Te from the sample, causing a reduction in size of the Te inclusions. For CZT samples annealed at 700 °C in a 10 °C/cm temperature gradient, we observed the migration of Te inclusions from a low-temperature region to a high one at 0.022 μm/s. During the temperature-gradient annealing of CZT in a vacuum of 10 -5 mbar at 570 °C and 30 °C/cm for 18 h, some Te inclusions moved toward the high-temperature side of the wafer, while other inclusions of the same size, i.e., 10 µm in diameter, remained in the same position. These results show that the migration, diffusion, and reaction of Te with Cd in the matrix of CZT- and CMT-wafers are complex phenomena that depend on certain conditions.« less

The Chemical Structure of the Hawaiian Mantle Plume

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Z.; Hirano, N.; Hirata, T.; Takahashi, E.; Ingle, S.

2004-12-01

Numerous geochemical studies of Hawaiian basaltic lavas have shown that the Hawaiian mantle plume is isotopically heterogeneous. However, the distribution and scale of these heterogeneities remain unknown. This is essentially due to the complex interactions created by melting a heterogeneous source, subsequent aggregation of the melts on their way to the surface, and mixing that takes place in shallow magma chambers prior to eruption. In sum, the measured compositions of bulk lavas may represent only _eaverage_f compositions that do not fully reflect the complexity of either the mantle source heterogeneity and/or chemical structure. Melt inclusions, or samples of the local magma frozen in olivine phenocrysts during their formation, are better at recording the complex magmatic history than are the bulk samples. Here, we report major and trace element compositions of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from submarine Haleakala lavas that were collected by 2001-2002 JAMSTEC cruises measured by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS after homogenization at 1250° C, QFM for 20min. Melt inclusions from the submarine Hana Ridge (Haleakala volcano) show large ranges in CaO/Al2O3 (0.92-1.50), TiO2/Na2O (0.79-1.60) and Sr/Nb (14.56-36.60), Zr/Nb (6.48-16.95), ranging from Kilauea-like to Mauna Loa-like compositions within separately-sampled lavas as well as in a single host lava sample. Bulk rocks geochemistry shows that major element composition and trace element ratios such as Zr/Nb, Sr/Nb (Ren et al., 2004a, in press, J. Petrol.) together with Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic ratios (Ren et al., 2004b, submitted to J. Petrol.) of Haleakala shield volcano also display systematic compositional variation changing from a Kilauea-like in the submarine Hana Ridge (main shield stage) to Kilauea-Mauna Loa-like in the subaerial Honomanu stage (late shield stage, data from Chen and Frey, 1991). Some of the compositional variations in melt inclusions in single rocks are wider range than over-all variation observed in bulk rocks. It is important that both Kilauea-like and Mauna Loa-like compositions co-exist in melt inclusions in single submarine Hana Ridge rocks which are identified as Kilauea-like based on bulk geochemistry. These observations are inconsistent with the current interpretation that magma compositions are controlled by concentric zonation of the Hawaiian mantle plume (e.g. Kea component and Loa component), manifested as the Kea trend and the Loa trend volcanoes (e.g. Hauri, 1996; Lassiter et al., 1996). Our new data from olivine-hosted melt inclusions imply that the chemical structure of the Hawaiian mantle plume is significantly more complicated than previously modeled and the length-scale of chemical heterogeneity must be remarkably smaller than estimated based on bulk rock geochemistry.

Host-guest complex of N-(2-chloroethyl), N-nitroso, N‧, N‧ -dicyclohexylsulfamid with β-cyclodextrin: Fluorescence, QTAIM analysis and structure-chemical reactivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bensouilah, Nadjia; Fisli, Hassina; Bensouilah, Hamza; Zaater, Sihem; Abdaoui, Mohamed; Boutemeur-Kheddis, Baya

2017-10-01

In this work, the inclusion complex of DCY/CENS: N-(2-chloroethyl), N-nitroso, N‧, N‧-dicyclohexylsulfamid and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is investigated using the fluorescence spectroscopy, PM3, ONIOM2 and DFT methods. The experimental part reveals that DCY/CENS forms a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio inclusion complex with β-CD. The constant of stability is evaluated using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The results of the theoretical optimization showed that the lipophilic fraction of molecule (cyclohexyl group) is inside of β-CD. Accordingly, the Nitroso-Chloroethyl moiety is situated outside the cavity of the macromolecule host. The favorable structure of the optimized complex indicates the existence of weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the most important van der Waals (vdW) interactions which are studied on the basis of Natural Bonding Orbital (NBO) analysis. The NBO is employed to compute the electronic donor-acceptor exchanges between drug and β-CD. Furthermore, a detailed topological charge density analysis based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), has been accomplished on the most favorable complex using B3LYP/6-31G(d) method. The presence of stabilizing intermolecular hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions in the most favorable complex is predicted. Also, the energies of these interactions are estimated with Espinosa's formula. The findings of this investigation reveal that the correlation between the structural parameters and the electronic density is good. Finally, and based on DFT calculations, the reactivity of the interesting molecule in free state was studied and compared with that in the complexed state using chemical potential, global hardness, global softness, electronegativity, electrophilicity and local reactivity descriptors.

One-step affinity tag purification of full-length recombinant human AP-1 complexes from bacterial inclusion bodies using a polycistronic expression system

PubMed Central

Wang, Wei-Ming; Lee, A-Young; Chiang, Cheng-Ming

2008-01-01

The AP-1 transcription factor is a dimeric protein complex formed primarily between Jun (c-Jun, JunB, JunD) and Fos (c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, Fra-2) family members. These distinct AP-1 complexes are expressed in many cell types and modulate target gene expression implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses. Although the importance of AP-1 has long been recognized, the biochemical characterization of AP-1 remains limited in part due to the difficulty in purifying full-length, reconstituted dimers with active DNA-binding and transcriptional activity. Using a combination of bacterial coexpression and epitope-tagging methods, we successfully purified all 12 heterodimers (3 Jun × 4 Fos) of full-length human AP-1 complexes as well as c-Jun/c-Jun, JunD/JunD, and c-Jun/JunD dimers from bacterial inclusion bodies using one-step nickel-NTA affinity tag purification following denaturation and renaturation of coexpressed AP-1 subunits. Coexpression of two constitutive components in a dimeric AP-1 complex helps stabilize the proteins when compared with individual protein expression in bacteria. Purified dimeric AP-1 complexes are functional in sequence-specific DNA binding, as illustrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting, and are also active in transcription with in vitro-reconstituted human papillomavirus (HPV) chromatin containing AP-1-binding sites in the native configuration of HPV nucleosomes. The availability of these recombinant full-length human AP-1 complexes has greatly facilitated mechanistic studies of AP-1-regulated gene transcription in many biological systems. PMID:18329890

Novel inclusion complex of ibuprofen tromethamine with cyclodextrins: physico-chemical characterization.

PubMed

Al Omari, Mahmoud M; Daraghmeh, Nidal H; El-Barghouthi, Musa I; Zughul, Mohammad B; Chowdhry, Babur Z; Leharne, Stephen A; Badwan, Adnan A

2009-10-15

Guest-host interactions of ibuprofen tromethamine salt (Ibu.T) with native and modified cyclodextrins (CyDs) have been investigated using several techniques, namely phase solubility diagrams (PSDs), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular mechanics (MM). From the analysis of PSD data (A(L)-type) it is concluded that the anionic tromethamine salt of ibuprofen (pK(a)=4.55) forms 1:1 soluble complexes with all CyDs investigated in buffered water at pH 7.0, while the neutral form of Ibu forms an insoluble complex with beta-CyD (B(S)-type) in buffered water at pH 2.0. Ibu.T has a lower tendency to complex with beta-CyD (K(11)=58 M(-1) at pH 7.0) compared with the neutral Ibu (K(11)=4200 M(-1)) in water. Complex formation of Ibu.T with beta-CyD (DeltaG(o)=-20.4 kJ/mol) is enthalpy driven (DeltaH(o)=-22.9 kJ/mol) and is accompanied by a small unfavorable entropy (DeltaS(o)=-8.4 J/mol K) change. (1)H NMR studies and MM computations revealed that, on complexation, the hydrophobic central benzene ring of Ibu.T and part of the isobutyl group reside within the beta-CyD cavity leaving the peripheral groups (carboxylate, tromethamine and methyl groups) located near the hydroxyl group networks at either rim of beta-CyD. PSD, (1)H NMR, DSC, FT-IR, XRPD, SEM and MM studies confirmed the formation of Ibu.T/beta-CyD inclusion complex in solution and the solid state.

Spectrofluorimetric study of the beta-cyclodextrin-ibuprofen complex and determination of ibuprofen in pharmaceutical preparations and serum.

PubMed

Hergert, L A; Escandar, G M

2003-06-13

The inclusion complexation of ibuprofen in beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) has been examined by means of spectrofluorimetry at both acid and alkaline pH. The results suggest that stable 1:1 complexes are formed in both media. The analysis of the pK(a) values for ibuprofen in both the absence and presence of beta-CD (4.12 and 4.66, respectively) suggests that in the inclusion complex the carboxylic group is located outside the cyclodextrin (CD) but interacting with it. Further structural characterization of the complex was carried out by means of am1 semiempiral calculations. Based on the obtained results, a spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of ibuprofen in the presence of beta-CD at 10 degrees C was developed in the range of 4.7-58 mug ml(-1). Better limits of detection (1.6 mug ml(-1)) and quantification (4.7 mug ml(-1)) were obtained in this latter case with respect to those obtained in the absence of beta-CD. The method was satisfactorily applied to the quantification of ibuprofen in pharmaceutical preparations. A novel spectrofluorimetric determination of ibuprofen in the presence of beta-CD was also developed for serum samples at concentration levels between 5 and 70 mug ml(-1). It uses second-order fluorescence excitation-emission matrices coupled to an algorithm based on self-weighted alternating trilinear decomposition (SWATLD), and avoids resorting to separative instrumental analyses.

Molecular inclusion complex of curcumin-β-cyclodextrin nanoparticle to enhance curcumin skin permeability from hydrophilic matrix gel.

PubMed

Rachmawati, Heni; Edityaningrum, Citra Ariani; Mauludin, Rachmat

2013-12-01

Curcumin (CUR) has various pharmacological effects, but its extensive first-pass metabolism and short elimination half-life limit its bioavailability. Therefore, transdermal application has become a potential alternative to delivery CUR. To increase CUR solubility for the development of a transparent homogenous gel and also enhance the permeation rate of CUR into the skin, β-cyclodextrin-curcumin nanoparticle complex (BCD-CUR-N) was developed. CUR encapsulation efficiency was increased by raising the percentage of CUR to BCD up to 20%. The mean particle size of the best CUR loading formula was 156 nm. All evaluation data using infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the successful formation of the inclusion complex. BCD-CUR-N increased the CUR dissolution rate of 10-fold (p < 0.01). In addition, the improvement of CUR permeability acrossed skin model tissue was observed in gel containing the BCD-CUR-N and was about 1.8-fold when compared with the free CUR gel (p < 0.01). Overall, CUR in the form of the BCD-CUR-N improved the solubility further on the penetration of CUR.

Promising applications in drug delivery systems of a novel β-cyclodextrin derivative obtained by green synthesis.

PubMed

García, Agustina; Leonardi, Darío; Lamas, María C

2016-01-15

An efficient and green method has been developed for the synthesis of succinyl-β-cyclodextrin in aqueous media obtaining very good yield. Acidic groups have been introduced in the synthesized carrier molecule to improve the guest-host affinity. To evaluate the suitability of the novel excipient focused to develop oral dosage forms, albendazole, a BSC class II compound, was chosen as a model drug. The β-cyclodextrin derivative and the inclusion complex were thoroughly characterized in solution and solid state by phase solubility studies, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, ESI-MS, DSC, 1D (1)H NMR, 1D (13)C NMR, selective 1D TOCSY, 2D COSY, 2D HSQC, 2D HMBC and ROESY NMR spectroscopy. Phase solubility studies indicated that both of them β-cyclodextrin and succinyl-β-cyclodextrin formed 1:1 inclusion complexes with albendazole, and the stability constants were 68M(-1) (β-cyclodextrin), 437M(-1) (succinyl-β-cyclodextrin), respectively. Water solubility and dissolution rate of albendazole were significantly improved in complex forms. Thus, the succinyl-β-cyclodextrin derivative could be a promising excipient to design oral dosage forms. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Epidemic modeling in complex realities.

PubMed

Colizza, Vittoria; Barthélemy, Marc; Barrat, Alain; Vespignani, Alessandro

2007-04-01

In our global world, the increasing complexity of social relations and transport infrastructures are key factors in the spread of epidemics. In recent years, the increasing availability of computer power has enabled both to obtain reliable data allowing one to quantify the complexity of the networks on which epidemics may propagate and to envision computational tools able to tackle the analysis of such propagation phenomena. These advances have put in evidence the limits of homogeneous assumptions and simple spatial diffusion approaches, and stimulated the inclusion of complex features and heterogeneities relevant in the description of epidemic diffusion. In this paper, we review recent progresses that integrate complex systems and networks analysis with epidemic modelling and focus on the impact of the various complex features of real systems on the dynamics of epidemic spreading.

Host-guest complex formation in cyclotrikis-(1-->6).

PubMed

Cescutti, P; Utille, J P; Rizzo, R

2000-11-17

The possibility that cyclotrikis-(1-->6)-[alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] (CGM6) forms inclusion complexes, like cycloamyloses (cyclodextrins), was investigated by means of electrospray mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The complexing ability of both 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) and 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS), which were already used with cyclodextrins, was investigated. The former showed very little or no tendency to be complexed by CGM6, while the latter produced detectable adducts with CGM6. Fixed 90 degree angle light scattering experiments supported the findings obtained by molecular modelling calculations, which indicated a polar character for the CGM6 internal cavity. CGM6-TNS complexes were probably formed throughout interaction of the polar regions of the two molecules.

[In vitro renaturation of proteins from inclusion bodies].

PubMed

Porowińska, Dorota; Marszałek, Ewelina; Wardęcka, Paulina; Komoszyński, Michał

2012-06-11

Recombinant proteins and enzymes are commonly used in many areas of our life, such as diagnostics, industry and medicine, due to heterologous synthesis in prokaryotic expression systems. However, a high expression level of foreign protein in bacteria cells results in formation of inactive and insoluble aggregates--inclusion bodies. Reactivation of aggregated proteins is a complex and time-consuming process. Every protein requires experimental optimization of the process conditions. The choice of the refolding method depends on the type of recombinant protein and its physical, chemical and biological properties. Recovery of the activity of proteins accumulated in inclusion bodies can be divided into 4 steps: 1) inclusion bodies isolation, 2) solubilization of aggregates, 3) renaturation, 4) purification of catalytically active molecules. Efficiency of the refolding process depends on many physical factors and chemical and biological agents. The above parameters determine the time of the folding and prevent protein aggregation. They also assist the folding and have an influence on the solubility and stability of native molecules. To date, dilution, dialysis and chromatography are the most often used methods for protein refolding.

Uncovering the mysteries of inclusion: Empirical and methodological possibilities in participatory evaluation in an international context.

PubMed

Chouinard, Jill Anne; Milley, Peter

2018-04-01

The inclusion of stakeholders in participatory evaluation in highly diverse, culturally complex settings remains a challenge, given issues of inequity, power, voice, capacity and skill. These challenges are well documented, but there is a relative absence of papers devoted to addressing them based on examples and evidence. In this paper, we report our review of 51 empirical studies of participatory evaluations conducted in the international domain, focusing on the methods of inclusion used in the evaluations. Our findings address "the who" (which stakeholders are included and which excluded), "the why" (rationales for participation) and "the how" (by what means and in what manner) of inclusion. We were struck by the scale of some development programs, geographically and in terms of the number of diverse program sponsors and stakeholders, and how this necessitated highly creative, innovative participatory techniques to ensure that anyone (and in some cases everyone) could have a voice in the process, regardless of location, language ability, privilege, power, gender, age or culture. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Complex Particulate Biomaterials as Immunostimulant-Delivery Platforms

PubMed Central

Mamat, Uwe; Wilke, Kathleen; Villaverde, Antonio; Roher, Nerea

2016-01-01

The control of infectious diseases is a major current challenge in intensive aquaculture. Most commercial vaccines are based on live attenuated or inactivated pathogens that are usually combined with adjuvants, oil emulsions being as the most widely used for vaccination in aquaculture. Although effective, the use of these oil emulsions is plagued with important side effects. Thus, the development of alternative safer and cost-effective immunostimulants and adjuvants is highly desirable. Here we have explored the capacity of inclusion bodies produced in bacteria to immunostimulate and protect fish against bacterial infections. Bacterial inclusion bodies are highly stable, non-toxic protein-based biomaterials produced through fully scalable and low-cost bio-production processes. The present study shows that the composition and structured organization of inclusion body components (protein, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, DNA and RNA) make these protein biomaterials excellent immunomodulators able to generically protect fish against otherwise lethal bacterial challenges. The results obtained in this work provide evidence that their inherent nature makes bacterial inclusion bodies exceptionally attractive as immunostimulants and this opens the door to the future exploration of this biomaterial as an alternative adjuvant for vaccination purposes in veterinary. PMID:27716780

Who Are Musickers?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richerme, Lauren Kapalka

2015-01-01

Despite calls for the inclusion of the body, emotion, and sociality into music education theory and practice, the complex interplay of these aspects of being remains largely unarticulated and ignored. Deleuze and Guattari assert the importance of ongoing interconnections, arguing that multiplicities rather than singularities comprise humans. In…

Social Inclusion: Would Dickens Approve?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nickson, Kathleen

2000-01-01

Discusses exclusion of ethnic minority students from school in Britain as it reflects the operation of complex differential expectations and assumptions. Data from several studies show that exclusions have been racialized and that black boys are often excluded or disciplined for showing culturally specific behaviors. (SLD)

Inclusion complex and nanoclusters of cyclodextrin to increase the solubility and efficacy of albendazole

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Albendazole (ABZ), a benzimidazole widely used to control gastrointestinal parasites is poorly soluble in water, resulting in variable and incomplete bioavailability, which has favored the appearance of parasite resistance and, consequently, clinical ineffectiveness. Among the pharmaceutical techniq...

Notebook Computers Increase Communication.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carey, Doris M.; Sale, Paul

1994-01-01

Project FIT (Full Inclusion through Technology) provides notebook computers for children with severe disabilities. The computers offer many input and output options. Assessing the students' equipment needs is a complex process, requiring determination of communication goals and baseline abilities, and consideration of equipment features such as…

Design of Safer Flame Retardant Textiles through Inclusion Complex Formation with Cyclodextrins: A Combined Experimental and Modeling Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Nanshan

Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is widely used as a phosphorus flame retardant. It is also one component of a commercial flame retardant mixture known as Firemaster 550. TPP is likely to be released into the environment due to its high volatility and has been detected at a concentration as high as 47,000 ng/m3 in air. Recent studies have also indicated that FRs like TPP could contribute to obesity and osteoporosis in humans. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are enzymatic degradation products of starch and consist of several (alpha-1,4)-linked alpha-Dglucopyranose units. CDs own a hydrophilic outside and a hydrophobic inner cavity, which enables the formation of non-covalently bonded cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (CD-ICs) with a vast array of molecules. We hypothesize that the formation of inclusion complexes between TPP and cyclodextrins will reduce its exposure yet also retain flame retarding properties of TPP, since the formation of FR-CD-ICs is expected to eliminate unnecessary loss of FRs, especially volatile FR compounds like TPP, and release them only during a fire when they are actually needed. After creating the TPP-beta-CD-IC, we applied it to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films by a hot press technique. Flame tests indicated TPP-beta-CD-IC exhibited flame resistant performance matching that of neat TPP, even though much less TPP was contained in its beta-CD-IC. Incorporation of FRs and other chemical additives into textile substrates in the form of their crystalline CD-ICs is a promising way to reduce the exposure of hazardous chemicals to humans and to our environment while not impacting their efficacy. Two other parent CDs (alpha-CD and gamma-CD) were applied and their abilities to form ICs with guest TPP were studied. Results from a series of characterization methods, including FTIR, DSC, TGA, XRD and NMR indicated the successful synthesis of TPP-gamma-CD-IC via two routes. However, alpha-CD appears unable to form an IC with TPP, which is likely attributable to a size mismatch between them. A novel analytical chemistry technique - tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF) was used to study the inclusion complexes of TPP and CDs. Successful formation of TPP-beta-/gamma-CD-IC was further proved by ESI mass spec in the positive mode. Experimental results demonstrated that 1:1 inclusion complex ions of the guest FR and the host CDs were detected. Experimentally alpha-CD cannot form an IC with TPP and this was further confirmed by tandem mass spec. Mass spectrometry provides a fast and accurate method to investigate cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and verify the formation of ICs. Computational methods were applied to help understand the energetically favorable geometry of TPP and beta-/gamma-CD in their IC form. Semi-empirical theoretical methods (PM3 and PM6) were used to find the global minima of TPP-CD geometry and density functional theory calculations at a B3LYP/6-31G(d) level were employed for elaborate geometry optimization. Solvent effect was also considered using the polarized continuum model (IEF-PCM). Analysis of the results indicated that after optimization, IC geometries provided by PM6 had stronger interactions and were more energetically favorable than the ones calculated by PM3. DFT calculations are more accurate than PM3/PM6 and enabled more interactions between the host and the guest than two semi-empirical approaches. DFT calculations also proved that initial structures prepared by PM6 were more favorable in H-bonding profiles and key energy parameters. For TPP-beta-CD system in vacuum and water, Model A owned a lower total and complexation energy while a stronger interaction between them was present in Model B. In TPP-gamma-CD system, Model B was preferred than Model A in both vacuum and water. This was potentially attributed to more H-bonds formed between TPP and gamma-CD in Model B and its ability to retain most of the internal linkages among primary hydroxyl groups.

Role of disulfide cross-linking of mutant SOD1 in the formation of inclusion-body-like structures.

PubMed

Roberts, Brittany L T; Patel, Kinaree; Brown, Hilda H; Borchelt, David R

2012-01-01

Pathologic aggregates of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) harboring mutations linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) have been shown to contain aberrant intermolecular disulfide cross-links. In prior studies, we observed that intermolecular bonding was not necessary in the formation of detergent- insoluble SOD1 complexes by mutant SOD1, but we were unable to assess whether this type of bonding may be important for pathologic inclusion formation. In the present study, we visually assess the formation of large inclusions by fusing mutant SOD1 to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Experimental constructs possessing mutations at all cysteine residues in SOD1 (sites 6, 57, 111, and 146 to F,S,Y,R or G,S,Y,R, respectively) were shown to maintain a high propensity of inclusion formation despite the inability to form disulfide cross-links. Interestingly, although aggregates form when all cysteines were mutated, double mutants of the ALS mutation C6G with an experimental mutation C111S exhibited low aggregation propensity. Overall, this study is an extension of previous work demonstrating that cysteine residues in mutant SOD1 play a role in modulating aggregation and that intermolecular disulfide bonds are not required to produce large intracellular inclusion-like structures.

Student nurses' attitudes to vulnerable groups: a study examining the impact of a social inclusion module.

PubMed

Wray, Jane; Walker, Liz; Fell, Benedict; Benedict

2008-05-01

Front line health care professionals have a responsibility to ensure that excluded groups and vulnerable people have equitable access to health care services. This obligation is stated explicitly in the Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Professional Conduct (2004). Consequently, educationalists involved in the delivery of nurse education have sought to promote the principles of socially inclusive and anti-oppressive practice throughout the curriculum. This quantitative study, conducted with a group of nursing and midwifery university students, aimed to examine student attitudes prior to and on completion of a module on social inclusion/exclusion. The data demonstrated that the majority of students surveyed held views that were generally positive and inclusive. Yet, a small group of respondents held stereotypical views potentially compromising their ability to provide health care. This study identified important gaps within the current curriculum and the need for educators in the field of Health and Social Care to concentrate efforts throughout the curriculum on challenging stereotypical views and attitudes rather than assuming that students can understand the complex concepts of social inclusion in a stand alone module. The students who took part in the study generally held positive views and values and the module was to some extent able to shape their perspective on vulnerable people.

An ocular drug delivery system containing zinc diethyldithiocarbamate and HPbetaCD inclusion complex--corneal permeability, anti-cataract effects and mechanism studies.

PubMed

Wang, Siling; Li, Dexin; Ito, Yoshimasa; Liu, Xia; Zhang, Jinghai; Wu, Chunfu

2004-10-01

Our purpose was to study the formulation and anti-cataract effects of aqueous eye drops containing a high concentration of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (Zn-DDC). A possible mechanism of the anti-cataract effect of Zn-DDC was also studied. Zn-DDC and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) inclusion complex (Zn-DDC/HPbetaCD) was studied using the saturation solution method and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR). Suitable formulations for Zn-DDC eye drops were established by means of in-vitro trans-corneal penetration experiments. The anti-cataract effect of the selected formulation was demonstrated by the delay in lens opacity development in hereditary shumuya cataract rats (SCRs). Semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to study the effect of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a metabolite of Zn-DDC, on the transcription inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in human lens epithelial cells (HLEC). In the presence of 22% (w/v) HPbetaCD, the solubility of Zn-DDC in water (0.2 mM) was increased almost 850 fold (to 17 mM), by the formation of Zn-DDC/HPbetaCD. The stoichiometry of Zn-DDC inclusion was 1:1. The Zn-DDC/HPbetaCD stability constant, Ks (1:1) was estimated to be 3453 M(-1). The ophthalmic preparation containing 0.1% HPMC and 0.1% poloxamer 188 (P188) exhibited better permeability than the others in-vitro, and significantly delayed cataract formation in SCRs compared with non-treated SCRs. DDC inhibits the transcription of iNOS mRNA in HLEC. We concluded that this drug delivery system increases both the drug solubility in aqueous eye drops and the permeability of drug through the rabbit cornea, by the formation of a drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and the addition of polymers and penetration enhancers. The preparation effectively prevented the development of cataracts in SCRs. DDC, the metabolite of Zn-DDC, may be one of the factors in the prevention of cataract formation because it inhibits the transcription of iNOS mRNA.

Adding Biotic Interactions into Paleodistribution Models: A Host-Cleptoparasite Complex of Neotropical Orchid Bees

PubMed Central

Silva, Daniel Paiva; Varela, Sara; Nemésio, André; De Marco, Paulo

2015-01-01

Orchid bees compose an exclusive Neotropical pollinators group, with bright body coloration. Several of those species build their own nests, while others are reported as nest cleptoparasites. Here, the objective was to evaluate whether the inclusion of a strong biotic interaction, such as the presence of a host species, improved the ability of species distribution models (SDMs) to predict the geographic range of the cleptoparasite species. The target species were Aglae caerulea and its host species Eulaema nigrita. Additionally, since A. caerulea is more frequently found in the Amazon rather than the Cerrado areas, a secondary objective was to evaluate whether this species is increasing or decreasing its distribution given South American past and current climatic conditions. SDMs methods (Maxent and Bioclim), in addition with current and past South American climatic conditions, as well as the occurrences for A. caerulea and E. nigrita were used to generate the distribution models. The distribution of A. caerulea was generated with and without the inclusion of the distribution of E. nigrita as a predictor variable. The results indicate A. caerulea was barely affected by past climatic conditions and the populations from the Cerrado savanna could be at least 21,000 years old (the last glacial maximum), as well as the Amazonian ones. On the other hand, in this study, the inclusion of the host-cleptoparasite interaction complex did not statistically improve the quality of the produced models, which means that the geographic range of this cleptoparasite species is mainly constrained by climate and not by the presence of the host species. Nonetheless, this could also be caused by unknown complexes of other Euglossini hosts with A. caerulea, which still are still needed to be described by science. PMID:26069956

Biosynthesis of ketomycin. (II) biomimetic model for beta-lactamase catalysis: host-guest interactions in cyclodextrin-penicillin inclusion complex

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mak, H.W.

The antibiotic ketomycin is formed from shikimic acid via chorismic acid and prephenic acid. Phenylalanine and 2',5'-dihydrophenylalanine derived from shikimic acid are not intermediates in the biosynthesis. Degradation of ketomycin derived from (1,6-/sup 14/C)shikimic acid showed that prephenic acid is converted into ketomycin with stereospecific discrimination between the two enantiotopic edges of the ring, the pro-S-R edge giving rise to the C-2', C-3' side of the cyclohexane ring of ketomycin. The resistance of pathogenic bacteria to the action of ..beta..-lactam antibiotics is mainly ascribed to their ability to produce ..beta..-lactamase to cleave the ..beta..-lactam ring. It is essential to understandmore » the molecular nature of ..beta..-lactamase-penicillin recognition for designing and formulating more effective ..beta..-lactam antibiotics. A biomimetic study of ..beta..-lactamase is therefore initiated. To meet the requirements of hydrophobic and serine protease characteristics of ..beta..-lactamase, ..cap alpha..-cyclodextrin is chosen as a biomimetic model for ..beta..-lactamase. The structural specificity and the chemical dynamics of ..cap alpha..-cyclodextrin-phenoxymethyl penicillin inclusion complex in solid state and in solution have been determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The spectral results strongly indicate that the phenyl portion of the phenoxymethyl penicillin forms a stable inclusion complex with the hydrophobic cavity of ..cap alpha..-cyclodextrin in solution as well as in the solid state. Kinetic studies followed by /sup 1/HNMR and HPLC analyses under alkaline condition have shown that the ..cap alpha..-cyclodextrin mimics the catalytic function of serine of ..beta..-lactamase in the stereospecific hydrolysis of the ..beta..-lactam ring of phenoxymethyl penicillin.« less

Inhalable Andrographolide-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia by Regulating Immune Responses.

PubMed

Zhang, Tongtong; Zhu, Lifei; Li, Miao; Hu, Yuzhen; Zhang, Erfeng; Jiang, Qingcheng; Han, Guang; Jin, Yiguang

2017-05-01

Bacterial pneumonia is a serious disease with high mortality if no appropriate and immediate therapy is available. Andrographolide (AG) is an anti-inflammatory agent extracted from a traditional Chinese herb andrographis paniculata. Oral AG tablets and pills are clinically applied for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. However, the low solubility and bioavailability of AG lead to high doses and long-term therapy. Here we developed an andrographolide-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (AG-β-CD) for inhalation therapy of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. AG-β-CD was identified with X-ray diffraction and FT-IR. Surprisingly, both AG-β-CD and AG showed little in vitro anti-S. aureus activity. However, pulmonary delivery of AG, AG-β-CD, or penicillin had significant anti-S. aureus pneumonia effects. Leukocytes, neutrophils, white blood cells, total proteins, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB p65 expression, and bacterial colonies in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were detected. Pulmonary delivery of AG and AG-β-CD led to bacterial inhibition and inflammation alleviation by regulating immune responses, while penicillin only killed bacteria without significant immune regulation. Moreover, the antipneumonia activity of AG-β-CD was much higher than that of AG, probably resulting from locally accelerated AG dissolution due to β-CD inclusion. The aerodynamic diameter of AG-β-CD powders was 2.03 μm, suitable for pulmonary delivery. Inhalable AG-β-CD is a promising antibacterial and anti-inflammatory medicine for the treatment of S. aureus pneumonia by regulating immune responses, and the effect is enhanced by β-CD inclusion. AG and its formulations might be potent weapons against the resistant bacterial pneumonia due to their specific mechanism in the future.

Mantle Recycling of Crustal Materials through Study of Ultrahigh-Pressure Minerals in Collisional Orogens, Ophiolites, and Xenoliths

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liou, J. G.; Tsujimori, T.; Yang, J.; Zhang, R. Y.; Ernst, W. G.

2014-12-01

Newly recognized ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) mineral occurrences including diamonds in ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) felsic granulites of orogenic belts, in chromitites associated with ophiolitic complexes, and in mafic/ultramafic xenoliths suggest the recycling of crustal materials through profound subduction, mantle upwelling, and return to the Earth's surface. Recycling is supported by unambiguously crust-derived mineral inclusions in deep-seated zircons, chromites, and diamonds from collision-type orogens, from eclogitic xenoliths, and from ultramafic bodies of several Alpine-Himalayan and Polar Ural ophiolites; some such phases contain low-atomic number elements typified by crustal isotopic signatures. Ophiolite-type diamonds in placer deposits and as inclusions in chromitites together with numerous highly reduced minerals and alloys appear to have formed near the mantle transition zone. In addition to ringwoodite and stishovite, a wide variety of nanometric minerals have been identified as inclusions employing state-of-the-art analysis. Reconstitution of now-exsolved precursor UHP phases and recognition of subtle decompression microstructures produced during exhumation reflect earlier UHP conditions. Some podiform chromitites and associated peridotites contain rare minerals of undoubted crustal origin, including Zrn, corundum, Fls, Grt, Ky, Sil, Qtz, and Rtl; the zircons possess much older U-Pb ages than the formation age of the host ophiolites. These UHP mineral-bearing chromitites had a deep-seated evolution prior to extensional mantle upwelling and its partial melting at shallow depths to form the overlying ophiolite complexes. These new findings plus stable isotopic and inclusion characteristics of diamonds provide compelling evidence for profound underflow of both oceanic and continental lithosphere, recycling of biogenic carbon into the lower mantle, and ascent to the Earth's surface through deep mantle ascent.

Stabilization and prolonged reactivity of aqueous-phase ozone with cyclodextrin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dettmer, Adam; Ball, Raymond; Boving, Thomas B.

Recalcitrant organic groundwater contaminants, such as 1,4-dioxane, may require strong oxidants for complete mineralization. However, their efficacy for in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is limited by oxidant decay and reactivity. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was examined for its ability to stabilize aqueous-phase ozone (O3) and prolong oxidation potential through inclusion complex formation. Partial transformation of HPβCD by O3 was observed. However, HPβCD proved to be sufficiently recalcitrant, because it was only partially degraded in the presence of O3. The formation of a HPβCD:O3 clathrate complex was observed, which stabilized decay of O3. The presence of HPβCD increased the O3 half-life linearly with increasingmore » HPβCD:O3 molar ratio. The O3 half-life in solutions increased by as much as 40-fold relative to HPβCD-free O3 solutions. Observed O3 release from HPβCD and indigo oxidation confirmed that the formation of the inclusion complex is reversible. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that HPβCD can complex O3 while preserving its reactivity. These results suggest that the use of clathrate stabilizers, such as HPβCD, can support the development of a facilitated-transport enabled ISCO for the O3treatment of groundwater contaminated with recalcitrant compounds.« less

Encapsulation of the Antioxidant R-(+)-α-Lipoic Acid in Permethylated α- and β-Cyclodextrins: Thermal and X-ray Structural Characterization of the 1:1 Inclusion Complexes.

PubMed

Caira, Mino R; Bourne, Susan A; Mzondo, Buntubonke

2017-05-23

The naturally occurring compound α-lipoic acid (ALA) is implicated in manifold critical biological roles and its potent antioxidant properties and potential for treatment of various diseases have led to its widespread use as a dietary supplement. However, shortcomings of poor aqueous solubility and low thermal stability have hampered its development as a medicinal agent, prompting the use of cyclodextrins (CDs) to address these problems. The paucity of published structural data on the nature of the interactions between ALA and CDs motivated the present study, which describes the synthesis and X-ray structural elucidation of crystalline inclusion complexes between the biologically relevant R-(+)-α-lipoic acid (RALA) and the host molecules permethylated α-CD (TMA) and permethylated β-CD (TMB). Single crystal X-ray diffraction of TMA·RALA·6H₂O and TMB·RALA revealed significantly different orientations of the RALA molecule within the TMA and TMB cavities, but in both cases the guest molecule is fully encapsulated by the respective parent host molecules and residues of CD molecules of neighboring complex units. While pure RALA melted at 46-48 °C, combined thermal analysis techniques indicated that on heating the respective complexes, the release of RALA occurred at significantly higher onset temperatures, in the range 150-170 °C.

The evolution of complex type B Allende inclusion - An ion microprobe trace element study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macpherson, Glenn J.; Crozaz, Ghislaine; Lundberg, Laura L.

1989-01-01

Results are presented of a detailed trace-element and isotopic analyses of the constituent phases in each of the major textural parts (mantle, core, and islands) of a Type B refractory inclusion, the USNM 5241 inclusion from Allende, first described by El Goresy et al. (1985). The REE data on 5241 were found to be largely consistent with a model in which the mantle and the core of 5241 formed sequentially out of a single melt by fractional crystallization. The numerical models of REE evolution in the 5241 melt, especially that of Eu, require that a significant mass of spinel-free island material was assimilated into the evolving melt during the last half of the solidification history of 5241. The trace element results pbtained thus strongly support the interpretation of El Goresy et al. (1985) that the spinel-free islands in the 5241 are trapped xenoliths.

Dynamic effective properties of heterogeneous geological formations with spherical inclusions under periodic time variations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rabinovich, A.; Dagan, G.; Miloh, T.

2013-04-01

In unsteady groundwater flow (or similar processes of heat/electrical conduction), the heterogeneous medium structure is characterized by two random properties, the conductivity K and the specific storativity S. The average head field ⟨H ⟩and the associated effective properties Kef, Sef are determined for a layer with a periodic head drop between boundaries, such that H is periodic in time, and a medium made up of a matrix with a dilute concentration of spherical inclusions. In the common quasi-steady approximation, Kef is equal to the classical steady solution while Sef = SA, the arithmetic mean. We derive expressions for the frequency dependent Kef, Sef, which are generally complex, i.e., dynamic. The main result is the delineation of the ranges of the parameters: dimensionless frequency (ω) and contrasts of conductivity (κ) and storativity (s) between the matrix and the inclusions, for which dynamic effects are significant.

Concepts and tools to exploit the potential of bacterial inclusion bodies in protein science and biotechnology.

PubMed

Gatti-Lafranconi, Pietro; Natalello, Antonino; Ami, Diletta; Doglia, Silvia Maria; Lotti, Marina

2011-07-01

Cells have evolved complex and overlapping mechanisms to protect their proteins from aggregation. However, several reasons can cause the failure of such defences, among them mutations, stress conditions and high rates of protein synthesis, all common consequences of heterologous protein production. As a result, in the bacterial cytoplasm several recombinant proteins aggregate as insoluble inclusion bodies. The recent discovery that aggregated proteins can retain native-like conformation and biological activity has opened the way for a dramatic change in the means by which intracellular aggregation is approached and exploited. This paper summarizes recent studies towards the direct use of inclusion bodies in biotechnology and for the detection of bottlenecks in the folding pathways of specific proteins. We also review the major biophysical methods available for revealing fine structural details of aggregated proteins and which information can be obtained through these techniques. © 2011 The Authors Journal compilation © 2011 FEBS.

Study on the inclusion interaction of p-sulfonated calix[ n]arenes with Vitamin K 3 using methylene blue as a spectral probe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Qin; Gu, Jiashan; Yu, Huapeng; Liu, Chun; Wang, Lun; Zhou, Yunyou

2007-09-01

The characteristics of host-guest complexation between p-sulfonated calix[ n]arene ( SCnA, n = 4, 6) and Vitamin K 3 ( VK3) were investigated by fluorescence spectrometry and absorption spectrometry using methylene blue ( MB) as a probe. Interaction with MB and SCnA led to an obvious decrease in fluorescence intensity of MB, accompanying with shifts of emission peaks. Absorption peaks also showed interesting changes; however, when VK3 was added, fluorescence intensity and absorbance recovered and a slight and slow red shift was observed. The obtained results showed that the inclusion ability of p-sulphonated calix[ n]arenes towards VK3 was the order: p-sulphonated calix[6]arene ( SC6A) > p-sulphonated calix[4]arene ( SC4A). Relative mechanism was proposed to explain the inclusion process.

Study on the inclusion interaction of p-sulfonated calix[n]arenes with Vitamin K3 using methylene blue as a spectral probe.

PubMed

Lu, Qin; Gu, Jiashan; Yu, Huapeng; Liu, Chun; Wang, Lun; Zhou, Yunyou

2007-09-01

The characteristics of host-guest complexation between p-sulfonated calix[n]arene (SCnA, n = 4, 6) and Vitamin K(3) (VK(3)) were investigated by fluorescence spectrometry and absorption spectrometry using methylene blue (MB) as a probe. Interaction with MB and SCnA led to an obvious decrease in fluorescence intensity of MB, accompanying with shifts of emission peaks. Absorption peaks also showed interesting changes; however, when VK(3) was added, fluorescence intensity and absorbance recovered and a slight and slow red shift was observed. The obtained results showed that the inclusion ability of p-sulphonated calix[n]arenes towards VK(3) was the order: p-sulphonated calix[6]arene (SC6A) >p-sulphonated calix[4]arene (SC4A). Relative mechanism was proposed to explain the inclusion process.

Potential of mean force for human lysozyme camelid vhh hl6 antibody interaction studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yeng-Tseng; Liao, Jun-Min; Chen, Cheng-Lung; Su, Zhi-Yuan; Chen, Chang-Hung; Hu, Jeu-Jiun

2008-04-01

Calculating antigen-antibody interaction energies is crucial for understanding antigen-antibody associations in immunology. To shed further light into this equation, we study a separation of human lysozyme-camelid vhh hl6 antibody (cAb-HuL6) complex. The c-terminal end-to-end stretching of the lysozyme-antibody complex structures have been studied using potential of mean force (PMF) calculations based on molecular dynamics (MD) and explicit water model. For the lysozyme-antibody complex, there are six important intermediates in the c-terminal extensions process. Inclusion of our simulations may help to understand the binding mechanics of lysozyme-cAb-HuL6 antibody complex.

Crystallographic Orientation Relationships (CORs) between rutile inclusions and garnet hosts: towards using COR frequencies as a petrogenetic indicator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griffiths, Thomas; Habler, Gerlinde; Schantl, Philip; Abart, Rainer

2017-04-01

Crystallographic orientation relationships (CORs) between crystalline inclusions and their hosts are commonly used to support particular inclusion origins, but often interpretations are based on a small fraction of all inclusions in a system. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method allows collection of large COR datasets more quickly than other methods while maintaining high spatial resolution. Large datasets allow analysis of the relative frequencies of different CORs, and identification of 'statistical CORs', where certain limited degrees of freedom exist in the orientation relationship between two neighbour crystals (Griffiths et al. 2016). Statistical CORs exist in addition to completely fixed 'specific' CORs (previously the only type of COR considered). We present a comparison of three EBSD single point datasets (all N > 200 inclusions) of rutile inclusions in garnet hosts, covering three rock systems, each with a different geological history: 1) magmatic garnet in pegmatite from the Koralpe complex, Eastern Alps, formed at temperatures > 600°C and low pressures; 2) granulite facies garnet rims on ultra-high-pressure garnets from the Kimi complex, Rhodope Massif; and 3) a Moldanubian granulite from the southeastern Bohemian Massif, equilibrated at peak conditions of 1050°C and 1.6 GPa. The present study is unique because all datasets have been analysed using the same catalogue of potential CORs, therefore relative frequencies and other COR properties can be meaningfully compared. In every dataset > 94% of the inclusions analysed exhibit one of the CORs tested for. Certain CORs are consistently among the most common in all datasets. However, the relative abundances of these common CORs show large variations between datasets (varying from 8 to 42 % relative abundance in one case). Other CORs are consistently uncommon but nonetheless present in every dataset. Lastly, there are some CORs that are common in one of the datasets and rare in the remainder. These patterns suggest competing influences on relative COR frequencies. Certain CORs seem consistently favourable, perhaps pointing to very stable low energy configurations, whereas some CORs are favoured in only one system, perhaps due to particulars of the formation mechanism, kinetics or conditions. Variations in COR frequencies between datasets seem to correlate with the conditions of host-inclusion system evolution. The two datasets from granulite-facies metamorphic samples show more similarities to each other than to the pegmatite dataset, and the sample inferred to have experienced the highest temperatures (Moldanubian granulite) shows the lowest diversity of CORs, low frequencies of statistical CORs and the highest frequency of specific CORs. These results provide evidence that petrological information is being encoded in COR distributions. They make a strong case for further studies of the factors influencing COR development and for measurements of COR distributions in other systems and between different phases. Griffiths, T.A., Habler, G., Abart, R. (2016): Crystallographic orientation relationships in host-inclusion systems: New insights from large EBSD data sets. Amer. Miner., 101, 690-705.

42 CFR 493.638 - Certificate fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Certificate fees. 493.638 Section 493.638 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... meet the criteria for inclusion in the appropriate complexity category, and implementing section 353 of...

42 CFR 493.638 - Certificate fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Certificate fees. 493.638 Section 493.638 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED... meet the criteria for inclusion in the appropriate complexity category, and implementing section 353 of...

A fungal mock community control for amplicon sequencing experiments

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Microbial ecology has been profoundly advanced by the ability to profile complex microbial communities by sequencing of marker genes amplified from environmental samples. However, inclusion of appropriate controls is vital to revealing the limitations and biases of this technique. “Mock community” s...

School Restructuring and the Dilemmas of Principals' Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wildy, Helen; Louden, William

2000-01-01

The complexity of principals' work may be characterized according to three dilemmas: accountability, autonomy, and efficiency. Narrative vignettes of 74 Australian principals revealed that principals were fair and inclusive. When faced with restructuring dilemmas, however, they favored strong over shared leadership, efficiency over collaboration,…

Sylvia Docker lecture: the practice, research, policy nexus in contemporary occupational therapy.

PubMed

Layton, Natasha A

2014-04-01

In this era of evidence-based practice, Australian occupational therapists largely accept scientific perspectives of the quality of evidence and 'what makes a strong study'. Yet unequal power relationships are usual between funders who set the research agenda, researchers and people who are the subjects of research. Emerging policy now mandates partnerships with consumers in any health and research projects about them. Are we person-centred in our research practices? What difference would increased consumer direction make to our research methods, scope and outcomes? This lecture describes some of the benefits and challenges of collaborative or inclusive research partnerships with consumers and outlines where this may take occupational therapy in future. The disability community's calls for inclusive research will be contrasted with mainstream research approaches and with occupational therapy's commitment to person-centredness. An example of inclusive research undertaken by the author and colleagues with disabilities which posed the question: 'What difference does assistive technology make to life for people living with impairment?' will be presented. Collaborative research is best conceptualised as a mutually productive journey, with many factors influencing how fully inclusive research principles can be realised. The possibilities and complexities of conducting research which has inclusive credentials are outlined. Inclusive research principles provide a means to enact person-centredness in research as well as practice. Following these principles challenges occupational therapy practitioners and researchers to address nexus issues: that is, intersections between and beyond research, policy and practice. © 2014 Occupational Therapy Australia.

Gas chromatographic analysis of volatiles in fluid and gas inclusions.

PubMed

Andrawes, F; Holzer, G; Roedder, E; Gibson, E K; Oro, J

1984-01-01

Most geological samples and some synthetic materials contain fluid inclusions. These inclusions preserve for us tiny samples of the liquid and/or the gas phase that was present during formation, although in some cases they may have undergone significant changes from the original material. Studies of the current composition of the inclusions provide data on both the original composition and the change since trapping. These conclusions are seldom larger than 1 millimeter in diameter. The composition varies from a single major compound (e.g., water) in a single phase to a very complex mixture in one or more phases. The concentration of some of the compounds present may be at trace levels. We present here some analyses of inclusion on a variety of geological samples, including diamonds. We used a sample crusher and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system to analyze for organic and inorganic volatiles present as major to trace constituents in inclusions. The crusher is a hardened stainless-steel piston cylinder apparatus with tungsten carbide crushing surfaces, and is operated in a pure helium atmosphere at a controlled temperature. Samples ranging from 1 mg to 1 g were crushed and the released volatiles were analyzed using multi-chromatographic columns and detectors, including the sensitive helium ionization detector. Identification of the GC peaks was carried out by GC-MS. This combination of procedures has been shown to provide geochemically useful information on the processes involved in the history of the samples analyzed.

Polyelectrolyte Complex Inclusive Biohybrid Microgels for Tailoring Delivery of Copigmented Anthocyanins.

PubMed

Tan, Chen; B Celli, Giovana; Lee, Michelle; Licker, Jonathan; Abbaspourrad, Alireza

2018-05-14

This study fabricated a novel biohybrid microgel containing polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for anthocyanins. Herein, anthocyanins were encapsulated into PECs composed of chondroitin sulfate and chitosan, followed by incorporation into alginate microgels using emulsification/internal gelation method. We demonstrated that PECs incorporation strongly affected the properties of microgels, dependent on the polysaccharide concentration and pH in which they were fabricated. The dense internal network surrounded by an alginate shell was clearly visualized in cross-sectioned PECs-microgels. Stability studies carried out under varying ionic strength and pH conditions demonstrated the stimuli-responsiveness of the PECs-microgels. Additionally, the presence of PECs conferred microgels with high rigidity during freeze-drying and excellent reconstitution capacity upon rehydration. These observations were attributed to the modulation of electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding cross-linking between PECs and the alginate gel matrix and suggest the PECs inclusive microgels hold promise as delivery vehicles for the controlled release of hydrophilic bioactive compounds.

Simulation and testing of pyramid and barrel vault skylights

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McGowan, A.G.; Desjarlais, A.O.; Wright, J.L.

1998-10-01

The thermal performance of fenestration in commercial buildings can have a significant effect on building loads--yet there is little information on the performance of these products. With this in mind, ASHRAE TC 4.5, Fenestration, commissioned a research project involving test and simulation of commercial fenestration systems. The objectives of ASHRAE Research Project 877 were: to evaluate the thermal performance (U-factors) of commonly used commercial glazed roof and wall assemblies; to obtain a better fundamental understanding of the heat transfer processes that occur in these specialty fenestration products; to develop correlations for natural-convection heat transfer in complex glazing cavities; to developmore » a methodology for evaluating complex fenestration products, suitable for inclusion in ASHRAE Standard 142P (ASHRAE 1996); and to generate U-factors for common commercial fenestration products, suitable for inclusion in the ASHRAE Handbook--Fundamentals. This paper describes testing and simulation of pyramid and barrel vault skylight specimens and provides guidelines for modeling these systems based on the validated results.« less

Reconfigurable origami sonic barriers with tunable bandgaps for traffic noise mitigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thota, M.; Wang, K. W.

2017-10-01

An origami sonic barrier composed of cylindrical inclusions attached onto an origami sheet is proposed. The idea allows for tunable sound blocking properties for application in attenuating complex traffic noise spectra. Folding of the underlying origami sheet transforms the periodicity of the inclusions between different Bravais lattices, viz. between a square and a hexagonal lattice, and such significant lattice re-configuration leads to drastic tuning of dispersion characteristics. The wave tuning capabilities are corroborated via performing theoretical and numerical investigations using a plane wave expansion method and an acoustic simulation package of COMSOL, while experiments are performed on a one-seventh scaled-down model of origami sonic barrier to demonstrate the lattice re-configuration between different Bravais lattices and the associated bandgap adaptability. Good sound blocking performance in the frequency range of traffic noise spectra combined with less efforts, required for actuating one-degree of freedom folding mechanism, makes the origami sonic barrier a potential candidate for mitigating complex traffic noise.

Improving Our Nation's Health Care System: Inclusion of Chiropractic in Patient-Centered Medical Homes and Accountable Care Organizations

PubMed Central

Meeker, William C.; Watkins, R.W.; Kranz, Karl C.; Munsterman, Scott D.; Johnson, Claire

2014-01-01

Objective This report summarizes the closing plenary session of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges Educational Conference—Research Agenda Conference 2014. The purpose of this session was to examine patient-centered medical homes and accountable care organizations from various speakers’ viewpoints and to discuss how chiropractic could possibly work within, and successfully contribute to, the changing health care environment. Discussion The speakers addressed the complex topic of patient-centered medical homes and accountable care organizations and provided suggestions for what leadership strategies the chiropractic profession may need to enhance chiropractic participation and contribution to improving our nation’s health. Conclusion There are many factors involved in the complex topic of chiropractic inclusion in health care models. Major themes resulting from this panel included the importance of building relationships with other professionals, demonstrating data and evidence for what is done in chiropractic practice, improving quality of care, improving health of populations, and reducing costs of health care. PMID:25431542

Novel "anchor modification" of polymeric biomaterial surfaces by the utilization of cyclodextrin inclusion complex supramolecules.

PubMed

Zhao, Xiaobin; Courtney, James M

2009-07-01

In this article, a novel approach for the surface modification of polymeric biomaterials by the utilization of supramolecules was studied. The supramolecules selected were cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (CICs). The biomaterial selected for surface modification was plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-P). Results indicate that when the CICs were blended into PVC-P, they tend to migrate and "anchor" on the surface to achieve a remarkable protein-resistant surface, with improved blood compatibility. In comparison with a physical mixture of cyclodextrins and a "guest" molecule, such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-poly(propylene oxide) (PPO)-PEO and PPO-PEO-PPO for PVC-P modification, CICs modified PVC-P are more consistent in processing and achieve reproducible surface characteristics. Based on this study, a novel "anchor modification" was proposed regarding CICs modified surface. This "anchor modification" is likely to reduce plasticizer extraction from PVC-P and also can be utilized for the modification of polymers other than PVC-P.

A systematic literature review of the key challenges for developing the structure of public health economic models.

PubMed

Squires, Hazel; Chilcott, James; Akehurst, Ronald; Burr, Jennifer; Kelly, Michael P

2016-04-01

To identify the key methodological challenges for public health economic modelling and set an agenda for future research. An iterative literature search identified papers describing methodological challenges for developing the structure of public health economic models. Additional multidisciplinary literature searches helped expand upon important ideas raised within the review. Fifteen articles were identified within the formal literature search, highlighting three key challenges: inclusion of non-healthcare costs and outcomes; inclusion of equity; and modelling complex systems and multi-component interventions. Based upon these and multidisciplinary searches about dynamic complexity, the social determinants of health, and models of human behaviour, six areas for future research were specified. Future research should focus on: the use of systems approaches within health economic modelling; approaches to assist the systematic consideration of the social determinants of health; methods for incorporating models of behaviour and social interactions; consideration of equity; and methodology to help modellers develop valid, credible and transparent public health economic model structures.

A novel inclusion complex (β-CD/ABP-dHC-cecropin A) with antibiotic propertiess for use as an anti-Agrobacterium additive in transgenic poplar rooting medium.

PubMed

Zhang, Jiaxin; Li, Jianfeng; Movahedi, Ali; Sang, Ming; Xu, Chen; Xu, Junjie; Wei, Zhiheng; Yin, Tongming; Zhuge, Qiang

2015-12-01

The increasing resistance of bacteria and fungi to currently available antibiotics is a major concern worldwide, leading to enormous effort to develop novel antibiotics with new modes of action.We recently reported that ABP-dHC-cecropin A exhibited strong antibacterial and antifungal activity, making it a candidate antibiotic substitute. In this study, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) combined with ABP-dHC-cecropin A enhanced the physical and chemical properties of ABP-dHC-cecropin A but did not significantly decrease its antibacterial activity. Thus, β-CD/ABP-dHC-cecropin A should be considered a novel antibacterial drug. We used β-CD/ABP-dHC-cecropin A as an anti-Agrobacterium compound to supplementtransgenic poplar medium. Sideeffects of the inclusion complex had little impact on plantgrowth. Thus, β-CD/ABP-dHC-cecropin A may be used as traditional antibiotics forpoplar transplantation with greater antibbacterial effects. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

First insights on the molybdenum-copper Bled M'Dena complex (Eglab massif, Algeria)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lagraa, Karima; Salvi, Stefano; Béziat, Didier; Debat, Pierre; Kolli, Omar

2017-03-01

Molybdenum-Copper showings in the Eglab massif (eastern part of the Reguibat rise of Algeria), are found in quartz-monzodiorite and granodiorite of the Bled M'Dena complex, a Paleoproterozoic circular structure of ∼5 km in diameter, comprising volcanic and intrusive suites. The latter consist of quartz-diorite, quartz-monzodiorite and granodiorite with a metaluminous normative composition. They display an "adakitic character" with moderate light rare-earth element (LREE) enrichment, minor Eu anomalies, high Sr/Y ratio and low Yb concentration, suggestive of a hydrous, arc magma of volcanic-arc affinity. The mineralization occurs mostly in quartz + molybdenite + chalcopyrite stockwork veins marked by widespread propylitic alteration along the selvages. Molybdenite and chalcopyrite are commonly associated with calcite, which precipitated at relatively late stages of the hydrothermal alteration. Fluid inclusions related to the mineralization stage, range from aqueous to aqueous-carbonic to solid bearing. The latter inclusions have the highest homogenization temperature (up to ∼400 °C), are salt saturated, and commonly contain molybdenite and/or chalcopyrite crystals. The petrology and geochemistry of the host rocks, the style of the hydrothermal alteration, the ore mineral associations, and the characteristics of the fluid inclusions, are all coherent in indicating that the Bled M'Dena represents a Paleoproterozoic porphyry style Mo mineralization, which is far unreported in the African continent.

Mechanisms of submicron inclusion re-equilibration during host mineral deformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griffiths, Thomas; Habler, Gerlinde; Abart, Rainer; Rhede, Dieter; Wirth, Richard

2014-05-01

Both brittle and ductile deformation can facilitate re-equilibration of mineral inclusions. The presence of inclusions also influences stress and strain distribution in the host. The processes governing feedbacks between brittle deformation, ductile deformation, and inclusion re-equilibration have been studied using unique microstructures in Permian meta-pegmatite garnets from the Koralpe, Eastern Alps, Austria. Sampled almandine-spessartine garnets contain highly abundant submicron-sized inclusions, which originated during or subsequent to magmatic garnet growth. The Permian magmatic assemblages were affected by eclogite facies metamorphism during the Cretaceous tectono-metamorphic event. The meta-pegmatite garnet deformed crystal-plastically at this metamorphic stage (Bestmann et al. 2008) and the host-inclusion system was affected by partial recrystallization. Trails of coarser inclusions (1-10µm diameter) crosscut the magmatic submicron inclusion density zoning in the garnet, defining curviplanar geometrical surfaces in 3D. In 10-40µm broad 'bleaching zones' flanking inclusion trails, the original ≤1µm sized inclusions are not seen in the optical microscope or SEM, however inclusions <100nm are still abundant in TEM foils from these areas. From their microstructural characteristics it is inferred that the trails formed at sites of healed brittle cracks. FEG-microprobe data showed that inclusion-trails and associated bleaching zones can be formed isochemically, although some trails showed non-isochemical coarsening. In both cases no change in garnet major element composition was observed. EBSD mapping revealed two phenomena that were investigated by cutting targeted TEM foils. Firstly, bleaching zones are associated with systematic very low angle (ca. 0.5°) garnet lattice orientation changes along discrete boundaries. TEM foils transecting such a boundary show a lower concentration of dislocations than expected for the lattice rotation inferred from EBSD data, and no subgrain boundaries. Secondly, garnet lattice rotation of up to 10° around rational garnet crystal axes is observed in connection with some already coarsened inclusions. Strain concentrations are widespread in some trails, but rare in others. A TEM foil transecting a garnet domain with concentrated lattice rotation in association with inclusions reveals well developed polygonal subgrain walls with few free dislocations. Where dislocation density is greatest, almost no <100nm inclusions are observed, whereas these are more abundant in unstrained garnet domains despite the foil being located entirely within the optically visible bleaching zone. Chlorite inclusions and formation of etch pits at dislocations at the garnet-chlorite interface demonstrate the presence of fluid along subgrain boundaries during this second bleaching process. In summary, brittle deformation in these garnets led to enhanced transport and inclusion re-equilibration by coarsening, forming inclusion trails. The precise mechanism allowing enhanced transport is still to be determined and may have involved fluid supply with or without pipe diffusion along introduced dislocations. Later ductile deformation via dislocations, concentrated at already coarsened inclusions and enhanced by fluid availability, further affected the nanoinclusion population. The inclusion trail microstructure records complex small-scale interaction between deformation and reaction, shedding light on the mechanisms by which re-equilibration and strain localisation can influence each other in deforming host-inclusion systems. Bestmann et al. (2008) Journal of Structural Geology 30: 777-790

Refractory metal particles in refractory inclusions in the Allende meteorite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuchs, L. H.; Blander, M.

1980-01-01

SEM and X-ray analysis were used to study refractory metal particles in five calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite, and a complex variety of compositions and large departures from equilibrium were found. It is suggested that these particles could have been primordial condensates which were isolated from the nebula and from each other at different times by cocondensing oxides. Selective diffusion and/or oxidation of the more oxidizable metals (Mo, W, Fe, and Ni), phase segregations into different alloy phases (fcc, bcc, hcp, and, possibly, ordered phases), and the formation of metastable condensates could have been involved in the genesis of these materials

[Influence of a low-calorie diet with inclusion of probiotic product containing bacterias Lactobacillus plantarum Tensia DSM 21380 on clinical and metabolic characteristics in patients with obesity and arterial hypertension].

PubMed

Sharafetdinov, Kh Kh; Plotnikova, O A; Alekseeva, R I; Sentsova, T B; Kaganov, B S

2012-01-01

In a number of studies it is shown that regular use of the probiotic products containing Lactobacillus plantarum Tensia DSM 21380 in complex dietary treatment, not only modulates intestinal microflora, but also has a positive influence on a functional condition of cardiovascular system including levelels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The aim of this research was to study the influence of dietotherapy with inclusion of the probiotic product containing Lactobacillus plantarum Tensia DSM 21380, on clinical and metabolic characteristics in patients with obesity and accompanying arterial hypertension (AH).

Melt Inclusions Record Extreme Compositional Variability in Primitive Magmas at Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamenetsky, V. S.; Norman, M. D.; Garcia, M. O.

2002-12-01

Melt inclusions carry potentially unique information about magmatic processes and the compositional evolution of erupted lavas. Major element compositions of olivine-hosted melt inclusions in submarine tholeiitic picrites from the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa volcano have been studied to examine the compositional variability of primitive magmas feeding the world's largest volcano. Approximately 600 naturally quenched inclusions were examined from 8 samples with 3-25 vol% olivine phenocrysts and 9-22 wt% MgO. Olivine compositions ranged from Fo91-Fo82. The inclusions show a continuous variation in FeO contents from near-magmatic values (9 to 11 wt%) in the most evolved olivines to extremely low values (3.5 to 7.0 wt%) in the most primitive olivines. This appears to reflect a complex magmatic history for these crystals involving extensive re-equlibration of melts trapped by early formed phenocrysts with their host olivine. Extreme compositional variability also characterizes incompatible elements that would not be affected by equilibration with the host olivine. Inclusions trapped in relatively primitive olivines (Fo88-91) show a large range of K2O contents (0.1 to 2.1 wt%), whereas inclusions in more evolved olivines converge on whole rock compositions with 0.3 to 0.4 wt% K2O. Similarly, TiO2/K2O, Na2O/K2O, and K2O/P2O5 ratios of inclusions in primitive olivines span a much larger range than do inclusions hosted by more evolved olivines, with TiO2/K2O ratios extending from enriched to depleted compositions (1.2 to 24.7) in primitive olivines, and converging on whole rock compositions (TiO2/K2O = 6-9) in more evolved host olivine. This points toward extreme compositional variability in melts feeding Mauna Loa, and effective mixing of these melt parcels in the shallower summit reservoir to produce the restricted range of whole rock compositions sampled by erupted lavas. Whole rock compositions, therefore provide an integrated view of melting and high-level mixing processes, whereas melt inclusions provide more detailed information about source characteristics.

Cyclodextrin-water soluble polymer ternary complexes enhance the solubility and dissolution behaviour of poorly soluble drugs. Case example: itraconazole.

PubMed

Taupitz, Thomas; Dressman, Jennifer B; Buchanan, Charles M; Klein, Sandra

2013-04-01

The aim of the present series of experiments was to improve the solubility and dissolution/precipitation behaviour of a poorly soluble, weakly basic drug, using itraconazole as a case example. Binary inclusion complexes of itraconazole with two commonly used cyclodextrin derivatives and a recently introduced cyclodextrin derivative were prepared. Their solubility and dissolution behaviour was compared with that of the pure drug and the marketed formulation Sporanox®. Ternary complexes were prepared by addition of Soluplus®, a new highly water soluble polymer, during the formation of the itraconazole/cyclodextrin complex. A solid dispersion made of itraconazole and Soluplus® was also studied as a control. Solid state analysis was performed for all formulations and for pure itraconazole using powder X-ray diffraction (pX-RD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Solubility tests indicated that with all formulation approaches, the aqueous solubility of itraconazole formed with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) or hydroxybutenyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBen-β-CD) and Soluplus® proved to be the most favourable formulation approaches. Whereas the marketed formulation and the pure drug showed very poor dissolution, both of these ternary inclusion complexes resulted in fast and extensive release of itraconazole in all test media. Using the results of the dissolution experiments, a newly developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) in silico model was applied to compare the in vivo behaviour of Sporanox® with the predicted performance of the most promising ternary complexes from the in vitro studies. The PBPK modelling predicted that the bioavailability of itraconazole is likely to be increased after oral administration of ternary complex formulations, especially when itraconazole is formulated as a ternary complex comprising HP-β-CD or HBen-β-CD and Soluplus®. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cyclodextrin–polysaccharide-based, in situ-gelled system for ocular antifungal delivery

PubMed Central

Fernández-Ferreiro, Anxo; Fernández Bargiela, Noelia; Varela, María Santiago; Martínez, Maria Gil; Pardo, Maria; Piñeiro Ces, Antonio; Méndez, José Blanco; Barcia, Miguel González; Lamas, Maria Jesus

2014-01-01

Summary Fluconazole was studied with two different hydrophilic cyclodextrins (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD)) for the formation of inclusion complexes. HPBCD and SBECD showed low cell cytotoxicity in human keratocytes as assessed by the label-free xCELLigence system for real-time monitoring. The fluconazole–HPBCD complex was incorporated into an ion-sensitive ophthalmic gel composed of the natural polysaccharides gellan gum and κ-carrageenan. This system showed good bioadhesive properties and effective control of fluconazole release. PMID:25550757

Investigation of fatigue crack initiation from a non-metallic inclusion via high energy x-ray diffraction microscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Naragani, Diwakar; Sangid, Michael D.; Shade, Paul A.

Crack initiation at inclusions is a dominant, unavoidable and life-limiting failure mechanism of important structural materials. Fatigue progresses in a complex manner to find the ‘weakest link’ in the microstructure, leading to crack nucleation. In this study, fully 3-D characterization methods using high-energy synchrotron x-rays are combined with in-situ mechanical testing to study the crack initiation mechanism in a Ni-based superalloy specimen. The specimen was produced via powder metallurgy and seeded with a non-metallic inclusion. Two x-ray techniques were employed: absorption contrast computed micro-tomography (μ-CT) to determine the morphology of the inclusion and its location in the gauge section ofmore » the specimen; and far-field high-energy diffraction microscopy (FF-HEDM) to resolve the centroids, average orientations, and lattice strains of the individual grains comprising the microstructure surrounding the inclusion. Sequential μ-CT and FF-HEDM scans were carried out at both peak and zero applied stress following schedules of cyclic deformation. The µ-CT data showed the onset and location of crack initiation, and the FF-HEDM data provided temporal and spatial evolution of the intergranular strains. Strain partitioning and the associated stress heterogeneities that develop are shown to stabilize within a few loading cycles. Elasto-viscoplastic fast Fourier transform simulations were utilized to supplement interpretation of the experimental stress distributions and compared with the experimental stress distributions. In conclusion, appropriate conditions for crack nucleation in the form of stress gradients were demonstrated and created by virtue of the inclusion, specifically the residual stress state and local bonding state at the inclusion-matrix interface.« less

Investigation of fatigue crack initiation from a non-metallic inclusion via high energy x-ray diffraction microscopy

DOE PAGES

Naragani, Diwakar; Sangid, Michael D.; Shade, Paul A.; ...

2017-07-14

Crack initiation at inclusions is a dominant, unavoidable and life-limiting failure mechanism of important structural materials. Fatigue progresses in a complex manner to find the ‘weakest link’ in the microstructure, leading to crack nucleation. In this study, fully 3-D characterization methods using high-energy synchrotron x-rays are combined with in-situ mechanical testing to study the crack initiation mechanism in a Ni-based superalloy specimen. The specimen was produced via powder metallurgy and seeded with a non-metallic inclusion. Two x-ray techniques were employed: absorption contrast computed micro-tomography (μ-CT) to determine the morphology of the inclusion and its location in the gauge section ofmore » the specimen; and far-field high-energy diffraction microscopy (FF-HEDM) to resolve the centroids, average orientations, and lattice strains of the individual grains comprising the microstructure surrounding the inclusion. Sequential μ-CT and FF-HEDM scans were carried out at both peak and zero applied stress following schedules of cyclic deformation. The µ-CT data showed the onset and location of crack initiation, and the FF-HEDM data provided temporal and spatial evolution of the intergranular strains. Strain partitioning and the associated stress heterogeneities that develop are shown to stabilize within a few loading cycles. Elasto-viscoplastic fast Fourier transform simulations were utilized to supplement interpretation of the experimental stress distributions and compared with the experimental stress distributions. In conclusion, appropriate conditions for crack nucleation in the form of stress gradients were demonstrated and created by virtue of the inclusion, specifically the residual stress state and local bonding state at the inclusion-matrix interface.« less

Shifting Paradigms: Moving beyond "Trans 101" in Sexuality Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, Eli R.

2010-01-01

Trans-inclusive sexuality education can be complex, confusing, and outright intimidating for even the most seasoned sexuality educator to teach. Historically, standalone "Trans 101" sessions have successfully raised awareness about the highly marginalized transgender community. However, their potential success has been limited by being taught in…

Potential applications for amylose inclusion complexes produced by steam jet cooking

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Steam jet cooking is a commercially scalable method of thermomechanically processing starch for many applications. Previous studies at NCAUR have revealed the specific effects of heat and shear on various starch types cooked under different steam flow, pressure, and slurry flow conditions. Starch-...

A Physicochemical and Pharmacological Study of the Newly Synthesized Complex of Albendazole and the Polysaccharide Arabinogalactan from Larch Wood.

PubMed

Chistyachenko, Yulia S; Meteleva, Elizaveta S; Pakharukova, Maria Y; Katokhin, Aleksey V; Khvostov, Mikhail V; Varlamova, Anastasiya I; Glamazdin, Igor I; Khalikov, Salavat S; Polyakov, Nikolay E; Arkhipov, Ivan A; Tolstikova, Tatyana G; Mordvinov, Viatcheslav A; Dushkin, Alexander V; Lyakhov, Nikolay Z

2015-01-01

Inclusion complexes of albendazole (ABZ) with the polysaccharide arabinogalactan from larch wood Larix sibirica and Larix gmelinii were synthesized using a solid-state mechanochemical technology. We investigated physicochemical properties of the synthesized complexes in the solid state and in aqueous solutions as well as their anthelmintic activity against Trichinella spiralis, Hymenolepis nаna, Fasciola hepatica, Opisthorchis felineus, and mixed nematodoses of sheep. Formation of the complexes was demonstrated by means of intrinsic solubility and the NMR relaxation method. The mechanochemically synthesized complexes were more stable in comparison with the complex produced by mixing solutions of the components. The complexes of ABZ showed anthelmintic activity at 10-fold lower doses than did free ABZ. The complexes also showed lower acute toxicity and hepatotoxicity. These results suggest that it is possible to design new drugs on the basis of the ABZ:arabinogalactan complex that are safer and more effective than albendazole.

Stimuli sensitive polymethacrylic acid microparticles (PMAA)--oral insulin delivery.

PubMed

Victor, Sunita Prem; Sharma, Chandra P

2002-10-01

This study investigated polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) microparticles for controlled release of Insulin in oral administration. The microparticles were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological studies. The swelling behaviour and drug release profile in various pH media were studied. The % swelling of gels was found to be inversely related to the amount of crosslinker added. Inclusion complex of betaCD and Insulin was studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Optimum complexation was obtained in the ratio 100 mg betaCD: 200 IU Insulin. The release pattern of Insulin from Insulin-betaCD complex encapsulated PMAA microparticles showed release of Insulin for more than seven hours.

Cyclodextrin controlled release of poorly water-soluble drugs from hydrogels.

PubMed

Woldum, Henriette Sie; Larsen, Kim Lambertsen; Madsen, Flemming

2008-01-01

The effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and gamma-cyclodextrin on the release of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and prednisolone was studied. Stability constants calculated for inclusion complexes show size dependence for complexes with both cyclodextrins. Hydrogels were prepared by ultraviolet irradiation and release of each model drug was studied. For drugs formulated using cyclodextrins an increase in the achievable concentration and in the release from hydrogels was obtained due to increased solubility, although the solubility of all gamma-cyclodextrin complexes was limited. The load also was increased by adjusting pH for the acidic drugs and this exceeds the increase obtained with gamma-cyclodextrin addition.

Lanthanide-cyclodextrin complexes as probes for elucidating optical purity by NMR spectroscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wenzel, T.J.; Bogyo, M.S.; Lebeau, E.L.

1994-06-01

A multidentate ligand is bonded to cyclodextrins by the reaction of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic dianhydride with 6-mono- and 2-mono(ethylenediamine) derivatives of cyclodextrin. Adding Dy(III) to the cyclodextrin derivatives enhances the enantiomeric resolution in the [sup 1]H NMR spectra of carbionoxamine maleate, doxylamine succinate, pheniramine maleate, propranolol hydrochloride, and tryptophan. The enhancement is more pronounced with the secondary derivative. The Dy(III)-induced shifts can be used to elucidate the geometry of cyclodextrin-substrate inclusion complexes. Lanthanide-induced shifts are reported for complexes of aspartame, tryptophan, propranolol, and 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate with cyclodextrins, and the relative magnitudes of the shifts agree with previously reported structures of the complexes. 37more » refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.« less

Jazz Musicians as Academic Leaders: Improvisation in Higher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kleinschmidt, Robert A.

2011-01-01

Jazz musicians are unique individuals who seek to perform from a transcendental state in which tacit knowledge, teamwork, and communication blend to produce an effective performance. Academic leaders are also unique individuals who rely on communication to generate a sense of inclusion within a complex organization that at times epitomizes…

The Body as (in) Curriculum: On Wars, Complexes and Rides

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Janssen, Diederik F.

2007-01-01

In this article the author discusses what he considers to be an ultrastructure of Michel Foucault's "pedagogisation" of sex, which is the expanding normative imagination of bodies and sexualities as and in curricula. Here the author proposes an inclusive reading of "curriculum" that departs from the specific scholastic…

Hierarchy of Interactive Functions in Father-Mother-Baby Three-Way Games

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frascarolo, France; Favez, Nicolas; Carneiro, Claudio; Fivaz-Depeursinge, Elisabeth

2004-01-01

In developmental research, the family has mainly been studied through dyadic interaction. Three-way interactions have received less attention, partly because of their complexity. This difficulty may be overcome by distinguishing between four hierarchically embedded functions in three-way interactions: (1) participation (inclusion of all…

Starch-based aerogels: airy materials from amylose-sodium palmitate inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Aerogels are a class of interesting low density porous materials prepared by replacing the water phase contained within a hydrogel with a gas phase while maintaining the three dimensional network structure of the gel. The investigation of starch and hydrocolloid-based aerogels has received attentio...

Starch aerogel beads obtained from inclusion complexes prepared from high amylose starch and sodium palmitate

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Starch aerogels are a class of low density highly porous renewable materials currently prepared from retrograded starch gels and are of interest for their good surface area, porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Recently, we have reported on starches containing amylose-fatty acid salt h...

Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle and white-tailed deer: Translational research of relevance to human tuberculosis

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Tuberculosis (TB) is a premier example of a disease complex with pathogens primarily affecting humans (i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or livestock and wildlife (i.e., Mycobacterium bovis) and with a long history of inclusive collaborations between physicians and veterinarians. Advances with the s...

"A Gift to Our School": Inclusion of the Medically Complex Student.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nielsen, Deborah

2003-01-01

A student with multiple medical conditions and mental disabilities attends a Manitoba public school. A large interdisciplinary team, which includes his parents and a registered nurse/teaching assistant who accompanies him daily, works on his educational agenda, which focuses on individual skill development. His presence has enhanced professional…

Inclusion Complexes of Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate with Cyclodextrins.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-01

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION For Submission to Journal of Catalysis. 17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block...number) FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP 19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) See Attached DTIC S ELECTESNOV 2 3 1987D 20

Cultivating Critical Reflection: Educators Making Sense and Meaning of Professional Identity and Relational Dynamics in Complex Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morgan, Ann

2017-01-01

Critical reflection underpins socially just and inclusive practices that are distinguishing features of democratic learning communities. Critical reflection supports educators' interrogation of the underlying assumptions, intentions, values and beliefs that shape their worldview and sociocultural standpoint. Dominant sociocultural norms…

Starch inclusion complex to emulsify cedarwood oil and pressure treat wood

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Previously, we have demonstrated that CO2-derived cedarwood oil has a range of bioactivities, including insect repellency and toxicity as well as conferring resistance to both termites and wood-rot fungi. In the earlier pressure treatment work, ethanol was used as the diluent/carrier. However, it is...

Love Hurts: Ecopedagogy between Avatars and Elegies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kahn, Richard

2010-01-01

The author has argued that the central concern for the Frankfurt School of critical theory remains a foundationally necessary task for ecopedagogy generally: to understand the domination of nature in all of its complexity and totality as part of an ongoing transformative inquiry (inclusive of both theorization and transgressive action) into the…

Environmental Communication Pedagogy for Sustainability: Developing Core Capacities to Engage with Complex Problems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGreavy, Bridie; Druschke, Caroline Gottschalk; Sprain, Leah; Thompson, Jessica L.; Lindenfeld, Laura A.

2016-01-01

Pedagogy informed by environmental communication can enhance collaboration within and outside the classroom. Through our collaborative, sustainability-focused work within the United States and internationally, we identified core capacities that prepare people to work together to form inclusive organizations and identify and respond to pressing…

Dylan Thomas's "25 Poems": Paradox as Structure

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bharadwaj, S.

2014-01-01

Irony, inclusiveness, and complexity are the chief criteria of value in the twentieth century intellectual poetry. These criteria, however, do not merely indicate qualities of craftsmanship; they reflect a sensibility, a particular way of experiencing reality. What really distinguishes Dylan Thomas is a capacity for self-analysis, a capacity for…

Information on Quantifiers and Argument Structure in English Learner's Dictionaries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Thomas Hun-tak

1993-01-01

Lexicographers have been arguing for the inclusion of abstract and complex grammatical information in dictionaries. This paper examines the extent to which information about quantifiers and the argument structure of verbs is encoded in English learner's dictionaries. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1989), the Longman Dictionary of…

Monumental-IT: A "Robotic-Wiki" Monument for Embodied Interaction in the Information World

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mokhtar, Tarek Hassan Amin

2011-01-01

Conventional monuments are concrete manifestations of memories without the capacity to reflect individual interpretations of history. In an increasingly digital society, however, there is a need for configurable monuments reflecting our contemporary, open and complex community. "Monumental-IT" reflects the dynamic and inclusive character of our…

Verbal Fluency, Semantics, Context and Symptom Complexes in Schizophrenia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vogel, Adam P.; Chenery, Helen J.; Dart, Catriona M.; Doan, Binh; Tan, Mildred; Copland, David A.

2009-01-01

Lexical-semantic access and retrieval was examined in 15 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia and matched controls. This study extends the literature through the inclusion of multiple examinations of lexical-semantic production within the same patient group and through correlating performance on these tasks with various positive and negative…

An Integrated approach (thermodynamic, structural, and computational) to the study of complexation of alkali-metal cations by a lower-rim calix[4]arene amide derivative in acetonitrile.

PubMed

Horvat, Gordan; Stilinović, Vladimir; Hrenar, Tomica; Kaitner, Branko; Frkanec, Leo; Tomišić, Vladislav

2012-06-04

The calix[4]arene secondary-amide derivative L was synthesized, and its complexation with alkali-metal cations in acetonitrile (MeCN) was studied by means of spectrophotometric, NMR, conductometric, and microcalorimetric titrations at 25 °C. The stability constants of the 1:1 (metal/ligand) complexes determined by different methods were in excellent agreement. For the complexation of M(+) (M = Li, Na, K) with L, both enthalpic and entropic contributions were favorable, with their values and mutual relations being quite strongly dependent on the cation. The enthalpic and overall stability was the largest in the case of the sodium complex. Molecular and crystal structures of free L, its methanol and MeCN solvates, the sodium complex, and its MeCN solvate were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The inclusion of a MeCN molecule in the calixarene hydrophobic cavity was observed both in solution and in the solid state. This specific interaction was found to be stronger in the case of metal complexes compared to the free ligand because of the better preorganization of the hydrophobic cone to accept the solvent molecule. Density functional theory calculations showed that the flattened cone conformation (C(2) point group) of L was generally more favorable than the square cone conformation (C(4) point group). In the complex with Na(+), L was in square cone conformation, whereas in its adduct with MeCN, the conformation was slightly distorted from the full symmetry. These conformations were in agreement with those observed in the solid state. The classical molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the MeCN molecule enters the L hydrophobic cavity of both the free ligand and its alkali-metal complexes. The inclusion of MeCN in the cone of free L was accompanied by the conformational change from C(2) to C(4) symmetry. As in solution studies, in the case of ML(+) complexes, an allosteric effect was observed: the ligand was already in the appropriate square cone conformation to bind the solvent molecule, allowing it to more easily and faster enter the calixarene cavity.

Meeting the Continental Crust: the Hidden Olivine Trauma in Subduction Settings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salas Reyes, P.; Ruprecht, P.; Rabbia, O. M.; Hernandez, L.

2017-12-01

In a conventional framework, olivine zonation represents concentric growth from an evolving liquid. Alternatively, it has been suggested (e.g. Welsch et al. 2014) that olivine develop dendritic textures and compositional discontinuities due to rapid growth and boundary layer effects, respectively, where any complex zoning is quickly erased through diffusive re-equilibration in the high temperature magmatic environment. In particular, olivine crystals from large volcanic centers in convergent margins rarely preserve such dendritic textures and complex zoning due prolonged magma residence. Small volume, mafic monogenetic vents may bypass such crustal re-equilibration and potentially record the otherwise elusive early olivine growth history. We selected tephra deposits from Los Hornitos, in the Andean arc of Central Chile (35.5˚S), that represents primitive magmas ( 15 wt.% MgO) and contain magnesian olivines (Fo>88) hosting quenched melt inclusions. We obtained detailed quantitative EPMA zoning profiles and measured volatile contents (H, C, S, Cl) in the co-existing melt inclusions. Furthermore, we analyzed mineral morphologies connecting compositional zoning with growth textures. We find that 40% of the olivine crystals retain dendritic shapes while the others are polyhedral with trapped melt inclusions and cavities. The polyhedral crystals are normally zoned (Fo92 to Fo88; Ni 4000 ppm to 1000 ppm), however an oscillatory zonation depicted by concentric -coupled Fo and Ni- enriched layers exist and therefore even those crystals still preserve also a more complete growth history. The related melt inclusions yield values of up to 6000 ppm of S. Such zonation may imply sudden growth during elevated degrees of undercooling (-ΔT > 60°C) as the magmas transit from the hot mantle to the cooler conditions in the crust. Moreover, the preservation of such Fo and Ni zonation requires limited time between crystal growth and eruption. The elevated S content in melt inclusions may suggest that the crystallization occurred in the lower crust or upper mantle, and thus a quick passage through the arc crust that retains the normally hidden dendritic trauma the olivine experiences during its transfer from the mantle to the crust. References: Welsch et al 2014. Geology v.42 p.867-870

Episodic diamond growth beneath the Kaapvaal Craton at Jwaneng Mine, Botswana

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gress, Michael U.; Howell, Daniel; Chinn, Ingrid L.; Speich, Laura; Kohn, Simon C.; van den Heuvel, Quint; Schulten, Ellen; Pals, Anna S. M.; Davies, Gareth R.

2018-05-01

Important implications for the interior workings of the Earth can be drawn by studying diamonds and their inclusions. To better understand the timing and number of diamond forming events beneath the NW margin of the Kaapvaal Craton, a comprehensive reassessment of Jwaneng's diamond populations has been undertaken. We report new inclusion abundance data from the visual examination of 130,000 diamonds that validate the predominance of an eclogitic diamond suite (up to 88%) with on average 5% inclusion-bearing diamonds (with inclusions >10 μm in size). From this population, polished plates from 79 diamonds of eclogitic and peridotitic paragenesis have been studied with cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) traverses. The majority (80%) record major changes in N concentration and aggregation states, as well as sharp boundaries in the CL images of individual plates that are interpreted to demarcate discrete diamond growth events. In addition, bulk FTIR data have been acquired for 373 unpolished diamonds. Silicate inclusions sampled from distinct growth zones define 2 compositional groups of omphacites and pyrope-almandines associated with different N contents in their diamond hosts. These findings reinforce previous observations that at Jwaneng at least seven individual diamond forming events can be identified - 3 peridotitic and 4 eclogitic. The results demonstrate that detailed examination of diamond plates by CL imaging and FTIR traverses is necessary to unveil the complex history recorded in diamonds.

Post-growth annealing of Bridgman-grown CdZnTe and CdMnTe crystals for room-temperature nuclear radiation detectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Egarievwe, Stephen U.; Yang, Ge; Egarievwe, Alexander A.; Okwechime, Ifechukwude O.; Gray, Justin; Hales, Zaveon M.; Hossain, Anwar; Camarda, Giuseppe S.; Bolotnikov, Aleksey E.; James, Ralph B.

2015-06-01

Bridgman-grown cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe or CZT) and cadmium manganese telluride (CdMnTe or CMT) crystals often have Te inclusions that limit their performances as X-ray- and gamma-ray-detectors. We present here the results of post-growth thermal annealing aimed at reducing and eliminating Te inclusions in them. In a 2D analysis, we observed that the sizes of the Te inclusions declined to 92% during a 60-h annealing of CZT at 510 °C under Cd vapor. Further, tellurium inclusions were eliminated completely in CMT samples annealed at 570 °C in Cd vapor for 26 h, whilst their electrical resistivity fell by an order of 102. During the temperature-gradient annealing of CMT at 730 °C and an 18 °C/cm temperature gradient for 18 h in a vacuum of 10-5 mbar, we observed the diffusion of Te from the sample, so causing a reduction in size of the Te inclusions. For CZT samples annealed at 700 °C in a 10 °C/cm temperature gradient, we observed the migration of Te inclusions from a low-temperature region to a high one at 0.022 μm/s. During the temperature-gradient annealing of CZT in a vacuum of 10-5 mbar at 570 °C and 30 °C/cm for 18 h, some Te inclusions moved toward the high-temperature side of the wafer, while other inclusions of the same size, i.e., 10 μm in diameter, remained in the same position. These results show that the migration, diffusion, and reaction of Te with Cd in the matrix of CZT- and CMT-wafers are complex phenomena that depend on the conditions in local regions, such as composition and structure, as well as on the annealing conditions.

Fast-Dissolving, Prolonged Release, and Antibacterial Cyclodextrin/Limonene-Inclusion Complex Nanofibrous Webs via Polymer-Free Electrospinning.

PubMed

Aytac, Zeynep; Yildiz, Zehra Irem; Kayaci-Senirmak, Fatma; San Keskin, Nalan Oya; Kusku, Semran Ipek; Durgun, Engin; Tekinay, Turgay; Uyar, Tamer

2016-10-05

We have proposed a new strategy for preparing free-standing nanofibrous webs from an inclusion complex (IC) of a well-known flavor/fragrance compound (limonene) with three modified cyclodextrins (HPβCD, MβCD, and HPγCD) via electrospinning (CD/limonene-IC-NFs) without using a polymeric matrix. The experimental and computational modeling studies proved that the stoichiometry of the complexes was 1:1 for CD/limonene systems. MβCD/limonene-IC-NF released much more limonene at 37, 50, and 75 °C than HPβCD/limonene-IC-NF and HPγCD/limonene-IC-NF because of the greater amount of preserved limonene. Moreover, MβCD/limonene-IC-NF has released only 25% (w/w) of its limonene, whereas HPβCD/limonene-IC-NF and HPγCD/limonene-IC-NF released 51 and 88% (w/w) of their limonene in 100 days, respectively. CD/limonene-IC-NFs exhibited high antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The water solubility of limonene increased significantly and CD/limonene-IC-NFs were dissolved in water in a few seconds. In brief, CD/limonene-IC-NFs with fast-dissolving character enhanced the thermal stability and prolonged the shelf life along with antibacterial properties could be quite applicable in food and oral care applications.

Two-photon absorption properties of cationic 1,4-bis(styryl)benzene derivative and its inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins.

PubMed

Nag, Okhil Kumar; Nayak, Rati Ranjan; Lim, Chang Su; Kim, In Hong; Kyhm, Kwangseuk; Cho, Bong Rae; Woo, Han Young

2010-07-29

Two-photon absorption properties of 1,4-bis{4'-[N,N-bis(6''-trimethylammoniumhexyl)amino]styryl}benzene tetrabromide (C1) and its inclusion complexes (ICs) with cyclodextrins (CDs) have been studied. Upon complexation with CDs, the absorption spectra of C1 showed a slight red shift, whereas the emission spectra showed a blue shift with concomitant increase in the fluorescence quantum efficiency. A Stern-Volmer study using K(3)Fe(CN)(6) as a quencher revealed significant reduction in the photoinduced charge transfer quenching, in accord with the IC formation. Comparison of the spectroscopic results reveals that C1 forms increasingly more stable ICs in the order C1/beta-CD < C1/gamma-CD < C1/(3gamma:beta)-CD (gamma-CD/beta-CD 3:1, mole ratio). Moreover, the two-photon action cross section of C1 increased from 200 GM for C1 to 400 GM for C1/beta-CD, 460 GM for C1/gamma-CD, and 650 GM for C1/(3gamma:beta)-CD, respectively. Furthermore, the two-photon microscopy images of HeLa cells stained with C1 emitted strong two-photon excited fluorescence in the plasma membrane. These results provide a useful guideline for the development of efficient two-photon materials for bioimaging applications.

Designing interaction, voice, and inclusion in AAC research.

PubMed

Pullin, Graham; Treviranus, Jutta; Patel, Rupal; Higginbotham, Jeff

2017-09-01

The ISAAC 2016 Research Symposium included a Design Stream that examined timely issues across augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), framed in terms of designing interaction, designing voice, and designing inclusion. Each is a complex term with multiple meanings; together they represent challenging yet important frontiers of AAC research. The Design Stream was conceived by the four authors, researchers who have been exploring AAC and disability-related design throughout their careers, brought together by a shared conviction that designing for communication implies more than ensuring access to words and utterances. Each of these presenters came to AAC from a different background: interaction design, inclusive design, speech science, and social science. The resulting discussion among 24 symposium participants included controversies about the role of technology, tensions about independence and interdependence, and a provocation about taste. The paper concludes by proposing new directions for AAC research: (a) new interdisciplinary research could combine scientific and design research methods, as distant yet complementary as microanalysis and interaction design, (b) new research tools could seed accessible and engaging contextual research into voice within a social model of disability, and (c) new open research networks could support inclusive, international and interdisciplinary research.

Ethics in child and adolescent psychiatric care: An international perspective.

PubMed

Koelch, Michael; Fegert, Joerg M

2010-01-01

In the treatment of children with psychiatric disorders as a vulnerable population, ethical issues arise that seldom come into play with adults. The UN Conventions on the Rights of the Child and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities set out rights to be respected in child and adolescent psychiatric treatment. Rights of participation and inclusion (minimizing of barriers to the involvement of disabled people) can create complex problems in cases of restraint or deprivation of liberty. This paper analyses the consequences of these conventions and other ethics guidelines on child and adolescent psychiatric treatment and research. Beneficence, justice and autonomy are core principles that are mirrored in the problems of inclusion and protection, confidentiality, and the safety of psychopharmacological interventions. Factors of inclusion are involved in the areas of availability of care, participation in best evidence-based treatment, and research. The right of the child to protection, the right of inclusion, and parents' rights and duties to safeguard their child's wellbeing form a triangle. National laws to regulate the treatment of psychiatrically ill children should be created and implemented and these should be non-discriminatory but at the same time safeguard the developing human being.

Multistage formation processes in the acapulcoite-lodranite parent body: Mineralogical study of anomalous lodranite, Yamato 983119

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yasutake, Masahiro; Yamaguchi, Akira

2017-12-01

Y 983119 is a coarse-grained rock consisting mainly of orthopyroxene (44-71 vol%, Wo3En94Fs4), olivine (4-30 vol%, Fo97), Fe, Ni metal (4-14 vol%) and interstitial plagioclase (9-14 vol%, Or2Ab67An29) and augite (2-5 vol%, Wo46En53Fs2). The modal abundance of orthopyroxene is higher than known acapulcoites and lodranites. Olivine grains show chemical zoning with higher Fe/Mn values along rims and cracks. Orthopyroxene and olivine contain melt inclusions that mainly consist of augite, feldspar and glass. Hornblende, biotite, rutile and baddeleyite were also found in melt inclusions. Based on the compositions of melt inclusions, the parent melt is felsic, and contains a significant amount of Na, K, Ti, Zr, F and OH. The major mineral and oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that Y 983119 is a lodranite. However, the high abundance of orthopyroxene and the presence of melt inclusions indicate that Y 983119 is not a residue in contrast to other lodranites. We suggest that Y 983119 formed by more complex formation processes than the other lodranites.

A snapshot of mantle metasomatism: Trace element analysis of coexisting fluid (LA-ICP-MS) and silicate (SIMS) inclusions in fibrous diamonds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tomlinson, E. L.; Müller, W.; EIMF

2009-03-01

We have determined the trace element compositions of coexisting fluid (carbonate-K-chloride-H 2O) and single-phase mineral inclusions in peridotitic (Cr-diopside) and eclogitic (omphacite, garnet) inclusions in fibrous diamonds from the Panda kimberlite (Slave craton, Canada). These diamonds provide a unique insight into the nature of the metasomatic agent, the metasomatised minerals and the pre-metasomatic protolith. The fluid component is strongly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE). Co-existing peridotitic minerals record a melt extraction event (high Cr and Ni) in the protolith prior to the influx of the trapped metasomatic fluid. The silicate minerals are also strongly enriched in LREE. Calculated partition coefficients agree with experimentally determined values in the literature, despite the complex composition of the natural fluid. This indicates that the minerals have re-equilibrated with the metasomatic fluid. The trace element compositions of the mineral inclusions are comparable to many equivalent phases in monocrystalline diamonds. This suggests that the metasomatic fluid and the process recorded in these samples may also be responsible for the growth of some types of monocrystalline diamonds.

Inclusive intake screening: shaping medical problems into specialist-appropriate cases.

PubMed

Jean, Yvette A

2004-05-01

This paper examines medical intake screening through the process of making appointments with medical specialists. By employing a multi-method, qualitative approach, it shows how decisions to schedule doctors' appointments are based on medical knowledge about physicians' specialties and specific organisational practices. It draws on insights from first-contact interactions between clients and institutional gatekeepers to enrich our understanding of intake screening. In relation to gatekeeping, rationing commonly gets framed as restrictive screening practices, with a preference for denying or limiting access to treatment. Restrictive screening practices are typically organised to elicit a narrow range of information ('facts') relevant to specific eligibility criteria; whereas inclusive intake screening tends to involve less scripted, more complex and open-ended interactional exchanges between workers and clients, wherein workers help clients frame their claims in ways that will increase their chances of getting accepted. Front-office workers hold a preference for inclusive intake screening, a preference that is undergirded by the referral-driven nature of this stage of patient processing, and by a work environment that favours inclusive screening. This finding builds on the literature within medical sociology, but also extends our understanding of frontline decision-making and the distribution of resources within a variety of people-processing institutions.

Gold nanoparticles interacting with β-cyclodextrin-phenylethylamine inclusion complex: a ternary system for photothermal drug release.

PubMed

Sierpe, Rodrigo; Lang, Erika; Jara, Paul; Guerrero, Ariel R; Chornik, Boris; Kogan, Marcelo J; Yutronic, Nicolás

2015-07-22

We report the synthesis of a 1:1 β-cyclodextrin-phenylethylamine (βCD-PhEA) inclusion complex (IC) and the adhesion of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto microcrystals of this complex, which forms a ternary system. The formation of the IC was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and NMR analyses ((1)H and ROESY). The stability constant of the IC (760 M(-1)) was determined using the phase solubility method. The adhesion of AuNPs was obtained using the magnetron sputtering technique, and the presence of AuNPs was confirmed using UV-vis spectroscopy (surface plasmon resonance effect), which showed an absorbance at 533 nm. The powder X-ray diffractograms of βCD-PhEA were similar to those of the crystals decorated with AuNPs. A comparison of the one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra of the IC with and without AuNPs suggests partial displacement of the guest to the outside of the βCD due to attraction toward AuNPs, a characteristic tropism effect. The size, morphology, and distribution of the AuNPs were analyzed using TEM and SEM. The average size of the AuNPs was 14 nm. Changes in the IR and Raman spectra were attributed to the formation of the complex and to the specific interactions of this group with the AuNPs. Laser irradiation assays show that the ternary system βCD-PhEA-AuNPs in solution enables the release of the guest.

Encapsulation of carvacrol, a monoterpene present in the essential oil of oregano, with β-cyclodextrin, improves the pharmacological response on cancer pain experimental protocols.

PubMed

Guimarães, Adriana Gibara; Oliveira, Marlange Almeida; Alves, Rafael dos Santos; Menezes, Paula dos Passos; Serafini, Mairim Russo; Araújo, Adriano Antunes de Souza; Bezerra, Daniel Pereira; Quintans Júnior, Lucindo José

2015-02-05

Cancer pain is a major public health problem worldwide due to the strong impact on the quality of life of patients and side effects of the existing therapeutic options. Monoterpenes, as carvacrol (CARV), have been extensively studied about their therapeutic properties, especially their importance in the control of painful conditions and inflammation, which can be improved through the use of inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). We evaluated the effect of encapsulation of CARV in β-CD (CARV/β-CD) on the nociception induced by tumor cells (Sarcoma 180) in rodents. Inclusion complexes were prepared in two different procedures and characterized through thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. CARV/β-CD complex was administered (50 mg/kg, p.o.) in mice with tumor on the hind paw and was able to reduce the hyperalgesia (von Frey) during 24 h, unlike the free CARV (100 mg/kg, p.o.), which promoted effects until 9 h. Administration on alternate days of complex of CARV/β-CD (12.5-50 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced hyperalgesia, as well as spontaneous and palpation-induced nociception. However, pure CARV (50 mg/kg) did not cause significant changes in nociceptive responses. Together, these results produced evidence that the encapsulation of carvacrol in β-cyclodextrin can be useful for the development of new options for pain management. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

EosFit-Pinc: a GUI program to calculate pressures in host-inclusion systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Angel, Ross; Alvaro, Matteo; Mazzucchelli, Mattia; Nestola, Fabrizio

2017-04-01

A remnant pressure in an inclusion trapped inside a host mineral is developed because the inclusion and the host have different thermal expansion and compressibilities, and the inclusion does not expand in response to P and T as would a free crystal. Instead it is restricted to expand only as much as the cavity of the host mineral, and this constriction in volume can result in inclusions exhibiting over-pressures when the host is studied at room conditions. The remnant pressure of the inclusion, measured by X-ray diffractometry, birefringence analysis or Raman spectroscopy, can then be used with the equations of state (EoS) of the host and inclusion to constrain the P and T at entrapment. This concept has been known for a long time, but satisfactory quantitative modelling of inclusion-host systems based on non-linear elasticity theory and precise EoS has only recently come available (Angel et al., 2014, 2015), even though calculations still assume isotropic elastic properties. The elasticity calculations to determine entrapment conditions involving the EoSs for both the host and the inclusion are complex if thermodynamically-realistic EoS are employed. We have therefore developed a simple GUI program, EosFit-Pinc that performs all of the necessary calculations under the assumptions of isotropic elasticity. Equations of state of the host and the inclusion can be loaded as files created by other software in the EosFit7 program suite, or imported directly from thermodynamic databases such as Thermocalc. The complete range of EoS types supported by EosFit-7 are available in EosFit-Pinc. Fluid EoS can be provided in the form of PVT tables, which allows fluid inclusions to be modelled. Once loaded, the EoS of the host and inclusion can be used to calculate the entrapment isomeke from the measured remnant pressure of the inclusion. Or the final pressure can be calculated if the entrapment conditions are known or estimated. Calculations of the isochors of both the host and inclusion phases, and their mutual isomekes, can be performed, and output is provided in a format suitable for external plotting programs. The program EosFit-Pinc and the EosFit7 program suite are available at www.rossangel.net This work was supported by ERC starting grant "INDIMEDEA" (307322) to F. Nestola and by the MIUR-SIR grant "MILE DEEp" (RBSI140351) to M. Alvaro. Angel R.J., Mazzucchelli M.L., Alvaro M., Nimis P. & Nestola F. (2014) Geobarometry from host-inclusion systems: the role of elastic relaxation. Am. Mineral., 99, 2146-2149. Angel R.J., Nimis P., Mazzucchelli M.L., Alvaro M. & Nestola F. (2015) How large are departures from lithostatic pressure? Constraints from host-inclusion elasticity. J. Metamorphic Geol., 33, 801-813.

Influencing of resorption and side-effects of salicylic acid by complexing with beta-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Szejtli, J; Gerlóczy, A; Sebestyén, G; Fónagy, A

1981-04-01

After oral administration of 14C-labelled salicylic acid and its beta-cyclodextrin complex to rats, the blood radioactivity-level increases in the first 2 h than decreases. The blood level obtained with the inclusion complex is somewhat but not significantly lower than with free acid. Since the resorption of cyclodextrin is a considerably slower process, it is very likely that the resorption of salicylic acid take place in the form of free acid after dissociation of the complex. The urinary excretion cumulative curves show that the free salicylic acid is completely excreted, while about 10% of the salicylic acid administered in the form of complex is lost. The cyclodextrin complex formation increases the pK value of all hydroxy-benzoic acids. Direct observations reveals that complex formation decreases the stomach-irritating effect of salicylic acid. The ratio of radioactivity was nearly the same in the organs of animals treated by both free salicylic and cyclodextrin complex.

Preservation of Partial Melt Textures in Inclusions in Garnet Megacrysts of Pelitic Paragneiss, UHP Terrane, North-East Greenland Eclogite Province

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lang, H. M.; Gilotti, J. A.

2005-12-01

Although paragneiss is not common in the North-East Greenland Eclogite Province (NEGEP), of the few paragneiss samples collected in the UHP zone, some contain inclusion-rich garnet megacrysts (to 2 cm) in an anatectic matrix. In the matrix, quartz ribbons are segregated from anatectic melt layers and lenses that contain plagioclase, antiperthitic alkali-feldspar, white mica, biotite, small garnets, rutile and minor kyanite. In addition to one-phase and two-phase inclusions of quartz, polycrystalline quartz (no definitive coesite-replacement textures), and phengitic white mica, the garnet megacrysts contain some relatively large polyphase inclusions with all or most of the following phases: kyanite, rutile, phengitic white mica, biotite, quartz, Na-rich plagioclase, K-feldspar and zircon. Textures in these complex, polyphase inclusions suggest that their constituent minerals crystallized from a melt. Crystals are randomly oriented with early crystallizing minerals (kyanite, rutile, micas) forming euhedral grains and later crystallizing minerals (quartz and feldspars) filling the interstitial spaces. The textures and mineral assemblages are consistent with dehydration melting of phengitic white mica + quartz (enclosed in garnet) during decompression of the rocks from UHP metamorphic conditions. Although anatectic minerals in the matrix may have experienced extensive retrograde re-equilibration subsequent to crystallizing from a melt, the minerals trapped in the crystallized melt inclusions in garnet are likely to preserve their original textures and compositions. Microtextures in the melt inclusions and surrounding garnet suggest that partial melting was accompanied by volume expansion and that some melt penetrated garnets. Some radial fractures extend from inclusion margins into surrounding garnet. Individual fractures may have formed by volume expansion on melting or expansion accompanying the coesite-quartz transformation. Small and large polycrystalline quartz inclusions are commonly rimmed by a moat of plagioclase + K-feldspar, which extends into apophyses in garnet. These feldspar rims indicate that the most mobile and volatile-rich portion of the melt was able to penetrate garnets and travel along garnet-inclusion boundaries. Possible melt inclusions have been described in natural garnets from other UHP terranes (Stockert, et al., 2001, Geology; Hwang, et al., 2001, Earth and Planetary Science Letters) and have been produced experimentally (Perchuk, et al., 2005, Terra Nova). In the experiments and at least one of the natural occurrences, patchy microstructures (attributed to high Ca) were observed in BSE images of garnet surrounding the melt inclusions. Although we observe no garnet zoning in BSE images, patchy high-Ca zoning is apparent on X-ray maps of garnet surrounding the melt inclusions in our samples. Small, euhedral, high-Ca garnets are abundant in melt lenses in the matrix, so crystallization or recrystallization of high-Ca garnet surrounding the melt inclusions is not surprising.

Operationalising elaboration theory for simulation instruction design: a Delphi study.

PubMed

Haji, Faizal A; Khan, Rabia; Regehr, Glenn; Ng, Gary; de Ribaupierre, Sandrine; Dubrowski, Adam

2015-06-01

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of incorporating the Delphi process within the simplifying conditions method (SCM) described in elaboration theory (ET) to identify conditions impacting the complexity of procedural skills for novice learners. We generated an initial list of conditions impacting the complexity of lumbar puncture (LP) from key informant interviews (n = 5) and a literature review. Eighteen clinician-educators from six different medical specialties were subsequently recruited as expert panellists. Over three Delphi rounds, these panellists rated: (i) their agreement with the inclusion of the simple version of the conditions in a representative ('epitome') training scenario, and (ii) how much the inverse (complex) version increases LP complexity for a novice. Cronbach's α-values were used to assess inter-rater agreement. All panellists completed Rounds 1 and 2 of the survey and 17 completed Round 3. In Round 1, Cronbach's α-values were 0.89 and 0.94 for conditions that simplify and increase LP complexity, respectively; both values increased to 0.98 in Rounds 2 and 3. With the exception of 'high CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) pressure', panellists agreed with the inclusion of all conditions in the simplest (epitome) training scenario. Panellists rated patient movement, spinal anatomy, patient cooperativeness, body habitus, and the presence or absence of an experienced assistant as having the greatest impact on the complexity of LP. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using expert consensus to establish conditions impacting the complexity of procedural skills, and the benefits of incorporating the Delphi method into the SCM. These data can be used to develop and sequence simulation scenarios in a progressively challenging manner. If the theorised learning gains associated with ET are realised, the methods described in this study may be applied to the design of simulation training for other procedural and non-procedural skills, thereby advancing the agenda of theoretically based instruction design in health care simulation. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Inclusions and Substructures in Uranium of Nuclear Purity. Report No. 51; INCLUSIONES Y SUBESTRUCTURAS EN URANIO DE PUREZA NUCLEAR. INFORME NO. 51

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biloni, H.; Lindenvald, N.; Sabato, J.A.

1961-01-01

The inclusions in uranium of nuclear purity (UC, UH/sub 3/, UO/sub 2/, UO, UN, and the complexes which include the intersolubility of U with C and N or with C, N, and O) were . analyzed metallographically, and the results reported by other authors were discussed critically. The existence of the fine precipitate reticular substructure, sensitive to thermal treatments, which generally appears in uraniunn was analyzed. Its origins were discussed in accordance with bibliographic data. Complementary data for its comprehension are given from the metallographic analysis of U--Al and U-- Fe alloys with low Al and Fe concentrations. (tr-auth)

Research Ethics and Intellectual Disability: Broadening the Debates

PubMed Central

Carlson, Licia

2013-01-01

This article examines the ethical issues surrounding the inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities as research subjects. It explores subject selection, competence, risk and benefits, and authority through three tensions that emerge when considering these concepts in the context of the Disability Rights Movement and critical disability scholarship. These tensions are defined as the double dangers of inclusion and exclusion; the challenges of defining competence and risk in terms of individuals vs. groups; and the conflicts that arise when pursuing the dual goals of amelioration and elimination of disabilities. Though these tensions are not resolved, they underscore the importance of researchers engaging with critical disability perspectives in order to navigate these complex ethical questions. PMID:24058305

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Curved Surfaces: Buckyballs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sygula, Andrzej

The discovery of a new allotropic form of elemental carbon – the fullerenes – and subsequently other novel forms of elemental carbon with pyramidalized surfaces, most notably single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, introduced a novel structural motif to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with nonplanar surfaces. Our research program supported by BES DOE grant DE-FG02-04ER15514 has dealt with the synthesis, structural studies, and chemistry of the novel curved-surface PAHs with carbon frameworks structurally related to fullerenes. They are referred to as “buckybowls”. We prepared several new buckybowls and, even more importantly, developed the efficient, gram-scale synthetic methodologies for the preparationmore » of small buckybowls, most notably corannulene (C20H10) and its derivatives. In addition, the employment of the corannulene-based synthons previously developed in our laboratory led to a number of highly nonplanar molecular architectures with two or more corannulene subunits with a potential for the applications as novel materials in separation sciences, nanoelectronics, photovoltaics and catalysis. In collaboration with Professor Angelici (Iowa State) we prepared and characterized several transition metal complexes of corannulene, providing the first structural characterization of η6 metal complexes of buckybowls by a single crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition to the definitive structural characterization of the complexes we demonstrated that the (η6-C6Me6)Ru2+ unit in some relatively stable complexes activate the corannulene ligand to react with proper nucleophiles suggesting that such complexex may be used in catalysis. (Section C). We have explored the efficiency of the dispersion-based interactions of curved-surface conjugated carbon networks by high-level computational models. We showed that the curvature of such networks does not reduce the van der Waals attractions as compared to the planar systems of similar size. We than concentrated on the design, synthesis and testing of the previously unknown molecular receptors with corannulene pincers which are capable of forming the strong ball-and-socket inclusion complexes with fullerenes in solution and in the solid state. Buckycatcher I (a molecular receptor with two corannulene pincers preorganized on a tetrabensocyclooctatetraene tether) inclusion complexes with fullerenes provided the first experimental evidence for the importance of concave-convex π – π interactions in the supramolecular chemistry of fullerene carbon cages with buckybowls. C60@Buckycatcher I has become the prototypical supramolecular system formed by the relatively weak (on the atom-to-atom bases) and has been extensively used by the computational community to test the quality of the theoretical models. In addition, Buckycatcher I shows an exceptional ability to adopt other guest molecules and several its inclusion complexes and/or solvates have been structurally characterized. These unusual structures show the potential of the buckycatchers to be tested as novel organic materials. “Intelligent design” of molecular receptors with corannulene receptors using computational approach allowing for a priori prediction of their binding potentials led to the preparation of other buckycatchers. Both bi- and tridentate corannulene pincers were tested and two of the bidentate receptors (Buckycatchers II and III) exhibited the outstanding affinity toward fullerenes, significantly exciding Buckycatcher I performance. Careful tailoring of the tethers resulted in the optimization of binding energies of the receptors with guest carbon cages and in the reduction of the entropy/solvation penalties. Practical preparation of dicorannulenopentacene opens a new avenue for the synthesis of a pool of bis-corannulene receptors possessing polar groups on their dibenzobarrelene tether. The polar “anchors” can be used to attach these efficient fullerene receptors to solid supports in order to modify their surfaces with the potential applications in separation sciences, catalysis and photovoltaic materials. additionally, the presence of such groups will improve the solubility of the receptors in polar solvents, expanding the scope of their supramolecular chemistry in solutions. Rigorous studies of thermodynamics of host-guest association of molecular clips and tweezers in organic solvents with C60/C70 inclusion complexes with Buckycatcher I as a model system have provided a full set of thermodynamical data including ΔG, ΔH, and –TΔS, for the formation of the inclusion complexes over a range of temperatures and in several solvents. Both 1H NMR and Isothermal Calorimetry (ITC) titrations provide virtually identical association constants, confirming the reliability of the results. WE have shown that thermodynamics of the host-guest complex formation is more complicated than anticipated and proposed by the existing computational models. These data are of premium importance for the testing of the computational solvation models and for a deeper understanding of the supramolecular interactions in organic solvents.« less

A comprehensive study of the complexation of alkali metal cations by lower rim calix[4]arene amide derivatives.

PubMed

Horvat, Gordan; Frkanec, Leo; Cindro, Nikola; Tomišić, Vladislav

2017-09-13

The complexation of alkali metal cations by lower rim N,N-dihexylacetamide (L1) and newly synthesized N-hexyl-N-methylacetamide (L2) calix[4]arene tertiary-amide derivatives was thoroughly studied at 25 °C in acetonitrile (MeCN), benzonitrile (PhCN), and methanol (MeOH) by means of direct and competitive microcalorimetric titrations, and UV and 1 H NMR spectroscopies. In addition, by measuring the ligands' solubilities, the solution (transfer) Gibbs energies of the ligands and their alkali metal complexes were obtained. The inclusion of solvent molecules in the free and complexed calixarene hydrophobic cavities was also investigated. Computational (classical molecular dynamics) investigations of the studied systems were also carried out. The obtained results were compared with those previously obtained by studying the complexation ability of an N-hexylacetamidecalix[4]arene secondary-amide derivative (L3). The stability constants of 1 : 1 complexes were determined in all solvents used (the values obtained by different methods being in excellent agreement), as were the corresponding complexation enthalpies and entropies. Almost all of the examined reactions were enthalpically controlled. The most striking exceptions were reactions of Li + with both ligands in methanol, for which the entropic contribution to the reaction Gibbs energy was substantial due the entropically favourable desolvation of the smallest lithium cation. The thermodynamic stabilities of the complexes were quite solvent dependent (the stability decreased in the solvent order: MeCN > PhCN ≫ MeOH), which could be accounted for by considering the differences in the solvation of the ligand and free and complexed alkali metal cations in the solvents used. Comparison of the stability constants of the ligand L1 and L2 complexes clearly revealed that the higher electron-donating ability of the hexyl with respect to the methyl group is of considerable importance in determining the equilibria of the complexation reactions. Additionally, the quite strong influence of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation in compound L3 (not present in ligands L1 and L2) and that of the inclusion of solvent molecules in the calixarene hydrophobic cone were shown to be of great importance in determining the thermodynamic stability of the calixarene-cation complexes. The experimental results were fully supported by those obtained by MD simulations.

Ternary cyclodextrin polyurethanes containing phosphate groups: Synthesis and complexation of ciprofloxacin.

PubMed

Moreira, Mirna Pereira; Andrade, George Ricardo Santana; de Araujo, Marcia Valeria Gaspar; Kubota, Tatiana; Gimenez, Iara F

2016-10-20

Synthesis of ternary polyurethanes (PUs) from hexamethylenediisocyanate, β-cyclodextrin and β-glycerophosphate (acid and calcium salt) was studies varying synthesis parameters such as monomer proportion, heating method (reflux and microwave), and catalyst amount. Favorable conditions were provided by microwave irradiation and use of β-glycerophosphoric acid although the results suggest that it is possible to obtain ternary PUs with the calcium salt. FTIR data indicated the existence of secondary urea linkages. After characterization of ternary PUs by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and thermal analysis, as well as evidences that the cyclodextrin cavities remained active toward inclusion of guest molecules, the possibility of inclusion of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was evaluated. Absence of ciprofloxacin melting peak in DSC curves indicated that it is molecularly dispersed within the polymer, possibly included in the cyclodextrin. In vitro release experiments suggested additional non-inclusion interactions, showing also that the use of dialysis membranes may mask the actual release profile. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The Practical and Theoretical Underpinning of Inclusion for College Students amidst Diverse Intersectionality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jaymes, Mariyah

2017-01-01

American higher education is facing another major transition with escalating costs, an influx of diverse students, and an over all question about the return on investment for higher education. Within these complexities, this essay will consider the practical history and theoretical underpinning which inform the experience for students with complex…

Socio-Historical Factors Mediating Collaborative Teaching and Learning: A Design-Based Investigation and Intervention

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hackett, Jacob

2016-01-01

Collaborative (Co-)teaching is a complex instructional delivery model used to improve teaching practice in inclusive settings. The model involves multiple certified teachers--representing both special and general education--sharing the same space and presenting material to classrooms with a wide variance in learning needs. Co-teaching has become…